hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pistia
Pistia is a genus of aquatic plants in the arum family, Araceae. It is the sole genus in the tribe Pistieae which reflects its systematic isolation within the family. The single species it comprises, Pistia stratiotes, is often called water cabbage, water lettuce, Nile cabbage, or shellflower. Its native distribution is uncertain but is probably pantropical; it was first scientifically described from plants found on the Nile near Lake Victoria in Africa. It is now present, either naturally or through human introduction, in nearly all tropical and subtropical fresh waterways and is considered an invasive species as well as a mosquito breeding habitat. The specific epithet is derived from a Greek word, στρατιώτης, meaning "soldier", which references the sword-shaped leaves of some plants in the Stratiotes genus.

Before Present
Before Present (BP) or "years before present (YBP)" is a time scale used mainly in archaeology, geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events occurred relative to the origin of practical radiocarbon dating in the 1950s. Because the "present" time changes, standard practice is to use 1 January 1950 as the commencement date (epoch) of the age scale, with 1950 being labelled as the "standard year". The abbreviation "BP" has been interpreted retrospectively as "Before Physics", which refers to the time before nuclear weapons testing artificially altered the proportion of the carbon isotopes in the atmosphere, which scientists must account for when using radiocarbon dating for dates of origin that may fall after this year.

In a convention that is not always observed, many sources restrict the use of BP dates to those produced with radiocarbon dating; the alternative notation "RCYBP" stands for the explicit "radio carbon years before present".
Dihydroxyphenylalanine transaminase
In enzymology, a dihydroxyphenylalanine transaminase (EC 2.6.1.49) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine + 2-oxoglutarate  3,4-dihydroxyphenylpyruvate + L-glutamate

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine and 2-oxoglutarate, whereas its two products are 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpyruvate and L-glutamate.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the transaminases, which transfer nitrogenous groups.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. Other names in common use include dopa transaminase, dihydroxyphenylalanine aminotransferase, aspartate-DOPP transaminase (ADT), L-dopa transaminase, dopa aminotransferase, glutamate-DOPP transaminase (GDT), phenylalanine-DOPP transaminase (PDT), DOPA 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, and DOPAATS.  This enzyme participates in tyrosine metabolism.  It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.

Transaminase
Transaminases or aminotransferases are enzymes that catalyze a transamination reaction between an amino acid and an α-keto acid. They are important in the synthesis of amino acids, which form proteins.

Two important transaminase enzymes, aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT), are commonly used as indicators of liver and cardiac health.
Ethan Guo
Ethan Guo (born July 2005) is an American pilot and social media influencer known for his "Flight Against Cancer" campaign, an attempt to become the first person to fly solo to all seven continents in a small aircraft while raising funds for cancer research. His journey gained attention after he was detained by Chilean authorities in June 2025 for an unauthorized landing in Antarctica, due to legal complexities under the Antarctic Treaty System.

St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital is a pediatric treatment and research hospital headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee. Founded by entertainer Danny Thomas in 1962, it is a 501(c)(3) designated nonprofit medical corporation which focuses on children's catastrophic diseases, particularly leukemia and other cancers. In the 2021 fiscal year, St. Jude received $2 billion in donations. Daily operating costs average $1.7 million, but patients are not charged for care. St. Jude's covers some, but not all cancer-related costs. St. Jude treats patients up to age 21, and for some conditions, up to age 25.
Software analytics
Software analytics is the analytics specific to the domain of software systems taking into account source code, static and dynamic characteristics (e.g., software metrics) as well as related processes of their development and evolution. It aims at describing, monitoring, predicting, and improving the efficiency and effectiveness of software engineering throughout the software lifecycle, in particular during software development and software maintenance. The data collection is typically done by mining software repositories, but can also be achieved by collecting user actions or production data.

Software evolution
Software evolution is the continual development of a piece of software after its initial release to address changing stakeholder and/or market requirements. Software evolution is important because organizations invest large amounts of money in their software and are completely dependent on this software. Software evolution helps software adapt to changing businesses requirements, fix defects, and integrate with other changing systems in a software system environment.
Boxing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Middleweight
The men's middleweight event was part of the boxing programme at the 1988 Summer Olympics. The weight class allowed boxers of up to 75 kilograms to compete. The competition was held from 19 September to 1 October 1988. 33 boxers from 33 nations competed. Henry Maske won the gold medal.

Anthony Hembrick of the United States never had the opportunity to fight in the 1988 Olympics. Hembrick and his coach, Ken Adams, misinterpreted the fight schedule. Afterwards, they blamed the schedule for being too confusing. By the time Hembrick arrived at Chamshil Students' Gymnasium twelve minutes late, he had been disqualified and the match was being awarded to South Korean Ha Jong-ho.

Boxing at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Boxing at the 1988 Summer Olympics took place in the Jamsil Students' Gymnasium in Seoul between 17 September and 2 October. Twelve men's individual boxing events were contested, attended by 432 athletes and 159 officials from 106 countries. The events were notable for a controversial decision in the light middleweight championship bout between American Roy Jones Jr. and South Korean Park Si-Hun, when Roy Jones was denied gold despite being considered vastly superior by observers.
Line K (Tren Interoceánico)
Line K (Spanish: Línea K), also known as the Ixtepec–Ciudad Hidalgo Line, is a railroad owned by the Mexican government that connects Ixtepec, Oaxaca with Ciudad Hidalgo, Chiapas. It was leased to the Ferrocarril Chiapas-Mayab. President Andrés Manuel López Obrador announced that the Mexican government will rehabilitate the line from Ixtepec, Oaxaca to Ciudad Hidalgo, Chiapas.

The line will connect Ixtepec with the Tren Interoceánico. For many years, Central American immigrants took various freight trains from Tapachula to various locations in the United States to cross the Mexico–United States border. However, in 2005, Hurricane Stan destroyed the tracks, and now, the trains started from the city of Arriaga.

Ayutla, San Marcos
Ayutla (Spanish pronunciation: [aˈʝutla]) is a municipality in the San Marcos Department of Guatemala. It is situated along the Suchiate River natural border with Mexico in the southern part of the department. The municipality center is Ciudad Tecún Umán.  There is a combined road and rail bridge known as Puente Rodolfo Robles linking Ayutla to Ciudad Hidalgo in Chiapas, Mexico.

There exists a railway which was rebuilt in 2019.

In December 2019, the U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned Ayutla's mayor, Erick Zúñiga, under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act, alleging Zúñiga to be "a major drug trafficker," while also alleging that Zúñiga controls a drug trafficking organization and "supplies cocaine to Mexico's Sinaloa Cartel."
Tudor navy
The Tudor navy was the navy of the Kingdom of England under the ruling Tudor dynasty (1485–1603). The period involved important and critical changes that led to the establishment of a permanent navy and laid the foundations for the future Royal Navy.

Thomas Spert
Vice-Admiral of England Sir Thomas Spert (spelled in some records as Pert) (died December 1541) was a mariner who reached the rank of vice admiral in service to King Henry VIII of England. He was sailing master of the flagships Mary Rose and Henry Grace a Dieu. He served as the first Master of Trinity House, the private corporation for maritime affairs in London. Spert Island off the coast of Antarctica is named for him.
Red and White Mountain
Red and White Mountain is a remote 12,816-foot-elevation (3,906-meter) mountain summit located on the crest of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in northern California, United States. It is situated in the John Muir Wilderness on the shared boundary of Sierra National Forest with Inyo National Forest, and along the common border of Fresno County with Mono County. It is eight miles northeast of Lake Thomas A Edison, and approximately 13 miles (21 km) southeast of the community of Mammoth Lakes. The nearest higher neighbor is Red Slate Mountain, 2 miles (3.2 km) to the north-northwest.

Lake Thomas A Edison
Lake Thomas A Edison (also known as Thomas A. Edison Lake and Edison Lake) is a reservoir in the Sierra National Forest and in Fresno County, California. It is in the Sierra Nevada, and near the Pacific Crest Trail.

The reservoir's waters are impounded by Vermilion Valley Dam (National ID CA00441), which was completed in 1954 (1954). The reservoir and dam are part of the Big Creek Hydroelectric Project.
Thorarinsson Medal
The Thorarinsson Medal is awarded every four years by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) for outstanding contributions to the general field of volcanology, and is the highest award given by IAVCEI.  It is named for the Icelandic geologist and volcanologist Sigurdur Thorarinsson (Sigurður Þórarinsson) (1912–1983).

Volcanology
Volcanology (also spelled vulcanology) is the study of volcanoes, lava, magma and related geological, geophysical and geochemical phenomena (volcanism).   The term volcanology is derived from the Latin word vulcan.  Vulcan was the ancient Roman god of fire.

A volcanologist is a geologist who studies the eruptive activity and formation of volcanoes and their current and historic eruptions. Volcanologists frequently visit volcanoes, especially active ones, to observe volcanic eruptions, collect eruptive products including tephra (such as ash or pumice), rock and lava samples. One major focus of enquiry is the prediction of eruptions; there is currently no accurate way to do this, but predicting or forecasting eruptions, like predicting earthquakes, could save many lives.
Battle of Pirmasens
The Battle of Pirmasens (14 September 1793) saw the French Republican corps led by Jean René Moreaux attack the Prussian force led by Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. From prepared positions, the Prussians caught the French in a deadly crossfire, forcing them to withdraw their troops. The clash happened during the War of the First Coalition, part of a larger conflict known as the French Revolutionary Wars. In 1793 Pirmasens was part of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt but today the city is in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany, 34.4 kilometres (21 mi) south of Kaiserslautern.

Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
Charles William Ferdinand (German: Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand; 9 October 1735 – 10 November 1806) was the ruling prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, hereditary duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and a military leader. His titles are usually shortened to Duke of Brunswick in English-language sources.

He succeeded his father as sovereign prince of the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, one of the princely states of the Holy Roman Empire. The duke was a cultured and benevolent despot in the model of his uncle, Frederick the Great, and was married to Princess Augusta, the eldest sister of George III of Great Britain. He was also a recognized master of 18th century warfare, serving as a field marshal in the Prussian Army. He played a notable role in the French Revolutionary Wars by issuing the Brunswick Manifesto. During the Napoleonic Wars, he was mortally wounded by a musket ball at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806.
São Tomé and Príncipe national football team
The São Tomé and Príncipe national football team is the national association football team of São Tomé and Príncipe and is controlled by the São Toméan Football Federation. It is a member of the Confederation of African Football (CAF) and FIFA.

Equatorial Guinea national football team
The Equatorial Guinea national football team (Spanish: Selección de fútbol de Guinea Ecuatorial) represents Equatorial Guinea in men's international football and is controlled by the Equatoguinean Football Federation, a member of the Confederation of African Football (CAF).

The team has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup, but has qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations on five occasions, the first two times as hosts (in 2012 and 2015). They finished in fourth place in 2015, and reached the quarter-finals in 2012 and 2021.
Duke Paoa Kahanamoku Lagoon
Duke Paoa Kahanamoku Lagoon is a small, man-made wading pool in the Waikiki neighborhood of Honolulu, on the south shore of the island of Oʻahu near the Ala Wai Small Boat Harbor and Fort DeRussy Military Reservation. The Hilton Hawaiian Village is adjacent to the lagoon.

Fort DeRussy Military Reservation
Fort DeRussy is a United States military reservation in the Waikiki area of Honolulu, Hawaii, under the jurisdiction of the United States Army. Unfenced and largely open to public traffic, the installation consists mainly of landscaped greenspace. The former Battery Randolph now houses the U.S. Army Museum of Hawaiʻi, which is open to the public. The Hale Koa Hotel, an Armed Forces Recreation Center, and the Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies are also located on Fort DeRussy.
Beltrán Urenda
Beltrán Urenda Zegers (born 29 February 1920 – 22 June 2013) was a Chilean politician, lawyer and entrepreneur who served as Senator of the Republic of Chile from the return to the democracy on 11 March 1990 to 11 March 2002.

Urenda was a member and councillor of the Valparaíso Bar Association. He served as president of the Lukas Foundation and the Edmundo Eluchans Malherbe Foundation. Urenda also was a lifetime member of the Lions Club of Valparaíso and Viña del Mar and honorary president of the Compañía Chilena de Navegación Interoceánica (CCNI).

On 12 November 2009, he received an academic distinction from Andrés Bello University, being awarded the Medal of Honour by the Rector, Rolando Kelly, in recognition of his contribution to the development of the country.

Edmundo Eluchans Malherbe
Jorge Edmundo Eluchans Malherbe (23 August 1926 – 13 April 1993) was a Chilean lawyer, businessman, guild leader, and politician, member of the United Conservative Party (PCU).

He served as a Deputy of the Republic representing the 6th Departmental Grouping (Valparaíso and Quillota) for two consecutive legislative terms between 1957 and 1965, holding the post of First Vice President of the Chamber during his final term.
Vi Redd
Elvira Louise Redd (September 20, 1928 – February 6, 2022) was an American jazz alto saxophone player, vocalist and educator. She was active from the early 1950s and was known primarily for playing in the blues style. She was highly regarded as an accomplished veteran, and performed with Count Basie, Rahsaan Roland Kirk, Linda Hopkins, Marian McPartland and Dizzy Gillespie.

Rahsaan Roland Kirk
Rahsaan Roland Kirk (born Ronald Theodore Kirk; August 7, 1935 – December 5, 1977), known earlier in his career simply as Roland Kirk, was an American jazz multi-instrumentalist who played tenor saxophone, flute, and many other instruments. He was renowned for his onstage vitality; in his shows, virtuoso improvisation was accompanied by comic banter, political ranting, and the simultaneous playing of several instruments.
Parauapebas River
The Parauapebas River is a river of Pará state in north-central Brazil. It is a tributary of the Itacaiúnas River, which in turn is a tributary of the Tocantins River.

The Parauapebas River is a blackwater river.
Its basin is in the Xingu–Tocantins–Araguaia moist forests ecoregion.

Tocantins River
The Tocantins River (Portuguese: Rio Tocantins Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʁi.u tokɐ̃ˈtʃĩs, tu-], Parkatêjê: Pyti [pɨˈti]): 59  is a river in Brazil, the central fluvial artery of the country. In the Tupi language, its name means "toucan's beak" (Tukã for "toucan" and Ti for "beak"). It runs from south to north for about 2,450 km (1,520 mi). While sometimes included in definitions of the Amazon basin, the Tocantins is not a branch of the Amazon River, since its waters flow into the Atlantic Ocean via an eastern channel of the Amazon Delta, alongside those of the Amazon proper. It flows through four Brazilian states (Goiás, Tocantins, Maranhão, and Pará) and gives its name to one of Brazil's newest states, formed in 1988 from what was until then the northern portion of Goiás.

The Tocantins is one of the largest clearwater rivers in South America.
Baileya australis
Baileya australis, the small baileya moth, is a moth of the family Nolidae. The species was first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1881. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Quebec and New York to Florida, west to Texas, north to North Dakota and Ontario.

The wingspan is 21–28 mm. Adults are on wing from April to September in up to three generations per year in the south.

Nolidae
Nolidae is a family of moths with about 1,700 described species worldwide. They are mostly small with dull coloration, the main distinguishing feature being a silk cocoon with a vertical exit slit. The group is sometimes known as tuft moths, after the tufts of raised scales on the forewings of two subfamilies, Nolinae and Collomeninae. The larvae also tend to have muted colors and tufts of short hairs.

Formerly, this group was included in the Noctuidae.
Network for Animals
Network for Animals (NFA) is an animal welfare organization that provides logistical and financial support for related initiatives in various countries. Headquartered in the United Kingdom and with offices in the United States and South Africa, the current CEO is co-founder Gloria Davies.

Dog meat
Dog meat, also known as false-mutton, fragrant meat, or simply fragrant, is the meat derived from dogs. Historically, human consumption of dog meat has been recorded in many parts of the world.

In the 21st century, dog meat is consumed to a limited extent in Cambodia, China, parts of Northeastern India, Indonesia, Ghana, Laos, Nigeria, South Korea, Switzerland, and Vietnam.  In these areas, the legality of dog meat consumption varies with some nations permitting it or lacking a nationwide ban. It was estimated in 2014 that worldwide, 25 million dogs were eaten each year by humans.

Some cultures view the consumption of dog meat as part of their traditional, ritualistic, or day-to-day cuisine, and other cultures consider consumption of dog meat a taboo, even where it had been consumed in the past. Opinions also vary drastically across different regions within different countries.
4th Punjab Assembly
The 1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election was the Fourth Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) election of the state. This was the first hung assembly. Indian National Congress emerged as the largest party with 48 seats in the 104-seat legislature in the election. The Akali Dal - Sant Fateh Singh became the second, holding 24 seats. On 28 August 1968, Assembly dissolved prematurely and president rule was imposed.

Lachhman Singh Gill
Lachhman Singh Gill (1917 – 26 April 1969) was an Indian politician who served as the 7th Chief Minister of Punjab. He remained in this post from 25 November 1967 to 22 August 1968. He was a member of Shiromani Akali Dal(SAD), a Sikh-centered regional political party in Punjab.
Golden Horse Award for Best Adapted Screenplay
The Golden Horse Award for Best Adapted Screenplay (Chinese: 金馬獎最佳改編劇本) is presented annually at Taiwan's Golden Horse Film Awards.

It was first awarded in 1962 as Best Screenplay. Starting from the 16th Golden Horse Awards in 1979, it was split into two separate categories, the other being Golden Horse Award for Best Original Screenplay.

Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards
The Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival and Taipei Golden Horse Awards (Chinese: 台北金馬影展; pinyin: Táiběi Jīnmǎ Yǐngzhǎn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-pak Kim-má iáⁿ-tián) are a film festival and associated awards ceremony held annually in Taiwan. The festival and ceremony were founded in 1962 by the Government Information Office of the Republic of China (ROC) in Taiwan and is now run as an independent organisation. The awards ceremony is usually held in November or December in Taipei, although the event has also been held in other locations in Taiwan in recent times.
Carvalhoa (fly)
Carvalhoa is a genus of small-headed flies in the family Acroceridae. The genus is endemic to Chile. It was originally known as Sphaerops, named by Rodolfo Amando Philippi in 1865. This name was found to be preoccupied by the reptile genus Sphaerops Gray, 1845, so it was renamed to Carvalhoa by Ahmet Ömer Koçak and Muhabbet Kemal in 2013. The genus is named after the Brazilian dipterist Claudio José Barros de Carvalho.

Unlike the larvae of other acrocerids, which are endoparasitoids (internal parasitoids) of spiders, the larvae of Carvalhoa appendiculata can develop as ectoparasitoids (external parasitoids) on their host spiders.

Acroceridae
The Acroceridae are a small family of odd-looking flies. They have a hump-backed appearance with a strikingly small head, generally with a long proboscis for accessing nectar. They are rare and not widely known. The most frequently applied common names are small-headed flies or hunch-back flies. Many are bee or wasp mimics. Because they are parasitoids of spiders, they also are sometimes known as spider flies.
Erling Brøndum
Erling Brøndum (11 July 1930 – 4 August 2017) was a Danish journalist and politician. Brøndum, a member of the Venstre political party, served as the defence minister in the cabinet led by Prime Minister Poul Hartling from 1973 to 1975.

He began at Bornholms Tidende as a reporter, and at age 26, was named chief editor. After fourteen years as the publication's editor, Brøndum joined the staff of the Horsens Folkeblad. In 1973, Poul Hartling named Brøndum minister of defence. He left the post in 1975, and returned to Horsens Folkeblad and the Aalborg Stiftstidende.

Poul Hartling
Poul Hartling (14 August 1914 – 30 April 2000) was a Danish politician and diplomat. He was leader of Venstre from 1965 to 1977, and served as Prime Minister of Denmark from 1973 to 1975. Prior to that, he served as foreign minister from 1968 to 1971 under Hilmar Baunsgaard. From 1978 to 1985, he served as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.