hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Distance geometry
Distance geometry is the  branch of mathematics concerned with characterizing and studying sets of points based only on given values of the distances between pairs of points. More abstractly, it is the study of semimetric spaces and the isometric transformations between them. In this view, it can be considered as a subject within general topology.

Historically, the first result in distance geometry is Heron's formula in 1st century AD. The modern theory began in 19th century with work by Arthur Cayley, followed by more extensive developments in the 20th century by Karl Menger and others.

Distance geometry problems arise whenever one needs to infer the shape of a configuration of points (relative positions) from the distances between them, such as in biology, sensor networks, surveying, navigation, cartography, and physics.

Nicolo Tartaglia
Nicolo,  known as Tartaglia (Italian: [tarˈtaʎʎa]; 1499/1500 – 13 December 1557), was an Italian mathematician, engineer (designing fortifications), a surveyor (of topography, seeking the best means of defense or offense) and a bookkeeper from the then Republic of Venice. He published many books, including the first Italian translations of Archimedes and Euclid, and an acclaimed compilation of mathematics. Tartaglia was the first to apply mathematics to the investigation of the paths of cannonballs, known as ballistics, in his Nova Scientia (A New Science, 1537); his work was later partially validated and partially superseded by Galileo's studies on falling bodies. He also published a treatise on retrieving sunken ships.
Heck: Where the Bad Kids Go
Heck: Where the Bad Kids Go is a 2008 juvenile novel by Dale E. Basye, with jacket and interior illustrations by Bob Dob. It is published by Random House. The books feature many puns and allusions. It is the first volume of a proposed nine-book series, eight of which have been released as of 2019.

Inferno (Dante)
Inferno (Italian: [iɱˈfɛrno]; Italian for 'Hell') is the first part of the Italian writer Dante Alighieri's 14th-century narrative poem The Divine Comedy, followed by Purgatorio and Paradiso. The Inferno describes the journey of a fictionalised version of Dante himself through Hell, guided by the ancient Roman poet Virgil. In the poem, Hell is depicted as nine concentric circles of torment located within the Earth; it is the "realm [...] of those who have rejected spiritual values by yielding to bestial appetites or violence, or by perverting their human intellect to fraud or malice against their fellowmen". As an allegory, the Divine Comedy represents the journey of the soul toward God, with the Inferno describing the recognition and rejection of sin.
Gledhill (crater)
Gledhill is an impact crater in the Hellas quadrangle of Mars, located at 53.2°S  latitude and 87.1°E  longitude. It is 78.5  km in diameter. It was named after British astronomer Joseph Gledhill, and the name was approved in 1973 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN).

Impact craters generally have a rim with ejecta around them, in contrast volcanic craters usually do not have a rim or ejecta deposits.  As craters get larger (greater than 10 km in diameter) they usually have a central peak. The peak is caused by a rebound of the crater floor following the impact. Gledhill Crater shows a central peak in a picture on this page.

Hellas quadrangle
The Hellas quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Astrogeology Research Program. The Hellas quadrangle is also referred to as MC-28 (Mars Chart-28).
The Hellas quadrangle covers the area from 240° to 300° west longitude and 30° to 65° south latitude on the planet Mars. Within the Hellas quadrangle lies the classic features Hellas Planitia and Promethei Terra. Many interesting and mysterious features have been discovered in the Hellas quadrangle, including the giant river valleys Dao Vallis, Niger Vallis, Harmakhis, and Reull Vallis—all of which may have contributed water to a lake in the Hellas basin in the distant past. Many places in the Hellas quadrangle show signs of ice in the ground, especially places with glacier-like flow features.
Lasiocroton
Lasiocroton is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1859.  The genus is endemic to the West Indies. It is a member of the Leucocroton alliance, which also includes Leucocroton and Garciadelia. Species in this alliance are dioecious.

Species

Lasiocroton bahamensis Pax & K.Hoffm. - Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti

Lasiocroton fawcettii Urb. - Jamaica

Lasiocroton gracilis Britton & P.Wilson - SE Cuba

Lasiocroton gutierrezii Jestrow - Cuba

Lasiocroton harrisii Britton - Jamaica

Lasiocroton macrophyllus (Sw.) Griseb. - Jamaica

Lasiocroton microphyllus (A.Rich.) Jestrow - Cuba

formerly included

moved to other genera (Bernardia Croton Leucocroton)

Lasiocroton cordifolius Britton & P.Wilson - Leucocroton cordifolius (Britton & P.Wilson) Alain

Lasiocroton prunifolius Griseb. - Croton punctatus Jacq.

Lasiocroton subpeltatus Urb. - Leucocroton subpeltatus (Urb.) Alain

Lasiocroton trelawniensis C.D.Adams - Bernardia trelawniensis (C.D.Adams) Jestrow & Proctor

Croton (plant)
Croton is an extensive plant genus in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. The plants of this genus were described and introduced to Europeans by Georg Eberhard Rumphius.  The common names for this genus are rushfoil and croton, but the latter also refers to Codiaeum variegatum. The generic name comes from the Greek κρότος (krótos), which means "tick" and refers to the shape of the seeds of certain species.
Eslamabad-e Baba Ahmad
Eslamabad-e Baba Ahmad (Persian: اسلام ابادبابااحمد, also Romanized as Eslāmābād-e Bābā Aḩmad; also known as Eslāmābād) is a village in Bahmai-ye Garmsiri-ye Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Bahmai County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 276, in 50 families.

Bahmai-ye Garmsiri-ye Jonubi Rural District
Bahmai-ye Garmsiri-ye Jonubi Rural District (Persian: دهستان بهمئي گرمسيرئ جنوبي) is in the Central District of Bahmai County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Kat. The rural district was previously administered from the city of Likak.
2021 FBF División Profesional
The 2021 FBF División Profesional, known as the 2021 Copa Tigo for sponsorship reasons, was the 44th season of the División Profesional del Fútbol Boliviano, Bolivia's top-flight football league and the fourth season under División de Fútbol Profesional management. The season began on 9 March and ended on 12 December 2021.

Independiente Petrolero won their first league title following a 3–2 win over Guabirá and a 1–0 loss for The Strongest against Real Santa Cruz on the last day of the season. Always Ready were the defending champions, having won the 2020 Apertura tournament.

2020 FBF División Profesional
The 2020 FBF División Profesional, known as the 2020 Copa Tigo for sponsorship reasons, was the 43rd season of the División Profesional del Fútbol Boliviano, Bolivia's top-flight football league and the third season under División de Fútbol Profesional management. The season started on 21 January 2020 and ended on 31 December 2020. Jorge Wilstermann were the defending champions, having won the 2019 Clausura tournament.

Always Ready won their first title in the División Profesional and third overall (first since 1957) in the top flight of Bolivian football with a 2–0 victory over Nacional Potosí on the twenty-sixth and final matchday of the Torneo Apertura, played on 31 December.

The tournament was suspended from 16 March to 27 November due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As of 30 October 2020, Bolivia was the only one of CONMEBOL's member associations to have its top-tier football league still suspended due to the pandemic.
2014 Thai FA Cup final
The 2014 Thai FA Cup final was the 21st final of Thailand's domestic football cup competition, the FA Cup. The final was played at Supachalasai Stadium in Bangkok on 9 November 2014. The match was contested by Bangkok Glass, who beat Chiangrai United 6–5 after Penalty shootout of the draw 1–1 in their semi-final, and Chonburi who beat Suphanburi 1–0 in the match. The match was won by Bangkok Glass, defeating Chonburi 1–0 through a goal scored by Lazarus Kaimbi.

BG Pathum United F.C.
BG Pathum United Football Club (Thai: สโมสรฟุตบอลบีจี ปทุม ยูไนเต็ด) is a Thai professional football club based in Pathum Thani province and is managed by BG Sports Company Limited which is a subsidiary of Bangkok Glass Public Company Limited. BG Pathum United participates in the Thai League 1.

The nickname of BGPU, "The Rabbits", derives from the chinese zodiac of the first club president, Pavin Bhirombhakdi who was born in The Year of the Rabbit.

The club has won 1 Thai League 1 title, 1 Thai League 2 title, 1 Thai FA Cup, 1 Thai League Cup and 2 Thailand Champions Cup.
Stein (lunar crater)
Stein is an elongated impact crater formation that lies just to the east of the larger crater Tiselius, on the far side of the Moon. Farther to the east-southeast of Stein lies Krasovskiy.

This crater has an asymmetrical shape with an outward bulge along the north-northeastern rim. The resulting crater is roughly egg-shaped, with a wide ledge along the north-northwestern floor. The remaining crater is a bowl-shaped feature with simple slopes along the inner walls and a nearly featureless interior floor. The outer rim has not been significantly eroded, and is marked only by a tiny craterlet along the southern edge. There are small craterlets along the base of the inner wall along the north-northwestern side.

Krasovskiy (crater)
Krasovsky is an impact crater on the far side of the Moon. It is located about three crater diameters to the north-northwest of Daedalus. It is otherwise relatively isolated from impact craters of note, with the nearest comparable feature being Tiselius to the west-northwest.

The rim of this crater is relatively well-defined, and has not suffered significant impact erosion. Within the interior floor is a central peak that is offset slightly to the west of the midpoint. There are no notable craters along the rim or within the interior.

One of the faint extremities of the ray system belonging to Jackson passes less than half a crater diameter to the west of Krasovsky. The ray originates to the north-northeast.
19th GCC Club Championship
The 19th GCC Club Championship (Arabic: بطولة الأنديـة الخليجية أبطال الدوري) was the nineteenth edition of the GCC Club Championship for clubs of the Gulf Cooperation Council nations.

The 2002 edition was won by Saudi Arabian side Al-Ahli for the second time.

AGCFF Gulf Club Champions League
The AGCFF Gulf Club Champions League (Arabic: دوري أبطال الخليج للأندية), formerly known as the GCC Champions League, is a regional football competition governed by the Arab Gulf Cup Football Federation (AGCFF) for clubs from its eight member nations.

The tournament was founded by the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and was first organised in 1982. During its early years, the GCC Club Championship also acted as a qualification tournament for the Asian Club Championship. The last edition organised by the GCC was the 30th edition in 2015, which featured twelve teams, while its attempts to organise the 31st edition failed.

The tournament was relaunched by the AGCFF for the 2024–25 season under the name AGCFF Gulf Club Champions League, featuring eight teams. Duhok are the current champions, having beaten Al-Qadisiya in the 2025 final.
The Gigantic Turnip
"The Gigantic Turnip" or "The Enormous Turnip" (Russian: Репка, Repka,  IPA: [ˈrʲepkə], lit. 'small turnip'; ATU 2044, ‘Pulling up the turnip') is a cumulative Russian fairy tale, collected in Arkhangelsk Governorate and published in 1863 by folklore researcher Alexander Afanasyev in his collection Russian Fairy Tales (tale number 89), a collection not strictly Russian, but which included stories from Ukraine and Belarus alongside Russian tales. The tale is well-known in Ukraine as adapted by Ivan Franko

The story has been rewritten and adapted numerous times in other languages, for example Polish by Julian Tuwim; Bulgarian by Ran Bosilek, and English by Jan Brett.

Alexander Afanasyev
Alexander Nikolayevich Afanasyev (Russian: Александр Николаевич Афанасьев; 23 July [O.S. 11 July] 1826 – 5 October [O.S. 23 September] 1871) was a Russian Slavist and ethnographer best known for publishing nearly 600 East Slavic and Russian fairy and folk tales, one of the largest collections of folklore in the world. This collection was not restricted to Great Russia, but included folk tales from what are now Ukraine and Belarus as well.  The first edition of his collection was published in eight volumes from 1855 to 1867, earning him the reputation of being the Russian counterpart to the Brothers Grimm.
San Sabá fight (1831)
The San Sabá fight was an armed encounter between a heavily outnumbered group of American prospectors led by James Bowie and a band of Tawakoni, Waco and Caddo Indians, which took place on the San Saba River in Mexican Texas, on November 21, 1831.

Rezin Bowie
Rezin Pleasant Bowie (/ˈbuːi/ BOO-ee) (September 8, 1793 – January 17, 1841) was an American planter, inventor, and mercenary. He also served three terms in the Louisiana House of Representatives.

With his brother James "Jim" Bowie, Rezin Bowie smuggled slaves and worked as a land speculator.  The brothers set up the first steam-powered sugar mill in Louisiana.  Bowie took credit for inventing the Bowie knife, which came to prominence when used by James in the Sandbar Fight of 1827.

After James moved to Mexican Texas, Rezin accompanied him on an expedition to find the Lost San Saba Mine. They did not find the mine, but their adventures in fending off a much larger Indian raiding party became widely known.

In his later years Bowie suffered from poor eyesight. He lived with his wife and daughters on a plantation in Louisiana.
History of the National Park Service
Since 1872 the United States National Park System has grown from a single, public reservation called Yellowstone National Park to include 431 natural, historical, recreational, and cultural areas throughout the United States, its territories, and island possessions. These areas include 63 National Parks as well as National Monuments, National Memorials, National Military Parks, National Historic Sites, National Parkways, National Recreation Areas, National Seashores, National Scenic Riverways, and National Scenic Trails.

Gettysburg Battlefield
The Gettysburg Battlefield is the area of the July 1–3, 1863, military engagements of the Battle of Gettysburg in and around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Locations of military engagements extend from the 4-acre (1.6 ha) site of the first shot at Knoxlyn Ridge on the west of the borough, to East Cavalry Field on the east. A military engagement prior to the battle was conducted at the Gettysburg Railroad trestle over Rock Creek, which was burned on June 27.
2024 Lima Challenger
The 2024 Lima Challenger Copa DirecTV was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the 21st edition of the tournament which was part of the 2024 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Lima, Peru between 10 and 16 June 2024.

Lima Challenger
The Lima Challenger (first edition) or the Igma Open  (second edition, previously the DirecTV Open Lima), is a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It is currently part of the ATP Challenger Tour and is held annually in Lima, Peru, since 2000. As of 2024 (in its 13th edition since 2012), it is the fourth longest running active South American Challenger tournament, only behind Montevideo (20), Guayaquil (20), Santiago (18), and tied with Campinas (13).
Sunk Rock Lighthouse
Sunk Rock Lighthouse is one of three lighthouses in the Mumbai Harbour off the coast of Mumbai, India. The tower is mounted on a stone pier and painted in a red and yellow checkerboard pattern, with the lantern and gallery painted white. Swimming races are often held between the Gateway of India and the Lighthouse, a distance of 5 kilometres (3 statute miles). The site is operated by the Mumbai Port Trust.

Mumbai Port
Mumbai Port (also known as the Bombay Port) is a port which lies midway on the west coast of India, on the natural deep-water Mumbai harbour in Maharashtra. The harbour spread over 400 square kilometres (150 mi2) is protected by the mainland of Konkan to its east and north and by the island city of Mumbai to its west. The harbour opens to the south to the Arabian Sea.

The port is administered by the Mumbai Port Authority (MbPA), an statutory body of the Government of India. Originally established as the Bombay Port Trust (BPT) in 1873,: 238  it was renamed the Mumbai Port Trust (MbPT) following the city's renaming, and finally transitioned to its current legal title on 31 January 2022 under the Major Port Authorities Act, 2021.: 3  The port is primarily used for bulk cargo, while most container traffic is directed to Nhava Sheva port across the harbour.
Mini-Grad
The Mini-Grad (Ukrainian: Міні-Град) is a Ukrainian  improvised mobile multiple rocket launcher constructed from BM-21 Grad launch tubes mounted on a pickup truck.  They have a number of extra features to improve survivability and accuracy at short ranges.

Ukrainian forces are known to have been using them against Russian forces since November 2023 during fighting in the Zaporizhzhia region amongst other places.

Improvised weapon
An improvised weapon is an object that was not designed to be used as a weapon but can be put to that use. They are generally used for self-defence or if the person is otherwise unarmed. In some cases, improvised weapons are commonly used by attackers in street fights, muggings, murders, gang warfare, during riots, or even during insurgencies, usually when conventional weapons such as firearms are unavailable or inappropriate.

Improvised weapons are common everyday objects that can be used in a variety of defensive applications. The objects are generally used in their normal state; they are not physically altered in any way to make them more functional as weapons.
1965–66 Albanian Cup
1965–66 Albanian Cup (Albanian: Kupa e Shqipërisë) was the sixteenth season of Albania's annual cup competition. It began in August 1965 with the First Round and ended in May 1966 with the Final matches. Vllaznia were the defending champions, having won their first Albanian Cup last season. The cup was won by Partizani.

The rounds were played in a two-legged format similar to those of European competitions. If the aggregated score was tied after both games, the team with the higher number of away goals advanced. If the number of away goals was equal in both games, the match was decided by extra time and a penalty shootout, if necessary.

1964–65 Albanian Cup
1964–65 Albanian Cup (Albanian: Kupa e Shqipërisë) was the fifteenth season of Albania's annual cup competition. It began in August 1964 with the First Round and ended in May 1965 with the Final match. Partizani were the defending champions, having won their sixth Albanian Cup last season. The cup was won by Vllaznia.

The rounds were played in a one-legged format similar to those of European competitions. If the number of goals was equal, the match was decided by extra time and a penalty shootout, if necessary.
William Hoare (cricketer, born 1847)
William Hoare (15 September 1847 – 22 July 1925) was an English first-class cricketer, cricket administrator, banker and brewer.

The son of Henry Hoare and Lady Mary Marsham, he was born at Westminster in September 1847. He was educated at Eton College, before going up to St John's College, Cambridge. After graduating from Cambridge, he went into the family businesses, becoming a partner at Hoares Bank and at Hoare & Co. Brewery which was based in the Docklands. Hoare later made a single appearance in first-class cricket for the Gentlemen of Kent against the Gentlemen of England at Canterbury in 1879. He was absent in the Gentlemen of Kent first innings, but did bat in their second innings, scoring 9 runs before being dismissed by W. G. Grace. He was elected president of Kent County Cricket Club in 1900. Hoare died at Benenden in July 1925. His nephew, Arthur Hoare, also played first-class cricket.

C. Hoare & Co
C. Hoare & Co., also known as Hoares, is a British private bank, founded in 1672 by Sir Richard Hoare. A twelfth-generation family business, it is owned by eight of Sir Richard's direct descendants. It is the oldest privately owned bank in the United Kingdom and reputedly the fourth-oldest in continuous operation globally. It is also the second oldest family owned bank in the world after the Berenberg Bank.

C. Hoare & Co. provides private banking services that include loans, mortgages and savings accounts. Over the years, its clients have included Samuel Pepys, John Dryden, Jane Austen and numerous members of the aristocracy; today, they are primarily high-net-worth individuals and families. The bank has two branches in London, 37 Fleet Street and 32 Lowndes Street.
XLA (singer)
Joseph Achakji  (born February 11, 1981) and better known by his stage name XLA is a Canadian urban indie artist and more recently an Electronic dance music (EDM) artist of Egyptian origin In 2006, he also established the independent music production and record label XWide Tidals. He sings mainly in French and English, but also occasionally in Spanish and Arabic. He has collaborated with a number of EDM DJs and producers notably in Mexico (EMPO) and Spain (Blanco y Negro). Besides vocals, he plays guitar, piano, keyboards, drums and tabla. He is also a digital marketer and manages a number of up and coming artists.

Egyptian Canadians
Egyptian Canadians (Egyptian Arabic: كنديين مصريين) are Canadian citizens of Egyptian descent, first-generation Egyptian immigrants, or descendants of Egyptians who immigrated to Canada. According to the 2011 Census there were 73,250 Canadian citizens who are from Egypt, having an increase compared to those in the 2006 Census.

Egyptian-Canadians are mainly either Christians or Muslims. Most Christians are Coptic Orthodox with small numbers of Coptic Catholic and Coptic Protestant.  Muslims are mostly Sunni.

During the 1960s, 75% of Egyptian immigrants settled in Montreal. By 1991, 49% of Egyptian Canadians were in Quebec, whereas 41% were living in Ontario. By 2011, 54% of Egyptian Canadians were living in Ontario and 31% in Quebec. Most Egyptian Canadians are concentrated in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver.
2001 New Zealand rugby league season
The 2001 New Zealand rugby league season was the 94th season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. The main feature of the year was the second season of the Bartercard Cup competition that was run by the New Zealand Rugby League. The Hibiscus Coast Raiders won the Cup by defeating the Eastern Tornadoes 28–18 in the Grand Final.

Eastern Tornadoes
The Eastern Tornadoes were a New Zealand rugby league franchise that competed in the New Zealand Rugby League's Bartercard Cup and Auckland Rugby League's Super 12 competitions. They were formed to represent the rugby league clubs of East Auckland.
De Maten
De Maten (Dutch: [də ˈmaːtə(n)]; Gronings: De Moaten [də ˈmʊːʔn̩]) is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Groningen. It is a part of the municipality of Westerwolde, and lies about 14 km northeast of Emmen.

It was first mentioned between 1851 and 1855 as de Maten, and means "hay land". De Maten is considered part of Ter Apel, but has place name signs. It was home to 317 people in 1840. Most of the hamlet used to be located in the municipality of Emmen. In 1976, it was moved to Ter Apel.

Westerwolde (municipality)
Westerwolde (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌʋɛstərˈʋɔldə]; Gronings: Westerwoolde) is a municipality in the province of Groningen in the northeast of the Netherlands.

The municipalities of Bellingwedde and Vlagtwedde have merged into the new municipality of Westerwolde on 1 January 2018. The municipality continues to use both municipal halls in Sellingen and Wedde.