hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Local government in Pennsylvania
Local government in Pennsylvania is government below the state level in Pennsylvania. There are six types of local governments listed in the Pennsylvania Constitution: county, township, borough, town, city, and school district. All of Pennsylvania is included in one of the state's 67 counties, which are in total subdivided into 2,560 municipalities. There are currently no independent cities or unincorporated territories within Pennsylvania. There is only one incorporated town in Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg.

Act of Consolidation, 1854
The Act of Consolidation, more formally known as the act of February 2, 1854 (P.L. 21, No. 16), is legislation of the Pennsylvania General Assembly that created the consolidated City and County of Philadelphia, expanding the city's territory to the entirety of Philadelphia County and dissolving the other municipal authorities in the county.

The law was enacted by the General Assembly and approved February 2, 1854, by Governor William Bigler. This act consolidated all remaining townships, districts, and boroughs within the County of Philadelphia, dissolving their governmental structures and bringing all municipal authority within the county under the auspices of the Philadelphia government. Additionally, any unincorporated areas were included in the consolidation.  The consolidation was drafted to help combat lawlessness that the many local governments could not handle separately and to bring in much-needed tax revenue for the State.
Outline of social science
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to social science:

Social science – main branch of science comprising scientific fields concerned with societies, human behaviour, and social relationships.

Information science
Information science (abbreviated as infosci) is an academic field that is primarily concerned with the analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval, movement, dissemination, and protection of information. Practitioners within and outside the field engage in the study of knowledge application and usage in organizations. Additionally, they examine the interaction between people, organizations, and any existing information systems. The objective of this study is to create, replace, improve, or understand the information systems.
Aceria vitalbae
Aceria vitalbae is a herbivorous gall-forming mite species that feeds on Clematis vitalba. It is a European native found naturally from France to Romania and has been purposefully introduced into New Zealand as a biological control agent to control Clematis vitalba, where it is a widespread weed.

Gall
Galls (from the Latin galla, 'oak-apple') or cecidia (from the Greek kēkidion, anything gushing out) are a kind of swelling growth on the external tissues of plants. Plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues, similar to benign tumors or warts in animals. They can be caused by various parasites, from viruses, fungi and bacteria, to other plants, insects and mites. Plant galls can be such highly organized structures that their cause can be determined without the actual agent being identified. This applies particularly to insect and mite plant galls. The study of plant galls is known as cecidology.
Ribeira do Paul
Ribeira do Paul is a seasonal stream that flows in the northeastern part of the island of Santo Antão in Cape Verde. The stream flows from southwest to northeast. The upper part of the valley belongs to Cova-Paul-Ribeira da Torre Natural Park.

The sources of the stream Ribeira do Paul are northeast of the Cova crater, near the settlement Cabo da Ribeira. It flows through a narrow and steep gorge, along the settlements Campo de Cão and Eito, and flows into the Atlantic Ocean at the town of Pombas. There is small-scale agriculture in the valley, producing sugar cane, coffee, yam, banana, papaya and mango.

Eito
Eito is a village in the northeastern part of the island of Santo Antão, Cape Verde, part of the municipality of Paul. It is situated 1 km southwest of Pombas, 2 km northeast of Figueiral and 15 km northeast of the island capital Porto Novo. Its population was 979 in 2010.
Charles Gallagher (New Brunswick politician)
Charles Gunter Gallagher (September 21, 1925 – June 20, 2007) was a farmer and political figure in New Brunswick, Canada. He represented Carleton County and then Carleton North in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick as a Progressive Conservative member from 1970 to 1987.

He was born in Centreville, New Brunswick, the son of James Isaac Gallagher and May Irene Gunter. Gallagher was educated at the Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Macdonald College and McGill University. In 1948, he married Kathleen Frances Olmstead. Gallagher was speaker for the provincial assembly from 1985 to 1987. He served in the province's Executive Council as Minister of Education from 1976 to 1982 and Minister of Health from 1982 to 1985. Gallagher was defeated by Fred Harvey when he ran for reelection in 1987. From 1991 to 1993, he was a member of a Commission examining Rural Land Use and Environmental Concerns in the province. In 2007, he died at Saint John.

Fred Harvey (politician)
B. Fred Harvey (born November 11, 1942) is a former Canadian politician. He served in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1987 to 1993 as a Liberal member for the constituency of Carleton North.
Hausberg (Garmisch-Partenkirchen)
The Hausberg is, with 1,335 m (4,380 ft) above sea level, the Hausberg of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria, Germany and is especially popular for hiking and mountain bike tours and in winter for skiing, as it is also part of the skiing area Garmisch.

Since 1969 the Hausbergbahn has been leading up the mountain.

Since 2002, the event site at the foot of the Hausberg has hosted the BMW Motorrad Days every first weekend in July.

Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Garmisch-Partenkirchen (German pronunciation: [ˈɡaʁmɪʃ paʁtn̩ˈkɪʁçn̩] ⓘ; Bavarian: Garmasch-Partakurch) is an Alpine ski town in Bavaria, southern Germany. It is the seat of government of the district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen (abbreviated GAP), in the Oberbayern region, which borders Austria. Nearby is Germany's highest mountain, Zugspitze, at 2,962 metres (9,718 ft) above sea level.

The town is known as the site of the 1936 Winter Olympic Games, the first to include alpine skiing, and hosts a variety of winter sports competitions.
Roshani movement
The Rōshānī movement (Pashto: روښاني غورځنګ, lit. 'The enlightened movement' or The Illuminati) was a populist, nonsectarian Sufi movement that was founded in the mid-16th century, in the Pashtunistan region of present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan, and arose among the Pashtun tribes. The movement was founded by Pir Roshan, an Ormur warrior, Sufi poet and revolutionary.

Described as heterodoxical movement with Millenarianism view, This Sufi was group popular with the Pashtun populations in the northwestern regions of the Mughal Empire. The movement itself was a challenge to Pashtun tribal society, and its purpose was to raise issues of leadership, authority, and social ethics.

The Roshaniyya movement went through three phases: the first phase lasted from 1565 to 1585, the second phase from 1585 to 1605, and the third phase from 1605 to 1632.

Afridi
The Afrīdī (Pashto: اپريدی Aprīdai, plur. اپريدي Aprīdī; Urdu: آفریدی) are a Pashtun tribe present mostly in tribal areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

The Afridis are most dominant in the Spin Ghar range west of Peshawar in Tribal areas of modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, covering most of the Khyber Pass and Maidan in Tirah which is their Native Tribal Territory. They are the closest to Orakzai in their language, culture and geographic areas.
Diawl bach
Meaning "little devil", the diawl bach is a popular  Welsh fly pattern used in British still waters, and an appropriate lure to use when the fish are feeding on midge pupae.  The dressing is simple: size 8 to 14 hook, brown thread, a few barbs of brown hackle for the tail, copper wire, a few barbs of peacock herl for the body, and tying thread for the head.

Artificial fly
An artificial fly or fly lure is a type of fishing lure, usually used in the sport of fly fishing (although they may also be used in other forms of angling). In general, artificial flies are an imitation of aquatic insects that are natural food of the target fish species the fly fishers try to catch. Artificial flies are constructed by fly tying, in which furs, feathers, thread or any of very many other materials are tied onto a fish hook.

Artificial flies may be constructed to represent all manner of potential preys to freshwater and saltwater fish, including aquatic and terrestrial insects, crustaceans, worms, spawn, small baitfish, reptiles, amphibians, mammals and even birds. Effective artificial fly patterns are said to be killing flies because of their ability to put fish in the creel for the fly fisher. There are thousands of artificial fly patterns, many of them with descriptive and often idiosyncratic names.
Hussein Abdulghani
Hussein Omar Abdulghani Sulaimani (Arabic: حُسَيْن عُمَر عَبْد الْغَنِيّ سُلَيْمَانِيّ; born 21 January 1977) is a Saudi Arabian former professional footballer who played as a left-back in the Saudi Professional League.

19th GCC Club Championship
The 19th GCC Club Championship (Arabic: بطولة الأنديـة الخليجية أبطال الدوري) was the nineteenth edition of the GCC Club Championship for clubs of the Gulf Cooperation Council nations.

The 2002 edition was won by Saudi Arabian side Al-Ahli for the second time.
Devoran
50°12′41″N 5°05′34″W﻿ / ﻿50.21144°N 5.09270°W﻿ / 50.21144; -5.09270

Devoran (Cornish: Deveryon) is a village in south Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is 4 miles (6.4 km) southwest of Truro at grid reference SW 793 392. Formerly an ecclesiastical parish, Devoran is now in the civil parish of Feock (where the 2011 census population is included).

The village is on the northeast bank of the Carnon River at its confluence with Restronguet Creek, a tidal creek which flows into Carrick Roads above Falmouth. Devoran is at the Normal Tidal Limit (NTL) of the creek but until the 20th century the tidal limit stretched much further up the valley than now.

The name Devoran comes from the Cornish language Deveryon, meaning 'waters'.

Truro
Truro (/ˈtrʊəroʊ/ ⓘ; Cornish: Truru) is a cathedral city and civil parish in Cornwall, England. It is the southernmost city in the United Kingdom, and lies 232 miles (373 km) west-south-west of London. It is Cornwall's county town, only city, and a centre for administration, leisure and shopping. At the 2021 census the population of the parish was 21,046 and the population of the built up area as defined by the Office for National Statistics (which included the Gloweth and Treliske areas in the neighbouring parish of Kenwyn) was 23,060.

Truro grew as a trade centre through its port and as a stannary town for tin mining. It was awarded city status in 1877 following the creation of the Diocese of Truro the previous year. Truro Cathedral was built between 1880 and 1910. Truro is home to Cornwall Council, the Royal Cornwall Museum, the Hall for Cornwall and Cornwall's Courts of Justice. People from Truro are called Truronians.
Chris Kemoeatu
Uikelotu Christopher Kemoeatu (pronounced [kemo.e.ˈatu]; born January 4, 1983) is an American former professional football player who was a guard for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Utah Utes, and was selected by the Steelers in the sixth round of the 2005 NFL draft. He is the younger brother of former NFL nose tackle Ma'ake Kemoeatu.

On December 4, 2024, Kemoeatu was inducted into the Polynesian Football Hall of Fame.

Polynesian Football Hall of Fame
The Polynesian Football Hall of Fame is a hall of fame that honors the greatest players, coaches, and contributors of Polynesian descent in the sport of American football. It was established in 2013 by former National Football League (NFL) players Jesse Sapolu and Maa Tanuvasa. Board members include Troy Polamalu, Via Sikahema, June Jones, and Reno Mahe.

The hall is located at the Polynesian Cultural Center in Oahu, Hawaii.
George J. Alden
George J. Alden (fl. 1860s) was a Florida state senator who became the Florida Secretary of State in 1868. He was involved in a dispute over who was governor when efforts were made to replace Harrison Reed. One account described Alden as "a controversial debt ridden secretary of state... who absconded to Jacksonville with the Great Seal of Florida and used it to try to help Osborn try to impeach Gov. Reed". He was subsequently ousted from office and succeeded by Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs, an African American.

Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs
Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs, II (September 28, 1821 – August 14, 1874) was an American Presbyterian minister who served as Secretary of State and Superintendent of Public Instruction of Florida, and, along with U.S. Congressman Josiah Thomas Walls, was among the most powerful black officeholders in the state during Reconstruction. An African American who served during the Reconstruction era, he was the first black Florida Secretary of State, holding the office over a century prior to the state's second black Secretary of State, Jesse McCrary, who served for five months in 1979.
Buckeye, West Virginia
Buckeye is an unincorporated community in Pocahontas County, West Virginia, United States. Buckeye is located along U.S. Route 219, 3.5 miles (5.6 km) southwest of Marlinton.

The community takes its name from nearby Buckeye Cove.

Marlinton, West Virginia
Marlinton is a town in and the county seat of Pocahontas County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 998 at the 2020 census. Located along the Greenbrier River, it is known for its scenery.
Mercallo
Mercallo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Varese in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northwest of Milan and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southwest of Varese. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,761 and an area of 5.3 square kilometres (2.0 sq mi).

Mercallo borders the following municipalities: Comabbio, Sesto Calende, Varano Borghi, Vergiate.

Sesto Calende
Sesto Calende (Lombard: Sest) is a town and comune, with around 11,019 inhabitants, located in the province of Varese, in the Lombardy region of northern Italy.

It is at the southern tip of Lake Maggiore, where the river Ticino starts to flow towards the Po. The main historical sight is the Abbey of San Donato, built in the 9th and 10th centuries. It houses a painting by Bernardino Zenale (1503).

The area around Sesto Calende is notable for archaeological finds from the Golasecca culture, including rich Iron Age tombs discovered in the 19th century that helped define this pre-Roman civilization.

It was the seat of the SIAI-Marchetti aircraft works until their takeover.
Lavenia Padarath
Lavenia Padarath (née Wainiqolo; 1944/1945 – July 14, 2019) was a Fijian politician. She was President of the Fiji Labour Party from 2015 to 2019.

Padarath won the Nausori Naitasiri Open Constituency for the Fiji Labour Party (FLP) in the 1999 parliamentary election.  She was subsequently appointed to the Cabinet of Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry as Minister for Women, Culture, and Social Welfare. Along with many other parliamentarians, she was kidnapped by gunmen led by George Speight and held hostage at the parliamentary complex during the civilian coup d'état of 2000.

Padarath lost her seat in the House of Representatives in the general election of 2001, and failed to regain it in the 2006 election, but was appointed to the Senate as one of nine nominees of the Leader of the Opposition.  She served in the Senate until it was closed one day after the military coup of 5 December 2006.

George Speight
George Speight (/speɪt/; born 1957), also known by his pseudonym Ilikimi Naitini, is a Fijian businessman and politician who was the leader of the 2000 Fijian coup d'état, in which he and rebel soldiers from Fiji's Counter Revolutionary Warfare Unit seized the Fijian Parliament and held Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry and 35 other MP's hostage from 19 May 2000 to 13 July 2000. He was convicted of treason in February 2002 and served a sentence of life imprisonment until receiving a presidential pardon on 18 September 2024.

Speight is the son of politician Sam Speight, the brother of politician Samisoni Tikoinasau and the uncle of rugby players Henry and Sam Speight.
209th Rifle Division
The 209th Rifle Division was formed as an infantry division of the Red Army after a motorized division of that same number was destroyed in the first weeks of the German invasion of the Soviet Union. It served through nearly the remainder of the war on a quiet sector in Transbaikal Front, mostly as part of 36th Army. During July 1945, in the leadup to the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, it was transferred to 17th Army, still in Transbaikal Front. This Army was in the second echelon of the invading forces and saw very little, if any, actual combat, but the division was nevertheless given a battle honor. It had been disbanded by mid-1946.

36th Army (Soviet Union)
The 36th Army (Russian: 36-я армия) was a military formation of the Red Army and the Soviet Ground Forces, formed twice.

Formed in mid-1941, the army spent much of World War II as part of the Transbaikal Military District guarding the Manchurian and Mongolian-Soviet borders. During the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945, the army advanced over the Greater Khingan mountains and overran the Japanese Hailar fortified region in fierce fighting. It was disbanded after the end of the war in mid-1948.

The army was reformed in 1976 from the 86th Army Corps, which had been itself established in 1968 as a result of rising Sino-Soviet tensions. It garrisoned the Transbaikal until being reduced to the 55th Army Corps in 1989 as the Cold War ended.
Gmina Łopuszno
Gmina Łopuszno is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Łopuszno, which lies approximately 27 kilometres (17 mi) west of the regional capital Kielce.

The gmina covers an area of 176.81 square kilometres (68.3 sq mi). In 2006, its total population was 8,996.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Przedbórz Landscape Park.

Kielce County
Kielce County (Polish: powiat kielecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, south-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Kielce, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains five towns: Chęciny, 14 km (9 mi) south-west of Kielce, Chmielnik, 32 km (20 mi) south of Kielce, Daleszyce, 17 km (11 mi) south-east of Kielce, Bodzentyn, 25 km (16 mi) east of Kielce, Morawica, 13,7 km (8,5 mi) south of Kielce.

The county covers an area of 2,247.45 square kilometres (867.7 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 206,856, out of which the population of Chęciny is 4,444, that of Chmielnik is 3,681, that of Daleszyce is 2,896, that of Bodzentyn is 2,233, that of Morawica is 1,711, and the rural population is 191,891.
Bambi Schieffelin
Bambi B. Schieffelin (born April 26, 1945) is a linguistic anthropologist and professor emerita at New York University (NYU) in the department of Anthropology. Along with Elinor Ochs, she pioneered the field of language socialization. In addition, she has written extensively about language contact, language ideology, literacy, Haitian Creole, and missionization.

American Anthropological Association
The American Anthropological Association (AAA) is an American organization of scholars and practitioners in the field of anthropology. With 10,000 members, the association, based in Arlington, Virginia, includes archaeologists, cultural anthropologists, biological (or physical) anthropologists, linguistic anthropologists, linguists, medical anthropologists and applied anthropologists in universities and colleges, research institutions, government agencies, museums, corporations and non-profits throughout the world. The AAA publishes more than 20 peer-reviewed scholarly journals, available in print and online through AnthroSource. The AAA was founded in 1902.
Macka B
Christopher MacFarlane, better known as Macka B, (born 1966) is a British-born Jamaican reggae artist, performer and activist with a career spanning thirty years and one of Britain's most influential dancehall DJs.

As a practicing Rastaman, Macka B's music is based around the political and spiritual message of the religion, with an often light and humorous touch. Working with the Mad Professor, he combined dancehall and dub styles of reggae, although he has avoided a more commercial crossover approach. He takes his name from the Judean rebels against the Greeks, the Maccabees.

U-Roy
Ewart Beckford OD (21 September 1942 – 17 February 2021), known by the stage name U-Roy, was a Jamaican vocalist and pioneer of toasting. U-Roy was known for a melodic style of toasting applied with a highly developed sense of timing.
Patricia Johanson
Patricia Johanson (September 8, 1940 – October 16, 2024) was an American artist. Johanson is known for her large-scale art projects that create aesthetic and practical habitats for humans and wildlife. She designed her functional art projects, created with and in the natural landscape, to solve infrastructure and environmental problems, but also to reconnect city-dwellers with nature and with the history of a place. These project designs dated from 1969, making her a pioneer in the field of ecological-art (or eco-art.)  Johanson's work has also been classified as Land Art, Environmental Art, Site-Specific Art, and Garden Art.  Her early paintings and sculptures are part of Minimalism.

Lucy R. Lippard
Lucy Rowland Lippard (born April 14, 1937) is an American writer, art critic, activist, and curator. Lippard was among the first writers to argue for the "dematerialization" at work in conceptual art and was an early champion of feminist art. She is the author of thirty books and has curated some fifty exhibitions in the United States, Europe, and Latin America. Lippard lives and works in Galisteo, New Mexico.
Arieș
The Arieș (Hungarian: Aranyos) is a left tributary of the river Mureș in Transylvania, Romania. It discharges into the Mureș in Gura Arieșului, 11 km (6.8 mi) southwest of Luduș. Its total length (including its headwater Arieșul Mare) is 166 km (103 mi), and its drainage basin area is 3,005 km2 (1,160 sq mi).

Most probably "Arieș" means "Gold River", the name being derived from the Latin "Aureus". The Hungarian name "Aranyos" means "Golden" and it was first mentioned in 1177.

Câmpeni
Câmpeni (German: Topesdorf; Hungarian: Topánfalva) is a town in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania. The town administers 21 villages: Boncești, Borlești, Botești (Botesbánya), Certege (Csertés), Coasta Vâscului, Dănduț, Dealu Bistrii, Dealu Capsei, Dric, Fața Abrudului, Florești, Furduiești, Mihoești, Motorăști, Peste Valea Bistrii, Poduri, Sorlița, Tomușești, Valea Bistrii, Valea Caselor, and Vârși (Virs).