hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vlastimil Koubek
Vlastimil Koubek (March 17, 1927 – February 15, 2003) was an American architect who designed more than 100 buildings, most of them in the Washington metropolitan area, and whose total value topped $2 billion. Most of his work is Modernist in style, although he developed a few structures in other vernaculars. He created the site plan for the redevelopment of Rosslyn, Virginia, and his Ames Center anchored the area's economic recovery. He designed the World Building in Silver Spring, Maryland, which sparked redevelopment of that town's downtown; and the L'Enfant Plaza Hotel in Washington, D.C. In 1985, Washingtonian magazine called him one of 20 people "who in the past 20 years had the greatest impact on the way we live and who forever altered the look of Washington." In 1988, The Washington Post newspaper said his Willard Hotel renovation was one of 28 projects in the area that made a signal contribution to the "feel" and look of Washington, D.C.

Friendship Heights Village, Maryland
Friendship Heights Village is an urbanized, unincorporated area in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is distinct from the Washington, D.C., neighborhood of Friendship Heights. Friendship Heights Village is a census-designated place (CDP), with a population of 5,360 at the 2020 census.
2009 Speedway World Cup
The 2009 FIM Speedway World Cup (SWC) was the ninth FIM Speedway World Cup season. The final took place on 19 July 2009 in Leszno, Poland. The defending World Champions were Denmark who won the 2008 final in Vojens, Denmark. It was the fourth final to be held in Poland, and the second in the Alfred Smoczyk Stadium after the 2007 final was held there when Poland beat Denmark, Australia and Great Britain. Poland won the 2009 Speedway World Cup.

2008 Speedway World Cup
The 2008 FIM Nordicbet Speedway World Cup (SWC) is the 8th FIM Speedway World Cup season. The final took place on 19 July 2008 in Vojens, Denmark. The tournament was won by host team Denmark (49 pts) and they beat defending champion Poland (46 pts), Sweden (39 pts) and Australia (21 pts) in the Final.

It was the second time the Speedway World Cup was won by Denmark and their thirteenth Team World Champion title overall. It was the second time Hans Andersen, Niels Kristian Iversen, Bjarne Pedersen and Nicki Pedersen had been members of a  World Cup winning team (Champions in 2006, but it was the first time for Kenneth Bjerre.
G/M/1 queue
In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, the G/M/1 queue represents the queue length in a system where interarrival times have a general (meaning arbitrary) distribution and service times for each job have an exponential distribution. The system is described in Kendall's notation where the G denotes a general distribution, M the exponential distribution for service times and the 1 that the model has a single server.

The arrivals of a G/M/1 queue are given by a renewal process. It is an extension of an M/M/1 queue, where this renewal process must specifically be a Poisson process (so that interarrival times have exponential distribution).

Models of this type can be solved by considering one of two M/G/1 queue dual systems, one proposed by Ramaswami and one by Bright.

Kendall's notation
In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, Kendall's notation (or sometimes Kendall notation) is the standard system used to describe and classify a queueing node. D. G. Kendall proposed describing queueing models using three factors written A/S/c in 1953 where A denotes the time between arrivals to the queue, S the service time distribution and c the number of service channels open at the node. It has since been extended to A/S/c/K/N/D where K is the capacity of the queue, N is the size of the population of jobs to be served, and D is the queueing discipline.

When the final three parameters are not specified (e.g. M/M/1 queue), it is assumed K = ∞, N = ∞ and D = FIFO.
Partitive plural
Partitive plural is a grammatical number that is used to modify a noun which represents a part of some whole amount, as opposed to the comprehensive plural, used when the noun represents the total amount of something.

It can be found in partitive case in Finnish. One of its uses in Finnish is to express a part of a larger object, or a subset of a group of several objects.

An example in Finnish would be the difference between the use of partitive and accusative:

Finnish influenced J.R.R. Tolkien in inventing his fictional language Quenya, being present in that language as one of four grammatical numbers in Quenya, the others being singular, dual, and plural.

Partitive case
The partitive case (abbreviated PTV, PRTV, or more ambiguously PART) is a grammatical case which denotes "partialness", "without result", or "without specific identity". It is also used in contexts where a subgroup is selected from a larger group, or with numbers.
Culture of Minnesota
The culture of Minnesota is a subculture of the United States with influences from Scandinavian Americans, Finnish Americans, Irish Americans, German Americans, Native Americans, and Czechoslovak Americans, among numerous other immigrant groups.

Hotdish
A hotdish (or hot dish) is a casserole that typically contains a starch, a meat, and a canned or frozen vegetable mixed with canned soup. The dish originates in the Upper Midwest region of the United States, where it remains a popular comfort food, particularly in Minnesota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, North Dakota, and Montana. Hotdish is cooked in a single baking dish, and served hot (per its name). It commonly appears at communal gatherings such as family reunions, potlucks, and church suppers.

A classic hotdish known as "tater tot hotdish" is traditionally made with ground beef topped with tater tots and flavored with thick condensed cream of mushroom soup sauce.
1924 Delaware gubernatorial election
The 1924 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1924. Republican Governor William D. Denney declined to seek re-election, and the Republican state convention unanimously named banker Robert P. Robinson as its nominee; Robinson emerged as a compromise selection.

On the Democratic side, several candidates announced their candidacies prior to the convention and a difficult, protracted fight for the nomination developed. Joseph Bancroft, a prominent industrialist, and Josiah Marvel, emerged as the frontrunners. Bancroft won the nomination at the convention after nine ballots; an effort was made to nominate him by acclamation, but Marvel's supporters objected.

In the general election, Robinson defeated Bancroft by a wide margin, winning 59% of the vote to Bancroft's 40%. Robinson's landslide victory occurred as President Calvin Coolidge was overwhelmingly winning the state over his opponents, Democrat John W. Davis and Progressive Robert M. La Follette.

1924 United States presidential election in Delaware
The 1924 United States presidential election in Delaware took place on November 4, 1924. All contemporary 48 states were part of the 1924 United States presidential election. State voters chose three electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.

Delaware was won by the Republican nominee, incumbent President Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts, over the Democratic nominee, Ambassador John W. Davis of West Virginia. Coolidge ran with former Budget Director Charles G. Dawes of Illinois, while Davis ran with Governor Charles W. Bryan of Nebraska. Also in the running that year was the Progressive Party nominee, Senator Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin and his running mate Senator Burton K. Wheeler of Montana.

This was the last time a Republican won the presidency without carrying Kent County until 2024. This was also the last time until 2000 that an unsuccessful Democratic candidate was able to carry any of Delaware's counties.
St Paul's Island
St Paul's Island (Maltese: Il-Gżejjer ta' San Pawl), also known as Selmunett, is a small island off Selmun, Mellieħa near the north of the island of Malta. St Paul's Island is sometimes split into two islands by a shallow strait, and it is therefore sometimes referred to in the plural as St Paul's Islands. St Paul's Island has been uninhabited since World War II, and it is the second  largest uninhabited island of Malta, having an area of 0.1 square kilometres (0.04 square miles).

Malta (island)
Malta is an island in Southern Europe. It is the largest and most populous of the three major islands that constitute the Maltese Archipelago and the country of Malta. The island is situated in the Mediterranean Sea directly south of Italy and north of Libya. It lies south-east of the smaller islands of Gozo and Comino. The island is 27 kilometres (17 mi) long and 14.5 kilometres (9 mi) wide, with a total area of 246 square kilometres (95 sq mi). The capital is Valletta, while the largest locality is Rabat. The island is made up of many small towns, which together form one larger urban zone with a population of 409,259. The landscape is characterised by low hills with terraced fields.
Nogales Steam Laundry Building
The Nogales Steam Laundry Building is a historic building in Nogales, Arizona. It was built by Charles Moody in 1915 for W. J. Neuman, a photographer and property owner, and designed in the Chicago school architectural style. It housed a laundromat until the 1930s. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since August 29, 1985.

National Register of Historic Places listings in Santa Cruz County, Arizona
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Santa Cruz County, Arizona, United States.  The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 53 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 3 that are also National Historic Landmarks.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted August 29, 2025.
Lenin's Testament
Lenin's Testament is a document dictated by Vladimir Lenin in late 1922 and early 1923, during and after his suffering of multiple strokes. In the testament, Lenin proposed changes to the structure of the Soviet governing bodies; sensing his impending death, he also criticised Bolshevik leaders Zinoviev, Kamenev, Trotsky, Bukharin, Pyatakov, and crucially Stalin. He warned of the possibility of a split developing in the party leadership between Trotsky and Stalin if proper measures were not taken to prevent it. In a post-script it is also suggested Joseph Stalin be removed from his position as General Secretary of the Russian Communist Party's Central Committee; Stalin suppressed the document.

Although there are some historical questions regarding the document's origins, the majority view is that the document was authored by Lenin.

Gosplan
The State Planning Committee, commonly known as Gosplan (Russian: Госплан [ɡosˈpɫan]), was the agency responsible for central economic planning in the Soviet Union. Established in 1921 and remaining in existence until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Gosplan had as its main task the creation and administration of a series of five-year plans governing the economy of the USSR.
Ninoy Aquino Day
Ninoy Aquino Day is a national non-working holiday in the Philippines observed annually on August 21 commemorating the assassination of former Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr., the husband of Corazon Aquino, who later became the eleventh Philippine President. His assassination led to the downfall of the tenth president, dictator, and kleptocrat Ferdinand Marcos, which ultimately resulted in the People Power Revolution on February 25, 1986. Since 2004, a commemoration ceremony is traditionally held that was attended by presidents Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Fidel V. Ramos and Benigno Aquino III.

Unlike other dates reserved for national heroes of the Philippines (like Bonifacio Day, Rizal Day, Day of Valor (Araw ng Kagitingan), and National Heroes Day), the date is not a "regular holiday" (double pay for working nationals) but only a "special non-working holiday" (premium of thirty-percent for working nationals), according to the Labor Code of the Philippines.

Bonifacio Day
Bonifacio Day is a national holiday in the Philippines, commemorating Andrés Bonifacio, one of the country's national heroes. He was the founder and eventual Supremo of the Katipunan, a secret society that triggered the Philippine Revolution of 1896 against the Spanish Empire. It is celebrated every November 30, the birth anniversary of Bonifacio. It also coincides with the feast day of Saint Andrew the Apostle, from whom Bonifacio's given name was derived, as he was born on such day.
Iryna Venediktova
Iryna Valentynivna Venediktova (Ukrainian: Ірина Валентинівна Венедіктова; born 21 September 1978) is a Ukrainian politician, diplomat, lawyer, Doctor of the Science of Law, professor. Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Ukraine to the Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein. The first female Prosecutor General in the history of Ukraine. In office – from March 17, 2020, to July 17, 2022. Director of the State Bureau of Investigation ad interim (from December 27, 2019, to March 17, 2020). Member of Parliament of Ukraine from the Servant of the People party of the 9th convocation (from August 29, 2019, to January 14, 2020). Chairman of the Parliamentary Committee on Legal Policy (from August 29, 2019, to December 27, 2019).

Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University
50°00′18″N 36°14′52″E﻿ / ﻿50.004935°N 36.247811°E﻿ / 50.004935; 36.247811

Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University  (Ukrainian: Національний юридичний університет імені Ярослава Мудрого) is a self-governing state higher law educational establishment of the IV level of accreditation, a national university, located in Kharkiv, Ukraine, named after Yaroslav the Wise. National Law University is the largest law school in Ukraine, which includes 10 faculties, institutes and colleges located in Kharkiv and Poltava.

In the rankings of national universities, National Law University is consistently ranked among the top three law schools in Ukraine.
Copper sulfide
Copper sulfides  describe a family of chemical compounds and minerals with the formula CuxSy.  Both minerals and synthetic materials comprise these compounds.  Some copper sulfides are economically important ores.

Prominent copper sulfide minerals include Cu2S (chalcocite) and CuS (covellite). In the mining industry, the minerals bornite or chalcopyrite, which consist of mixed copper-iron sulfides, are often referred to as "copper sulfides".  In chemistry, a "binary copper sulfide" is any binary chemical compound of the elements copper and sulfur.  Whatever their source, copper sulfides vary widely in composition with 0.5 ≤ Cu/S ≤ 2, including numerous non-stoichiometric compounds.

Chalcopyrite
Chalcopyrite (/ˌkælkəˈpaɪˌraɪt, -koʊ-/ KAL-kə-PY-ryte, -⁠koh-) is a copper iron sulfide mineral and the most abundant copper ore mineral. It has the chemical formula CuFeS2 and crystallizes in the tetragonal system. It has a brassy to golden yellow color and a hardness of 3.5 to 4 on the Mohs scale. Its streak is diagnostic as green-tinged black.

On exposure to air, chalcopyrite tarnishes to a variety of oxides, hydroxides, and sulfates. Associated copper minerals include the sulfides bornite (Cu5FeS4), chalcocite (Cu2S), covellite (CuS), digenite (Cu9S5); carbonates such as malachite and azurite, and rarely oxides such as cuprite (Cu2O). It is rarely found in association with native copper. Chalcopyrite is a conductor of electricity.

Copper can be extracted from chalcopyrite ore using various methods. The two predominant methods are pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, the former being the most commercially viable.
Formosa Air Battle
The Formosa Air Battle (Japanese: 台湾沖航空戦, lit. 'Battle of the Taiwan Sea', Chinese: 臺灣空戰), 12–16 October 1944, was a series of large-scale aerial engagements between carrier air groups of the United States Navy Fast Carrier Task Force (TF 38) and Japanese land-based air forces of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) and Imperial Japanese Army (IJA). The battle consisted of American air raids against Japanese military installations on Taiwan (then known to Westerners as Formosa) during the day and Japanese air attacks at night against American ships. Japanese losses exceeded 300 planes destroyed in the air, while American losses amounted to fewer than 100 aircraft destroyed and two cruisers damaged. This outcome effectively deprived the Japanese Navy's Combined Fleet of air cover for future operations, which proved decisive during the Battle of Leyte Gulf later in October.

Marc Mitscher
Marc Andrew "Pete" Mitscher (January 26, 1887 – February 3, 1947) was a pioneer in naval aviation who became an admiral in the United States Navy, and served as commander of the Fast Carrier Task Force in the Pacific during   World War II.
Irish Mathematical Society
The Irish Mathematical Society (Irish: Cumann Matamaitice na hÉireann) or IMS is the main professional organisation for mathematicians in Ireland.  The society aims to further mathematics and mathematical research in Ireland. Its membership is international, but it mainly represents mathematicians in universities and other third level institutes in Ireland. It publishes a bulletin, The Bulletin of the Irish Mathematical Society, twice per year and runs an annual conference in September.

The society was founded on 14 April 1976 at a meeting in Trinity College, Dublin when a constitution drafted by D McQuillan, John T. Lewis and Trevor West was accepted. It is a member organization in the European Mathematical Society. Since 2020, it has been the adhering organization for Ireland's membership of the International Mathematical Union. The logo was designed by Irish mathematician Desmond MacHale.

European Mathematical Society
The European Mathematical Society (EMS) is a European organization dedicated to the development of mathematics in Europe. Its members are different mathematical societies in Europe, academic institutions and individual mathematicians. The current president is Jan Philip Solovej, professor at the Department of Mathematics at the University of Copenhagen.
Carl Johan Malmsten
Carl Johan Malmsten (April 9, 1814, in Uddetorp, Skara County, Sweden – February 11, 1886, in Uppsala, Sweden) was a Swedish mathematician and politician. He is notable for early research into the theory of functions of a complex variable, for the evaluation of several important logarithmic integrals and series, for his studies in the theory of Zeta-function related series and integrals, as well as for helping Mittag-Leffler start the journal Acta Mathematica.
Malmsten became Docent in 1840, and then, Professor of mathematics at the Uppsala University in 1842. He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1844. He was also a minister without portfolio in 1859–1866 and Governor of Skaraborg County in 1866–1879.

Hurwitz zeta function
In mathematics, the Hurwitz zeta function is one of the many zeta functions. It is formally defined for complex variables s with Re(s) > 1 and a ≠ 0, −1, −2, ... by

This series is absolutely convergent for the given values of s and a and can be extended to a meromorphic function defined for all s ≠ 1. The Riemann zeta function is ζ(s, 1). The Hurwitz zeta function is named after Adolf Hurwitz, who introduced it in 1882.
Massena, New York
Massena is a town in St. Lawrence County, New York, United States. Massena is along the county's northern border, just south of the St. Lawrence River and the Three Nations Crossing of the Canada–United States border. The population was 12,433 at the 2020 census. The town of Massena contains a village also named Massena.

Grasse River
The Grasse River or Grass River (per 1905 decision of the U.S. Board on Geographic Names) is a 73-mile-long (117 km) river in northern New York, in the United States. The river mainly flows northeast from the foothills of the Adirondack Mountains into the St. Lawrence Valley, making up what is known as the greater St. Lawrence River Drainage Basin along with other tributaries such as the Oswegatchie and Raquette rivers.

The river was named after François Joseph Paul, comte de Grasse, a French admiral and hero of the American Revolutionary War. He defeated British forces in the Battle of the Chesapeake, contributing to their surrender at Yorktown, ending the war.
Maggea
Maggea is a town and locality  in the Murray Mallee region of South Australia. It is on the Stott Highway between Swan Reach and Loxton and was on the former Waikerie railway line. The town is almost deserted now that the railway line has closed.

Maggea was named in 1915 after the local Aboriginal Australian name for camp.
The school operated in the hall from 1919 to 1967.

The 2016 Australian census which was conducted in August 2016 reports that Maggea had a population of 12 people.

Maggea is located within the federal division of Barker, the state electoral district of Chaffey and the local government area of the District Council of Loxton Waikerie.

Murray Mallee
The Murray Mallee is a grain-growing and sheep-farming area in the east of the Australian state of South Australia. The name is not formally designated but is widely used to refer to an area of approximately 20,000 square kilometres (7700 square miles) bounded by the River Murray on its northern and western sides, the Victorian border on its eastern side, and up to about 50 kilometres (30 miles) south of the Mallee Highway.

The formal designated name for approximately the same region is Murraylands.
Gnaeus (praenomen)
Gnaeus (/ˈ(ɡ)naɪəs, ˈniːəs/ (G)NY-əs, NEE-əs, Latin: [ˈŋnae̯.ʊs]), feminine Gnaea, is a Latin praenomen, or personal name, which was common throughout the period of the Roman Republic, and well into imperial times. The praenomen was used by both patrician and plebeian families, and gave rise to the patronymic gens Naevia. The name was regularly abbreviated Cn., based on the archaic spelling, Cnaeus, dating from the period before the letters "C" and "G" were differentiated.

For most of Roman history, Gnaeus was one of the ten most common praenomina, being less common than Titus, the sixth most common praenomen, and comparable in frequency to Aulus, Spurius, and Sextus. Although the name was used by a minority of families at Rome, it was favored by a number of prominent gentes, including the Cornelii, Domitii, Manlii, and Servilii. The name gradually became less common in imperial times.

Spurius (praenomen)
Spurius (Latin pronunciation: [ˈspʊriʊs]), feminine Spuria, is a Latin praenomen, or personal name, which was used primarily during the period of the Roman Republic, and which fell into disuse in imperial times. It was used by both patrician and plebeian families, and gave rise to the patronymic gens Spurilia. The name was originally abbreviated S., as it was the most common praenomen beginning with that letter; but, as it grew less common, it was sometimes abbreviated Sp.

For most of the Roman Republic, Spurius was about the ninth most-common praenomen. Although used by a minority of families, it was favored by many, including the gentes Carvilia, Cassia, Furia, Nautia, Papiria, Postumia, Servilia, and Veturia. It was most common during the early centuries of the Republic, and gradually declined in popularity until it all but disappeared during the 1st century AD.