hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Santiago Méndez
Santiago Méndez Ibarra (1798 – 1872) was governor of Yucatán, Mexico 3 times from 1840 to 1857: 1840–44; 1847–48; 1855–57, alternating that office with Miguel Barbachano mainly during his first and second terms. Méndez was a moderate who advocated a strict conservative financial policy for the government. He was noted for his honesty, and gained no personal fortune from his years in governmental power. Santiago Méndez was more in favor of union with Mexico than Barbachano, but twice presided over Yucatán declaring its independence, due to frustration with Mexican dictator Antonio López de Santa Anna.

Santiago Méndez was father of Concepción Méndez Echazarreta and grandfather of Justo Sierra Méndez. Justo Sierra O'Reilly, his son-in-law collaborated with him in policy.

Justo Sierra
Justo Sierra Méndez (January 26, 1848 – September 13, 1912) was a Mexican prominent liberal writer, historian, journalist, poet and political figure during the Porfiriato, in the second half of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century.  He was a leading voice of the Científicos, "the scientists" who were the intellectual leaders during the regime of  Porfirio Díaz.
Sierra's portrait appeared on the 2000 Mexican pesos banknote issued between 1985 and 1989.
Director of the Royal Institution
Below are directors of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, with date of appointment.

Director of the Laboratory

1801   Humphry Davy

1825   Michael Faraday

1867   John Tyndall

1887   James Dewar

Director of the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory

1896   James Dewar

1896   Lord Rayleigh

1923   William Bragg

1942   Henry Hallett Dale

1946   Eric Rideal

1950   Edward Andrade

1954   Lawrence Bragg

1998   Richard Catlow

2008   Quentin Pankhurst

Director

1965   William Lawrence Bragg

1966   George, Baron Porter of Luddenham

1986   David Philips (acting)

1986   John Meurig Thomas

1991   Peter Day

1998   Susan Greenfield, Baroness Greenfield

2017   Sarah Harper

2018   Shaun Fitzgerald

2022   Katherine Mathieson

Susan Greenfield, Baroness Greenfield
Susan Adele Greenfield, Baroness Greenfield, CBE, FRCP (born 1 October 1950) is an English scientist, writer, broadcaster and member of the House of Lords (since 2001). Her research has focused on the treatment of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. She is also interested in the neuroscience of consciousness and the impact of technology on the brain.

Greenfield is a senior research fellow at Lincoln College, Oxford; she was a professor of Synaptic Pharmacology.

Greenfield was chancellor of Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh between 2005 and 2013. From 1998 to 2010, she was director of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. In September 2013, she co-founded the biotech company Neuro-bio Ltd, where she is chief executive officer.
Umair Jaswal
Umair Jaswal (Urdu: عمیر جسوال) is a Pakistani actor, singer-songwriter and music producer from Islamabad. He was also lead vocalist of the rock band Qayaas. Umair is the brother of singers Yasir Jaswal and Uzair Jaswal.

Coke Studio Pakistan
Coke Studio Pakistan (Urdu: کوک اِسٹوڈیو پاکستان) is a Pakistani television programme and a part of the international music franchise, Coke Studio, which features studio-recorded music performances by established and emerging artists. It is the longest-running annual television music show in Pakistan, airing annually since 2008. The programme's concept originated in Brazil and has subsequently expanded its reach worldwide.

The show combines a myriad of musical influences, from traditional Pakistani classical, folk, Sufi, qawwali, ghazal and bhangra music to contemporary hip hop, rock and pop music. It is noted for promoting Pakistan's multiculturalism by inviting artists from various regions and languages to collaborate musically.
Movimento Italiano Genitori
The Italian Parents Movement (Italian: Movimento Italiano Genitori, known also by the acronym Moige) is an Italian non-profit, lobbying and advocacy organization in Rome, Italy. Its mission is protecting children and expanding rights for parents.

Italia 1
Italia 1 (Italian pronunciation [iˈtaːlja ˈuːno]) is an Italian free-to-air television channel on the Mediaset network, owned by MFE - MediaForEurope. It is aimed at both a young adult and adult audience.

Italia 1 was launched on 3 January 1982 and, was originally owned by Rusconi; after a few months, however, due to the aggressive dumping practices of Silvio Berlusconi's rival network Canale 5, Rusconi was forced to sell the majority of his company to Fininvest, allowing Berlusconi to further strengthen his media holdings.
Bloody Sunday (1887)
Bloody Sunday was an event which took place in London, England on 13 November 1887, when a crowd of marchers protesting about unemployment and the Irish Coercion Acts, as well as demanding the release of MP William O'Brien, clashed with the Metropolitan Police. The demonstration was organised by the Social Democratic Federation and the Irish National League. Violent clashes took place between the police and demonstrators, many "armed with iron bars, knives, pokers and gas pipes". A contemporary report noted that 400 were arrested and 75 people were badly injured, including many police, two policemen being stabbed and one protester bayonetted.

Fabian Society
The Fabian Society (/ˈfeɪbiən/) is a British socialist organisation whose purpose is to advance the principles of social democracy and democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist effort in democracies, rather than by revolutionary overthrow. It is related to radicalism, a left-wing liberal tradition.

As one of the founding organisations of the Labour Representation Committee in 1900, and as an important influence upon the Labour Party which grew from it, the Fabian Society has strongly influenced British politics. Members of the Fabian Society have included political leaders from other countries, such as Jawaharlal Nehru and Lee Kuan Yew, who adopted Fabian principles as part of their own political ideologies. The Fabian Society founded the London School of Economics in 1895.

Today, the society functions primarily as a think tank and is one of twenty socialist societies affiliated with the Labour Party. Similar societies exist in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Italy.
Opatov (Prague Metro)
Opatov (Czech pronunciation: [ˈopatof]) is a Prague Metro station on Line C, serving Jižní Město. The station was formerly known as Družby. It was opened on 7 November 1980 as part of the extension from Kačerov to Kosmonautů (currently Háje).

Kačerov (Prague Metro)
Kačerov (Czech pronunciation: [ˈkatʃɛrof]) is a Prague Metro station on Line C, located between Michle and Krč in Prague 4. It was opened on 9 May 1974 as the southern terminus of the first section of Prague Metro, between Sokolovská and Kačerov. On 7 November 1980, the line was extended to Kosmonautů (currently Háje).
Cleve Hill Solar Park
Cleve Hill Solar Park (formerly Project Fortress) is a photovoltaic power station on the Graveney marshes between Faversham and Whitstable, Kent in the UK. It started operations in July 2025.

It is the largest solar farm in the UK, generating 373 MW of electricity from 900 acres (360 ha) of solar panels, and will also include 150 MW (possibly with 700 MWh energy) of battery storage. Because of its size, it is a nationally significant infrastructure project so outside the standard local planning procedure. It is about four times larger than the previously largest solar station.

Electricity is exported from the project via the 400 kV National Grid substation at Cleve Hill, constructed to serve the London Array offshore wind farm in the Thames estuary to the north. A battery array will be placed at the substation, charging from the sunlight during the day and release the energy at night when it is needed.

Nationally significant infrastructure project
In England and Wales, a nationally significant infrastructure project (NSIP) is a major infrastructure development that bypasses normal local planning requirements. These include proposals for power plants, large renewable energy projects, large water supply and wastewater projects, new airports and airport extensions, and major road and rail projects. The NSIP nomenclature began to be used in 2008, and since April 2012 these projects have been managed by the Planning Inspectorate.
Šiška District
The Šiška District (pronounced [ˈʃiːʃka]; Slovene: Četrtna skupnost Šiška), or simply Šiška (pronunciationⓘ), is the most populous district (mestna četrt) of the City Municipality of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. It is named after the former villages of Spodnja Šiška and Zgornja Šiška.

Spodnja Šiška
Spodnja Šiška (pronounced [ˈspoːdnja ˈʃiːʃka]; German: Unterschischka) is a formerly independent settlement in the northwest part of the capital Ljubljana in central Slovenia. It is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola and is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.
North Central Province (Victoria)
North Central Province was an electorate of the Victorian Legislative Council (Australia). It was created in the redistribution of provinces in 1882 when the Central and Eastern Provinces were abolished. The new North Central Province, South Yarra, North Yarra, South Eastern and Melbourne Provinces were then created.

North Central Province was created and defined by the Legislative Council Act 1881 (taking effect from the 1882 elections) as consisting of the following divisions: McIvor, Heathcote, Pyalong, Kyneton, Glenlyon, Metcalfe, Strathfieldsaye, Mount Alexander, Mount Franklin, Newstead, Maldon, Castlemaine, Chewton and Daylesford.

North Central Province was abolished in 1904, with the creation of the new East Yarra, Melbourne East, Melbourne North, Melbourne South and Melbourne West Provinces .

East Yarra Province
East Yarra Province was an electorate of the Victorian Legislative Council until 2006. It was abolished from the 2006 state election in the wake of the Bracks Labor government's reform of the Legislative Council.
Cleish
Cleish is a rural hamlet off the B9097 between Crook of Devon and the M90 motorway, three miles south-west of Kinross in central Scotland. It lies in the historic county of Kinross-shire.

At the last census (2011), the population of the civil parish was 685.

The village is mentioned in Sir Walter Scott's novel The Abbot. The majority of buildings date from the 18th century and the village retains much charm. The school dates from 1835.

It is a designated conservation area.

Cleish Castle lies to the west of the hamlet.

Kinross
Kinross (/kɪnˈrɒs/, Scottish Gaelic: Ceann Rois) is a burgh in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, around 13 miles (21 kilometres) south of Perth and around 20 miles (32 kilometres) northwest of Edinburgh. It is the traditional county town of the historic county of Kinross-shire.
Managed lane
A managed lane is a type of highway lane that is operated with a management scheme, such as lane use restrictions or variable tolling, to optimize traffic flow, vehicle throughput, or both. Definitions and goals vary among transport agencies, but managed lanes are generally implemented to achieve an improved operational condition on a highway, such as improving traffic speed and throughput, reducing air pollution, and improving safety. Types of managed lanes include high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, high-occupancy toll lanes, express toll lanes, reversible lanes, and bus lanes. Most managed lane facilities are located in the United States and Canada, although HOV and bus lanes can be found in many other countries; outside of the US and Canada, many countries use active traffic management that manage all lanes of a highway.

Lane
In road transport, a lane is part of a roadway that is designated to be used by a single line of vehicles to control and guide drivers and reduce traffic conflicts. Most public roads (highways) have at least two lanes, one for traffic in each direction, generally separated by lane markings. On multilane roadways and busier two-lane roads, lanes are generally designated with road surface markings. Major highways often have two multi-lane roadways separated by a median.

Some roads and bridges that carry very low volumes of traffic are less than 4.6 metres (15 ft) wide, and are only a single lane wide. Vehicles travelling in opposite directions must slow or stop to pass each other. In rural areas, these are often called country lanes. In urban areas, alleys are often only one lane wide. Urban and suburban one lane roads are often designated for one-way traffic.
First mass transport to Auschwitz concentration camp
The first mass transport of prisoners by Nazi Germany to Auschwitz Concentration Camp was organized in occupied Poland on 14 June 1940 during World War II. The transport departed from the southern Polish city of Tarnów, and consisted of 728 Poles. They were dubbed 'political prisoners' and members of the Polish resistance. Most were Catholics, since the mass deportations of Jews had not yet begun. All were sent to Auschwitz by the German Sicherheitspolizei Security Police. They were transported there from a regular prison in Tarnów, where they had been incarcerated as enemies of the Nazi regime. Numbers were tattooed on the prisoners' arms in the order of their arrival at Auschwitz. These inmates were assigned the numbers 31 through 758, with numbers 1 through 30 having been reserved for a group of German criminals, who were brought to Auschwitz from Sachsenhausen, on 20 May and became the first Auschwitz kapos.

Bronisław Czech
Bronisław "Bronek" Czech (Polish pronunciation: [brɔˈɲiswaf ˈtʂɛx]; 25 July 1908 – 4 June 1944) was a Polish sportsman and artist. A gifted skier, he won championships of Poland 24 times in various skiing disciplines, including Alpine skiing, Nordic skiing and ski jumping. A member of the Polish national team at three consecutive Winter Olympics, he was also one of the pioneers of mountain rescue in the Tatra Mountains and a glider instructor. He was murdered in the Auschwitz concentration camp.
12373 Lancearmstrong
12373 Lancearmstrong, provisional designation 1994 JE9, is a bright Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 15 May 1994, by American astronomer and software engineer Charles de Saint-Aignan after examining films taken at Palomar Observatory, California, and named after American cyclist Lance Armstrong.

Charles P. de Saint-Aignan
Charles P. de Saint-Aignan (born 16 February 1977, Paris) is an American software engineer who works for IBM on the IBM Watson project. He graduated from St. Paul's School (Concord, New Hampshire), in 1995, followed by Brown University (Providence, Rhode Island), in 1999.

In 1994, de Saint-Aignan worked for Ted Bowell at Lowell Observatory, where he discovered a number of asteroids. He named his first discovery, 8710 Hawley, after Walter N. Hawley, who was his high school physics and astronomy teacher.

The minor planet 5995 Saint-Aignan was named in de Saint-Aignan's honor on the occasion of his 20th birthday.
Bead embroidery
Bead embroidery is a type of beadwork that uses a needle and thread to stitch beads to a surface of fabric, suede, or leather.

Bead embroidery is an embellishment that does not form an essential part of a textile's structure.  In this respect, bead embroidery differs from bead weaving, bead crochet, and bead knitting.  Woven, knitted, and crocheted beads may be attached during fabric production, whereas embroidered beads are always added upon finished fabric.

Traditionally, bead embroidery has been used on clothing and decorative textiles.  It may be used in jewelry with the addition of structural supports such as bracelet bands.  Other clothing accessories such as belt buckles and handbags can be embroidered with beads, and household items such as pillows or boxes may be embellished with bead embroidery.  When used with hard surfaces, bead patterns are measured and planned with seam allowances and attached after embroidery by means of glue or epoxy.

Bead crochet
Bead crochet is a crochet technique that incorporates beads into a crochet fabric.  The technique is used to produce decorative effects in women's fashion accessories.  The word "crochet" is derived from the French croche or croc meaning "to hook". Published descriptions of bead crochet date from around 1824, although it was probably common before then.  At one time, bead crochet was thought by some people to be appropriate only for rich people.

Early examples of bead crochet include nineteenth century miser's purses.  By the 1920s bead crochet technique also made necklace ropes, bracelets, and beaded bags.  Bead crochet waned during the 1930s when the Great Depression reduced free time for decorative needlework and as inexpensive manufactured goods became more readily available.  Interest in bead crochet has revived somewhat in recent years as a hobbyist pastime.
Elminster
Elminster Aumar is a fictional character appearing in the Forgotten Realms campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game. He is also known as the Sage of Shadowdale, and is depicted as a powerful wizard featured in several novels by Forgotten Realms creator Ed Greenwood. Certain aspects of his appearance and demeanor seem to echo Gandalf, Merlin, or Odin.

Elminster was one of the first characters that Greenwood created for the Forgotten Realms. Information about him can be found in virtually all Forgotten Realms game products, but the novels in The Elminster Series are perhaps the most definitive sources of information. The series includes Elminster: The Making of a Mage, Elminster in Myth Drannor, The Temptation of Elminster, Elminster in Hell, and Elminster's Daughter.

Wizard (Dungeons & Dragons)
The wizard, formerly known as the magic-user or mage, is one of the standard character classes in the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game. A wizard uses arcane magic, and is considered less effective in melee combat than other classes.
Asaf Pinkhasov
Asaf Yutamovich Pinkhasov (Russian: Пинхасов, Асаф Ютамович; Hebrew: אסף פינחסוב; 1884–1920) was a Mountain Jewish educator, scholar, translator, and rabbi. He was one of the founders of the Judeo-Tat script, the creator of the first Judeo-Tat alphabet, and the pioneer of the Judeo-Tat literary language.

In the Judeo-Tat language, he published translations of the Siddur (Vilnius, 1909; with parallel Hebrew text) and Joseph Sapir's brochure, The Goals of the Zionists (Vilnius, 1908). In 1917, he established the Jewish National Committee. He was executed by the Bolsheviks in 1920.

Dagestan Oblast
The Dagestan Oblast was a province (oblast) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It roughly corresponded to most of present-day southeastern Dagestan within the Russian Federation. The Dagestan oblast was created in 1860 out of the territories of the former Caucasian Imamate, bordering the Terek Oblast to the north, the Tiflis Governorate and Zakatal Okrug to the west, the Elizavetpol Governorate to the south, and Baku Governorate to the east. The administrative center of the oblast was Temir-Khan-Shura (present-day Buynaksk).
Yahu Blackwell
Jeroboam Yah Nii Armah Blackwell, (born on November 22, 1986), also known as Yahu Blackwell, is a Ghanaian-American boxer and entrepreneur. He is the first Osuman Lumor of the Ga people of Osu within the Greater Accra Region of Ghana, hailing from the 400-year Osu Ga Dangme African diaspora.

Baltimore County, Maryland
Baltimore County is the third-most populous county in the U.S. state of Maryland. The county is part of the Central Maryland region of the state. Baltimore County partly surrounds but does not include the independent city of Baltimore. It is part of the Northeast megalopolis, which stretches from Northern Virginia in the south to Boston in the north and includes major American population centers, including New York City and Philadelphia. Major economic sectors in the county include education, government, and health care. As of the 2020 census, the population was 854,535. The county is home to several universities, including Goucher College, Stevenson University, Towson University, and University of Maryland, Baltimore County.
Agrocybe putaminum
Agrocybe putaminum, commonly known as the mulch fieldcap, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Strophariaceae in the Agrocybe sororia complex. It was described as new to science in 1913. The fruitbodies have a dull brownish-orange cap with a matte texture, a grooved stipe, and a bitter, mealy taste. They are inedible.

It grows in parks, gardens, and roadsides in woodchip mulch in Eurasia, Australia, and western North America.

Strophariaceae
The Strophariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Under an older classification, the family covered 18 genera and 1316 species. The species of Strophariaceae have red-brown to dark brown spore prints, while the spores themselves are smooth and have an apical germ pore. These agarics are also characterized by having a cutis-type pileipellis. Ecologically, all species in this group are saprotrophs, growing on various kinds of decaying organic matter. The family was circumscribed in 1946 by mycologists Rolf Singer and Alexander H. Smith.
Kogel mogel
Kogel mogel (Yiddish: גאָגל־מאָגל, romanized: gogl-mogl; Polish: kogel-mogel [ˈkɔɡɛl ˈmɔɡɛl] ⓘ; Norwegian: eggedosis; German: Zuckerei [ˈtsʊkɐˌʔaɪ] ⓘ) is an egg-based homemade dessert once popular in parts of Europe. It is made from egg yolks, sugar, and flavourings such as honey, vanilla, cocoa or rum, similar to eggnog or zabaione. In its classic form it is served slightly chilled or at room temperature. Served warm or hot, it is considered a home remedy for sore throats. Variations include milk, honey and soda.

Eggnog
Eggnog /ˈɛɡˌnɒɡ/ (or egg nog), historically also known (when alcoholic) as milk punch or egg milk punch, is a rich, chilled, sweetened, creamy dairy-based beverage traditionally made with milk and/or cream, sugar, whipped eggs (which gives it a frothy texture) and, in some contexts, distilled spirits such as brandy, rum or bourbon.

Eggnog is traditionally consumed throughout Canada and the United States at Christmas every year, often from American Thanksgiving through the end of the Christmas season. During this period commercially prepared eggnog is sold in grocery stores in these countries. Eggnog is also often homemade. Distilled spirits are sometimes added to both commercially prepared eggnog and homemade eggnog. Eggnog or eggnog flavoring may also be used in other drinks, such as coffee (e.g. an "eggnog latte" espresso drink) and tea, or to dessert foods such as egg-custard puddings or eggnog-flavored ice cream.
Hippodonta
Hippodonta is a genus of diatoms belonging to the family Naviculaceae. There have been Hippodonta specimens found in the fossil record.

The genus has cosmopolitan distribution, and have been found in ancient lakes around the world.

Naviculaceae
Naviculaceae is a diatom family in the order Naviculales.

Naviculaceae are typically composed of lineate areolae, one of the many forms of areolae. Some of the other areolae are punctate (Gomphoneis) and loculate (Diploneis). These can be found among other families of diatoms including Thalassiosiraceae.  The areolae found in Naviculaceae tend to be uniseriate. Some Naviculaceae tend to have a pseudoseptum which is a silica plate extending internally from the apical portion of the valve. To contrast, a pseudoseptum is part of a valve while a septum is part of a copula, or girdle band. For example, the pseudoseptum occurs in some species of Gomphonema, Gomphoneis, Stauroneis and Navicula. The plural is pseudosepta.