hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Runtime error detection
Runtime error detection is a software verification method that analyzes a software application as it executes and reports defects that are detected during that execution. It can be applied during unit testing, component testing, integration testing,  system testing (automated/scripted or manual), or penetration testing.

Runtime error detection can identify defects that manifest themselves only at runtime (for example, file overwrites) and zeroing in on the root causes of the application crashing, running slowly, or behaving unpredictably. Defects commonly detected by runtime error detection include:

Race conditions

Exceptions

Resource leaks

Memory leaks

Security attack vulnerabilities (e.g., SQL injection)

Null pointers

Uninitialized memory

Buffer overflows

Runtime error detection tools can only detect errors in the executed control flow of the application.

System testing
System testing, a.k.a. end-to-end (E2E) testing, is testing conducted on a complete software system.

System testing describes testing at the system level to contrast to testing at the system integration, integration or unit level.

System testing often serves the purpose of evaluating the system's compliance with its specified requirements  – often from a functional requirement specification (FRS), a system requirement specification (SRS), another type of specification or multiple.

System testing can detect defects in the system as a whole.

System testing can verify the design, the behavior and even the believed expectations of the customer. It is also intended to test up to and beyond the bounds of specified software and hardware requirements.
Moudi bint Khalid Al Saud
Moudi bint Khalid Al Saud (Arabic: موضي بنت خالد آل سعود) is a member of the Saudi ruling family, one of the grandchildren of Saudi's founder King Abdulaziz. She was among the first female members of the Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia who served in the post between January 2013 and December 2016.

King Khalid Foundation
The King Khalid Foundation is a non-profit established in Saudi Arabia in 2001 by the family of the late King Khalid, who ruled the country from 1975 until his death in 1982.

The Foundation was managed by the Director General, Princess Al Bandari bint Abdul Rahman Al Faisal from 2001 to 2019. From 2019 Nouf bint Mohammed has been serving in the post.
Extraterrestrial atmosphere
The study of extraterrestrial atmospheres is an active field of research, both as an aspect of astronomy and to gain insight into Earth's atmosphere. In addition to Earth, many of the other astronomical objects in the Solar System have atmospheres. These include all the giant planets, as well as Mars, Venus and Titan.

Several moons and other bodies also have atmospheres, as do comets and the Sun. There is evidence that extrasolar planets can have an atmosphere. Comparisons of these atmospheres to one another and to Earth's atmosphere broaden our basic understanding of atmospheric processes such as the greenhouse effect, aerosol and cloud physics, and atmospheric chemistry and dynamics.

In September 2022, astronomers were reported to have formed a new group, called "Categorizing Atmospheric Technosignatures" (CATS), to list the results of exoplanet atmosphere studies for biosignatures, technosignatures and related.

Pascal (unit)
The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the unit of pressure in the International System of Units (SI). It is also used to quantify internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus, and ultimate tensile strength. The unit, named after Blaise Pascal, is an SI coherent derived unit defined as one newton per square metre (N/m2). It is also equivalent to 10 barye (10 Ba) in the CGS system. Common multiple units of the pascal are the hectopascal (1 hPa = 100 Pa), which is equal to one millibar, and the kilopascal (1 kPa = 1,000 Pa), which is equal to one centibar.

The unit of measurement called standard atmosphere (atm) is defined as 101325 Pa.
Meteorological observations typically report atmospheric pressure in hectopascals per the recommendation of the World Meteorological Organization, thus a standard atmosphere or typical sea-level air pressure is about 1,013 hPa. Reports in the United States typically use inches of mercury or millibars (hectopascals). In Canada, these reports are given in kilopascals.
Rovčani
The Rovčani (Serbian Cyrillic: Ровчани, pronounced [rǒ̞ʋt͡ʃani]) are a historical tribe of Montenegro and one of the seven highlander tribes of the Brda region, alongside the Bjelopavlići, Piperi, Kuči, Bratonožići, Moračani and Vasojevići. The historical region that they inhabit is called Rovca (Serbian Cyrillic: Ровца, pronounced [rǒ̞ʋt͡za]).

Piperi (tribe)
Piperi (Cyrillic: Пипери) is a historical tribe (pleme) of Albanian origin and a region in northeastern Montenegro. Piperi is located between the Morača and Zeta rivers up to the northern suburbs of the Montenegrin capital Podgorica.
GitLab Inc.
GitLab Inc. is an American company that operates and develops GitLab, an open-core DevOps software package that can develop, secure, and operate software. GitLab includes a distributed version control system based on Git, including features such as access control, bug tracking, software feature requests, task management, and wikis for every project, as well as snippets.

The open-source software project was created by Ukrainian developer Dmytro Zaporozhets and Dutch developer Sytse Sijbrandij. In 2018, GitLab Inc. was considered to be the first partly Ukrainian unicorn. GitLab has an estimated over 30 million registered users, including 1 million active licensed users. There are more than 3,300 code contributors and team members in 60+ countries.

Distributed version control
In software development, distributed version control (also known as distributed revision control) is a form of version control in which the complete codebase, including its full history, is mirrored on every developer's computer. Compared to centralized version control, this enables automatic management branching and merging, speeds up most operations (except pushing and fetching), improves the ability to work offline, and does not rely on a single location for backups. Git, the world's most popular version control system, is a distributed version control system.
Surya Das
Surya Das (born Jeffrey Miller in 1950) is an American lama in the Tibetan Buddhist tradition. He is a poet, chantmaster, spiritual activist, author of many popular works on Buddhism, meditation teacher and spokesperson for Buddhism in the West. He has been accused of sexual misconduct by several of his former students.

Surya Das is a Dharma heir of Nyoshul Khenpo Rinpoche, a Nyingma master of the non-sectarian Rime movement, with whom he founded the Dzogchen Foundation and Center in 1991. He received Nyoshul Khenpo's authorization to teach in 1993.

His name, which means "Servant of the Sun" in a combination of Sanskrit (sūrya) and Hindi (das, from the Sanskrit dāsa), was given to him in 1972 by the Hindu guru Neem Karoli Baba. Surya Das is based in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

HarperOne
HarperOne is a publishing imprint of HarperCollins, specializing in books that aim to "transform, inspire, change lives, and influence cultural discussions." Under the original name of Harper San Francisco, the imprint was founded in 1977 by 13 employees of the New York City–based Harper & Row, who traveled west to San Francisco to be at the center of the New Age movement. Harper acquired the religious publisher Winston-Seabury from CBS in 1986. Harper San Francisco changed its name to HarperOne in 2007, and expanded its core book categories beyond religion and spirituality to include health and wellness and inspirational non-fiction.
The Roald Dahl Treasury
The Roald Dahl Treasury is an anthology of works of the children's author Roald Dahl. It was first published in the United Kingdom in 1997 by Jonathan Cape.

Included amongst excerpts from all of Dahl's children's books and some previously unpublished material, are unexpurgated colour reprints of The Enormous Crocodile, The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me, Esio Trot and The Minpins.

The book includes a large volume of illustrations by Quentin Blake, with some specially commissioned for the project and some appearing for the first time in colour. A selection of guest illustrators including Raymond Briggs and Ralph Steadman add visual variety to the extracts. The book also includes an excerpt from an interview given by Dahl and many letters exchanged between Dahl and family members, including Ophelia Dahl.

The Enormous Crocodile
The Enormous Crocodile (first published on 1 November 1978) is a British children's story, written by British author Roald Dahl and illustrated by Quentin Blake. A picture book written for younger readers than Dahl's other works, the story tells of a hungry crocodile who aims to eat human children via using various, not-quite-impenetrable disguises.
Parliamentary Service Commission
The Parliamentary Service Commission of Kenya is one of the Independent Commissions in Kenya established under Article 127 the Constitution of Kenya to ensure smooth functioning of the Houses of Parliament i.e. Senate of Kenya and National Assembly of Kenya.

National Assembly (Kenya)
The National Assembly of the Republic of Kenya (formerly House of Representatives) is one of the two Houses of the Parliament of Kenya. Between 1966 and 2013, it served as a unicameral house. In 2013 (11th Parliament), it became the lower house when the Senate was reestablished.

It has a total of 349 seats: 290 elected from the constituencies, 47 women elected from the counties and 12 nominated representatives. The Speaker of the National Assembly of Kenya serves as an ex officio member.

The High Court of Kenya ordered lawmakers to introduce gender quotas, or face dissolution in the mid-2010s, following the implementation of the 2010 Constitution.
Faildergdóit
Faildergdóit (later spelled Faildeargdoid or Ailldeargoid), son of Muinemón, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. He succeeded to the throne on the death of his father. He is said to have been the first king in Ireland whose subjects wore gold rings (Old Irish failge) on their hands. He ruled for ten years before being killed, either by Sírna mac Déin, or by his successor Ollom Fotla, whose father, Fíachu Fínscothach, had been killed by Failderdóit's father Muinemón. The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 950–943 BC, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 1328–1318 BC.

Fíachu Fínscothach
Fíacha Fínscothach, son of Sétna Airt, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. His father became High King after killing the previous incumbent, Rothechtaid mac Main, in single combat at Cruachan in defence of Fíachu. Fíachu went into exile, but returned at the head of a "black fleet", and, with the assistance of Muinemón, killed his father and took the throne himself. "Flowers of wine" (Old Irish: fín, "wine"; scoth, "flower", -ach, possessive suffix, although scoth can also mean "blade" and "voice"), which were pressed into glass vats, were said to exist during his reign. He ruled for twenty years, until he was killed by his former accomplice, Muinemón. The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 975–955 BC, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 1353–1333 BC.
Ford Fiesta (third generation)
The Ford Fiesta Mk3 was the third generation of the Ford Fiesta supermini built by Ford Europe. Originally introduced in 1989, the Mk3 represented the biggest change to the Fiesta since the original car was introduced in 1976. In addition to the 3-door hatchback and panel van versions that had formed the Fiesta range, a 5-door hatchback was also added. The Fiesta Mk3 was replaced by the Fiesta Mk4 in 1995, but remained on sale until early 1997. The Mk4 was a major restyle of the Mk3, but had a substantially re-engineered chassis and new engines.

The Fiesta Mk3 also spawned a high-cube panel van version in 1991, the Courier, and also shared its platform with the Ka of 1996, which was derived from the Fiesta Mk4.

Ford Ka
The Ford Ka is a small car which was manufactured by Ford Motor Company from 1996 to 2021 over three generations. It entered its second generation in 2008, produced by Fiat in Tychy, Poland. A third generation was introduced in 2014. The first two generations have been described as city cars, whilst the third generation has been called a subcompact car.

The first two generations have a three-door hatchback body style, with the first generation also having a two-door convertible version that was marketed as the StreetKa and a sporty hatch version, the SportKa. The third generation was produced as a five-door hatchback and as a four-door sedan. It was initially only available in Brazil, and later was introduced in India, Italy, Mexico, Spain, South Africa (where it was marketed as the Ford Figo), Argentina, and Poland. European sales ended in 2020, and in 2021 was taken out of production in Brazil.
Herdwangen-Schönach
Herdwangen-Schönach is a municipality in the district of Sigmaringen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

The municipality lies 15 kilometers north of the Bodensee, in the upper Linzgau, between the cities Pfullendorf in the north and Überlingen in the south. With the municipality reform of 1974 the three municipalities Herdwangen, Großschönach and Oberndorf were merged into one. The coat of arms was derived from the coats of arms of the three predecessor municipalities.

Sigmaringen (district)
Sigmaringen is a Landkreis (district) in the south of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from north clockwise) Reutlingen, Biberach, Ravensburg, Bodensee, Constance,
Tuttlingen, and Zollernalbkreis.
Ibrahim ibn Ilyas
Ibrahim ibn Ilyas (Persian: ابراهیم بن الیاس) was a Samanid ruler of Herat (856 – c. 867). He was the son of Ilyas.

Upon his father's death in 856, Ibrahim was given control of the city of Herat. He afterwards became a military leader for the Tahirid governor of Khurasan, Muhammad ibn Tahir. Ibrahim was sent by Muhammad to battle the upstart Saffarid Ya'qub bin Laith in 867. Having been defeated near Pushang, he advised Muhammad to compromise with the Saffarid. Conflict between the two sides continued, however, and eventually Ibrahim was captured by the Saffarids at Nishapur and sent to Sistan. The Tahirids assumed direct control over Herat.

Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar
Ya'qub ibn al-Layth Saffar (Persian: یعقوب لیث صفاری, romanized: Ya'qub-e Leys-e Saffari; 25 October 840 – 5 June 879), was a coppersmith and the founder of the Saffarid dynasty of Sistan, with its capital at Zarang (a city now in south-western Afghanistan). Under his military leadership, he conquered much of the eastern portions of Greater Iran consisting of modern-day Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan as well as portions of western Pakistan and a small part of Iraq. He was succeeded by his brother, Amr ibn al-Layth.
Wörgl Hauptbahnhof
Wörgl Hauptbahnhof is the main railway station of Wörgl, a city in the Kufstein district of the Austrian federal state of Tyrol, about 20 km from the state border with Bavaria. It is a major hub for regional and international rail travel, both passenger and freight.

Salzburg-Tyrol Railway
The Salzburg-Tyrol Railway (German: Salzburg-Tiroler-Bahn) is a main line railway in Austria. It runs through the states of Salzburg and Tyrol (North Tyrol) from the city of Salzburg to Wörgl and belongs to the core network (Kernnetz) of the Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB). The section between Salzburg and Schwarzach-Sankt Veit is part of the Salzburg S-Bahn urban railway network.
Rothenfels
Rothenfels (German pronunciation: [ˈʁoːtn̩ˌfɛls] ⓘ) is a town in the Main-Spessart district in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) in Bavaria, Germany, and a member of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft (municipal association) of Marktheidenfeld. With a population of just around 1,000, it is said to be Bavaria's smallest town.

Lohr am Main
Lohr am Main (German pronunciation: [ˈloːɐ̯ ʔam ˈmaɪn], lit. 'Lohr on the Main'; officially: Lohr a.Main) or Loa (Bavarian: Loa) is a town in the Main-Spessart district in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) in Bavaria, Germany and the seat (but not a member) of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft (municipal association) of Lohr am Main. It has a population of around 15,000.
Mongolian nobility
The Mongolian nobility (Mongolian: ᠢᠵᠠᠭᠤᠷᠲᠠᠨ; yazgurtan; ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢᠲᠠᠨ survaljtan) arose between the 10th and 12th centuries, became prominent in the 13th century, and essentially governed Mongolia until the early 20th century.

Many Mongol elites would end up assimilating into their Turkic subjects, adopting Islam and Turkic culture while retaining Mongol political and legal institutions. These new Turco-Mongol elites would establish several successor states across the Muslim World.

The Mongolian word for nobility, Yazgurtan, derives from the Mongol word yazgur, meaning "root".

Khagan
Khagan or Qaghan (Kazakh: Қаған/Qağan, Middle Mongol:ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ; Khaan or Khagan; Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰍𐰣 Qaɣan) is a title of imperial rank in Turkic, Mongolic, and some other languages, equal to the status of emperor and someone who rules a khaganate (empire). The female equivalent is Khatun.

It may also be translated as "Khan of Khans", equivalent to King of Kings. In modern Turkic, the title became Khaan with the g sound becoming almost silent or non-existent; the ğ in modern Turkish Kağan is also silent. After the division of the Mongol Empire, monarchs of the Yuan dynasty and the Northern Yuan held the title of Khagan. Kağan, Hakan and Kaan, Turkish equivalents of the title are common Turkish names in Turkey.

The common western rendering as Great Khan (or Grand Khan), notably in the case of the Mongol Empire, is a translation of Yekhe Khagan (Great Emperor or Их Хаан).
Lauren Scruggs (fencer)
Lauren Scruggs (born January 27, 2003) is an American left-handed foil fencer. Scruggs won a silver medal in women's individual foil at the 2024 Summer Olympics, making her the first Black American woman to win an individual fencing medal. She also won a gold medal in women's team foil at the same Olympics, along with Lee Kiefer, Jackie Dubrovich, and Maia Weintraub. Scruggs competes for the Harvard Crimson team in collegiate fencing. She has won an NCAA championship and is one of three black fencers from the United States to have won an individual world championship.

NCAA fencing championships
The NCAA fencing championships are contested at an annual competition organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association to determine the team and individual champions of co-educational collegiate fencing among its member programs in the United States.  It has been held every year since 1941, except 2020.

Individual men's and women's championships are awarded in three events (foil, épée, and sabre) with an aggregate team championship awarded based on these individual performances.

Unlike most NCAA sports, the fencing championship is a single championship rather than being split into divisions; as such, teams from Division I, Division II, and Division III all compete together.
The Vigilantes Are Coming
The Vigilantes Are Coming is a 1936 American Republic film serial directed by Ray Taylor and Mack V. Wright.  It was the third of the sixty six serials made by Republic Pictures (and the third released in 1936).

This serial was filmed between 28 May and 17 June 1936 under the working title of The Vigilantes.  It was released two months later, on 22 August 1936, under the final title.  In the early 1950s the serial was re-edited into six 26½ minute episodes for television.

William Witney
William Nuelsen Witney (May 15, 1915 – March 17, 2002) was an American film and television director. He is best remembered for the action films he made for Republic Pictures, particularly serials: Dick Tracy Returns, G-Men vs. the Black Dragon, Daredevils of the Red Circle, Zorro's Fighting Legion, and Drums of Fu Manchu. Prolific and pugnacious, Witney began directing while still in his 20s, and continued working until 1982.
Trivor Farmhouse, St Maughans
Trivor Farmhouse, St Maughans, Monmouthshire is a house dating from the late 17th century. Extended and reconstructed in the 18th century, it was originally the home of the recusant James family. In the 19th century it was bought by the Rolls family of the nearby Hendre estate. The house is Grade II* listed.

FitzRoy Somerset, 4th Baron Raglan
Fitzroy Richard Somerset, 4th Baron Raglan FRAI (10 June 1885 – 14 September 1964) was a British soldier, author, and amateur anthropologist. His books include The Hero: A Study in Tradition, Myth and Drama and Monmouthshire Houses, with Cyril Fox.
On Sizes and Distances (Hipparchus)
On Sizes and Distances (of the Sun and Moon) (Greek: Περὶ μεγεθῶν καὶ ἀποστημάτων [ἡλίου καὶ σελήνης], romanized: Peri megethon kai apostematon) is a text by the ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus (c. 190 – c. 120 BC) in which approximations are made for the radii of the Sun and the Moon as well as their distances from the Earth. It is not extant, but some of its contents have been preserved in the works of Ptolemy and his commentator Pappus of Alexandria. Several modern historians have attempted to reconstruct the methods of Hipparchus using the available texts.

Chord (geometry)
A chord (from the Latin chorda, meaning "catgut or string") of a circle is a straight line segment whose endpoints both lie on a circular arc. If a chord were to be extended infinitely on both directions into a line, the object is a secant line. The perpendicular line passing through the chord's midpoint is called sagitta (Latin for "arrow").

More generally, a chord is a line segment joining two points on any curve, for instance, on an ellipse. A chord that passes through a circle's center point is the circle's diameter.
Protest Songs (album)
Protest Songs is the fourth studio album by English pop band Prefab Sprout. Recorded quickly and self-produced, the album features a minimal production style at odds with most of the band's work. Originally planned to be released in December 1985 as a quickfire follow-up to the band's critically acclaimed second album Steve McQueen, it was put on hold for commercial reasons and the band moved on to record 1988's From Langley Park to Memphis. The album was finally released by Kitchenware Records and CBS on 19 June 1989. Despite the band undertaking no promotional activities, the album peaked at number 18 on the UK Albums Chart.

Stuart Maconie
Stuart John Maconie (born 13 August 1961) is an English radio DJ and television presenter, writer, journalist, and critic working in the field of pop music and popular culture. He is a presenter on BBC Radio 6 Music where, alongside Mark Radcliffe, he hosts its weekend breakfast show (Saturday–Sunday, 8 am – 10 am) which broadcasts from the BBC's MediaCityUK in Salford. The pair previously presented an evening show on BBC Radio 2 and the weekday afternoon show for BBC Radio 6 Music.

Maconie used to present his own solo show on Radio 2 on Saturday afternoons from April 2006 until 29 March 2008. He also hosts BBC Radio 6 Music programmes The Freak Zone, on Sundays from 8 pm to 10 pm and Freak Zone Playlist (formerly known as The Freakier Zone) on Wednesday night/Thursday mornings from midnight to 1 am.