hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nassimah Dindar
Nassimah Dindar, née Mangrolia (born 20 January 1960 in Saint-Louis, Réunion), is a French politician, serving as one of four Senators for the French Overseas department and region of Réunion. Dindar was originally elected in the 2017 French legislative election.

Prior to her election, Dindar served as the first female elected president of the General Council of La Reunion, a position she held from 2004 to 2017. At the same time, she was leader of Droite sociale, a local political party, before joining the Union of Democrats and Independents.

René-Paul Victoria
René-Paul Victoria (French pronunciation: [ʁəne pɔl viktɔʁja]; born August 27, 1954 in Sainte-Suzanne, Réunion) was a member of the National Assembly of France, representing the island of Réunion.

He was a candidate for the National Assembly in 1997, and lost
against Michel Tamaya.

He was elected mayor of Saint-Denis, Réunion in 2001 against the socialist Michel Tamaya.
In 2009, he lost the elections against Gilbert Annette of the socialist party.

He was elected to the National Assembly of France, defeating the deputy of Saint-Denis, Réunion, Michel Tamaya in 2002 and was reelected in 2008 against Gilbert Annette with 51,46% of votes.

In 2008 he left UMP - Union for a Popular Movement together with other Reunion Politicians and founded "Objective Réunion".

In 2014 he was condemned to 3 years of ineligibility.

In 2015 he was excluded from the party Les Republicans.
Income Support
Income Support was an income-related benefit in the United Kingdom for some people who are on a low income, but had a reason for not actively seeking work. Claimants of Income Support could be entitled to certain other benefits, for example, Housing Benefit, Council Tax Reduction, Child Benefit, Carer's Allowance, Child Tax Credit and help with health costs. A person with capital over £16,000 could not get Income Support, and savings over £6,000 affected how much Income Support can be received. Claimants had to be between 16 and Pension Credit age, work fewer than 16 hours a week, and have a reason why they were not actively seeking work (caring for a child under 5 years old or someone who receives a specified disability benefit).

Disability Living Allowance
Disability Living Allowance (DLA) is a social security benefit in the United Kingdom paid to eligible claimants who have personal care and/or mobility needs as a result of a mental or physical disability. It is tax-free, non-means-tested and non-contributory. The benefit was established by the Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992, integrating the former benefits Mobility Allowance and Attendance Allowance and introducing two additional lower rates of benefit. Prior to 2013 it could be claimed by UK residents aged under sixty five years. However, the benefit was phased-out for the majority of claimants between 2013 and 2015 and replaced by a new Personal Independence Payment. DLA can still be claimed by children under sixteen and can still be received by existing claimants who were aged sixty five or over on 8 April 2013.
Miguel Trauco
Miguel Ángel Trauco Saavedra (born 25 August 1992) is a Peruvian professional footballer who plays as a left-back or left midfielder for the Peru national team.

Trauco's polished technique, precise passing, and great dribbling skills have made him an asset in the attacking force of his team as well as a solid defender. With his great capabilities to unfold himself into the attacking and defending areas of the field, Trauco is a sharp contributor in any situation.

2010 Copa Perú
The 2010 Copa Perú season (Spanish: Copa Perú 2010), the promotion tournament of Peruvian football, started on February.

The tournament has 5 stages. The first four stages are played as mini-league round-robin tournaments, except for third stage in region IV, which is played as a knockout stage. The final stage features two knockout rounds and a final four-team group stage to determine the two promoted teams.

The 2010 Peru Cup started with the District Stage (Spanish: Etapa Distrital) on February.  The next stage was the Provincial Stage (Spanish: Etapa Provincial) which started, on June. The tournament continued with the Departamental Stage (Spanish: Etapa Departamental) on July. The Regional Staged followed. The National Stage (Spanish: Etapa Nacional) started on November. The winner of the National Stage will be promoted to the First Division.
Pitchstone
Pitchstone is a dark coloured, glassy volcanic rock formed when felsic lava or magma cools quickly. Since it is a volcanic glass, pitchstone may have a conchoidal fracture. Pitchstones may also contain phenocrysts, in which case it is a form of vitrophyre. Pitchstone has a resinous lustre, or silky in some cases, and a variable composition. Its colour may be mottled, streaked, or uniform brown, red, green, gray, or black. It is an extrusive rock that is very resistant to erosion.

The pitchstone ridge of An Sgùrr on the Isle of Eigg, Scotland, was possibly formed as a lava flow in a valley.

Pitchstone from the Isle of Arran was used as the raw material for making various items from the Mesolithic through the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Mesolithic use appears to have been limited to the Isle of Arran itself, while in later periods the material or items made from it were transported around Britain.

Vitrophyre
A vitrophyre is a porphyritic volcanic rock in which phenocrysts are embedded in a glassy matrix. Vitrophyres are contrasted from typical porphyritic rocks in that the latter has both crystalline phenocrysts (larger grains) and a crystalline matrix (smaller grains), whereas the former has a distinctly glassy matrix. 
Vitrophyres can be alternatively described as rocks having vitrophyric texture. This texture results from the rapid quenching of a lava where phenocrysts had started to form prior to eruption.
Vestiena Protected Landscape
Vestiena is protected landscape in Ērgļi Municipality and Madona Municipality, approximately from Ērgļi Parish in the west to village Zelgauska in the east. The territory was established to preserve and protect the Vidzeme Highlands landscape and natural diversity.
This is a Natura 2000 site.

Ērgļi Municipality
Ērgļi Municipality (Latvian: Ērgļu novads) is a former municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2006 by merging Ērgļi Parish, Jumurda Parish and Sausnēja Parish, the administrative centre being Ērgļi. The population in 2020 was 2,611.

On 1 July 2021, Ērgļi Municipality ceased to exist and its territory was merged into Madona Municipality.
The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary
The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary is a 2006 book by three editors of the Oxford English Dictionary, Peter Gilliver, Jeremy Marshall and Edmund Weiner. It examines J. R. R. Tolkien's brief period working as a lexicographer with the OED after World War I, traces his use of philology as it is apparent in his writings, and in particular in his legendarium, and finally examines in detail over 100 words that he used, developed or invented.

Tolkien himself acknowledged the importance of this part of his career, stating "I learned more in those two years than in any other equal period of my life" (even though it lasted barely eighteen months, from the end of 1918 to the spring of 1920).

The title is taken from R. L. Stevenson's Songs of Travel and Other Verses No. XIV, quoted on the title page:

Kelly Grovier
Kelly Grovier is an American poet, historian, and art critic. Author of a dozen books, he is a regular contributor on art and literature to the Times Literary Supplement and co-founder of the scholarly journal European Romantic Review.
Africa–Europe relations
Regarding Africa-Europe relations  see:

African military systems (1800–1900)

Colonisation of Africa
Scramble for Africa

Decolonisation of Africa

Economic history of Africa

British diaspora in Africa
British West Africa
East Africa Protectorate
History of Egypt under the British
Historiography of the British Empire
South Africa–United Kingdom relations

Foreign relations of the African Union

Italian Empire

Organisation internationale de la Francophonie for France
African French, on language
French colonial empire
Belgian colonial empire

Portuguese Africa (disambiguation)

Soviet Union-Africa relations

Yugoslavia and the Organisation of African Unity

Africa–Nordic relations

African military systems (1800–1900)
African military systems (1800–1900) refers to the evolution of military systems on the African continent after 1800, with emphasis on the role of indigenous states and peoples within the African continent. Only major military systems or innovations and their development after 1800 are covered here. For events prior to 1800, see African military systems to 1800. Coverage of the late 19th/20th century and beyond is provided in African military systems after 1900. For an overall view of the military history of Africa by region, see Military History of Africa. See individual battles, empires and leaders for details on activities after 1800.
Cervidpoxvirus
Cervidpoxvirus is a genus of viruses in the family Poxviridae in the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. Deer serve as natural hosts. Only one species is in this genus: Mule deerpox virus (Cervidpoxvirus muledeerpox).

Chordopoxvirinae
Chordopoxvirinae is a subfamily of viruses in the family Poxviridae. Vertebrates and arthropods serve as natural hosts. The subfamily contains 18 genera. Diseases associated with this subfamily include smallpox.

Four genera in this subfamily contain species that infect humans: Molluscipoxvirus, Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, and Yatapoxvirus.
Pacific stump-toed gecko
The Pacific stump-toed gecko (Gehyra insulensis) is a species of gecko found on Rarotonga, Tonga, and Micronesia. It has been synonymized with Gehyra mutilata by many previous authors but more recently accepted as a valid species.

Gehyra mutilata
Gehyra mutilata, also known commonly as the common four-clawed gecko, Pacific gecko, stump-toed gecko, sugar gecko in Indonesia, tender-skinned house gecko, and butiki in Filipino, is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is native to Southeast Asia. It has made its way to several areas of the world including Sri Lanka, Indochina, and many of the Pacific Islands. Compared to the common house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus), the appearance of G. mutilata is somewhat plump, with delicate skin. The skin is usually colored a soft purplish/pinkish gray, with golden spots on younger specimens; these spots eventually fade with age.
Phylogenetic signal
Phylogenetic signal is an evolutionary and ecological term, that describes the tendency or the pattern of related biological species to resemble each other more than any other species that is randomly picked from the same phylogenetic tree.

Quantification (science)
In mathematics and empirical science, quantification (or quantitation) is the act of counting and measuring that maps human sense observations and experiences into quantities. Quantification in this sense is fundamental to the scientific method.
Medical Ostraca of Deir el-Medina
The Medical Ostraca of Deir el-Medina are a collection of ostraca containing notes of medical importance. These ostraca were written in the New Kingdom Egyptian village of Deir el-Medina during the 18th and 19th Dynasties (c.1550 – c.1190 BCE). Unlike other sources of medical literature from the period, these ostraca are notes written by and concerning the artisans of Deir el-Medina, rather than physicians or royalty. Thus, they offer a unique view of the common experience of medicine in Ancient Egypt.

Ostracon
An ostracon (Greek: ὄστρακον ostrakon, plural ὄστρακα ostraka) is a piece of pottery, usually broken off from a vase or other earthenware vessel. In an archaeological or epigraphical context, ostraca refer to sherds or even small pieces of stone that have writing scratched into them. Usually these are considered to have been broken off before the writing was added; ancient people used the cheap, plentiful, and durable broken pieces of pottery around them as a convenient medium to write on for a wide variety of purposes, mostly very short inscriptions, but in some cases very long.
Bell's Park
Bell's Park is a historic urban park and recreation area situated at the heart of Barishal, a city in south-central Bangladesh. This park is one of the beautiful areas in Barisal with a playground, walkway, helipad, many trees and an adjacent lake.

Barisal
Barisal (/ˌbʌr əˈsɑːl/ or /ˈbær əˌsɔːl/; Bengali: বরিশাল, pronounced [boɾiʃal] ⓘ), officially known as Barishal, is a major city that lies on the banks of the Kirtankhola river in south-central Bangladesh. It is the largest city and the administrative headquarter of both Barisal District and Barisal Division. It is one of the oldest municipalities and river ports of the country. The city was once called the Venice of the East or the Venice of Bengal.

Barisal municipality was established in 1876 during the British rule in India and upgraded to City Corporation on 25 July 2002. Barisal is Bangladesh's third largest financial hub after Dhaka and Chittagong. The city consists of 30 wards and 50 mahallas with a population of 533,000, according to the 2023 national census, and about 250,000 voters, according to the 2018 voter list of city election. The area of the city is 58 km2.
1980 Birthday Honours
The Queen's Birthday Honours 1980 were appointments in many of the Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of the Queen. They were published on 13 June 1980 for the United Kingdom and Colonies, Australia, New Zealand, Mauritius, Fiji, Bahamas, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.

Black Watch
The Black Watch, 3rd Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland (3 SCOTS) is an infantry battalion of the Royal Regiment of Scotland. The regiment was created as part of the Childers Reforms in 1881, when the 42nd (Royal Highland) Regiment of Foot (The Black Watch) was amalgamated with the 73rd (Perthshire) Regiment of Foot. It was known as The Black Watch (Royal Highlanders) from 1881 to 1931 and The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) from 1931 to 2006. Part of the Scottish Division for administrative purposes from 1967, it was the senior Highland regiment. It has been part of the Scottish, Welsh and Irish Division for administrative purposes since 2017.
Friar Island
Friar Island (64°55′S 63°55′W﻿ / ﻿64.917°S 63.917°W﻿ / -64.917; -63.917) is an island lying immediately northeast of Manciple Island in the Wauwermans Islands, in the Wilhelm Archipelago. It was shown on an Argentine government chart of 1952, but not named. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1958 after The Friar, one of the characters in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales.

Wauwermans Islands
Wauwermans Islands is a group of small, low, snow-covered islands forming the northernmost group in the Wilhelm Archipelago. Discovered by a German expedition 1873–74, under Dallmann. Sighted by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1897–99, under Gerlache, and named for Lieutenant General Wauwermans, president of the Société Royale Belge de Géographie, a supporter of the expedition.
Opegrapha ramisorediata
Opegrapha ramisorediata is a rare species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Opegraphaceae. Known to occur only in northeastern Brazil, it was described as a new species in 2017. It is characterised by a thin, pale greenish-mauve thallus.

Soredium
Soredia are common reproductive structures of lichens.  Lichens reproduce asexually by employing simple fragmentation and production of soredia and isidia. Soredia are powdery propagules composed of fungal hyphae wrapped around cyanobacteria or green algae. These can be either scattered diffusely across the surface of the lichen's thallus, or produced in localized structures called soralia. Fungal hyphae make up the basic body structure of a lichen. The soredia are released through openings in the upper cortex of the lichen structure. After their release, the soredia disperse to establish the lichen in a new location.
Frank Dale
Frank Dale (November 26, 1849 – February 10, 1930) was the second Chief Justice of the Territorial Supreme Court of Oklahoma Territory, serving from 1893 until 1898. Born in Somonauk, Illinois, he pioneered both in Kansas and Oklahoma, becoming a well-known attorney in both states. Both the towns of Andale, Kansas, and Dale, Oklahoma, are named for him.  In 1893, he settled in Guthrie, which became the capital of Oklahoma Territory, and was named Governor of the territory. Although originally a Republican, sometime after moving to Oklahoma, he became a Democrat. He continued to live in Guthrie until his death in 1930.

American pioneer
American pioneers were predominantly European American settlers who had marched on westward from the British Thirteen Colonies and later the United States of America, to settle and develop areas of the nation within the continent of North America.

The pioneer concept and ethos greatly predate the settlement of the Western United States, with which they are commonly associated, and many places now considered "East" were settled by pioneers from even further east. For example, Daniel Boone, a key figure in U.S. history, settled in Kentucky, when that "Dark and Bloody Ground" was still undeveloped.

One important development in the Western settlement were the Homestead Acts, which provided formal legislation for settlers which regulated the settlement process with little to no concern for the existing inhabitants of the land. Pioneers also settled on land that was once inhabited by American Indian tribes.
Siege of Genoa (1814)
The siege of Genoa on 13–18 April 1814 was the capture of the port city of Genoa from the First French Empire by a British–Sicilian army, during the War of the Sixth Coalition. The Anglo-Sicilian forces, commanded by Lieutenant General William Bentinck, laid siege to the Ligurian capital, while the Austrians invaded Lombardy in the Italian campaign of 1813–1814. The Republic of Genoa was restored but soon abolished, at the behest of the Congress of Vienna, and ceded to the Kingdom of Sardinia.

Victor Emmanuel I
Victor Emmanuel I (Italian: Vittorio Emanuele; 24 July 1759 – 10 January 1824) was the Duke of Savoy, King of Sardinia and ruler of the Savoyard states from 4 June 1802 until his reign ended in 1821 upon abdication due to a liberal revolution. Shortly thereafter, his brother Charles Felix ascended the throne as the new king of Sardinia. Victor Emmanuel was the son of King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain. In 1789, he married Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, with whom he had seven children, including the future Empress of Austria. He was the King of Sardinia during the Napoleonic Wars, where he regained Piedmont after Napoleon's defeat in 1814.
Thuringian Forest Nature Park
Thuringian Forest Nature Park (German: Naturpark Thüringer Wald) is one of two nature parks in the state of Thuringia, Germany.

Founded in 1990, and expanded in 2018, the nature park now covers and area of more than 2,200 km2 (850 sq mi). It extends around the Rennsteig and comprises almost the entire Thuringian Forest and the Thuringian Highlands with Eisenach in northwest and Sonneberg in the south. The nature park protection includes the 337 km2 (130 sq mi)  biosphere reservation, and a number of dams such as Tambach-Dietharz Dam, Schmalwasser Dam, Ohra Dam, Lütsche Dam and the Leibis-Lichte Dam.

The highest mountains in the park are the Großer Beerberg (982 m above sea level (NN)) and the Schneekopf (978 m above sea level (NN)).

Ohra Dam
The Ohra Dam (German: Ohra-Talsperre orTalsperre Ohra) is a dam which impounds the Ohra in the German state of Thuringia. It lies on the northern side of the Thuringian Forest in the county of Gotha near the village of Luisenthal.
Demi the Demoness
Demi the Demoness is a fictional, humorous, erotic comics character whose fantasy adventures have been published since 1992. Demi was created by SS Crompton. Demi has appeared in numerous comics crossovers with other characters, including Shaundra, Captain Fortune, Mauvette, Vampirooni, Erika Amerika, Cassiopeia the Witch, Djustine, Crimson Gash, and adult film stars Tracey Adams, Tabitha Stevens, Deja Sin, and Bonnie Michaels.

Over 40 different Demi the Demoness comics have been published. Numerous artists and authors have worked on Demi comics over the years, including Frank Brunner, Tim Vigil, Seppo Makinen, Philo, Ryan Vella, Gus Norman, Enrico Teodorani, Silvano, Diego Simone, Jay Allen Sanford, and many others. Demi has also been the subject of T-shirts, dice, a trading card set, a resin model kit, and a movie. In 2025 CBR (Comic Book Resources) ranked Demi the Demoness as the 19th best adult comic series of all time.

Erotic comics
Erotic comics are adult comics which focus substantially on nudity and sexual activity, either for their own sake or as a major story element. As such they are usually not permitted to be sold to legal minors. Like other genres of comics, they can consist of single panels, short comic strips, comic books, or graphic novels/albums. Although never a mainstream genre, they have existed as a niche alongside –  but usually separate from –  other genres of comics.

During the mid-20th century, most comics were produced for children, and in North America the contents of most comics were constrained by the Comics Code Authority to be suitable for children. Consequently, erotic comics have sometimes been subject to criticism and extra scrutiny compared to other forms of erotic art and storytelling. Additionally, the application of laws against child pornography to materials featuring fictional characters with no legal ages, have varied internationally and regionally.
Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command
The Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command was formed in the fall of 1942 to establish a single command to control antisubmarine warfare (ASW) activities of the Army Air Forces (AAF).  It was formed from the resources of I Bomber Command, which had been carrying out the antisubmarine mission in the Atlantic and Caribbean since the Attack on Pearl Harbor due to the lack of long range Naval aviation in that area.

The command's units conducted ASW along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, in the Caribbean Sea and in Europe, where it used bases in England and French Morocco.  Its operations were marked by disagreements between the AAF and the Navy concerning the conduct of air ASW.  In the fall of 1943, the ASW mission was transferred to the Navy and the command became a bomber training unit until it was inactivated in 1946.

Third Air Force
The Third Air Force (Air Forces Europe) (3 AF) is a numbered air force of the United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA). Its headquarters is Ramstein Air Base, Germany. It is responsible for all U.S. air forces in Europe and Africa, and operations and support activities in the U.S. European Command and U.S. Africa Command's areas of responsibility.
It also has a unique mission as the U.S. military's primary liaison to the British government, which is conducted through the command's 3 AF-UK headquarters at RAF Mildenhall, England.

One of the four original pre–World War II numbered air forces, it was established on 26 March 1941, at Tampa, Florida with a mission of air defense of the Southeastern United States and Gulf Coast regions. During the war, its primary mission became the organization and training of combat units prior to their deployment to the overseas combat air forces. Several airfields are associated with the Third Air Force.