hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Glossary of education terms (P–R)
This glossary of education-related terms is based on how they commonly are used in Wikipedia articles. This article contains terms starting with P – R. Select a letter from the table of contents to find terms on other articles.

Reading
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch.

For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), punctuation, alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.

Other types of reading and writing, such as pictograms (e.g., a hazard symbol or an emoji), are not based on speech-based writing systems. The common link is the interpretation of symbols to extract the meaning from the visual notations or tactile signals (e.g., braille).

There is a growing body of evidence which illustrates the importance of reading for pleasure for both educational purposes as well as personal development.
311th Human Systems Wing
The 311th Human Systems Wing is an inactive wing of the United States Air Force.  It was stationed at Brooks City-Base in San Antonio, Texas.
U.S. military air research into human factors and performance dates to 1918. The need for an integrated research centre was identified in 1946, but construction of facilities only began in 1957. The wing was established in October 1961 as the Aerospace Medical Division to bring aerospace medical research, education and clinical medicine under one headquarters.

Air Force Systems Command
The Air Force Systems Command (AFSC) is an inactive United States Air Force Major Command. It was established in April 1951, being split off from Air Materiel Command. The mission of AFSC was Research and Development for new weapons systems.

AFSC took on engineering functions which formerly resided in the Air Materiel Command (AMC), the Army Air Forces Technical Service Command, and the Air Technical Service Command (ATSC) as a separate research and development command in 1950.  It incorporated Air Proving Ground Command in 1957. On 1 July 1992, AFSC and Air Force Logistics Command were merged to form the Air Force Materiel Command, located at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.

In the reorganization of 1961, Air Force Systems Command acquired the materiel procurement function from Air Force Logistics Command. It was re-integrated with Air Force Logistics Command in 1992.
Henry Metcalfe (military officer)
Captain Henry Metcalfe (October 29, 1847 – August 17, 1927) was an officer in the United States Army Ordnance Corps, inventor and early organizational theorist, known for his 1873 invention of a detachable magazine for small arms, for his work on modern management accounting, the development of the "time card" and his theory on the role of middle management.

Wage
A wage is the price of labor. Examples of wage payments include compensatory payments such as minimum wage, prevailing wage, and yearly bonuses, and remunerative payments such as prizes and tip payouts. Wages are part of the expenses that are involved in running a business. It is an obligation to the employee regardless of the profitability of the company.

Payment by wage contrasts with salaried work, in which the employer pays an arranged amount at steady intervals (such as a week or month) regardless of hours worked, with commission which conditions pay on individual performance, and with compensation based on the performance of the company as a whole. Waged employees may also receive tips or gratuity paid directly by clients and employee benefits which are non-monetary forms of compensation. Since wage labour is the predominant form of work, the term "wage" sometimes refers to all forms (or all monetary forms) of employee compensation.
Zemistephanus
Zemistephanus is an extinct ammonite genus from the middle Jurassic of western North America and Western Australia, named by McLearn 1927. Zemistephanus is included in the stephanoceratoid family Otoitidae, which are characterized by shells that begin as barrel-shaped cadicones  but which become planulate later in life. Body chambers are reduced in size and are excentric.  Similar genera are Pseudotoites and Emileia

Emileia
Emileia is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil cephalopods, the ammonites, that lived during the early part of the Bajocian.

Emileiais a large form with fine ribbing that includes may secondaries. It begins as a barrel shaped cadicone, with an eccentric, more or less smooth body chamber.

Emileia is included in the family Otoitidae and superfamily Stephanoceratoidea of the Ammonitina
2019 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix
The 2019 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix (formally known as the Formula 1 Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi Grand Prix 2019) was a Formula One motor race that was held on 1 December 2019 at the Yas Marina Circuit in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The race was the twenty first and final round of the 2019 Formula One World Championship and marked the eleventh running of the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix and the eleventh time that the race was run as a World Championship event since the inaugural event in 2009. This was also the first time that a race was held in December since the 1963 South African Grand Prix. It was the final race for Toro Rosso, as the team was rebranded to AlphaTauri for the 2020 season.

Yas Marina Circuit
The Yas Marina Circuit (Arabic: حلبة مرسى ياس) is a 5.281 km (3.281 mi) motorsport circuit situated on Yas Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The circuit was designed by Hermann Tilke. It has hosted the season-ending Formula One Abu Dhabi Grand Prix since 2009. Yas Marina was the second of four Formula One tracks in the Middle East, with the first being in Bahrain and subsequent tracks in Qatar and Saudi Arabia.

A two-day GP2 Asia Series test was held to officially open the circuit, which was held a week before the 2009 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix. It also hosted V8 Supercars between 2010 and 2012, with the event being the opening round in 2010 and 2011. Outside motorsport, the circuit was used for the final stage of the inaugural Abu Dhabi Tour cycle race in 2015–2017. The circuit has an FIA Grade 1 license.
History of telecommunication
The history of telecommunication began with the use of smoke signals and drums in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. In the 1790s, the first fixed semaphore systems emerged in Europe. However, it was not until the 1830s that electrical telecommunication systems started to appear. This article details the history of telecommunication and the individuals who helped make telecommunication systems what they are today. The history of telecommunication is an important part of the larger history of communication.

History of the telephone
This history of the telephone chronicles the development of the electrical telephone, and includes a brief overview of its predecessors.  The first telephone patent was granted to Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.
Tooth eruption
Tooth eruption is a process in tooth development in which the teeth enter the mouth and become visible. It is currently believed that the periodontal ligament plays an important role in tooth eruption. The first human teeth to appear, the deciduous (primary) teeth (also known as baby or milk teeth), erupt into the mouth from around 6 months until 2 years of age, in a process known as "teething". These teeth are the only ones in the mouth until a person is about 6 years old, creating the primary dentition stage. At that time, the first permanent tooth erupts and begins a period in which there is a combination of primary and permanent teeth, known as the mixed dentition stage, which lasts until the last primary tooth is lost. Then, the remaining permanent teeth erupt into the mouth during the permanent dentition stage.

Mandibular central incisor
The mandibular central incisor is the tooth located on the jaw, adjacent to the midline of the face. It is mesial (toward the midline of the face) from both mandibular lateral incisors.  As with all incisors, its function includes shearing or cutting food during mastication, commonly known as chewing.  There are no cusps on the tooth.  Instead, the surface area of the tooth used in eating is called an incisal ridge or incisal edge.  Though the two are similar, there are some minor differences between the deciduous (baby) mandibular central incisor and that of the permanent mandibular central incisor. The mandibular central incisors are usually the first teeth to appear in the mouth, typically around the age of 6–8 months.
2021 Tour du Rwanda
The 2021 Tour du Rwanda was a road cycling stage race that took place in Rwanda between 2 and 9 May 2021. The race was rated as a category 2.1 event on the 2021 UCI Africa Tour calendar, and was the 24th edition of the Tour du Rwanda.

The race was originally scheduled to be held from 21 to 28 February, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it had to be postponed and rescheduled to early May.

Tour du Rwanda
The Tour du Rwanda is a cycling race started in 1988 and based in Rwanda. Until 2008, TOUR DU RWANDA was a regional cycling race that brought together Rwandans but also riders from neighboring Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda. The race is a cycling stage race that is organized by the Rwanda Cycling Federation (FERWACY). The event has been part of the UCI Africa Tour as a category 2.1-rated event since 2009.
Ivica Kralj
Ivica Kralj (Serbian Cyrillic: Ивица Краљ, pronounced [ǐvitsa krâʎ]; born 26 March 1973) is a Montenegrin former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

During his playing career, Kralj was best known for his time at Partizan, having three spells at the club and winning five major trophies. He also played for Porto and PSV.

At international level, Kralj represented FR Yugoslavia at the 1998 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2000, reaching the knockout stage in both tournaments.

1997–98 FR Yugoslavia Cup
The 1997–98 FR Yugoslavia Cup was the sixth season of the FR Yugoslavia's annual football cup. The cup defenders was Red Star Belgrade, but was defeated by FK Obilić in the semi-finals. FK Partizan has the winner of the competition, after they defeated FK Obilić.
Nobuhiro Suwa
Nobuhiro Suwa (諏訪 敦彦, Suwa Nobuhiro; born May 28, 1960 in Hiroshima, Hiroshima Prefecture) is a Japanese film director working in Japan and France. His directorial works and screenplays often make use of improvisation techniques. Currently, Suwa is the President of Tokyo Zokei University.

Gakuryū Ishii
Gakuryu Ishii (石井 岳龍, Ishii Gakuryū; born January 15, 1957), formerly known as Sogo Ishii (石井 聰亙, Ishii Sōgo), is a Japanese filmmaker known for his stylistic punk films, which helped spark the cyberpunk movement in Japan. A number of contemporary filmmakers including Quentin Tarantino have cited Ishii's films as an influence.
Simson (company)
Simson was a German company which produced firearms, automobiles, bicycles and motorcycles, and mopeds. Under the Third Reich, the factory was taken from the Jewish Simson family, and was renamed several times under Nazi and later Communist control. The Simson name was reintroduced as a brand name for mopeds produced at the factory in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Simson mopeds were then produced in Suhl (Germany) until 2002.

Motorcycle frame
A motorcycle frame is a motorcycle's core structure. Its main function is to provide a torsionally rigid connection between the steering head at the front and the swinging-arm bearing at the rear for predictable handling and safety. It also supports the engine, the rider and any passenger or luggage. Also attached to the frame are the fuel tank and battery. At the front of the frame is found the steering head tube that holds the pivoting front fork, while at the rear there is a pivot point for the swingarm suspension motion. Some motorcycles include the engine as a load-bearing stressed member; while some other bikes do not use a single frame, but instead have a front and a rear subframe attached to the engine.
Huraysun
Huraysun (Arabic: حريصون; also transliterated Harisun), also known as Qamu (Arabic: القاموع) is a village in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Baniyas District of the Tartus Governorate, located east of Baniyas. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Huraysun had a population of 2,765 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are mostly Alawites.

Baniyas
Baniyas (Arabic: بَانِيَاس Bāniyās) is a Mediterranean coastal city in Tartus Governorate, western Syria, located 55 km (34 mi) south of Latakia and 35 km (22 mi) north of Tartus. Its ancient name was Balaneais, Balanaea or Balanea but it was also called Leucas or Leucas-Claudia.

It is known for its citrus fruit orchards and its export of wood. North of the city is an oil refinery, the largest in Syria, and a power station. The oil refinery is connected with Iraq by the Kirkuk–Baniyas pipeline (defunct since the US-led 2003 invasion of Iraq).

On a nearby hill stands the Crusader castle of Margat (Qalʻat al-Marqab), a huge Knights Hospitaller fortress built with black basalt stone.
Calendic acid
Calendic acid (sometimes α-calendic acid) is an unsaturated fatty acid, named for the pot marigold (Calendula officinalis), from which it is obtained. It is chemically similar to the conjugated linoleic acids; laboratory work suggests it may have similar in vitro bioactivities.

Unsaturated fat
An unsaturated fat is a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain, which makes the fatty acid chain, which is basically a chain of hydrocarbons, an alkene. A fatty acid chain is monounsaturated if it contains one double bond, and polyunsaturated if it contains more than one double bond.

A saturated fat has no carbon-to-carbon double bonds, so the maximum possible number of hydrogen is bonded to carbon, and thus, is considered to be "saturated" with hydrogen atoms. To form carbon-to-carbon double bonds, hydrogen atoms are removed from the carbon chain. In cellular metabolism, unsaturated fat molecules contain less energy (i.e., fewer calories) than an equivalent amount of saturated fat. The greater the degree of unsaturation in a fatty acid (i.e., the more double bonds in the fatty acid) the more susceptible it becomes to lipid peroxidation (rancidity). Antioxidants can protect unsaturated fat from lipid peroxidation.
Sandvinvatnet
Sandvinvatnet is a lake in Ullensvang Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The 4.3-square-kilometre (1.7 sq mi) lake lies on the southern edge of the town of Odda. The Buardalen valley and Buarbreen glacier lie to the west of the lake. The Norwegian National Road 13 runs along the east side of the lake. The lake water flows north into the short river Opo, before entering the Sørfjorden.

Sørfjorden (Hardanger)
Sørfjorden is a 38-kilometre (24 mi) long fjord that is one of the innermost branches of the main Hardangerfjorden. It is located in Ullensvang Municipality in Vestland county, Norway.  It is the longest arm that branches off of the Hardangerfjord. Sørfjorden stretches from just north of the village of Kinsarvik straight south to the industrial town of Odda. The Folgefonna glacier and Folgefonna National Park are located just to the west of the fjord and the Hardangervidda mountain plateau lies to its east.

Some of the notable villages that line the sides of the fjord include (north to south): Kinsarvik, Lofthus, Vikebygd, Tyssedal, Eitrheim, and Odda. Norwegian National Road 13 follows the eastern shoreline of the fjord. All the villages along the fjord are filled with fruit farms and orchards, growing fruits like apples and cherries.
Hawaii Opera Theatre
The Hawaii Opera Theatre (HOT) is the islands' only major opera company established in 1960. The company performs three or more operas in a season. Opera seasons start in October and end in the early summer of the following year. It performs mostly in the Blaisdell Concert Hall, Honolulu.

HOT performs most of its mainstage productions at the Blaisdell Concert Hall and has also staged works at the historic Hawaii Theatre, warehouses, the Chinatown Artist Lofts, and other funky venues. Since 2004 HOT has added a summer production of a comic opera by Gilbert and Sullivan or a musical, and in 2016 will stage a concert production of Verdi's Rigoletto starring Hawaii's own baritone, Quinn Kelsey. Kelsey began his career as a chorus member in HOT's acclaimed volunteer chorus, and has gone on to shine on stages across the world.

Hawaii Theatre
The Hawaii Theatre is a theatre in downtown Honolulu, Hawaii, United States. Built in 1922, it is located at 1130 Bethel Street, between Hotel and Pauahi Streets, on the edge of Chinatown. It is listed on the State and National Register of Historic Places.
1991 Guatemala earthquake
The 1991 Guatemala earthquake occurred on September 18 at 3:48 a.m. local time. The epicenter was 60 miles southwest of Guatemala City. The shock was assigned a magnitude of 5.3 on the Richter scale, later assigned with a magnitude of 6.2. It caused 25 deaths, over 200 injuries and left 1,000 people without homes.

The coastline of Guatemala lies above the convergent boundary where the Cocos plate is being subducted beneath the North American plate or Caribbean plate along the line of the Middle America Trench. The northern part of the country hosts the Motagua Fault and Chixoy-Polochic Fault, The Motagua Fault was the source of many destructive earthquakes in Northern Guatemala, most notably the 1976 Guatemala earthquake with a magnitude of 7.5.

Chixoy-Polochic Fault
The Chixoy-Polochic Fault, also known as Cuilco-Chixoy-Polochic Fault, is a major fault zone in Guatemala and southeast Mexico. It runs in a light arc from the east coast of Guatemala to Chiapas, following the deep valleys of the Polochic River, Chixoy River and Cuilco River.
United States Commerce Court
The Commerce Court of the United States was a short-lived federal trial court.  It was created by the Mann-Elkins Act in 1910 and abolished three years later.: 278–80  The Commerce Court was a specialized court, given jurisdiction over cases arising from orders of the Interstate Commerce Commission and empowered with judicial review of those orders.  The United States Supreme Court was given appellate jurisdiction over the Commerce Court.

The modern United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, created in 1982, has a purpose similar to the Commerce Court, although the Federal Circuit has broader jurisdiction.

Interstate Commerce Commission
The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was a regulatory agency in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The agency's original purpose was to regulate railroads (and later trucking) to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and to regulate other aspects of common carriers, including interstate bus lines and telephone companies. Beginning in 1906, Congress expanded the ICC's authority to regulate other modes of commerce. The Commission's five members were appointed by the president with the consent of the United States Senate. This was the first independent agency (or so-called Fourth Branch).

Over the course of the latter half of the 20th century, Congress took away many of the ICC's powers and reassigned them to other federal agencies. Congress eventually abolished the ICC in 1995 and transferred its remaining functions to a new agency, the Surface Transportation Board.
Roxförde
Roxförde (German pronunciation: [ʁɔksˈføːɐ̯də]) is a village and a former municipality in the district Altmarkkreis Salzwedel, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

Since 1 January 2010, it is part of the town Gardelegen.

Gardelegen
Gardelegen (German pronunciation: [ˈɡaʁdəleːɡn̩] ⓘ; Low German: Garlä) is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is situated on the right bank of the Milde, 20 m. W. from Stendal, on the main line of railway Hanover–Berlin.
Cancerillidae
Cancerillidae is a family of copepods belonging to the order Siphonostomatoida.

Genera:

Cancerilla Dalyell, 1851

Cancerillopsis Stephensen, 1933

Microcancerilla Norman & Brady, 1909

Ophiopsyllopsis Sebastian, 1968

Ophiopsyllus Stock, Humes & Gooding, 1963

Parartotrogus Scott & Scott, 1893

Parophiopsyllus Humes & Hendler, 1972

Copepod
Copepods (/ˈkoʊpəpɒd/; meaning 'oar-feet') are a group of small crustaceans found in nearly every freshwater and saltwater habitat. Some species are planktonic (living in the water column), some are benthic (living on the sediments), several species have parasitic phases, and some continental species may live in limnoterrestrial habitats and other wet terrestrial places, such as swamps, under leaf fall in wet forests, bogs, springs, ephemeral ponds, puddles, damp moss, or water-filled recesses of plants (phytotelmata) such as bromeliads and pitcher plants. Many live underground in marine and freshwater caves, sinkholes, or stream beds. Copepods are sometimes used as biodiversity indicators.
Before She Met Me
Before She Met Me is a novel by English writer Julian Barnes, first published in 1982 by Jonathan Cape. It is a black comedy which scrutinizes the awakening of sexual jealousy in a dull and otherwise sensible college lecturer.

Jonathan Cape
Jonathan Cape is a British publishing firm headquartered in London and founded in 1921 by Herbert Jonathan Cape, who was head of the firm until his death in 1960.

Cape and his business partner Wren Howard (1893–1968) set up the publishing house in 1921. They established a reputation for high-quality design and production and a fine list of English-language authors, fostered by the firm's editor and reader Edward Garnett. Cape's list of writers ranged from poets including Robert Frost and C. Day Lewis, to children's authors such as Roald Dahl, Hugh Lofting and Arthur Ransome, to James Bond novels by Ian Fleming, to heavyweight fiction by James Joyce and T. E. Lawrence.

After Cape's death, the firm later merged successively with three other London publishing houses. In 1987 it was taken over by Random House. Its name continues as one of Random House's British imprints.
Narciso J. Alegre
Narciso Joseph Alegre y Sargent (April 4, 1911–October 17, 1980) was a Filipino civil liberties advocate, a founder of Young Philippines, and organizing member of the Civil Liberties Union of the Philippines.

Bicol Region
The Bicol Region, designated as Region V, is an administrative region of the Philippines. It comprises six provinces, four on the Bicol Peninsula (the southeastern end of Luzon): Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, and Sorsogon, and two off the shore: Catanduanes and Masbate.

The regional center is Legazpi, the most populous city in the region and has one independent component city, the pilgrim city of Naga. The region is bounded by Lamon Bay to the north, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Sibuyan Sea and Ragay Gulf to the west. The northernmost provinces, Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur, are bordered to the west by the province of Quezon in the Calabarzon region.