hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vertex normal
In the geometry of computer graphics, a vertex normal at a vertex of a polyhedron is a directional vector associated with a vertex, intended as a replacement to the true geometric normal of the surface. Commonly, it is computed as the normalized average of the surface normals of the faces that contain that vertex. The average can be weighted for example by the area of the face or it can be unweighted. Vertex normals can also be computed for polygonal approximations to surfaces such as NURBS, or specified explicitly for artistic purposes. Vertex normals are used in Gouraud shading, Phong shading and other lighting models. Using vertex normals, much smoother shading than flat shading can be achieved; however, without some modifications to topology such as support loops, it cannot produce a sharper edge.

Gouraud shading
Gouraud shading (/ɡuːˈroʊ/ goo-ROH), named after Henri Gouraud, is an interpolation method used in computer graphics to produce continuous shading of surfaces represented by polygon meshes. In practice, Gouraud shading is most often used to achieve continuous lighting on triangle meshes by computing the lighting at the corners of each triangle and linearly interpolating the resulting colours for each pixel covered by the triangle. Gouraud first published the technique in 1971. However, enhanced hardware support for superior shading models has yielded Gouraud shading largely obsolete in modern rendering.
Zakawie
Zakawie [zaˈkavjɛ] – a historical settlement in Poland, presently a street under the same name in Strzemieszyce Małe (a district of Dąbrowa Górnicza). Established in the 1820s, provided housing for workers of the zinc mine "Leonidas" in Sławków. According to the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland, in 1895 the settlement numbered 23 houses and 257 inhabitants.

Dąbrowa Górnicza
Dąbrowa Górnicza (Polish pronunciation: [dɔmˈbrɔva ɡurˈɲit͡ʂa] ⓘ) is a city in Zagłębie Dąbrowskie, southern Poland, near Katowice and Sosnowiec. It is located in eastern part of the Silesian Voivodeship, on the Czarna Przemsza and Biała Przemsza rivers (tributaries of the Vistula, see Przemsza).

Even though Dąbrowa Górnicza belongs to the historic province of Lesser Poland, it now is situated in the Silesian Voivodeship. Dąbrowa Górnicza is one of the cities of the Katowice urban area (2.7 million people), and within the greater Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area (5.2 million people). The population of the city itself as of December 2021 is 116,971.
Landor v. Louisiana Department of Corrections and Public Safety
Landor v. Louisiana Department of Corrections (No. 23-1197) is a pending United States Supreme Court case regarding the availability of individual-capacity damages suits under the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act.

The Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA), is a United States Federal law, which protects individuals and religious institutions from discrimination by preventing government entities from placing substantial burdens on religious exercise.

United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (in case citations, 5th Cir.) is one of the 13 United States courts of appeals. It has appellate jurisdiction over the U.S. district courts in the following federal judicial districts:

Eastern District of Louisiana

Middle District of Louisiana

Western District of Louisiana

Northern District of Mississippi

Southern District of Mississippi

Eastern District of Texas

Northern District of Texas

Southern District of Texas

Western District of Texas

The Fifth Circuit has 17 active judgeships, and is headquartered at the John Minor Wisdom United States Court of Appeals Building in New Orleans, Louisiana, with the clerk's office located at the F. Edward Hebert Federal Building in New Orleans.

Originally, the Fifth Circuit also included the federal district courts in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. In 1981, the district courts for those states were transferred to the newly created U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit.
Levantine Arabic grammar
Levantine Arabic grammar is the set of rules by which Levantine Arabic creates statements, questions and commands. In many respects, it is quite similar to that of the other vernacular Arabic varieties.

Zero copula
Zero copula, also known as null copula, is a linguistic phenomenon whereby the subject is joined to the predicate without overt marking of this relationship (like the copula to be in English). One can distinguish languages that simply do not have a copula and languages that have a copula that is optional in certain contexts.

Dropping the copula is also found, to a lesser extent, in English and many other languages, used most frequently in rhetoric, casual speech, non-standard varieties, and headlinese, the writing style used in newspaper headlines. Sometimes, these omissions cause unintended syntactic ambiguity.
Mizda District
Mizda was one of the districts of Libya. In the 2007 reorganization of Libyan districts its territory became part of Jabal al Gharbi District.

Prior to 2007 Mizdah bordered the following districts:

Bani Walid - northeast

Sirte - east

Al Jufrah - southeast

Wadi Al Shatii - south

Ghadames - west

Nalut - northwest, south of Yafran

Yafran - northwest, north of Nalut

Gharyan - north

Tarhuna wa Msalata - northeast, at a quadripoint

At the time Mizda bordered more districts than any other Libyan district.

Ghadames District
Ghadames or Ghadamis (Arabic: غدامس, Libyan vernacular: ġdāməs) was a  district of Libya until 2007.  Its territory is now part of Nalut District.  It was in the northwest of the country with its capital at Ghadames.

To the west, Ghadamis bordered the following regions of Tunisia and Algeria:

Tataouine Governorate, Tunisia - north

Ouargla Province, Algeria - northwest

Illizi Province, Algeria - west

Domestically, it bordered the following districts:

Nalut - northeast

Mizda - east

Wadi Al Shatii - south

30°08′N 9°30′E﻿ / ﻿30.133°N 9.500°E﻿ / 30.133; 9.500
Australian megafauna
Australian megafauna were megafauna which inhabited Australia during the Pleistocene Epoch. Most of these species became extinct during the latter half of the Pleistocene, as part of the broader global Late Quaternary extinction event. The roles of human and climatic factors in their extinction are debated.

There are similarities between the prehistoric Australian megafauna and some mythical creatures from the Aboriginal Dreamtime.

Eastern grey kangaroo
The eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus: gigantic large-foot; also great grey kangaroo or forester kangaroo) is a marsupial found in the eastern third of Australia, with a population of several million. Although a large M. giganteus kangaroo male can typically weigh up to 69 kg (152 lb) and have a length of well over 2 m (6 ft 7 in), the scientific name is misleading as the red kangaroo of the semi-arid inland is larger, weighing up to 90 kg (200 lb).
Dirac adjoint
In quantum field theory, the Dirac adjoint defines the dual operation of a Dirac spinor.  The Dirac adjoint is motivated by the need to form well-behaved, measurable quantities out of Dirac spinors, replacing the usual role of the Hermitian adjoint.

Possibly to avoid confusion with the usual Hermitian adjoint, some textbooks do not provide a name for the Dirac adjoint but simply call it "ψ-bar".

Quantum field theory
In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines field theory, special relativity and quantum mechanics.: xi  QFT is used in particle physics to construct physical models of subatomic particles and in condensed matter physics to construct models of quasiparticles. The current standard model of particle physics is based on QFT.

Despite its extraordinary predictive success, QFT faces ongoing challenges in fully incorporating gravity and in establishing a completely rigorous mathematical foundation.
Treaty of Accession 1972
The Treaty of Accession 1972 was the international agreement which provided for the accession of Denmark, Ireland, Norway and the United Kingdom to the European Communities. Norway did not ratify the treaty after it was rejected in a referendum held in September 1972. The treaty was ratified by Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom who became EC member states on 1 January 1973 when the treaty entered into force. The treaty remains an integral part of the constitutional basis of the European Union.

On the 31 January 2020 the United Kingdom left the European Union after 47 years of membership after a referendum was held in 2016 which saw 51.9% of voters wish to leave the bloc, and is now no longer legally bound by the treaty.

1972 Norwegian European Communities membership referendum
A referendum on joining the European Community was held in Norway on 25 September 1972. After a long period of heated debate, the "no" side won with 53.5% of the vote. Prime Minister Trygve Bratteli, who had championed a "yes" vote, resigned as a result. This was Norway's second attempt at becoming a member, after having been vetoed by France in January 1963 and again temporarily in 1967, but the first attempt with a referendum on a set of fully negotiated accession terms.
Pierrefonds River
The Pierrefonds River (French pronunciation: [pjɛʁfɔ̃]) is a tributary of the north shore of the Panache River flowing into Eeyou Istchee James Bay (municipality), in Jamésie, in the area of Nord-du-Québec, Quebec, Canada.

This river successively crosses the townships of Picquet, Prévert and Carpiquet.

Forestry is the main economic activity of the sector; recreational tourism activities, second.

The Pierrefonds River valley is served by the R1051 forest road (East-West direction).

The surface of the Pierrefonds River is usually frozen from early November to mid-May, however safe ice circulation is generally from mid-November to mid-April.

Panache River
The Panache River is a tributary of the east bank of the Wetetnagami River flowing into Senneterre in the La Vallée-de-l'Or Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Abitibi-Témiscamingue, in Quebec, in Canada.

This river crosses downstream through the townships of Urban, Carpiquet, Muy and Effiat, successively.

Forestry is the main economic activity of the sector. The second is recreational tourism.

The valley of the Panache River is served by the forest road R1051 (East-West direction) to the North and the forest road R1053 to the South. These two roads also serve the Wetetnagami Lake Biodiversity Reserve which covers the Wetetnagami River Valley.

The surface of the Panache River is usually frozen from early November to mid-May, however safe ice circulation is generally from mid-November to mid-April.
Seth Obeng
Lieutenant General Seth Kofi Obeng (born 26 January 1945) is a former Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) of the Ghana Armed Forces. He was once also the Commander of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon. He is also a special adviser on African Union matters to the President of Ghana.

Chief of the Defence Staff (Ghana)
The Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) is the professional head of the Ghana Armed Forces. He is thus responsible for the administration and the operational control and command of the Ghana military.  The CDS is a member of the Armed Forces Council. This council advice the President of Ghana on matters of policy relating to defence and also regulates the administration of the Armed Forces. It also advises the President on the promotion of all officers above the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel or its equivalent.

The CDS is appointed by the President, in consultation with the Council of State of Ghana.

The current CDS is Major General William Agyapong. He was appointed by John Mahama in March 2025.
Diocese of Le Mans
The Diocese of Le Mans (Latin: Dioecesis Cenomanensis; French: Diocèse du Mans) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in France. The diocese is now a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Rennes, Dol, and Saint-Malo, but had previously been suffragan to Bourges, Paris, Sens, and Tours (in ascending order).

In 2021, in the Diocese of Tulle there was one priest for every 4,705.

Marin Mersenne
Marin Mersenne, OM (also known as Marinus Mersennus or le Père Mersenne; French: [maʁɛ̃ mɛʁsɛn]; 8 September 1588 – 1 September 1648) was a French polymath whose works touched a wide variety of fields.  He is perhaps best known today among mathematicians for Mersenne prime numbers, those written in the form Mn = 2n − 1 for some integer n.  He also developed Mersenne's laws, which describe the harmonics of a vibrating string (such as may be found on guitars and pianos), and his seminal work on music theory, Harmonie universelle, for which he is referred to as the "father of acoustics".

Mersenne, an ordained Catholic priest, had many contacts in the scientific world and has been called "the center of the world of science and mathematics during the first half of the 1600s" and, because of his ability to make connections between people and ideas, "the post-box of Europe".  He was also a member of the ascetical Minim religious order and wrote and lectured on theology and philosophy.
Namu, British Columbia
Namu is a small fishing port, former cannery town and First Nations community on the coast of British Columbia, Canada.  It is located about 95 km (59.0 mi) southwest of Bella Coola or 35 km (21.7 mi) SSE of Bella Bella, on the mainland shore of the Inside Passage ferry route directly opposite Hunter Island, and just south of the opening of Burke Channel and King Island.  The community's harbour is named Namu Harbour, and a large lake just inland is Namu Lake, which lies in the short drainage basin of the 15 km Namu River, immediately east of which is the small but rugged Namu Range.

Namu was the namesake of the killer whale Namu, who was captured nearby in 1965 and was the second orca ever displayed in captivity.

Burke Channel
Burke Channel is a channel in the Central Coast region of the Canadian province of British Columbia, separating the south and east coasts of King Island from the mainland. It was first charted in 1792 by James Johnstone, one of George Vancouver's officers during his 1791-1795 expedition. Vancouver named it "Burke's Channel" after Edmund Burke.: 32
Sematophyllum
Sematophyllum is the type genus of the family Sematophyllaceae.  It contains about 170 species. Sematophyllum was described by William Mitten in 1864.

Sematophyllum demissum was designated as the type species by Max Fleischer in 1923.

Sematophyllaceae
Sematophyllaceae is a family of mosses, known commonly as signal mosses. They grow on rocks in wet or humid places. and are found nearly worldwide, especially in tropical and temperate regions. There are about 150 species, which form yellow to yellow-green mats with reddish stems.
Avid Catalina
The Avid Catalina is an American homebuilt amphibious aircraft that was designed and produced by Avid Aircraft of Caldwell, Idaho. It is a development  of the Avid Amphibian.

When it was available the aircraft was supplied as a kit, for amateur construction.

The Catalina was introduced in September 1994. Avid Aircraft ceased operations in November 2003 and Catalina production ended.

Amphibious aircraft
An amphibious aircraft, or amphibian, is an aircraft that can take off and land on both solid ground and water. These aircraft are typically fixed-wing, though amphibious helicopters do exist as well. Fixed-wing amphibious aircraft are seaplanes (flying boats and floatplanes) which are equipped with retractable wheels, at the expense of extra weight and complexity, plus diminished range and fuel economy compared with planes designed specifically for land-only or water-only operation.
Radium bromide
Radium bromide is the bromide salt of radium, with the formula RaBr2. It is produced during the process of separating radium from uranium ore. This inorganic compound was discovered by Pierre and Marie Curie in 1898, and the discovery sparked a huge interest in radiochemistry and radiotherapy. Since elemental radium oxidizes readily in air and water, radium salts are the preferred chemical form of radium to work with. Even though it is more stable than elemental radium, radium bromide is still extremely toxic, and can explode under certain conditions.

Luminescence
Luminescence can be simply defined as any emission of visible electromagnetic radiation (light) not ascribable directly to incandescence. Incandescence emerges at high temperatures due to thermal radiation; in contrast, because luminescence is often independent of temperature, it is sometimes termed cold light. However, some kinds of luminescence (e.g., candoluminescence, pyroluminescence, thermoluminescence) are associated with or require elevated temperatures. Notably, luminescence is exhibited by primary light sources (which emit light) rather than by secondary light sources (which reflect or transmit light).

Luminescence has also been defined to include all optical radiation, rather than being limited to visible radiation. In addition, it has been defined as a spontaneous emission of radiation from an electronically or vibrationally excited species not in thermal equilibrium with its environment.
1995 Anderson Hills tornado
On Thursday May 18, 1995, a powerful and destructive F4 tornado struck several towns near the city of Huntsville, Alabama, killing one person and causing extensive damage and devastation, including the destruction of the Anderson Hills subdivision. The tornado touched down just northwest of Athens. It tracked from that point through eastern Limestone County, through Harvest, Meridianville, and New Market in northern Madison County, Alabama, and ended near Princeton in northwest Jackson County, Alabama. The strongest portion of the tornado's path was near Harvest in northwest Madison County around the Anderson Hills subdivision and the Huntsville Dragway, lending the tornado its name. The tornado resulted in US$5 million (1995) in property damage.

New Market, Alabama
New Market is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in northeast Madison County, Alabama, United States, and is included in the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, the population of the CDP was 1,543. Although it was the first area settled in Madison County, the town has never been incorporated.
Harborne Reserve
Harborne Reserve (grid reference SP034851) is a nature reserve in Harborne, Birmingham, England, operated by the West Midland Bird Club. Entry is by permit only, except on advertised open days.

The reserve comprises two parts which total 9 acres (36,000 m2) of disused allotments, leased from Birmingham City Council. It is located approximately three miles from Birmingham city centre, alongside the Harborne Walkway.

The reserve is bisected by the Chad Brook.

Harborne Railway
The Harborne Railway was a short standard gauge railway line constructed for residential travel from the Harborne area into the centre of Birmingham, England. The line opened in 1874, and was worked by the London and North Western Railway. As business developed, an increasingly frequent passenger service was operated, at its peak thirty trains each way daily.

In the 1920s and later it suffered from road bus service competition and it closed to passenger trains in 1934. A private siding connection had been made to Mitchells & Butlers Brewery, but the line closed completely in 1963.
Rap opera
A rap opera, hip hopera or rapera is a musical work in hip-hop style with operatic form. The terms have been used to describe both dramatic works and concept albums, and hip hopera has also been used for works drawing more heavily on contemporary R&B than other hip hop such as rap.

Carmen: A Hip Hopera
Carmen: A Hip Hopera is a 2001 American musical romantic drama television film directed by Robert Townsend. Starring Beyoncé Knowles in her debut acting role (predating her theatrical film debut in Austin Powers in Goldmember) along with Mekhi Phifer, Mos Def, Rah Digga, Wyclef Jean, Da Brat, Joy Bryant, Reagan Gomez-Preston (who had previously worked with Townsend on The Parent 'Hood, which ended in 1999), Jermaine Dupri and Lil' Bow Wow, it is based upon the 1875 opera Carmen by Georges Bizet, Ludovic Halévy and Henri Meilhac, but set in modern-day Philadelphia and Los Angeles and featuring a mostly original hip-hop/R&B score in place of Bizet's opera. The film premiered on MTV on May 8, 2001.

The film is the second major African-American adaptation of the opera, the first being the 1943 Broadway musical Carmen Jones and its 1954 Academy Award-nominated film adaptation.
Agrochemical F.C.
Agrochemical Football Club (widely known as Agrochemicals) is a Kenyan football club based in Muhoroni.  They are a member of the Kenyan National Super League, the second level in the Kenyan football league system. Their home stadium is the Furaha Academy Sports Ground.

Kenyan Nationwide League
The Kenyan Nationwide League was the second-division football league in Kenya, until it was replaced by FKF Division One. There is promotion and relegation with the Kenyan Premier League and the Kenyan Provincial League.
Acanthops falcata
Acanthops falcata, common name South American dead leaf mantis or boxer mantis, is a species of praying mantis in the subfamily Acanthopinae of the family Acanthopidae and is one of many praying mantises from various genera that resembles a dead leaf.

Acanthopini
Acanthopini (from Ancient Greek ἄκανθα (ákantha), meaning "spine", and ὅψ (óps), meaning "eye") is a tribe of mantises in the family Acanthopidae. Ii is the only tribe in the subfamily Acanthopinae and contains eight genera and 37 species.
College of Sciences and Engineering (University of Tasmania)
The College of Sciences and Engineering is a college of the University of Tasmania that incorporates the School of Natural Sciences, School of Technology, Environments and Design, the Australian Maritime College, the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, and the Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture. The college incorporates science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education and research at the University.

Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies
The Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS) is a teaching and research institute of the University of Tasmania in Hobart, Tasmania. IMAS was established in 2010, building upon the university's partnership with CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere and the Australian Antarctic Division in cooperative Antarctic research and Southern Ocean research.

Marine geophysicist Prof. Mike Coffin was appointed founding Executive Director of IMAS in 2010. Prof. Richard Coleman, an oceanographer and cryospheric scientist, was appointed Executive Director of IMAS in July 2015. Terry Bailey was the Executive Director from July 2019 to 2022. The current Executive Director is Nicole Webster.