hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
7th Vermont Infantry Regiment
The 7th Vermont Infantry Regiment was a three years' infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It served in the Western Theater, predominantly in Louisiana and Florida, from February 1862 to March 1866. It was the longest serving Vermont regiment during the war.

Seventh Vermont Regiment was mustered into Federal service on February 12, 1862, at Rutland, Vermont. It was engaged in, or present at, the 1862 first Siege of Vicksburg, Battle of Baton Rouge, Battle of Gonzales Station, the Mobile Campaign and Spanish Fort, and Whistler, Alabama.

XIII Corps (Union army)
XIII Corps was a corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War.  It was first led by Ulysses S. Grant and later by John A. McClernand and Edward O.C. Ord.  It served in the Western Theater of civil war, Trans-Mississippi Theater and along the Gulf of Mexico.
Bad Herrenalb
Bad Herrenalb (German pronunciation: [baːt ˈhɛʁənˌʔalp] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Calw, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated in the northern Black Forest, 15 km east of Baden-Baden, and 22 km southwest of Pforzheim.

The town is connected to the city of Karlsruhe by the Albtalbahn, an electric railway that forms part of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn. Bad Herrenalb is the terminus of one of the branches of the Albtalbahn, which operates as line S1.

Calw (district)
Calw is a Landkreis (district) in the middle of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from north clockwise) Karlsruhe, Enz, the district-free city Pforzheim, Böblingen, Freudenstadt and Rastatt.
Feodor Iwanowitsch Kalmyk
Feodor Iwanowitsch Kalmyk (1763 or 1765 – January 27, 1832), also known as Kalmyk (Russian Фёдор Иванович Калмык), was a Kalmyk painter and engraver. He called himself Feodor Ivannoff, and that is how he is listed in the Karlsruhe address books. He also signed his will under that name.

Lorenzo Ghiberti
Lorenzo Ghiberti (UK: /ɡɪˈbɛərti/, US: /ɡiːˈ-/, Italian: [loˈrɛntso ɡiˈbɛrti]; né di Bartolo; 1378 – 1 December 1455) was an Italian Renaissance sculptor from Florence, a key figure in the Early Renaissance, best known as the creator of two sets of bronze doors of the Florence Baptistery, the later one called by Michelangelo the Gates of Paradise. Trained as a goldsmith and sculptor, he established an important workshop for sculpture in metal. His book of Commentarii contains important writing on art, as well as what may be the earliest surviving autobiography by any artist.

Ghiberti's career was dominated by his two successive commissions for pairs of bronze doors to the Florence Baptistery (Battistero di San Giovanni). They are recognized as a major masterpiece of the Early Renaissance, and were famous and influential from their unveiling.
Ritchie (album)
Ritchie is the second and final studio album released posthumously by Ritchie Valens. It is the second of three "original" albums and includes his remaining unissued masters from Gold Star Studios plus three demos ("My Darling Is Gone", "Now You're Gone" and "Rockin' All Night") he recorded at manager Robert Keane's home studio. Also featured is Valens' last charted single, "Little Girl", which reached #92 on the Billboard charts in July 1959.

Gold Star Studios
Gold Star Studios was an independent recording studio located in Hollywood, California. In its entire history, Gold Star was one of the most successful commercial recording studios in the world.

Founded by David S. Gold and Stan Ross and opened in October 1950, Gold Star Recording Studios was located at 6252 Santa Monica Boulevard near the corner of Vine Street in Hollywood, the studio name was a combination of the names of the two owners—(Dave) GOLD and STA(n) R(oss). The studio was renowned for its unique custom-designed recording equipment, which was designed and built by Gold, and for its echo chambers (also designed and built by Gold), which were utilised heavily by producers, most notably, Phil Spector.

Many big bands and orchestras recorded at Gold Star. Band leader Phil Carreon and Vocalist Ray Vasquez recorded at the facility in the 1950s.
Hemed Suleiman Abdalla
Hemed Suleiman Abdulla (born 5 April 1973 in Kiwani, Pemba) is a Tanzanian CCM politician and 2nd Vice President of Zanzibar from 2020. He was nominated by the President Hussein Mwinyi to become a member of Zanzibar House of Representatives.

Vice President of Zanzibar
The vice president of Zanzibar (Swahili: Makamu wa Rais wa Zanzibar) is a political position in Zanzibar. The vice presidency was created by the 2010 amendments made to the Zanzibar Constitution. First Vice President is supposed to come from a political party other than that of the President of Zanzibar. According to the Constitution, the Second Vice President is supposed to be a member of the Zanzibar House of Representatives, and must come from the same political party as the President.

The vice presidency could be considered only ceremonial.
All Star Extravaganza VII
All Star Extravaganza VII was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by Ring of Honor (ROH). It took place on September 18, 2015 at San Antonio Shrine Auditorium in San Antonio, Texas. It was the seventh event under the All Star Extravaganza chronology.

Death Before Dishonor XIII
Death Before Dishonor XIII was the thirteenth Death Before Dishonor professional wrestling event produced by Ring of Honor (ROH), which took place on July 24, 2015, at the William J Myers Pavilion in Baltimore, Maryland. Death Before Dishonor XIII was broadcast on ROH Wrestling's home page as an Internet pay-per-view.
La Petite Bande
La Petite Bande is a Belgium-based ensemble specialising in music of the Baroque and Classical eras played on period instruments. They are particularly known for their recordings of works by Corelli, Rameau, Handel, Bach, Haydn, and Mozart.

André Campra
André Campra (French: [kɑ̃pʁa]; baptized 4 December 1660 – 29 June 1744) was a French composer and conductor of the Baroque era. The leading French opera composer in the period between Jean-Baptiste Lully and Jean-Philippe Rameau, Campra wrote several tragédies en musique and opéra-ballets that were extremely well received. He also wrote three books of cantatas as well as religious music, including a requiem.
Torymus pachypsyllae
Torymus pachypsyllae is a species of Torymid wasp found in North America. It primarily attacks the psyllid Pachypsylla celtidismamma, although it is known to attack other related species in the genus Pachypsylla.

Torymidae
Torymidae is a family of wasps in the superfamily Chalcidoidea. Most species in this family are small with attractive metallic coloration, and females generally have long ovipositors. Many are parasitoids on gall-forming insects, and some are phytophagous (plant-eating) species, sometimes using the galls formed by other insects. Over 960 species in about 70 genera are found worldwide. They are best recognized in that they are one of the few groups of Chalcidoidea in which the cerci are visible.
Salvia garipensis
Salvia garipensis is a species of sage, commonly called Gariep sage. It is native to Namibia and South Africa′s Northern Cape province, where it grows on well-drained stony slopes and along water courses at 630–2200 m in altitude.

The epithet garipensis has its origins in the Khoekhoegowab word for ″river″ as applied to the Orange River, which forms a border between South Africa and Namibia. Its spelling has been treated inconsistently in the literature. While some global databases (e.g. Plants of the World Online) adopt gariepensis as a corrected form, South African floristic works (including Flora Capensis, vol. 5, 1912) and several nomenclatural sources retain the original published spelling garipensis E.Mey. ex Benth..

This species is most closely related to the South African species Salvia chamelaeagnea and Salvia albicaulis, as well as the eastern Mediterranean's Salvia dominica.

Salvia
Salvia (/ˈsælviə/) is the largest genus of plants in the sage family Lamiaceae, with just under 1,000 species of shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and annuals. Within the Lamiaceae, Salvia is part of the tribe Mentheae within the subfamily Nepetoideae.  One of several genera commonly referred to as sage, it includes two widely used herbs, Salvia officinalis (common sage, or just "sage") and Salvia rosmarinus (rosemary, formerly Rosmarinus officinalis).

The genus is distributed throughout the Old World and the Americas (over 900 total species), with three distinct regions of diversity: Central America and South America (approximately 600 species); Central Asia and the Mediterranean (250 species); Eastern Asia (90 species).
Australian Distilled Spirits Awards
Australian Distilled Spirits Awards (ADSA) is an annual competition that commenced in 2015.

The ADSA is managed by the Royal Agricultural Society of Victoria (RASV) in conjunction with the Australian Distillers Association. Judging of the awards is conducted at Melbourne Showgrounds, with the Awards presentation dinner held in March in Melbourne, Australia.

In 2017, the ADSA introduced two new trophies to reflect evolving production techniques, Champion Aromatic Bitters and Champion Micro Lot.

Alcohol Beverages Australia
Alcohol Beverages Australia (ABA) is an Australian non-profit membership–based organisation that represents retailers, producers and manufacturers of alcohol in Australia. The current president is Greg Holland and its CEO is Andrew Wilsmore.
Munatia gens
The gens Munatia was a plebeian family at Rome.  Members of this gens are first mentioned during the second century BC, but they did not obtain any of the higher offices of the Roman state until imperial times.

Gens
In ancient Rome, a gens (/ɡɛns/ or /dʒɛnz/, Latin: [gẽːs]; pl.: gentes [ˈgɛnteːs]) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same nomen gentilicium and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens, sometimes identified by a distinct cognomen, was called a stirps (pl.: stirpes). The gens was an important social structure at Rome and throughout Italia during the period of the Roman Republic. Much of individuals' social standing depended on the gens to which they belonged. Certain gentes were classified as patrician, others as plebeian; some had both patrician and plebeian branches. The importance of the gens as a social structure declined considerably in imperial times, although the gentilicium continued to define the origins and dynasties of the ancient Romans, including the emperors.
Brown marmorated stink bug
The brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) is an insect in the family Pentatomidae, native to China, Japan, Korea, and other Asian regions. In September 1998, it was collected in Allentown, Pennsylvania, where it is believed to have been accidentally introduced. The nymphs and adults of the brown marmorated stink bug feed on over 100 species of plants, including many agricultural crops, and by 2010–11 had become a season-long pest in orchards in the Eastern United States. In 2010, in the Mid-Atlantic United States, $37 million in apple crops were lost, and some stone fruit growers lost more than 90% of their crops. Since the 2010s, the bug has spread to countries such as Georgia and Turkey and caused extensive damage to hazelnut production. It is now established in many parts of North America, and has recently become established in Europe and South America.

Spined soldier bug
Podisus maculiventris, the spined soldier bug, is a medium-sized predatory shield bug common in North America. It has prominent spines on each "shoulder" and preys on a wide variety of arthropods, particularly the larval forms of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. As a generalist predator of many agricultural pests, P. maculiventris is generally considered a beneficial insect in gardens and crop fields.
Lucien Lublin
Lucien Lublin (1909, Brest-Litovsk – 1995) was a French electrical engineer. A Labor Zionist who became a leader of the French Jewish Resistance during World War II with Abraham Polonski and David Knout. Lublin had been a member of the Zionist Labor Movement before the war.

After the World War II, Lublin created the Society for Protecting Jewish Children, a charity which helped Jewish children who had survived the Holocaust and took them to the State of Israel.

Dovid Knut
Dovid Knut or Knout (Russian: До́вид Кнут) (23 September [O.S. 10 September] 1900–15 February 1955), real name Duvid Meerovich (later David Mironovich) Fiksman (Russian: Ду́вид Ме́ерович [Дави́д Миро́нович] Фи́ксман), was a Jewish poet and member of the French Resistance.
Capital punishment for non-violent offenses
Capital punishment for offenses is allowed by law in some countries. Such offenses include adultery, apostasy, blasphemy, corruption, drug trafficking, espionage, fraud, homosexuality, treason, and sodomy not involving force, perjury causing execution of an innocent person (which, however, may well be considered and even prosecutable as murder), prostitution, sorcery, witchcraft, and theft. In addition to civilian treason and espionage, often considered capital crimes against the state where the death penalty is retained, military laws frequently ordain execution for serious offences, including in jurisdictions where capital punishment is illegal or obsolete under civilian law.

Sodomy
Sodomy (/ˈsɒdəmi/), also called buggery in British English, principally refers to either anal sex (but occasionally also oral sex) between people, or any sexual activity between a human and another animal (bestiality). It may also mean any non-procreative sexual activity (including manual sex). Originally the term sodomy, which is derived from the story of Sodom and Gomorrah in the Book of Genesis, was commonly restricted to homosexual anal sex. Sodomy laws in many countries criminalized the behavior. In the Western world, many of these laws have been overturned or are routinely not enforced. A person who practices sodomy is sometimes referred to as a sodomite, a pejorative term.
Open set condition
In fractal geometry, the open set condition (OSC) is a commonly imposed condition on self-similar fractals. In some sense, the condition imposes restrictions on the overlap in a fractal construction. Specifically, given an iterated function system of  contractive mappings , the open set condition requires that there exists a nonempty, open set V satisfying two conditions:

The sets  are pairwise disjoint.

Introduced in 1946 by P.A.P Moran, the open set condition is used to compute the dimensions of certain self-similar fractals, notably the Sierpinski Gasket. It is also used to simplify computation of the packing measure.

An equivalent statement of the open set condition is to require that the s-dimensional Hausdorff measure of the set is greater than zero.

Iterated function system
In mathematics, iterated function systems (IFSs) are a method of constructing fractals; the resulting fractals are often self-similar. IFS fractals are more related to set theory than fractal geometry. They were introduced in 1981.

IFS fractals, as they are normally called, can be of any number of dimensions, but are commonly computed and drawn in 2D. The fractal is made up of the union of several copies of itself, each copy being transformed by a function (hence "function system"). The canonical example is the Sierpiński triangle. The functions are normally contractive, which means they bring points closer together and make shapes smaller. Hence, the shape of an IFS fractal is made up of several possibly-overlapping smaller copies of itself, each of which is also made up of copies of itself, ad infinitum. This is the source of its self-similar fractal nature.
Yudo π1
The Yudo π1 or Yudo Pi1 is a subcompact crossover SUV produced by the Chinese NEV manufacturer Yudo Auto. The side profile heavily resembles a second generation Haval H1 due to the platform being shared by Haval.

Haval (marque)
Haval (Chinese: 哈弗; pinyin: Hāfú; stylized in all caps) is an automotive brand owned by the Chinese automaker Great Wall Motor (GWM) that specializes in crossovers and SUVs. Haval was spun-off from a product line of GWM to a standalone brand in March 2013. As of 2024, Haval is the most popular among all brands owned by GWM such as Tank, Ora, and Wey.
Blue Ridge Scenic Railway
The Blue Ridge Scenic Railway is a heritage railroad in northern Georgia.

Based in Blue Ridge, Georgia, United States it follows the former Marietta and North Georgia Railroad line along the Toccoa River north to McCaysville, Georgia, and its Twin city of Copperhill, Tennessee.  It is a subsidiary of the Georgia Northeastern Railroad, which also operates freight service on the same line.  The Blue Ridge Scenic Railway started operations in 1998.

Trains generally run Fridays to Mondays from late March to the last weekend in December, daily (except Wednesdays) during spring break (first full week of April), and summer (mid-June to the end of July), and from October until Thanksgiving. A special Christmas train runs Thanksgiving weekend, the weekends following, and the full week prior to Christmas itself. Normal trips resume for the final week of the year.

Thanksgiving
Thanksgiving or Thanksgiving Day is a national holiday celebrated on various dates in October and November in the United States, Canada, Saint Lucia, Liberia, and unofficially in countries like Germany. It is also observed in the Australian territory of Norfolk Island. It began as a day of giving thanks for the blessings of the harvest and of the preceding year. Various similarly named harvest festival holidays occur throughout the world during autumn. Although Thanksgiving has historical roots in religious and cultural traditions, it has long been celebrated as a secular holiday as well.
Aki Shizuku
Aki Shizuku (雫 有希, Shizuku Aki) is a Japanese  professional wrestler and former amateur wrestler signed to Pro-Wrestling Evolution (EVO). She is best known for her tenures with various promotions from the Japanese independent scene such as JWP Joshi Puroresu (JWP), Professional Wrestling Just Tap Out (JTO) and Ice Ribbon.

Reina World Tag Team Championship
The Reina World Tag Team Championship (Campeonato Mundial en Parejas de Reina in Spanish; Reina Sekai Taggu Ōza (Reina世界タッグ王座) in Japanese) was a professional wrestling Tag team championship promoted by Reina Joshi Puroresu. The championship was created in September 2011 in Universal Woman's Pro Wrestling Reina (UWWR) promotion. Through UWWR's working relationship with Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), CMLL wrestlers have also competed for the title. Following the dissolution of UWWR in May 2012, the title moved over to Reina X World, later renamed Reina Joshi Puroresu.
Robert B. Luckey
Robert Burneston Luckey (July 9, 1905 – September 9, 1974) was a decorated officer in the United States Marine Corps with the rank of lieutenant general. A veteran of several wars, Luckey completed his career as commanding general, Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic.

1st Marine Division
The 1st Marine Division (1st MARDIV) is a Marine division of the United States Marine Corps headquartered at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. It is the ground combat element of the I Marine Expeditionary Force (I MEF).

It is the oldest and largest active duty division in the United States Marine Corps, representing a combat-ready force of 22,000 personnel. It is one of three active duty divisions in the Marine Corps today and is a multi-role, expeditionary ground combat force. It is nicknamed "The Old Breed".
Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India
The Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India was the first recorded trip directly from Europe to the Indian subcontinent, via the Cape of Good Hope. Under the command of the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama, it was undertaken during the reign of King Manuel in 1497–1499. It is one of the most important events of the Age of Discovery and the Portuguese Empire, and it initiated the Portuguese maritime trade on the Malabar Coast and other parts of the Indian Ocean, the military presence and settlements of the Portuguese in Goa and Bombay.

East Indies
The East Indies (or simply the Indies) is a term used in historical narratives of the Age of Discovery. The Indies broadly referred to various lands in the East or the Eastern Hemisphere, particularly the islands and mainlands found in and around the Indian Ocean by Portuguese explorers, soon after the Cape Route was discovered. In a narrow sense, the term was used to refer to the Malay Archipelago, which today comprises the Philippine Archipelago, Indonesian Archipelago, Borneo, and New Guinea. Historically, the term was used in the Age of Discovery to refer to the coasts of the landmasses comprising the Indian subcontinent and the Indochinese Peninsula along with the Malay Archipelago.
Rwandan cuisine
Rwandan cuisine differs from other East African cuisine by its greater plant-based ingredients and sauces, despite considerable overlap in ingredients. Staple foods are largely produced from subsistence agriculture, although with notable regional variation.

Samosa
A samosa (/səˈmoʊsə/) (listenⓘ) is a fried Indian pastry with a savoury filling that mostly consists of vegetables like spiced potatoes, onions, and peas, but can include cheese such as paneer, meat or even fish. Its name originates from the Middle Persian word sambosag (سنبوسگ) (meaning 'triangular pastry'). It is made in different shapes, including triangular, cone, or crescent, depending on the region. Samosas are often accompanied by chutney, and have origins in medieval times or earlier. Sweet versions containing traditional Indian flavours or even chocolate are also made. Samosas are popular snacks in South Asia and within the Indian diaspora across the world.
Piper PA-47 PiperJet
The Piper PA-47 "PiperJet"  was a single-engined very light jet (VLJ) that was intended to be developed and built by Piper Aircraft. However, following a change of ownership at Piper, it was decided to redesign the aircraft as the PiperJet Altaire. Despite being technically successful, the Altaire project was canceled in October 2011 due to economic conditions. The aircraft is the first proposed single-engined civilian aircraft with a podded engine located on the tail.

Williams FJ44
The Williams FJ44 is a family of small, two-spool, turbofan engines produced by Williams International for the light business jet market. Until the recent boom in the very light jet market, the FJ44 was one of the smallest turbofans available for civilian applications.  Although a Williams design, Rolls-Royce was brought into the project at an early stage to design, develop, and manufacture an air-cooled high-pressure (HP) turbine for the engine. The FJ44 first flew on July 12, 1988 on the Scaled Composites/Beechcraft Triumph aircraft.

The Williams FJ33 is a newer, smaller engine based on the basic FJ44 design.
Cholecystostomy
Cholecystostomy or (cholecystotomy) is a medical procedure used to drain the gallbladder through either a percutaneous or endoscopic approach. The procedure involves creating a stoma in the gallbladder, which can facilitate placement of a tube or stent for drainage, first performed by American surgeon, Dr. John Stough Bobbs, in 1867. It is sometimes used in cases of cholecystitis or other gallbladder disease where the person is ill, and there is a need to delay or defer cholecystectomy. The first endoscopic cholecystostomy was performed by Drs. Todd Baron and Mark Topazian in 2007 using ultrasound guidance to puncture the stomach wall and place a plastic biliary catheter for gallbladder drainage.

Coagulopathy
Coagulopathy (also called a bleeding disorder) is a condition in which the blood's ability to coagulate (form clots) is impaired. This condition can cause a tendency toward prolonged or excessive bleeding (bleeding diathesis), which may occur spontaneously or following an injury or medical and dental procedures.

Coagulopathies are sometimes erroneously referred to as "clotting disorders", but a clotting disorder is the opposite, defined as a predisposition to excessive clot formation (thrombus), also known as a hypercoagulable state or thrombophilia.