hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kurza, Hebron
Kurza (Arabic: كرزة) is a Palestinian village located seven kilometers south-west of Hebron. The village lies in the Hebron Governorate in the Southern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the village had a population of 3,481 in 2017. The primary health care facilities for the village are designated by the Ministry of Health as level 2.

Hebron Governorate
The Hebron Governorate (Arabic: محافظة الخليل, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat al-Khalīl) is an administrative district of Palestine in the southern West Bank.

The governorate's land area is 1,060 square kilometres (410 sq mi) and its population according to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics in mid-year 2019 was 1,004,510. This makes the Hebron Governorate the largest of 16 governorates in both population and land area in the Palestinian territories. The city of Hebron is the district capital or muhfaza (seat) of the governorate. The current Governor of Hebron is Khaled Dudin.

During the first six months of the First Intifada 42 people in Hebron Governorate were killed by the Israeli army.
2023 Yukon high-altitude object
On February 11, 2023, NORAD, at the direction of the Canadian Minister of National Defence and Chief of the Defence Staff, downed an unidentified object over Yukon.

After snowfall in the area made the debris difficult to find, the search was called off on February 17.

NORAD
The North American Aerospace Defense Command (commonly abbreviated to NORAD /ˈnɔːræd/ NΟR-ad; French: Commandement de la défense aérospatiale de l'Amérique du Nord; CDAAN) is a bi-national mutual defense organization in Canada and the United States. Established 12 September 1957 as the North American Air Defense Command, NORAD is headquartered at Peterson Space Force Base in Colorado, which also serves as the headquarters of United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM).

During World War II, Canada contacted the United States for protection from Nazi aggression. Later, during the beginning of the Cold War, the U.S. and Canada formed a permanent military alliance.

NORAD has three regions: the Alaskan region, the Canadian region, and the American Continental region. The administrative offices are located in New Mexico and Arizona. NORAD has an alternate command center called Cheyenne Mountain Complex in Colorado. NORAD has a total of 1,000 soldiers, personnel and military dependents.
Landiona
Landiona is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Novara in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northeast of Turin and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) northwest of Novara. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 600 and an area of 7.3 square kilometres (2.8 sq mi).

Landiona borders the following municipalities: Arborio, Mandello Vitta, Sillavengo, and Vicolungo.

Novara
Novara (Italian: [noˈvaːra] ⓘ; Novarese: [nuˈ(ʋ)aːra]) is the capital city of the province of Novara in the region of Piedmont in Northern Italy, to the west of Milan. With a population of 102,231, it is the 2nd-largest city in Piedmont after Turin as of 2025.

It is an important crossroads for commercial traffic along the routes from Milan to Turin and from Genoa to Switzerland.

Novara lies between the streams Agogna and Terdoppio in northeastern Piedmont, 50 km (31 mi) from Milan and 95 km (59 mi) from Turin. It is only 15 km (9.3 mi) from the river Ticino, which marks the border with the Lombardy region.
Asset-backed commercial paper program
An asset-backed commercial paper program (ABCP program, ABCP conduit, or simply conduit) is a type of non-bank financial entity that issues short-term debt, known as asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP), to fund medium- to long-term assets. These programs act like banks by providing liquidity and transforming maturities—borrowing short-term to finance longer-term investments—but operate outside traditional banking regulation. This structure makes them part of the shadow banking system, which involves financial activities beyond the oversight of standard banking rules.

Often set up by banks, ABCP programs typically manage bank assets off-balance-sheet, possibly to bypass regulatory capital requirements, a practice that tied them to the 2008 financial crisis.

In terminology, "ABCP" refers to the commercial paper itself, with maturities ranging up to 270 days and averaging around 30 days, while "conduit" means the issuing program.

Money market fund
A money market fund (also called a money market mutual fund) is an open-end mutual fund that invests in short-term debt securities such as US Treasury bills and commercial paper. Money market funds are managed with the goal of maintaining a highly stable asset value through liquid investments, while paying income to investors in the form of dividends. Although they are not insured against loss, actual losses have been quite rare in practice.

Regulated in the United States under the Investment Company Act of 1940, and in Europe under Regulation 2017/1131, money market funds are important providers of liquidity to financial intermediaries.
John Steen
John Steen (July 28, 1874 – August 21, 1959) was a North Dakota public servant and politician with the Republican Party. He served as the North Dakota State Treasurer from 1915 to 1918 and again from 1921 to 1924. He then served as the North Dakota State Auditor from 1925 to 1934. Prior to serving as Auditor and Treasurer, he was in the North Dakota House of Representatives from 1907 to 1910. He died in Bismarck in 1959 at age 85.

North Dakota State Auditor
The state auditor of North Dakota is an independently elected constitutional officer in the executive branch of government of the U.S. state of North Dakota. Seventeen individuals have occupied the office of state auditor since statehood. The incumbent is Josh Gallion, a Republican.
David Griffin (hurler)
David Griffin (born 14 May 1997) is an Irish hurler who plays as a full-back for club sides Carrigaline and University College Cork and at inter-county level with the Cork senior hurling team. He usually lines out as a left wing-back.

Munster Senior Hurling League
The Munster Senior Hurling League is an annual hurling competition organised by the Munster Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association since 2016 for the top inter-county teams in the province of Munster in Ireland.

The series of games are played during January. The Munster Senior Hurling League is effectively a pre-season tournament. It allows teams to blood new players and to experiment prior to the opening of the National Hurling League.

2019 was the first year that all six eligible teams participated in the Munster Senior Hurling League. Participation or non-participation can be decided on an annual basis. Cork are the current champions.
Christopher Hodgkins
Christopher J. Hodgkins (born August 24, 1957 in Tucson, Arizona) is an American politician who represented the 4th Berkshire District in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1983 to 2003. In 2006 he was a candidate for Massachusetts Senate in the Berkshire, Hampshire & Franklin District, but lost the Democratic primary to Benjamin Downing.

Benjamin Downing
Benjamin Brackett Downing (born September 11, 1981) is an American politician and Democratic former member of the Massachusetts State Senate. He represented the Berkshire, Hampshire and Franklin district from 2007 to 2013, before being redistricted to the Berkshire, Hampshire, Franklin, and Hampden district, which he represented until 2017.
Jonathan Stamler
Jonathan Solomon Stamler (born June 23, 1959) is an English-born American physician and scientist. He is known for his discovery of protein S-nitrosylation, the addition of a nitric oxide (NO) group to cysteine residues in proteins, as a ubiquitous cellular signal to regulate enzymatic activity and other key protein functions in bacteria, plants and animals, and particularly in transporting NO on cysteines in hemoglobin as the third gas in the respiratory cycle.

University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center
University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center (UH Cleveland Medical Center), formerly known as University Hospitals Case Medical Center (UH Case Medical Center), is a large not-for-profit academic medical complex in Cleveland, Ohio, United States.

UH Cleveland Medical Center is the main campus of University Hospitals. With 150 locations throughout the Cleveland metropolitan area, the University Hospitals health system encompasses hospitals, outpatient centers, and primary care clinics.

University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center is the main teaching hospital of Case Western Reserve University. It also has an affiliation with the Northeast Ohio Medical University.
Caotan
Caotan is a town of Huining County, Gansu, China. It has a population of 13,180 as of 2019 and governs over 7 villages. The town is poor and most residents make a living by farming corn, wheat, potato and shallot.

Huining County
Huining County (simplified Chinese: 会宁县; traditional Chinese: 會寧縣; pinyin: Huìníng Xiàn) is a county in the east of Gansu Province, bordering Ningxia to the east. It is under the administration of Baiyin City and located at its southeast end. Its postal code is 730700, and its population in 1999 was 569,599 people.

In October 1936, the Red Army met in Huining to celebrate the end of the Long March.
579 Sidonia
579 Sidonia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by the German astronomer August Kopff on November 3, 1905. It was named after a character in Christoph Willibald Gluck's opera Armide. The name may have been inspired by the asteroid's provisional designation 1905 SD.

This is a member of the dynamic Eos family of asteroids that most likely formed as the result of a collisional breakup of a parent body.

August Kopff
August Kopff (February 5, 1882 – April 25, 1960) was a German astronomer and discoverer of several comets and asteroids.

Kopff studied and worked in Heidelberg, getting his PhD there in 1906 and he then joined the Humboldt University of Berlin where he became the Director of the Institute for Astronomical Calculation.

He discovered some comets, including periodic comet 22P/Kopff and the non-periodic C/1906 E1. He discovered a number of asteroids, including notably the Trojan asteroids 617 Patroclus and 624 Hektor.

The lunar crater Kopff is named after him, as is the asteroid 1631 Kopff. Minor planet 805 Hormuthia is named after his wife, Hormuth.
Muriel Gray
Muriel Janet Gray FRSE (born 30 August 1958) is a Scottish author, broadcaster and journalist. She came to public notice as an interviewer on Channel 4's alternative pop-show The Tube, and then appeared as a regular presenter on BBC radio. Gray has written for Time Out, the Sunday Herald and The Guardian, among other publications, as well as publishing successful horror novels. She was the first woman to be Rector of the University of Edinburgh and is the first female chair of the board of governors at Glasgow School of Art. She is as a non-executive director of the BBC.

BBC Board
The BBC Board is the governing board of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The board replaced the BBC Trust in April 2017.

The chair and four non-executive members representing the four nations are appointed by the King-in-Council, on the advice of the UK Secretary of State. Five other non-executive members are appointed by the board and the four executive members are chosen by the board.
Julie Hemsley
Julie Hemsley is a former England women's international footballer who played for Brighton & Hove Albion. Hemsley become the first female to be a member of the FA Council.

In 1999 and 2000 Hemsley coached New Hampshire Lady Phantoms of the USL W-League. English Goalkeeper Layla Young was named team MVP in 1999. In 2000 Hemlsey recruited several other English players to the American club.

FA Council
The FA Council consists of 92 elected representatives, from the FA Premier League, the Football League, County FAs, and the non-executive board of The Football Association. The council meets to decide the major policies of The FA, which is the governing body of English football.
Samuel Inkoom
Samuel Inkoom (born 1 June 1989) is a Ghanaian former professional footballer who plays as a defender. Between 2008 and 2014, he made 44 appearances scoring 1 goal for the Ghana national team. He has played in teams based in 9 different countries, namely Switzerland, Ukraine, France, Greece, United States of America, Portugal, Turkey, Bulgaria and latest in Georgia.

2009 African Youth Championship
The 2009 African Youth Championship is a football tournament for under 20 players.  It was held in Rwanda from 18 January until 1 February 2009. It also served as qualification for the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
Celsus
Celsus (/ˈsɛlsəs/; Hellenistic Greek: Κέλσος, Kélsos; fl. AD 175–177) was a 2nd-century Greek philosopher and opponent of early Christianity. His literary work The True Word (also Account, Doctrine or Discourse; Greek: Hellenistic Greek: Λόγος Ἀληθής) survives exclusively via quotations in Contra Celsum, a refutation written in 248 by Origen of Alexandria. The True Word is the earliest known comprehensive criticism of Christianity and Judaism.

Hanegraaff has argued that The True Word was written shortly after the death of Justin Martyr (who was possibly the first Christian apologist), and was probably a response to his work. Origen stated that Celsus was from the first half of the 2nd century AD, although the majority of modern scholars have come to a general consensus that Celsus probably wrote around AD 170 to 180.

Robert M. Grant (theologian)
Robert McQueen Grant (November 25, 1917 – June 10, 2014) was an American academic theologian and the Carl Darling Buck Professor Emeritus of Humanities and of New Testament and Early Christianity at the University of Chicago (in the former Department of New Testament & Early Christian Literature and also in the Divinity School). His scholarly work focused on the New Testament and Early Christianity.
Lewiston–Nez Perce County Airport
Lewiston–Nez Perce County Airport (IATA: LWS, ICAO: KLWS, FAA LID: LWS) is a public airport in the northwest United States, in north-central Idaho. Owned by the city of Lewiston and Nez Perce County, it is in an elevated area of the city two miles (3 km) south of downtown, approximately 700 vertical feet (210 m) above the Snake and Clearwater rivers.

The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a primary commercial service airport. Federal Aviation Administration records indicate the airport had 64,379 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 62,210 in 2009, and 61,737 in 2010.

Pullman, Washington
Pullman is the most populous city in Whitman County, located in southeastern Washington within the Palouse region of the Pacific Northwest. The population was 32,901 at the 2020 census, and estimated to be 33,543 in 2024. Originally founded as Three Forks, the city was renamed after industrialist George Pullman in 1881.

Pullman is noted as a fertile agricultural area known for its many miles of rolling hills and the production of wheat and legumes. It is home to Washington State University, a public research land-grant university, and the international headquarters of Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories. Pullman is eight miles (13 km) from Moscow, Idaho, home to the University of Idaho, and is served by the Pullman–Moscow Regional Airport.
Komi alphabets
The Komi language, a Uralic language spoken in the north-eastern part of European Russia, has been written in several different alphabets. Currently, Komi writing uses letters from the Cyrillic script. There have been five distinct stages in the history of Komi writing:

14th to 17th centuries — Anbur, the original graphic system;

18th century to 1918 — based on the early Cyrillic alphabet;

1918 to 1932 and 1936 to 1938 — Vasily Molodtsov's alphabet based on the modified Cyrillic alphabet;

1932 to 1936 — Latinization of the alphabet;

since 1938 — modern script based on the Cyrillic alphabet.

The Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak sub-languages have used the same writing throughout almost all of their written history (except for the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries).

Palatalization (phonetics)
In phonetics, palatalization (/ˌpælətəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ ⓘ, US also /-lɪ-/) or palatization is a way of pronouncing a consonant in which part of the tongue is moved close to the hard palate. Consonants pronounced this way are said to be palatalized and are transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet by affixing a superscript j, ⟨ʲ⟩, to the base letter. Palatalization is not phonemic in English, but it is in Slavic languages such as Russian and Bulgarian; Uralic languages such as Estonian, Karelian, Veps, Enets and Mansi; Northwest Caucasian languages such as Abkhaz; and other various languages such as Irish, Lithuanian, Marshallese and Kashmiri.
2012–13 synchronized skating season
The 2012–13 synchronized skating season began on July 1, 2012, and ended on June 30, 2013. During this season, which was concurrent with the season for the other four disciplines (men's single, ladies' single, pair skating and ice dancing), elite synchronized skating teams competed on the International Skating Union (ISU) Championship level at the 2013 World and World Junior Championships. They also competed at various other international as well as national competitions.

2012–13 figure skating season
The 2012–13 figure skating season began on July 1, 2012, and ended on June 30, 2013. During this season, elite skaters from men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dance competed on the International Skating Union (ISU) Championship level at the 2013 European, Four Continents, World Junior, and World Championships. They also competed in elite events such as the Grand Prix series and Junior Grand Prix series, culminating in the Grand Prix Final.
Mega Spileo railway station
Mega Spileo railway station (Greek: Σιδηροδρομικός Σταθμός Ζαχλωρούς-Μεγάλου Σπηλαίου, romanized: Sidirodromikós Stathmós Zachlorus-Megalou Spilaiou) is a station in Kato Zachlorou, Achaea, Greece. It was opened on 10 March 1896. The station is served by the Diakopto–Kalavryta railway a rack railway (known locally as the 'Cogwheel' or 'Toothache'). The station serves visitors of the monastery of the Great Cave.

Hellenic Railways Organisation
The Hellenic Railways Organisation or OSE (Greek: Οργανισμός Σιδηροδρόμων Ελλάδος, romanized: Organismos Sidirodromon Ellados or Greek: Ο.Σ.Ε.) was the Greek national railway company which owned, maintained and operated all railway infrastructure in Greece with the exception of Athens' rapid transit lines from 1971 to 2025. Services on these lines are run by Hellenic Train, a former OSE subsidiary, Rail Cargo Logistics Goldair, Pearl and Grup Feroviar Român.
Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche
Khenpo Tsültrim Gyamtso Rinpoche (Tibetan: མཁན་པོ་ཚུལ་ཁྲིམ་རྒྱ་མཚོ་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་, Wylie: mkhan po tshul khrims rgya mtsho rin po che; 1 March 1934 – 22 June 2024) was a Tibetan scholar yogi in the Kagyu tradition of Tibetan Buddhism. He taught widely in the West, often through songs of realization, his own as well as those composed by Milarepa and other masters of the past. "Tsültrim Gyamtso" translates to English as "Ocean of Ethical Conduct". He died on 22 June 2024, at the age of 90.

Milarepa
Jetsun Milarepa (Tibetan: རྗེ་བཙུན་མི་ལ་རས་པ་, Wylie: rje btsun mi la ras pa, 1028/40–1111/23) was a Tibetan siddha, who was famously known as a murderer when he was a young man, before turning to Buddhism and becoming a highly accomplished Buddhist disciple. He is generally considered one of Tibet's most famous yogis and spiritual poets, whose teachings are known among several schools of Tibetan Buddhism. He was a student of Marpa Lotsawa, and a major figure in the history of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. He is also famous for the feat of climbing Mount Kailash.
NiFe hydrogenase
not be confused with [NiFeSe] hydrogenase found in many Bacteria, a subclass of NiFe hydrogenase [NiFe] hydrogenase is a type of hydrogenase, which is an oxidative enzyme that reversibly converts molecular hydrogen in prokaryotes including Bacteria and Archaea. The catalytic site on the enzyme provides simple hydrogen-metabolizing microorganisms a redox mechanism by which to store and utilize energy via the reaction

This is particularly essential for the anaerobic, sulfate-reducing bacteria of the genus Desulfovibrio as well as pathogenic organisms Escherichia coli and Helicobacter pylori. The mechanisms, maturation, and function of [NiFe] hydrogenases are actively being researched for applications to the hydrogen economy and as potential antibiotic targets.

Oxidative enzyme
An oxidative enzyme is an enzyme that catalyses an oxidation reaction. Two most common types of oxidative enzymes are peroxidases, which use hydrogen peroxide, and oxidases, which use molecular oxygen. They increase the rate at which ATP is produced aerobically.

Oxidative enzymes are responsible for the browning of fruits like apples. When the surface of apples are exposed to the oxygen in the air, the oxidative enzymes like polyphenol oxidase and catechol oxidase oxidize the fruit (electrons are lost to the air). Such browning can be prevented by cooking the fruit or lowering the pH (which destroys, inactivates, or denatures the enzyme) or by preventing oxygen from getting to the surface (such as by covering the fruit).
Karine A. Gibbs
Karine Gibbs is a Jamaican American microbiologist and immunologist and an associate professor in the Department of Plant and Microbial Biology at the University of California, Berkeley. Gibbs’ research merges the fields of sociomicrobiology and bacterial cell biology to explore how the bacterial pathogen Proteus mirabilis, a common gut bacterium which can become pathogenic and cause urinary tract infections, identifies self versus non-self. In 2013, Gibbs and her team were the first to sequence the genome of P. mirabilis BB2000, the model organism for studying self-recognition. In graduate school at Stanford University, Gibbs helped to pioneer the design of a novel tool that allowed for visualization of the movement of bacterial membrane proteins in real time. In 2020, Gibbs was recognized by Cell Press as one of the top 100 Inspiring Black Scientists in America.

Jamaican Americans
Jamaican Americans are an ethnic group of Caribbean Americans who have full or partial Jamaican ancestry. The largest proportions of Jamaican Americans live in South Florida and New York City, both of which have been home to large Jamaican communities since the 1950s and the 1960s. There are also communities of Jamaican Americans residing in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, New Jersey, Georgia, Maryland, and California.

The vast majority of Jamaican Americans are of Afro-Caribbean descent, although smaller numbers are of full or partial Indian Jamaican, Chinese Jamaican, European and Lebanese descent.
Miraš Dedeić
Mihailo Dedeić (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Михаило Дедеић; born 8 November 1938) commonly referred to by his birth name Miraš Dedeić (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Мираш Дедеић), was the second head of the non-canonical Montenegrin Orthodox Church.

Montenegrin alphabet
The Montenegrin alphabet is the collective name given to "Abeceda" (Montenegrin Latin alphabet; Абецеда in Cyrillic) and "Азбука" (Montenegrin Cyrillic alphabet; Azbuka in Latin), the writing systems used to write the Montenegrin language. It was adopted on 9 June 2009 by the Montenegrin Minister of Education, Sreten Škuletić and replaced the Serbian Cyrillic and Gaj's Latin alphabets in use at the time.

There is a one-to-one correspondence between the two alphabets, and words are usually spelled so that they work in both.

Although the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets enjoy equal status under the Constitution of Montenegro, the government and proponents of the Montenegrin language prefer to use the Latin script exclusively; it is also much more widely used in all aspects of the day-to-day written communication in the country, in education, advertising and media.