hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Guningtou
The Battle of Guningtou (古寧頭之役), also known as the Battle of Kuningtou or the Battle of Kinmen (Chinese: 金門戰役), was fought in October 1949 on the island of Kinmen (Quemoy), located in the Taiwan Strait, during the final stages of the Chinese Civil War.

The battle resulted in a decisive victory for the Republic of China (ROC, known today as Taiwan) forces and marked a significant turning point in the civil war. The defeat of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) forces not only preserved Kinmen under ROC control but also effectively halted CCP plans for an immediate invasion of Taiwan. The victory ensured the survival of the Republic of China government on Taiwan and reshaped the strategic landscape of the Taiwan Strait.

Dadeng Island
Dadeng Island (Traditional Chinese: 大嶝島) is an island in the southeastern part of Xiang'an District, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China, with an area of approximately 13 square kilometers. Administratively, it is currently under the jurisdiction of Dadeng Subdistrict in the same district. There is a Dadeng  Militia outpost on the island, established in 1950 and initially manned by local residents. Since 1992, it has been manned by a fixed rotation of 10 local female militia members.

Dadeng Island, along with Xiaodeng Island and Jiaoyu Island, forms the Dadeng Island Archipelago. The island features the Dadeng Bridge, which is 931 meters long and connects Dadeng Island with the Xiang'an Peninsula.
HMS Cockatrice (1781)
HMS Cockatrice was the fourth of the Alert-class British Royal Navy cutters. She was launched in 1781 and had an uneventful career until the Navy sold her in 1802. Private interests purchased her, lengthened her, and changed her rig to that of a brig. They hired her out to the Navy and she was in service as a hired armed brig from 1806 to 1808. She then returned to mercantile service until she was condemned at Lisbon in May 1816 as not worth repairing.

Hired armed vessels
During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Royal Navy made use of a large number of hired armed vessels. These were generally smaller vessels, often cutters and luggers, that the Royal Navy used for duties ranging from carrying despatches and passengers to convoy escort, particularly in British coastal waters, and reconnaissance.
St. Charles Borromeo Church (Bridgeport, Connecticut)
St. Charles Borromeo Parish is a Roman Catholic church located on the East Side neighborhood of Bridgeport, Connecticut, part of the  Diocese of Bridgeport.

The church was founded in 1902 by Irish immigrants. Its architecture is Gothic Revival.

St. Charles Borromeo has masses in different languages, such as Spanish, Portuguese, French-Creole and English.

Diocese of Bridgeport
The Diocese of Bridgeport (Latin: Dioecesis Bridgeportensis) is a diocese of the Catholic Church located in the southwestern part of the state of Connecticut in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Hartford. It includes all of Fairfield County, Connecticut. Its cathedral is St. Augustine Cathedral in Bridgeport. The bishop is Frank Caggiano.
Mayflower Cemetery
Mayflower Cemetery is a town-owned cemetery in Duxbury, in Plymouth County, Massachusetts. The first grave was of Stephen Russell in 1787 and the first engraved stone was of Ichabod Sampson in 1788. The Duxbury Crematory, also owned by the town, is located on the cemetery grounds.  The cemetery is also known as the "Old Cemetery at Unitarian Church Duxbury."

Duxbury, Massachusetts
Duxbury (alternative older spelling: "Duxborough") is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. A suburb located on the South Shore approximately 35 miles (56 km) to the southeast of Boston, the population was 16,090 at the 2020 census. The town contains the census-designated places (CDPs) of Duxbury, Green Harbor, and South Duxbury.
Jack Billion
John "Jack" Joseph Billion (March 4, 1939 – February 25, 2023) was an American politician and physician who was the 2006 Democratic Party candidate for Governor of South Dakota and served as a member of the South Dakota House of Representatives from the 13th district from 1993 to 1997.

Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Sioux Falls (/suː ˈfɔːlz/ soo FAWLZ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Minnehaha County and also extends into northern Lincoln County. The population was 192,517 at the 2020 census (estimated at 209,289 in 2024). The Sioux Falls metropolitan area, with an estimated 308,000 residents, accounts for more than one-third of South Dakota's population. Chartered in 1856 on the banks of the Big Sioux River, the city is situated in rolling hills at the junction of Interstates 29 and 90.
Wildenmannlisloch
Wildenmannlisloch (also Wildmannlisloch, lit. 'little wild man's hole')  is an Alpine limestone karst cave in the municipality of  Wildhaus-Alt St. Johann, in the Toggenburg region of the canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland, on the northern slope of the Churfirsten range (ca. 2 km [1.2 mi] due north of Selun) peak, at an elevation of 1,640 metres (5,380 ft) a.s.l.

Wildhaus-Alt St. Johann
Wildhaus-Alt St. Johann is a municipality in the Wahlkreis (constituency) of Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.  It was formed on 1 January 2010, through the merger of Alt St. Johann and Wildhaus (which includes also Unterwasser).
NFL on Canadian television
As of the 2024 NFL season, CTV and TSN broadcast Sunday games. Monday Night Football airs exclusively on TSN. TSN and CTV 2 own rights to Sunday Night Football and Thursday Night Football. RDS carries games in the French language from all timeslots. American network television feeds may also be available, often from multiple markets, on cable and satellite (and via terrestrial broadcast in the border lands); all games are subject to simultaneous substitution. Monday Night Football also airs in simultaneous substitution with the ABC feed on CTV2 beginning with the 2023 season.

Global Television Network
The Global Television Network (more commonly called Global, or occasionally Global TV) is a Canadian English-language terrestrial television network. It is currently Canada's second most-watched private terrestrial television network after CTV, and has fifteen owned-and-operated stations throughout the country. Global is owned by Corus Entertainment — the media holdings of JR Shaw and other members of his family.

Global has its origins in a regional television station of the same name, serving Southern Ontario, which launched in 1974. The Ontario station was soon purchased by the now-defunct CanWest Global Communications, and that company gradually expanded its national reach in the subsequent decades through both acquisitions and new station launches, building up a quasi-network of independent stations, known as the CanWest Global System, until the stations were unified under the Ontario station's branding in 1997.
Hinduism in Bangladesh
Hinduism is the second-largest religion in Bangladesh, accounting for about 7.95% of the country's population, approximately 13.1 million people, as per the 2022 census of Bangladesh. Around 21% of the Bangladeshi diaspora follow Hinduism.

Bangladesh has the world's third-largest Hindu population, after India and Nepal. Hinduism is the second-largest religion in 61 of 64 districts in Bangladesh, but there are no Hindu majority districts in Bangladesh.

Bangladeshi Hindus have faced systemic persecution, experiencing a population decrease from 33% in 1901 to 8% in 2022. In the 1971 Bangladesh genocide, 300,000 to 3 million people were killed (disproportionately Hindus), mass rapes on 300-400,000 women (predominantly Hindu) were perpetrated, as well as Hindu temple desecrations, property destruction, and a fleeing of 8-10 million Hindu refugees to India.

Taslima Nasrin
Taslima Nasrin (born 25 August 1962) is a Bangladeshi-Swedish writer, physician, feminist, secular humanist, and activist. She is known for her writings on feminism and her criticism of Islam; some of her books are banned in Bangladesh. She has also been blacklisted and banished from the Bengal region, including both Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal.

She gained global attention by the beginning of the 1990s owing to her essays and novels with feminist views and criticism of what she characterises as all "misogynistic" religions. Nasrin has been living in exile since 1994, with multiple fatwas calling for her death. After living more than a decade in Europe and the United States, she moved to India in 2004 and has been staying there on a resident permit, multiple-entry, or 'X' visa since.
Monk Higgins
Milton James Bland (October 3, 1930 – July 3, 1986), better known as Monk Higgins, was an American composer, producer, arranger, tenor saxophonist, keyboardist, and music executive born in Menifee, Arkansas.

The 3 Sounds
The 3 Sounds (also known as The Three Sounds) was an American jazz piano trio that formed in 1956 and disbanded in 1973.

The band formed in Benton Harbor, Michigan, United States, as the Four Sounds. The original lineup consisted of Gene Harris on piano, Andrew Simpkins on double bass and Bill Dowdy on drums, along with saxophonist Lonnie "The Sound" Walker, who dropped out the following year. The group moved to Washington and then New York, where, as the Three Sounds, they cut a record for Riverside Records, before signing an exclusive contract with Blue Note.

Between 1958 and 1962, the group released nine albums for Blue Note. They toured nationally during this period, building a large following in jazz clubs across the country. The trio played and recorded with the likes of saxophonists Lester Young, Lou Donaldson, Stanley Turrentine and Sonny Stitt, cornet player Nat Adderley, singer Anita O'Day, and guitarist Bucky Pizzarelli, among others.
Textbook
A textbook is a book containing a comprehensive compilation of content in a branch of study serving to explain the subject. Textbooks are produced to meet the needs of educators, usually at educational institutions, as well as learners (who could be independent learners outside of formal education). Schoolbooks are textbooks and other books used in schools. Today, many textbooks are published in both print and digital formats.

Amazon Kindle
Amazon Kindle is a series of e-readers designed and marketed by Amazon. Amazon Kindle devices enable users to browse, buy, download, and read e-books, newspapers, magazines,  Audible audiobooks, and other digital media via wireless networking to the Kindle Store. The hardware platform, which Amazon subsidiary Lab126 developed, began as a single device in 2007. Currently, it comprises a range of devices, including e-readers with E Ink electronic paper displays and Kindle applications on all major computing platforms. All Kindle devices integrate with Windows and macOS file systems and Kindle Store content and, as of March 2018, the store had over six million e-books available in the United States.
Arumeru District
Arumeru District (Meru District and Arusha Rural District) is a former district in the Arusha Region of Tanzania.  It was bordered to the north, west, and southwest by Monduli District, to the southeast by the city of Arusha, and to the east by the Kilimanjaro Region.

As of 2002, the population of the Arumeru District was 516,814.

Monduli District, Arusha
'Monduli District (Wilaya ya Monduli, in Swahili) is one of seven districts of the Arusha Region of Tanzania. It is bordered to the north by Longido District, to the east by Arusha Rural District, to the south by the Manyara Region and to the west by Ngorongoro District and Karatu District. The District covers an area of 6,993 km2 (2,700 sq mi). The town of Monduli is the administrative seat of the district. According to the 2002 Tanzania National Census, the population of the Monduli District was 185,237. By 2012, the population of the district was 158,929. By 2022, the population had grown to 227,585.
Culex jacksoni
Culex (Culex) jacksoni is a species of mosquito belonging to the genus Culex. It is found in China, Hong Kong, India, South Korea, Nepal, maritime Russia (Furugelm island), Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Taiwan.

Culex
Culex or typical mosquitoes are a genus of mosquitoes, several species of which serve as vectors of one or more important diseases of birds, humans, and other animals. The diseases they vector include arbovirus infections such as West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis, or St. Louis encephalitis, but also filariasis and avian malaria. They occur worldwide except for the extreme northern parts of the temperate zone, and are the most common form of mosquito encountered in some major U.S. cities, such as Los Angeles.
Daouda Sow (politician)
Daouda Sow (1933 – December 6, 2009) was a Senegalese politician and legislator. He served as the President of the National Assembly from 1984 to 1988. He was a member of the Socialist Party of Senegal (PS) and served as the party's Secretary General.

National Assembly (Senegal)
The National Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale) is the unicameral legislature of Senegal. The Assembly was previously part of a bicameral legislature from 1999 to 2001 and from 2007 to 2012, with the indirectly elected Senate being the upper house. The Senate was abolished for a second time in September 2012.
Matrix Chernoff bound
For certain applications in linear algebra, it is useful to know properties of the probability distribution of the largest eigenvalue of a finite sum of random matrices.  Suppose  is a finite sequence of random matrices.  Analogous to the well-known Chernoff bound for sums of scalars, a bound on the following is sought for a given parameter t:

The following theorems answer this general question under various assumptions; these assumptions are named below by analogy to their classical, scalar counterparts.  All of these theorems can be found in (Tropp 2010), as the specific application of a general result which is derived below.  A summary of related works is given.

Matrix addition
In mathematics, matrix addition is the operation of adding two matrices by adding the corresponding entries together.

For a vector, , adding two matrices would have the geometric effect of applying each matrix transformation separately onto , then adding the transformed vectors.
Maurer–Cartan form
In mathematics, the Maurer–Cartan form for a Lie group G is a distinguished differential one-form on G that carries the basic infinitesimal information about the structure of G. It was much used by Élie Cartan as a basic ingredient of his method of moving frames, and bears his name together with that of Ludwig Maurer.

As a one-form, the Maurer–Cartan form is peculiar in that it takes its values in the Lie algebra associated to the Lie group G.  The Lie algebra is identified with the tangent space of G at the identity, denoted TeG.  The Maurer–Cartan form ω is thus a one-form defined globally on G, that is, a linear mapping of the tangent space TgG at each g ∈ G into TeG.  It is given as the pushforward of a vector in TgG along the left-translation in the group:

Pushforward (differential)
In differential geometry, pushforward is a linear approximation of smooth maps (formulating manifold) on tangent spaces. Suppose that  is a smooth map between smooth manifolds; then the differential of  at a point , denoted , is, in some sense, the best linear approximation of  near . It can be viewed as a generalization of the total derivative of ordinary calculus. Explicitly, the differential is a linear map from the tangent space of  at  to the tangent space of  at , . Hence it can be used to push tangent vectors on  forward to tangent vectors on . The differential of a map  is also called, by various authors, the derivative or total derivative of .
AMPRNet
The AMPRNet (AMateur Packet Radio Network) or Network 44 is used in amateur radio for packet radio and digital communications between computer networks managed by amateur radio operators. Like other amateur radio frequency allocations, an IP range of 44.0.0.0/8 was provided in 1981 for Amateur Radio Digital Communications (a generic term) and self-administered by radio amateurs. In 2001, undocumented and dual-use of 44.0.0.0/8 as a network telescope began, recording the spread of the Code Red II worm in July 2001. In mid-2019, part of IPv4 range was sold off for conventional use, due to IPv4 address exhaustion.

American Registry for Internet Numbers
The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) is the regional Internet registry  for the United States, Canada, and many Caribbean and North Atlantic islands. ARIN manages the distribution of Internet number resources, including IPv4 and IPv6 address space and AS numbers. ARIN opened for business on December 22, 1997 after incorporating on April 18, 1997. ARIN is a nonprofit corporation with headquarters in Chantilly, Virginia, United States.

ARIN is one of five regional Internet registries in the world. Like the other regional Internet registries, ARIN:

Provides services related to the technical coordination and management of Internet number resources

Facilitates policy development by its members and stakeholders

Participates in the international Internet community

Is a nonprofit, community-based organization

Is governed by an executive board elected by its membership
Holme Valley Mountain Rescue Team
The Holme Valley Mountain Rescue Team is a voluntary organisation that functions as a search and rescue service covering the southern half of West Yorkshire. It is a registered charity entirely funded by public contributions.

The team takes its name from the valley of the River Holme, one of several rivers that pass through its area. However this name is more of historical than current significance. The team's headquarters are in Marsden, near Huddersfield and in the valley of the River Colne.

River Holme
The Holme of the Holme Valley, West Yorkshire, England is a tributary of the River Colne, West Yorkshire.  The source is via Digley Reservoir, fed firstly by the run-off from Brownhill Reservoir, then by Dobbs Dike. Banks along the upper valley are mostly urbanised and are in the Holme Valley civil parish.
Glad Day Bookshop
Glad Day Bookshop is an independent bookstore and restaurant located in Toronto, Ontario, specializing in LGBTQ literature. Previously located above a storefront at 598A Yonge Street for much of its history, the store moved to its current location at 499 Church Street, in the heart of the city's Church and Wellesley neighbourhood, in 2016. The store's name and logo are based on a painting by William Blake.

Since the closure of New York City's Oscar Wilde Bookshop in early 2009, Glad Day has been the oldest surviving LGBTQ bookstore in the world.

Oscar Wilde Bookshop
The Oscar Wilde Bookshop was a bookstore located in New York City's Greenwich Village neighborhood that focused on LGBTQ works. It was founded by Craig Rodwell on November 24, 1967, as the Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop. Initially located at 291 Mercer Street, it moved in 1973 to 15 Christopher Street, opposite Gay Street.

The bookstore closed on March 29, 2009, citing the Great Recession and challenges from online bookstores.

In 2006, the bookshop received the Michele Karlsberg Leadership Award from the Publishing Triangle.
Lysva
Lysva (Russian: Лысьва) is a town in Perm Krai, Russia, located in the eastern part of the krai on the river Lysva, 86 kilometers (53 mi) from Perm. Population:  65,918 (2010 Census); 71,148 (2002 Census); 76,614 (1989 Soviet census).

Perm, Russia
Perm (Russian: Пермь, IPA: [pʲermʲ] ⓘ, IPA: [pʲerʲmʲ]; Komi-Permyak: Перем; Komi: Перым), originally known as Yagoshikha (Ягошиха; 1723–1781) and briefly as Molotov (Молотов; 1940–1957), is the administrative centre of Perm Krai in the European part of Russia. It sits on the banks of the Kama River near the Ural Mountains, covering an area of 799.68 square kilometres (308.76 square miles). With over one million residents Perm is the 15th-largest city in Russia and the 5th-largest in the Volga Federal District.
John F. X. Knasas
John Francis Xavier Knasas (born 1948) is an American philosopher. He is a leading existential Thomist in the Neo-Thomist movement, best known for engaging such thinkers as Bernard Lonergan, Alasdair MacIntyre and Jeremy Wilkins in disputes over human cognition to affirm a Thomistic epistemology of direct realism and defending the thought of Jacques Maritain, Étienne Gilson and Fr. Joseph Owens.  He holds the Bishop Wendelin J. Nold Endowed Chair as Professor of Philosophy at the Center for Thomistic Studies at the University of St. Thomas in Houston and earned his doctorate at the University of Toronto, under the direction of Fr. Joseph Owens.

Bernard Lonergan
Bernard Joseph Francis Lonergan SJ CC (17 December 1904 – 26 November 1984) was a Canadian Jesuit priest, philosopher, and theologian regarded by many as one of the most important thinkers of the 20th century.

Lonergan's works include Insight: A Study of Human Understanding (1957) and Method in Theology (1972), as well as two studies of Thomas Aquinas, several theological textbooks, and numerous essays, including two posthumously published essays on macroeconomics. Lonergan held appointments at the Pontifical Gregorian University; Regis College, Toronto, as distinguished visiting professor at Boston College, and as Stillman Professor of Divinity at Harvard University.
MIND diet
The Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay diet, or more commonly, the MIND diet, combines portions of the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet and the Mediterranean diet. Both the DASH diet and the Mediterranean diet have been shown to improve cognition. A team at Rush University Medical Center, including Martha Clare Morris (a nutritional epidemiologist), worked to create the MIND diet.

Like the DASH and Mediterranean diets, the MIND diet emphasizes the intake of fresh fruit, vegetables, and legumes. The MIND diet may be more effective at reducing cognitive decline than either the Mediterranean or the DASH diet alone, although a cause and effect relationship has not been determined.

Rush University Medical Center
Rush University Medical Center, abbreviated as Rush, is an academic medical center in the Illinois Medical District neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is the hospital for the Rush University System for Health, which includes Rush Oak Park Hospital and Rush Copley Medical Center, and serves as the primary teaching hospital in affiliation with Rush University.
2019 Sanya ePrix
The 2019 Sanya ePrix (formally the 2019 FWD Sanya E-Prix) was a Formula E electric motor race held in Sanya on the Chinese island of Hainan on 23 March 2019. It was the 6th race of the 2018–19 Formula E season, and the first Sanya ePrix.

Sanya ePrix
The Sanya ePrix is a race of the all-electric Formula E championship held in Sanya, Hainan, China. It debuted during the 2018–19 Formula E season on the Haitang Bay Circuit. The race was won by Jean-Éric Vergne for DS Techeetah. Planned events in subsequent seasons were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, before Formula E announced Sanya would return to the calendar in 2026.
Marco Ballotta
Marco Ballotta (born 3 April 1964) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

His professional career spanned a quarter of a century, but he was never capped for the Italy national team. He also held the distinction of being the oldest player ever to appear in both the Serie A and the Champions League.

During 15 Serie A seasons, Ballotta appeared in 138 games for six clubs, mainly Modena and Lazio.

1993 European Super Cup
The 1993 European Super Cup was contested between AC Milan (the 1992–93 UEFA Champions League runners-up) and Parma (the 1992–93 European Cup Winners' Cup champions). It was won by Parma, 2–1 on aggregate. The final was contested over two legs with a leg at each of the sides' home grounds. The first leg took place at Ennio Tardini, Parma, on 12 January 1994 and ended 0–1. The second leg took place at San Siro, Milan, on 2 February 1994, where Parma won 2–0 after extra time.