hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Phlobaphene
Phlobaphenes (or phlobaphens) are reddish, alcohol-soluble and water-insoluble phenolic substances. They can be extracted from plants, or be the result from treatment of tannin extracts with mineral acids (tanner's red). The name phlobaphen come from the Greek roots φλoιὀς (phloios) meaning bark and βαφή (baphe) meaning dye.

No biological activities have currently been reported for phlobaphenes.  They are converted into humins in soils.

Dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase
In enzymology, a dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase (EC 1.1.1.219) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+  (+)-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are (+)-dihydrokaempferol, NADPH, and H+.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin:NADP+ 4-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include dihydroflavanol 4-reductase (DFR), dihydromyricetin reductase, NADPH-dihydromyricetin reductase, and dihydroquercetin reductase.  This enzyme participates in flavonoid biosynthesis.
Elenite
Elenite (Bulgarian: Елените) is a seaside resort on the southern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast in Burgas Province, eastern Bulgaria.

Elenite is situated on the southern slopes of the Stara Planina mountains, along the coast of the Black Sea, in Burgas Province. It is located 7 kilometres from Sveti Vlas, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the resort town of Sunny Beach and 48 kilometres (30 mi) from Burgas.

The resort was seriously affected by catastrophic flash floods on October 3, 2025. The floods swept away dozens of cars and caused at least 3 deaths.

Sveti Vlas
Sveti Vlas (also known as St. Vlas; Bulgarian: Свети Влас; Greek: Άγιος Βλάσιος), is a town and resort on the Black Sea coast in Nesebar municipality, Burgas Province, Bulgaria. In July, 2007 its population was 3,869.
NGC 6356
NGC 6356 is a globular cluster located in the constellation Ophiuchus. It is designated as a II in the Shapley–Sawyer Concentration Class and was discovered by the German-born British astronomer William Herschel on 18 June 1784. The star cluster is more dense and bright towards the middle. NGC 6356 is located 80' north east of the brighter NGC 6333. It is at a distance of 49,600 light years away from Earth.

The cluster is relatively metal-rich and therefore has a large amount of interstellar dust in its core.

Ophiuchus
Ophiuchus (/ˌɒfiˈjuːkəs/) is a large constellation straddling the celestial equator. Its name comes from the Ancient Greek ὀφιοῦχος (ophioûkhos), meaning "serpent-bearer", and it is commonly represented as a man grasping a snake. The serpent is represented by the constellation Serpens. Ophiuchus was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. An old alternative name for the constellation was Serpentarius.
Mass media in Ukraine
The mass media in Ukraine  refers to mass media outlets based in Ukraine. Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on advertising, subscription, and other sales-related revenues. The Constitution of Ukraine guarantees freedom of speech. As a country in transition, Ukraine's media system is under transformation.

VK (service)
VK (short for its original name VKontakte; Russian: ВКонтакте, lit. 'InContact') is a Russian online social media and social networking service based in Saint Petersburg. VK is available in multiple languages but it is predominantly used by Russian speakers. VK users can message each other publicly or privately, edit messages, create groups, public pages, and events; share and tag images, audio, and video; and play browser-based games.

As of August 2018, VK had at least 500 million accounts. As of November 2022, it was the sixth most popular website in Russia. The network was also popular in Ukraine until it was banned by the Supreme Council in 2017.

According to Semrush, in 2024, VK was the 30th most visited website in the world; as YouTube is subject to blocking in Russia, VK Video overtook Google's top position in monthly web traffic for the first time in December 2024, as part of the major substitution to domestic business.
Antoine Porcel
Antoine "Tony" Porcel (17 December 1937 – 22 March 2014) was a French boxer. He competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, where he was disqualified in his third bout against Sergei Sivko. In 1963 he turned professional and retired in 1973 with a record of 26 wins (11 by knockout), 25 losses and 10 draws. He was the French bantamweight champion in 1966–67 and 1970–71, and lost a 1966 match for the European flyweight title to René Libeer. He later became a boxing trainer, and died from Alzheimer's disease at the age 76.

Bantamweight
Bantamweight is a weight class in combat sports and weightlifting. For boxing, the range is above 115 lb (52.2 kg) and up to 118 lb (53.5 kg). In kickboxing, a bantamweight fighter generally weighs between 53 and 55 kilograms (117 and 121 lb). In MMA, bantamweight is 126–135 lb (57.2–61.2 kg).

The name for the class is derived from bantam chickens. Brazilian jiu-jitsu has an equivalent Rooster weight.
Usin Kerim
Usin Kerim (26 July 1929 – 8 June 1983) was a Bulgarian Romani poet. Kerim came to prominence in the genre of Romani poetry over the past decade.

He was born in 1929 by the banks of the River Vit in Bulgaria, and composed "Birth in the Encampment" and other poems.

Romani language
Romani (/ˈrɒməni, ˈroʊ-/ ROM-ə-nee, ROH-; also Romanes /ˈrɒmənɪs/ ROM-ən-iss, Romany, Roma; Romani: rromani ćhib) is an Indo-Aryan macrolanguage of the Romani people. The largest Romani dialects are Vlax Romani (about 500,000 speakers), Balkan Romani (600,000), and Sinte Romani (300,000). Some Romani communities speak mixed languages based on the surrounding language with retained Romani-derived vocabulary – these are known by linguists as Para-Romani varieties, rather than dialects of the Romani language itself.

The differences between the various varieties can be as large as, for example, the differences between the Slavic languages.
Berane Municipality
Berane Municipality (Montenegrin: Opština Berane, Општина Беране) is one of the municipalities in Northern Montenegro. Its center is the town of Berane and until 2013, it covered an area of 544 km2. In 2013, however, the Petnjica Municipality was formed out of the eastern part of the Berane Municipality. In 2023, the population of the Berane Municipality was 24,645.

Municipalities of Montenegro
The municipalities (Montenegrin: opštine / општине, singular: opština / општина) are the first level administrative subdivisions of Montenegro. The country is divided into 25 municipalities including the Old Royal Capital Cetinje and the Podgorica Capital City. Podgorica is divided into one subdivision called city municipality (Montenegrin: gradska opština / градска општина, plural: gradske opštine / градске општине), forming the most basic level of local government.

Recently created:

Petnjica Municipality (2013)

Gusinje Municipality (2014)

Tuzi Municipality (2018)

Zeta Municipality (2022)

The Union of Municipalities of Montenegro is a national association of local authorities of Montenegro.

The next municipal elections are scheduled for 2026.
Bolshezemelsky District
Bolshezemelsky District (also informally known as Nenetsky District) was a former district (raion) of the Nenets National Okrug in the former RSFSR of the Soviet Union. The district existed from 1929 to 1959.

Nenets Autonomous Okrug
The Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Russian: Не́нецкий автоно́мный о́круг; Nenets: Ненэцие" автономной округ’, romanized: Nyeneciye” awtonomnoy okruk’) also known as Nenetsia (Russian: Нене́ция [nʲɪˈnʲet͡sɨjə]) is a federal subject of Russia and an autonomous okrug of Arkhangelsk Oblast. Its administrative center is the town of Naryan-Mar. It has an area of 176,700 square kilometers (68,200 sq mi) and a population of 42,090 as of the 2010 Census, making it the least populous federal subject. It is the only federal subject of Russia that is divided into only one district.

A plan to merge the autonomous okrug with Arkhangelsk Oblast was presented by the governors of both federal subjects on 13 May 2020, with a referendum planned for September, but was met with opposition by locals,
leading to the merger process being scrapped completely.
Rallye Deutschland
The ADAC Rallye Deutschland is a rally event held in Germany. The event was first held in 1982 and originally hosted by e.g. Frankfurt, Mainz and Koblenz. In 2000, the rally was relocated to the region around Trier. Previously part of the European and German championships, the event was in the World Rally Championship calendar from the 2002 season to 2020 season. The 2020 event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Whilst Rallye Deutschland has not returned to calendar since Germany has since 2023 co-hosted rally with Austria and the Czech Republic under the title of the Central European Rally.

Central European Rally
The Central European Rally is a European rally competition held over 4 days that debuted in 2023 as part of the World Rally Championship, co-hosted between Germany, Austria and Czech Republic. The rally is based in southeast Germany, in the city of Passau in Bavaria, and is run on tarmac.
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg Friedrich-Franz Railway
The Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg Friedrich-Franz Railway (Großherzoglich Mecklenburgische Friedrich-Franz-Eisenbahn or M.F.F.E.) was the state railway company in Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz. After its second nationalisation in 1890 up to the merger of the Länderbahnen into the Deutsche Reichsbahn in 1920 it was under the direction of the Grand Duchy's Executive Railway Board (Großherzoglichen General-Eisenbahndirection or GGED) in Schwerin.

Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
The Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (German: Herzogtum Mecklenburg-Schwerin) was a duchy in northern Germany created in 1701, when Frederick William and Adolphus Frederick II divided the Duchy of Mecklenburg between Schwerin and Strelitz. Ruled by the successors of the Nikloting House of Mecklenburg, Mecklenburg-Schwerin remained a state of the Holy Roman Empire along the Baltic Sea littoral between Holstein-Glückstadt and the Duchy of Pomerania.
House of Guardato
Guardato was an Aristocratic Patrician family, sometimes spelled Guardati and includes cadet branches of Guardi, Guardia, and Della Guardia which have relations to the ancient merchants of Genoa, the Rossetti family.

Francesco Guardi
Francesco Lazzaro Guardi (Italian pronunciation: [franˈtʃesko ˈgwardi]; 5 October 1712 – 1 January 1793) was an Italian painter, nobleman, and a member of the Venetian School. He is considered to be among the last practitioners, along with his brothers, of the classic Venetian school of painting.

In the early part of his career he collaborated with his older brother Gian Antonio in the production of religious paintings. After Gian Antonio's death in 1760, Francesco concentrated on vedute. The earliest of these show the influence of Canaletto, but he gradually adopted a looser style characterized by spirited brush-strokes and freely imagined architecture.
NJ Transit Rail Operations
NJ Transit Rail Operations (reporting mark NJTR) is the rail division of NJ Transit. It operates commuter rail service in New Jersey, with most service centered on transportation to and from New York City, Hoboken, and Newark. NJ Transit also operates rail service in Orange and Rockland counties in New York under contract to Metro-North Railroad. The commuter rail lines saw 59,447,200 riders in 2024, making it the third-busiest commuter railroad in North America and the longest commuter rail system in North America by route length.

Conrail Shared Assets Operations
Conrail Shared Assets Operations (CSAO) is the commonly used name for modern-day Conrail (reporting mark CRCX), an American railroad company. It operates three networks, the North Jersey, South Jersey/Philadelphia, and Detroit Shared Assets Areas, where it serves as a contract local carrier and switching company for its owners, CSX Transportation and the Norfolk Southern Railway. When most of the former Conrail's track was split between these two railroads, the three shared assets areas (a total of about 1,200 miles of track) were kept separate to avoid giving one railroad an advantage in those areas. The company operates using its own employees and infrastructure but owns no equipment outside MOW equipment.
Slovaks
The Slovaks (Slovak: Slováci [ˈslɔvaːtsi] (historical Sloveni [ˈslɔveɲi]), singular: Slovák [ˈslɔvaːk] (historical: Sloven [ˈslɔven]), feminine: Slovenka [ˈslɔveŋka], plural: Slovenky [ˈslɔveŋki]) are a West Slavic ethnic group and nation native to Slovakia who share a common ancestry, culture, history and speak the Slovak language.

In Slovakia, c. 4.4 million are ethnic Slovaks of 5.4 million total population. There are Slovak minorities in many neighboring countries including Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine and sizeable populations of immigrants and their descendants in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, United Kingdom and the United States among others, which are collectively referred to as the Slovak diaspora.

Principality of Nitra
The Principality of Nitra (Slovak: Nitrianske kniežatstvo, Nitriansko, Nitrava, lit. 'Duchy of Nitra, Nitravia, Nitrava'; Hungarian: Nyitrai Fejedelemség), also known as the Duchy of Nitra, was a West Slavic polity encompassing a group of settlements that developed in the 9th century around Nitra, in present-day Slovakia. Its history remains uncertain because of a lack of contemporary sources. The territory's status is subject to scholarly debate: some modern historians describe it as an independent polity that was annexed either around 833 or 870 by the Principality of Moravia, while others say that it was under the influence of the neighbouring West Slavs from Moravia from its inception.
Margules activity model
The Margules activity model is a simple thermodynamic model for the excess Gibbs free energy of a liquid mixture introduced in 1895 by Max Margules. After Lewis had introduced the concept of the activity coefficient, the model could be used to derive an expression for the activity coefficients   of a compound i in a liquid, a measure for the deviation from ideal solubility, also known as Raoult's law.

In 1900, Jan Zawidzki proved the model via determining the composition of binary mixtures condensed at different temperatures by their refractive indices.

In chemical engineering, the Margules Gibbs free energy model for liquid mixtures is better known as the Margules activity or activity coefficient model. Although the model is old it has the characteristic feature to describe extrema in the activity coefficient, which modern models like NRTL and Wilson cannot.

Activity coefficient
In thermodynamics, an activity coefficient is a factor used to account for deviation of a mixture of chemical substances from ideal behaviour. In an ideal mixture, the microscopic interactions between each pair of chemical species are the same (or macroscopically equivalent, the enthalpy change of solution and volume variation in mixing is zero) and, as a result, properties of the mixtures can be expressed directly in terms of simple concentrations or partial pressures of the substances present e.g. Raoult's law. Deviations from ideality are accommodated by modifying the concentration by an activity coefficient. Analogously, expressions involving gases can be adjusted for non-ideality by scaling partial pressures by a fugacity coefficient.

The concept of activity coefficient is closely linked to that of activity in chemistry.
Cremasteric artery
The cremasteric artery (external spermatic artery) is a branch of the inferior epigastric artery which accompanies the spermatic cord to supply the cremaster muscle as well as other coverings of the spermatic cord in the male (whereas in the female, the cremasteric artery is very small and accompanies the round ligament).

Artery of round ligament of uterus
The artery of the round ligament of the uterus, also known as Sampson's artery, is a branch of the inferior epigastric artery.
It runs under, and supplies, the round ligament of the uterus.
It constitutes an anastomosis of the uterine artery and ovarian artery.
It was originally named after John A. Sampson (1873–1946), an American gynecologist who studied endometriosis.
Ginger Collection
The Ginger Collection is a collection of philatelic material relating to Victoria for the period 1850 to 1883. It was formed by George Ginger and transferred from The Manchester Museum, The University of Manchester in 2006. The collection forms part of the British Library Philatelic Collections.

George Ginger
George Ginger (1863 – 29 November 1938) was a British philatelist who signed the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1934. Ginger was an expert on the stamps of Victoria and prominent in philatelic circles in Manchester.

In 1930, Ginger was awarded the Tapling Medal by the Royal Philatelic Society London for his display of the Diadem stamps of New South Wales.

His collection of philatelic material relating to Victoria for the period 1850 to 1883 forms part of the British Library Philatelic Collections. It was transferred from The Manchester Museum, The University of Manchester in 2006.
Waspman
"Waspman" is a mainly instrumental song by the Who, credited to their drummer Keith Moon. The song is the B-side to the Who's single "Relay" (entitled "The Relay" in the United States).

The song is supposedly a tribute to Link Wray, who became famous for his 1958 instrumental hit "Rumble" by Link Wray and his Ray Men. He introduced "the power chord, the major modus operandi of modern rock guitarists" such as Pete Townshend of the Who.

It is thought that John Entwistle wrote the song but gave the credit to Moon, as all members of the Who were supposed to write at least two B-sides, although Roger Daltrey only wrote one, "Here for More", the B-side for "The Seeker" in 1970.

The Seeker (The Who song)
"The Seeker" is a song written by Pete Townshend and performed by English rock band the Who.  First released as a non-album single in March 1970, it is included on their 1971 compilation album Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy and other compilations.
Jones v. United States (1999)
Jones v. United States, 526 U.S. 227 (1999), is a United States Supreme Court case interpreting the federal carjacking statute, 18 U.S.C. § 2119, to set forth three distinct crimes, each with distinct elements.  The Court drew this conclusion from the structure of the statute, under which two subsections provided for additional punishment if the defendant inflicts more serious harm.  The Court also distinguished Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224 (1998), because that case allowed for sentencing enhancement based on a prior conviction.

Carjacking
Carjacking is a robbery in which a motor vehicle is taken over. In contrast to car theft, carjacking is usually in the presence and knowledge of the victim. A common crime in many places in the world, carjacking has been the subject of legislative responses, criminology studies, prevention efforts as well as being heavily dramatized in major film releases. Commercial vehicles such as trucks and armored cars containing valuable cargo are common targets of carjacking attempts. Carjacking usually involves physical violence to the victim, or using the victim as a hostage. In rare cases, carjacking may also involve sexual assault.
Owarai
Owarai (お笑い) is a broad word used to describe Japanese comedy as seen on television. The word owarai is the honorific form of the word warai (by adding o- prefix), meaning "a laugh" or "a smile". Owarai is most common on Japanese variety shows and the comedians are referred to as owarai geinin or owarai tarento. Presently Japan is considered to be in an "owarai boom", and many minor talents have been finding sudden fame after a gag or skit became popular.

Japanese variety show
A Japanese variety  show is an entertainment television program made up of a variety of original stunts, musical performances, comedy skits, quiz contests, and other acts. Japanese variety shows are characterized by an eccentric, fast-paced style and are typically scheduled during prime television-time for entertainment. They usually feature a variety of tarento hosts, presenters and guests that include celebrities, comedians, J-pop Idols.
Napoca (spider)
Napoca is a genus of jumping spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1901. As of July 2019 it contains only two species, found only in Israel and Spain: N. constanzeae and N. insignis. It is one of seven genera comprising the Harmochireae clade within the Dendryphantinae subfamily.

It can be distinguished from similar genera such as Bianor and Sibianor by its sclerotized, bean-shaped abdomen, which overhangs the carapace. In addition, the posterior median eyes are much closer to the anterior lateral eyes than they are in related genera.

Dendryphantina
The Dendryphantina are a subtribe of jumping spiders that occur mainly in the New World. The subtribe was first defined by Anton Menge in 1879 as Dendryphantidae. Females of the subtribe generally show paired spots on the abdomen, and the males often have enlarged chelicerae. Females in this subtribe typically have S-shaped epigynal openings.
Sôr Brook
The Sôr Brook is a right bank tributary of the River Usk running largely in Monmouthshire in south Wales, though the watercourse forms the boundary with neighbouring Torfaen in places.   Its uppermost reaches were inundated by the construction of Llandegfedd Reservoir which opened in May 1965 It now flows from beneath the dam of the reservoir southwards past Llandegveth to join the Usk in its tidal reach 1 km northeast of Caerleon.

River Usk
The River Usk (/ʌsk/; Welsh: Afon Wysg) rises on the northern slopes of the Black Mountain (y Mynydd Du), Wales, in the westernmost part of the Brecon Beacons National Park. Initially forming the boundary between Carmarthenshire and Powys, it flows north into Usk Reservoir, then east through Sennybridge to Brecon before turning southeast to flow by Talybont-on-Usk, Crickhowell and Abergavenny, after which it takes a more southerly course.

Beyond the eponymous town of Usk, it passes the Roman legionary fortress of Caerleon to flow through the heart of the city of Newport and into the Severn Estuary at Uskmouth near the Newport Wetlands. The river is about 125 kilometres (78 miles) long and drains a basin of 1160 km2. According to the Encyclopaedia of Wales (which gives a figure of 137 km (85 mi)), the river is the longest to flow wholly within Wales.

The Monmouthshire and Brecon Canal follows the Usk for most of the length of the canal.
2013 Aegon Trophy
The 2013 Aegon Trophy was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts. It was the fifth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2013 ATP Challenger Tour and the 2013 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place in Nottingham, United Kingdom, on 3–9 June 2013.

Nottingham Trophy (tennis)
The Nottingham Trophy (formerly known as the Aegon Trophy) was an annual tennis tournament played in Nottingham, England. The tournament was part of the ATP Challenger Tour and the International Tennis Federation (ITF Women's Circuit) as a $75,000 event. The tournament's key sponsor was Dutch insurance firm Aegon. The tournament was held at the end of May before the main tour's grass-court season starts.

In 2021, an ATP Challenger Tour and ITF Women's World Tennis Tour event was held in Nottingham, under the name Nottingham Trophy. This event was supposed to be held as the Ilkley Trophy, but moved to Nottingham due to the COVID-19 pandemic.