hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Constitutional Revolution's Associations
The associations of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution (Persian: انجمن‌های جنبش مشروطه) are a number of political and state communities that not only were the official initiators of the civil society participation in Iran but, also played a key role in the victory of the Constitutional Revolution and the formation of subsequent parties.

Haydar Khan Amo-oghli
Haydar Khan Amo-oghli Tariverdi (Persian: حیدرخان عمواوغلی تاریوردی; December 20, 1880 – October 15, 1921) was an Iranian left-wing revolutionary, key figure during the Persian Constitutional Revolution and among the founders of the Communist Party of Persia.
Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza
Hans Heinrich August Gábor Tasso Thyssen-Bornemisza de Kászon, Baron Thyssen-Bornemisza (13 April 1921 – 27 April 2002), was a Dutch-born Swiss industrialist and art collector.  A member of the Thyssen family, he had a Hungarian title and was heir to a German fortune.

He was born to a German father and a Hungarian mother. His paternal grandfather was August Thyssen.

Thyssen lived in Lugano for most of his adult life. His fifth and last wife, Carmen "Tita" Cervera, is a former Miss Spain.

August Thyssen
August Thyssen  (German: [ˈaʊɡʊst ˈtʏsn̩]; 17 May 1842 – 4 April 1926) was a German industrialist, founder and controlling shareholder of Thyssen & Co (presently ThyssenKrupp). He was a prominent member of the Thyssen family.
Unity in diversity
Unity in diversity is used as an expression of harmony and unity between dissimilar individuals or groups. It is a concept of "unity without uniformity and diversity without fragmentation" that shifts focus from unity based on a mere tolerance of physical, cultural, linguistic, social, religious, political, ideological and/or psychological differences towards a more complex unity based on an understanding that difference enriches human interactions. The idea and related phrase is very old and dates back to ancient times in both Western and Eastern Old World cultures.  It has applications in many fields, including ecology, cosmology, philosophy, religion and politics.

Adélard Godbout
Joseph-Adélard Godbout (September 24, 1892 – September 18, 1956) was a Canadian agronomist and politician. He served as the 15th premier of Quebec briefly in 1936, and again from 1939 to 1944, in addition to serving as the leader of the Parti Libéral du Québec (PLQ) from 1936 to 1949.
Papcastle railway station
Papcastle railway station was on the single track Derwent Branch of the Maryport and Carlisle Railway (M&CR) in the then county of Cumberland, now Cumbria, England.

The station was opened in 1867, situated over a mile from the village of Papcastle. Sidings to the substantial Broughtoncraggs Quarry led off the line opposite the station.

Maryport railway station
Maryport railway station serves the coastal town of Maryport in Cumbria, England. It is a stop on the Cumbrian Coast Line, which runs between Carlisle and Barrow-in-Furness. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by Northern Trains.
Mandai massacre
The Mandai massacre refers to the general massacre of the Bengalis of Mandai village near the capital (Agartala) of the Indian state of Tripura on 8 June 1980. According to official figures, 255 Bengalis were massacred in Mandai, while foreign presses, independent sources and eyewitnesses put the figure anywhere between 350 and 400. Many of the victims had their heads crushed and their limbs severed. The children were spiked through. Pregnant women had their stomachs slit open. The Amrita Bazar Patrika described the Mandai massacre as worse than the My Lai massacre.

Tripuri people
The Tripuri people (Kókborok: Tripuri dópha rok), also known as Tripura, Tipra, Twipra, Tipperah, are a Tibeto-Burman-speaking ethnic group of Indian state of Tripura and Bangladesh. They are the descendants of the inhabitants of the Twipra/Tripura Kingdom in North-East India and Bangladesh. The Tripuri people through the Manikya dynasty ruled the Kingdom of Tripura for over 600 years starting from 1400 until the kingdom joined the Indian Union on 15 October 1949.
National Confederation of Togolese Workers
The National Confederation of Togolese Workers (CNTT) is a national trade union center in Togo. It was created in January, 1973 and included the Union Nationale des Travailleurs du Togo (UNTT) and the Confédération Syndicale des Travailleurs du Togo (CSTT), both of whom had been dissolved by the government in 1972.

The CNTT is still seen as being the trade union center most closely affiliated with the Government of Togo.

The CNTT is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation.

International Trade Union Confederation
The International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC; French: Confédération syndicale international, CSI; German: Internationaler Gewerkschaftsbund, IGB; Spanish: Confederación Sindical Internacional, CSI) is the world's largest trade union federation.
Archives and Records Association
The Archives and Records Association (ARA) is the principal professional body for archivists, archive conservators and records managers in the UK and Ireland. The Archives and Records Association (ARA, UK & Ireland) came into existence on 1 June 2010 and is the result of a merger of the National Council on Archives (NCA) and the Association of Chief Archivists in Local Government (ACALG) with the Society of Archivists (SoA). It is a member of the International Council on Archives.

International Council on Archives
The International Council on Archives (ICA; French: Conseil international des archives; Spanish: Consejo Internacional de Archivos) is an international non-governmental organization which exists to promote international cooperation for archives and archivists. It was set up on 9 June 1948, with Charles Samaran, the then director of the Archives nationales de France, as chairman, and membership is open to national and international organisations, professional groups and individuals. In 2024, it grouped together about 2,000 institutional members in 149 countries and territories. Its mission is to promote the conservation, development and use of the world's archives.

ICA has close partnership links with UNESCO, and is a founding member of the Blue Shield, which works to protect the world's cultural heritage threatened by wars and natural disasters, and which is based in The Hague.
Dorset knob
A Dorset knob is a kind of hard, dry, savoury biscuit from Dorset which is very crumbly and has the consistency of very dry stale bread or rusks. They are roughly 5 cm square and 4 cm high and weigh about 25 g.

Rusk
A rusk is a hard, dry biscuit or a twice-baked bread. It is sometimes used as a teether for babies. In some cultures, rusk is made of cake rather than bread: this is sometimes referred to as cake rusk. In the UK, the name also refers to a wheat-based food additive.
Hämeenpuisto
Hämeenpuisto is a street and public park in Tampere, Finland that is over 1-kilometre (0.62 mi) in length. Its length and central location has earned the park the name "Central Park of Tampere". The park was designed by Carl Ludvig Engel in 1830. Originally the name of the park was Esplanadi, which was changed to Hämeenpuisto in 1936.

The Hämeenpuisto street is a boulevard, consisting of two one-way streets on each side of the park. Hämeenkatu ends in the west at Hämeenpuisto, and one of the cross streets includes Hallituskatu. Along the Hämeenpuisto are the Metso Library, the Alexander Church, the Workers' Hall and the Lenin Museum, among others.

Hallituskatu (Tampere)
Hallituskatu is an east–west street running through the districts of Nalkala and Kaakinmaa, in the centre of Tampere, Finland. Its end point in the east is the cartboard factory area of Metsä Board Tako.

The street name Hallituskatu (literally translated "government street") dates from 1807, when it was created as a result of committee work. It is one of the oldest street names in Tampere. The name model may have been a Stockholm street name, as it is known that there were no other Hallituskatus in Finland's major cities at that time. There is also no local justification for using the name.

Along Hallituskatu are Tampere Workers' Hall, Tampere Market Hall, The Aamulehti Building and three school buildings.
Electoral district of Mindarie
Mindarie is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia. The district is named for the outer northern Perth suburb of Mindarie, which falls within its borders. The district was in use from 2005 to 2013, and was recreated for the 2025 Western Australian state election.

Burns Beach, Western Australia
Burns Beach is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located 34 kilometres (21 mi) north of Perth's central business district at the northern fringe of the City of Joondalup. Burns Beach has maintained much of its original character as a small coastal village even with its loss of isolation, and the beach is popular among hang gliding enthusiasts.
Coimbatore–Rameswaram Express
Coimbatore–Rameswaram express (Train Nos 16617/16618) is an express weekly train run by Indian Railways between Coimbatore city Junction and Rameswaram. The train made its inaugural run on 17 September 2013.

Rameswaram railway station
Rameswaram railway terminus (station code: RMM) is an NSG–3 category Indian railway station in Madurai railway division of Southern Railway zone. It serves the town of Rameswaram, located in Ramanathapuram district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The station links the pilgrim town as well as the rest of the island to the mainland via the highly acclaimed New Pamban Rail Bridge.
Countermeasure (law)
Countermeasure in public international law refers to reprisals not involving the use of force. In other words, it refers to non-violent acts which are illegal in themselves, but become legal when executed by one state in response to the commission of an earlier internationally wrongful act by another state in order to induce that state to comply with its legal obligations.

Reprisal
A reprisal is a limited and deliberate violation of international law to punish another sovereign state that has already broken them. Since the 1977 Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (AP 1), reprisals in the laws of war are extremely limited, as they commonly breach the rights of non-combatants.
Select board
The select board or board of selectmen is commonly the executive arm of the government of New England towns in the United States. The board typically consists of three or five members, with or without staggered terms. Three is the most common number, historically.

City manager
A city manager is an official appointed as the administrative manager of a city in the council–manager form of city government. Local officials serving in this position are referred to as the chief executive officer (CEO) or chief administrative officer (CAO) in some municipalities.
Crusade against the Colonna family
The Crusade against the Colonna family was declared by Pope Boniface VIII. The targets were the two cardinals Giacomo (James) and Pietro (Peter) Colonna.

This was one of the many crusades against Christians.

Crusades against Christians
Crusades against Christians were Christian religious wars dating from the 11th century First Crusade when papal reformers began equating the universal church with the papacy. Later in the 12th century the focus of crusades century focus changed from non-christian pagans and infidels to heretics and schismatics. Holy wars were fought in northern France, against King Roger II of Sicily, various heretics, their protectors, mercenary bands and the first political crusade against Markward of Anweiler. Full crusading apparatus was deployed against Christians in the conflict with the Cathar heretics of southern France and their Christian protectors in the 13th century. This was given equivalence with the Eastern crusades and supported by developments such as the creation of the Papal States. The aims of this were to make the crusade indulgence available to the laity, the reconfiguration of Christian society, and ecclesiastical taxation.
SS Waihora (1907)
SS Waihora was a 4,638-ton cargo steamship built by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson, Tyne in 1907 for the Union Steam Ship Company of New Zealand. During the First World War she was chartered by the Royal Australian Navy and took part in operations against the German colonies in the Pacific with the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force and later used by New Zealand as a troop transport as His Majesty’s New Zealand Transport. She was sold in 1927 to Naigai Kisen and renamed Tairyu Maru.

Swan Hunter
Swan Hunter, formerly known as Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson and originally known as C. S. Swan & Hunter, is a shipbuilding design, engineering, and management company, based in Wallsend, Tyne and Wear, England.

At its apex, the company represented the combined forces of three powerful shipbuilding families: Swan, Hunter and Wigham Richardson.

The company was responsible for some of the greatest ships of the early 20th century, most famously RMS Mauretania which held the Blue Riband for the fastest crossing of the Atlantic, and RMS Carpathia which rescued survivors from RMS Titanic.

In 2006 Swan Hunter ceased vessel construction on Tyneside, but continues to provide design engineering services.
Kai Tak North (constituency)
Kai Tak North (Chinese: 啟德北) is one of the 25 constituencies in the Kowloon City District of Hong Kong which was created in 2015.

The constituency loosely covers Kai Ching Estate and part of Tak Long Estate in San Po Kong with the estimated population of 16,562.

Kai Ching Estate
Kai Ching Estate is a public housing estate in a brownfield development area of the disused Kai Tak Airport in Hong Kong. It consists of six residential buildings completed in 2013. It houses around 5,200 flats for 13,300 residents and shares the "Ching Long Shopping Centre" with Tak Long Estate. Kai Ching Estate was built by China State Construction Engineering (Hong Kong).
Aero Fighters Assault
Aero Fighters Assault is a 1997 combat flight simulation video game developed by Paradigm Entertainment and published by Vic Tokai for the Nintendo 64. It is the first and only game in the Aero Fighters series with 3D computer graphics, as well as the sixth and final title of the series before Video System filed for bankruptcy in 2001. The game pits a group of four pilots against the fictional world-dominating organization Phutta Morgana.

Combat flight simulation game
Combat flight simulators are vehicle simulation games, amateur flight simulation computer programs used to simulate military aircraft and their operations. These are distinct from dedicated flight simulators used for professional pilot and military flight training which consist of realistic physical recreations of the actual aircraft cockpit, often with a full-motion platform.

Combat flight simulation titles are more numerous than civilian flight simulators due to the variety of subject matter available and market demand. Many free flight simulators, such as the open source Linux Air Combat, Falcon 4.0, Digital Combat Simulator and Rise of Flight, can be downloaded for free off the Internet.
Ada'a
Ada'a is a woreda in Oromia Region, Ethiopia. It is part of the former Ada'a Chukala woreda what was divided between Ada'a and Liben woredas. Part of the East Shewa Zone located in the Great Rift Valley, Ada'a is bordered on the south by Dugda Bora, on the west by the West Shewa Zone, on the northwest by Akaki, on the northeast by Gimbichu, and on the east by Lome.

Akaki
Akaki (Oromo: Aqaaqii)  is  a woreda or district in Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Part of the Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Finfinne, Akaki is bordered on the southwest by the Southwest Shewa Zone, on the west by Sebeta Hawas, on the northwest by Addis Ababa, on the north by the Bereh, and on the east by East Shewa Zone. The administrative center of this woreda is Dukem.
DB Corp
D B Corp Ltd., also known as the Dainik Bhaskar Group, is an Indian newspaper group, with 66 editions, published in four languages. The major newspapers published by the group, are Dainik Bhaskar (Hindi daily), Divya Bhaskar (Gujarati daily), Dainik Divya Marathi (Marathi daily), Saurashtra Samachar, DB Post (English daily), and DB Star.

The Group also publishes three magazines; Aha! Zindagi (a monthly family magazine in Hindi), Bal Bhaskar (a Hindi magazine for kids) and Young Bhaskar (an English magazine for kids).

Listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange, the group is majority-owned by the Bhopal-based Agarwal family.

Bombay Stock Exchange
BSE Limited, also known as the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), is an Indian stock exchange based in Mumbai. Established in 1875, it is the oldest stock exchange in Asia, and also the tenth oldest in the world. It is the 6th largest stock exchange in the world by total market capitalisation, exceeding $5 trillion in May 2024.
Chief learning officer
A chief learning officer (CLO) is the highest-ranking corporate officer in charge of learning management. CLOs may be experts in corporate or personal training, with degrees in education, instructional design, business or similar fields.

Qualified CLOs should be able to drive the corporate strategy and align the development of people with the business goals of the organization. A full complement of skills, including business analytics, technology, learning theory, performance consulting and scientific inquiry, are important for success.

The CLO may report directly to the CEO, but may also report to the Head of HR or Chief Talent Officer.

Corporate title
Corporate titles or business titles are given to corporate officers to show what duties and responsibilities they have in the organization. Such titles are used by publicly and privately held for-profit corporations, cooperatives, nonprofit organizations, educational institutions, partnerships, and sole proprietorships that also confer corporate titles.
Myklebustad
Myklebustad is a village in Rana Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located along Norwegian County Road 17 on the southern bank of the Sjona fjord, just west of the villages of Sjonbotn and Utskarpen. Sjona Church is located in the western part of Myklebustad, serving the western part of Rana Municipality.

The district surrounding the inner part of the Sjona fjord originally belonged to Nesna Municipality. On 1 January 1964, this district (population: 543) was merged with the town of Mo i Rana, Nord-Rana Municipality, and the northern part of Sør-Rana Municipality to create the new Rana Municipality.

Sør-Rana Municipality
Sør-Rana is a former municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The 777-square-kilometre (300 sq mi) municipality existed from 1929 until its dissolution in 1964. The areais now part of Hemnes Municipality. (Hemnes Municipality was also named Sør-Rana from 1838 until 1844). Sør-Rana encompassed an area on both sides of the middle section of the Ranfjorden around where the Sørfjorden and Elsfjorden branch off the main fjord.

Prior to its dissolution in 1964, the 777-square-kilometre (300 sq mi) municipality was the 118th largest by area out of the 689 municipalities in Norway. Sør-Rana Municipality was the 519th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of about 1,608. The municipality's population density was 2.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (5.4/sq mi) and its population had decreased by 13.1% over the previous 10-year period.
Guido Werdnig
Guido Werdnig (Ratschach, 20 June 1844 – 26 April 1919) was an Austrian neurologist.

Werdnig, together with Johann Hoffmann of the University of Heidelberg, were the first doctors to describe Werdnig–Hoffmann disease, now known as spinal muscular atrophy type 1.

Johann Hoffmann (neurologist)
Johann Hoffmann (28 March 1857 – 1 November 1919) was a German neurologist born in Hahnheim.

He is remembered for describing Hoffmann's reflex and Werdnig–Hoffmann disease (now spinal muscular atrophy type 1). He is also known for the adult-onset hypothyroid myopathy, Hoffmann syndrome. He was educated at Worms and studied medicine at Heidelberg. He worked under Professor Wilhelm Erb, and succeeded him as head of neurology at Heidelberg.

Hoffmann died in Heidelberg.
Faella
Faella is a frazione of Pian di Scò in the Province of Arezzo in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 30 km southeast of Florence and about 35 km northwest of Arezzo, in the Valdarno.

Faella borders the following municipalities: Castelfranco di Sopra, Figline Valdarno, Reggello.

Pian di Scò
Pian di Scò is a frazione (municipality) in the Province of Arezzo in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Florence and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northwest of Arezzo, in the Valdarno. It was a separate commune until 2014, when it was  merged with Castelfranco di Sopra: the new municipality name is Castelfranco Piandiscò.

It has around 1955 inhabitants in 2001.
Mini-Fly Set
The Mini-Fly Set is a German powered hang glider that was designed and produced by Mini-Fly GmbH of Kirchardt. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

Powered hang glider
A foot-launched powered hang glider (FLPHG), also called powered harness, nanolight, or hangmotor, is a powered hang glider harness with a motor and propeller often in pusher configuration, although some can be found in tractor configuration. An ordinary hang glider is used for its wing and control frame, and the pilot can foot-launch from a hill or from flat ground, needing a length of about a football field to get airborne, or much less if there is an oncoming breeze and no obstacles.
Teberan–Pawaian languages
The Teberan–Pawaian languages, or Tua River languages, are a family of Papuan languages, established by Timothy Usher, that are spoken in the region of the Tua River. They are the Teberan languages and the Wiru and Pawaia isolates.
Teberan and Pawaian had previously been linked, along with the East Kutubuan languages, in Wurm's 1975 Trans-Murray branch of Trans–New Guinea.

Wiru language
Wiru or Witu is the language spoken by the Wiru people of Ialibu-Pangia District of the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea. The language has been described by Harland Kerr, a missionary who lived in the Wiru community for many years. Kerr's work with the community produced a Wiru Bible translation and several unpublished dictionary manuscripts, as well as Kerr's Master's thesis on the structure of Wiru verbs.

There are a considerable number of resemblances with the Engan languages, suggesting Wiru might be a member of that family, but language contact has not been ruled out as the reason. Usher classifies it with the Teberan languages.
George Johnston (politician)
George Norman Johnston (September 13, 1884 – September 28, 1977) was a politician elected to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta for the first time in 1921. He served as Speaker of the Alberta Legislature from February 10, 1927, to July 22, 1935. He was defeated in 1935 when Social Credit swept to power. It was the second time in Alberta's history that a Speaker suffered electoral defeat.

Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta
The Speaker of the Alberta Legislative Assembly is the presiding officer in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta.

The Speaker is selected by secret ballot in the first session of a new legislative assembly.
Oaksey Halt railway station
Oaksey Halt is a closed station on the Golden Valley Line south of Kemble railway station and Kemble Tunnel on the line to Swindon.

There were short (150 ft) stone platforms, each with a small corrugated iron shelter. After the halt was closed in 1964, the platform on the up London Paddington line remained until October 2013 when it was dismantled as part of the Swindon to Kemble redoubling works.

Kemble railway station
Kemble railway station serves the village of Kemble, in Gloucestershire, England. It is a stop on the Swindon to Gloucester Golden Valley line, 90 miles 79 chains (146.4 km) down the line from London Paddington. Despite its rural location, Kemble station has a high number of passengers due mainly to the proximity of Cirencester.