hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Code Girls
The Code Girls or World War II Code Girls is a nickname for the more than 10,000 women who served as cryptographers (code makers) and cryptanalysts (code breakers) for the United States Military during World War II, working in secrecy to break German and Japanese codes.

These women were a crucial part of the war and broke numerous codes that were of significant importance to the Allied Forces and helped them to win and shorten the Second World War.

Genevieve Grotjan Feinstein
Genevieve Marie Grotjan Feinstein (April 30, 1913 – August 10, 2006) was an American mathematician and cryptanalyst. She worked for the Signals Intelligence Service throughout World War II, during which time she played an important role in deciphering the Japanese cryptography machine Purple, and later worked on the Cold War-era Venona project.
Chain Reaction of Mental Anguish
"Chain Reaction of Mental Anguish" is the ninth episode of the fifth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, and the 89th overall episode of the series. It was written by co-producer Kay Cannon and directed by Ken Whittingham. The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on December 2, 2010.

In the episode, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) tries to help Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) when his "son" returns and asks for money to fund an ill-conceived theme restaurant; Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) turns to Kenneth Parcell (Jack McBrayer) as a relationship therapist; and Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) thinks her boyfriend Paul (Will Forte) may pop an important question.

30 Rock season 5
The fifth season of 30 Rock, an American television comedy series on the NBC network in the United States, began airing on September 23, 2010. NBC announced on March 5, 2010, that 30 Rock would be returning for a fifth season in the 2010–2011 television season. Beginning with episode 11, 30 Rock was moved to the 10:00 PM timeslot, but, as a consolation, was renewed earlier than the other NBC sitcoms. During this time, Tracy Morgan underwent an emergency operation, causing his character to be written out for several episodes.

On July 31, 2010, NBC announced that an episode of 30 Rock's fifth season would be filmed and broadcast live, twice, on the evening of October 14, 2010. The two separate recordings resulted in a live telecast of the episode to American viewers in both the West and East Coast. The episode was a ratings success and was met with very positive reviews. The season also featured the show's 100th episode, which aired as a one-hour episode.
History of nihilism
The history of nihilism encompasses the development of a variety of views that deny certain aspects of existence. It is primarily associated with modernity and encompasses views that reject the meaning of life, the existence of moral phenomena, the possibility of objective knowledge, and established political and social structures.

Giorgio Colli
Giorgio Colli (16 January 1917 – 6 January 1979) was an Italian philosopher, philologist and historian. A native of Turin, he taught ancient philosophy at Pisa's university for thirty years; he edited and translated Aristotle's Organon and Kant's Critique of Pure Reason for Einaudi, a major publishing house in Italy. Subsequently, he produced the first complete edition of Nietzsche's work (including all the posthumous fragments chronologically ordered) together with his friend Mazzino Montinari. His work culminated in La Sapienza greca, an edition and translation of the "Presocratics" (a term he rejected). Interrupted by his death in January 1979, it was supposed to be in eleven volumes.
Rubik's 360
Rubik's 360 is a 3D mechanical puzzle released in 2009 by Ernő Rubik, the inventor of Rubik's Cube and other puzzles. Rubik's 360 was introduced on February 5, 2009 at the Nürnberg International Toy Fair ahead of its worldwide release in August.

In contrast to most of Rubik's puzzles, Rubik's 360 is a physical challenge requiring manual dexterity rather than learning and memorizing algorithms. The puzzle involves moving six balls, each a different color, from a central sphere to six color-coded compartments in the outer sphere. This is done by maneuvering them through a middle sphere that only has two holes. There are three spheres that make up the puzzle.

Like Rubik's Cube, Rubik's 360 has only one solution, but it cannot be solved by being broken apart. It is considered suitable for all ages and reviews described it as addictive and engaging.

Mechanical puzzle
A mechanical puzzle is a puzzle presented as a set of mechanically interlinked pieces in which the solution is to manipulate the whole object or parts of it. While puzzles of this type have been in use by humanity as early as the 3rd century BC, one of the most well-known mechanical puzzles of modern day is the Rubik's Cube, invented by the Hungarian architect Ernő Rubik in 1974. The puzzles are typically designed for a single player, where the goal is for the player to discover the principle of the object, rather than accidentally coming up with the right solution through trial and error. With this in mind, they are often used as an intelligence test or in problem solving training.
Dorset Police
Dorset Police is the territorial police force responsible for policing the county of Dorset in South West England, which includes the largely rural area covered by Dorset Council, and the urban conurbation of Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole.

The force covers an area of 1,024 square miles (2,650 km2) with a population of 774,000.

Portland Harbour
Portland Harbour is beside the Isle of Portland, Dorset, on the south coast of England. Construction of the harbour began in 1849; when completed in 1872, its 520-hectare (1,300-acre) surface area made it the largest human-made harbour in the world, and it remains one of the largest in the world today. It is naturally sheltered by Portland to the south, Chesil Beach to the west and mainland Dorset to the north. It consists of four breakwaters: two southern and two northern. These have a total length of 4.57 km (2.84 mi) and enclose approximately 1,000 ha (2,500 acres) of water.

Portland Harbour was built by the Admiralty as a facility for the Royal Navy (though access was also available to merchant ships); on 11 December 1923 it was formally designated HM Naval Base (HMNB) Portland, and continued to serve as such until closure in 1995.
Nduga massacre
The Nduga massacre (Indonesian: Pembantaian Nduga) was a shooting of construction workers that occurred on 1 December 2018, in Nduga Regency, Papua (now in Highland Papua), Indonesia. The shooting is considered to be part of the Papuan conflict. The West Papua National Liberation Army (TPNPB) acknowledged responsibility and the Indonesian government labeled the attack a massacre.

West Papua National Liberation Army
The West Papua National Liberation Army (Indonesian: Tentara Pembebasan Nasional Papua Barat; abbreviated as TPNPB) is a Western New Guinean insurgent group in Indonesia. It is the armed wing of the Free Papua Movement.

It has been designated as a terrorist organization by the Indonesian Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs. Indonesia has referred to the group as an "armed criminal group" and a "separatist terrorist group".
Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War
Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War is a 2006 American history book by American author Nathaniel Philbrick, published by Viking Press. The book tells the events of the Mayflower colonists' landing in North America, and their relations over the following decades with the indigenous Wampanoag people, culminating in the bloody King Philip's War of 1675–78.

Viking Press
Viking Press (formally Viking Penguin, also listed as Viking Books) is an American publishing company owned by Penguin Random House. It was founded in New York City on March 1, 1925, by Harold K. Guinzburg and George S. Oppenheimer and then acquired by the Penguin Group in 1975.

The publisher's name and logo, a Viking ship drawn by Rockwell Kent, were chosen as symbols of enterprise, adventure, and exploration in publishing.

Viking Press was sold to Penguin Books in 1975 for $12 million due to the publishing house's monetary difficulties. These were speculated to have been caused by the shrinkage in the juvenile market and Viking Press' lack of a textbook division.
1st South Carolina Colored Infantry Regiment
The 1st South Carolina Colored Infantry Regiment was a Union Army regiment during the American Civil War, formed by General Rufus Saxton.  It was composed of Gullah Geechee recruits and escaped slaves from South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.  The 1st SC Volunteer Infantry black regiment was formed in 1862 and became the 33rd United States Colored Troops Regiment in February 1864. It has the distinction of being the first black regiment to fight in the Civil War at the Skirmish at Spaulding's on the Sapelo River GA. It was one of the first black regiments in the Union Army.

Port Royal, South Carolina
Port Royal is a town on Port Royal Island in Beaufort County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 14,220 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Hilton Head Island metropolitan area. Port Royal is home to Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island and United States Naval Hospital Beaufort.
Gymnastics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's artistic individual all-around
The men's artistic individual all-around was an artistic gymnastics event held as part of the gymnastics programme at the 1904 Summer Olympics. It was the second time an all-around event was held at the Olympics. The competition was held on Friday, July 1, 1904 and on Saturday, July 2, 1904. One hundred and nineteen gymnasts from three nations competed. The event was won by Julius Lenhart, an Austrian gymnast living in the United States and competing under the auspices of his Philadelphia-based club. Silver went to Wilhelm Weber of Germany, with bronze to Adolf Spinnler of Switzerland. They were the first medals in the event for each of those nations, as France had swept the medals in 1900.

The scores from this event, with some adjustments, were also used for the men's team event.

Gymnastics at the 1904 Summer Olympics
At the 1904 Summer Olympics of St. Louis, Missouri, eleven gymnastics events were contested for the first time.

The 1904 Games had a program of events spread out over several months, and the gymnastics competition was no different.  The International Olympic Committee considers two sets of events as "Olympic":

International Turners' Championship held July 1–2, comprising the all-around, triathlon, and team events

Olympic Gymnastics Championships held October 29, comprising the seven individual apparatus events and the combined event.

The individual all-around was a combination of the gymnastic triathlon competition and the athletics triathlon.  The team competition was a combination of individual scores from the individual all-around.
The parallel bars, horizontal bar, vault, and pommel horse scores for each gymnast were summed to get the combined score.
Agusan del Sur Provincial Board
The Agusan del Sur Provincial Board is the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (provincial legislature) of the Philippine province of Agusan del Sur.

The members are elected via plurality-at-large voting: the province is divided into two districts, each sending five members to the provincial board; the electorate votes for five members, with the five candidates with the highest number of votes being elected. The vice governor is the ex officio presiding officer, and only votes to break ties. The vice governor is elected via the plurality voting system province-wide.

Sangguniang Panlalawigan
Sangguniang Panlalawigan (abbreviated as SP; lit. 'provincial council'), commonly known as the Provincial Board, are the legislatures in Philippine provinces. They are the legislative branches of the provinces, and their powers and responsibilities are defined by the Local Government Code of 1991. Along with the provincial governor, the executive branch of the province, they form the province's government.

Members are either called "board members" (BM) or "Sangguniang Panlalawigan members" (SPM). In Tagalog-speaking provinces, they are informally called "bokal".
Meinhard of Neuhaus
Menhart z Hradce (also known as Meinhard of Hradec, or Meinhard von Neuhaus in German; 1398 – 3 February 1449), was one of the leaders of the moderate Utraquists from 1437 onwards, and was colonel of burgrave of Bohemia.  He was a member of the Hradec family, a branch of the Vítkovci dynasty.

Jindřichův Hradec
Jindřichův Hradec (Czech pronunciation: [ˈjɪndr̝ɪxuːf ˈɦradɛts] ⓘ; German: Neuhaus) is a town in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 21,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument reservation.
Flory–Stockmayer theory
Flory–Stockmayer theory is a theory governing the cross-linking and gelation of step-growth polymers. The Flory–Stockmayer theory represents an advancement from the Carothers equation, allowing for the identification of the gel point for polymer synthesis not at stoichiometric balance. The theory was initially conceptualized by Paul Flory in 1941 and then was further developed by Walter Stockmayer in 1944 to include cross-linking with an arbitrary initial size distribution.
The Flory–Stockmayer theory was the first theory investigating percolation processes. Flory–Stockmayer theory is a special case of random graph theory of gelation.

Cross-link
In chemistry and biology, a cross-link is a bond or a short sequence of bonds that links one polymer chain to another. These links may take the form of covalent bonds or ionic bonds and the polymers can be either synthetic polymers or natural polymers (such as proteins).

In polymer chemistry "cross-linking" usually refers to the use of cross-links to promote a change in the polymers' physical properties.

When "crosslinking" is used in the biological field, it refers to the use of a probe to link proteins together to check for protein–protein interactions, as well as other creative cross-linking methodologies.

Although the term is used to refer to the "linking of polymer chains" for both sciences, the extent of crosslinking and specificities of the crosslinking agents vary greatly.
Tipaskan, Edmonton
Tipaskan is a residential neighbourhood located in the Mill Woods area of south Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is a part of the Mill Woods community of Lakewood. The name means "'a reserve' in the Cree language, and recalls that the Mill Woods area was a Cree Indian reserve between 1876 and 1891."

The neighbourhood is bounded on the east by Mill Woods Road, the north by 34 Avenue, the west by 91 Street, and the south by 28 Avenue.

There is a community centre near Tipaskan School.

Mill Woods
Mill Woods  is a residential area in the city of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Located in southeast Edmonton, Mill Woods is bounded by Whitemud Drive (Highway 14) to the north, 91 Street to the west, 34 Street to the east, and Anthony Henday Drive (Highway 216) to the south.  Mill Woods is adjacent to three other residential areas including The Meadows to the east across 34 Street, and Southeast Edmonton and Ellerslie to the south and southwest respectively across Anthony Henday Drive.

The development of Mill Woods began in the early 1970s and was one of the first areas of Edmonton to move away from the grid system, a conventional subdivision process which produced relatively large lots. Mill Woods was deemed an experimental housing project because it was informed by zero lot-line or small-lot housing, a form of housing that is similarly found in older areas of larger cities and focused on urban growth.
Vit Ice Piedmont
Vit Ice Piedmont (Bulgarian: ледник Вит, romanized: lednik Vit, IPA: [ˈlɛdniɡ ˈvit]) is the glacier extending 12 km in north-south direction and 6 km in east-west direction in Sostra Heights on the east side of northern Sentinel Range in Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica.  It is situated north of the end of Embree Glacier, east of Bracken Peak, southwest of Anchialus Glacier and south of the end of Newcomer Glacier.  The glacier flows eastwards into Rutford Ice Stream.

The glacier is named after Vit River in Northern Bulgaria.

Embree Glacier
Embree Glacier is a 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) long glacier in the north-central part of Sentinel Range, Ellsworth Mountains, draining the eastern slopes of Mount Hale, Mount Davis and Mount Bentley, the northeast slopes of Mount Anderson, and the northwestern slopes of Probuda Ridge, flowing north-northeastwards and north of Mount Schmid turning east to join Rutford Ice Stream east of Mount Tegge.  Named by the US-ACAN for Maj. Henry Embree, USAF, who participated in the establishment of the South Pole Station in 1956. Embree Glacier is in Antarctica.
R. S. F. de Mel
R. F. S. de Mel was a Ceylonese politician. The son of Sir Henry De Mel and Lady Elsie De Mel (nee Jayawickrema), he was elected to the Colombo Municipal Council and served as the Mayor of Colombo in 1945 and from 1947 to 1949. He was elected a member of the Senate of Ceylon in 1947. His brother was the Right Reverend Lakdasa De Mel, the first Bishop of Kurunegala and his cousin R. A. de Mel was also a Mayor of Colombo.

Senate of Ceylon
The Senate was the upper chamber of the parliament of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) established in 1947 by the Soulbury Commission. The Senate was appointed and indirectly elected rather than directly elected. It was housed in the old Legislative Council building in Colombo Fort and met for the first time on 12 November 1947. The Senate was abolished on 2 October 1971 by the eighth amendment to the Soulbury Constitution, prior to the adoption of the new Republican Constitution of Sri Lanka on 22 May 1972. In 2010 there were proposals to reintroduce the Senate.
Pi Lupi
π Lupi (Latinised to Pi Lupi) is a multiple star system in the southern constellation Lupus. Two components form a wide binary pair with an orbital period of 517 years and a semimajor axis of 1.59″.  They belong to the Upper Centaurus Lupus component of the Sco–Cen complex.

At least one of the components is a spectroscopic binary and produces eclipses 15.5 days apart, making it an eclipsing binary.  There are also other brightness variations with a period of 16 hours that are likely to be pulsations of the Slowly pulsating B-type star.  The eclipses are shallow, with the brightness dropping by only 1% or about 0.01 magnitudes.  The amplitude of the pulsations is even smaller.

π Lupi A (HR 5605, HD 133242) has been classified as a spectroscopic binary by at least two studies, but both components may be spectroscopic binaries.

Lupus (constellation)
Lupus is a constellation of the mid-Southern Sky. Its name is Latin for wolf. Lupus was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations but was mostly considered an asterism associated with the nearby constellation Centaurus.
Mora Namdar
Mora Namdar (Persian: مورا نامدار) is an Iranian-American diplomat who serves as Assistant Secretary of State for Consular Affairs at the United States Department of State. She was appointed to the position in 2025. Prior to this role, she held various positions within the U.S. Department of State including as the Senior Bureau Official for the office of Near Eastern Affairs in charge of all Middle East and North Africa policy.

Assistant Secretary of State for Consular Affairs
The assistant secretary of state for consular affairs is the head of the Bureau of Consular Affairs within the United States Department of State.  The assistant secretary of state for consular affairs reports to the under secretary of state for management.  From 1953 to 1977, the position was called Administrator of the Bureau of Security and Consular Affairs. The bureau is "responsible for the welfare and protection of U.S. citizens abroad, for the issuance of passports and other documentation to citizens and nationals, and for the protection of U.S. border security and the facilitation of legitimate travel to the United States" as described by the bureau's website.
Tianjin Climate Exchange
Tianjin Climate Exchange (TCX) is a domestic carbon market cap-and-trade scheme exchange. Jeff Huang is assistant chairman of Tianjin Climate Exchange and vice-president of Chicago Climate Exchange.

It is China's first integrated exchange for trading of environmental financial instruments

TCX is a joint venture between Chicago Climate Exchange, the municipal government of Tianjin and the asset management unit of PetroChina, the country's largest oil and gas producer.

Cap-and-trade schemes are programs under which member companies commit to lowering their greenhouse gas emissions by a certain amount in a certain period of time and trade carbon credits generated by this. As China does not have a national cap on emissions, any such scheme would be voluntary, similar to the situation in the US when the Chicago Climate Exchange launched in 2003.

Chicago Climate Exchange
The Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) was a voluntary, legally binding greenhouse gas reduction and trading system for emission sources and offset projects in North America and Brazil.

CCX employed independent verification, included six greenhouse gases, and traded greenhouse gas emission allowances from 2003 to 2010. The companies joining the exchange committed to reducing their aggregate emissions by 6% by 2010.  CCX had an aggregate baseline of 680 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent.

CCX ceased trading carbon credits at the end of 2010 due to inactivity in the U.S. carbon markets, although carbon exchanges were intended to still be facilitated.
Timeline of Quebec history (1760–1790)
This section of the timeline of Quebec history concerns the events between the fall of Quebec as part of New France during the French and Indian Wars and as part of British North America, through the adoption of the Quebec Act (1774), until just before the division of the province into Upper and Lower Canada by the Constitutional Act (1791).

Parliament of Great Britain
The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in May 1707 following the ratification of the Acts of Union by both the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. The Acts ratified the treaty of Union which created a new unified Kingdom of Great Britain and created the parliament of Great Britain located in the former home of the English parliament in the Palace of Westminster, near the City of London. This lasted nearly a century, until the Acts of Union 1800 merged the separate British and Irish Parliaments into a single Parliament of the United Kingdom with effect from 1 January 1801.
Paerau
Paerau is a small settlement in inland Central Otago in New Zealand's South Island. It is located in the Strath Taieri, the upper valley of the Taieri River, at the foot of the Rock and Pillar Range. "Paerau" is a Māori-language name meaning "one hundred ridges".

Despite being geographically close to Middlemarch and Roxburgh, the terrain and roads mean that Ranfurly and Patearoa are the more closely related communities of interest.

Paerau is also colloquially referred to as Styx.

Ranfurly, New Zealand
Ranfurly is a town in the Central Otago District of Otago, New Zealand. Located 110 kilometres (68 miles) north of Dunedin, it lies in the dry rough plain of Maniototo at a moderately high altitude (around 430 metres or 1,410 feet above sea level) close to a small tributary of the Taieri River. It operates as a service town for the local farming community. The town was formerly known as Eweburn, one of the "farmyard" names bestowed by former Otago Chief Surveyor John Turnbull Thomson on many small streams and locations in the district. The modern name honours the Fifth Earl of Ranfurly, who served as Governor of New Zealand (1897–1904) at the time of the extension of the Otago Central Railway to the area. Ranfurly is well known for its Art Deco buildings, such as its hotel and the dairy.