hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Denaeaspis
Denaeaspis is an extinct genus of tortoise beetle in the family Chrysomelidae and containing a single species Denaeaspis chelonopsis.  The species is known only from the Middle Eocene Parachute Member, part of the Green River Formation, in the Piceance Creek Basin, Garfield County, northwestern Colorado, USA.

Cassidinae
The Cassidinae (tortoise and leaf-mining beetles) are a subfamily of the leaf beetles, or Chrysomelidae. The antennae arise close to each other and some members have the pronotal and elytral edges extended to the side and covering the legs so as to give them the common name of tortoise beetles. Some members, such as in the tribe Hispini, are notable for the spiny outgrowths to the pronotum and elytra.
Nicholas Wiseman
Nicholas Patrick Stephen Wiseman (3 August 1802 – 15 February 1865) was an English Roman Catholic prelate who served as the first Archbishop of Westminster upon the re-establishment of the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England and Wales in 1850. He was made a cardinal in 1850.

Born in Seville to Irish parents, Wiseman was educated at a school in Waterford before attending St. Cuthbert's College at Ushaw. From there he went to the English College in Rome, where he subsequently became Rector. While in Rome, he was assigned to preach to the English Catholics there. As Rector, he was the representative of the English bishops. During a visit to England in 1836, he helped initiate the periodical Dublin Review. In 1840, he was appointed president of Oscott College.

Archbishop of Westminster
The metropolitan archbishop of Westminster heads the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Westminster, in England. The incumbent is the metropolitan of the Province of Westminster, chief metropolitan of England and Wales and, as a matter of custom, is elected president of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales, and therefore de facto spokesman of the Catholic Church in England and Wales. All previous archbishops of Westminster have become cardinals.
Although all the bishops of the restored diocesan episcopacy took new titles, like that of Westminster, they saw themselves in continuity with the pre-Reformation Church and post-Reformation vicars apostolic and titular bishops. Westminster, in particular, saw itself as the continuity of Canterbury, hence the similarity of the coats of arms of the two sees, with Westminster believing it has more right to it since it features the pallium, a distinctly Catholic symbol of communion with the Holy See.
Baban
Baban (Kurdish: بابان) was a Kurdish emirate existing from the 16th century to 1850, centered on Sulaymaniyah. The Baban Principality played an active role in the Ottoman-Safavid conflict and gave significant military support to the Ottomans. They were in constant rivalry with Ardalan, Bohtan and Soran and its territory would therefore oscillate. Before the removal of the last Baban leader in 1850, their rule had become limited to their capital Sulaymaniyah and few surrounding villages.

The modern city of Sulaymaniyah was built by Baban in 1784 which served as their capital. Prior to the founding of the city, the dynasty lived in Qala Çolan. The principality also encouraged and facilitated the use of Sorani Kurdish among its local literary authors.

Bohtan
Bohtan was a medieval Kurdish principality in the Ottoman Empire centered on the town of Jazirah ibn 'Omar in northern Mesopotamia (or northern Jazira). The official religion of this principality was Yezidism in 14th century, although the rulers eventually converted to Islam. Bohtan constituted the third major Yezidi enclave after Shekhan and Sinjar until the 19th century.
Resource management (computing)
In computer programming, resource management refers to techniques for managing resources (components with limited availability).

Computer programs may manage their own resources by using features exposed by programming languages (Elder, Jackson & Liblit (2008) is a survey article contrasting different approaches), or may elect to manage them by a host – an operating system or virtual machine – or another program.

Host-based management is known as resource tracking, and consists of cleaning up resource leaks: terminating access to resources that have been acquired but not released after use. This is known as reclaiming resources, and is analogous to garbage collection for memory. On many systems, the operating system reclaims resources after the process makes the exit system call.

Dominator (graph theory)
In computer science, a node d of a control-flow graph dominates a node n if every path from the entry node to n must go through d. Notationally, this is written as d dom n (or sometimes d ≫ n). By definition, every node dominates itself.

There are a number of related concepts:

A node d strictly dominates a node n if d dominates n and d does not equal n.

The immediate dominator or idom of a node n is the unique node that strictly dominates n but does not strictly dominate any other node that strictly dominates n. Every node reachable from the entry node has an immediate dominator (except the entry node).

The dominance frontier of a node d is the set of all nodes ni such that d dominates an immediate predecessor of ni, but d does not strictly dominate ni. It is the set of nodes where d's dominance stops.

A dominator tree is a tree where each node's children are those nodes it immediately dominates. The start node is the root of the tree.
Shalom (newspaper)
Shalom was the first Jewish newspaper published in Iran. Launched in Iran's capital Tehran in 1915 (then Qajar Iran), it was founded by Mordechai Ben Avraham (1888-1964). Its chief editor was Mordechai's brother, Asher (1890-1963). The first issue was specifically chosen to be published on Nowruz (March 21 1915), the day of the Iranian New Year. The establishment of the newspaper was made possible through the Persian Constitutional Revolution. The newspaper was written in Judeo-Persian.

Judeo-Persian
Judeo-Persian refers to both a group of Jewish dialects spoken by Jews and Judeo-Persian texts (written in the Hebrew alphabet). As a collective term, Judeo-Persian refers to a number of Judeo-Iranian languages spoken by Jewish communities throughout the formerly extensive Persian Empire, including Iranian Jews, Mountain Jews, Afghan Jews, and Bukharan Jews.

The speakers refer to their language as Fārsi. Some non-Jews refer to it as "dzhidi" (also written as "zidi", "judi" or "jidi"), which means "Jewish" in a derogatory sense.
Toshiba–Kongsberg scandal
The Toshiba–Kongsberg scandal, referred to in Japan as the Toshiba Machine Cocom violation case, was an international trade incident that unfolded during the final period of the Cold War. It centered on certain Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom) member nations who transgressed foreign exchange and foreign trade laws by exporting machine tools to the Soviet Union. These tools, when combined with Kongsberg numerical control (NC) devices manufactured in Norway, contravened the CoCom agreement. The equipment allowed the submarine technology of the Soviet Union to progress significantly as it was being used to machine quieter propellers for Soviet submarines.

The incident strained relations between the United States and Japan and resulted in the arrest and prosecution of two senior executives, as well as the imposition of sanctions on Kongsberg by both countries.

Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls
The Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom) was established in 1949 at the beginning of the Cold War to coordinate controls on exports from Western Bloc countries to the Soviet Union and its allies. Operating through informal consensus, CoCom maintained extensive control lists covering arms, nuclear materials, and dual-use technologies. However, CoCom faced criticism for weak enforcement and inconsistent application among member states. CoCom officially disbanded on March 31, 1994. However, many of its export restrictions remained in effect among member nations until they were formally replaced by the Wassenaar Arrangement in 1996. CoCom's legacy continues to influence contemporary export control regimes, highlighting its enduring relevance in nonproliferation and technology policy.
Vermont Route F-5
Vermont Route F-5 (VT F-5) is a town-maintained state highway located in Chittenden County, Vermont, in the United States. The route, assigned in the late 1920s, is the last remaining F-X designation in Vermont. F-X route designations were previously used for roads leading to ferries across Lake Champlain.  VT F-5's western terminus is at the Charlotte–Essex Ferry traversing Lake Champlain, which links VT F-5 with New York State Route 22 (NY 22) on the opposite side of the lake. The eastern terminus is at an intersection with U.S. Route 7 (US 7) in Charlotte. It is known as Ferry Road for its entire length.

U.S. Route 7 in Vermont
U.S. Route 7 (US 7) is a north–south highway extending from southern Connecticut to the northernmost part of Vermont. In Vermont, the route extends for 176 miles (283 km) along the western side of the state as a mostly two-lane rural road, with the exception of an expressway section between Bennington and East Dorset. US 7 is known as the Ethan Allen Highway for its entire length through the state, named after the US Revolutionary War general. US 7 ends at an interchange with Interstate 89 (I-89) in the town of Highgate, just south of the Canada–United States border. I-89 continues to the border crossing.
Devon Kay & The Solutions
Devon Kay & The Solutions are a ska punk and power pop band from Chicago. They have released 4 albums and 3 extended plays. Originally being a three-piece, they have since evolved to having a larger 7-piece band. They have toured with bands such as Dollar Signs, Less Than Jake, JER, and We Are The Union.

We Are the Union
We Are the Union is an American ska punk band from Ann Arbor, Michigan, formed in 2005. The band is now based out of California. The band has had many lineup changes since its inception, with vocalist/guitarist Reade Wolcott and bassist Brandon Benson as the only remaining original members. As of 2022, their live lineup often features guest horn players and touring members.
Vir gloriosus
Vir gloriosus (lit. 'glorious man'; Greek: ἔνδοξος, endoxos) or gloriosissimus (lit. 'most glorious'; Greek: ἐνδοξότατος, endoxotatos) was the highest rank available to the senatorial aristocracy of the East Roman or Byzantine Empire in the 6th century. The title was introduced following the increasing proliferation, and hence debasement, of the earlier senatorial titles, such as vir illustris.

The title was restricted to the highest functionaries of the state, namely the magistri militum, the praetorian prefects, the quaestor sacri palatii and the magister officiorum, as well as an honorific to some important barbarian rulers, like Theodoric the Great, who were nominally Imperial subjects. The comites, although important officials in their own right, were conferred the title of magnificentissimus (lit. 'most magnificent'; Greek: μεγαλοπρεπέστατος, megaloprepestatos).

Magister officiorum
The magister officiorum (Latin; lit. 'Master of Offices'; Greek: μάγιστρος τῶν ὀφφικίων, romanized: magistros tōn offikiōn) was one of the most senior administrative officials in the Later Roman Empire and the early centuries of the Byzantine Empire. In Byzantium, the office was eventually transformed into a senior honorary rank, simply called magistros (μάγιστρος), until it disappeared in the 12th century.
Longwarry
Longwarry is a town in Victoria, Australia, 83 kilometres (52 mi) south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Shires of Baw Baw and Cardinia local government areas. Longwarry recorded a population of 2,436 at the 2021 census.

It has one primary school, Longwarry Primary School.

Longwarry is bypassed by the Princes Freeway.

Shire of Cardinia
The Shire of Cardinia is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, in the south-east of Melbourne between Western Port and the Yarra Ranges on the outskirts of Melbourne. It has an area of 1,283 square kilometres (495 sq mi), and recorded a population of 118,194 at the 2021 census.

Cardinia Shire Council Offices are located in Officer. Prior to 17 November 2014, they were located in Pakenham.
Navestock Side
Navestock Side is a hamlet near the A128 road, in the Navestock civil parish of the Brentwood District, in the county of Essex, England. It is about three miles from the town of Brentwood. It has a small country house called Abbotswick.

Brentwood, Essex
Brentwood is a town in Essex, England. It forms part of the London commuter belt, lying 20 miles (32 km) north-east of Charing Cross in central London, and just outside the M25 London Orbital Motorway. Its suburbs include Shenfield, Warley, Brook Street and Hutton. It gives its name to the wider Borough of Brentwood which also covers surrounding rural areas. The population of the Brentwood built up area was 55,340 at the 2021 census.

It has a shopping area along the High Street, a Roman road which became one of the main roads between London and East Anglia. Beyond the town centre are residential developments surrounded by open countryside and woodland; some of this countryside lies within only a few hundred yards of the town centre. Brentwood Cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brentwood.
Clark's level
Clark's level is a staging system, which describes the level of anatomical invasion of the melanoma in the skin. It was developed by Wallace H. Clark Jr. at Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital in the 1960s.

Cancer staging
Cancer staging is the process of determining the extent to which a cancer has  grown and spread. A number from I to IV is assigned, with I being an isolated cancer and IV being a cancer that has metastasized and spread from its origin. The stage generally takes into account the size of a tumor, whether it has invaded adjacent organs, how many regional (nearby) lymph nodes it has spread to (if any), and whether it has appeared in more distant locations (metastasized).
Electoral district of Cumberland (North Riding)
Cumberland (North Riding) was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales from 1856 to 1859, in Cumberland County, which includes Sydney. It included all of the county north of Parramatta Road and the Great Western Highway, except for the urban electorates of Sydney (City), Sydney Hamlets, Parramatta and Cumberland Boroughs, which included Richmond and Windsor. It elected two members simultaneously, with voters casting two votes and the first two candidates being elected. It was abolished in 1859 and the district was divided between Central Cumberland, Windsor, Nepean and St Leonards.

Electoral district of St Leonards
St Leonards was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, created in 1859, partly replacing Sydney Hamlets, and named after the Sydney suburb of St Leonards, which then included North Sydney, its main settlement. It extended from North Sydney to Broken Bay, including the Northern Beaches. It elected one member from 1859 to 1882, two members from 1882 to 1889 and three members from 1889 to 1894. With the abolition of multi-member constituencies in 1894, it was replaced by the single-member electorates of St Leonards, Warringah and Willoughby. In 1920, with the introduction of proportional representation, it was absorbed into North Shore.
Quander Micropfeil
The Quander Micropfeil (English: Small Arrow) is a German ultralight trike that was designed and is produced by UL Flugzeugbau Quander of Petershagen. The aircraft is supplied complete and ready to fly.

Ultralight trike
An ultralight trike or paratrike is a type of powered hang glider where flight control is by weight-shift. These aircraft have a fabric flex-wing from which is suspended a tricycle fuselage pod driven by a pusher propeller. The pod accommodates either a solo pilot, or a pilot and a single passenger. Trikes grant affordable, accessible, and exciting flying, and have been popular since the 1980s.

Trikes are classified as microlights in Europe, and as light-sport aircraft in the United States.  The aircraft are also known by other names, including 2-axis microlights, flex-wing trikes,  microlight trikes, deltatrikes or motorized deltaplanes.  In the United States, they are formally recognized by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) as weight-shift-control aircraft.
History of the Norwegian monarchy
The Kingdom of Norway as a unified realm dates to the reign of King Harald I Fairhair in the 9th century. His efforts in unifying the petty kingdoms of Norway resulted in the first known Norwegian central government. The country, however, soon fragmented and was collected into one entity in the first half of the 11th century, and Norway has retained a monarchy since that time.  Traditionally, it has been viewed as being ruled by the Fairhair dynasty, though modern scholars question whether the eleventh century kings and their successors were truly descendants of Harald.

Patrilineality
Patrilineality, also known as the male line, the spear side or agnatic kinship, is a common kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is recorded through their father's lineage. It generally involves the inheritance of property, rights, names, or titles by persons related through male kin. This is distinguished from cognate kinship which is through any combination of lineages, and from matrilineality which is through the mother's lineage, also called the spindle side, the distaff side or enatic kinship.

A patriline ("father line") is a person's father, and additional ancestors, as traced only through males.
Singularity function
Singularity functions are a class of discontinuous functions that contain singularities, i.e., they are discontinuous at their singular points. Singularity functions have been heavily studied in the field of mathematics under the alternative names of generalized functions and distribution theory. The functions are notated with brackets, as  where n is an integer. The "" are often referred to as singularity brackets . The functions are defined as:

where: δ(x) is the Dirac delta function, also called the unit impulse. The first derivative of δ(x) is also called the unit doublet. The function  is the Heaviside step function: H(x) = 0 for x < 0 and H(x) = 1 for x > 0. The value of H(0) will depend upon the particular convention chosen for the Heaviside step function. Note that this will only be an issue for n = 0 since the functions contain a multiplicative factor of x − a for n > 0.
 is also called the Ramp function.

Unit doublet
In mathematics, the unit doublet is a generalized function, the derivative of the Dirac delta function.  It can be used to differentiate signals in electrical engineering: If u1 is the unit doublet, then

where  is the convolution operator.

The function is zero for all values except zero, where its behaviour is interesting. Its integral over any interval enclosing zero is zero. However, the integral of its absolute value over any region enclosing zero goes to infinity. The function can be thought of as the limiting case of two rectangles, one in the second quadrant, and the other in the fourth. The width of each rectangle is k, whereas the height of each is 1/k2, in the limit as k approaches zero.
DFCU Bank
DFCU Bank, registered as the Development Finance Company of Uganda Bank Limited, is a commercial bank in Uganda. It is licensed by the Bank of Uganda (BoU), Uganda's central bank and national banking regulator.

Bank of Uganda
The Bank of Uganda (Swahili: Benki Kuu ya Uganda) is the central bank of Uganda. Established in 1966, by Act of Parliament, the bank is wholly owned by the government but is not a government department.
Terling Place
Terling Place is a country house within the civil parish of Terling, Essex, England, located to the south of All Saints' Church, Terling. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a Grade II listed building.

It was built for John Strutt, MP between 1772 and 1777 to the designs of John Johnson.  The wings, a new porch, a two-storey saloon (with a gallery, and a frieze based on the Elgin Marbles) and a library were added between 1818 and 1824.  The house was redecorated in 1850, when a conservatory was added. It is a Grade II* listed building.

From John Strutt the house passed to his eldest surviving son, Joseph, whose wife Lady Charlotte FitzGerald was created Baroness Rayleigh in 1821.

The 3rd Lord Rayleigh established a laboratory in the west wing, which remains to this day. Indeed, he used apparatus from this laboratory to isolate argon in the cellar of Terling Place in 1894, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1904.

Charlotte Strutt, 1st Baroness Rayleigh
Charlotte Mary Gertrude Strutt, 1st Baroness Rayleigh (29 May 1758 – 13 September 1836), known as Lady Charlotte FitzGerald from 1758 to 1789 and as Lady Charlotte Strutt from 1789 to 1821, was a British peeress.
Transverse momentum distributions
In high energy particle physics, specifically in hadron-beam scattering experiments, transverse momentum distributions (TMDs) are the distributions of the hadron's quark or gluon momenta that are perpendicular to the momentum transfer between the beam and the hadron. Specifically, they are probability distributions to find inside the hadron a parton with a transverse momentum  and longitudinal momentum fraction . TMDs provide information on the confined motion of quarks and gluons inside the hadron and complement the information on the hadron structure provided by parton distribution functions (PDFs) and generalized parton distributions (GPDs).
In all, TMDs and PDFs provide the information of the momentum distribution (transverse and longitudinal, respectively) of the quarks (or gluons), and the GPDs, the information on their spatial distribution.

Proton spin crisis
The proton spin crisis (or proton spin puzzle) is a theoretical crisis precipitated by a 1987 experiment by the European Muon Collaboration (EMC),
which tried to determine the distribution of spin within the proton.

Physicists expected that the quarks carry all of a proton's spin. However, not only was the total proton spin carried by quarks far smaller than 100%, these results were consistent with almost zero (4–24%) proton spin being carried by quarks. This surprising and puzzling result was termed the "proton spin crisis".
The problem is considered one of the important unsolved problems in physics.
Relapsing linear acantholytic dermatosis
Relapsing linear acantholytic dermatosis is a cutaneous condition characterized by relapsing linear erosions and crusting, histologically identical to Hailey–Hailey disease.: 849  It is not to be confused with transient acantholytic dermatosis.

Hailey–Hailey disease
Hailey–Hailey disease (HHD), or familial benign chronic pemphigus: 559  or familial benign pemphigus,: 622  was originally described by the Hailey brothers (Hugh Edward and William Howard) in 1939. It is a genetic disorder that causes blisters to form on the skin.