hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Owosso Township, Michigan
Owosso Township, formally named Owosso Charter Township, is a charter township of Shiawassee County in the U.S. state of Michigan.  The population was 4,765 at the 2020 census.  The township borders the city of Owosso on the east, but the two are administered autonomously.

Charter township
A charter township is a form of local government in the U.S. state of Michigan. While all townships in Michigan are organized governments, a charter township has been granted a charter, which allows it certain rights and responsibilities of home rule that are generally intermediate between those of a city (a semi-autonomous jurisdiction in Michigan) and a village. Unless it is a home-rule village, a village is subject to the authority of any township in which it is located.

Of Michigan's 1,240 townships, 143 are charter townships. A number of charter townships are among the most populous municipalities in Michigan. For example, Clinton Township and Canton Township, both in Metro Detroit, were respectively the 8th and 9th most populous municipalities in Michigan at the 2020 census. The most recent township to become a charter township is Brady Township in Kalamazoo County, which adopted charter status on January 3, 2024.
Stepping Stones (islands)
The Stepping Stones are three prominent rocks lying 0.8 km (0.5 mi) north of Limitrophe Island, off the southwest coast of Anvers Island, Antarctica. The Stepping Stones are located at 64°47′S 64°00′W﻿ / ﻿64.783°S 64.000°W﻿ / -64.783; -64.000. The Stepping Stones form one of a series of small boat refuges for parties working between nearby Palmer Station and Biscoe Bay, and therefore form "stepping stones" for coastal trips. Named by Palmer Station personnel in 1972.

Anvers Island
Anvers Island or Antwerp Island or Antwerpen Island or Isla Amberes is a high, mountainous island 61 km (38 miles) long, the largest in the Palmer Archipelago of Antarctica. It was discovered by John Biscoe in 1832 and named in 1898 by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition under Adrien de Gerlache after the province of Antwerp in Belgium. It lies south-west of Brabant Island at the south-western end of the group. The south-western coastline of the island forms part of the Southwest Anvers Island and Palmer Basin Antarctic Specially Managed Area (ASMA 7). Cormorant Island, an Important Bird Area, lies 1 km off the south coast.

There is a small science outpost called Palmer Station on the south end of Anvers island since the late 1960s; it is the smallest and farthest north of three the U.S. has on the continent. It is staffed by a few dozen people mostly doing marine and biology research, and is usually resupplied by ship as it has no regular airport.
1950–51 Lancashire Cup
The 1950–51 Lancashire Cup was the thirty-eighth occasion on which the RFL Lancashire Cup competition had been held.

Wigan won the trophy  by beating Warrington by the score of 28–5

The match was played at Station Road, Pendlebury, (historically in the county of Lancashire). The attendance was 42,541 and receipts were £6,222.

The attendance was a new record for the Lancashire Cup final and would only ever be broken once in the future

This was the fifth of Wigan's record breaking run of six consecutive Lancashire Cup victories.

RFL Lancashire Cup
The RFL Lancashire Cup, usually referred to as the Lancashire Cup, was a British rugby league football knock-out competition founded in 1905. Organised by the Rugby Football League (RFL), the competition was open to all professional clubs in the Lancashire region, but also included a number of clubs based in Cumbria.

The tournament was held annually and was usually played over four rounds, with the fixtures normally being played during the early part of the season. The tournament was scrapped along with the Yorkshire Cup after the 1992–93 season.

The most successful club was Wigan, who won the trophy on 21 occasions.
Third Ear Band
Third Ear Band were a British musical group formed in London during the mid-1960s. Their line-up initially consisted of violin, cello, oboe and percussion. Most of their performances were instrumental and partly improvised.  Their records for the Harvest label, Alchemy and Third Ear Band, achieved some popularity, after which they found some success creating soundtrack music for films.

Jew's harp
The Jew's harp, also known as jaw harp, juice harp, or mouth harp, is a lamellophone instrument, consisting of a flexible metal or bamboo tongue or reed attached to a frame. Despite the colloquial name, the Jew's harp most likely originated in China, with the earliest known Jew's harps dating back 4,000 years ago from Shaanxi. It has no relation to the Jewish people.

Jew's harps may be categorized as idioglot or heteroglot (whether or not the frame and the tine are one piece); by the shape of the frame (rod or plaque); by the number of tines, and whether the tines are plucked, joint-tapped, or string-pulled.
Special forces of Kazakhstan
The Special Forces of Kazakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстанның арнайы жасағы, romanized: Qazaqstannyñ arnaiy jasağy; Russian: Спецназ Казахстана, romanized: Spetsnaz Kazakhstana) trace their history to the Soviet-era spetsnaz units operating on the territory of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic within the USSR. These units are the remnants of the former Soviet Army, KGB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and GRU. Similarly to other post-Soviet states, Kazakhstan's special forces fall under the control of the Armed Forces of the Republic, the Ministry of Interior, and the National Security Committee.

Special Forces Day is officially celebrated on June 9, in honor of the signing by the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev of the decision on the formation of the Coordinating Council of Special Purpose Units of State Agencies under the Security Council.

Qonayev
Qonaev (Kazakh: Қонаев [qoˈnɑjɪf]), also known as Konayev (Russian: Конаев) and by other names, is a city in southeastern Kazakhstan. It is the seat of government for the Almaty Region.  The population was 39,855 (2009 census results) and 33,428 (1999 census results).
Terai hat
The Terai hat is a type of slouch hat associated with the Gurkhas and named after the Terai region in Nepal. It is created by fusing two hats into one to make the hat more rigid and is worn at an angle, tilted to the right.

The double Terai is a version with a double thickness crown and brim, designed to give extra sun protection. This hat was almost de rigueur in East and Central Africa from the 1930s to 1950s.

In European use during the British Raj in India, the sola topi might be replaced with the felt Terai hat in the hills or during the cool season.

Pith helmet
The pith helmet, also known as the safari helmet, salacot, sola topee, sun helmet, topee, and topi, is a lightweight cloth-covered helmet made of sholapith. The pith helmet originates from the Spanish military adaptation of the native salakot headgear of the Philippines.

It was often worn by European travellers and explorers in the varying climates found in Southeast Asia, Africa, and the tropics, but it was also used in many other contexts. It was routinely issued to colonial military personnel serving in warmer climates from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. The headdress remains in use in several military services in the 21st century.
2011 Women's South American Volleyball Club Championship
The 2011 Women's South American Volleyball Club Championship was the third official edition of the women's volleyball tournament, played by four teams over August 5–7, 2011 in José Liberatti Gymnassium in Osasco, Brazil.

South American Women's Volleyball Club Championship
The South American Women's Volleyball Club Championship is an international women's club volleyball competition organized by the Confederación Sudamericana de Voleibol (CSV), the sport's governing body in South America. The competition was first contested in 1970 in Lima, Peru and tournaments have been held every year since then.

In addition to crowning the South American champions, the tournament also serves as a qualifying tournament for the FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship.
Kiki Preston
Alice "Kiki" Preston (née Gwynne, formerly Allen; 1898 – December 23, 1946) was an American socialite, a member of the Happy Valley set, and the alleged mother of a child born out of wedlock with Prince George, Duke of Kent, fourth son of King George V. The child is rumored to be Michael Temple Canfield.

Her drug addiction earned her the nickname "the girl with the silver syringe". Preston was a fixture of high social circles in Paris and New York City, and a relative of the prominent Vanderbilt and Whitney families. Preston's life was marred by several tragic losses and her own mental problems, which eventually led to her suicide at age 48.

Josslyn Hay, 22nd Earl of Erroll
Josslyn Victor Hay, 22nd Earl of Erroll (11 May 1901 – 24 January 1941) was a British peer and a member of the British Union of Fascists, known for the unsolved case surrounding his murder and the sensation it caused during wartime in Britain.
East London North (House of Assembly of South Africa constituency)
East London North (Afrikaans: Oos-Londen-Noord) was a constituency in the Cape Province of South Africa, which existed from 1924 to 1994. The seat covered the suburban and rural area surrounding the city of East London. Throughout its existence it elected one member to the House of Assembly and one to the Cape Provincial Council.

House of Assembly (South Africa)
The House of Assembly (known in Afrikaans as the Volksraad, or "People's Council") was the lower house of the Parliament of South Africa from 1910 to 1981, the sole parliamentary chamber between 1981 and 1984, and latterly the white representative house of the Tricameral Parliament from 1984 to 1994, when it was replaced by the current National Assembly. Throughout its history, it was composed exclusively of white members who were elected to office predominantly by white citizens, though until 1960 and 1970, respectively, some Black Africans and Coloureds in the Cape Province voted under a restricted form of suffrage.

The old House of Assembly chamber was severely damaged in a fire in January 2022.
Limebreach Wood
Limebreach Wood (sometimes written as Lime Breach Wood) is a woodland on the south side of the Tickenham Ridge, between Clevedon and Bristol. It is very close to the site of Cadbury Camp.

It is an ancient woodland, with a high proportion of Small-leaved Lime trees. The mushroom-forming fungi Limacella ochraceolutea is found in the wood.

Part of the wood is managed as a nature reserve by Avon Wildlife Trust.

The pyralid moth Salebriopsis albicilla occurs here.

Avon Wildlife Trust
The Avon Wildlife Trust aims to protect and promote wildlife in the area of the former county of Avon – now Bath and North East Somerset, Bristol, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire, in England. It has its headquarters in Bristol and runs wildlife centres at Folly Farm, Somerset and Grow Wilder, Frenchay, North Bristol.

The trust was formed in 1980, has 17,500 members, and manages 35 nature reserves, ranging from salt marshes and reedbeds to wildflower meadows and ancient woodlands, covering a total of 7 square kilometres (3 sq mi) including 12 Sites of Special Scientific Interest. The trust also provides advice to local authorities and landowners on land management and conservation, and provides educational visits for school children and lifelong learning for adults.

The Avon Wildlife Trust is part of the Wildlife Trusts partnership of 46 wildlife trusts in the United Kingdom, and carries out its work through a network of staff and over 500 volunteers.
Andreas Pannonius
Andreas Pannonius or Andreas Ungarus (Hungarian: Magyarországi András; c. 1420 – after 1472) was a 15th-century Hungarian Carthusian friar and theological writer. He is the first author of medieval Hungarian theological literature who also created something noteworthy for international theological literature.

Among his works, a commentary on the Song of Songs (Canticle of Canticles) and two mirrors for princes dedicated to Matthias Corvinus and Ercole I d'Este were preserved. His writings are considered to form a transition from medieval Scholasticism to Renaissance humanism.

Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (or Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite) was a Greek author, Christian theologian and Neoplatonic philosopher of the late 5th to early 6th century, who wrote a set of works known as the Corpus Areopagiticum or Corpus Dionysiacum. Through his writing in Mystical Theology, he has been identified as the "progenitor of apophatic or negative theology."

The author pseudepigraphically identifies himself in the corpus as "Dionysios", portraying himself as Dionysius the Areopagite, the Athenian convert of Paul the Apostle mentioned in Acts 17:34.
1970 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships – Doubles
The 1970 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships – Doubles was an event of the 1970 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Longwood Cricket Club in Boston, United States from August 3 through August 9, 1970. The draw consisted of 16 teams. Roy Emerson and Rod Laver won the doubles title, defeating Ismail El Shafei and Ismail El Shafei in the final, 6–1, 7–6.

Ismail El Shafei
Ismail El Shafei (Arabic: إسماعيل الشافعي) (born 15 November 1947) is an Egyptian former professional tennis player and president of the Egyptian Tennis Federation. He is currently a member of the board of directors of the International Tennis Federation and is chairman of the ITF Junior Circuit. He won six career singles titles and reached eleven finals. In doubles, he won nine career titles.
Pat Firth
Pat Mitchell-Firth  (née Firth) is a former England women's international footballer. She represented the England women's national football team at senior international level and spent her early career at Fodens where she won the Women's FA Cup.

1974 WFA Cup final
The 1974 WFA Cup Final was the fourth final of the FA Women's Cup, England's primary cup competition for women's football teams. It was the fourth final to be held under the direct control of Women's Football Association (WFA). Southampton and Fodens contested the match at the Eyrie, the former home of Bedford Town on 28 April 1974. Fodens won the match 2–1.
Wally Badarou
Waliou Jacques Daniel Isheola "Wally" Badarou (born 22 March 1955) is a French musician. Born in France with ancestry from Benin, West Africa, Badarou is known for his close association with the English group Level 42, and for his prolific work as a session musician with a wide variety of performers from around the world.

Gwen Guthrie
Gwendolyn Guthrie (July 9, 1950 –  February 3, 1999) was an American singer-songwriter and pianist who also sang backing vocals for Aretha Franklin, Billy Joel, Stevie Wonder, Peter Tosh, The Limit and Madonna, among others, and who wrote songs made famous by Ben E. King, Angela Bofill and Roberta Flack. Guthrie is well known for her 1986 anthem "Ain't Nothin' Goin' On but the Rent," and for her 1986 cover of the song "(They Long to Be) Close to You."
Key encapsulation mechanism
In cryptography, a key encapsulation mechanism (KEM) is a public-key cryptosystem that allows a sender to generate a short secret key and transmit it to a receiver confidentially, in spite of eavesdropping and intercepting adversaries.  Modern standards for public-key encryption of arbitrary messages are usually based on KEMs.

A KEM allows a sender who knows a public key to simultaneously generate a short random secret key and an encapsulation or ciphertext of the secret key by the KEM's encapsulation algorithm.
The receiver who knows the private key corresponding to the public key can recover the same random secret key from the encapsulation by the KEM's decapsulation algorithm.

The security goal of a KEM is to prevent anyone who does not know the private key from recovering any information about the encapsulated secret keys, even after eavesdropping or submitting other encapsulations to the receiver to study how the receiver reacts.

Integrated Encryption Scheme
Integrated Encryption Scheme (IES) is a hybrid encryption scheme which provides semantic security against an adversary who is able to use chosen-plaintext or chosen-ciphertext attacks. The security of the scheme is based on the computational Diffie–Hellman problem.
Two variants of IES are specified: Discrete Logarithm Integrated Encryption Scheme (DLIES) and Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES), which is also known as the Elliptic Curve Augmented Encryption Scheme or simply the Elliptic Curve Encryption Scheme. These two variants are identical up to the change of an underlying group.
Allan (footballer, born 1991)
Allan Marques Loureiro (born 8 January 1991), commonly known as Allan Marques or Allan (Brazilian Portuguese: [aˈlɐ̃]), is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Campeonato Brasileiro Série A club Botafogo.

After starting out in the Madureira youth system in his home country, he joined Uruguayan club Deportivo Maldonado, but later returned to Brazil and made his professional debut with Vasco da Gama in 2009. Allan joined Italian club Udinese in 2012, and subsequently moved to fellow Serie A side Napoli in 2015. He transferred to English side Everton in 2020, where he stayed for two years.

At international level, he was a part of the Brazil under-20 side that won the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup, and later made his senior debut for Brazil in 2018; he was a member of the team that won the 2019 Copa América on home soil.

2014–15 Serie A
The 2014–15 Serie A (known as the Serie A TIM for sponsorship reasons) was the 113th season of top-tier Italian football, the 83rd in a round-robin tournament, and the fifth since its organization under a league committee separate from Serie B. It began on 30 August 2014.

A total of 20 teams competed in the league: 17 sides from the 2013–14 season and three promoted from the 2013–14 Serie B campaign. Juventus were the defending champions, successfully defending their title for the fourth consecutive time. On 2 May 2015, Juventus won the Scudetto for the fourth consecutive time.
Deutsches Museum
The Deutsches Museum (German Museum, officially Deutsches Museum von Meisterwerken der Naturwissenschaft und Technik (English: German Museum of Masterpieces of Science and Technology)) in Munich, Germany, is the world's largest museum of science and technology, with about 125,000 exhibited objects from 50 fields of science and technology. It receives about 1.5 million visitors per year.

The museum was founded on 28 June 1903, at a meeting of the Association of German Engineers (VDI) as an initiative of Oskar von Miller. It is the largest museum in Munich. For a period of time the museum was also used to host pop and rock concerts including The Who, Jimi Hendrix and Elton John.

Oberschleißheim
Oberschleißheim (German pronunciation: [oːbɐˈʃlaɪsˌhaɪm] ⓘ, lit. 'Upper Schleißheim', in contrast to "Lower Schleißheim") is a municipality  in the district of Munich, and a suburb to Munich in Bavaria, in southern Germany. It is located 13 km north of Munich (centre). As of 2005 it had a population of 11,467.

Oberschleißheim is best known for the Schleissheim Palace and the Flugwerft Schleissheim, an airfield next to the palace, which includes an aerospace museum.
Waterous Company
Waterous Company is an American manufacturer of fire pumps, hydrants and fire suppression equipment. Based in South St Paul, Minnesota. Originally part of Waterous Engine Works Co. Ltd, the fire equipment operation in Winnipeg was relocated to St Paul, Minnesota in 1886

Fire suppression system
Fire suppression systems are used to extinguish, control, or in some cases, entirely prevent fires from spreading or occurring. Fire suppression systems have an very large variety of applications, and as such, there are many different types of suppression systems for different applications being used today. Of these, there are some that are still in use but are no longer legal to manufacture and produce, such as Halon 1301.
Christopher Horton (businessman)
Christopher Tait Horton CBE JP (11 November 1938 – 12 February 2015) was a New Zealand company director and sharebroker.

Born in Auckland in 1938 and educated at King's College, Horton was the son of Sheila Marie (née Figgis) and Ian Chisholm Horton, and he was a great-grandson of newspaper proprietor Alfred Horton. He was a second cousin of newspaper publisher and philanthropist Michael Horton.

Horton served as chair of the Fishing Industry Board, and was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, for services to business management, in the 1994 New Year Honours. He died at Ruakaka in 2015, aged 76.

Alfred Horton
Alfred George Horton (c. 1843–11 March 1903) was a New Zealand printer, newspaper proprietor and editor, businessman. He was born in Lincolnshire, England in c. 1843. He was a part-owner of The New Zealand Herald. He died at Auckland on 11 March 1903. Within months, his two business partners also died and ownership of the Herald went to his son, Henry Horton, later in 1903.
Liberteer
Liberteer is the grindcore project of Santa Cruz, California–based musician Matthew Widener, best known for his work for Exhumed, The County Medical Examiners and Cretin. The project started out as a band under the name Citizen and went through a name change with Widener's shifting political views. It released its debut album, Better to Die on Your Feet Than Live on Your Knees in 2012 through Relapse Records.

Liberteer's lyrics mainly deal with anarchism. Compositionally, its sound also features unconventional elements such as brass and banjo sections, as well as influences from classical music, which Widener studies and composes.

Exhumed (band)
Exhumed is an American death metal band  formed in San Jose, California, that is currently signed to Relapse Records. It is centered around vocalist-guitarist Matt Harvey, who is the leading force of the group, as well as the sole constant member. The band has released nine albums and eight split 7-inch singles. They were formed in 1990, went on hiatus in 2005, and reformed in 2010.
September 23, 2005, Jabalia Camp incident
The September 23, 2005 Jabalia Camp incident happened when Hamas was holding a rally or a parade in the Jabalia refugee camp in the Gaza Strip, following the Israeli disengagement from Gaza. At least 19 Palestinians, both militants and civilians, were killed in what was described as an explosion or a series of explosions. At least two children were among the dead. Additionally, over 80 Palestinians were injured.

The origin of these explosions was disputed. Hamas described the incident as an Israeli airstrike. A Hamas spokesperson said, "I saw the missiles with my two own eyes and thousands of people saw these missiles coming". However, Israel denied having anything to do with the blast.

Officials of the Palestinian Authority (headed by Fatah) claimed that Hamas members accidentally caused the explosion. Hamas claimed the rockets displayed during the rally could not have exploded as they were dummies, not real rockets.

Jabalia refugee camp
Jabalia Camp (Arabic: مخيّم جباليا) is a Palestinian refugee camp in the North Gaza Governorate of the Gaza Strip, 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) north of Jabalia. Jabalia Camp was the largest refugee camp in Palestine, with more than 100,000 inhabitants. The camp only covers an area of 1.4 km2 (0.54 sq mi), making it one of the most densely populated areas in the Gaza Strip.

The camp was established in 1948 by the United Nations to house those displaced by the 1948 Palestinian expulsion. Originally composed of tents and other temporary structures, over time the population grew and the camp developed into a densely populated urban area with multi-story buildings.

Since the Six-Day War in 1967, the camp has been under Israeli occupation along with the rest of the Gaza Strip. Due to Israeli attacks during the Gaza war and Gaza genocide, the refugee camp has been mostly destroyed.