hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jhankaradhvani
Jhankaradhvani or Jhankaradhwani (pronounced jhankāradhvani) is a ragam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is the 19th Melakarta rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgam system of Carnatic music.

It is called Jhankārabhramari in the Muthuswami Dikshitar school of Carnatic music.

Melakarta
Mēḷakartā is a collection of fundamental musical scales (ragas) in Carnatic music (South Indian classical music). Mēḷakartā ragas are parent ragas (hence known as janaka ragas) from which other ragas may be derived. A melakarta raga is sometimes referred as mela, karta or sampurna as well, though the latter usage is inaccurate, as a sampurna raga need not be a melakarta (take the raga Bhairavi, for example).

In Hindustani music the thaat is the rough equivalent of Melakartā. There are 10 thaats in Hindustani music, though the commonly accepted melakarta scheme has 72 ragas.
1969 South American Rugby Championship
The 1969 South American Rugby Championship was the sixth edition of the competition of the leading national rugby union teams in South America.

The tournament was played in Santiago and was won by Argentina.

South American Rugby Championship
The South American Rugby Championship refers to the continental rugby union championships for South America, organized by Sudamérica Rugby. The current name of the championships is South American Six Nations, implemented in 2018. South American championships have also existed for lower divisions of the rugby union championships, as well as youth and women tournaments, and editions for rugby sevens.
Golden age (metaphor)
A golden age is a period considered the peak in the history of a country or people, a time period when the greatest achievements were made. The term originated from early Greek and Roman poets, who used it to refer to a time when mankind lived in a better time and was pure (see Golden Age).

The ancient Greek poet Hesiod introduced the term in his Works and Days, when referring to the period when the "Golden Race" of man lived. This was part of fivefold division of Ages of Man, starting with the Golden age, then the Silver Age, the Bronze Age, the Age of Heroes (including the Trojan War), and finally, the current Iron Age. The concept was further refined by Ovid, in his Metamorphoses, into the four "metal ages" (golden, silver, bronze, and iron).

Genroku
Genroku (元禄) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō; "year name") after Jōkyō and before Hōei. The Genroku period spanned the years from September 1688 to March 1704. The reigning emperor was Emperor Higashiyama (東山天皇).

The period was known for its peace and prosperity, as the previous hundred years of peace and seclusion in Japan had created relative economic stability. The arts and architecture flourished. There were unanticipated consequences when the shogunate debased the quality of coins as a strategy for financing the appearance of continuing Genroku affluence. This strategic miscalculation caused abrupt inflation. Then, in an effort to solve the ensuing crisis, the bakufu introduced what were called the Kyōhō Reforms.
Devore Peak
Devore Peak is an 8,382-foot (2,555-metre) mountain summit located in the Glacier Peak Wilderness of the North Cascades in Washington state. The mountain is situated in Chelan County, on land managed by Wenatchee National Forest. Its nearest higher peak is Martin Peak, 3.36 mi (5.41 km) to the southwest, and Tupshin Peak lies 1.55 mi (2.49 km) to the north-northeast. Precipitation runoff from the peak drains to nearby Lake Chelan via tributaries of the Stehekin River and Devore Creek.

Glacier Peak Wilderness
Glacier Peak Wilderness is a 566,057-acre (229,075 ha), 35-mile-long (56 km), 20-mile-wide (32 km) wilderness area  located within portions of Chelan, Snohomish, and Skagit counties in the North Cascades of Washington. The area lies within parts of Wenatchee National Forest and Mount Baker National Forest and is characterized by heavily forested stream courses, steep-sided valleys, and dramatic glacier-crowned peaks. The dominant geologic feature of the area is 10,541-foot (3,213 m) Glacier Peak. It is the most remote major volcanic peak in the Cascade Range and is the third most heavily glaciated volcano in the lower forty-eight states behind Mount Rainier and Mount Baker. Glacier Peak is a volcanic cone of basalt, pumice, and ash which erupted during periods of heavy glaciation.
Rogate
Rogate is a village and civil parish in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England, in the Western Rother valley. The village is on the A272 road 5.6 miles (9.0 km) west of Midhurst and 5 miles (8.0 km) east of Petersfield, Hampshire. The civil parish includes the villages of Rogate and part of Rake and the hamlets of Haben, Fyning, Hill Brow, Langley, Durford, Wenham, Durleighmarsh and Terwick Common.

Midhurst
Midhurst (/ˈmɪdhɜːrst/) is a market town and civil parish in the Chichester District in West Sussex, England. It lies on the River Rother, 20 miles (30 km) inland from the English Channel and 12 miles (19 km) north of Chichester.

The name Midhurst was first recorded in 1186 as Middeherst, meaning "Middle wooded hill", or "(place) among the wooded hills". It derives from the Old English words midd (adjective) or mid (preposition), meaning "in the middle", plus hyrst, "a wooded hill".

The Norman St. Ann's Castle dates from about 1120, although the foundations are all that can now be seen. The castle, the parish church of St. Mary Magdalene and St. Denis, together with South Pond, the former fish-pond for the castle, are the only three structures left from this early period. The parish church is the oldest building in Midhurst. Just across the River Rother, in the parish of Easebourne, is the ruin of the Tudor Cowdray House.
Farmington, Illinois
Farmington is a city in Fulton County & Peoria County, Illinois, United States. It is north of Canton, west of Peoria, southeast of Galesburg, and northeast of Macomb. The population was 2,389 at the 2020 census. The public school system is Farmington Central Community Unit School District 265, which includes Farmington Central High School. Because it is in Fulton County & Peoria County, it is a part of the Canton Micropolitan Area and the wider Peoria Consolidated Statistical Area.

Macomb, Illinois
Macomb (/məˈkoʊm/) is a city in and the county seat of McDonough County, Illinois, United States.  It is situated in western Illinois, about 75 miles (121 km) southwest of Peoria.  As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 15,051. Macomb is the home of Western Illinois University.
Media (region)
Media is an Iron Age region of northwestern Iran, best known for having been the political and cultural base of the Medes. During the Achaemenid period, it comprised present-day Iranian Azerbaijan, Iranian Kurdistan and western Tabaristan. As a satrapy under Achaemenid rule, it would eventually encompass a wider region, stretching to southern Dagestan in the north. However, after the wars of Alexander the Great, the northern parts were separated due to the Partition of Babylon and became known as Atropatene, while the remaining region became known as Lesser Media.

Tabaristan
Tabaristan or Tabarestan (Persian: طبرستان, romanized: Ṭabarestān; Mazanderani: تبرستون, romanized: Tabarestun; from Middle Persian: , Tapur(i)stān) was a mountainous region located on the Caspian coast of northern Iran. It corresponded to the present-day province of Mazandaran, which became the predominant name of the area from the 11th century onwards.
Creston-Kenilworth, Portland, Oregon
Creston-Kenilworth is a neighborhood in the Southeast section of Portland, Oregon, lying between SE 26th Ave. on the west and SE Foster Rd. (to SE 61st Ave.) on the east, and between SE Powell Blvd. on the north and SE Holgate Blvd. on the south.  It is adjacent to the neighborhoods of Brooklyn to the west, Hosford-Abernethy, and Richmond to the north, Foster-Powell and Mt. Scott-Arleta to the east, and Reed and Woodstock to the south.

Parks include Creston Park (1920) and Kenilworth Park (1909).

According to Portland Parks & Recreation, the Kenilworth neighborhood was platted in 1889 and is "named after Sir Walter Scott's 1821 novel Kenilworth, a romantic novel set in Elizabethan England. Many of the streets in the neighborhood took their names from this novel and other novels by Scott."

Brooklyn, Portland, Oregon
Brooklyn is a mostly residential neighborhood in southeast Portland, Oregon. It sits along the east side of the Willamette River in the vicinity of Reed College.  Founded as a neighborhood in the late 1860s, the neighborhood today is a middle-class area comprising mainly single family homes, interspersed with remaining industrial sites along the river and a large railyard. This railyard was home to Southern Pacific 4449 as well as several other large antique steam and diesel-electric locomotives.
Set-off (architecture)
In architecture and masonry, the term set-off or off-set is given to the part of a wall or other architectural feature, which is exposed when the portion above is of a reduced thickness. In plinths, this is generally simply chamfered. In other parts of stonework, the set-off is generally concealed by a projecting string course. In parapets, where the upper part projects (or is proud of) the lower, the break is generally hidden by a corbel. The portions of buttress caps which recede one behind another are also called sets-off. The term for a set-off near ground level is water table, often sloped at the top to throw off water.

Masonry
Masonry is the craft of building a structure with brick, stone, or similar material, including mortar plastering, which are often laid in, bound, and pasted together by mortar. The term masonry can also refer to the building units (stone, brick, etc.) themselves.

The common materials of masonry construction are bricks and building stone; rocks such as marble, granite, and limestone; cast stone, concrete blocks, glass blocks, and adobe. Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are assembled can substantially affect the durability of the overall masonry construction.

A person who constructs masonry is called a mason or bricklayer, or in some places colloquially a "brickie". These are both classified as construction trades.
Philgamia
Philgamia is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Malpighiaceae.

Its native range is Madagascar.

Species:

Philgamia brachystemon Arènes

Philgamia denticulata Arènes

Philgamia glabrifolia Arènes

Philgamia hibbertioides Baill.

Malpighiaceae
Malpighiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales. It comprises about 71 genera and 1315 species, all of which are native to the tropics and subtropics. About 80% of the genera and 90% of the species occur in the New World (the Caribbean and the southernmost United States to Argentina) and the rest in the Old World (Africa, Madagascar, and Indomalaya to New Caledonia and the Philippines).

One useful species in the family is Malpighia emarginata, often called acerola. The fruit is consumed in areas where the plant is native. The plant is cultivated elsewhere for the fruit, which is rich in vitamin C.

Another member of the family, caapi or yagé (Banisteriopsis caapi), is used in the entheogenic brew known as ayahuasca.

One feature found in several members of this family, and rarely in others, is providing pollinators with rewards other than pollen or nectar; this is commonly in the form of nutrient oils (resins are offered by Clusiaceae).
Binibining Pilipinas 2011
Binibining Pilipinas 2011 was the 48th edition of Binibining Pilipinas. It was held at the Smart Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines on April 10, 2011.

At the end of the event, Venus Raj crowned Shamcey Supsup as Miss Universe Philippines 2011, Krista Kleiner crowned Dianne Necio as Binibining Pilipinas International 2011, and Czarina Gatbonton crowned Isabella Angela Manjon as Binibining Pilipinas Tourism 2011. Janine Marie Tugonon was named 1st Runner-Up and Mary Jean Lastimosa was named 2nd Runner-Up.

Starting this edition, the winners of Binibining Pilipinas will represent the Philippines in Miss Universe, Miss International, and Miss Tourism Queen International after losing its franchise for Miss World.

Binibining Pilipinas
Binibining Pilipinas (abbreviated as Bb. Pilipinas or BBP; transl. Miss Philippines) is the oldest active national beauty pageant in the Philippines. Founded in 1964, it currently selects Filipina representatives to compete in one of the Big Four international beauty pageants—Miss International, as well as representatives to other international pageants, such as The Miss Globe.
Phyllonorycter abrasella
Phyllonorycter abrasella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found from the Czech Republic and Slovakia to France, Italy and Greece. There is a disjunct population in southern Russia.

The larvae feed on Quercus cerris. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

Gracillariidae
Gracillariidae is an important family of insects in the order Lepidoptera and the principal family of leaf miners that includes several economic, horticultural or recently invasive pest species such as the horse-chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella.
887 Naval Air Squadron
887 Naval Air Squadron (887 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm, which last disbanded during March 1946. It was formed as a Fleet Fighter squadron in May 1942 at HMS Daedalus, RNAS, Lee-on-Solent. The squadron embarked in HMS Unicorn during 1943 for convoy escort duties and later in the year to cover the allied landings at Salerno, Italy. At the end of 1943 it formed part of the 24th Naval Fighter Wing. 1944 saw it embark in HMS Indefatigable and the squadron saw action in operations against the german battleship Tirpitz during early 1944 and then joined the British Pacific Fleet at the end of the year. It was part of the attacks on the oil refineries at Palembang at the start of 1945 and later in the year it was involved in sorties around Tokyo, as part of the 7th Carrier Air Group, before V-J Day.

RNAS Yeovilton
Royal Naval Air Station Yeovilton, commonly referred to as RNAS Yeovilton, (IATA: YEO, ICAO: EGDY) (HMS Heron) is an airbase of the Royal Navy, sited a few miles north of Yeovil, in the English county of Somerset.  It is one of two active Fleet Air Arm bases, the other being RNAS Culdrose.  RNAS Yeovilton is currently home to the Royal Navy Wildcat HMA2, along with Army Air Corps Wildcat AH1 helicopters, as well as the Royal Navy's Commando Helicopter Force Merlin HCi3/4/4A and Wildcat AH1 helicopters.

The site consists of 1,000 acres (1.6 square miles; 4.0 square kilometres) of airfield sites, plus ranges and minor estates.  Royal Naval Air Station (RNAS) Yeovilton is a large multi-role air station, with an annual budget of some £61 million.  The airfield is also home to the Fleet Air Arm Museum, and until 2019 the station hosted an annual Air Day in July.
Niggun of Four Stanzas
The Niggun of Four Stanzas or the Niggun of Daled Bavos ("Niggun of Four Gates"), is a wordless tune of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidim, composed by the first Rebbe of Chabad-Lubavitch, Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi.

The Niggun of Four Stanzas is of a slower tempo and in a minor key, characteristic of meditative "dveikus niggunim." However, while serious in nature, it is not necessarily intended to be a sad song. Rather, the niggun is intended to lift the singer and the listener to each of the four spiritual worlds of Asiyah, Yetzirah, Beriah and Atzilus, and in fact, the four sections of the niggun correspond to these four worlds. It holds a special place among Chabad niggunim, and is only sung at special occasions, such as during the High Holidays, Yud-Tes Kislev and weddings.

19 Kislev
The 19 Kislev (Hebrew: י"ט כסלו) refers to the 19th day of the Jewish month of Kislev.

The date is celebrated by Hasidic Jews as the Yom Hillula (anniversary of death) of the Maggid of Mezritch, successor of the Baal Shem Tov (the founder of Hasidism), who died on this date in 1772, and more significantly within the Chabad movement, as the date of the liberation of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi from prison (1798).
Commander (order)
Commander (Italian: Commendatore; French: Commandeur; German: Komtur; Spanish: Comendador; Portuguese: Comendador), or Knight Commander, is a title of honor prevalent in chivalric orders and fraternal orders.

The title of Commander occurred in the medieval military orders, such as the Knights Hospitaller, for a member senior to a Knight. Variations include Knight Commander, notably in English, sometimes used to denote an even higher rank than Commander. In some orders of chivalry, Commander ranks above Officier (i.e. Officer), but below one or more ranks with a prefix meaning 'Great', e.g. Grand- in French, Grosskomtur in German, Gran Comendador (using an equivalent suffix) in Spanish, Grande Ufficiale in Italian, and Groot- in Dutch (Grootcommandeur, 'Grand Commander'), Grand Cross.

Commandant
Commandant (/ˌkɒmənˈdɑːnt/ or /ˌkɒmənˈdænt/; French: [kɔmɑ̃dɑ̃]) is a title often given to the officer in charge of a military (or other uniformed service) training establishment or academy. This usage is common in English-speaking nations. In some countries it may be a military or police rank. It is also often used to refer to the commander of a military prison or prison camp (including concentration camps and prisoner of war camps).
Sobczyk's theorem
In functional analysis, Sobczyk's theorem is a result concerning the existence of projections in Banach spaces. In its original form, the theorem states that for any separable Banach space containing the space  (of sequences converging to zero) as a subspace, there exists a projection from the ambient space onto  whose norm is at most . The theorem is not true for general non-separable Banach spaces.

A slightly modified version also commonly referred to as the Sobczyk theorem, deals with the extension of a bounded linear operator. This version asserts that if a Banach space contains a subspace that is linearly isometric to , then any bounded linear operator defined on that subspace and taking values in  can be extended to the entire space with operator norm at most twice that of the original.

The theorem is named after the American mathematician Andrew Sobczyk, who proved it in 1941.

Projection (linear algebra)
In linear algebra and functional analysis, a projection is a linear transformation  from a vector space to itself (an endomorphism) such that . That is, whenever  is applied twice to any vector, it gives the same result as if it were applied once (i.e.  is idempotent). It leaves its image unchanged. This definition of "projection" formalizes and generalizes the idea of graphical projection.  One can also consider the effect of a projection on a geometrical object by examining the effect of the projection on points in the object.
Semen Semenchenko
Semen Ihorovych Semenchenko (Ukrainian: Семен Ігорович Семенченко; born 6 June 1974) is a former deputy to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, 	
First Deputy Chairperson of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Committee on National Security and Defence and the commander-founder of the Donbas Battalion, a territorial defence battalion based in Dnipropetrovsk and Donetsk Oblasts. He was a deputy of the Verkhovna Rada from 2014 to 2019.

Karlivka, Donetsk Oblast
Karlivka (Ukrainian: Карлівка) or Karlovka (Russian: Карловка) is a village in Pokrovsk Raion of Donetsk Oblast in eastern Ukraine. It lies approximately 10 miles west of Donetsk, adjacent to Highway M04, on the southern side of the Karlivske Reservoir.

Its population in 2001 was 414 people.

On May 23, 2014, Karlivka saw fighting between the Ukrainian forces and pro-Russian separatists as part of the 2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine. On 23 July 2014, Ukrainian forces reportedly secured the village from the pro-Russian separatists.

On 30 August 2024, the settlement was captured as part of Russia's Pokrovsk offensive.
Foreign Pollution Fee Act
The Foreign Pollution Fee Act is a bill in the United States Senate that proposes to impose a tariff on industrial imports according to the relative emissions caused by their manufacture, or, in other words, the relative "dirtiness" of the particular industry in that country.

EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
The EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM, pronounced /ˈsiːbæm/) is a carbon tariff on carbon intensive products, such as steel, cement and some electricity, imported to the European Union. Legislated as part of the European Green Deal, it took effect in 2026, with reporting starting in 2023. CBAM was passed by the European Parliament with 450 votes for, 115 against, and 55 abstentions and the Council of the EU with 24 countries in favour. It  entered into force on 17 May 2023.
Reference surface
In fiber optic technology, a reference surface is that surface of an optical fiber that is used to contact the transverse-alignment elements of a component such as a connector or mechanical splice.  For telecommunications-grade fibers, the reference surface is the outer surface of the cladding. For plastic-clad silica (PCS) fibers, which have a strippable polymer cladding (not to be confused with the polymer overcoat of an all-silica fiber), the reference surface may be the core.

Cladding (fiber optics)
Cladding in optical fibers is one or more layers of materials of lower refractive index in intimate contact with a core material of higher refractive index.

The cladding causes light to be confined to the core of the fiber by total internal reflection at the boundary between the core and cladding. Light propagation within the cladding is typically suppressed for most fibers. However, some fibers can support cladding modes in which light propagates through the cladding as well as the core. Depending upon the quantity of modes that are supported, they are referred to as multi-mode fibers and single-mode fibers. Improving transmission through fibers by applying a cladding was discovered in 1953 by Dutch scientist Bram van Heel.
Kitzsteinhorn
The Kitzsteinhorn is a mountain in the High Tauern range of the Central Eastern Alps in Austria. It is part of the Glockner Group and reaches a height of 3,203 m (10,509 ft) AA. The Kitzsteinhorn Glaciers are a popular ski area.

Gondola lift
A gondola lift (cable car) is a means of cable transport and type of aerial lift which is supported and propelled by cables from above. It consists of a loop of steel wire rope that is strung between two stations, sometimes over intermediate supporting towers. The cable is driven by a bullwheel in a terminal, which is typically connected to an engine or electric motor. It is often considered a continuous system since it features a haul rope which continuously moves and circulates around two terminal stations. In contrast, an aerial tramway operates solely with fixed grips and simply shuttles back and forth between two end terminals.

The capacity, cost, and functionality of a gondola lift will differ dramatically depending on the combination of cables used for support and haulage and the type of grip (detachable or fixed). Because of the proliferation of such systems in the Alps, the Italian: Cabinovia and French: Télécabine are also used in English-language texts.