hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Outline of Abraham Lincoln
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Abraham Lincoln:

Abraham Lincoln – 16th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1861, until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis. In doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy.

Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)
Abraham Lincoln (1920) is a colossal seated figure of the 16th president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865), sculpted by Daniel Chester French (1850–1931) and carved by the Piccirilli Brothers. Located in the Lincoln Memorial, constructed between 1914 and 1922 on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., the statue was unveiled in 1922. The work follows in the nation's Beaux Arts and American Renaissance-style architecture traditions.
6615th Ranger Force
The 6615th Ranger Force was a regiment of the United States Army, raised for service in World War II. It served in the Italian Campaign and lost two whole battalions at the Battle of Cisterna, part of the Battle of Anzio in early 1944.

504th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 504th Infantry Regiment, originally the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment (504th PIR), is an airborne forces regiment of the United States Army, part of the 82nd Airborne Division and 173rd Airborne Brigade, with a long and distinguished history. The regiment was first formed in mid-1942 during World War II as part of the 82nd Airborne Division and saw service in Sicily, Italy, Anzio, the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany.

A parent regiment under the United States Army Regimental System, three battalions from the regiment, 1st Battalion (1-504 PIR) and 2nd Battalion (2-504 PIR) are currently active with 1st Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division and 3rd Battalion (3-504 PIR) is active with the 173rd Airborne Brigade.
Neoxanthops
Neoxanthops is a genus of crabs in the family Xanthidae, containing the following species:

Neoxanthops bocki  (Garth, 1957)

Neoxanthops lineatus  (A. Milne-Edwards, 1867)

Neoxanthops quadrilobatus  (Sakai, 1939)

Neoxanthops rotundus  Guinot, 1968

Xanthidae
Xanthidae is a family of crabs known as gorilla crabs, mud crabs, pebble crabs or rubble crabs. Xanthid crabs are often brightly coloured and are highly poisonous, containing toxins which are not destroyed by cooking and  for which no antidote is known. The toxins are similar to the tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin produced by puffer fish, and may be produced by bacteria in the genus Vibrio living in symbiosis with the crabs, mostly V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus.
Xiagongma Township, Qinghai
Xiagongma Township (Mandarin: 下贡麻乡) is a township in Gadê County, Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai, China. In 2010, Xiagongma Township had a total population of 4,084: 2,241 males and 1,843 females: 1,112 aged under 14, 2,718 aged between 15 and 65 and 254 aged over 65.

Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
Golog (Golok or Guoluo) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (Chinese: 果洛藏族自治州; pinyin: Guǒluò Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu; Tibetan: མགོ་ལོག་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ་, Wylie: Mgo-log Bod-rigs rang-skyong-khul) is an autonomous prefecture occupying the southeastern corner of Qinghai province, China. The prefecture has an area of 76,312 km2 (29,464 sq mi) and its seat is located in Maqên County. Due to its special geographical location and natural environment, the entire autonomous prefecture has been included in the Chinese largest natural environmental protection area — the Sanjiangyuan National Park.
Patent analytics
Patent analytics is the process of analyzing the texts of patent disclosures and other information (such as priority dates, filing and issuance countries, patent maintenance payments, patent citations, patent infringement actions etc.) from the patent lifecycle. Patent analytics is used to obtain deeper insights into different technologies and innovation. Other terms are sometimes used as synonyms for patent analytics, such as patent analysis, patent landscape, or patent mapping. Patent analytics encompasses the analysis of patent data, analysis of the scientific literature, data cleaning, text mining, machine learning, geographic mapping, and data visualisation.

Patent analytics is a specialized domain within intellectual property analytics. It is used in industry and explored by the public sector to take informed decisions related to prioritization and investments in R&D, IP portfolio management, and policymaking among others.

Maintenance fee (patent)
Maintenance fees or renewal fees are fees paid to maintain a granted patent in force. Some patent laws require the payment of maintenance fees for pending patent applications. Not all patent laws require the payment of maintenance fees and different laws provide different regulations concerning not only the amount payable but also the regularity of the payments. In countries where maintenance fees are to be paid annually, they are sometimes called patent annuities.
Gamalero
Gamalero (Gamaleri in Piedmontese) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Turin and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) southwest of Alessandria.

Gamalero borders the following municipalities: Carentino, Cassine, Castellazzo Bormida, Castelspina, Frascaro, Mombaruzzo, and Sezzadio.

Castelspina
Castelspina is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Turin and about 14 kilometres (9 mi) southwest of Alessandria.
Iwan Bally
Iwan Bally (13 December 1876 - 2 August 1965) also nicked Mr. Iwan was a Swiss industrialist, philanthropist, philatelist and politician who served on the Council of States (Switzerland) from 1937 to 1943 and on the Cantonal Council of Solothurn from 1921 to 1933. He was a prominent member of the Bally family.

Bally has been involved in the management of the fashion house Bally since 1907. He served as president of the board of directors for several decades.

Council of States (Switzerland)
The Council of States is a house of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland, the other house  being the National Council. As the powers of the houses are the same, it is sometimes called perfect bicameralism.

It comprises 46 members. Twenty of the country's cantons are represented by two councillors each. Six cantons, traditionally called "half cantons", are represented by one councillor each for historical reasons. These are Obwalden, Nidwalden, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Landschaft, Appenzell Ausserrhoden and Appenzell Innerrhoden. The councillors serve for four years, and are not bound in their vote to instructions from the cantonal authorities.
Ryan O'Hearn
Ryan Patrick O'Hearn (born July 26, 1993) is an American professional baseball first baseman and designated hitter for the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the Kansas City Royals, Baltimore Orioles, and San Diego Padres. O'Hearn was an All-Star in 2025.

Designated hitter
The designated hitter (DH) is a baseball player who bats in place of the pitcher. Unlike other players in a team's lineup, they generally only play as an offensive player and usually do not play defense as a fielder or a pitcher during a game. Due to their specialized offensive-only role, the designated hitter is generally expected to produce above average offensive stats and production compared to other players who play defense.

In Major League Baseball, the position is authorized by Rule 5.11 of the Official Baseball Rules. It was adopted by the American League in 1973 and by the National League in 2022, making it universal in MLB. Within that time frame, nearly all amateur, collegiate, and professional leagues worldwide adopted the designated hitter or some variant, a major exception being Nippon Professional Baseball's Central League, which plans to adopt it in 2027.
Tutte matrix
In graph theory, the Tutte matrix A of a graph G = (V, E) is a matrix used to determine the existence of a perfect matching: that is, a set of edges which is incident with each vertex exactly once.

If the set of vertices is  then the Tutte matrix is an n-by-n skew-symmetric matrix A with entries

where the xij are indeterminates.  The determinant of this matrix is then a polynomial (in the variables xij, i < j ): this coincides with the square of the Pfaffian of the matrix A and is non-zero (as a polynomial) if and only if a perfect matching exists.  (This polynomial is not the Tutte polynomial of G.)

The Tutte matrix is named after W. T. Tutte, and is a generalisation of the Edmonds matrix for a balanced bipartite graph.

Skew-symmetric matrix
In mathematics, particularly in linear algebra, a skew-symmetric (or antisymmetric or antimetric) matrix is a square matrix whose transpose equals its negative. That is, it satisfies the condition

In terms of the entries of the matrix, if  denotes the entry in the -th row and -th column, then the skew-symmetric condition is equivalent to

In characteristic not equal to 2, diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are zeros because each element must be its own negative.
Fencing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's team sabre
The men's team sabre was one of eight fencing events on the fencing at the 1988 Summer Olympics programme. It was the eighteenth appearance of the event. The competition was held from September 28 to 29, 1988. 53 fencers from 11 nations competed.

Fencing at the 1988 Summer Olympics
At the 1988 Summer Olympics, eight fencing events were contested. Men competed in both individual and team events for each of the three weapon types (épée, foil and sabre), but women competed only in foil events.
Organisation of the Government of Singapore
The Government of Singapore consists of several departments, known as ministries and statutory boards in Singapore. Ministries are led by a member of the Cabinet and deal with state matters that require direct political oversight. The member of the Cabinet heading the ministry is known as the minister, who is supported by a junior minister known as minister of state in Singapore. The administrative management of the ministry is led by a senior civil servant known as permanent secretary.

NHG Health
NHG Health, formerly known as National Healthcare Group, is a group of healthcare institutions located in Singapore. Established in 2000, the group consists of three public hospitals, one community hospital, and a network of nine polyclinics. Tan Tock Seng Hospital is the largest hospital in the group and serves as the flagship hospital for the group. As the Regional Health Manager for 1.5 million residents in Central and North Singapore, NHG Health collaborates with private general practices, public and community health and social care providers to keep residents well and healthy.
2022 Astana Open – Singles
Novak Djokovic defeated Stefanos Tsitsipas in the final, 6–3, 6–4 to win the singles tennis title at the 2022 Astana Open. It was his 90th ATP Tour-level singles title.

Kwon Soon-woo was the reigning champion, but chose to compete in Tokyo instead.

2022 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships
The 2022 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hardcourts. It was the 47th edition of the Japan Open, and part of the ATP Tour 500 series of the 2022 ATP Tour. It was held at the Ariake Coliseum in Tokyo, Japan, from 3–9 October 2022. It was the first event since 2019, with the 2020 and 2021 events cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Third-seeded Taylor Fritz won the singles title.
Ulmus 'Androssowii'
The  hybrid cultivar Ulmus 'Androssowii' R. Kam. (or 'Androsowii'), an elm of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan sometimes referred to in old travel books as 'Turkestan Elm' or as 'karagach' [:black tree, = elm], its local name, is probably an artificial hybrid. According to Lozina-Lozinskaia the tree is unknown in the wild in Uzbekistan, and apparently arose from a crossing of U. densa var. bubyriana Litv. (now Ulmus minor 'Umbraculifera'), which it resembles (see the disputed species Ulmus densa), and the Siberian Elm Ulmus pumila. It is sometimes listed as Ulmus × androssowii (see below).

Not to be confused with the Ulmus 'Turkestanica' distributed by the Späth nursery of Berlin.

For so-called Ulmus androssowii var. subhirsuta  C. K. Schneid.  and Ulmus androssowii var. virgata  (Planch.) Grudz. , see Ulmus chumlia.

Ulmus 'Turkestanica'
The elm cultivar Ulmus 'Turkestanica' was first described by Regel as U. turkestanica in Dieck, Hauptcat. Baumschul. Zöschen (1883) and in Gartenflora (1884). Regel himself stressed that "U. turkestanica was only a preliminary name given by me; I regard this as a form of U. suberosa" [:U. minor ]. Litvinov (Schedae ad Herbarium Florae Rossicae, 1908) considered U. turkestanica Regel a variety of his U. densa (now considered in Russia a form of field elm), adding that its fruits were "like those of U. foliacea Gilibert" [:U. minor].

'Turkestanica' was distributed in Europe as U. turkestanica Regel by the Späth nursery of Berlin from c.1890, in whose catalogues it was listed separately from U. pinnato-ramosa, now U. pumila 'Pinnato-ramosa', and from U. campestris umbraculifera. It was later confused with these two – with 'Pinnato-ramosa' by Elwes and Henry (1913) and Krüssmann (1976), and with 'Umbraculifera' by Green (1964).
Hino Profia
The Hino Profia (Japanese: 日野プロフィア) is a heavy duty cab-over truck produced by Hino Motors, a 50.1% subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation. It was introduced in 1981. In most export markets, it is also known as the Hino 700 Series. The name Profia is officially used in Japan, and was previously known as the Super Dolphin Profia. The Hino F-Series truck's model codes are FN, FP, FR, FS, and FW. The tractor head model codes are SH and SS, in Japan the truck’s traditional competitors are Isuzu Giga, Mitsubishi Fuso Super Great and UD Quon.

Isuzu Giga
The Isuzu Giga (Japanese: いすゞ・ギガ) is a line of heavy-duty commercial vehicles produced by Isuzu since 1994. Outside of Japan, the line is known as the Isuzu C/E series and Isuzu S&E series and was formerly known as the Isuzu Heavy-Duty Truck'. Between 1994 and 2016, it was also sold in South America (under the Chevrolet brand as Chevrolet C/E series).
2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Washington
The 2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Washington were held on Tuesday, November 6, 2012, to elect the ten U.S. representatives from the state, one from each of the state's ten congressional districts, a gain of one seat following the 2010 United States census. The elections coincided with the elections of other federal and state offices, including a federal quadrennial presidential election, concurrent statewide gubernatorial election, quadrennial statewide lieutenant gubernatorial election, and an election to the U.S. Senate. The state certified the returns on December 6, 2012. Primary elections were held August 7, 2012.

Washington House of Representatives
The Washington House of Representatives is the lower house of the Washington State Legislature, and along with the Washington State Senate makes up the legislature of the U.S. state of Washington. It is composed of 98 Representatives from 49 districts, each of which elects one Senator and two members of the House. They are elected to separate positions with the top-two primary system. All members of the House are elected to a two-year term without term limits. The House meets at the State Capitol in Olympia.
Max's Bar & Grill
Max's Bar & Grill (formerly Max's Famous Hot Dogs) is a restaurant in Long Branch, New Jersey known for its hot dogs. Max's uses quarter pound Schickhaus beef/pork dog slow cooked on a griddle. Max's hotdog style is a Jersey Shore variant of Kosher style. It is popular with local celebrities and is said to be a favorite of Bruce Springsteen and the late Cardinal John O'Connor. Among those who have visited Max’s are Jon Bon Jovi, Steven Van Zandt, Red Buttons, Gov. Brendan Byrne, Connie Francis, actors Joe Pantoliano, Joe Pesci, Nick Puccio, John Travolta, Jackie Mason, Dean Martin and singer Frankie Valli. The restaurant was also featured in season 8 of Kitchen Nightmares, which aired on December 4, 2023.

Long Branch, New Jersey
Long Branch is a beachside city in Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the city's population was 31,667, an increase of 948 (+3.1%) from the 2010 census count of 30,719, which in turn reflected a decline of 621 (−2.0%) from the 31,340 counted in the 2000 census. As of the 2020 census, it was the 6th-most-populous municipality in Monmouth County and had the 74th-highest population of any municipality in New Jersey.

Long Branch was formed on April 11, 1867, as the Long Branch Commission, from portions of Ocean Township. Long Branch was incorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 8, 1903, based on the results of a referendum, replacing the Long Branch Commission.
Great triambic icosahedron
In geometry, the great triambic icosahedron and medial triambic icosahedron (or midly triambic icosahedron) are visually identical dual uniform polyhedra. The exterior surface also represents the De2f2 stellation of the icosahedron. These figures can be differentiated by marking which intersections between edges are true vertices and which are not. In the above images, true vertices are marked by gold spheres, which can be seen in the concave Y-shaped areas. Alternatively, if the faces are filled with the even–odd rule, the internal structure of both shapes will differ.

The 12 vertices of the convex hull matches the vertex arrangement of an icosahedron.

The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra
The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra is a book written and illustrated by H. S. M. Coxeter, P. Du Val, H. T. Flather, and J. F. Petrie. It enumerates certain stellations of the regular convex or Platonic icosahedron, according to a set of rules put forward by J. C. P. Miller.

It was first published by the University of Toronto in 1938, and a Second Edition reprint by Springer-Verlag followed in 1982. Tarquin's 1999 Third Edition included new reference material and photographs by K. and D. Crennell.
Kahn-e Seyyed Mohammad Bakhti
Kahn-e Seyyed Mohammad Bakhti (Persian: كهن سيدمحمد  بختي, also Romanized as Kahn-e Seyyed Moḩammad  Bakhtī) is a village in Birk Rural District, in the Central District of Mehrestan County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 455, in 92 families.

Birk Rural District
Birk Rural District (Persian: دهستان بيرك) is in Birk District of Mehrestan County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Regentog. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Chahuk.
Balaoan
Balaoan, officially the Municipality of Balaoan (Ilocano: Ili ti Balaoan; Filipino: Bayan ng Balaoan), is a coastal municipality in the province of La Union, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 40,440 people.

Santol, La Union
Santol, officially the Municipality of Santol (Ilocano: Municipalidad Iti Santol; Filipino: Bayan ng Santol), is a municipality in the province of La Union, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 14,877 people.
Abderramán Brenes
Abderramán Brenes la Roche (born October 22, 1978) is a Puerto Rican judoka, who played for the half-middleweight category. Brenes represented Puerto Rico at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where he competed for the men's half-middleweight class (81 kg). He received a bye for the second preliminary round, before losing out by two yuko and a morote gari (double leg takedown) to Italy's Giuseppe Maddaloni.

Giuseppe Maddaloni
Giuseppe Maddaloni (born 10 July 1976) is an Italian judoka. He was born in Naples.

He won a gold medal in the lightweight (‍–‍73 kg) division at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

He was trained by his father Gianni Maddaloni, in the district of Scampia, the Neapolitan region of Italy.
New Guardians
The New Guardians are a DC Comics superhero team featured in the short-lived eponymous series The New Guardians. It was a spin-off from the Millennium event and ran for twelve issues, from 1988 through 1989, before being canceled. The characters first appeared in Millennium #1, (January 1988), written by Steve Engelhart and drawn by Joe Staton. The series has since gained infamy among comic fans due to its poor writing and second issue, which features "Snowflame", a supervillain who gained powers from the use of cocaine.

Larfleeze
Larfleeze, also known as Agent Orange, is a  supervillain appearing in comics published by DC Comics, usually as an antagonist in books featuring Green Lantern and the Green Lantern Corps. He is the primary wielder of the orange light of avarice, derived from the emotional spectrum of greed, and does not voluntarily allow others to wield it.

The character first appeared in Green Lantern vol 4 #25 (January 2008), and was created by writer Geoff Johns and artist Ethan Van Sciver.
Mark Manders
Mark Manders (born 1968 in Volkel) is a Dutch artist, currently living and working in Ronse, Belgium. His work consists mainly of installations, drawings and sculptures. He is probably best known for his large bronze figures that look like rough-hewn, wet or peeling clay. Typical of his work is also the arrangement of random objects, such as tables, chairs, light bulbs, blankets and dead animals.

Irish Museum of Modern Art
The Irish Museum of Modern Art (Irish: Áras Nua-Ealaíne na hÉireann), also known as IMMA, is Ireland's leading national institution for the collection and presentation of modern and contemporary art. It is located in Kilmainham, Dublin.
2013 ICC Awards
The 2013 ICC Awards were broadcast in a special TV show which was aired on 14 December 2013. The ICC had been hosting ICC Awards since 2004, which were now into their tenth year. Previous events were held in London (2004, 2011), Sydney (2005), Mumbai (2006), Johannesburg (2007, 2009), Dubai (2008), Bangalore (2010) and Colombo (2012). The ICC awards the Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy to the Cricketer of the Year, which is considered to be the most prestigious award in world cricket.

2007 ICC Awards
The 2007 ICC Awards were held on 10 September 2007 in Johannesburg, South Africa. Previous events were held in London (2004), Sydney (2005) and Mumbai (2006). Having been hosted since 2004, the ICC Awards were now into their fourth year. They were presented in association with the Federation of International Cricketers' Associations (FICA) and honours for Associate Player of the Year were also awarded for the first time. The ICC awards the Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy to the Cricketer of the Year, which is considered to be the most prestigious award in world cricket.
Richard Butler (English priest)
Richard Butler (died 14 September 1612) was Archdeacon of Northampton from 9 July 1611 until his death. Butler was among the earliest Arminians, along with John Buckeridge (his predecessor), Benjamin Carier, and Richard Neile.

Butler was educated at St John's College, Cambridge. 
He was ordained deacon and priest in 1588 at Peterborough. He held incumbencies at Spratton (starting 1591) and Ashton-in-the-Wall (starting 1602).

Butler attended the Hampton Court Conference of 1604, where he famously described Puritans as being Prostestants "frayed out of [their] wits". He received his Doctor of Divinity in 1608, on the same day as William Laud. Butler assisted Neile in the examination of Edward Wightman, who was the last person to be burned at the stake in England for heresy. Butler was one of the founding benefactors of St John's College, Oxford, to which he bequeathed certain medieval manuscripts, including Richard Rolle's Parce mihi.

Richard Neile
Richard Neile (or Neale; 1562 – 31 October 1640) was an English churchman, bishop successively of six English dioceses, more than any other man, including the Archdiocese of York from 1631 until his death.