hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Brevetoxin
Brevetoxin (PbTx), or brevetoxins, are a suite of cyclic polyether compounds produced naturally by a species of dinoflagellate known as Karenia brevis.  Brevetoxins are neurotoxins that bind to voltage-gated sodium channels in nerve cells, leading to disruption of normal neurological processes and causing the illness clinically described as neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP). Although brevetoxins are most well-studied in K. brevis, they are also found in other species of Karenia and at least one large fish kill has been traced to brevetoxins in Chattonella.

Epoxide
In organic chemistry, an epoxide is a cyclic ether, where the ether forms a three-atom ring: two atoms of carbon and one atom of oxygen.  This triangular structure has substantial ring strain, making epoxides highly reactive, more so than other ethers.  They are produced on a large scale for many applications.  In general, low molecular weight epoxides are colourless and nonpolar, and often volatile.
Piano Sonata No. 1 (Beethoven)
Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 1 in F minor, Op. 2 No. 1, was written in 1795 and dedicated to Joseph Haydn. It was published simultaneously with his second and third piano sonatas in 1796.

Donald Francis Tovey wrote, "Sir Hubert Parry has aptly compared the opening of [this sonata] with that of the finale of Mozart's G minor symphony to show how much closer Beethoven's texture is. The slow movement ... well illustrates the rare cases in which Beethoven imitates Mozart to the detriment of his own proper richness of tone and thought, while the finale in its central episode brings a misapplied and somewhat diffuse structure in Mozart's style into a direct conflict with themes as Beethovenish in their terseness as in their sombre passion".

Dynamics (music)
In music, the dynamics of a piece are the variation in loudness between notes or phrases. Dynamics are indicated by specific musical notation, often in some detail. However, dynamics markings require interpretation by the performer depending on the musical context:  a specific marking may correspond to a different volume between pieces or even sections of one piece. The execution of dynamics also extends beyond loudness to include changes in timbre and sometimes tempo rubato.
Ryggebyen
Halmstad is a village in Rygge, Østfold, Norway. It had a population of 2,283 in 2015, of which 89 were in the neighboring municipality of Råde. Halmstad is situated along a strip with the Østfold Line on the south side and the European Road E6 and Rygge Air Station on the north side. Rygge Station and Moss Airport, Rygge are both situated at Ryggebyen.

Råde
Råde is a municipality in Østfold county, Norway.  The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Karlshus.  The parish of Raade was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838.

The neighbouring municipalities are Våler, Moss, Sarpsborg, and Fredrikstad. There are four villages in the municipality: Karlshus, Saltnes, Missingmyr, and Slangsvold.
Kamalia
Kamalia (Punjabi: کمالیا, Urdu: کمالیہ) is a city in the Toba Tek Singh District of Punjab Province, Pakistan. It is the administrative center of Kamalia Tehsil. It is the 67th most populous city of Pakistan.

Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal
Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal (c. 1776 – 21 September 1857), also known as Baba Kharal, was a Punjabi Muslim chieftain of the Kharal tribe who led the Punjabi tribal revolt in the Bar region of Punjab against the East India Company during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

He is considered a martyr and folk hero in Punjabi literature.

Earlier in the 19th century, he had also fought against the rising power of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in Punjab as a youngster. He was respected by the Mughal court and Ranjit Singh for his valiant stands against them. As an elderly person in his late seventies, he fought against the spread of British Raj during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and was martyred in that fight by the British forces.
San Cristóbal Acasaguastlán
San Cristóbal Acasaguastlán (Spanish pronunciation: [saŋ kɾisˈtoβal akasaɣwaskaˈtlan]) is a town in the El Progreso department of Guatemala. San Cristóbal Acasaguastlán is located on the northern bank of the Motagua River at an altitude of 250 m. It had a population of 6,129 people at the 2002 census, and covers a territory of 124 square kilometres (48 sq mi). San Cristóbal Acasaguastlán borders on San Agustín Acasaguastlán to the northwest, Usumatlán to the east, and El Jicaro to the south. It is located on the inter-ocean highway (CA-9), 101 km from Guatemala City.

San Agustín Acasaguastlán
San Agustín Acasaguastlán (Spanish pronunciation: [san aɣusˈtin akasaɣwasˈtlan]) is a town and a municipality in the El Progreso department of Guatemala. At the 2018 census, the population of the town was 17,728 and that of the municipality 45,765. The aldea (hamlet) Tulumaje is in this municipality.
Dongfanghong Subdistrict
Dongfanghong Subdistrict (simplified Chinese: 东方红街道; traditional Chinese: 東方紅街道; pinyin: Dōngfānghóng Jiēdào) is a subdistrict of Yuelu District in Changsha, Hunan, China. It is historically the territory of state-owned Dongfanghong Farm. The subdistrict has an area of 16.6 square kilometres (6.4 sq mi) with a household population of 45,000 (as of 2017). The subdistrict has three villages and a community under its jurisdiction.

Yuelu, Changsha
Yuelu District (simplified Chinese: 岳麓区; traditional Chinese: 嶽麓區; pinyin: Yuèlù qū) is one of six urban districts and the municipal seat of the prefecture-level city of Changsha, the capital of Hunan Province, China. It is the 4th most populous district (after Heshan, Dingcheng and Yueyanglou Districts) in Hunan. The district is bordered to the north by Wangcheng District, to the west by Ningxiang County, to the south by Yuhu District of Xiangtan City, across the Xiang river to the west by Tianxin, Furong and Kaifu Districts. Located on the west bank of the Xiang River, as the western part of the City proper, the district is named after Mount Yuelu, one of the national parks, Yuelu District covers 538.83 km2 (208.04 sq mi) with registered population of 644,834 and resident population of 818,900 (as of 2014). The district has 16 subdistricts and 2 towns under its jurisdiction, with its administrative centre at Wangyue (望岳街道).
2006 Kremlin Cup
The 2006 Kremlin Cup was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 17th edition of the Kremlin Cup, and was part of the International Series of the 2006 ATP Tour, and of the Tier I Series of the 2006 WTA Tour. It took place at the Olympic Stadium in Moscow, Russia from 9 October through 15 October 2006.

Kremlin Cup
The Kremlin Cup (Russian: Кубок Кремля, romanized: Kubok Kremlya) is a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts, which has been suspended indefinitely since 2022. It was part of the ATP Tour 250 series of the ATP Tour and was a Premier Tournament on the WTA Tour. It was held annually at the Olympic Stadium in Moscow, Russia from 1990 to 2018. In 2019, the Olympic Stadium underwent a reconstruction lasting two years. The 2019 edition of the tournament was held at the Ice Palace Krylatskoye. In 2021, the Kremlin Cup was played at the Irina Viner-Usmanova Gymnastics Palace and the Luzhniki Palace of Sports.

Until 2007, it was held on a carpet surface. It was then held on RuKortHard surface until 2015. Since 2016 the tournament has been held on TPSurface.

In light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) and the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) suspended the tournament indefinitely.
Saxon IIIb
The Saxon Class III b were German steam locomotives built for the Royal Saxon State Railways (Königlich Sächsische Staatseisenbahnen) in the late 19th century as tender locomotives for express train duties. In 1925, the Deutsche Reichsbahn incorporated the engines into DRG Class 34.77-78.

Between 1873 and 1901, a total of 204 locomotives were delivered to the Royal Saxon State Railways by the firms of  Hartmann, Henschel and Schwartzkopff. During the course of their manufacture there were continual modifications. Eighteen were built as compound engines.

The Reichsbahn took over 91 machines and gave them the running numbers 34 7701, 34 7702, 34 7721–34 7808.

Berliner Maschinenbau
Berliner Maschinenbau AG was a German manufacturer of locomotives.

The factory was founded by Louis Victor Robert Schwartzkopff on 3 October 1852 as Eisengießerei und Maschinen-Fabrik von L. Schwartzkopff in Berlin.
Okorukambe Constituency
Okorukambe Constituency, until 2013 Steinhausen Constituency, is an electoral constituency in the Omaheke Region of Namibia. It had 5,818 registered voters in 2020.

Okorukambe Constituency covers an area of 17,457 km2 (6,740 sq mi). It had a population of 10,060 in 2011, up from 9,600 in 2001.

Until August 2013 the constituency was named after Steinhausen.

The settlements of Witvlei, Omitara and Summerdown are located within the constituency, also the western part of Epukiro.

Popular Democratic Movement
The Popular Democratic Movement (PDM), formerly Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), is an amalgamation of political parties in Namibia, registered as one singular party for representation purposes. In coalition with the United Democratic Front, it formed the official opposition in Parliament until the parliamentary elections in 2009. The party currently holds five seats in the Namibian National Assembly and one seat in the Namibian National Council. Further, the PDM has lost its status as the official opposition party, taking the fourth place. McHenry Venaani is the President of the PDM.

The PDM is an associate member of the International Democracy Union, a transnational grouping of national political parties generally identified with political conservatism, and a member of the Democracy Union of Africa, which was re-launched in Accra, Ghana in February 2019. The President of the party, McHenry Venaani, is the current chairperson of the Democrat Union of Africa.
Le più colte
Le più colte (literally, "the most cultured") was an apostolic letter issued by Pope Pius VII in the first year of his pontificate (1801) in the form of a motu proprio, written in Italian, which set out drastic reforms in agricultural policy within the Papal States.

Motu proprio
In law, motu proprio (Latin for 'on his own impulse') describes an official act taken without a formal request from another party. Some jurisdictions use the term sua sponte for the same concept.

In Catholic canon law, it refers to a document issued by the pope on his own initiative and personally signed by him. Such a document may be addressed to the whole church, to part of it, or to some individuals. The first papal motu proprio was promulgated by Pope Innocent VIII in 1484. It continues to be a common form of papal rescript, especially when establishing institutions, making minor changes to law or procedure, and when granting favours to persons or institutions.
Civic Biology
A Civic Biology: Presented in Problems (usually referred to as just Civic Biology) was a biology textbook written by George William Hunter, published in 1914. It is the book which the state of Tennessee required high school teachers to use in 1925 and is best known for its section about evolution that was ruled by a local court to be in violation of the state Butler Act. It was for teaching from this textbook that John T. Scopes was brought to trial in Dayton, Tennessee in the Scopes "Monkey" Trial. The views espoused in the book about evolution, race, and eugenics were common to American Progressives (especially in the work of Charles Benedict Davenport, one of the most prominent American biologists of the early 20th century, whom Hunter cites in the book).

Butler Act
The Butler Act was a 1925 Tennessee law prohibiting public school teachers from denying the book of Genesis account of humankind's origin. The law also prevented the teaching of the evolution of humans from what it referred to as lower orders of animals in place of the Biblical account. The law was introduced by Tennessee House of Representatives member John Washington Butler, for whom the law was named. It was enacted as Tennessee Code Annotated Title 49 (Education) Section 1922, having been signed into law by Tennessee governor Austin Peay.

The law was challenged and upheld later that year in a famous trial in Dayton, Tennessee called the Scopes Trial which involved a raucous confrontation between prosecution attorney and fundamentalist religious leader, William Jennings Bryan, and prominent defense attorney and religious agnostic, Clarence Darrow.

It was not repealed until 1967.
Frank Michael Beyer
Frank Michael Beyer (8 March 1928 – 20 April 2008) was a German composer. And has a nephew named after him. Michael Beyer from Delft from the Netherlands

Active as well as a composition teacher, performer and culture functionary, he was one of the leading figures in post-war Berlin musical life. His works have been programmed by many artists of international renown, and he has left an abundant oeuvre comprising works of all genres except opera. His avant-garde compositional style is clear, strict and sensitive, rooted in German modernism as well as in Bachian counterpoint and characteristics of human speech.

Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin
The Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin (DSO) is a German broadcast orchestra based in Berlin. The orchestra performs its concerts principally in the Philharmonie Berlin. The orchestra is administratively based at the Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (RBB) Fernsehzentrum in Berlin.
Second Chifley ministry
The Second Chifley ministry (Labor) was the 33rd ministry of the Government of Australia. It was led by the country's 16th Prime Minister, Ben Chifley. The Second Chifley Ministry succeeded the First Chifley ministry, which dissolved on 1 November 1946 following the federal election that took place in September. The ministry was replaced by the Fourth Menzies ministry on 19 December 1949 following the federal election that took place on 10 December which saw the Liberal–Country Coalition defeat Labor.

Nelson Lemmon, who died in 1989, was the last surviving member of the Second Chifley Ministry.

1946 Australian federal election
A federal election was held in Australia on 28 September 1946. All 74 seats in the House of Representatives and 19 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent Labor Party led by Prime Minister Ben Chifley defeated the opposition Liberal–Country coalition, led by Robert Menzies. It was the Liberal Party's first federal election since its creation. This was the first time the Labor party had won a second consecutive election. This was also the last time the Labor party would win a federal election until the 1972 election.

The election was held in conjunction with three referendum questions, one of which was carried.
Michały
Michały [miˈxawɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Witonia, within Łęczyca County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) south-west of Witonia, 10 km (6 mi) north-east of Łęczyca, and 40 km (25 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

Witonia
Witonia [viˈtɔɲa] is a village in Łęczyca County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Witonia. It lies approximately 14 km (9 mi) north-east of Łęczyca and 43 km (27 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.
Gmina Paprotnia
Gmina Paprotnia is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Siedlce County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Paprotnia, which lies approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) north-east of Siedlce and 99 km (61 mi) east of Warsaw.

The gmina covers an area of 81.43 square kilometres (31.4 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 2,797 (2,675 in 2104).

Siedlce County
Siedlce County (Polish: powiat siedlecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Siedlce, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The only town in Siedlce County is Mordy, which lies 18 km (11 mi) east of Siedlce.

The county covers an area of 1,603.22 square kilometres (619.0 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 81,265, out of which the population of Mordy is 1,788 and the rural population is 79,477.
Albert R. Alexander
Albert R. Alexander (November 8, 1859 - 1966) was a Canadian-born American judge from Plattsburg, Missouri, who became the world's oldest serving judge and the world's longest serving judge.  He retired  on July 9, 1965, at the age of 105 years and 8 months.

Alexander also worked as a farmer, a teacher, a newspaper publisher, and a lawyer.  From 1901 until 1916, he was the owner and publisher of the Plattsburg Leader.  In 1914, President Woodrow Wilson appointed him Postmaster for Plattsburg where he served until 1927.  In 1950, he was elected to the office of Magistrate and Probate Judge of Clinton County, Missouri.

Judge Wesley E. Brown holds the record as the oldest practicing federal judge while Judge Joseph William Woodrough, who was on the Eighth Circuit until 1977, also lived to the age of 104.

Wesley E. Brown
Wesley Ernest Brown (June 22, 1907 – January 23, 2012) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Kansas. At his death at age 104, he was the oldest person to serve as a federal judge in the history of the United States, actively hearing cases until approximately one month before his death.
Montrouge Cemetery
48°49′20″N 2°19′9″E﻿ / ﻿48.82222°N 2.31917°E﻿ / 48.82222; 2.31917
Montrouge Cemetery (French: Cimetière de Montrouge) is a cemetery in the south of the 14th arrondissement of Paris, located between the Boulevards of the Marshals and Boulevard Périphérique. It was created in 1819 in the commune of Montrouge, but was transferred to the City of Paris in 1925 following a border change.

Whilst the most visited grave is that of Coluche, there are many other graves of interest, as well as a crypt. Despite being a Parisian cemetery, the influence of Montrouge is noteworthy, most notably through the granite stele commemorating 96 soldiers from Montrouge fallen on World War I battlegrounds.

Montrouge
Montrouge (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃ʁuʒ] ⓘ) is a commune in the southern Parisian suburbs, located 4.4 km (2.7 mi) from the centre of Paris. It is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe. After a long period of decline, the population has increased again in recent years.
Manuel Valderrama
Manuel Fernández de Valderrama Tejedor (29 July 1904 - Unknown) was a Spanish footballer who played as a midfielder and later a manager. He represented the three biggest Madrid teams of the 1920s and 30s, Real Madrid, Atlético Madrid and Racing de Madrid, and also earned one cap for Spain in 1927.

1924 Copa del Rey
The King Alfonso XIII's Cup 1924 was the 24th staging of the Copa del Rey, the Spanish football cup competition.

The competition started on 23 March 1924, and concluded on May 4, 1924, with the final, held at the Estadio de Atotxa in San Sebastián, in which Real Unión lifted the trophy for the second time (third time counting the trophy won by Racing de Irun in 1913) with a 1–0 victory over Real Madrid with José Echeveste netting the only goal of the match.
Cadia-Ridgeway mine
Cadia Mine is a series of large underground and open-cut gold and copper mines located in the Cadia Valley, about 20 kilometres south of the regional city of Orange, New South Wales, Australia. The mine has been developed throughout the 1990s and is a major employer in the region with an expected lifespan of several decades. Cadia is the second largest open cut mine in Australia after the Super Pit at Kalgoorlie. Large mineral deposits are also being uncovered from the more recently developed Ridgeway underground mine, and Cadia East underground mine, adjacent to the Cadia Open Cut Mine. The mine is operated by Newmont.

Open-pit mining
Open-pit mining, also known as open-cast or open-cut mining and in larger contexts mega-mining, is a surface mining technique that extracts rock or minerals from the earth.

Open-pit mines are used when deposits of commercially useful ore or rocks are found near the surface where the overburden is relatively thin. In contrast, deeper mineral deposits can be reached using underground mining.

This form of mining carries several risks to the health and safety of miners, and can have a significant negative impact on the environment.
Debbie Sellin
Deborah Mary Sellin (born 1 October 1964) is a Church of England bishop serving as Bishop of Peterborough since 2023. She was previously Bishop of Southampton, a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Winchester, and acted as diocesan Bishop of Winchester.

Bishop of Southampton
Christianity portal

The Bishop of Southampton is an episcopal title used by a suffragan bishop of the Church of England Diocese of Winchester, in the Province of Canterbury, England. The title takes its name after the city of Southampton in Hampshire.  The suffragan bishop has particular oversight of the Archdeaconry of Bournemouth, which since a diocesan reorganisation in 2000 constitutes the southern half of the diocese including Bournemouth and Southampton.

On 20 May 2021, it was reported that Tim Dakin, Bishop of Winchester, had "stepped back" as Bishop for six weeks, in light of the threat of a Diocesan Synod motion of no confidence in his leadership. David Williams, Bishop of Basingstoke also "stepped back" and Sellin served as acting diocesan bishop. Dakin's and Williams' leave, and therefore Sellin's time as acting bishop, was later extended to the end of August 2021.
Contorted aromatics
In organic chemistry, contorted aromatics, or more precisely contorted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in which the fused aromatic molecules deviate from the usual planarity.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) is any member of a class of organic compounds that is composed of multiple fused aromatic rings. Most are produced by the incomplete combustion of organic matter—by engine exhaust fumes, tobacco, incinerators, in roasted meats and cereals, or when biomass burns at lower temperatures as in forest fires. The simplest representative is naphthalene, having two aromatic rings, and the three-ring compounds anthracene and phenanthrene. PAHs are uncharged, non-polar and planar. Many are colorless. Many of them are also found in fossil fuel deposits such as coal and in petroleum. Exposure to PAHs can lead to different types of cancer, to fetal development complications, and to cardiovascular issues.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are discussed as possible starting materials for abiotic syntheses of materials required by the earliest forms of life.