hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1916 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
The 1916 United States presidential election in Rhode Island  took place on November 7, 1916, as part of the 1916 United States presidential election which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose five representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Rhode Island was won by the Republican nominee, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes of New York, and his running mate Senator Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana. They defeated Democratic nominees incumbent Democratic President Woodrow Wilson and Vice President Thomas R. Marshall. Hughes won the state by a narrow margin of 5.08 points.

This was the first election since 1892 where a Democratic candidate earned more than forty percent in at least one Rhode Island county. As of the 2024 United States presidential election, it is also the most recent election where the Democratic candidate lost Rhode Island but won the presidency.

1892 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
The 1892 United States presidential election in Rhode Island took place on November 8, 1892, as part of the 1892 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Rhode Island voted for the Republican nominee, incumbent President Benjamin Harrison, over the Democratic nominee, former President Grover Cleveland, who was running for a second, non-consecutive term. Harrison won the state by a narrow margin of 4.96%.
Za tebe
Za tebe (pronounced [za têbe]; transl. For You) is the second studio album by Slovenian singer-songwriter Senidah. It was released digitally on 18 November 2022 through Belgrade-based record label Bassivity Digital. Za tebe serves as the follow-up project to her first album Bez tebe (2019). It features guest vocals from Serbian rapper Surreal and an all-women folk group Žene. The album was preceded by three singles: "Behute", "Jadnaja" and "Dva prsta". Primarily, Za tebe is an alternative pop, hip-hop and alternative R&B record that also explores sevdah, flamenco, alternative reggaeton and folk music. It was met with generally positive reception from both critics and the public, and entered the Austrian Albums Chart.

Bez Tebe
Bez tebe (pronounced [běz têbe]; transl. Without You) is the debut studio album by Slovenian singer Senidah. It was released on 25 March 2019 by Belgrade-based label Bassivity Digital. Senidah wrote the album mostly with her frequent collaborators Benjamin Krnetić and Anže Kacafura, who produced the record. The album produced three official singles: "Slađana", "Belo" and "Bez tebe". "Nisi bio tu" was also released as a promotional single. Primarily an alternative R&B and trap record, Bez tebe also incorporates synth-pop and trip hop elements. Lyrically, songs are about searching for love.
Episkopi, Paphos
Episkopi, also known as Episcopi, Episcopí, Piskobu, is a village 11 kilometres northeast from the city of Paphos in Cyprus. It is located at 188 metres (617 ft) above sea level. Episkopi Paphou is one of the “villages of Minthi”, along with Kallepia, Tsada and the Minthis Hills tourist project, which essentially consists of a “cooperation” of communities, under a common umbrella, in order to highlight their history, their tradition and their unique natural environment. The “villages of Minthi” have released a guide with tourist information and walks in the valley of Ezousa, highlighting the place as a rural tourism area.

Episkopi was built on the west side of Ezousa River valley. The area's geological configurations and the existence of the valleys with their permanent water supply have resulted in a large spectrum of species and habitations.

Kallepia
Kallepia (also known as Kallepeia Village) (Greek: Καλλέπια) is a village in the Paphos District of Cyprus, located 2 km south of Letymvou. The village of Moro Nero is part of the municipality. It is located 497 metres (1,631 ft) above sea level. Its peak is around 590 metres (1,940 ft). It receives 630 millimetres (25 in) of rainfall annually.
Adalberto Carrasquilla
Adalberto Eliécer Carrasquilla Alcázar (born 28 November 1998), commonly known as Coco Carrasquilla is a Panamanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Liga MX club UNAM and the Panama national team.

CONCACAF Nations League
The CONCACAF Nations League (Spanish: Liga de Naciones de la CONCACAF, French: Ligue des Nations de la CONCACAF) is an association football competition organized by CONCACAF as its secondary continental tournament for men's senior national teams from North America, Central America and the Caribbean. The tournament takes place on dates allocated for international friendlies on the FIFA International Match Calendar. A one-time qualifying tournament took place from September 2018 to March 2019, with its inaugural edition in 2019.
McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II non-U.S. operators
F-4 Phantom II non-U.S. operators are the non-U.S. nations with air forces that operate or used to operate the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II. The Phantom II entered service with the U.S. military in 1960 and served until 1996. During this time it was the primary interceptor, air superiority fighter and fighter bomber with the U.S. Navy, Marines and Air Force.

The Phantom II was exported to 11 other nations, and continues to serve in a military role in some parts of the world.

Electronic countermeasure
An electronic countermeasure (ECM) is an electrical or electronic device designed to trick or deceive radar, sonar, or other detection systems, like infrared (IR) or lasers. It may be used offensively and defensively to deny targeting information to an enemy. The system may make many separate targets appear to the enemy, or make the real target appear to disappear or move about randomly. It is used effectively to protect aircraft from guided missiles. Most air forces use ECM to protect their aircraft from attack. It has also been deployed by military ships and recently on some advanced tanks to fool laser/IR guided missiles. It is frequently coupled with stealth advances, so the ECM systems have an easier job. Offensive ECM often takes the form of jamming. Self-protecting (defensive) ECM includes blip enhancement and jamming missile terminal homers.
Befale
Befale is a community in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.  It is the administrative center of Befale Territory, located in Tshuapa province.
The town lies on the road linking Boende to Basankusu.
As of 2012 the estimated population was 3,879.

Boende
Boende is a city and capital of Tshuapa Province, lying on the Tshuapa River, in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is a river port with riverboats sailing to Kinshasa via Mbandaka and is also home to an airport. As of 2009, it had an estimated population of 36,158. The national language used locally is Lingala.
VT-158
The VT-158, also known as the Zahl tube, was a vacuum tube invented by American physicist Harold A. Zahl in the 1930s and used during World War II and the Korean War. It allowed the radar technology at the time to detect low-flying planes by generating enough power to produce ultrahigh frequency energy.

Signal Corps Laboratories
The Signal Corps Laboratories (SCL) was a research installation under the command of the U.S. Army Signal Corps. Headquartered at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, SCL directed research on electronics, radar, and communication systems for the U.S. Army. Throughout its history, SCL operated under many names as the organizational structure of the Signal Corps and the U.S. Army changed over time.
Louis Rustin
Louis Désiré Auguste Rustin (1880-1954) was a French cyclist and repairer of tyres in Paris who invented the puncture patch. Car and bicycle tyres had until then been complicated to mend after the inner tube, which held the air, had been penetrated through the outer tyre by a flint or other sharp object. Rustine's solution was a small disc of thin rubber to stick to the inner tube over the hole. He patented his invention in 1921 and presented it at a meeting of the Touring Club de France in 1922. Puncture patches are still commonly known in France as rustines.

Inner tube
An inner tube is an inflatable torus that forms the interior of some pneumatic tires. The tube is inflated through a valve stem and fits inside the tire casing. The inflated inner tube provides structural support and suspension, while the outer tire offers grip and protects the more fragile tube.
Bacalao (phantom island)
Bacalao, Bacallao, or Terra do Bacalhau was a phantom island depicted on several early 16th century Portuguese maps and nautical charts. The name is a variation of bacalhau, meaning "cod" or "stockfish".

According to Gaspar Frutuoso in his work Saudades da Terra, written in the 1570s, a joint crew of Didrik Pining, John Scolvus, Hans Pothorst, Álvaro Martins, and João Vaz Corte-Real in 1472 was granted lands in the Azores by the king of Portugal, because of his discovery of the Terras do Bacalhau. Historians do not consider the work of Frutuoso as very reliable, as it contains a great deal of misinformation.

Off the northwest tip of Newfoundland's Avalon Peninsula is an island named Bacalaos,  known to Europeans by that name since at least 1556, when it was drawn on the Gastaldi map as "Bacalaos".

Hans Pothorst
Hans Pothorst (c. 1440 – 1490) was a privateer, likely from the German city of Hildesheim.

In 1925, researcher Sofus Larsen proposed that Pothhorst may have landed in North America, along with Didrik Pining, in the 1470s, almost twenty years before Columbus' voyages of discovery. Scholars now view this as unlikely.
Noncommutative standard model
In theoretical particle physics, the non-commutative Standard Model (best known as Spectral Standard Model), is a model based on noncommutative geometry that unifies a modified form of general relativity with the Standard Model (extended with right-handed neutrinos).

The model postulates that space-time is the product of a 4-dimensional compact spin manifold  by a finite space . The full Lagrangian (in Euclidean signature) of the Standard Model minimally coupled to gravity is obtained as pure gravity over that product space. It is therefore close in spirit to Kaluza–Klein theory but without the problem of massive tower of states.

The parameters of the model live at unification scale and physical predictions are obtained by running the parameters down through renormalization.

It is worth stressing that it is more than a simple reformation of the Standard Model. For example, the scalar sector and the fermions representations are more constrained than in effective field theory.

Matilde Marcolli
Matilde Marcolli is an Italian-American mathematical physicist. She won the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz-Preis of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Sofia Kovalevskaya Award of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, and has authored and edited numerous books.  She is currently the Robert F. Christy Professor of Mathematics and Computing and Mathematical Sciences at the California Institute of Technology.
Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian
The Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian (Lithuanian: Didysis lietuvių kalbos žodynas or Akademinis lietuvių kalbos žodynas) is a comprehensive thesaurus of the Lithuanian language and one of the most extensive lexicographical works in the world. The 20 volumes encompassing 22,000 pages were published between 1941 and 2002 by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. An online and a CD version was made available in 2005. It contains about 236,000 headwords, or 500,000 if counting sub-headwords, reflecting modern and historical language both from published texts since the first published book in 1547 until 2001 and recorded from the vernacular. Definitions, usage notes, and examples are given for most words. The entry length varies from one sentence to almost a hundred pages. For example, 46 pages are devoted to 298 different meanings of taisyti (to fix) and its derivatives.

Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas
The Simple Words of Catechism (Lithuanian: Katekizmo paprasti žodžiai) by Martynas Mažvydas is the first printed book in the Lithuanian language. It was printed on 8 January 1547 by Hans Weinreich in Königsberg. The 79-page book followed the teachings of Martin Luther, but reflects both religious and secular needs. The book included the first Lithuanian-language poem, primer with alphabet, basic catechism, and 11 religious hymns with sheet music. The book was written in the Samogitian dialect and printed in Gothic (schwabacher) font; the Latin dedication and preface are printed in Latin font (antiqua).
10th federal electoral district of Mexico City
The 10th federal electoral district of Mexico City (Spanish: Distrito electoral federal 10 de la Ciudad de México; previously "of the Federal District") is one of the 300 electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of 22 such districts in Mexico City.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative session by means of the first-past-the-post system. Votes cast in the district also count towards the calculation of proportional representation ("plurinominal") deputies elected from the fourth region.

The current member for the district, re-elected in the 2024 general election, is Margarita Zavala of the National Action Party (PAN).

Electoral regions of Mexico
The electoral regions (Spanish: circunscripciones electorales) of Mexico are geographic areas composed of various states used for the election of the 200 proportional representation legislators to the Chamber of Deputies.

The country is split into five separate regions. Each of the five regions elects 40 deputies, who are selected according to party lists in the regions. To distinguish them from those elected in the 300 single-member constituencies, they are often referred to as 
"plurinominal deputies".

In contrast, the 32 senators-at-large elected to the Senate by the principle of proportional representation are drawn from party lists covering the entire country; the electoral regions therefore play no role in Senate elections.
Matsudaira clan
The Matsudaira clan (松平氏, Matsudaira-shi) was a Japanese samurai clan that descended from the Minamoto clan. It originated in and took its name from Matsudaira village, in Mikawa Province (modern-day Aichi Prefecture).  During the Sengoku period, the chieftain of the main line of the Matsudaira clan, Matsudaira Motoyasu became a powerful regional daimyo under Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi and changed his name to Tokugawa Ieyasu. He subsequently seized power as the first shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate which ruled Japan during the Edo period until the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Under the Tokugawa shogunate, many cadet branches of the clan retained the Matsudaira surname, and numerous new branches were formed in the decades after Ieyasu. Some of those branches were also of daimyō status.

After the Meiji Restoration and the abolition of the han system, the Tokugawa and Matsudaira clans became part of the new kazoku nobility.

Owari Province
Owari Province (尾張国, Owari no Kuni, Japanese pronunciation: [oꜜ.wa.ɾʲi (no kɯ.ɲi), o.wa.ɾʲiꜜ-])  was a province of Japan in the area that today forms the western half of Aichi Prefecture, including the modern city of Nagoya.  The province was created in 646. Owari bordered on Mikawa, Mino, and Ise Provinces. Owari and Mino provinces were separated by the Sakai River, which means "border river." The province's abbreviated name was Bishū (尾州).

Owari is classified as one of the provinces of the Tōkaidō. Under the Engishiki classification system, Owari was ranked as a "superior country" (上国) and a "near country" (近国), in relation to its distance from the capital.
Open peer review
Open peer review is the various possible modifications of the traditional scholarly peer review process. The three most common modifications to which the term is applied are:

Open identities: Authors and reviewers are aware of each other's identity.

Open reports: Review reports are published alongside the relevant article (rather than being kept confidential).

Open participation: The wider community (and not just invited reviewers) are able to contribute to the review process.

These modifications are supposed to address various perceived shortcomings of the traditional scholarly peer review process, in particular its lack of transparency, lack of incentives, wastefulness, bullying and harassment.

BMJ (company)
BMJ Group is a British publisher of medical journals, and healthcare knowledge provider of clinical decision tools, online educational resources, and events. Established in 1840, the company is owned by the British Medical Association.
Piano Trio No. 3 (Schumann)
Robert Schumann's Piano Trio No. 3, Op. 110, in G minor was written in 1851.  It has four movements:

The work was written in Düsseldorf, and first rehearsed there in mid-November 1851. It was first performed publicly in Leipzig in 1852 and dedicated to Niels Gade.  It was not given its first Carnegie Hall performance in New York City until 1958, by the Trio di Bolzano.

This year 1851 was a busy one for Schumann, in which he also revised his 1841 symphony in D minor, and wrote his Violin Sonatas #1 & #2, a number of songs and choral works including Der Rose Pilgerfahrt, and also composed his overtures Julius Caesar and Hermann und Dorothea.

G minor
G minor is a minor scale based on G, consisting of the pitches G, A, B♭, C, D, E♭, and F. Its key signature has two flats. Its relative major is B-flat major and its parallel major is G major.

The G natural minor scale is:

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are:
Orthonevra pictipennis
Orthonevra pictipennis (Loew,1863), the Dusky-veined Mucksucker, is an uncommon species of syrphid fly. It has been observed in North America (see range map). O. pictipennis shares much of the same range as O. pulchella, O. nitida and  O. feei (only in New Hampshire). Hoverflies get their names from the ability to remain nearly motionless while in flight. The adults are also known as flower flies, for they are commonly found around and on flowers from which they get both energy-giving nectar and protein-rich pollen. Larvae for this genus are of the rat-tailed type. O. pictipennis larvae have not been described.

Orthonevra feei
Orthonevra feei, Fee's mucksucker, is a rare species of syrphid fly. It has been observed only in New Hampshire, United States. Hoverflies get their names from the ability to remain nearly motionless while in flight. The adults are also known as flower flies, for they are commonly found around and on flowers from which they get both energy-giving nectar and protein-rich pollen. Larvae for this genus are of the rat-tailed type. O. feei larvae have not been described.
Microsoft Bookings
Microsoft Bookings is a scheduling tool and is part of the Microsoft Office family of products. Released by Microsoft in March 2017, Bookings allows customers of small businesses and companies to book appointments with the company. The application is available to Business Premium subscribers to Office 365 and offers integration with Microsoft Teams and Skype for Business, however, this feature was not available from launch.

Microsoft Teams
Microsoft Teams is a team collaboration platform developed by Microsoft as part of the Microsoft 365 suite. It offers features such as workspace chat, video conferencing, file storage, and integration with both Microsoft and third-party applications and services. Teams gradually replaced earlier Microsoft messaging and collaboration platforms, including Skype for Business, Skype, and Microsoft Classroom.

The platform saw significant growth during the COVID-19 pandemic, alongside competitors such as Zoom, Slack, and Google Meet, as organizations shifted to remote work and virtual meetings.

As of January 2023, Microsoft reported approximately 280 million monthly active users.
Alan Sprouster
Arichibald 'Alan' Sprouster (1910-1968) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s.

Archibald 'Alan' Sprouster played one season of first grade with the St George Dragons in 1933, and he played in the Grand Final of that year.

He finished his career at Junee, New South Wales in the late 1930s.

1933 NSWRFL season
The 1933 NSWRFL season was the twenty-sixth season of Sydney’s professional rugby league club competition, Australia’s first. Eight teams from across the city contested the New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership during the season, which lasted from April until September, and culminated in Newtown’s victory over St. George in the final.
1987 NatWest Trophy
The 1987 NatWest Trophy was the 7th NatWest Trophy.  It was an English limited overs county cricket tournament which was held between 24 June and 5 September 1987. The tournament was won by Nottinghamshire who defeated Northamptonshire by 3 wickets in the final at Lord's.

Friends Provident Trophy
The Friends Provident Trophy was a one-day cricket competition in the British Isles.

It was one of the four tournaments in which the eighteen first-class counties competed each season. They were joined by teams from Scotland and Ireland. Lancashire won the title a record seven times.

The competition was previously known as the Gillette Cup (1963–1980), the NatWest Trophy (1981–2000), and the C&G Trophy (2000–2006). For a short period following the 2006 season, the competition was known as the ECB One-Day Trophy because no sponsors were forthcoming when Cheltenham and Gloucester decided to end their association with the competition after the 2006 season. The tournament, along with the Pro40 forty-overs competition, was replaced by the ECB 40 competition from the 2010 season.
The King's Gift
The King's Gift is the fifteenth studio album, and the first Christmas album released in 2013 by American country music artist Trace Adkins. It is his first album of Christmas music and an album of classic Christmas Carols performed in Celtic style.

Tin whistle
The tin whistle, also known as the penny whistle, is a simple six-holed woodwind instrument. It is a type of fipple flute, a class of instrument which also includes the recorder and Native American flute. A tin whistle player is called a whistler. The tin whistle is closely associated with Irish traditional music and Celtic music. Other names for the instrument are the flageolet, English flageolet, Scottish penny whistle, tin flageolet, or Irish whistle (also Irish: feadóg stáin or feadóg).
Fulton–MacPherson compactification
In geometry, the Fulton–MacPherson compactification of the configuration space of n distinct labeled points in a compact complex manifold is a compact complex manifold that contains the configuration space as an open dense subset and is constructed in a canonical way. The notion was introduced by Fulton & MacPherson (1994).

Compactification (mathematics)
In mathematics, in general topology, compactification is the process or result of making a topological space into a compact space. A compact space is a space in which every open cover of the space contains a finite subcover. The methods of compactification are various, but each is a way of controlling points from "going off to infinity" by in some way adding "points at infinity" or preventing such an "escape".