hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Treaty of Traverse des Sioux
The Treaty of Traverse des Sioux (10 Stat. 949) was signed on July 23, 1851, at Traverse des Sioux in Minnesota Territory between the United States government and the Upper Dakota Sioux bands. In this land cession treaty, the Sisseton and Wahpeton Dakota bands sold 21 million acres of land in present-day Iowa, Minnesota and South Dakota to the U.S. for $1,665,000.

The treaty was instigated by Alexander Ramsey, the first governor of Minnesota Territory, and Luke Lea, Commissioner of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C. They were assisted by territorial Congressional delegate Henry Hastings Sibley and the traders who sought compensation for business losses which appeared on their books as "Indian debts."

Governor Ramsey and Commissioner Lea justified the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and the Treaty of Mendota to the United States Congress on the basis of an "overwhelming tide of migration...increasing and irresistible in its westward progress."

Minnesota Territory
The Territory of Minnesota was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 3, 1849, until May 11, 1858, when the eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Minnesota and the western portion became unorganized territory and shortly after was reorganized as part of the Dakota Territory.
Geoffrey Dabelko
Geoffrey D. Dabelko is a professor at the George V. Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Service at Ohio University in Athens, OH. He teaches and conducts research in the School's Environmental Studies Program and its Master's in Sustainability, Security, and Resilience. His recent research focuses on backdraft, the conflict and cooperation potential of responses to climate change, environmental peacebuilding, climate resilience and aging.

Athens, Ohio
Athens is a city in Athens County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. The population was 23,849 at the 2020 United States census.  Located along the Hocking River within Appalachian Ohio about 65 miles (105 km) southeast of Columbus, Athens is best known as the home of Ohio University, a large public research university with an undergraduate and graduate enrollment of more than 21,000 students. It is the principal city of the Athens micropolitan area.
Rotte (river)
The Rotte (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈrɔtə] ⓘ) is a river in the Rhine-Maas-delta in the Netherlands. The Rotte is the eponym of the city of Rotterdam: the city's name references a dam (Middle Dutch: dam) which local inhabitants built across the river in the 13th century CE.

Meuse
The Meuse or Maas is a major European river, rising in France and flowing through Belgium and the Netherlands before draining into the North Sea from the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta. It has a total length of 925 km (575 miles).
George Worrall Counsel
George Worrall Counsel (c. July 1758 – 19 January 1843) was a Gloucester solicitor, antiquarian, alderman, and property developer.

He was first apprenticed to an ironmonger but left that to study law and qualified as a solicitor and proctor. He was a noted antiquarian, helping Thomas Fosbroke with his work, and in 1829 published his own History and Description of the City of Gloucester.

He was a leading property developer in Gloucester and from 1822 developed the area later known as Clapham, now part of Kingsholm, on Monkleighton Grounds.

Thomas Dudley Fosbroke
Thomas Dudley Fosbroke (sometime Fosbrooke) FSA (27 May 1770 – 1 January 1842) was an English clergyman and antiquary. He was curate of Horsley, Gloucestershire, until 1810 and then of Walford in Herefordshire. He wrote British Monachism (2 volumes, 1802), an examination of English monastic life, as well as the Encyclopaedia of Antiquities (1824) and its sequel, Foreign Topography (1828). He was an important historian of Gloucester, writing two volumes on the history of that city.
Patricia Morgan
Patricia L. Morgan (born August 25, 1950) is an American politician and former Republican member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives representing district 26 from 2021 to 2025. She formerly represented district 26 from 2011 until 2019, where she chose not to run again. She became the first female minority leader of the Rhode Island House of Representatives in 2017, after she was chosen by the Republican caucus members on November 15, 2016, when former minority leader Brian Newberry stepped down from the position.

Morgan ran for Governor of Rhode Island in the 2018 election. She lost the primary to Cranston Mayor and 2014 Republican candidate Allan Fung.

In 2020, Morgan ran for the state House of Representatives again and unseated incumbent Democrat James Jackson. In 2024, she won the Republican primary for Rhode Island's Class I U.S. Senate seat, she lost the general election to Democratic incumbent Sheldon Whitehouse in a landslide.

Allan Fung
Allan Wai-Ket Fung (born February 25, 1970) is an American attorney and politician who served as the mayor of Cranston, Rhode Island, from 2009 to 2021. Fung, who is of Chinese descent, was the first Chinese American mayor in Rhode Island. He was the Republican nominee for Governor of Rhode Island in the 2014 and 2018 elections as well as the Republican nominee  for U.S. representative for Rhode Island's 2nd congressional district in 2022.

Before he was elected mayor in 2008, Fung was previously a state prosecutor and attorney on legislative and regulatory affairs before serving on the Cranston City Council as a city-wide councilman.
Double Vision (Foreigner song)
"Double Vision" is a single by Foreigner from their second album of the same name. The song reached No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for two weeks in 1978, behind "MacArthur Park" by Donna Summer. It became a gold record. The song was also a top 10 hit in Canada.

The song has been a staple of the band's setlist since its release. Over recent years, Lou Gramm and Foreigner (now fronted by Kelly Hansen) have both used the song as their show opener.

MacArthur Park (song)
"MacArthur Park" is a song written by the American singer-songwriter Jimmy Webb, first recorded in 1967 by the Irish actor and singer Richard Harris. Harris's version peaked at number 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 4 on the UK Singles Chart. Webb won the 1969 Grammy Award for Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s) at the 11th Annual Grammy Awards. "MacArthur Park" was subsequently covered by numerous artists, including a 1970 version by country singer Waylon Jennings that won a Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group at the 12th Annual Grammy Awards, and a number 1 Billboard Hot 100 disco version by Donna Summer in 1978.
Lalla Latifa Amahzoune
Princess Hajja Lalla Latifa (Arabic: الحاجة للا لطيفة; born Amahzoune, 1943/1944 – 29 June 2024) was the wife of King Hassan II of Morocco, and the mother of Princess Lalla Meryem, King Mohammed VI, Princesses Lalla Asma and Lalla Hasna, and Prince Moulay Rachid.

Highness
Highness (abbreviation HH, oral address Your Highness) is a formal style used to address (in second person) or refer to (in third person) certain members of a reigning or formerly reigning dynasty. It is typically used with a possessive adjective: "His Highness", "Her Highness" (HH), "Their Highnesses", etc. Although often combined with other adjectives of honour indicating rank, such as "Imperial", "Royal" or "Serene", it may be used alone.

Highness is, both literally and figuratively, the quality of being lofty or above. It is used as a term to evoke dignity or honour, and to acknowledge the exalted rank of the person so described.
Damascus International Airport
Damascus International Airport (Arabic: مَطَار دِمَشْق الدَّوْلِيّ, romanized: Maṭār Dimašq al-Duwalī) (IATA: DAM, ICAO: OSDI) is the international airport of Damascus, the capital of Syria and the home base of the national flag carrier airline, Syrian Air. Damascus International Airport serves as a primary gateway to Syria and is one of the largest airports in the country along with Aleppo International Airport and Latakia International Airport.

Inaugurated in the mid-1970s, it also is the country's busiest airport. In 2010, an estimated 5.5 million passengers used the airport, an increase of more than 50% since 2004.

Latakia International Airport
Latakia International Airport (IATA: LTK, ICAO: OSLK) (Arabic: مطار اللاذقية الدولي, romanized: Maṭār al-Lādhiqīyah al-Duwalī) is an international airport serving Latakia, the principal port city of Syria.
Sharpe's Rifles (TV programme)
Sharpe's Rifles is the first of the Sharpe television dramas, based on Bernard Cornwell's 1988 novel of the same name.  Shown on ITV in 1993, the adaptation stars Sean Bean, Daragh O'Malley and Assumpta Serna.  It began a long series of successful and critically acclaimed television adaptations of the novels.

The drama tells the story of Richard Sharpe, an ambitious and hardened soldier from Yorkshire. The story follows the exploits of Sharpe and his band of chosen men through Spain after they survive an ambush by French cavalry.

Filming took place in the Crimea, Portugal and England, during which Paul McGann who was the original actor cast for the role of Richard Sharpe, broke his leg and was quickly replaced with Sean Bean.

Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own)
The Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own) was an infantry rifle regiment of the British Army formed in January 1800 as the "Experimental Corps of Riflemen" to provide sharpshooters, scouts, and skirmishers. They were soon renamed the "Rifle Corps". In January 1803, they became an established regular regiment and were titled the 95th Regiment of Foot (Rifles). In 1816, at the end of the Napoleonic Wars, they were again renamed, this time as the "Rifle Brigade".

The unit was distinguished by its use of green uniforms in place of the traditional red coat. It also differed in being armed with the Baker rifle in place of smooth-bore muskets. The Rifle Brigade performed distinguished service in both the First and Second World Wars. Post war, in 1958 the regiment formed part of the Green Jackets Brigade as 3rd Green Jackets and was amalgamated with the 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) and the 2nd Green Jackets (King's Royal Rifle Corps) to form the Royal Green Jackets on 1 January 1966.
COVID-19 pandemic in Albania
The COVID-19 pandemic in Albania was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first case in the Republic of Albania was reported in Tirana on 8 March 2020, when a patient and his adult son who had come from Florence, Italy tested positive. Both men later recovered.

On 21 December 2020, health minister Ogerta Manastirliu announced that the country has decided to suspend flights to and from the UK until 6 January 2021 because of what was then a new COVID-19 mutation that transmits more quickly than other variants. All passengers arriving from the UK by land had to self-isolate for 14 days upon entry. The flight suspension took effect on Tuesday, 22 December.

As of 4 February 2023, 3,058,102 COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered in Albania.

Lushnjë
Lushnjë (Albanian pronunciation: [ˈluʃɲə]; locally Lushnje [ˈluʃɲe]; Albanian definite form: Lushnja) is a city and municipality in west-central Albania. The municipality's population is 63,135 as of the 2023 census, in a total area of 372.9 km2 (144.0 sq mi).
St Peter's Church, Swingfield
St Peter's Church is a redundant Anglican church in the village of Swingfield, some 3 miles (5 km) northeast of Hawkinge, Kent, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.

Redundant church
A redundant church, now referred to as a closed church, is a church building that is no longer used for Christian worship. The term most frequently refers to former Anglican churches in the United Kingdom, but may also be used for disused churches in other countries. Redundant churches may be deconsecrated, but this is not always done.

Reasons for redundancy include population movements, changing social patterns, merging of parishes, and decline in church attendance (especially in the Global North). Historically, redundant churches were often demolished or left to ruin. Today, many are repurposed as community centres, museums or homes, or are protected under the care of heritage preservation organisations such as Friends of Friendless Churches or the Churches Conservation Trust, and are demolished only if no alternative can be found.
Oleg Gazmanov
Oleg Mikhaylovich Gazmanov (Russian: Олег Михайлович Газманов; born 22 July 1951) is a Russian singer, composer and poet, specializing in patriotic and nationalist songs, as well as songs which cover more conventional pop themes. Gazmanov is the lead singer of the pop group Eskadron (Эскадрон, lit. 'Squadron'). His songs have been covered by others in the Russian chanson style, such as Mikhail Shufutinsky. He is also a Candidate for Master of Sport of the USSR in gymnastics and is well known for his acrobatics performed during live shows, especially at the beginning of his musical career in the early 1990s.

On 18 March 2022, Gazmanov sang at Vladimir Putin's Moscow rally celebrating the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation from Ukraine and justifying the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. In April and May 2022, Gazmanov participated in a series of concerts in support of the invasion.

Russian chanson
Russian chanson (Russian: русский шансон, romanized: russkiy shanson; from French "chanson") is a neologism for a musical genre covering a range of Russian songs, including city romance songs, author song performed by singer-songwriters, and blatnaya pesnya or "criminals' songs" that are based on the themes of the urban underclass and the criminal underworld.
Andrew Phillips (footballer, born 1970)
Andrew Phillips (born 27 January 1970) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).

Phillips's nephews Tom and Ed Phillips currently play in the AFL.

Ed Phillips (footballer)
Edward Phillips (born 29 March 1998) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the St Kilda Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He was drafted by St Kilda with their third selection and 56th overall in the 2016 national draft. He made his debut in the thirty point loss to Fremantle at Optus Stadium in round 8 of the 2018 season.
In four years with the Saints, Phillips was unable to cement a permanent spot in the side. He was delisted at the end of the 2020 season.
Hybrid electric aircraft
A hybrid electric aircraft is an aircraft with a hybrid electric powertrain. As the energy density of lithium-ion batteries is much lower than aviation fuel, a hybrid electric powertrain may effectively increase flight range compared to pure electric aircraft.
By May 2018, there were over 30 hybrid electric aircraft projects, and short-haul hybrid-electric airliners were envisioned from 2032. Sometimes flight is all electric with fuel for backup.

Distributed propulsion
In aeronautics, Distributed propulsion is an arrangement in which the propulsive and related air flows are distributed over the aerodynamic surfaces of an aircraft. The purpose is to improve the craft's aerodynamic, propulsive and/or structural efficiency over an equivalent conventional design.

Anticipated benefits include improved fuel efficiency, emissions, noise, landing field length and handling.

Distributed propulsion may be accomplished by spanwise distribution of partially or fully embedded multiple small engines or fans along the wing. Alternatively, it may involve ducting exhaust gases along the wing's entire trailing edge.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Sierra Leone
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Sierra Leone refers to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and its members in Sierra Leone. In 2022, Sierra Leone ranked as having the third most LDS Church members per capita in Africa, behind Cape Verde and Liberia.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Liberia
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Liberia refers to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and its members in Liberia.  At year-end 1986, there were fewer than 100 members in Liberia. In 2022, there were 20,335 members in 67 congregations.
Influence of Arabic on Spanish
Arabic influence on the Spanish language overwhelmingly dates from the Muslim era of the Iberian Peninsula between 711 and 1492. The influence results mainly from the large number of Arabic loanwords and derivations in Spanish, plus a few other less obvious effects.

Article (grammar)
In grammar, an article is any of a small set of words or affixes (such as a, an, and the in English) used with nouns to limit or give definiteness to the application. The category of articles constitutes a part of speech.

Articles combine with nouns to form noun phrases, and typically specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun phrase. In English, the and a (rendered as an when followed by a vowel sound) are the definite and indefinite articles respectively. Articles in many other languages also carry additional grammatical information such as gender, number, and case. Articles are part of a broader category called determiners, which also include demonstratives, possessive determiners, and quantifiers. In linguistic interlinear glossing, articles are abbreviated as ART.
Maresme
Maresme (Catalan pronunciation: [məˈɾɛzmə]) is a comarca (county) in the Barcelona region in Catalonia, located along the Mediterranean coast, between the comarques of Barcelonès (at the Southwest) and Selva (at the Northeast), and also bordering with Vallès Oriental (at the west).

Its capital and largest city is Mataró (pop. 119,035 in 2007).

Barcelonès
Barcelonès (Catalan pronunciation: [bəɾsəluˈnɛs]) is the most populated comarca of Catalonia, Spain. It contains Barcelona, which is the capital of Catalonia and of the comarca itself, and four adjacent inner suburbs.

Notwithstanding, the comarca does not have a governing comarcal council; it was dissolved in 2019. Its functions had been and are superseded by the Metropolitan Council of the Barcelona Metropolitan Area (AMB), which include representatives from municipalities further outside the comarca itself. All combined, Barcelonès municipalities send 39 councilors out of the Metropolitan Council's 90, making up more than 43% of the council voting power.
Grünau, Namibia
Grünau is a settlement in the ǁKaras Region of southern Namibia, west of Karasburg. It is linked to the South African border posts near Noordoewer via the B1 and near Nakop via the B3. Grünau belongs to the Karasburg electoral constituency.

A small desalination plant was built in 2020 to counter the poor quality of groundwater in the settlement.

Noordoewer
Noordoewer is a settlement in the ǁKaras Region of southern Namibia. Its name means 'North Bank' in Afrikaans, in reference to the north bank of the Orange River, on which it is located. The village lies opposite the South African town of Vioolsdrif, to which it is connected by the road bridge which forms the northern end of the South African N7 and the southern end of the Namibian B1.

Noordoewer is known for grape production and canoeing and is an important border post on a crucial transport route between the two countries. It is planned to upgrade its status to that of a town.
Teinobasis alluaudi
Teinobasis alluaudi is a species of damselfly in family Coenagrionidae. It is found in Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Seychelles, and Tanzania. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and shrub-dominated wetlands. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Coenagrionidae
Coenagrionidae is a family of damselflies, also known as pond damselflies, in the order Odonata and the suborder Zygoptera. The Zygoptera are the damselflies, which although less known than the dragonflies, are no less common. More than 1,300 species are in this family, making it the largest damselfly family. The family Coenagrionidae has six subfamilies: Agriocnemidinae, Argiinae, Coenagrioninae, Ischnurinae, Leptobasinae, and Pseudagrioninae.

This family is referred to as the narrow-winged damselflies or the pond damselflies. The Coenagrionidae enjoy a worldwide distribution, and are among the most common of damselfly families. This family has the smallest of damselfly species. More than 110 genera of the family Coenagrionidae are currently accepted.
Erdene Zuu Monastery
The Erdene Zuu Monastery (Mongolian: Эрдэнэ Зуу хийд, romanized: Erdene Zuu khiid) is probably the earliest surviving Buddhist monastery in Mongolia. Built in 1585, it is located in Kharkhorin, Övörkhangai Province and is now included within the Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape World Heritage Site. The monastery is affiliated with the Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism.

Gandantegchinlen Monastery
Gandantegchinlen Monastery (Mongolian: Гандантэгчэнлин хийд, Gandantegchenlin khiid), also known as Gandan Monastery, is a Buddhist monastery in Bayangol District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. It was founded in 1809, closed amid persecutions in 1939, and from 1944 to 1989 was the country's only active monastery. Today, it is the center of Buddhism in Mongolia. The monastery has more than 100 resident monks and numerous Buddhist treasures, including a 26-metre (85 ft) statue of Avalokiteśvara made of gilded bronze and precious stones.
Samuel Ua hAingliu
Samuel Ua hAingliu (died 1121) was the fourth bishop of Dublin. He took over the position when his uncle Donngus Ua hAingliu died of the plague in 1095.

He was Consecrated on 27 April 1096, by Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, in Winchester cathedral on 27 April 1096.

He died in office before September 1121.

Archbishop of Dublin
The Archbishop of Dublin (Irish: Ard-Easpag Bhaile Átha Cliath) is an archiepiscopal title which takes its name from Dublin, Ireland. Since the Reformation, there have been parallel apostolic successions to the title: one in the Catholic Church and the other in the Church of Ireland. The archbishop of each denomination also holds the title of Primate of Ireland.
Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park
Belavezhskaya Pushcha National Park (Russian: Национальный парк «Беловежская пуща», Belarusian: Нацыянальны парк Белавежская пушча) is a national park within parts of the Brest Region (Kamyanyets District and Pruzhany District) and Grodno Region (Svislach District) in Belarus adjacent to the Polish border. Since 1992, it has been a preserved part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Białowieża Forest, the last primeval forest fragment of the European woodlands that once stretched across the European Plain.

Kamyenyets district
Kamyenyets district or Kamieniec district (Belarusian: Камянецкі раён; Russian: Каменецкий район) is a district (raion) of Brest region in Belarus. Its administrative center is Kamyenyets. As of 2024, it has a population of 31,088.