hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
George Floyd protests in San Diego County, California
This is a list of protests that took place in San Diego County, California, following the murder of George Floyd that took place on May 25, 2020 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, after police officer Derek Chauvin knelt on his neck for 9 minutes and 29 seconds. These events were created to fight for justice for George Floyd and other Black community members who suffer from police brutality. These demonstrations resulted in a number of policy changes, namely the ban of the cartoid neck restraints use in San Diego County and a city-wide independent review board that would review police practices.

University of San Diego
The University of San Diego (USD) is a private Catholic research university in San Diego, California, United States. Chartered in 1949 as the independent San Diego College for Women and San Diego University (comprising the College for Men and School of Law), the two institutions merged in 1972.

The university includes the College of Arts and Sciences, Hahn School of Nursing and Health Science, Joan B. Kroc School of Peace Studies, Division of Professional and Continuing Education, Knauss School of Business, School of Law, School of Leadership and Education Services (SOLES), and the Shiley-Marcos School of Engineering.

USD has 89 undergraduate and graduate programs, and enrolls approximately 9,073 undergraduate, paralegal, graduate and law students. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". The San Diego Toreros compete in NCAA Division I (FCS) as a member of the West Coast Conference.
Postage stamps and postal history of Sri Lanka
This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Sri Lanka, formerly known as Ceylon.

Sri Lanka is an island country in South Asia, located about 31 km off the southern coast of India. After over two thousand years of rule by local kingdoms, parts of Sri Lanka were colonized by Portugal and the Netherlands beginning in the 16th century, before control of the entire country passed to Britain in 1815. A nationalist political movement arose in the country in the early 20th century with the aim of obtaining political independence, which was eventually granted by the British after peaceful negotiations in 1948. The country became a republic and adopted its current name in 1972.

Sri Lankan rupee
The Sri Lankan rupee (Sinhala: රුපියල්, Tamil: ரூபாய்; symbol: ₨ in English, රු in Sinhala, ௹ in Tamil; ISO code: LKR), known until 1972 as the Ceylon rupee, is the currency of Sri Lanka. It is subdivided into 100 cents (Sinhala: සත, Tamil: சதம்), but cents are rarely seen in circulation due to their low value. It is issued by the Central Bank of Sri Lanka. The abbreviation Re (singular) and Rs (plural) is generally used, the World Bank suggests SL Rs as a fully disambiguating abbreviation for distinction from other currencies named "rupee".
We Said Enough
We Said Enough or WeSaidEnough is a nonprofit organization that was founded in 2017. It is dedicated to eliminating discrimination, sexual harassment and assault within employment and academic settings. We Said Enough is based in Sacramento, California.

Time Person of the Year
Person of the Year, called Man of the Year or Woman of the Year until 1999, is an annual issue of the American news magazine and website Time featuring a person, group, idea, or object that "for better or for worse ... has done the most to influence the events of the year". The Time website or a partner organization also runs an annual online reader's poll that has no effect on the selection, although no poll was held in 2023 or 2024.
The Space Merchants
The Space Merchants is a 1952 science fiction novel by American writers Frederik Pohl and Cyril M. Kornbluth. Originally published in Galaxy Science Fiction magazine as a serial entitled Gravy Planet, the novel was first published as a single volume in 1953, and has sold heavily since. It deals satirically with a hyper-developed consumerism, seen through the eyes of an advertising executive. In 1984, Pohl published a sequel, The Merchants' War. In 2012, it was included in the Library of America omnibus American Science Fiction: Four Classic Novels 1953–1956. Pohl revised the original novel in 2011 with added material and more contemporary references.

H. L. Gold
Horace Leonard Gold (April 26, 1914 – February 21, 1996) was an American science fiction writer and editor. Born in Canada, Gold moved to the United States at the age of two. He was most noted for bringing an innovative and fresh approach to science fiction while he was the editor of Galaxy Science Fiction, and also wrote briefly for DC Comics.
1980 New Year Honours
The 1980 New Year Honours were appointments in many of the Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries. They were announced on 31 December 1979 to celebrate the year passed and mark the beginning of 1980.

Names and titles of recipients are shown as they appeared in this honours list.

Scottish Office
The Scottish Office was a department of the Government of the United Kingdom from 1885 until 1999, exercising a wide range of government functions in relation to Scotland under the control of the Secretary of State for Scotland. Following the establishment of the Scottish Parliament in 1999, most of its work was transferred to the newly established Scottish Executive (now the Scottish Government), with a small residue of functions retained by the Scotland Office.
Park Hyo-shin
Park Hyo-shin (Korean: 박효신; born September 1, 1981) is a South Korean singer and musical theatre actor. Following his debut as a singer in 1999, Park released numerous hit songs in the 2000s, including "Good Person" (2002), "Snow Flower" (2004) and "Memories Resemble Love" (2007). In the 2010s, he achieved five number-one hits on the Circle Digital Chart, including 2014's "Wild Flower", which has sold 5 million copies, making it one of the best-selling singles in South Korea.

Conscription in South Korea
Conscription in South Korea has existed since 1957 and requires male citizens between the ages of 18 and 35 to perform compulsory military service. Women are not required to perform military service, but they may voluntarily join the military.
Texture mapping unit
In computer graphics, a texture mapping unit (TMU) is a component in modern graphics processing units (GPUs). They are able to rotate, resize, and distort a bitmap image to be placed onto an arbitrary plane of a given 3D model as a texture, in a process called texture mapping. In modern graphics cards it is implemented as a discrete stage in a graphics pipeline, whereas when first introduced it was implemented as a separate processor, e.g. as seen on the Voodoo2 graphics card.

Shader
In computer graphics, a shader is a programmable operation which is applied to data as it moves through the rendering pipeline. Shaders can act on data such as vertices and primitives—to generate or morph geometry—and fragments –to calculate the values in a rendered image.

Shaders can execute a wide variety of operations and can run on different types of hardware. In modern real-time computer graphics, shaders are run on graphics processing units (GPUs) –dedicated hardware which provides highly parallel execution of programs. As rendering an image is embarrassingly parallel, fragment and pixel shaders scale well on SIMD hardware. Historically, the drive for faster rendering has produced highly-parallel processors which can in turn be used for other SIMD amenable algorithms. Such shaders executing in a compute pipeline are commonly called compute shaders.
Joseph Janni
Joseph Janni (21 May 1916 – 29 May 1994) was a Jewish Italian-British film producer best known for his work with John Schlesinger. He was born in Milan, Italy and became interested in filmmaking while at university.

He emigrated to England in 1939, and once Italy declared war, he was briefly interned in Metropole Camp on the Isle of Man. Returning to London, he worked with John Corfield.

Janni's success with The Glass Mountain brought him work with the Rank Organisation. Janni made the popular Town Like Alice with Jack Lee and Peter Finch and the three men were reunited on Robbery Under Arms.

Janni went on to produce the first films of John Schlesinger and Ken Loach. Many of these were financed by Nat Cohen.

John Corfield
John Corfield (22 March 1893 – 10 January 1953) was a British film producer. For more than a decade he oversaw production at British National Films.

He left British national and in 1941 announced he was entering independent production starting with Ring o Roses which became He Found a Star.
Lanthanide trifluoromethanesulfonates
Lanthanide triflates are triflate salts of the lanthanides. These salts have been investigated for application in organic synthesis as Lewis acid catalysts. These catalysts function similarly to aluminium chloride or ferric chloride, but they are water-tolerant (stable in water). Commonly written as Ln(OTf)3·(H2O)9 the nine waters are bound to the lanthanide, and the triflates are counteranions, so more accurately lanthanide triflate nonahydrate is written as [Ln(H2O)9](OTf)3.

Aluminium chloride
Aluminium chloride, also known as aluminium trichloride, is an inorganic compound with the formula AlCl3. It forms a hexahydrate with the formula [Al(H2O)6]Cl3, containing six water molecules of hydration. Both the anhydrous form and the hexahydrate are colourless crystals, but samples are often contaminated with iron(III) chloride, giving them a yellow colour.

The anhydrous form is commercially important. It has a low melting and boiling point. It is mainly produced and consumed in the production of aluminium, but large amounts are also used in other areas of the chemical industry. The compound is often cited as a Lewis acid. It is an inorganic compound that reversibly changes from a polymer to a monomer at mild temperature.
Cross-country skiing at the 1980 Winter Olympics – Men's 50 kilometre
The men's 50 kilometre cross-country skiing competition at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, United States, was held on Saturday 23 February at Mount Van Hoevenberg, Essex County, New York. Sven-Åke Lundbäck of Sweden was the 1978 World champion and Ivar Formo of Norway was the defending champion from the 1976 Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria.

Each skier started at half a minute intervals, skiing the entire 50 kilometre course. Of the 43 athletes who started the race, 6 did not finish. Nikolay Zimyatov of the Soviet Union took his third Gold medal of the games after winning the 30 kilometre and being part of Soviet Union's winning 4 × 10 km relay team.

Cross-country skiing at the 1980 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay
The 4 × 10 kilometre relay cross-country skiing at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, United States was held on Wednesday 20 February at the Mount Van Hoevenberg. It was the tenth appearance of the 4 × 10 km relay in the Winter Olympics.

It was the third time that Soviet Union won the gold medal in the event. Norway finished second in the relay, Finland in third place.
Wysoka Góra, Podlaskie Voivodeship
Wysoka Góra [vɨˈsɔka ˈɡura], was a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krasnopol, within Sejny County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. The location lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) west of Krasnopol, 17 km (11 mi) west of Sejny, and 113 km (70 mi) north of the regional capital Białystok.

Krasnopol, Podlaskie Voivodeship
Krasnopol ([krasˈnɔpɔl]; Lithuanian: Krasnapolis) is a village in Sejny County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Krasnopol.

Krasnopol was founded in 1770 on the order of Antoni Tyzenhauz in the Opidemie forest on the road from Sejny to Wigry and Suwałki. It was probably granted town privileges in 1782.
Transmittance
Electromagnetic radiation can be affected in several ways by the medium in which it propagates.  It can be scattered, absorbed, and reflected and refracted at discontinuities in the medium.  This page is an overview of the last 3.  The transmittance of a material and any surfaces is its effectiveness in transmitting radiant energy; the fraction of the initial (incident) radiation which propagates to a location of interest (often an observation location). This may be described by the transmission coefficient.

Radiant energy
In physics, and in particular as measured by radiometry, radiant energy is the energy of electromagnetic and gravitational radiation. As energy, its SI unit is the joule (J). The quantity of radiant energy may be calculated by integrating radiant flux (or power) with respect to time. The symbol Qe is often used throughout literature to denote radiant energy ("e" for "energetic", to avoid confusion with photometric quantities). In branches of physics other than radiometry, electromagnetic energy is referred to using E or W. The term is used particularly when electromagnetic radiation is emitted by a source into the surrounding environment. This radiation may be visible or invisible to the human eye.
Tasmanian Labor Party
The Tasmanian Labor Party, commonly referred to simply as Tasmanian Labor, is a social democratic political party in Tasmania. It is the Tasmanian branch of the Australian Labor Party. Following the 2025 Tasmanian state election, the party is led by Josh Willie, and since 2014 has formed the official opposition in Tasmania, losing 5 consecutive state elections.

Michelle O'Byrne
Michelle Anne O'Byrne (born 6 March 1968) is an Australian politician representing the Labor Party and from 2024 until 2025, served as speaker of the Tasmanian House of Assembly. O'Byrne was elected in the 2006 state election to the Tasmanian House of Assembly in the division of Bass. Prior to her election to state parliament she was a member of the Australian House of Representatives from 1998 to 2004, representing the Division of Bass. Since 2025, she has served as Ambassador for Gender Equality within the federal Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

In the 2024 Tasmanian state election, O'Byrne was the second most successful candidate across the state for the Labor Party, receiving 0.95 quotas in her own right in the first preferences alone, only outdone by then-leader, Rebecca White.

O'Byrne announced her retirement from parliament in the 2025 state election.
Toichi Uchida
Toichi Uchida (1898-1974) was a Japanese entomologist who described over 1000 new Ichneumonids and many new genera.

He studied entomology under Professor Matsumura Matsutoshi at the Faculty of Agriculture of Hokkaido University.

His zoological author abbreviation is Uchida. See e.g. Diphyus albicoxalis. This author abbreviation is shared with another Japanese zoologist, Tohru Uchida.

Shōnen Matsumura
Shōnen Matsumura (松村 松年, Matsumura Shōnen; 5 March  1872 – 7 November 1960) was a Japanese entomologist.

Born in Akashi, Hyōgo, Dr. Shōnen Matsumura established Japan's first course on entomology at Hokkaido University. The courses were both applied (on insects of importance in forestry and agriculture) and theoretical. He named over 1,200 species of Japanese insects and in 1926 he founded the entomological journal Insecta Matsumurana.  Matsumura wrote many scientific papers and books including 6,000 illustrated Insects of Japan-Empire (1931).  He died in Tokyo.

His collection is in Hokkaido University in Sapporo.
Nahcotta (steamship)
Nahcotta was a steamboat operated from 1898 to 1928 on a route from Astoria, Oregon to Ilwaco, Washington, and then, from 1908 on, from Astoria to Megler, Washington.  Nahcotta ran on the same route for its entire service life, and for much of that time was commanded by Capt. Tom Parker, who started his marine career as a deckhand and who had only three months of formal education.

Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company
The Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company operated a 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge railroad that ran for over forty years from the bar of the Columbia River up the Long Beach Peninsula to Nahcotta, Washington, on Willapa Bay.  The line ran entirely in Pacific County, Washington, and had no connection to any outside rail line.  The railroad had a number of nicknames, including the "Clamshell Railroad" and the "Irregular, Rambling and Never-Get-There Railroad."
Aryarakshitsuri
Aryarakshitsuri (c. 1080 CE—1180 CE) was Śvetāmbara Jain monk and the founder of the Achal Gaccha of the Śvetāmbara sect of Jainism. He was a contemporary of Hemchandrasuri and is said to have met him.

Śrāvaka (Jainism)
In Jainism, the word Śrāvaka or Sāvaga (from Jain Prakrit) is used to refer to the Jain laity (householders). The word śrāvaka has its roots in the word śrāvana, i.e. the one who listens (to the discourses of the saints).

The tirthankara restores or organises the sangha, a fourfold order of muni (male monastics), aryika (female monastics),  śrāvakas (male followers) and śrāvikās (female followers).

In Jainism, there are two kinds of votaries:

The householder (one with minor vows)

The homeless ascetic (one with major vows).

According to the Jain text Puruşārthasiddhyupāya:

Ascetics who establish themselves in pure and absolute consciousness observe complete abstinence. Those who practice the path of partial abstinence are called Śrāvaka.

Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra, a major Jain text, discusses the conduct of a Śrāvaka in detail.
StarDance (Czech TV series) season 3
The third season of StarDance (Czech Republic) debuted on Česká televize on November 1, 2008. Eight celebrities were paired with eight professional ballroom dancers. Marek Eben and Tereza Kostková were the hosts for this season.

StarDance (Czech TV series)
StarDance... Když hvězdy tančí (lit. 'StarDance... When Stars Dance') is the Czech version of the British reality TV competition Strictly Come Dancing and part of the Dancing with the Stars franchise. Eleven seasons were broadcast by Czech Television, hosted by Marek Eben and Tereza Kostková.

A ninth season aired in summer 2018 with ten celebrities competing. StarDance is among the most viewed Czech television programmes with 1.48 million viewers in average in 2018.

A thirteenth season was announced in 2024 with these celebrities:

Actress Marta Dancingerová

Actress Jana Paulová

Fighter Martina Ptáčková

Chef Ta Thuy Dung

Singer, actress Lucie Vondráčková

Actor Filip Blažek

Writer Patrik Hartl

Actor Oskar Hes

Cyclist Jiří Ježek

Singer Ondřej Ruml
Alexey Kaledin
Alexey Maksimovich Kaledin (Russian: Алексе́й Макси́мович Кале́дин; 24 October 1861 – 11 February 1918) was a Don Cossack Cavalry General who commanded the 12th Cavalry Division and Russian Eight Army during World War I. He also led the Don Cossack White movement in the opening stages of the Russian Civil War.

Rostov-on-Don
Rostov-on-Don, or simply Rostov, is a port city and the administrative centre of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District of Russia. It lies in the southeastern part of the East European Plain on the Don River, 32 kilometers (20 mi) from the Sea of Azov, directly north of the North Caucasus. The southwestern suburbs of the city lie above the Don river delta. Rostov-on-Don has a population of over one million people and is an important cultural, educational, economic and logistical centre of Southern Russia.
2003 WGC-World Cup
The 2003 WGC-World Cup took place November 13–16 at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort, Ocean Course in Kiawah Island, South Carolina, U.S. It was the 49th World Cup and the fourth as a World Golf Championship event. 24 countries competed and each country sent two players. The prize money totaled $4,000,000 with $1,400,000 going to the winning pair. The South African team of Rory Sabbatini  and Trevor Immelman won. They won by four strokes stroke over the English team of Paul Casey and Justin Rose.

World Cup (men's golf)
The World Cup of Golf is a men's golf tournament contested by teams of two representing their country. Only one team is allowed from each country. The players are selected on the basis of the Official World Golf Ranking, although not all of the first choice players choose to compete. The equivalent event for women was the Women's World Cup of Golf, played from 2005 to 2008.
Comparison of version-control software
The following tables describe attributes of notable version control and software configuration management (SCM) systems that can be used to compare and contrast the various systems.

For SCM software not suitable for source code, see Comparison of open-source configuration management software.

Version control
Version control (also known as revision control, source control, and source code management) is the software engineering practice of controlling, organizing, and tracking different versions in history of computer files – primarily source code text files, but generally any type of file.

Version control is a component of software configuration management.

A version control system is a software tool that automates version control. Alternatively, version control is embedded as a feature of some systems such as word processors, spreadsheets, collaborative web docs, and content management systems, such as Wikipedia's page history.

Version control includes options to view old versions and to revert a file to a previous version.
2005 ECM Prague Open
The 2005 ECM Prague Open was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts at the I. Czech Lawn Tennis Club in Prague, Czech Republic from in mid-May, 2005. It was the 14th edition of the men's tournament which was part of the 2005 ATP Challenger Series and the 4th edition of the women's tournament which was part of the 2005 WTA Tour as a Tier IV tournament.

2005 WTA Tour
The 2005 WTA Tour was the elite professional tennis circuit organized by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for the 2005 tennis season. The 2005 WTA Tour included the four Grand Slam tournaments, the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Tier I, Tier II, Tier III, Tier IV and Tier V events. ITF tournaments were not part of the WTA Tour, although they award points for the WTA World Ranking.
Vladimir Nosik
Vladimir Benediktovich Nosik (Russian: Влади́мир Бенеди́ктович Но́сик; born 3 April 1948) is a Soviet and Russian actor, Honored Artist of Russia (1993), People's Artist of Russia (2016).

His older brother is People's Artist of Russia Valery Nosik. His daughter is actress Ekaterina Nosik.

Merited Artist of the Russian Federation
Merited Artist of the Russian Federation (Russian: Заслуженный артист Российской Федерации, Zasluzhenny artist Rossiyskoy Federatsii), also known as Honored Artist of Russia, is an honorary title in the Russian Federation. The title is awarded to actors, directors, filmmakers, writers, dancers, and singers for exceptional achievements in the arts.

The honorary title was originally modeled after the German honorific title for distinguished opera singers. Historically, the title was bestowed by princes or kings, when it was styled Hofkammersänger(in). In Imperial Russia before 1917, several stars of stage and film were honored with the title "Imperial singer", but after the October Revolution of 1917, the new regime made changes and established the title of the Merited Artist of Russia (Russian SFSR and Soviet Union).

After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Russian president Boris Yeltsin created a new award, first presented on 30 December 1995.