hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Literary Criticism (UIL)
Literary Criticism is one of several academic events sanctioned by the University Interscholastic League in the U.S. state of Texas. The contest began in the 1986–87 school year.

Literary Criticism is designed to test students' knowledge of literary history and of critical terms, and ability in literary criticism. The text A Handbook to Literature by William Harmon and C. Hugh Holman (currently, either the 8th, 9th, or 10th edition may be used), state adopted texts, and the announced reading list for the current year will be used as sources for the tests.

University Interscholastic League
The University Interscholastic League (UIL) is an organization that creates rules for and administers almost all athletic, musical, and academic contests for public primary and secondary schools in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the largest organization of its type in the world.

Activities range from American football and cross-examination debate to mathematics and marching band competitions; however, the UIL does not administer Academic Decathlon competitions.

The UIL is under the governance of the Vice President for Diversity and Community Engagement at the University of Texas at Austin in Austin, Texas. Although the Texas Education Agency governs the activities of schools and school districts in Texas, the UIL does not report to TEA, but is instead a separate entity.
Rod Sandberg
Rod Sandberg (born c. 1969) is an American college football coach and former player. He is the head football coach for Whitworth University, a position he has held since 2014.

Sandberg played college football as a defensive back at Wheaton College in Wheaton, Illinois from 1987 to 1990. He began his coaching career in 1991 as an assistant at Aurora University in Aurora, Illinois and spent 1993 and 1994 as an assistant coach at Georgetown College in Georgetown, Kentucky. Sandberg returned to Wheaton in 1995 as linebackers coach and was promoted to defensive coordinator in 2003.

Sandberg was hired by Whitworth in December 2013 to succeed John Tully as head football coach. He was selected over Chris Tormey, who had been the head football coach at University of Idaho and the University of Nevada, and John Sala, the head football coach at Louisburg College, a junior college in Louisburg, North Carolina.

John Tully (American football)
John Tully (born February 12, 1952) is an American football coach and former player.  He Tully served as the head football coach at Eureka College in Eureka, Illinois from 1990 to 1994 and was Whitworth University in Spokane, Washington, from 1995 to 2013, compiling a career college football coaching record of 131–103.  Tully was also the head baseball coach at Eureka in 1993, tallying mark of 14–14.
2020 North Carolina Tar Heels football team
The 2020 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) during the 2020 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Tar Heels were led by head coach Mack Brown, in the second season of his second stint at North Carolina and his 12th overall season. The team played their home games at Kenan Stadium.

Building on the momentum from the first season of Brown's return to Chapel Hill, the Tar Heels finished in a three-way tie for third place in the ACC. Divisional play had been suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. With Clemson and Notre Dame selected for the College Football Playoff, the Tar Heels received a bid to the Orange Bowl, their first appearance in a major bowl since 1949.

Kenan Stadium
Kenan Stadium (formerly Kenan Memorial Stadium) is a college football stadium located on Stadium Drive in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Opened in 1927, it is home to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's (UNC) football team, which competes in the Atlantic Coast Conference. The facility replaced Emerson Field, where the school's football program had been based since 1916. Plans for the stadium began as attendance increased. Ground was broken on the stadium in December 1926 and work completed in August 1927. The stadium hosted its first game on November 12, 1927, when the Tar Heels faced the Davidson Wildcats, where the Tar Heels won 27–0 in front of 9,000 spectators. On November 24, 1927, the stadium was officially opened and dedicated during a game where the Tar Heels hosted the Virginia Cavaliers and won 14–13.
Niedergailbach
Niedergailbach is a small village in the German state of Saarland and belongs to the community of Gersheim in the Saarpfalz-Kreis. In 2000 it had 581 inhabitants. Located on the border with France, it is adjacent to the French village of Obergailbach.

Saarpfalz-Kreis
Saarpfalz (Saar-Palatinate) is a Kreis (district) in the south-east of the Saarland, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Saarbrücken, Neunkirchen, Kusel, Kaiserslautern, Südwestpfalz, district-free Zweibrücken, and the French département Moselle in Lorraine.
Krytron
The krytron is a cold-cathode gas-filled tube intended for use as a very high-speed switch, somewhat similar to the thyratron. It consists of a sealed glass tube with four electrodes. A small triggering pulse on the grid electrode switches the tube on, allowing a large current to flow between the cathode and anode electrodes. The vacuum version is called a vacuum krytron, or sprytron. The krytron was one of the earliest developments of the EG&G Corporation.

Control grid
The control grid is an electrode used in amplifying thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) such as the triode, tetrode and pentode, used to control the flow of electrons from the cathode to the anode (plate) electrode.  The control grid usually consists of a cylindrical screen or helix of fine wire surrounding the cathode, and is surrounded in turn by the anode.  The control grid was invented by Lee De Forest, who in 1906  added a grid to the Fleming valve (thermionic diode) to create the first amplifying vacuum tube, the Audion (triode).
2025–26 Manchester City F.C. season
The 2025–26 season is the 131st season in the existence of Manchester City Football Club and their 24th consecutive season in the topflight of English football. In addition to the domestic league, Manchester City is also participating in the FA Cup, EFL Cup and UEFA Champions League, entering the latter for the 15th consecutive season.

This is the club's first season since 2014–15 without midfielder Kevin De Bruyne, who departed for Napoli following the expiration of his contract, and the first season since 2016–17 without Kyle Walker (to Burnley) and Ederson (to Fenerbahçe). Bernardo Silva was named as the club's new captain after Walker's departure. This also marks the first campaign since 2020–21 which Manchester City did not enter as reigning Premier League champions.

Ederson (footballer, born 1993)
Ederson Santana de Moraes  (born 17 August 1993), simply known as Ederson (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈɛdɛʁsõ]), is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Süper Lig club Fenerbahçe and the Brazil national team.

After finishing as a runner-up in the Taça de Portugal and Taça da Liga with Rio Ave in 2014, he returned to Benfica in 2015. He won two Primeira Liga titles and one of each cup before signing for Manchester City for £35 million in 2017. He made 372 appearances for City, winning 18 major honours, including six Premier League titles, two FA Cups, four EFL Cups, and the Champions League in 2023, as part of a continental treble. He won the Premier League Golden Glove three consecutive times between 2020 and 2022.

Ederson made his senior debut for Brazil in 2017. He was chosen in Brazil's squad for the FIFA World Cup in 2018 and 2022 and the Copa América in 2019 and 2021, winning the 2019 tournament.
Rogätz
Rogätz (German pronunciation: [ˈʁoːɡɛts]) is a municipality in the Börde district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is located on the left bank of the river Elbe, and is linked to Schartau by the Rogätz Ferry.

Börde (district)
Börde (German: Landkreis Börde) is a district in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. Its seat is the town Haldensleben. It takes its name from the natural region Magdeburg Börde. It is the site of the Morsleben radioactive waste repository. The disposal of waste into the facility ended in 1998.
Pearling in Western Australia
Pearling in Western Australia includes the harvesting and farming of both pearls and pearl shells (for mother of pearl) along the north-western coast of Western Australia.

The practice of collecting pearl shells existed well before British settlement.  After settlement, Aboriginal people were used as slave labour in the emerging commercial industry, a practice known as blackbirding. After 1886, with the rise of 'hard hat' diving, Asian divers from coastal and island regions became most common, leading to the pearling industry being the sole exception to the White Australia Policy of 1901.: 146

Pearling centred first around Nickol Bay and Exmouth Gulf and then around Broome, to become the largest in the world by 1910. The farming of cultured pearls remains an important part of the Kimberley economy, worth A$67 million in 2014 and is the second largest fisheries industry in Western Australia after rock lobster.

Exmouth Gulf
Exmouth Gulf is a gulf in the north-west of Western Australia. It lies between North West Cape and the main coastline of Western Australia. It is considered to be part of the Pilbara Coast and Northwest Shelf, and the Carnarvon Basin geologic formation. It was named after Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth by Phillip Parker King in 1818.
Kitabatake Akiie
Kitabatake Akiie (北畠 顕家; 1318 – June 10, 1338) was a Japanese court noble, and an important supporter of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō Wars. He also held the posts of Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North, and Governor of Mutsu Province. His father was Imperial advisor Kitabatake Chikafusa.

Kuge
The kuge (公家; Japanese pronunciation: [kɯ.ɡe, -ŋe]) was a Japanese aristocratic class that dominated the Japanese Imperial Court in Kyoto. The kuge were important from the establishment of Kyoto as the capital during the Heian period in the late 8th century until the rise of the Kamakura shogunate in the 12th century, at which point it was eclipsed by the bushi. The kuge still provided a weak court around the Emperor until the Meiji Restoration, when they merged with the daimyō, regaining some of their status in the process, and formed the kazoku (peerage), which lasted until the Japanese peerage system was abolished with the 1947 constitution. Though there is no longer an official status, members of the kuge families remain influential in Japanese society, government, and industry.
Soil salinity control
Soil salinity control refers to controlling the process and progress of soil salinity to prevent soil degradation by salination and reclamation of already salty (saline) soils. Soil reclamation is also known as soil improvement, rehabilitation, remediation, recuperation, or amelioration.

The primary man-made cause of salinization is irrigation. River water or groundwater used in irrigation contains salts, which remain in the soil after the water has evaporated.

The primary method of controlling soil salinity is to permit 10–20% of the irrigation water to leach the soil, so that it will be drained and discharged through an appropriate drainage system. The salt concentration of the drainage water is normally 5 to 10 times higher than that of the irrigation water which meant that salt export will more closely match salt import and it will not accumulate.

Land reclamation
Land reclamation, often known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill), is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground, reclaimed land, or land fill. The term "reclamation" is a misnomer, and promotes confusion with land rehabilitation.
Warranty deed
A warranty deed is a type of deed where the grantor (seller) guarantees that they hold clear title to a piece of real estate and has a right to sell it to the grantee (buyer), in contrast to a quitclaim deed, where the seller does not guarantee that they hold title to a piece of real estate. A general warranty deed protects the grantee against title defects arising at any point in time, extending back to the property's origins. A special warranty deed protects the grantee only against title defects arising from the actions or omissions of the grantor.

Clear title
Clear title is the phrase used to state that the owner of real property owns it free and clear of encumbrances.  In a more limited sense, it is used to state that, although the owner does not own clear title, it is nevertheless within the power of the owner to convey clear title.  For example, a property may be encumbered by a mortgage.  This encumbrance means that no one has clear title to the property.  However, standard terms in a mortgage require the mortgage holder to release the mortgage if a certain amount of money is paid.  Therefore, a buyer with enough money to satisfy both the mortgage and the current owner can get clear title.

According to Investopedia: "A clear title is a title without any kind of lien or levy from creditors or other parties and poses no question as to legal ownership. For example, an owner of a car with a clear title is the sole undisputed owner, and no other party can make any kind of legal claim to its ownership."
Blasco Peñaherrera Padilla
Blasco Peñaherrera Padilla (Quito, Ecuador; February 22, 1934) is an Ecuadorian lawyer and politician. He served as Vice President of the Republic of Ecuador in the government of President León Febres Cordero Ribadeneyra from August 10, 1984 to August 10, 1988.

Peñaherrera Padilla was a prominent figure in Ecuadorian politics during the second half of the 20th century. He held important roles such as leader and top representative of the Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party, legislator, Vice President of Ecuador, ambassador, and Andean parliamentarian, among others. Throughout his public life, he maintained firm and often controversial positions, but his adversaries respected him, primarily for his well-known integrity.

Vice President of Ecuador
The vice president of Ecuador is the second highest political position in Ecuador. In many instances, the vice president succeeded the president in turbulent political situations. The last time was in 2005 after the resignation of president Lucio Gutiérrez. According to the current constitution, the vice president is elected on the same ticket as the president. Salary of the vice president is US$4,869 per month.

The current vice president is Maria Jose Pinto since 24 May 2025.

Below is the history of the office holders.
Olsen cycle
The Olsen cycle is a pyroelectric cycle, which was developed between 1978 and 1986 by Olsen and Bruno, by Olsen and Brown, Olsen and Evans, as well as by Olsen et al. It has been called the Ericsson cycle. However, the Olsen cycle avoids the least confusion with its analogous process of the Ericsson cycle. The Olsen cycle can generate electricity directly from heat when applied to a pyroelectric material, and has been the most favorable method for the generation of electricity from heat using pyroelectric energy harvesting. It consists of two isothermal and two isoelectric field processes in the displacement versus electric field diagram.

It can be compared to the Ericsson cycle, where working fluid undergoes two isothermal and two isobaric processes in a pressure-volume diagram. However, the Ericsson cycle does not include the hysteresis loop, which is essentially a lag between the input of an electric field and the material's output.

Pressure–volume diagram
A pressure–volume diagram (or PV diagram, or volume–pressure loop) is used to describe corresponding changes in volume and pressure in a system. It is commonly used in thermodynamics, cardiovascular physiology, and respiratory physiology.

PV diagrams, originally called indicator diagrams, were developed in the 18th century as tools for understanding the efficiency of steam engines.
2019–20 FC Noah season
The 2019–20 season was a FC Noah's 2nd season in Armenian Premier League, and first since they changed their name from Artsakh FC. They finished the season in 2nd place, behind Ararat-Armenia who they beat in the Armenian Cup final, earning qualification to the UEFA Europa League for the first time.

Armenian Premier League
The Armenian Premier League (Armenian: Հայաստանի Պրեմիեր Լիգա, known as the Armenian Fastex Premier League for sponsorship reasons) is the top football competition in Armenia. From 1936 to 1991, the competition was held as a regional tournament within the USSR. Following Armenia's independence, the Football Federation of Armenia has been the governing authority of the league. Over the years, the league has evolved into a small league consisting of ten teams. The winner of the league is awarded a spot in the first qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League.
General–Feldtseykhmeyster
General–Feldtseykhmeyster (German: Generalfeldzeugmeister) was a military rank, title and position of the chief of artillery in the Russian Empire and a number of European countries (from German: Feldzeug – field gun).

The military rank of Feldzeugmeister should not be confused with the position of General–Feldtseykhmeyster.

Prince Alexander of Imereti (1674–1711)
Prince Alexander (Georgian: ალექსანდრე, Alek'sandre), also known as Tsarevich Aleksandr Archilovich Imeretinsky (Russian: Александр Арчилович Имеретинский) (1674 – 20 February 1711) was a Georgian royal prince (batonishvili) of the Kingdom of Imereti. He lived as an émigré in the Tsardom of Russia and subsequently served as first General of the Artillery (Feldzeugmeister), the second highest military rank under Tsar Peter the Great. During the Great Northern War, Alexander was taken prisoner at Narva in 1700 and spent ten years in Swedish captivity. He died on his way back to Russia.
Mixture of experts
Mixture of experts (MoE) is a machine learning technique where multiple expert networks (learners) are used to divide a problem space into homogeneous regions. MoE represents a form of ensemble learning. They were also called committee machines.

Feedforward neural network
A feedforward neural network is an artificial neural network in which information flows in a single direction – inputs are multiplied by weights to obtain outputs (inputs-to-output). It contrasts with a recurrent neural network, in which loops allow information from later processing stages to feed back to earlier stages. Feedforward multiplication is essential for backpropagation, because feedback, where the outputs feed back to the very same inputs and modify them, forms an infinite loop which is not possible to differentiate through backpropagation. This nomenclature appears to be a point of confusion between some computer scientists and scientists in other fields studying brain networks.
1978 in motoring
1978 in motoring deals with developments in the automotive industry that occurred in 1978, listed by country. The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells motor vehicles.

Opel Rekord
The Opel Rekord is a large family car which was built in eight generations by the German car manufacturer Opel. Between 1953 and 1986, approximately ten million were sold.

The Series D and E Rekords also spawned derivative versions manufactured by Opel's British sister company Vauxhall and in the case of the Rekord E, GM's Australian arm Holden. In 1986, the Rekord nameplate was replaced by the Opel Omega.
Languages of Pakistan
Pakistan is a multilingual country with over 70 languages spoken as first languages. The majority of Pakistan's languages belong to the Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European language family.

Urdu is the national language and the lingua franca of Pakistan, and while sharing official status with English, it is the preferred and dominant language used for inter-communication between different ethnic groups. Numerous regional languages are spoken as first languages by Pakistan's various ethnolinguistic groups.

According to the 2023 census, languages with more than a million speakers each include Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, Urdu, Balochi, Hindko, Brahui and the Kohistani languages. The census excludes data from Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir, therefore Shina and Balti population might not be exact. There are approximately 60 local languages with fewer than a million speakers.

Shahmukhi
Shahmukhi (Shahmukhi: شاہ مُکھی, pronounced [ʃäː(ɦ)˦.mʊ.kʰiː], lit. 'from the Shah's or King's mouth', Gurmukhī: ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁੱਖੀ) is the right-to-left abjad-based script developed from the Perso-Arabic alphabet used for the Punjabi language varieties, predominantly in Punjab, Pakistan. It is generally written in the Nastaʿlīq calligraphic hand, which is also used for Persian and Urdu. Shahmukhi is one of the two standard scripts used for Punjabi, the other being Gurmukhī used mainly in Punjab, India. Shahmukhi is written from right to left and has 36 primary letters with some other additional letters.
Movies (Circa Waves song)
"Movies" is a song by British indie rock band, Circa Waves, from their third studio album What's It Like Over There? (2019).

The single premiered on 27 November 2018, with a lyric video released on the band's YouTube channel. On 10 January 2019, Circa Waves released a corresponding music video. The song charted on Belgium's Ultratop charts, peaking at number 11 in the Walloon Ultratop chart and 39 in the Flemish Ultratop chart. It was their first single since "T-Shirt Weather" to chart.

T-Shirt Weather
"T-Shirt Weather" is a song by British indie rock band Circa Waves from their debut studio album, Young Chasers (2015).

The single was released on 6 April 2015. The single is the band's most successful single to date, earning Silver certification by the British Phonographic Industry. The single charted in the UK, Scotland, Belgium and Japan.
Academic tenure
Tenure is a type of academic appointment that offers its holder a semi-permanent position at an institution, protecting them from being fired or laid off for their personal beliefs and practices. Academic tenure originated in the United States in the early 20th century, and several other countries have since adopted it. Tenure is a means of defending the principle of academic freedom, though tenured staff can still be fired under just cause laws or under extraordinary circumstances such as financial exigency or program discontinuation.

Just cause (employment law)
Just cause is a common standard in employment law, as a form of job security. When a person is terminated for just cause, it means that they have been terminated for misconduct, or another sufficient reason. A person terminated for just cause is generally not entitled to notice severance, nor unemployment benefits depending on local laws.
Gahkuch
Gahkuch (Urdu: گاہکوچ) is the capital city of Ghizer District in Pakistan-administered Gilgit-Baltistan, in the disputed Kashmir. The city lies on the way to Ishkoman. Surrounded by mountains, it lies 72 kilometers northwest of Gilgit, the capital of the Gilgit-Baltistan region. 1998 Pakistani census recorded the population of Gahkuch as 10,142.

Gilgit
Gilgit (/ˈɡɪlɡɪt/; Shina: گِلیٗت IPA: [ɡi˧.leː˨˦t̪]; Urdu: گِلْگِت IPA: [ˈɡɪlɡɪt̪]) is the capital and most-populous city in Pakistani-administered territory of Gilgit-Baltistan in the disputed Kashmir region. It is located in a broad valley near the confluence of the Gilgit and the Hunza rivers. Gilgit is a major tourist destination in Pakistan, serving as a hub for trekking and mountaineering expeditions in the Karakoram mountain range of northern Pakistan.

Gilgit was once a major centre for Buddhism; it was an important stop on the ancient Silk Road, and today serves as a major junction along the Karakoram Highway with road connections to China as well as the Pakistani cities of Skardu, Chitral, Peshawar, and Islamabad. The economic activity is mainly focused on agriculture, with wheat, maize, and barley as the main crops.