hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Price war
A price war is a form of market competition in which companies within an industry engage in aggressive pricing activity "characterized by the repeated cutting of prices below those of competitors". This leads to a cycle, where each competitor attempts to match or undercut the price of the other. Competitors are driven to follow the initial price-cut due to the downward pricing pressure, referred to as “price-cutting momentum”.

While price wars can offer short-term benefits to consumers by providing them with lower prices, they can have a negative impact on the companies involved by reducing their profit margins. Moreover, the negative effects of price wars on companies can extend beyond the short term, as the companies involved may struggle to recover their lost profits and maintain their market share. Firms may be cautious when engaging in price wars as this competition can lead to prices that are unsustainable for long-term profitability.

Penetration pricing
Penetration pricing is a pricing strategy especially appropriate for new product pricing, where the price of a product is initially set low to rapidly reach a wide fraction of the market and initiate word of mouth promotion. The strategy works on the expectation that customers will switch to the new brand because of the lower price. Penetration pricing is most commonly associated with marketing objectives of enlarging market share and exploiting economies of scale or experience.
Fagranes (Skagafjörður)
Fagranes is a farm in the Reykjaströnd district in Skagafjörður, Iceland, off the east of Tindastóll mountain. It was the location of a church and vicarage, but the church was decommissioned in 1892 and the vicarage moved to Sauðárkrókur. The church had an old pulpit thought to be from the time of bishop Guðbrandur Þorláksson. It is now in the National Museum of Iceland.

Jón Eiríksson, called Drangeyjarjarl (the Earl of Drangey), now lives in Fagranes and has long made use of Drangey's resources and maintained its landing site. He regularly sails to the island with tourists and has built a landing site in Reykir. He also oversaw the construction of Grettislaug in Reykir in 1992. There is a monument to Grettir sterki ("the strong") Ásmundarson in Fagranes. Grettir himself is said to have been buried in the graveyard at the church in Reykir—or at least his body is there. Þorbjörn öngull 'the fish hook' took his head.

Sauðárkrókur
Sauðárkrókur (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈsœyːðˌaurˌkʰrouːkʏr̥]) is a town on the Skagafjörður in northern Iceland. It is the seat of both the Sveitarfélagið Skagafjörður ('Municipality of Skagafjörður') and the Northwestern Region.

Sauðárkrókur is the largest town in Northwest Iceland and the second-largest town on the north coast of Iceland, with a population of 2,612. It is the centre for commerce and services in the district, and an important link in Iceland's food production. The population of Sauðárkrókur has grown steadily in recent years, and its economy is relatively diverse.

Economic mainstays are fisheries, dairy production, light industry and broad-based services such as computer and engineering operations, financials, consulting, design and printing. The natural hot pool located 15 kilometres (9+1⁄2 mi) north of Sauðárkrókur is mentioned in the Grettis saga.
Central Highland (Japan)
The Central Highland (中央高地, Chūō Kōchi), or Koshin Region (甲信地方, Kōshin Chihō), is an inland region on central Honshū in Japan. It forms the central part of the Chūbu region.

It comprises most of Nagano and Yamanashi Prefectures, as well as the Hida area of Gifu Prefecture. Sometimes Tōnō area of Gifu Prefecture is included.

The humid continental climate of the region gives large temperature differences between summers and winters, and between days and nights. Precipitation is light throughout the year. The more northern and western portions of this region tend to experience heavy snow during the winter with lower daytime temperatures resembling parts of Northern Japan and Hokkaido more so than its neighbor prefectures.

In the Edo period, the Nakasendō and Kōshū Kaidō ran through the Central Highland.

Hida (region)
Hida (飛騨) is the northern portion of Gifu Prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan. The Hida region received its name because the area was formerly part of Hida Province, before the formation of prefectures in Japan. The borders of this region are not officially set, but it generally consists of the following four municipalities: Takayama, Hida, Gero and Shirakawa.
André Moritz
André Francisco Moritz (born 6 August 1986) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder or winger. During his career, he also played for football clubs in Turkey, England, India, South Korea, Thailand and Singapore.

2007 Copa do Brasil
The Copa do Brasil 2007 is the 19th staging of the Copa do Brasil.

The competition started on February 14, 2007 and concluded on June 6, 2007 with the second leg of the final, held at the Estádio Orlando Scarpelli in Florianópolis, in which Fluminense lifted the trophy for the first time with a 1-0 victory over Figueirense.
Electoral district of Port Macquarie
Port Macquarie is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Robert Dwyer of the Liberal Party.

It presently includes parts of coastal Port Macquarie-Hastings City Council (including Port Macquarie, Dunbogan, Bonny Hills, Kendall, Kew, Laurieton, North Haven and West Haven) and the northeast of the Mid-Coast Council (including Coopernook, Lansdowne, Moorland, Hannam Vale, Johns River and Stewarts River). Since 1991, the district also includes Lord Howe Island.

While the Mid North Coast has been heavily conservative-voting throughout history, Port Macquarie is particularly conservative even by Mid North Coast standards. Labor has never won a federal or state seat that includes Port Macquarie or the surrounding suburbs. Port Macquarie was originally a National seat, but has been a Liberal seat since 2020.

Port Macquarie
Port Macquarie (locally /məˈkwɒri/ mə-KWO-REE), sometimes shortened to Port Mac and commonly locally nicknamed Port, is a coastal city on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales, Australia, 390 km (242 mi) north of Sydney, and 570 km (354 mi) south of Brisbane, on the Tasman Sea coast at the mouth of the Hastings River, and the eastern end of the Oxley Highway (B56). It had a population of 47,974 in 2018, and an estimated population of 51,965 in 2023.
Corruption in Angola
Corruption in Angola refers to the pervasive and long-standing issue of corruption within the country's government and public institutions. The aftermath of the 30-year civil war and the influence of the Soviet command economy have resulted in significant institutional damage and the emergence of a centralized government with authoritarian tendencies. This has allowed the president and his associates to exert control over the nation's resources, enabling them to exploit the economy for personal gain through legal and extra-legal means.

Resource curse
The resource curse, also known as the paradox of plenty or the poverty paradox, is the hypothesis that countries with an abundance of natural resources (such as fossil fuels and certain minerals) have lower economic growth, lower rates of democracy, or poorer development outcomes than countries with fewer natural resources. There are many theories and much academic debate about the reasons for and exceptions to the adverse outcomes. Most experts believe the resource curse is not universal or inevitable but affects certain types of countries or regions under certain conditions. As of at least 2023, there is no academic consensus on the effect of resource abundance on economic development.
Tranøy Church
Tranøy Church (Norwegian: Tranøy kirke) is a historic parish church of the Church of Norway in Senja Municipality in Troms county, Norway. It is located on the small island of Tranøya, just off the shore of the large island of Senja. It formerly was the main church for the Tranøy parish which is part of the Senja prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland. The white, wooden church was built in a cruciform style in 1775 by an unknown architect. The church seats about 210 people. The church is no longer used for regular worship services since the island on which it sits is no longer populated, nor does it have a road connection. It is, however, used periodically for special occasions.

Prestegjeld
A prestegjeld was a geographic and administrative area within the Church of Norway (Den Norske Kirke) roughly equivalent to a parish. This traditional designation was in use for centuries to divide the kingdom into ecclesiastical areas that were led by a parish priest. Prestegjelds began in the 1400s and were officially discontinued in 2012.
Battle honours of the British and Imperial Armies
The following battle honours were awarded to units of the British Army and the armies of British India and the Dominions of the British Empire. From their institution until the end of the Second World War, awards were made by, or in consultation with, the British government, but, since 1945, the individual countries of the former British Empire have awarded battle honours to their forces independently.

Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay
The concurrent Battle of Meiktila and Battle of Mandalay were decisive engagements near the end of the Burma campaign during World War II. Collectively, they are sometimes referred to as the Battle of Central Burma. Despite logistical difficulties, the Allies were able to deploy large armoured and mechanised forces in Central Burma, and also possessed air supremacy. Most of the Japanese forces in Burma were destroyed during the battles, allowing the Allies to later recapture the capital, Rangoon, and reoccupy most of the country with little organised opposition.
Izumi Motoya
Motoya Yamawaki (山脇 元彌, Yamawaki Motoya, born June 4, 1974), known professionally as Izumi Motoya (和泉 元彌), is a Japanese kyōgen actor, known for his appearances on television in NHK Taiga dramas, and for the scandal surrounding his assumption of the position of 20th sōke (head) of the Izumi school of kyōgen.

Kyōgen
Kyōgen (狂言; Japanese pronunciation: [kʲoː.ɡeꜜɴ, -ŋeꜜɴ]) is a form of traditional Japanese comic theater. It developed alongside Noh, was performed along with Noh as an intermission of sorts between Noh acts on the same stage, and retains close links to Noh in the modern day; therefore, it is sometimes designated Noh-kyōgen.  Its contents are nevertheless not at all similar to the formal, symbolic, and solemn Noh theater; kyōgen is a comic form, and its primary goal is to make its audience laugh.

Kyōgen together with Noh is part of Nōgaku theatre.

Kyōgen is sometimes compared to the Italian comic form of commedia dell'arte, which developed in the early 17th century, and likewise features stock characters. It also has parallels with the Greek satyr play, a short, comical play performed between tragedies.
Heubach
Heubach (German pronunciation: [ˈhɔʏbax] ⓘ) is a town in the Ostalbkreis district, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located 10 km east of Schwäbisch Gmünd, and 13 km southwest of Aalen.  The town finds itself at the edge of the Rems River Valley and at the base of the Swabian Alps.  
Heubach is located in the Swabian region of Germany. Residents speak the Swabian German dialect. 
The town is bordered to the north by Böbingen an der Rems and Mögglingen, to the east Essingen, the south by Bartholomä and the west by the city of Schwäbisch Gmünd.

Ostalbkreis
The Ostalbkreis (German pronunciation: [ˈɔstʔalpˌkʁaɪs] ⓘ) is a Landkreis (district) in the east of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, on the border to Bavaria. Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Schwäbisch Hall, Ansbach, Donau-Ries, Heidenheim, Göppingen and Rems-Murr.
Fabrício Guerreiro
Fabrício de Assis Costa da Silva (born July 24, 1990), better known as Fabrício Guerreiro, is a Brazilian mixed martial artist who is known to have competed in Bellator's Featherweight division. A professional competitor since 2009, Guerreiro was also a contestant on The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil.

Featherweight (MMA)
The featherweight division in mixed martial arts refers to different weight classes:

The UFC's featherweight division, which groups competitors within 136–145 lb (61.7-65.8 kg)

The Shooto's featherweight division, which limits competitors to 135 lb (61.2 kg)

The ONE Championship's featherweight division, with upper limit at 70.3 kg (155.0 lb)

The Road FC's featherweight division, with upper limit at 145 lb (65.5 kg)
Jonathan Moyo
Jonathan Nathaniel Mlevu Moyo (born 12 January 1957) is a Zimbabwean politician who served in the government of Zimbabwe as Minister of Higher Education from 2015 to 2017. He was previously Minister of Information and Publicity from 2000 to 2005 and again from 2013 to 2015. He was elected to the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe as an independent candidate in 2005 and 2008. He is considered the core architect of the AIPPA and POSA restrictive legislation.

Patrick Chinamasa
Patrick Antony Chinamasa (born 25 January 1947) is a Zimbabwean politician who served in the government of Zimbabwe as the minister of various cabinet ministries. Previously he served as the Minister of Finance and Investment Promotion and the Minister of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs.

On 9 October 2017, he was appointed as Minister of the newly created Ministry of Cyber Security, Threat Detection and Mitigation. On 27 November 2017, Emmerson Mnangagwa, who succeeded Robert Mugabe as President of Zimbabwe following the 2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état, appointed Chinamasa as the nation's acting Finance Minister. He was substantively returned to his portfolio as Minister of Finance and Economic Development in Mnangagwa's first cabinet on 30 November 2017.
Trivialism
Trivialism is the logical theory that all statements (also known as propositions) are true and, consequently, that all contradictions of the form "p and not p" (e.g. the ball is red and not red) are true. In accordance with this, a trivialist is a person who believes everything is true.

In classical logic, trivialism follows from a violation of the law of noncontradiction due to the principle of explosion. In philosophy, trivialism is considered by some to be the complete opposite of skepticism. Paraconsistent logics may use "the law of non-triviality" to abstain from trivialism in logical practices that involve true contradictions.

Theoretical arguments and anecdotes have been offered for trivialism to contrast it with theories such as modal realism, dialetheism and paraconsistent logics.

Metaphysics (Aristotle)
Metaphysics (Greek: των μετὰ τὰ φυσικά, "those after the physics"; Latin: Metaphysica) is one of the principal works of Aristotle, in which he develops the doctrine that he calls First Philosophy. The work is a compilation of various texts treating abstract subjects, notably substance theory, different kinds of causation, form and matter, the existence of mathematical objects and the cosmos, which together constitute much of the branch of philosophy later known as metaphysics.
Libyan Navy
The  Libyan Navy (Arabic: قوات البحرية الليبية) is the naval warfare branch of the Libyan Armed Forces. Established in November 1962, Libyan Navy was headed by Admiral Mansour Bader, Chief of Staff of the Libyan Naval Force. Before the First Libyan Civil War, it was a fairly typical small navy with a few missile frigates, corvettes and patrol boats to defend the coastline, but with a very limited self-defence capability.

The navy has always been the smallest of Libya's military branches and has always been dependent on foreign sources for equipment, spare parts, and training. Most of the Gaddafi-era fleet was destroyed in 2011. Since the start of the Second Libyan Civil War, the Libyan Navy is aligned with the Government of National Accord (GNA), led by the Presidential Council in Tripoli, apart from coastal patrol vessels under the control of the Libyan National Army.

Ham-class minesweeper
The Ham class was a class of inshore minesweepers (IMS), known as the Type 1, of the British Royal Navy. The class was designed to operate in the shallow water of rivers and estuaries. All of the ships in the class are named for British place names that end with -"ham". The parent firm that was responsible for supervising construction was Samuel White of Cowes, Isle of Wight.
Palazzo San Gervasio
Palazzo San Gervasio (Lucano: Palàzze) is a small agricultural town and comune in the province of Potenza, in the Southern Italian region of Basilicata.    It is bounded by the comuni (Municipalities) of Acerenza, Banzi, Forenza, Genzano di Lucania, Maschito, Spinazzola, and Venosa.

While the regional Lucanian dialect is still spoken amongst the older inhabitants, it has largely been replaced because the younger generations have been taught the standard form of Italian in school.

The town was allegedly founded in the early Middle Ages, after the nearby town of Banzi was destroyed by a Saracen attack.

Banzi
Banzi (Lucano: Bànze) is a town and comune in the province of Potenza,  Basilicata, southern Italy.

Called Bantia in antiquity, it was the site of the find of the bronze tablet known as the Tabula Bantina, which contains a fragment of the ancient Oscan language.
Pete Laney
James Earl "Pete" Laney (born March 20, 1943) is a former American politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he served in the Texas House of Representatives from 1973 to 2007. A resident of Hale Center, Texas, Laney served as the speaker of the Texas House of Representatives from 1993 to 2003; as of 2024, Laney is the most recent Democrat to serve in this role.

Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives
The speaker of the Texas House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the Texas House of Representatives. The Speaker's main duties are to conduct meetings of the House, appoint committees, and enforce the Rules of the House. The current speaker of the house is Dustin Burrows, a Republican from Lubbock. He was elected Speaker on January 14, 2025.
Yang Hanyu
Yang Hanyu (Chinese: 杨涵玉; born October 12, 1999, in Shandong) is a Chinese volleyball player. Her former full name is Yang Liu (Chinese: 杨柳). She participated at the 2018 Montreux Volley Masters, 2018 FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League, and 2018 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship.

She was the best blocker of 2018 FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship in fact as the member of Zhejiang Xitang.

2016 Asian Women's U19 Volleyball Championship
The 2016 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship was held in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand from 23 July to 31 July 2016. It acted as the Asian qualifying tournament for the 2017 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship.
Activating function
The activating function is a mathematical formalism that is used to approximate the influence of an extracellular field on an axon or neurons. It was developed by Frank Rattay and is a useful tool to approximate the influence of functional electrical stimulation (FES) or neuromodulation techniques on target neurons. It points out locations of high hyperpolarization and depolarization caused by the electrical field acting upon the nerve fiber. As a rule of thumb, the activating function is proportional to the second-order spatial derivative of the extracellular potential along the axon.

Membrane potential
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. It equals the interior potential minus the exterior potential. This is the energy (i.e. work) per charge which is required to move a (very small) positive charge at constant velocity across the cell membrane from the exterior to the interior. (If the charge is allowed to change velocity, the change of kinetic energy and production of radiation must be taken into account.)

Typical values of membrane potential, normally given in units of millivolts and denoted as mV, range from −80 mV to −40 mV. For such typical negative membrane potentials, positive work is required to move a positive charge from the interior to the exterior. However, thermal kinetic energy allows ions to overcome the potential difference. For a selectively permeable membrane, this permits a net flow against the gradient.
2023 Jasmin Open
The 2023 Jasmin Open was a women's professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hardcourts. It was the second edition of the tournament and part of the WTA 250 tournaments on the 2023 WTA Tour. The event took place at the Magic Hotel Skanes in Monastir, Tunisia, from 16 through 22 October 2023.

Jasmin Open
The Jasmin Open was a tennis event held at the Skanes Family Resort on outdoor hardcourts in Monastir, Tunisia. The first edition was played in October 2022. Jasmin Open was part of the WTA Tour and was listed as a WTA 250 tournament. The tournament was introduced in 2022 as a result of the cancellation of WTA events in China due to the Peng Shuai sexual assault and disappearance controversy. Another significant reason to introduce this tournament was the rise of Tunisian player, Ons Jabeur in the WTA rankings.
Nassau Herald
The Nassau Herald is a liberal weekly newspaper serving the Five Towns communities of Nassau County – Lawrence, Cedarhurst, Inwood, Woodsburgh, Woodmere, and Hewlett. It is part of the Long Island Herald newspaper chain, which includes The Jewish Star and the Oyster Bay Guardian, is owned by Richner Communications, and covers Nassau County, New York.

The paper started publishing in 1934 by the Beegle Publishing Company and was based out of Lawrence, Nassau County, New York. After the offices were destroyed by a fire in 2004, the newspaper moved into offices in Garden City, New York with the other Long Island Herald newspapers.

Published every Thursday with a daily online presence, The Herald is sold for $1.00 at newsstands. The Herald newspapers are members of the New York Press Association.

Inwood, New York
Inwood is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in Nassau County, on Long Island, in New York, United States. It is considered part of Long Island's Five Towns area and is located within the Town of Hempstead. The population was 11,340 at the time of the 2020 census.
Ali Akbar Derakhshani
Ali Akbar Derakhshani  (Persian: علی‌اکبر درخشانی; February 28, 1896 –  March 27, 1978) was one of the founders of the New Iranian Army. He began his military service during the reign of Ahmad Shah Qajar.

Azerbaijani Democratic Party
The Azerbaijan Democratic Party (Azerbaijani: آذربایجان دموکرات فرقه‌سی, romanized: Azərbaycan Demokrat Firqəsi; Persian: فرقه دموکرات آذربایجان, romanized: Ferqa-ye demokrāt-e Āzarbāyjān) was a pro-Soviet, separatist, and pan-Turkist party founded by Jafar Pishevari in Tabriz, Iran, in September 1945. It depended on the Soviet Union and was supported by it. The ADP was founded as an opposition party against the Pahlavi dynasty. The Soviet-supported Tudeh Party dissolved its Azerbaijan chapter and ordered its members to join the ADP. The ADP ruled the Soviet-backed Azerbaijan People's Government from 1945 until 1946 with Pishevari as premier.