hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Prime Minister's Literary Awards
The Australian Prime Minister's Literary Awards (PMLA) were announced at the end of 2007 by the incoming First Rudd ministry following the 2007 election. They are administered by the Minister for the Arts.

The awards were designed as "a new initiative celebrating the contribution of Australian literature to the nation's cultural and intellectual life." The awards are held annually and initially provided a tax-free prize of A$100,000 in each category, making it Australia's richest literary award in total. In 2011, the prize money was split into $80,000 for each category winner and $5,000 for up to four short-listed entries. The award was initially given in four categories – fiction, non-fiction, young adult and children's fiction – as selected by three judging panels. In 2012, a poetry category was added and the former Prime Minister's Prize for Australian History was incorporated into the award. To be eligible, writers "must be a citizen or permanent resident of Australia."

First Rudd ministry
The first Rudd ministry (Labor) was the 64th ministry of the Government of Australia. It was led by the country's 26th Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd. The first Rudd ministry succeeded the fourth Howard ministry, which dissolved on 3 December 2007 following the federal election that took place on 24 November which saw Labor defeat John Howard's Liberal–National Coalition. The ministry was replaced by the first Gillard ministry on 24 June 2010 following the resignation of Rudd as Prime Minister after a successful leadership challenge by Julia Gillard.
Derivative work
In copyright law, a derivative work is an expressive creation that includes major copyrightable elements of a first, previously created original work (the underlying work). The derivative work becomes a second, separate work independent from the first. The transformation, modification or adaptation of the work must be substantial and bear its author's personality sufficiently to be original and thus protected by copyright. Translations, cinematic adaptations and musical arrangements are common types of derivative works.

Most countries' legal systems seek to protect both original and derivative works. They grant authors the right to impede or otherwise control their integrity and the author's commercial interests. Derivative works and their authors benefit in turn from the full protection of copyright without prejudicing the rights of the original work's author.

First-sale doctrine
The first-sale doctrine (also sometimes referred to as the "right of first sale" or the "first sale rule") is a legal concept that limits the rights of an intellectual property owner to control resale of products embodying its intellectual property. The doctrine enables the distribution chain of copyrighted products, library lending, giving, video rentals and secondary markets for copyrighted works (for example, enabling individuals to sell their legally purchased books or CDs to others). In trademark law, this same doctrine enables reselling of trademarked products after the trademark holder puts the products on the market. In the case of patented products, the doctrine allows resale of patented products without any control from the patent holder.  The first sale doctrine does not apply to patented processes, which are instead governed by the patent exhaustion doctrine.
1994 Liwa earthquake
The 1994 Liwa earthquake occurred on 16 February 1994 at 00:07 local time. It was located in southern Sumatra, Indonesia. The magnitude of the earthquake was put at Mw 6.9, Mw 7.0, or Ms 7.2, according to different sources.

The earthquake caused 207 deaths and 2000 injuries. There was damage from landslides, mudslides, and fires in Lampung Province. Power outage occurred in western Lampung. Six-thousand buildings were damaged or destroyed by landslides in the Liwa area. In addition to southern Sumatra, the earthquake could be felt in western Java and Singapore. Intense smoke and gas activity was observed in the Suwoh volcanic area.

The earthquake took place at the Sumatran Fault Zone. The Sumatran Fault Zone is 1,900 km long and highly segmented. It can be divided into about 20 segments. The earthquake occurred in a subparallel strand 2.5 km southwest of the principal trace of the Kumering segment. The focal mechanism is of right-lateral strike-slip faulting.

West Lampung Regency
West Lampung Regency is a landlocked regency of Lampung Province, in the south of Sumatra, Indonesia. It was originally created on 16 August 1991 by splitting off the western districts of the existing North Lampung Regency; and until 2012 it had an area of 4,950.4 km2 of which forests occupied some 57% of the total area (as of 2011). It had a population of 418,560 people at the 2010 census. However, on 25 October 2012 the southwestern part of this area was separated from West Lampung Regency to form the new Pesisir Barat Regency (with its administrative centre at the town of Krui).

The residual Lampung Barat Regency now covers an area of 2,107.99 km2 and this area had a population of 277,296 at the 2010 census and 302,139 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 313,756 (comprising 162,740 males and 151,016 females). The regency seat is at the town of Liwa.
Megasporoporia minor
Megasporoporia minor is a species of crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Found in China, it was described as a new species in 2013 by mycologists Bao-Kai Cui and Hai-Jiao Li. The type was collected was made in Daweishan Forest Park, Yunnan, where it was found growing on a fallen angiosperm branch. It is distinguished from other species of Megasporoporia by its relatively small pores (number 6–7 per millimetre) and small spores (measuring 6–7.8 by 2.6–4 μm); it is these features for which the fungus is named.

Polyporaceae
The Polyporaceae (/pɔːliːpoʊreɪsiˌaɪ, -siːˌiː/) are a family of poroid fungi belonging to the Basidiomycota.  The flesh of their fruit bodies varies from soft (as in the case of the dryad's saddle illustrated) to very tough.  Most members of this family have their hymenium (fertile layer) in vertical pores on the underside of the caps, but some of them have gills (e.g. Panus) or gill-like structures (such as Daedaleopsis, whose elongated pores form a corky labyrinth).  Many species are brackets, but others have a definite stipe – for example, Polyporus badius.

Most of these fungi have white spore powder but members of the genus Abundisporus have colored spores and produce yellowish spore prints. Cystidia are absent.
Papal States under Pope Pius IX
Under Pope Pius IX, the Papal States assumed a much more modern and secular character than had been seen under previous pontificates, and yet this progressive modernization was not nearly sufficient in resisting the tide of political liberalization and unification in Italy during the middle of the 19th century.

A view of the Papal States from the perspective of the mid-19th 
century is readily available.

Roman Republic (1849–1850)
The Roman Republic (Italian: Repubblica Romana) was a short-lived state declared on 9 February 1849, when the government of the Papal States was temporarily replaced by a republican government due to Pope Pius IX's departure to Gaeta.  The republic was led by Carlo Armellini, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Aurelio Saffi.  Together they formed a triumvirate, a reflection of a form of government during the first century BC crisis of the Roman Republic.

One of the major innovations the Republic hoped to achieve was enshrined in its constitution: freedom of religion, with Pope Pius IX and his successors guaranteed the right to govern the Catholic Church. These religious freedoms were quite different from the situation under the preceding government, which allowed only Catholicism and Judaism to be practised by its citizens. The Constitution of the Roman Republic was the first in the world to abolish capital punishment in its constitutional law.
Tuition Assistance Program
The Tuition Assistance Program is a financial aid program for students who are New York State residents and who are attending a post-secondary educational institution in New York. It is a program of the Higher Education Services Corporation which is a New York State Agency.

Student financial aid in the United States
Student financial aid in the United States is funding that is available exclusively to students attending a post-secondary educational institution in the United States. This funding is used to assist in covering the many costs incurred in pursuing post-secondary education. Financial aid is available from federal and state governments, educational institutions, and private organizations. It can be awarded through grants, loans, work-study, and scholarships. To apply for federal financial aid, students must first complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA).

The financial aid process has been criticized for its part in enrollment management, whereby students are awarded money not based on merit or need, but on the maximum the student families will pay.
2017 Open de Rennes
The 2017 Open de Rennes was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the eleventh edition of the tournament and part of the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Rennes, France between 24 and 29 January 2017.

2017 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour, in 2017, was the secondary men's professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2017 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprises 155 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $50,000 up to $150,000. It was the 40th edition of the challenger tournaments cycle, and 9th under the name of Challenger Tour.
The Drowning Pool
The Drowning Pool is a 1950 mystery novel by American writer Ross Macdonald, then writing under the name John Ross Macdonald (and simply John Macdonald in the UK). It is his second book in the series revolving around the cases of private detective Lew Archer and was published by Alfred A. Knopf in the US and in 1952 by Cassell in the UK.  It was made into the 1975 Paul Newman film The Drowning Pool

Alfred A. Knopf
Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. (/knɒpf/) is an American publishing house that was founded by Blanche Knopf and Alfred A. Knopf Sr. in 1915. Blanche and Alfred traveled abroad regularly and were known for publishing European, Asian, and Latin American writers in addition to leading American literary trends. It was acquired by Random House in 1960, and is now part of the Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group division of Penguin Random House which is owned by the German conglomerate Bertelsmann.

The Knopf publishing house is associated with the borzoi logo in its colophon, which was designed by co-founder Blanche Knopf in 1925.
Red Mountain (British Columbia)
Red Mountain, 2445 m (8022 ft) prominence: 740 m, is the highest summit of the Camelsfoot Range, part of the Chilcotin Plateau located on the west bank of the Fraser River to the north of Lillooet, British Columbia, Canada.  Located at the headwaters of the Yalakom River, which is the main north fork of the Bridge River, it has been the site of copper prospects but no major mining activity has so far taken place.

Bridge River
The Bridge River is a river in southern British Columbia, Canada. It flows south-east from the Coast Mountains. Until 1961, it was a major tributary of the Fraser River, entering that stream about six miles upstream from the town of Lillooet; its flow, however, was near-completely diverted into Seton Lake with the completion of the Bridge River Power Project, with most of the river's water now entering the Fraser just south of Lillooet as a result. The Bridge River hydroelectric complex, operated by BC Hydro, consists of three successive dams, providing water for four hydro power plants with the total rated power of total 492 megawatts.
Skiff Racing Association
The Skiff Racing Association (SRA) is the governing body in the United Kingdom for the sport of skiff racing. The SRA is affiliated to British Rowing. The objectives of the SRA are

(a)	To maintain the standard of sculling in skiff and kindred races

(b)	To promote the interests of skiff racing and kindred sports

Sunbury Amateur Regatta
The Sunbury Amateur Regatta is a regatta on the River Thames at Sunbury-on-Thames, Surrey, England with a rare visitors' boats lights display and fireworks event. It is for mainly traditional wooden types of boats with a few events for small sculling boats since its instigation in 1877 (today known as racing shells) taking place by convention on a Saturday in early to mid August.  The Edith Topsfield Junior Regatta takes place the following day.
Yeva Olenskaya
Yeva (Yevgenia) Nikitichna Olenskaya (1900, Quba, Baku Province, Russian Empire – 20 May 1959, Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union) was an Azerbaijani Soviet actress, Hero of Labor (1927), People's Artiste of the Azerbaijan SSR (1949). She is best known for her role in the silent film “Arshin mal alan” (The Cloth Peddler) (1917).

Hero of Socialist Labour
The Hero of Socialist Labour (Russian: Герой Социалистического Труда, romanized: Geroy Sotsialisticheskogo Truda) was an honorific title in the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries from 1938 to 1991. It represented the highest degree of distinction in the USSR and was awarded for exceptional achievements in Soviet industry and culture. It provided a similar status to the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, which was awarded for heroic deeds, but differed in that it was not awarded to foreign citizens.
Charles L. Coffin
Charles L. Coffin (1844-1926) was an American inventor from Detroit. He was awarded U.S. patent 428,459 for an arc welding process using a metal electrode.  This was the first time that metal melted from the electrode carried across the arc to deposit filler metal in the joint to make a weld. Two years earlier, Nikolay Slavyanov presented the same idea of transferring metal across an arc, but to cast metal in a mold.

Electrode
An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e.g. a semiconductor, an electrolyte, a vacuum or a gas). In electrochemical cells, electrodes are essential parts that can consist of a variety of materials (chemicals) depending on the type of cell.  An electrode may be called either a cathode or anode according to the direction of the electric current, unrelated to the potential difference between electrodes.

Michael Faraday coined the term "electrode" in 1833; the word recalls the Greek ἤλεκτρον (ḗlektron, "amber") and ὁδός (hodós, "path, way").

The electrophore, invented by Johan Wilcke in 1762, was an early version of an electrode used to study static electricity.
Eric Hughes (cypherpunk)
Eric Hughes is an American mathematician, computer programmer, and cypherpunk.  He is considered one of the founders of the cypherpunk movement, alongside Timothy C. May and John Gilmore.

He is notable for founding and administering the Cypherpunk mailing list, authoring A Cypherpunk's Manifesto, creating and hosting the first anonymous remailer, and coining the motto, "Cypherpunks write code".

The May/June 1993 issue (vol. 1 no. 2) of Wired featured a cover photo, credited to Larry Dyer, of three masked cypherpunks, of which Hughes was one.

Hughes argued that a wider acceptance of cryptography and privacy in society is necessary for success. He used an example of a Clipper chip as confirmation, where a wide opposition to the chip in society resulted in its rollout halted.

On September 27, 2012, Hughes delivered the keynote address, Putting the Personal Back in Personal Computers, at the Amsterdam CryptoParty.

Timothy C. May
Timothy C. May, better known as Tim May (December 21, 1951 – December 13, 2018), was an American technical and political writer, and electronic engineer and senior scientist at Intel. May was also the founder of the crypto-anarchist movement. He retired from Intel in 1986 at age 35 and died of natural causes at his home on December 13, 2018 at age 66.
European Badminton Circuit
The European Badminton Circuit is a series of international badminton tournaments in Europe, sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF). The circuit consists of BWF International Challenge, BWF International Series and BWF Future Series tournaments held in Europe. The circuit usually starts in September and ends in April.

BWF Future Series
The BWF Future Series  is a grade 3 and level 3 tournaments part of Continental Circuit of BWF tournaments along with International Challenge (level 1) and International Series (level 2), sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF) since 2007.
2002–03 Kent Football League
The 2002–03 Kent Football League season (known as the Go Travel Kent League for sponsorship reasons) was the 37th in the history of Kent Football League a football competition in England.

The League structure comprised three divisions: a Premier Division together with a Reserves Section comprising two equal ranked geographically based divisions known as Division One North and Division One South – with a play-off between the winners of these two divisions to decide the Division One champion. Reserves teams were not permitted in the Premier Division. Additionally there were two league cup competitions: the Challenge Cup for the Premier Division clubs and another for the teams in the Reserves Section.

Deal Town F.C.
Deal Town Football Club is a football club based in Deal in Kent, England. FA Vase winners in 2000, they are currently members of the Isthmian League South East Division and play at the Charles Sports Ground.
Lucas Peressini
Lucas Peressini (born March 9, 1995) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He is currently an unrestricted free agent who most recently played with the Allen Americans in the ECHL. Peressini played with the Western Mustangs of the OUA.

Allen Americans
The Allen Americans are a professional ice hockey team headquartered at the Credit Union of Texas Event Center in Allen, Texas, which currently plays in the ECHL. The team was founded in 2009 in the Central Hockey League (CHL) where they played for five seasons, winning the Ray Miron President's Cup twice. The CHL folded in 2014 and the ECHL accepted the remaining CHL teams as members for the 2014–15 season. In their first two seasons in the ECHL, Allen advanced to the Kelly Cup finals, winning the championship in both years. The Americans are affiliated with the National Hockey League's Ottawa Senators and the American Hockey League's Belleville Senators.
John Bosman
Johannes "John" Jacobus Bosman (born 1 February 1965) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a forward.

A prolific goalscorer for both club and country, he played professionally for 19 years, most notably with Ajax (five seasons) and Anderlecht (five), surpassing the 100-goal mark with both clubs and winning a total of eight major titles combined.

Nicknamed Bossie, Bosman represented Netherlands at the 1994 World Cup and Euro 1988, helping the national team win the latter tournament.

KNVB Cup
The KNVB Beker (pronounced [ˌkaːʔɛɱveːˈbeː ˈbeːkər]; English: KNVB Cup), branded as the Eurojackpot KNVB Beker for sponsorship reasons, is a competition in the Netherlands organised by the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB) since 1898. It was based on the format of the English FA Cup. Outside the Netherlands, it is often referred to as the Dutch Cup. The tournament consists of all teams from the top four tiers of Dutch league football (Eredivisie, Eerste Divisie, Tweede Divisie and Derde Divisie), as well as the 24 semi-finalists (or replacements) of the six KNVB District Cups. The finals of the tournament traditionally takes place in De Kuip, and has been held there every season since the 1989 final. The winners of the cup compete against the winners of the Eredivisie for the Johan Cruyff Shield, (equivalent to a super cup) which acts as the curtain raiser for the following season.
Wildlife of the Channel Islands of California
The wildlife of the Channel Islands of California is wide and diverse, including many endemic species. While the land wildlife is slightly limited, there being only one large, naturally predatory, and native mammal, the small island fox, marine life can include anything from kelp forests to great white sharks.

Island spotted skunk
The island spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis amphiala) is an insular endemic carnivore and a subspecies of the western spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis). Little is known about their exact variations from the mainland spotted skunk and variations between locations, resolution of which awaits further genetic and morphologic evaluation. The skunk is only currently found on two islands off the southern coast of California (Santa Cruz Island, and Santa Rosa Island, where its occurrence is rare). Its presence has been recorded on San Miguel Island, but it has since been declared extinct in that area. The Channel Island skunk is one of two terrestrial carnivores on the islands, the other being the island fox. It is designated as a species of special concern by the state of California.
Senusret III
Khakaure Senusret III (also written as Senwosret III or the hellenised form, Sesostris III; died c. 1839 BC) was a king of Egypt. He ruled from c. 1878 BC to c. 1839 BC during a time of great power and prosperity, and was the fifth king of the 12th Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. He was a great king of the 12th Dynasty and is considered to rule at the height of the Middle Kingdom. Consequently, he is regarded as one of the sources for the legend about Sesostris. His military campaigns gave rise to an era of peace and economic prosperity that reduced the power of regional rulers and led to a revival in craftwork, trade, and urban development. Senusret III was among the few Egyptian kings who were deified and honored with a cult during their own lifetime.

Papyrus
Papyrus (/pəˈpaɪrəs/ pə-PY-rəs) is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient times as a writing material. It was made from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, a wetland sedge. Papyrus (plural: papyri or papyruses) can also refer to a document written on sheets of such material, joined side by side and rolled up into a scroll, an early form of a book.

Papyrus was first known to have been used in Egypt (at least as far back as the First Dynasty), as the papyrus plant was once abundant across the Nile Delta. It was also used throughout the Mediterranean region. Apart from writing material, ancient Egyptians employed papyrus in the construction of other artifacts, such as reed boats, mats, rope, sandals, and baskets.
Séminaire de Géométrie Algébrique du Bois Marie
In mathematics, the Séminaire de Géométrie Algébrique du Bois Marie (SGA; from French: "Seminar on Algebraic Geometry of Bois Marie") was an influential seminar run by French mathematician Alexander Grothendieck. It was a unique phenomenon of research and publication outside of the main mathematical journals that ran from 1960 to 1969 at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS) near Paris. (The name came from the small wood on the estate in Bures-sur-Yvette where the IHÉS was located from 1962.) The seminar notes were eventually published in twelve volumes, all except one in the Springer Lecture Notes in Mathematics series.

Lecture Notes in Mathematics
Lecture Notes in Mathematics is a book series in the field of mathematics, including articles related to both research and teaching. It was established in 1964 and was edited by A. Dold, Heidelberg and B. Eckmann, Zürich. Its publisher is Springer Science+Business Media (formerly Springer-Verlag).

The intent of the series is to publish not only lecture notes, but results from seminars and conferences, more quickly than the several-years-long process of publishing polished journal papers in mathematics. In order to speed the publication process, early volumes of the series (before electronic publishing) were reproduced photographically from typewritten manuscripts. According to Earl Taft, it has been "enormously successful" and "is considered a very valuable service to the mathematical community".

As of 2025, there have been over 2380 volumes in the series.