hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Minor Tyranny
The Minor Tyranny (Persian: استبداد صغیر) was a roughly one year long period in Iranian history lasting from the bombardment of the Iranian parliament by the forces of Mohammad Ali Shah on 23 June 1908 to the capture of Tehran by the revolutionary forces on 13 July 1909. This period was marked by the executions and expulsion of many journalists and constitutionalists as an era of absolutism returned to the country.

Persian Cossack Brigade
The Persian Cossack Brigade, also known as the Iranian Cossack Brigade (Persian: بریگاد قزاق, romanized: Berīgād-e qazzāq), was a Cossack-style cavalry unit formed in 1879 in Iran. It was modelled after the Caucasian Cossack regiments of the Imperial Russian Army. Until 1920, it was commanded by Russian officers, while its rank and file were composed of ethnic Caucasians and later on Iranians as well. During much of the brigade's history it was the most functional and effective military unit of the Qajar dynasty. Acting on occasion as kingmakers, this force played a pivotal role in modern Iranian history during the Persian Constitutional Revolution, the rise of Reza Shah, and the foundation of the Pahlavi dynasty.
Band head
In spectroscopy a band head is the abrupt edge of a spectroscopic band. When a band is described as degrading to the violet, it means that for wavelengths above the band head wavelength, the spectrum is dark as the band comes to a sudden stop(just above/after the head), and below the wavelength the brightness of the band weakens gradually. A band that degrades to the red, conversely means that the band head is a lower limit on wavelength for the band, and it fades off toward longer wavelengths, which in visible light is the red end of the spectrum.

If a band spectrum is examined at high resolution it consists of many lines. At a band head the numbers often increase to a limit, or otherwise a series of lines may approach from one side and then reverse at the band head. The lines pile up on top of each other at the band head, and may not be viewed separately. They have become unresolvable.

Spectral resolution
The spectral resolution  of a spectrograph, or, more generally, of a frequency spectrum, is a measure of its ability to resolve features in the electromagnetic spectrum.  It is usually denoted by , and is closely related to the resolving power of the spectrograph, defined as

where  is the smallest difference in wavelengths that can be distinguished at a wavelength of . For example, the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) can distinguish features 0.17 nm apart at a wavelength of 1000 nm, giving it a resolution of 0.17 nm and a resolving power of about 5,900. An example of a high resolution spectrograph is the Cryogenic High-Resolution IR Echelle Spectrograph (CRIRES+) installed at ESO's Very Large Telescope, which has a spectral resolving power of up to 100,000.
Hedd Wyn
Hedd Wyn (born Ellis Humphrey Evans, 13 January 1887 – 31 July 1917) was a Welsh-language poet who was killed on the first day of the Battle of Passchendaele during World War I. He was posthumously awarded the bard's chair at the 1917 National Eisteddfod. Evans, who had been awarded several chairs for his poetry, was inspired to take the Bardic name Hedd Wyn ([heːð wɨ̞n], "blessed peace") from the way sunlight penetrated the mist in the Meirionnydd valleys.

Born in the village of Trawsfynydd, Wales, Evans wrote much of his poetry while working as a shepherd on his family's hill farm. His style, which was influenced by romantic poetry, was dominated by themes of nature and religion. He also wrote several war poems following the outbreak of war on the Western Front in 1914.

Blaenau Ffestiniog
Blaenau Ffestiniog (Welsh pronunciation: [ˈbleɨ̯naɨ̯ fɛstˈɪnjɔɡ]) is a town in Gwynedd, Wales. Once a slate mining centre in historic Merionethshire, it now relies heavily on tourism, drawn to the Ffestiniog Railway and Llechwedd Slate Caverns. It reached a population of 12,000 at the peak development of the slate industry, but fell with the decline in demand for slate. The population of the community, including the nearby village Llan Ffestiniog, was 4,875 at the 2011 census: the fourth most populous in Gwynedd after Bangor, Caernarfon and Llandeiniolen. The population, not including Llan, is now only about 4,000.
Polska (dance)
The polska (Swedish plural polskor) is a family of music and dance forms shared by the Nordic countries: called polsk in Denmark, polka or polska in Estonia, polska in Sweden and Finland, and by several different names in Norway.  Norwegian variants include pols, rundom, springleik, and springar. The polska is almost always seen as a partner dance in 34-beatⓘ, although variants in 24 time, as well as in compound meters also exist.

Minuet
A minuet (/ˌmɪnjuˈɛt/; also spelled menuet) is a social dance of French origin for two people, usually written in 34 time. The English word was adapted from the Italian minuetto and the French menuet.

The term also describes the musical form that accompanies the dance, which subsequently developed more fully, often with a longer musical form called the minuet and trio, and was much used as a movement in the early classical symphony. While often stylized in instrumental forms, composers of the period would have been familiar with the popular dance.
Fathur Rahman al-Ghozi
Fathur Rahman al-Ghozi (17 February 1971 – 12 October 2003) was a key operative and bomb-maker of the Islamic militant Jemaah Islamiya group (JI). Al-Ghozi was accused of plotting and carrying out several terrorist attacks in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Singapore.

Abu Bakar Ba'asyir
Abu Bakar Ba'asyir (born 17 August 1938), also known as Abu Bakar Bashir, Abdus Somad, and Ustad Abu ("Teacher Abu") is a senior Indonesian Islamic and mujahideen figure who was the leader of Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid and Jemaah Islamiyah.

He ran the Al-Mukmin boarding school in Ngruki, Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java, which he co-founded with Abdullah Sungkar in 1972. He was in exile in Malaysia for 17 years during the secular New Order administration of President Suharto resulting from various activities, including urging the implementation of Sharia law.

Intelligence agencies and the United Nations claim he is the spiritual head of Jemaah Islamiyah (also known as JI), best known for the 2002 Bali bombings and which has links with Al-Qaeda. In August 2014, he publicly pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, leader of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and his declaration of a caliphate.
Donggar Township
Donggar is a village and township of Samzhubzê District (Shigatse City), in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. At the time of the 2010 census, the township had a population of 8,625 and an area of 428 square kilometres (165 sq mi).As of 2013, it had 28 villages under its administration.

Samzhubzê, Xigazê
Samzhubzê District (also spelled Sangzhuzi District, Samdruptse District) is a district in the Tibet Autonomous Region of the China, and the administrative center of the prefecture-level city of Shigatse (Tibetan Pinyin: Xigazê). Prior to 2014 it was known as the county-level city of Shigatse. It was the ancient capital of Ü-Tsang province and is the second largest city in Tibet with an estimated population of 117,000 in 2013. Samzhubzê is located at the confluence of the Yarlung Tsangpo River and the Nyang River (Nyang Chu or Nyanchue), about 250 km (160 mi) southwest of Lhasa and 90 km (56 mi) northwest of Gyantse, at an altitude of 3,840 metres (12,600 ft).
Phronesis
In ancient Greek philosophy, phronesis (Ancient Greek: φρόνησις, romanized: phrónēsis) refers to the type of wisdom or intelligence concerned with practical action. It implies good judgment and excellence of character and habits. In Aristotelian ethics, the concept is distinguished from other words for wisdom and intellectual virtues (such as episteme and sophia) because of its practical character.

Intelligence
Intelligence (/ˌɪntɛlɪˈdʒəns/) has been defined in many ways: the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving. It can be described as the ability to perceive or infer information and to retain it as knowledge to be applied to adaptive behaviors within an environment or context.

The term rose to prominence during the early 1900s. Most psychologists believe that intelligence can be divided into various domains or competencies.

Intelligence has been long-studied in humans, and across numerous disciplines. It has also been observed in the cognition of non-human animals. Some researchers have suggested that plants exhibit forms of intelligence, though this remains controversial.
Australia women's national international rules football team
The Australia women's international rules football team was organised by Women's Football Australia and represented Australia in the 2006 Ladies' International Rules Series against Ireland. As of 2019, this is the only series the team has played. Ireland won the series, winning the first test at Breffni Park by 134–15 and the second test at Parnell Park by 39–18.

Victorian Women's Football League
The Victorian Women's Football League (VWFL) was the oldest and largest Australian rules football league for women in the world, consisting of 47 clubs from Victoria, Australia across seven divisions with a total of over 1,000 players.
1985 Mediterranean Grand Prix
The 24th Gran Premio del Mediterraneo (Grand Prix of the Mediterranean), was the eighth round of the 1985 International Formula 3000. This was held on the Isle of Sicily, at the Autodromo di Pergusa, Enna, on 28 July.

Ralt
Ralt was a manufacturer of single-seater racing cars, founded by ex-Jack Brabham associate Ron Tauranac after he sold out his interest in Brabham to Bernie Ecclestone. Ron and his brother had built some specials in Australia in the 1950s under the Ralt name (standing for Ron and Austin Lewis Tauranac). Tauranac won the 1954 NSW Hillclimb Championship in the Ralt 500.
Superior, Colorado
Superior is a Home Rule Town in Boulder County, Colorado, United States, with a small, uninhabited segment of land area extending into Jefferson County.  Superior is a suburban community with a population of 13,361 as of 2024. Located in Colorado's Front Range urban corridor, it is close to the cities of Boulder, Denver, and the foothills of the Front Range mountains.

Coal mining in Colorado
Early coal mining in Colorado in the United States was spread across the state. Some early coal mining areas are currently inactive, including the Denver Basin and Raton Basin coal fields along the Front Range. There are currently 8 active coal mines, all in western Colorado.
Longships Lighthouse
Longships Lighthouse is an active 19th-century lighthouse about 1.25 mi (2.0 km) off the coast of Land's End in Cornwall, England. It is the second lighthouse to be built on Carn Bras, the highest of the Longships islets which rises 39 feet (12 m) above high water level. In 1988 the lighthouse was automated, and the keepers withdrawn. It is now remotely monitored from the Trinity House Operations & Planning Centre in Harwich, Essex.

Light characteristic
A light characteristic is all of the properties that make a particular navigational light identifiable. Graphical and textual descriptions of navigational light sequences and colours are displayed on nautical charts and in Light Lists with the chart symbol for a lighthouse, lightvessel, buoy or sea mark with a light on it. Different lights use different colours, frequencies and light patterns, so mariners can identify which light they are seeing.
Gračnica
Gračnica (pronounced [ˈɡɾaːtʃnitsa]) is a dispersed settlement in the hills above the left bank of the Savinja River in the Municipality of Laško in eastern Slovenia. The railway line from Zidani Most to Celje runs through the settlement. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja Statistical Region.

Zidani Most
Zidani Most (pronounced [ˈziːdani ˈmoːst]; German: Steinbrück) is a settlement in the Municipality of Laško in eastern Slovenia. It lies at the confluence of the Sava and Savinja rivers. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja Statistical Region. It is an important railway station and junction.
Self-organized criticality control
In applied physics, the concept of controlling self-organized criticality refers to the control of processes by which a self-organized system dissipates energy. The objective of the control is to reduce the probability of occurrence of and size of energy dissipation bursts, often called avalanches, of self-organized systems.  Dissipation of energy in a self-organized critical system into a lower energy state can be costly for society, since it depends on avalanches of all sizes usually following a kind of power law distribution and large avalanches can be damaging and disruptive.

Cascading failure
A cascading failure is a failure in a system of interconnected parts in which the failure of one or few parts leads to the failure of other parts, growing progressively as a result of positive feedback. This can occur when a single part fails, increasing the probability that other portions of the system fail. Such a failure may happen in many types of systems, including power transmission, computer networking, finance, transportation systems, organisms, the human body, and ecosystems.

Cascading failures may occur when one part of the system fails. When this happens, other parts must then compensate for the failed component. This in turn overloads these nodes, causing them to fail as well, prompting additional nodes to fail one after another.
Schiller International University
Schiller International University (SIU) is a private, for-profit university with its main campus and administrative headquarters in Tampa, Florida. It is named after the German playwright and philosopher Friedrich Schiller.

It has campuses on two continents in four countries: Tampa (United States), Paris (France), Madrid (Spain), Heidelberg (Germany). Schiller offers bachelor's and master's degrees. It also offers online degrees through distance learning.

For-profit higher education in the United States
For-profit higher education in the United States refers to the commercialization and privatization of American higher education institutions. For-profit colleges have been the most recognizable for-profit institutions, and more recently with online program managers, but commercialization has been part of US higher education for centuries. Privatization of public institutions has been increasing since at least the 1980s.
Hetton Bogs
Hetton Bogs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) within the Sunderland district of Tyne and Wear, England. It is located 1 km (0.62 mi) north of the town of Hetton-le-Hole. This area is protected because of the diversity of plant species present within fen habitat.

The fen habitat receives water from two streams: Hetton Burn and Rainton Burn. These provide base-rich waters from the escarpment composed of Magnesian Limestone.

Hetton-le-Hole
Hetton-le-Hole is a town in the civil parish of Hetton, in the Sunderland district, in the county of Tyne and Wear, England. Until 1974 it was in County Durham.

The A182 road runs through the town, between Houghton-le-Spring and Easington Lane which borders the County Durham District, off the A69t and east of the A1(M).

The parish includes the villages of Easington Lane and Warden Law, had a population of 14,402 in 2001. The parish also includes Hetton proper, along with East Rainton, Middle Rainton (West Rainton is a separate parish), Low Moorsley and High Moorsley.

Great Eppleton Wind Farm, a wind farm originally of four dual-bladed alternators, provides electricity to the National Grid. The original wind turbines have been replaced by larger three-bladed versions. The turbines are far enough away from local houses not to cause any audible disturbance.
Fernando del Valle
Fernando del Valle (né Brian Stephen Skinner; February 28, 1964) is an American operatic tenor. He is the son of Edward King Skinner II, a Korean War veteran and Concha Marina Meléndez del Valle the cousin of George Melendez Wright. He is  the grandson of Aranka Bischitz great-great-granddaughter of Baroness Johanna Bischitz von Heves and niece of Hungarian radiochemist and Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate George de Hevesy. He is the nephew of the Architect Manuel Roberto Meléndez Bischitz.

Requiem (Verdi)
The Messa da Requiem is a musical setting of the Catholic funeral mass (Requiem) for four soloists, double choir and orchestra by Giuseppe Verdi. It was composed in memory of Alessandro Manzoni, whom Verdi admired, and is therefore also referred to as the Manzoni Requiem. The first performance, at the San Marco church in Milan on 22 May 1874, conducted by the composer, marked the first anniversary of Manzoni's death. It was followed three days later by the same performers at La Scala. Verdi conducted his work at major venues in Europe.

Verdi composed the music for the last part of the text, Libera me, first, as his contribution to the Messa per Rossini, which he had begun after Gioachino Rossini had died.

Considered too operatic to be performed in a liturgical setting, the Requiem is usually given in concert form; a performance lasts around 90 minutes. Musicologist David Rosen calls it "probably the most frequently performed major choral work composed after Mozart's Requiem".
2025 Cavite local elections
Local elections were held in the province of Cavite on Monday, May 12, 2025, as part of the 2025 Philippine general election. Voters selected candidates for all local positions: a mayor, vice mayor, and councilors, as well as members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan, the governor, vice governor, and representatives for the eight districts of Cavite.

Department of Justice (Philippines)
The Department of Justice (Filipino: Kagawaran ng Katarungan, abbreviated as DOJ) is under the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for upholding the rule of law in the Philippines. It is the government's principal law agency, serving as its legal counsel and prosecution arm. It has its headquarters at the DOJ Building in Padre Faura Street, Ermita, Manila.

The department is led by the Secretary of Justice, nominated by the president of the Philippines and confirmed by the Commission on Appointments. The secretary is a member of the Cabinet. The agency is currently held by its Acting Secretary Usec. Fredderick A. Vida.
1981 Helvetia Cup
The 1981 Helvetia Cup was the fifteenth edition of the Helvetia Cup mixed team badminton tournament. In 1979, Norway won the rights to host the tournament after the finals of the 1979 Helvetia Cup.

Ireland created history when the team won their first title in the tournament, beating the hosts and Wales in the final round. Poland achieved a new high by finishing in fourth place, defeating Austria and Finland in the fourth to sixth place playoffs.

Helvetia Cup
The Helvetia Cup or European B Team Championships was a European mixed team championship in badminton. The first Helvetia Cup tournament took place in Zurich, Switzerland in 1962, when it was still known as the Nations Cup (German: Nationen Cup im Badminton). The tournament took place every two years from 1971 until 2007, after which it was dissolved.
KSBH
KSBH (94.9 FM, "94.9 The River") was a radio station licensed to Coushatta, Louisiana. The station broadcast a country music format in Natchitoches and Red River Parishes. The station's studio was located in Natchitoches and its transmitter was in Powhatan. The station was owned by Elite Radio Group.

In January 2026, owner Bill Vance surrendered the licenses for his stations—KSBH and KNOC—following an inquiry by the Federal Communications Commission over the operational status of KNOC.

Coushatta, Louisiana
Coushatta is a town in, and the parish seat of, rural Red River Parish in north Louisiana, United States. It is situated on the east bank of the Red River. The community is approximately 45 miles south of Shreveport on U.S. Highway 71. The population, 2,299 at the 2000 census, is nearly two-thirds African American, most with long family histories in the area. The 2010 census, however, reported 1,964 residents, a decline of 335 persons, or nearly 15 percent during the course of the preceding decade. In 2020, its population was 1,752. The city is named after the Coushatta, a Native American nation indigenous to the region.
HD 76728
HD 76728 is a suspected astrometric binary star system in the constellation Carina. It has the Bayer designation c Carinae; HD 76728 is the identifier from the Henry Draper catalogue. The visible component has a blue-white hue and is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +3.84. The system is located at a distance of approximately 320 light years from the Sun based on parallax, and it is drifting further away with a radial velocity of around +25 km/s. It is a candidate member of the Volans-Carina Association of co-moving stars.

The visible component is an aging bright giant star with a stellar classification of B8/9II. The spectrum of the star displays metallic lines of magnesium. The Volans-Carina Association to which it belongs has an age of 90 million years. The star has four times the radius of the Sun and is radiating 450 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 13,180 K.

Carina (constellation)
Carina (/kəˈraɪnə, kəˈriːnə/ kə-RY-nə, -⁠REE-) is a constellation in the southern sky. Its name is Latin for the keel of a ship, and it was the southern foundation of the larger constellation of Argo Navis (the ship Argo) until it was divided into three pieces, the other two being Puppis (the poop deck), and Vela (the sails of the ship).
Buffalo State Sports Arena
Buffalo State Sports Arena is a multi-purpose sports complex in Buffalo, New York, located at Buffalo State University. The building contains a sports arena, ice arena, Ruth Houston Gymnasium and Robert Kissinger Memorial Pool.

The sports arena seats 3,500, and is home to the Division III Buffalo State Bengals of the State University of New York Athletic Conference. It was formerly home to the Buffalo Silverbacks of the American Basketball Association. The venue has hosted major events including the 1993 NCAA Division III men's basketball tournament, 1993 World University Games, 1994 NCAA Division III men's basketball tournament and 1995 NCAA Division III men's basketball tournament.

The facility also houses the 1,800-seat Buffalo State Ice Arena that is home to the Buffalo State Bengals men's and women's ice hockey teams. It was formerly home to the Buffalo Wings, Canisius men's ice hockey and ECC men's ice hockey.

1995 NCAA Division III men's basketball tournament
The 1995 NCAA Division III men's basketball tournament was the 21st annual single-elimination tournament to determine the national champions of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) men's Division III collegiate basketball in the United States.

The field expanded to sixty-four teams allocated across four sectionals, however, this would only last for three tournaments (The sixty-four team field did not return after 1997 until 2017). The national semifinals, third-place final, and championship final were contested in Buffalo, New York.

Wisconsin–Platteville defeated Manchester, 69–55, in the final, clinching their second national title (and first since 1991).

The Pioneers (31–0) were led by future Wisconsin coach Bo Ryan and were the first men's Division III program to complete an undefeated season since Potsdam in 1986.