hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Adverbial
In English grammar, an adverbial (abbreviated adv) is a word (an adverb) or a group of words (an adverbial clause or adverbial phrase) that modifies or more closely defines the sentence or the verb. (The word adverbial itself is also used as an adjective, meaning "having the same function as an adverb".) Look at the examples below:

Danny speaks fluently. (telling more about the verb)

Lorna ate breakfast yesterday morning. (telling when the verb's action occurred)

Sentence (linguistics)
In linguistics and grammar, a sentence is a linguistic expression, such as the English example "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" (a pangram). In traditional grammar, it is typically defined as a string of words that expresses a thought, or as a unit consisting of a subject and predicate. In non-functional linguistics it is typically defined as a maximal unit of syntactic structure such as a constituent. In functional linguistics, it is defined as a unit of written texts delimited by graphological features such as upper-case letters and markers such as periods, question marks, and exclamation marks. This notion contrasts with a curve, which is delimited by phonologic features such as pitch and loudness and markers such as pauses; and with a clause, which is a sequence of words that represents some process going on throughout time.
A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request, command, or suggestion.
2021 FireKeepers Casino 400
The 2021 FireKeepers Casino 400 was a NASCAR Cup Series race held on August 22, 2021, at Michigan International Speedway in Brooklyn, Michigan. Contested over 200 laps on the two-mile (3.2 km) D-shaped oval, it was the 25th race of the 2021 NASCAR Cup Series season.

NASCAR Cup Series at Michigan International Speedway
Stock car races events in the NASCAR Cup Series have been held annually at Michigan International Speedway in Brooklyn, Michigan since 1969.

A second race at the track was also held until 2020; prior to 2021, the only other season where only one race was held at the track was in 1973.
1938 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team
The 1938 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame as an independent during the 1938 college football season. Led by fifth-year head coach Elmer Layden, the Fighting Irish compiled a record of 8–1.

Notre Dame was awarded the Knute Rockne Memorial Trophy for the season, emblematic of their selection as national champions by the Dickinson System. The Irish topped the AP poll until their loss to  USC in their last game of the season. Notre Dame does not claim a national championship for this season.

Dickinson System
The Dickinson System was a mathematical point formula that awarded national championships in college football. Devised by University of Illinois economics professor Frank G. Dickinson, the system ranked national teams from 1924 to 1940. The 1924 ratings were made retroactively by Dickinson during the 1925 college football season, the first in which a number 1 team was designated at the end of the season. The retroactive choice on October 16, 1925, for the 1924 season was Notre Dame.

The system was originally designed to rank teams in the Big Nine (later the Big Ten) conference.  Chicago clothing manufacturer Jack Rissman then persuaded Dickinson to rank the nation's teams under the system, and awarded the Rissman Trophy to the winning university.

The Dickinson System was the first to gain widespread national public and media acceptance as a "major selector" according to the NCAA prior to the establishment of the Associated Press poll in 1936.
Lactarius crassus
Lactarius crassus, commonly known as the gasteroid milk cap, is a North American secotioid fungus species in the family Russulaceae. It was formerly known as part of the Arcangeliella genus, but recent research suggests that the contents of genus Arcangeliella should probably be transferred into the genus Lactarius. It was described from a collection made in Stanislaus National Forest, Northern California.

The buff cap is up to 8 centimetres (3+1⁄4 in) wide and the stipe is up to 2.5 cm long. The spore mass is collected in the rudimentary gills, which are pinkish to yellowish; a spore print is unobtainable. The flesh has an acrid taste, implying it to be inedible.

Russulaceae
The Russulaceae are a diverse family of fungi in the order Russulales, with roughly 1,900 known species and a worldwide distribution. They comprise the brittlegills and the milk-caps, well-known mushroom-forming fungi that include some edible species. These gilled mushrooms are characterised by the brittle flesh of their fruitbodies.

In addition to these typical agaricoid forms, the family contains species with fruitbodies that are laterally striped (pleurotoid), closed (secotioid or gasteroid), or crust-like (corticioid). Molecular phylogenetics has demonstrated close affinities between species with very different fruitbody types and has discovered new, distinct lineages.

An important group of root-symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi in forests and shrublands around the world includes Lactifluus, Multifurca, Russula, and Lactarius. The crust-forming genera Boidinia, Gloeopeniophorella, and Pseudoxenasma, all wood-decay fungi, have basal positions in the family.
Communication Studies (journal)
Communication Studies is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers communication processes, specifically communication theory and research. It was established in 1949 as the Central States Speech Journal, obtaining its current title in 1989. The editor-in-chief is Yuping Mao (California State University, Long Beach). It is published in 6 issues a year by Routledge and is an official journal of the Central States Communication Association. The journal issues open science badges on articles meeting the criteria of the Center for Open Science.

According to data published in Scientometrics Communication Studies was rated as the fifth-most central journal to the field of human communication.

Scientometrics (journal)
Scientometrics is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering the field of scientometrics. It publishes original studies, short communications, review papers, letters to the editor, and book reviews. It is published by Akadémiai Kiadó and Springer Science+Business Media and was established in 1978. Its founder and first editor-in-chief was Tibor Braun.
All Saints Church (Peterborough, New Hampshire)
All Saints Church is an historic Episcopal church located at 51 Concord Street in Peterborough, New Hampshire, in the United States.  Completed in 1914, it is a completely realized example of an English country church as interpreted by the architect Ralph Adams Cram.  On December 1, 1980, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

The church reported 378 members in 2018 and 307 members in 2023; no membership statistics were reported in 2024 parochial reports. Plate and pledge income reported for the congregation in 2024 was $413,491 with average Sunday attendance (ASA) of 121 persons.

Peterborough, New Hampshire
Peterborough is a town in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 6,418 at the 2020 census. The main village, with 3,090 people at the 2020 census, is a census-designated place (CDP) and lies along the Contoocook River at the junction of U.S. Route 202 and New Hampshire Route 101. Peterborough is 38 miles (61 km) west of Manchester and 72 miles (116 km) northwest of Boston.
Marshall Chrisman
Marshall Ney Chrisman Jr. (May 3, 1933 – December 5, 2022) was an American businessman from Ozark in Franklin County in northwestern Arkansas. He served from 1969 to 1970 as a Republican member of the Arkansas House of Representatives. For a single term, he represented Franklin and neighboring Johnson counties. In 1980 and 1982, Chrisman fell far short in primary bids against Frank D. White for the Republican gubernatorial nomination.

Madison County, Arkansas
Madison County is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 16,521. The county seat is Huntsville. The county was formed on September 30, 1836, and named for Madison County, Alabama, the home of some early settlers. They also named the county seat after Madison County in Alabama's county seat, Huntsville. Madison County is part of the Northwest Arkansas region.
The Ballad of Baldr
The Ballad of Baldr (Danish: Balladen om Balder) is the 13th volume in the Valhalla comic series. It's a retelling of the death of Baldr, drawing from many different (and sometimes contradicting) versions of the myth.

Baldr
Baldr (Old Norse  also Balder, Baldur) is a god in Germanic mythology. In Norse mythology, he is a son of the god Odin and the goddess Frigg, and has numerous brothers, such as Thor and Váli. In wider Germanic mythology, the god was known in Old English as Bældæġ, and in Old High German as Balder, all ultimately stemming from the Proto-Germanic theonym *Balðraz ('hero' or 'prince').

During the 12th century, Danish accounts by Saxo Grammaticus and other Danish Latin chroniclers recorded a euhemerized account of his story. Compiled in Iceland during the 13th century, but based on older Old Norse poetry, the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda contain numerous references to the death of Baldr as both a great tragedy to the Æsir and a harbinger of Ragnarök.

According to Gylfaginning, a book of Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda, Baldr's wife is Nanna and their son is Forseti. Baldr had the greatest ship ever built, Hringhorni, and there is no place more beautiful than his hall, Breidablik.
Late Shift
Late Shift is an interactive FMV video game written and directed by Tobias Weber. The participation film technology behind the title was developed by CtrlMovie. The title was screened at many international film festivals, including the New York Film Festival, Raindance Film Festival, and the Festival du nouveau cinéma.

Interactive film
An interactive film is a video game or other interactive media that has characteristics of a cinematic film. In the video game industry, the term refers to a movie game, a video game that presents its gameplay in a cinematic, scripted manner, often through the use of full-motion video of either animated or live-action footage.

In the film industry, the term "interactive film" refers to interactive cinema, a film where one or more viewers can interact with the film and influence the events that unfold in the film.
Young Heart Attack
Young Heart Attack (YHA) were a rock band from Austin, Texas, that formed in 2001. Chris "Frenchie" Smith and bassist Steven T. Hall had previously been in the Sixteen Deluxe and Joey Shuffield in Fastball.

Sixteen Deluxe
Sixteen Deluxe is an American alternative rock band from Austin, Texas, United States. They were mainly active in the 1990s, recording initially for Butthole Surfers drummer King Coffey's Trance Syndicate label. They issued one album on Warner Bros. Records and several others on indie labels. Sixteen Deluxe disbanded in 2000, and re-formed in 2010. In 2012, Sixteen Deluxe were inducted into the Austin Chronicle 's Austin Music Hall of Fame.
Nayaks of Vellore
The Nayaks of Vellore were local Telugu chieftains of the Vellore principality of Vijayanagar Emperor in the 16th century CE. They were subordinates appointed as provincial governors by the Vijayanagar Emperor, who divided their entire kingdom into various Nayakships viz., Madurai, Thanjavur and Senji. Later, after the fall of the Vijayanagara's Tuluva dynasty in 1565, the other Nayaks of the Tamil region declared independence, but Vellore Nayakship continued to remain under the Aravidu Dynasty of the Vijayanagar Empire.

Madurai Nayak dynasty
The Madurai Nayaks were a Telugu dynasty who ruled most of modern-day Tamil Nadu, India, with Madurai as their capital. The Madurai Nayaks had their origins in the Balija warrior clans of present-day Andhra Pradesh. The Nayak reign which lasted for over two centuries from around 1529 to 1736 was noted for its achievements in arts, cultural and administrative reforms, revitalization of temples previously ransacked by the Delhi Sultans, and the inauguration of a unique architectural style. It was founded by Vishwanatha Nayaka.

The dynasty consisted of 13 rulers, of whom nine were kings, two were queens, and two were joint-kings. The most notable among them were king Tirumala Nayaka and queen Rani Mangammal. Foreign trade was conducted mainly with the Dutch and the Portuguese, as the British and the French had not yet made inroads into the region.
Tandai
The term tandai (Japanese: 探題) is a Kamakura and Muromachi period colloquialism for any very important governmental, judiciary or military post in a determinate area. During the Kamakura shogunate, examples of tandai in the east of the country  were the shikken and the rensho, in the west of the country and in Kyūshū the Rokuhara tandai and the Chinzei bugyō, also called Chinzei tandai.

Examples during the Muromachi period were the Chinzei bugyō, also called Kyūshū tandai, Ōshū province's Ōshū tandai and Dewa province's Ushū tandai.

Rensho
The Rensho (連署, "co-signatory") was the assistant to the shikken (regent) of the Kamakura shogunate in medieval Japan.

The rensho placed his signature next to that of the shikken on official orders. In 1224 the third shikken Hōjō Yasutoki appointed Hōjō Tokifusa as the first rensho. From then on, the rensho was chosen from influential members of the Hōjō clan, but not from the main line of the clan (tokusō), with the one exception of Tokimune, who temporarily occupied the position from 1264 to 1268.
St Bernard's Road
St Bernard's Road is a residential road in North Oxford, England, connecting the southern end of Kingston Road and the northern end of Walton Street, at the junction with Walton Well Road, to the west with Woodstock Road, opposite Bevington Road, to the east.

To the north is Plantation Road and to the south is Observatory Street. Leckford Place leads north halfway along. The road is one-way from west to east, with traffic calming constrictions. The houses are mainly terraced with some semi-detached.

At the eastern end on the south side is a Grade II listed block of flats, Belsyre Court, built in 1936.

North Oxford
North Oxford is a suburban part of the city of Oxford in England. It was owned for many centuries largely by St John's College, Oxford and many of the area's Victorian houses were initially sold on leasehold by the college.
Clintonia uniflora
Clintonia uniflora, commonly known as bride's bonnet, queen's cup, or bead lily, is a species of flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae. The specific epithet uniflora means "one-flowered", a characteristic that distinguishes this species from others in the genus Clintonia. For this reason, it is also known as the single-flowered clintonia.

Clintonia
Clintonia is a genus of flowering plants in the lily family Liliaceae. Plants of the genus are distributed across the temperate regions of North America and eastern Asia, in the mesic understory of deciduous or coniferous forests. The genus, first described by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1818, was named for DeWitt Clinton (1769–1828), a naturalist and politician from the U.S. state of New York. For this reason, plants of the genus are commonly known as Clinton's lily. The common name bluebead (and by extension bluebead lily) refer to the distinctive fruit of members of the genus. Since fruit color varies somewhat across species, the common name bead lily is used as well.
Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era
The Great Tang Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era, also called the Kaiyuan Star Observations (Kaiyuan Zhanjing), is a Chinese astrology encyclopedia compiled by Gautama Siddha and a team of scholars between 714 and 724 AD during the Kaiyuan era of the Tang dynasty.

The book is divided into 120 volumes and consists of about 600,000 words. The Kaiyuan Zhanjing incorporates many fragments of other works, including the star catalogues of Shi Shen and Gan De and a translated version of Indian Navagraha calendar at chapter 104. It may have made use of the Yisizhan, compiled by Li Chunfeng around 645. Aryabhata's sine table by the eponymous Indian astronomer, was also translated into the Kaiyuan Zhanjing.

The Kaiyuan Zhanjing ceased to be copied in the 10th century, but was received attention from the scholar Cheng Mingshan in 1616 and was later included in the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries collections of the 18th century.

Siku Quanshu
The Siku Quanshu, literally the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries, is a Chinese encyclopedia commissioned during the Qing dynasty by the Qianlong Emperor. Commissioned in 1772 and completed in 1782, the Siku quanshu is the largest collection of books in imperial Chinese history, comprising 36,381 volumes, 79,337 manuscript rolls, 2.3 million pages, and about 997 million words. The complete encyclopedia contains an annotated catalogue of 10,680 titles along with a compendium of 3,593 titles. The Siku Quanshu surpassed the 1403 Yongle Encyclopedia created by the previous Ming dynasty, which had been China's largest encyclopedia. Complete copies of the Siku Quanshu are held at the National Library of China in Beijing, the National Palace Museum in Taipei, the Gansu Library in Lanzhou, and the Zhejiang Library in Hangzhou.
Abbacadabra
ABBAcadabra is a French children's musical based on songs from the pop group ABBA. It was originally produced for French television in 1983 by Alain Boublil and Daniel Boublil, which was later also transferred to an English stage version and two other television programs. The story was not always the same as the selection of the chosen songs varied by productions.

Super Trouper (album)
Super Trouper is the seventh studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA, released on 3 November 1980 via Polar Music. A pop and pop rock record, it was the last album to be recorded while members Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Benny Andersson were married, as the two would divorce in 1981. The album's title is taken from the spotlight of the same name.

Super Trouper received a positive reception from music critics, and has even been named by some as their best studio album. It was a hugely successful album, becoming the United Kingdom's best-selling album of 1980 despite the late release into the year. Reportedly, the album received one million advance orders in the country. Elsewhere, the album topped charts in Belgium, the Netherlands, Finland, Germany, Norway, and the group's native Sweden. The album has reportedly sold over eight million copies worldwide.
Clavulinopsis laeticolor
Clavulinopsis laeticolor, commonly known as the golden fairy club or handsome club, is a clavarioid fungus in the family Clavariaceae. It forms slender, cylindrical, yellow fruit bodies that grow on the ground in woodland litter or in agriculturally unimproved grassland.

Clavariaceae
The Clavariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Originally the family contained most of the clavarioid fungi (club and coral fungi), but in its current sense is more restricted, albeit with a greater diversity of basidiocarp (fruit body) forms. Basidiocarps are variously clavarioid or agaricoid (mushroom-shaped), less commonly corticioid (effused, crust-like) or hydnoid (with pendant spines).
Demirtaş, Uzunköprü
Demirtaş is a neighbourhood (Turkish: mahalle) of the municipality of Uzunköprü, Uzunköprü District, Edirne Province, Turkey. Its population is 318 (2022). It is located about 3 km (1.9 mi) north of Uzunköprü town centre. The Istanbul-Pythio railway runs through the village and owns the Uzunköprü railway station. The Turkish Grain Board (TMO) maintains a small office in Demirtaş for freight railway shipments.

Uzunköprü
Uzunköprü is a town in Edirne Province in Turkey.  It is named after a historical stone bridge, claimed to be the world's longest, on the Ergene River. It is a strategically important border town, located on the routes connecting Turkey to the Balkans and Europe. It is the seat of Uzunköprü District. Its population is 39,577 (2022). Uzunköprü is the third most populous town of Edirne Province.

The town is served by Uzunköprü railway station.
Gilman Lika
Gilman Lika (born 31 January 1987) is an Albanian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

Having started his career with Vllaznia Shkodër in 2004, he moved to Turkey in 2008 where he played for Hacettepe, Boluspor and Diyarbakırspor before returning to Albania to play for Tirana. He then had a brief stint in Saudi Arabia with Al-Faisaly before returning to Albania once again to play for Flamurtari Vlorë and Vllaznia Shkodër, before returning to Tirana in July 2015.

A full international for Albania since 2008, Lika has earned over 15 caps for his country. He has also represented U-19 and U-21 side.

2013–14 Albanian Cup
2013–14 Albanian Cup (Albanian: Kupa e Shqipërisë) is the sixty-second season of Albania's annual cup competition. KF Laçi are the most recent winners of the competition, that being their first Cup trophy.

Ties are played in a two-legged format similar to those of European competitions. If the aggregate score is tied after both games, the team with the higher number of away goals advances. If the number of away goals is equal in both games, the match is decided by extra time and a penalty shoot-out, if necessary.
Grayvoronsky Uyezd
Grayvoronsky Uyezd (Russian: Гра́йворонский уе́зд; Ukrainian: Грайворонський повіт, romanized: Hraivorons'kyi povit) was one of the subdivisions of the Kursk Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the southern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Grayvoron.

Grayvoron
Grayvoron (Russian: Гра́йворон, pronounced [ˈɡraɪ̯vərən]) is a town and the administrative center of Grayvoronsky District in Belgorod Oblast, Russia. It is on the Vorskla river (a tributary of the Dnieper) and the Grayvoronka river. It was known as Grayvorony until 1838.
2013 NACAM Rally Championship
The 2013 NACAM Rally Championship is the sixth season of the NACAM Rally Championship. This Championship is the FIA regional rally championship for the North America and Central America (NACAM) region. The season began April 20 in Oaxaca, Mexico, and is scheduled to end November 24 in Jamaica, after six events.

Reigning champion Ricardo Triviño won his fourth NACAM championship, winning four of the six rallies, three of them outright. Trivino won by 21 points over Venezuelan driver Alejandro Lombardo. Costa Rican driver Andrés Molina won a season long battle with Mexican Carlos Izquierdo for third in the championship. Lombardo and Molina were the only drivers to take first place in NACAM points away from Triviño, having done so at the Peruvia Rally Cañete and the Costa Rican Rally Costa del Pacifico respectively.

NACAM Rally Championship
The NACAM Rally Championship is an international rally championship which is run under the auspicies of FIA and held across North and Central America, northern South America and the Caribbean. The championship was established in 2008.
Andrea Lee (golfer)
Andrea Lee (born August 15, 1998) is a Korean-American professional golfer and member of the LPGA Tour. A golf prodigy, in 2015 and 2019 she spent a total of 17 weeks as world number one in the World Amateur Golf Ranking.

Golf at the 2015 Pan American Games
Golf competitions at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto was held from July 16 to 19 at the Angus Glen Golf Club in Markham. A total three golf events were held: a singles event for men and women, along with a mixed team event. Golf made its debut at the Pan American Games, after the sport was added to the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Colombia swept all three gold medals.