hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
China's Wartime Finance and Inflation
China's Wartime Finance and Inflation, 1937-45 is a 1965 non-fiction book by Arthur N. Young, published by Harvard University Press. It discusses the hyperinflation that hit the Republic of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

Chang Kia-ngau of Stanford University wrote that the "over-all discussion of fiscal and monetary policy for the most part accords with" Chang's own book, The Inflationary Spiral. According to reviewer Joan Robinson, China's Wartime Finance and Inflation "relies a good deal" on The Inflationary Spiral and on The Chinese Inflation 1937-49 by Chou Shin-hsin, who had worked for the Central Bank of China.

The Inflationary Spiral
The Inflationary Spiral: The Experience in China: 1939–1950 is a 1958 non-fiction book by Chang Kia-ngau. It was published by Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

The progression of Chinese inflation, supply and demand issues, the unsuccessful attempts to combat such inflation, and possible takeaways from the fiasco make up each of the book's four parts, respectively.
AC motor
An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current (AC). The AC motor commonly consists of two basic parts, an outside stator having coils supplied with alternating current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an inside rotor attached to the output shaft producing a second rotating magnetic field. The rotor magnetic field may be produced by permanent magnets, reluctance saliency, or DC or AC electrical windings.

Less common, AC linear motors operate on similar principles as rotating motors but have their stationary and moving parts arranged in a straight line configuration, producing linear motion instead of rotation.

Doubly fed electric machine
A doubly fed electric machines, doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), or slip-ring generator is an electric motor or electric generator where both the field magnet windings and armature windings are separately connected to equipment outside the machine.

By feeding adjustable-frequency AC power to the field windings, the magnetic field can be made to rotate, allowing variation in motor or generator speed. This is useful, for instance, for generators used in wind turbines. Additionally, DFIG-based    wind turbines offer the ability to control active and reactive power.
Lâpa
Lapa (Armenian: Լապա) or lapas (Greek: λαπάς)  is a kind of rice porridge or gruel eaten in the Balkans, Levant, and Middle East. It is made of just rice, water, and salt and has the consistency of a thick soup.

In Greece, it had historically been used in the past as a remedy for stomach illness.

Porridge
Porridge is a type of semi-solid food made by soaking, poaching or boiling, in milk or water, ground, crushed or chopped starchy plants, typically grain. Gruel is a thinner version of porridge, and congee is a savoury variation of porridge of Asian origin.

Porridge is often cooked with added flavourings such as sugar, honey, fruits or syrup to sweeten the cereal, or it can be mixed with spices, meat or vegetables to make a savoury dish. It is usually served hot in a bowl or a pot, depending on its consistency. Oat porridge, known as oatmeal in North America, is one of the most common types; while rice porridge is more common in Asia.
Shafie Effendy
Soldadu (U) Mohammad Shafie bin Haji Mohammad Efenddy (born 4 August 1995) is a Bruneian international footballer who plays for MS ABDB of the Brunei Super League and the Brunei national football team. He is adept at playing on either flank or as a striker.

2012 Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy
The 2012 Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy was the fourth edition of the invitational tournament hosted by Brunei. The tournament took place in Brunei between 25 February and 5 March 2012. The competition is for players under the age of 22 and is being held only for the fourth time after 2002, 2005 and 2007. The tournament was not held in 2009 following the suspension imposed on the Brunei Amateur Football Association (BAFA) by FIFA. The organisers of the Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy 2012 have offered US$15,500 as reward for the champions. Originally, all ASEAN teams were supposed to participate at Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy 2012 (HBT 2012). However, Thailand eventually withdrew before any match were played.

Brunei emerged as the champion after beating Indonesia by 2–0 in the final, while both Myanmar and Vietnam shared the third place.
Jean-Pierre Grenier
Jean-Pierre Grenier (20 November 1914 – 20 February 2000) was a French actor, theatre director and screenwriter.

In 1946, Jean-Pierre Grenier, in association with Olivier Hussenot, established "La Compagnie Grenier-Hussenot" which was disbanded in 1957. In 1974, he became director of the théâtre de Boulogne-Billancourt until 1984.

He was the companion of Janine d'Almeida, impresario and producer.

André Cayatte
André Cayatte (French: [kajat]; 3 February 1909 – 6 February 1989) was a French filmmaker, writer and lawyer, who became known for his films centering on themes of crime, justice, and moral responsibility.
Frank Nicklin
Sir George Francis Reuben Nicklin, KCMG, MM (6 August 1895 – 29 January 1978) was an Australian politician. He was the Premier of Queensland from 1957 to 1968, the first non-Labor Party premier since 1932.

Premier of Queensland
The premier of Queensland is the head of government in the Australian state of Queensland.

By convention, the premier is the leader of the party with a parliamentary majority in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland. The premier is appointed by the governor of Queensland.

The incumbent premier is David Crisafulli.
Fairview Mall
Fairview Mall (corporately designated CF Fairview Mall) is a large shopping centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, encompassing approximately 80,000 m2 (860,000 ft2). Opened in 1970, the centre has over 180 stores, offices and a cinema complex. It is located several kilometres northeast of downtown, at the northeast corner of Don Mills Road and Sheppard Avenue East in the former city of North York.

Line 4 Sheppard
Line 4 Sheppard is a rapid transit line in the Toronto subway system, operated by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). Opened on November 22, 2002, the line is the shortest rapid transit line in Toronto with five stations along 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) of track in the district of North York along Sheppard Avenue East between Yonge Street and Don Mills Road. It is also the only line built without any open sections. All stations are wheelchair accessible and are decorated with unique public art.

In the 2000s, the Sheppard East LRT was proposed to extend rapid transit along Sheppard Avenue. Despite approvals, the project did not proceed. In 2019, the Government of Ontario announced plans to extend the subway line east to Sheppard Avenue and McCowan Road in Scarborough to meet up with an extended Line 2 Bloor–Danforth that will replace Line 3 Scarborough.
Hyalocystis
Hyalocystis is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Convolvulaceae.

Its native range is Northeastern Tropical Africa.

Species:

Hyalocystis popovii Verdc.

Hyalocystis viscosa Hallier f.

Convolvulaceae
Convolvulaceae (/kənˌvɒlvjəˈleɪsi.iː, -aɪ/), commonly called the bindweeds or morning glories, is a family of about 60 genera and more than 1,650 species. These species are primarily herbaceous vines, but also include trees, shrubs and herbs. The tubers of several species are edible, the best known of which is the sweet potato.
1852 Iowa Senate election
In the 1852 Iowa State Senate elections, Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the fourth Iowa General Assembly. Following the expansion of the Iowa Senate from 19 to 31 seats in 1852, elections were held for 22 of the state senate's 31 seats. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.

The general election took place in 1852.

Following the previous election in 1850, Democrats had control of the Iowa Senate with 14 seats to Whigs' five seats.

To claim control of the chamber from Democrats, the Whigs needed to net 11 Senate seats.

Democrats maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1852 general election with the balance of power shifting to Democrats holding 20 seats and Whigs having 11 seats (a net gain of 6 seats for both Democrats and Whigs). Democratic Senator William E. Leffingwell was chosen as the President of the Iowa Senate for the fourth General Assembly, succeeding Democratic Senator Enos Lowe in that leadership position.

1850 Iowa Senate election
In the 1850 Iowa State Senate elections, Iowa voters elected state senators to serve in the third Iowa General Assembly. Elections were held for 11 of the state senate's 19 seats. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate.

The general election took place in 1850.

Following the previous election in 1848, Democrats had control of the Iowa Senate with 11 seats to Whigs' eight seats.

To claim control of the chamber from Democrats, the Whigs needed to net two Senate seats.

Democrats maintained control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1850 general election with the balance of power shifting to Democrats holding 14 seats and Whigs having five seats (a net gain of 3 seats for Democrats). Democratic Senator Enos Lowe was chosen as the President of the Iowa Senate for the third General Assembly, succeeding Democratic Senator John Jackson Selman in that leadership position.
Swiss Bishops' Conference
The Swiss Bishops' Conference (SBC; German: Schweizer Bischofskonferenz; French: Conférence des évêques suisses; Italian: Conferenza dei vescovi svizzeri; Romansh: Conferenza dals uvestgs svizzers) is the coordinating body of the Catholic dioceses in Switzerland. It was founded in 1863 as the world's first Bishops Conference and is a member of the Council of European Bishops' Conferences.

Diocese of Basel
The Diocese of Basel (German: Bistum Basel; Latin: Diœcesis Basileensis) is a Latin Catholic diocese in Switzerland.

Historically, the bishops of Basel were also secular rulers of the Prince-Bishopric of Basel (German: Fürstbistum Basel). Today the diocese of Basel includes the Swiss cantons of Aargau, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Bern, Jura, Lucerne, Schaffhausen, Solothurn, Thurgau, and Zug.
Formula One tyres
Formula One tyres are specialised racing tyres designed for use on a Formula One car. Tyres play a crucial role in the car's performance, affecting grip, handling, and overall speed. Tyres are also a component into racing strategy, depending on factors such as weather or deterioration. Throughout the history of Formula One, tyres have undergone major changes with different manufacturers and specifications used in the sport. Since 2011, tyres have been provided exclusively by Pirelli, an Italian tyre manufacturer. As of the 2025 season, there are 8 separate types of tyres available for use during events.

History of Formula One
Formula One automobile racing has its roots in the European Grand Prix championships of the 1920s and 1930s, though the foundation of the modern Formula One began in 1946 with the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's (FIA) standardisation of rules, which was followed by a World Championship of Drivers in 1950.

The sport's history parallels the evolution of its technical regulations. In addition to the world championship series, non-championship Formula One races were held for many years, the last held in 1983 due to the rising cost of competition. National championships existed in South Africa and the United Kingdom in the 1960s and 1970s.
Turbinaria radicalis
Turbinaria radicalis, also known as disc coral,  is a species of colonial stony coral in the family Dendrophylliidae. It is native to the central Indo-Pacific, tropical and sub-tropical Australia, the South China Sea, northern Australia and the West Pacific. It is a zooxanthellate coral that houses symbiont dinoflagellates in its tissues. It is a rare coral throughout its range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being "near-threatened".

Dendrophylliidae
Dendrophylliidae is a family of stony corals. Most (but not all) members are azooxanthellate and thus have to capture food with their tentacles instead of relying on photosynthesis to produce their food. The World Register of Marine Species includes these genera in the family:

Astroides Quoy & Gaimard, 1827

Balanophyllia Wood, 1844

Balanopsammia Ocana & Brito, 2013

Bathypsammia Marenzeller, 1907

Cladopsammia Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897

Dendrophyllia de Blainville, 1830

Dichopsammia Song, 1994

Duncanopsammia Wells, 1936

Eguchipsammia Cairns, 1994

Enallopsammia Sismonda, 1871

Endopachys Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Endopsammia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Heteropsammia Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1848

Leptopsammia Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1848

Lobopsammia† Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Notophyllia Dennant, 1899

Pourtalopsammia Cairns, 2001

Rhizopsammia Verrill, 1869

Thecopsammia Pourtalès, 1868

Trochopsammia Pourtalès, 1878

Tubastraea Lesson, 1829

Turbinaria Oken, 1815
Lafayette (restaurant)
Lafayette was a French restaurant in New York City located at 202 East 50th Street. It was established in 1965 and closed in the late 1970s. W magazine referred to it in 1972, as one of "Les Six, the last bastions of grand luxe dining in New York." The other five named were La Grenouille, La Caravelle, La Côte Basque, Quo Vadis, and Lutèce. In its heyday the restaurant was known for the quality of its cuisine, its celebrity clientele, and the legendary rudeness of its proprietor, Jean Fayet.

La Côte Basque
La Côte Basque was a New York City restaurant. It opened in the late 1950s and operated until it closed on March 7, 2004. In business for 45 years, upon its closing The New York Times called it a "former high-society temple of French cuisine at 60 West 55th Street."
Heroes in Hell (film)
Heroes in Hell (Italian: Eroi all'inferno) is a 1974 Italian Macaroni War film written, directed and lensed by Joe D'Amato (using the pseudonym "Michael Wotruba" for the directorial credit), produced by Walter Brandi and starring Klaus Kinski, Luciano Rossi and Franco Garofalo.

Lars Bloch
Lars Bloch (6 August 1938 – 27 March 2022), was a Danish-Italian actor and producer, sometimes credited as Lars Block or Carlos Ewing.

Born in Hellerup, after military service in the Navy, Bloch moved to Italy and in the late 1950s embarked upon a prolific career as a character actor, specializing in villainous roles. In the 1980s, Bloch semi-retired from acting and instead became a DVD producer and distributor of Italian films, especially Spaghetti Westerns, in Japan.
Plastics in the construction industry
Plastic is the generic name for a family of synthetic materials derived from petrochemicals. It is often product of two or more components.

There are many families of plastics and polymers being used in construction industry, such as acrylics, composites, expanded polystyrene, polycarbonates, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride.

Polyvinyl chloride
Polyvinyl chloride (alternatively: poly(vinyl chloride), colloquial: vinyl or polyvinyl; abbreviated: PVC) is the world's third-most widely produced synthetic polymer of plastic (after polyethylene and polypropylene). About 40 million tons of PVC are produced each year.

PVC comes in rigid (sometimes abbreviated as RPVC) and flexible forms. Rigid PVC is used in construction for pipes, doors and windows. It is also used in making plastic bottles, packaging, and bank or membership cards. Adding plasticizers makes PVC softer and more flexible. It is used in plumbing, electrical cable insulation, flooring, signage, phonograph records, inflatable products, and in rubber substitutes. With cotton or linen, it is used in the production of canvas.

Polyvinyl chloride is a white, brittle solid. It is soluble in ketones, chlorinated solvents, dimethylformamide, THF and DMAc.
Lothar Neethling
General Lothar Paul Neethling (29 August 1935 in East Prussia – 11 July 2005) was chief deputy commissioner (second-in-command) of the South African Police in the apartheid era.

A highly qualified scientist, General Neethling was alleged to have used police forensic laboratories for the production of poisons to kill anti-apartheid activists, and to have developed chemical and biological weapons for use against the black population in South Africa.

He died of lung cancer in Pretoria, aged 69.

1986 Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 crash
On 19 October 1986, a Tupolev Tu-134 jetliner with a Soviet crew carrying President Samora Machel and 43 others from Mbala, Zambia to the Mozambican capital Maputo crashed at Mbuzini, South Africa. Nine passengers and one crew member survived the crash, but President Machel and 33 others died, including several ministers and senior officials of the Mozambican government.

A board of inquiry blamed the captain for failing to react to the ground proximity warning system. Another theory was that the crew had set the aircraft's VOR receivers to the wrong frequency, causing them to receive signals from a different airport, or even that a false beacon had been used to lure the crew off course. While there was widespread suspicion in other nations that South Africa, which was hostile towards Machel's government at the time, was involved in the incident, no conclusive evidence was ever presented to support that allegation.
Khosrow (name)
Khosrow /xʊsˈroʊ/  is a male given name of Iranian origin, most notably held by Khosrow I of Sassanid Persia, but also by other people in various locations and languages. In some times and places, and in some cases has been used as a dynastic name.

New Persian
New Persian (Persian: فارسی نو, romanized: fārsī-ye now), also known as Modern Persian (فارسی نوین), is the current stage of the Persian language spoken since the 8th to 9th centuries until now in Greater Iran and surroundings. It is conventionally divided into three stages: Early New Persian (8th/9th centuries), Classical Persian (10th–18th centuries), and Contemporary Persian (19th century to present).

Dari is a name given to the New Persian language since the 10th century, widely used in Arabic (see Istakhri, al-Maqdisi and ibn Hawqal) and Persian texts. Since 1964, Dari has been the official name in Afghanistan for the Persian spoken there.
Army 2020 Refine
Army 2020 Refine was the name given to the restructuring of the British Army in the mid-to-late 2010s, in light of the Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015. As its name suggests, it was a "refinement" of Army 2020, an early 2010s reorganisation of the Army to be completed by 2020, originally conducted in light of the Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010. It was succeeded by Future Soldier.

Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010
The Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010 was announced by the formed Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government of the United Kingdom in May 2010, and published on 19 October 2010. The previous major review of UK defence strategy was the Strategic Defence Review, published in 1998, and updated in 2003 by the Delivering Security in a Changing World white paper.

As well as wanting an updated security policy, both the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats wanted the £38 billion overspend in the Ministry of Defence (MoD) procurement budget addressed. With the government committed to reducing the national budget deficit, the Treasury asked the MoD to draw up options for a 10–20% real-terms cut in its budget. The final amount was a 7.7% reduction over four years.
Christopher E. Abebe
Christopher Ebhodaghe Abebe (18 July 1919 – 22 March 2018) OFR, KSM, KSS, known as "Pa Abebe", was a Nigerian human resources executive and later managing director of the United Africa Company (UAC) in Nigeria.

United Africa Company
The United Africa Company (UAC) was a British company which principally traded in West Africa during the 20th century.

The United Africa Company was formed in 1929 as a result of the merger of The Niger Company, which had been effectively owned by Lever Brothers since 1920, and the African & Eastern Trade Corporation. In the early 1930s the United Africa Company was nearly reduced to bankruptcy and as a result it came under the control of Unilever which had just been formed.  Unilever had only been created from the merger of Lever Brothers and the Dutch Margarine Union earlier on 3 March 1929. The United Africa Company continued as subsidiary of Unilever until 1987 when it was absorbed by the parent company.
Harrl
The Harrl is a high, wooded western outlier of the Bückeberg hill ridge in the Weser Uplands of central Germany. It is up to 213 m above sea level (NN) and lies in the Lower Saxon county of Schaumburg.

Schaumburg
Schaumburg (German pronunciation: [ˈʃaʊmˌbʊʁk] ⓘ) is a district (Landkreis) of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (clockwise from the north) the districts of Nienburg, Hanover and Hameln-Pyrmont, and the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (districts of Lippe and Minden-Lübbecke).
Jean Andeka
Jean Andeka (born in Gombe) is a politician in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and was a candidate in the 2011 presidential election. He is a practicing lawyer in Gombe, graduated from the University of Kinshasa, and was the first candidate to file for election.

Gombe, Nigeria
GombeListenⓘ (Fula: Gelle/Wuro Gombe 𞤺𞤫𞥅𞤤𞥆𞤫/𞤱𞤵𞥅𞤪𞤮 𞤺𞤮𞤥𞤥𞤦𞤫,) is the capital city of Gombe State, north-eastern Nigeria, with an estimated population of around 450,000. The major spoken languages in Gombe are Fulfulɗe and Hausa.
Tejuosho Market
Tejuosho Market is an ultramodern market located along the Ojuelegba-Itire Road in Yaba, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria. The market is divided into two phases (Phase I and Phase II).

Some years after a fire incident that destroyed most part of the market, the Lagos State Government, Stormberg Engineering Limited, and First Bank of Nigeria in a public-private partnership reconstructed the market into a mega shopping plaza as part of plans to turn Lagos into a "Mega City".

Yaba, Lagos
Yaba is a suburb located on Lagos Mainland, Lagos in Lagos State, Nigeria. With its educational institutions and technological start-ups, Yaba is considered the technological hub of Lagos. Inaugurated in 2021, the ultra-modern Mobolaji Johnson Central Station in Yaba connects Lagos with the country's third largest city, Ibadan, via one of the few standard-gauge railway lines in Africa. The bus station in Yaba stands out with its tent-like architecture. Yaba's market, especially around Tejuosho, is known as "the shopping centre of Lagos".
Rancho Cañada de los Vaqueros
Rancho Cañada de los Vaqueros  was a 17,760-acre (71.9 km2) Mexican land grant mostly in present-day eastern Contra Costa County, California, and partially into northeastern Alameda County, California.  Los Vaqueros Reservoir, located between Livermore and Brentwood in the Diablo Range, is on and named for the former rancho.  Vasco Road passes through the site.

It was given in 1844  by Governor Manuel Micheltorena to Antonio Higuera, Francisco Alviso and Manuel Miranda.  The name means "Canyon of the Cowboys" in Spanish.

Diablo Range
The Diablo Range is a mountain range in the California Coast Ranges subdivision of the Pacific Coast Ranges in northern California, United States. It stretches from the eastern San Francisco Bay Area at its northern end to the Salinas Valley area at its southern end.