hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Timeline of nuclear weapons development
This timeline of nuclear weapons development is a chronological catalog of the evolution of nuclear weapons rooting from the development of the science surrounding nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. In addition to the scientific advancements, this timeline also includes several political events relating to the development of nuclear weapons. The availability of intelligence on recent advancements in nuclear weapons of several major countries (such as United States and the Soviet Union) is limited because of the classification of technical knowledge of nuclear weapons development.

Medium-range ballistic missile
A medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) is a type of ballistic missile with medium range, this last classification depending on the standards of certain organizations. Within the U.S. Department of Defense, a medium-range missile is defined by having a maximum range of between 1,000 and 3,000 kilometres (620 and 1,860 mi). In modern terminology, MRBMs are part of the wider grouping of theatre ballistic missiles, which includes any ballistic missile with a range of less than 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi). Roughly speaking, MRBM covers the ranges over SRBM (tactical) and under IRBM.
George Feick
George Feick (January 23, 1849 - November 11, 1932) was a German-American builder in Sandusky and Oberlin, Ohio.  His works include the Wyoming State Capitol, multiple buildings at Oberlin College, and numerous office buildings, churches, schools, libraries and residences in and around Sandusky.  Several of his works are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Edwards Gymnasium and Pfeiffer Natatorium
The Edwards Gymnasium and Pfeiffer Natatorium is a building on the main campus of Ohio Wesleyan University. Inaugurated in 1906, it was designed by architect J.W. Yost and was built by Feick & Son. Edwards Hall is a 1,800-seat multi-purpose arena. Located at the south end of the campus in Delaware, Ohio, it was home to the OWU Battling Bishops men's and women's swimming and women's handball teams.
Quito, Mississippi
Quito is an unincorporated community located in Leflore County, Mississippi. Quito is approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Morgan City and 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Itta Bena along Mississippi Highway 7.

It is part of the Greenwood, Mississippi micropolitan area.

Quito is located on the former Columbus and Greenville Railroad. A post office operated under the name Quito from 1907 to 1918.

It was once believed that blues musician Robert Johnson was buried in the Payne Chapel cemetery, but evidence now points to him being buried at Little Zion M.B. Church Cemetery north of Greenwood.

Itta Bena, Mississippi
Itta Bena is a city in Leflore County, Mississippi, United States. As of the 2020 census, Itta Bena had a population of 1,679. The town's name is derived from the Choctaw phrase iti bina, meaning "forest camp". Itta Bena is part of the Greenwood, Mississippi micropolitan area. It developed as a trading center of an area of cotton plantations.
Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie
Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie (English: Journal of Physical Chemistry) is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering physical chemistry that is published by Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. Its English subtitle is "International Journal of Research in Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics". It was established in 1887 by Wilhelm Ostwald, Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, and Svante August Arrhenius as the first scientific journal for publications specifically in the field of physical chemistry. The editor-in-chief is Klaus Rademann (Humboldt University of Berlin).

Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Jr. (Dutch: [vɑn (ə)t ˈɦɔf]; 30 August 1852 – 1 March 1911) was a Dutch physical chemist. A highly influential theoretical chemist, in 1901 Van 't Hoff won the first the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions". His pioneering work helped found the modern theory of chemical affinity, chemical equilibrium, chemical kinetics, and chemical thermodynamics. In his 1874 pamphlet, Van 't Hoff formulated the theory of the tetrahedral carbon atom and laid the foundations of stereochemistry. In 1875, he predicted the correct structures of allenes and cumulenes as well as their axial chirality. He is also widely considered one of the founders of physical chemistry as the discipline is known today.
Pitiuu Uta
Motu Pitiuu Uta, also known as Sofitel Motu,  is a 0.034 km2 (0.0 sq mi) island in the Bora Bora Islands Group, within the Society Islands of French Polynesia. It is the located between Pitiuu Tai, and Matira Beach on the main island.

The island is the site of the Sofitel Bora Bora Private Island.

The nearest airport is Bora Bora Airport.

Bora Bora Island
Bora Bora Island is a 19.91 km2 (8 sq mi) island in the Bora Bora Islands Group, within the Society Islands of French Polynesia. It is the main island of the commune of the same name. Together with its surrounding islands of Tapu, Ahuna, Tevairoa, Tane, Mute, Tufari, Tehotu, Pitiaau, Sofitel, Toopua, and Toopuaiti, it forms the group of Bora Bora.
Anna Cabré
Anna Cabré also known as Anna Cabré i Pla (born 1943) is a Catalan geographer and professor emeritus of Human Geography at the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB). She is a demographer who served as director of the Center for Demographic Studies at the UAB, from its creation in 1984 until 2014, and then became its honorary director. She is considered an expert on the dynamics of marriage demographics.

Institute for Catalan Studies
The Institute for Catalan Studies (Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans [instiˈtud dəsˈtuðis kətəˈlans]), also known by the acronym IEC, is an academic institution which seeks to undertake research and study into "all elements of Catalan culture". It is based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Vladimir Jovović
Vladimir Jovović (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Владимир Јововић, pronounced [ʋlǎdimiːr jôːʋoʋitɕ]; born 26 October 1994) is a Montenegrin professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Uzbekistan Super League club Neftchi.

2012–13 Montenegrin First League
The 2012–13 Montenegrin First League was the seventh season of top-tier football in Montenegro. The season began on 11 August 2012 and ended on 1 June 2013. The mid-season winter break began on 2 December 2012 and ended on 7 March 2013. FK Budućnost Podgorica are the defending champions.
Grateful Dead Download Series Volume 10
Download Series Volume 10 is a live album by the rock band Grateful Dead. It was released as a three-disc digital download on February 7, 2006. The album features nearly the entire concert performed by the band on July 21, 1972, at the Paramount Northwest Theatre in Seattle, Washington.

The album is missing the opener, Chuck's Berry's "Promised Land". Additionally, the version of "Weather Report Suite: Prelude" that follows "Casey Jones" is truncated and contains errors. After their flawed performance, Bob Weir comments, "Well anyway, what we're going to do next is history." To supplement the third disc, two songs from the first set and three from the second set of the following night's show at the same venue are included.  Volume 10 was mastered in HDCD format by Jeffrey Norman.

Phil Lesh
Philip Chapman Lesh (March 15, 1940 – October 25, 2024) was an American musician and a founding member of the Grateful Dead, with whom he developed a unique style of  improvised six-string bass guitar. He was their bassist throughout their 30-year career.

After the group disbanded in 1995, Lesh continued the tradition of Grateful Dead family music with a side project, Phil Lesh and Friends, which paid homage to the Dead's music by playing their repertoire, as well as songs by members of his own group. Lesh operated a music venue called Terrapin Crossroads. From 2009 to 2014, he performed in Furthur alongside former Grateful Dead bandmate Bob Weir.  He scaled back touring in 2014 but continued to perform concerts.
United Bengal
United Bengal was a proposal to transform Bengal Province into an undivided, sovereign state at the time of the Partition of India in 1947. It sought to prevent the division of Bengal on religious grounds. The proposal originated in the pre-partition political leadership of the province, and found some cross-communal support.

The proposed state was to be called the Free State of Bengal. A confessionalist political system was mooted. The proposal was not put up for a vote. The British government proceeded to partition Bengal in accordance with the Mountbatten Plan and Radcliffe Line.

Radcliffe Line
The Radcliffe Line was the boundary demarcated by the two boundary commissions for the provinces of Punjab and Bengal during the Partition of India. It is named after Cyril Radcliffe, who, as the joint chairman of the two boundary commissions, had the ultimate responsibility to equitably divide 175,000 square miles (450,000 km2) of territory with 88 million people.

The term "Radcliffe Line" is also sometimes used for the entire boundary between India and Pakistan. However, outside of Punjab and Bengal, the boundary is made of pre-existing provincial boundaries and had nothing to do with the Radcliffe commissions.

The demarcation line was published on 17 August 1947, two days after the independence of Pakistan and India. Today, the Punjab part of the line is part of the India–Pakistan border while the Bengal part of the line serves as the Bangladesh–India border.
Politics of Papua New Guinea
The politics of Papua New Guinea takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic multi-party system, whereby the prime minister is the head of government. Papua New Guinea is an independent Commonwealth realm, with the monarch serving as head of state and a governor-general, nominated by the National Parliament, serving as their representative. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament.

Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech, press, worship, movement, and association. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

Provinces of Papua New Guinea
For administrative purposes, Papua New Guinea is divided into administrative divisions called provinces. There are 22 provincial-level divisions, which include 20 provinces, the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, and the National Capital District of Port Moresby.

In 2009, the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea created two additional provinces, that officially came into being on 17 May 2012. They were Hela Province, which was split from Southern Highlands Province, and Jiwaka Province, which was split from Western Highlands Province.

Each province forms a provincial electorate, called a constituency, for the PNG national parliament. The 22 provincial members are chosen from single-member electorates. Each provincial member becomes governor of their province unless they take a ministerial position, in which case the governorship passes to an open member of the province.
2023 Copa Colombia
The 2023 Copa Colombia, officially the Copa BetPlay Dimayor 2023 for sponsorship reasons, was the 21st edition of the Copa Colombia, the national cup competition for clubs affiliated to DIMAYOR, the governing body of professional club football in Colombia. The tournament was contested by 36 teams, beginning on 14 February 2023 and ending on 23 November 2023.

Atlético Nacional won their sixth title in the competition, defeating the defending champions Millonarios in the finals on penalty kicks after a 2–2 draw on aggregate. As champions, Atlético Nacional qualified for the 2024 Copa Libertadores.

2022 Torneo DIMAYOR
The 2022 Categoría Primera B season (officially known as the 2022 Torneo BetPlay Dimayor season for sponsorship reasons) was the 33rd season of the Categoría Primera B since its founding as Colombia's second division football league. The season began on 22 January and ended on 29 November 2022.

Boyacá Chicó were the champions, winning their third Primera B title as well as promotion to the top flight by defeating Atlético Huila by a 3–0 score on aggregate in the season's Grand Final. Atlético Huila claimed the other promotion berth, defeating Deportes Quindío in the promotion play-off by a 2–1 aggregate score.
Trams in Geelong
The city of Geelong in Victoria, Australia, operated an extensive tramway system from 1912 until 1956, when the service was replaced by buses. Unlike Victoria's other major regional cities, Ballarat and Bendigo, which have kept some track and trams as tourist attractions, no trams or tracks remain in Geelong.

Trams in Ballarat
Trams in Ballarat were first used for public transport in 1887. They ceased to operate as a means of public transport in 1971, but a section continues to be operated today as a tourist attraction.

At its peak in 1937, the Ballarat tramway network was the largest in Australia operating outside one of the capital cities, with 7 principal routes and more than 24 kilometres (15 mi) of track.

Most of the network was closed and replaced with buses on 19 September 1971
after which the Ballarat Tramway Museum preserved a single electrified track along Wendouree Parade at Lake Wendouree to operate a tourist service.  From its depot adjacent to the Ballarat Botanical Gardens, the museum operates its historic collection of electric trams from around Australia, including some that were operated on the original Ballarat system.
The Defenseless Dead
The Defenseless Dead is a science fiction novella by American writer Larry Niven, set in the Known Space universe. It is the second of five Gil Hamilton detective stories. It was published in 1973 in the Roger Elwood anthology Ten Tomorrows.

Science fiction philosopher Stephen R. L. Clark, in his work How to Live Forever (1995), mistakenly credits this story with inventing the term "corpsicle". The term had already appeared in Frederik Pohl's The Age of the Pussyfoot (1969), after an earlier spelling by Pohl was published in a 1966 Worlds of Tomorrow essay, "Immortality Through Freezing".

The Age of the Pussyfoot
The Age of the Pussyfoot is a  science fiction novel by American writer Frederik Pohl, first published as a serial in Galaxy Science Fiction in three parts, starting in October 1965. It was later published by Trident Press as a standalone novel in 1969.
Spessa
Spessa is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, which is located  about 40 km southeast of Milan and about 15 km southeast of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 545 and an area of 12.2 km2.

Spessa borders the following municipalities: Arena Po, Belgioioso, Costa de' Nobili, Portalbera, San Cipriano Po, San Zenone al Po, Stradella, Torre de' Negri.

Belgioioso, Lombardy
Belgioioso or Belgiojoso (Italian: [beldʒoˈjoːzo, -oːso]; Lombard: Belgios [belˈdʒuːs] or Belgiojos [ˌbɛldʒuˈjuːs]) is a town and comune in the Province of Pavia, region of Lombardy (northern Italy), with a population of 6,233 (2017).

It is 12 km east of the city of Pavia, between the Olona River and the Po River.  Due to its geographical location, Belgioioso has become one of the southern suburbs of the city of Milan.

Belgioioso is noted for its medieval castle, the seat of the Belgioioso family.  Francis I of France was held there after the Battle of Pavia.
Ølstrup
Ølstrup is a village, with a population of 290 (1 January 2025), in Ringkøbing-Skjern Municipality, Central Denmark Region in Denmark. It is located 6 km west of Spjald, 15 km west of Videbæk and 13 km east of Ringkøbing.

Ølstrup Church built around 1180 is located in the village.

Videbæk
Videbæk is a town, with a population of 4,351 (1 January 2025), located in Ringkøbing-Skjern Municipality, Region Midtjylland, at the road between Ringkøbing and Herning. It was the municipal seat of the former Videbæk Municipality.

Videbæk is known for Per Arnoldi's large corten steel sculpture in the shape of a V, known as "The V", which is found at a roundabout at the entrance to the town.  The sculpture was dedicated on 15 August 1996.
Pholiurus
Pholiurus is a  genus of Eurasian plants in the grass family. The only known species is Pholiurus pannonicus, found in a region stretching from Austria to Kazakhstan.

formerly included

see Henrardia, Parapholis and Phacelurus.

Pholiurus filiformis – Parapholis filiformis

Pholiurus glabriglumis – Henrardia persica

Pholiurus graecus – Phacelurus digitatus

Pholiurus incurvatus – Parapholis incurva

Pholiurus persicus – Henrardia persica

Pholiurus pubescens – Henrardia pubescens

Parapholis incurva
Parapholis incurva is a species of grass native to Europe, Asia and northern Africa, and widely naturalised elsewhere. Common names include coast barbgrass, curved sea hard grass, curved hard-grass, sicklegrass, curved sicklegrass and curved parapholis.
Bill Hare
Bill Hare is an American Grammy Award-winning audio engineer known for pioneering contemporary recording techniques in a cappella. He was the first to record voices individually, and the first to mic singers exactly as one would mic instruments. Over the course of his career, Hare has become well known for his outsize role in shaping the sound of recorded a cappella. Industry observers have called him the "patriarch" and "the Dr. Dre" of a cappella recording. Deke Sharon, founder and longtime president of the Contemporary A Cappella Society, wrote of Hare's influence in 2018: "The sound of contemporary recorded a cappella owes more to his technique, style, and pioneering than any other person."

Christopher Tin
Christopher Chiyan Tin (born May 21, 1976) is an American composer. His work is primarily orchestral and choral, often with a world music influence. He is a two-time Grammy Award winner.

Tin is best known for his work on title themes for the Civilization video game series, specifically the main theme "Baba Yetu" from the video game Civilization IV, which, at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards in 2011, became the first piece of video game music to win a Grammy Award. This Grammy win has been considered a significant milestone for the critical acceptance of music from video games, and following this win the Recording Academy retitled their visual media categories to become more inclusive of video game soundtracks, before eventually creating a dedicated Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Video Games and Other Interactive Media in 2022.
Sarasinula plebeia
Sarasinula plebeia, commonly called the bean slug or the Caribbean leatherleaf slug, is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Veronicellidae, the leatherleaf slugs.

As of November 2012, some websites and databases (including the ITIS entry) have a species listed as "Sarasomia plebeia" by the same author.

Veronicellidae
The Veronicellidae, also known by their common name the leatherleaf slugs, are a family of pulmonate terrestrial slugs.

The herbivorous molluscs occur mainly in the tropical and subtropical areas of America, Asia, and Africa.

They act as intermediate hosts of the rat lung worm Angiostrongylus costaricensis, and act as a vector for other human diseases.  They also cause significant damage to crops.

In April 2013, family Veronicellidae was separated into six genera of concern according to the CAPS priority pest list. These genera include: Belocaulus, Colosius, Laevicaulis, Sarasinula, Semperula, and Veronicella.
2021 Amir of Qatar Cup
The 2021 Amir of Qatar Cup (named Amir Cup since 2019) was the 49th edition of the Qatari cup tournament in men's football. It was played by the first and second level divisions of the Qatari football league structure. Al Sadd defeated Al-Rayyan on penalties to lift the trophy.

Amir of Qatar Cup
Amir of Qatar Cup (Arabic: كأس أمير قطر), also formally known as the Emir Cup, which was eventually changed to the Amir Cup starting in 2019, is an association football tournament played every season by all first and second division teams in Qatar. The tournament is played in a knockout system, starting with the round of 16. If there is no winner after regulation time, a penalty shootout decides the winner.
Dovydiškiai, Kėdainiai
Dovydiškiai (formerly Polish: Dawidyszki, Russian: Довидышки) is a village in Kėdainiai district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the village had a population of 32 people. It is located 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) from Krakės, 0.5 kilometres (0.31 mi) from Barkūniškis, nearby the Šušvė river.

At the beginning of the 20th century there were Dovydiškiai village and Dovydiškiai estate belonging to the Tyszkiewicz family.

Šušvė
Šušvė (ˈʃuːʃvʲeː) is a river in central Lithuania, a right (the longest) tributary of the Nevėžis river. It begins in Kelmė district municipality, 6 km (4 mi) southeast from Tytuvėnai. The 134.6 km (83.6 mi) long river passes through Tytuvėnai and Sulinkiai Marshes and flows south through Radviliškis district municipality. Finally, Šušvė passes through Kėdainiai district municipality and flows into the Nevėžis near Graužiai village.

The width of the river valley is between 0.5 and 3 km. From December to March Šušvė is usually frozen. Dams were built at Vaitiekūnai and Angiriai (Angiriai Reservoir). The Šušvė Hydrological Sanctuary was established in 1992 to protect the lower courses of the river.

The main towns and villages by the Šušvė river are Šiaulėnai, Pašušvys (Radviliškis municipality), Grinkiškis, Vaitiekūnai, Pašušvys (Kėdainiai municipality), Angiriai, Josvainiai.
Stationary phase approximation
In mathematics, the stationary phase approximation is a basic principle of asymptotic analysis, applying to functions given by integration against a rapidly-varying complex exponential.

This method originates from the 19th century, and is due to George Gabriel Stokes and Lord Kelvin.
It is closely related to Laplace's method and the method of steepest descent, but Laplace's contribution precedes the others.

Hessian matrix
In mathematics, the Hessian matrix, Hessian or (less commonly) Hesse matrix is a square matrix of second-order partial derivatives of a scalar-valued function, or scalar field. It describes the local curvature of a function of many variables. The Hessian matrix was developed in the 19th century by the German mathematician Ludwig Otto Hesse and later named after him. Hesse originally used the term "functional determinants". The Hessian is sometimes denoted by H or  or  or  or .
Lubang Island
Lubang Island is the largest among the seven islands in the Lubang Group of Islands, an archipelago situated to the northwest of the northern tip of the island of Mindoro in the Philippines. It is positioned approximately 40 kilometers (25 mi) west of Calatagan, Batangas, or 117 kilometers (73 mi) southwest of Manila. The Lubang Group of Islands is under the jurisdiction of the province of Occidental Mindoro and divided into two municipalities. The principal settlement is the town of Lubang, located at the northwest section and about 11 kilometers (6.8 mi) northwest of Tilik Port. The southeastern portion of the Lubang Island falls within the municipality of Looc, which also operates a port in a different area, specifically in Barangay Agkawayan. Lubang Group of Islands stands as a distinct geographical entity isolated from any landmass, rendering it biologically unique and also endangered.

Calatagan
Calatagan, officially the Municipality of Calatagan (Tagalog: Bayan ng Calatagan),  is a  municipality in the province of Batangas, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 60,420 people.

A rare example of pre-Hispanic Philippine script was discovered in Calatagan. It is known as Baybayin in Tagalog, the scrip traces its origins to Javanese writing, itself derived from Brahmi. This inscription was preserved on an earthenware burial jar, dated to the 13th or 14th century.