hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Crisis of the Sixteenth Century
The Crisis of the Sixteenth Century was the later part of the Transitional period of Sri Lanka, that began with the decline of the Kingdom of Kotte, with the Vijayabā Kollaya (the spoiling of Vijayabahu) in 1521, culminated in the collapse of the Kingdom of Sitawaka, and with Portuguese dominance of Sri Lankan coasts, if not control by 1597, over two of three kingdoms that had existed at the start of the century. The Kingdom of Kandy was the only independent Sinhalese kingdom to survive. The period was characterised by the fragmentation of the Sinhalese polity, intervention of foreign forces and constant military conflict.

Kingdom of Kotte
The Kingdom of Kotte (Sinhala: කෝට්ටේ රාජධානිය, romanized: Kōṭṭē Rajadhaniya, Tamil: கோட்டை அரசு), named after its capital, Kotte, was a Sinhalese kingdom that flourished in Sri Lanka during the 15th century.

Founded by Parakramabahu VI with the help of the Ming, the Kingdom managed to conquer the Jaffna kingdom and the Vanni principalities, and bring the country under one flag. It led to a punitive invasion against the Vijayanagar dynasty and captured a port.

The Kotte Kingdom was largely dissolved during the Sinhalese-Portuguese War, as it faced attacks from rival Sinhalese kingdoms, the Kingdom of Sitawaka and Kingdom of Kandy. Dom João Dharmapala handed it over to the Portuguese, thus leading to the formation of Portuguese Ceylon. Kanakasooriya Cinkaiariyan and his two son's also returned from Madurai with mercenaries and managed to conquer Jaffna. The remainder was annexed into Sitawaka and Kandy.
Sydney Secondary College Leichhardt Campus
The Leichhardt Campus of the Sydney Secondary College is a government-funded, co-educational, dual modality, partially academically selective and comprehensive junior secondary day school, located in the inner-western Sydney suburb of Leichhardt, New South Wales, Australia. Together with the senior school at the Blackwattle Bay Campus and the other junior school at Balmain Campus, the school is a part of the Sydney Secondary College.

Established in 2002, the campus caters for approximately 1000 students from Year 7 to Year 10.

Selective school (New South Wales)
Selective schools in New South Wales, Australia are government high schools operated by the New South Wales Department of Education that accept their students based upon their academic merit.

Each year, approximately 15,000 Year 6 students across the state of New South Wales optionally undertake the Selective High School Placement Test to seek one of the 3,600 places offered for first-year entry into selective high schools. For Year 8 to Year 12 entry into selective schools, students do not take an external test, however they can apply directly to a school for entry. The application package is standard to all government selective schools, with internal selection committees considering applications each year during August or September.
Trachylepis tschudii
Trachylepis tschudii is an enigmatic skink, purportedly from Peru. First described in 1845 on the basis of a single specimen, it may be the same as the Noronha skink (T. atlantica) from Fernando de Noronha, off northeastern Brazil. T. tschudii represents one of two doubtful records of the otherwise African genus Trachylepis on mainland South America; the other is T. maculata from Guyana.

The only specimen, the holotype, is mostly brownish above, with dark and light spots, and white below. The snout-to-vent length is 83 mm (3.3 in). Several features of the scales align it with Trachylepis over the related American genus Mabuya.

George Albert Boulenger
George Albert Boulenger FRS (19 October 1858 – 23 November 1937) was a Belgian-British zoologist who described and gave scientific names to over 2,000 new animal species, chiefly fish, reptiles, and amphibians. Boulenger was also an active botanist during the last 30 years of his life, especially in the study of roses.
Phu, Nepal
Phu, Nepal is a village located in Narpa Bhumi Rural Muncipality in Manang District in the Gandaki Zone of northern Nepal. It is a prominent village of Nar Phu Valley, along with Nar Village. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 176 people living in 36 individual households.

Nar, Nepal
Nar (Nepali: नार) is a village located in the Narpa Bhumi Rural Muncipality, Manang District, Gandaki, Nepal. It is popularly recognized as a prominent part of Nar Phu Valley. The villagers claim that they have been living in the harsh environment of the Himalayas for at least thousand years.  In the 2021 Nepal census, the village had 126 households, with average household size of 3.14.
Sunshine Glacier
Sunshine Glacier (60°38′S 45°30′W﻿ / ﻿60.633°S 45.500°W﻿ / -60.633; -45.500) is a glacier, 3 nautical miles (6 km) long and 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) wide, flowing south into Iceberg Bay on the south coast of Coronation Island, in the South Orkney Islands. It is the largest glacier on the south side of Coronation Island and terminates in ice cliffs up to 60 m high. Surveyed in 1948-49 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) and so named by them because, when all else was in shadow, small gaps in the clouds above frequently allowed patches of sunshine to appear on the surface of this glacier. At the west side of Sunshine Glacier stands the conspicuous black ridge of Beaufoy Ridge, rising to 650 metres (2,130 ft) at its northwest end.

Coronation Island
Coronation Island is the largest of the South Orkney Islands, 25 nautical miles (46 km) long and from 3 to 8 nautical miles (5.6 to 14.8 km) wide. The island extends in a general east–west direction, is mainly ice-covered and comprises numerous bays, glaciers and peaks, the highest rising to 1,265 metres (4,150 ft).
Iliofemoral ligament
The iliofemoral ligament is a thick and very tough triangular capsular ligament of the hip joint situated anterior to this joint. It attaches superiorly at the inferior portion of the anterior inferior iliac spine and adjacent portion of the margin of the acetabulum; it attaches inferiorly at the intertrochanteric line.

It is also referred to as the Y-ligament (see below). the ligament of Bigelow, the ligament of Bertin and any combinations of these names.

With a force strength exceeding 350 kg (772 lbs), the iliofemoral ligament is not only stronger than the two other ligaments of the hip joint, the ischiofemoral and the pubofemoral, but also the strongest ligament in the human body and as such is an important constraint to the hip joint.

Ischiofemoral ligament
The ischiofemoral ligament (ischiocapsular ligament or ischiocapsular band) consists of a triangular band of strong fibers on the posterior side of the hip joint.  It is one of the four ligaments that reinforce the hip joint. It attaches to the posterior surface of the acetabular rim and acetabular labrum, and extends around the circumference of the joint to insert on the anterior aspect of the femur. The ischiofemoral ligament limits the internal rotation and adduction of the hip when it is in a flexed position.

Some deeper fibres of the ligament are continuous with the fibres of the zona orbicularis of the capsule.

This ligament is less well-defined than the other two capsular ligaments of the hip joint.
Japanese submarine Ro-41
Ro-41 was an Imperial Japanese Navy Kaichū type submarine of the K6 sub-class. Completed and commissioned in November 1943, she served in World War II and conducted six war patrols, sinking a destroyer escort USS Shelton (DE-407) on one of them, before she was sunk in March 1945.

Kaichū type submarine
The Kaichū type submarine (海中型潜水艦, Kaichū-gata sensuikan) submarines were double-hulled medium-sized submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. The name was derived from the Kaigun-shiki Chū-gata Sensuikan (海軍式中型潜水艦, Navy Medium Type submarine).

Several variants existed. From 1934 to 1944, the K6 type (Ro-33 Class) and the K7 type (Senchū, Ro-35 Class) were built. They were equipped with a 76.2 mm (3.00 in) L/40 gun and four 53 cm torpedo tubes for ten type 95 Long Lance torpedoes.

Most of these submarines were destroyed in combat, suffering from Allied anti-submarine warfare measures, and only Ro-50 survived the war.
Newsham railway station
Newsham railway station (/ˈnjuːzəm/) serves the village of Newsham near Blyth, Northumberland, England. It was originally open from 1851 to 1964 on the Blyth and Tyne Railway. It was located at the junction of the Percy Main to Blyth and Bedlington lines of the Blyth and Tyne Railway. The station was closed by British Railways in 1964 and a new station was opened in 2025.

Percy Main Metro station
Percy Main is a Tyne and Wear Metro station, serving the suburb of Percy Main, North Tyneside in Tyne and Wear, England. It joined the network on 14 November 1982, following the opening of the fourth phase of the network, between Tynemouth and St James via Wallsend.
Transmittance
Electromagnetic radiation can be affected in several ways by the medium in which it propagates.  It can be scattered, absorbed, and reflected and refracted at discontinuities in the medium.  This page is an overview of the last 3.  The transmittance of a material and any surfaces is its effectiveness in transmitting radiant energy; the fraction of the initial (incident) radiation which propagates to a location of interest (often an observation location). This may be described by the transmission coefficient.

Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)
In physics, absorption of electromagnetic radiation is how matter (typically electrons bound in atoms) takes up a photon's energy—and so transforms electromagnetic energy into internal energy of the absorber (for example, thermal energy).

A notable effect of the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is attenuation of the radiation; attenuation is the gradual reduction of the intensity of light waves as they propagate through a medium.

Although the absorption of waves does not usually depend on their intensity (linear absorption), in certain conditions (optics) the medium's transparency changes by a factor that varies as a function of wave intensity, and saturable absorption (or nonlinear absorption) occurs.
Tjalling Koopmans
Tjalling Charles Koopmans (August 28, 1910 – February 26, 1985) was a Dutch-American mathematician and economist. He was the joint winner with Leonid Kantorovich of the 1975 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his work on the theory of the optimum allocation of resources.  Koopmans showed that on the basis of certain efficiency criteria, it is possible to make important deductions concerning optimum price systems.

Alok Bhargava
Alok Bhargava (born 13 July 1954) is an Indian econometrician. He studied mathematics at Delhi University and economics and econometrics at the London School of Economics. He is currently a full professor at the University of Maryland School of Public Policy.
You Cannot Be Serious
You Cannot Be Serious (ISBN 0-425-19008-0 in the US, Serious ISBN 0-7515-3454-4 in the UK) is a book written by professional tennis player John McEnroe, with James Kaplan.

McEnroe details life behind the scenes on the tennis tour and provides the reader with a very candid look at his personal life and struggles. The book made it to the top of the New York Times bestseller list. The hardcover edition was published by G.P. Putnam's Sons in 2002, with the paperback being released a year later by The Berkley Publishing Group in the U.S., and by Time Warner in the UK. The name of the book comes from McEnroe's famous outburst "You cannot be serious!" during his first round match against Tom Gullikson at the 1981 Wimbledon Championships.

G. P. Putnam's Sons
G. P. Putnam's Sons is an American book publisher based in New York City, New York. The publisher was founded in 1838 and features books by authors such as Renée Ahdieh, C. J. Box, Edgar Allan Poe, and many others. Since 1996, it has been an imprint of the Penguin Group.
Roly Bonevacia
Rolieny Nonato Luis Bonevacia (born 8 October 1991) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for I-League club Sreenidi Deccan. He has played international football at youth level for the Netherlands, while at senior level he represents Curaçao, making his first official appearance for them in June 2019.

2010–11 Eredivisie
The 2010–11 Eredivisie is the 55th season of Eredivisie since its establishment in 1955. It began on 6 August 2010 with the first matches of the season and ended on 29 May 2011 with the last matches of the European competition and relegation playoffs. FC Twente were the reigning champions, having won their first Dutch championship the previous season. A total of 18 teams took part in the league.
Ajax won their 30th title after beating FC Twente 3–1 on 15 May 2011.
Hydroxyphenamate
Hydroxyphenamate or oxyfenamate (trade name Listica) is a sedative and anxiolytic drug of the carbamate class which is no longer marketed in the US. Like other carbamate sedatives, it is chemically related to meprobamate (Miltown). It was introduced to the US market in 1961. The dosage for adults is 200 mg 3 to 4 times daily.

Anxiolytic
An anxiolytic (/ˌæŋksiəˈlɪtɪk, ˌæŋksioʊ-/; also antipanic or anti-anxiety agent) is a medication or other intervention that reduces anxiety. This effect is in contrast to anxiogenic agents which increase anxiety. Anxiolytic medications are used for the treatment of anxiety disorders and their related psychological and physical symptoms.
Anton Prylepau
Anton Mikhailavich Prylepau or Prilepov (Belarusian: Антон Міхайлавіч Прылепаў; born 5 February 1984 in Mogilev) is an athlete from Belarus. He competes in archery.

Prylepau competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in men's individual archery. He won his first match, advancing to the round of 32. In the second round of elimination, he was again victorious and advanced to the round of 16. The third match was Prylepau's downfall, as he lost to Park Kyung-mo of Korea. Prylepau placed 9th overall.

Park Kyung-mo
Park Kyung-mo (Korean: 박경모; born August 15, 1975) is an archer from South Korea. He has won gold medals at the three major World Archery Federation events (Olympics, World Archery Championships and World Cup finals) and is a former world number one.

He is married to archer Park Sung-hyun.
Syukeyevo
55°06′N 49°01′E﻿ / ﻿55.100°N 49.017°E﻿ / 55.100; 49.017

Syukeyevo (Russian: Сюке́ево; Tatar: Сөйки) is a rural locality (a selo) in Kamsko-Ustyinsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, located on the bank of the Mordovskaya River (a right tributary of the Volga), 23 kilometers (14 mi) southwest of Kamskoye Ustye, the administrative center of the district. Population: 750 (1997 est.); 792 (1989); all ethnic Russians.

Kamskoye Ustye
Kamskoye Ustye (Russian: Ка́мское У́стье; Tatar: Кама Тамагы) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Kamsko-Ustyinsky District in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, located on the Kuybyshev Reservoir, near the confluence of the Volga and Kama Rivers, 117 kilometers (73 mi) from the republic's capital of Kazan. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 4,482.
Bazaar Mosque
The Bazaar Mosque (Albanian: Xhamia e Pazarit), also known as Murad Bey mosque (Xhamia Muratbeu) or Varosh Mosque (Xhamia e Varoshit), is a mosque, located in Krujë, in Durrës County, Albania. Completed in 1533 CE, the mosque is a Cultural Monument of Albania.

Cultural Monument of Albania
In Albania, a cultural monument (Albanian: monument kulture) is a construction or work of cultural, historical and artistic value that is built in a visible space, made in memory of important events or prominent people. Cultural monuments are usually under state protection as they are evidence of the history of human development, for the preservation of which there is a public interest.
Germania (airline)
Germania Fluggesellschaft mbH, trading as Germania (German pronunciation: ['gɛrmani:a]), was a privately owned German airline with its headquarters in Berlin. It began by focusing on charter operations, then moved towards becoming a scheduled carrier, although some charter flights were still flown under the brand. The change in strategy led to growth over its last few years, and Germania operated to destinations in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East from several German bases. It carried 2.5 million passengers in 2009 and had around 850 employees as of summer 2014. It declared bankruptcy on 4 February 2019 and it ceased operations on 5 February 2019.

Hapag-Lloyd Express
Hapag-Lloyd Express GmbH (previously also marketed as HLX.com) was a no-frills, high-frequency, express airline based in Langenhagen, Germany. It operated services within Germany and to destinations in Europe.

On 15 January 2007, it combined its operations with those of Hapag-Lloyd Flug to become TUIfly. While Hapag-Lloyd Flug operated all TUIfly flights, Hapag-Lloyd Express marketed them until TUIfly got its own licence.
Caelia gens
The gens Caelia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome.  The nomen Caelius is frequently confounded with Coelius and Caecilius, with some individuals referred to as Caelius in manuscripts, while appearing as Coelius or Coilius on coins.  Although the Caelii asserted their great antiquity, none of them attained any of the higher offices of the Roman state until the praetorship of Publius Caelius in 74 BC, and the first of this gens who obtained the consulship was Gaius Caelius Rufus in AD 17.  The emperor Balbinus was a descendant of the Caelii.

Caecilia gens
The gens Caecilia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are mentioned in history as early as the fifth century BC, but the first of the Caecilii who obtained the consulship was Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter, in 284 BC.  The Caecilii Metelli were one of the most powerful families of the late Republic, from the decades before the First Punic War down to the time of Augustus.
2022 CRO Race
The 2022 CRO Race was a road cycling stage race in Croatia between 27 September and 2 October 2022. It was the seventh edition of the Tour of Croatia since its revival in 2015 and the third under the CRO Race name. The race is rated as a category 2.1 event on the 2022 UCI Europe Tour calendar.

2022 UCI Europe Tour
The 2022 UCI Europe Tour was the eighteenth season of the UCI Europe Tour. The 2022 season began on 23 January 2022 with the Clàssica Comunitat Valenciana 1969, and concluded on 16 October 2022 with the Chrono des Nations and the Veneto Classic.

Throughout the season, points are awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races and the final general classification standings of each of the stages races and one-day events. The quality and complexity of a race also determines how many points are awarded to the top finishers, the higher the UCI rating of a race, the more points are awarded.

The UCI ratings from highest to lowest are as follows:

Multi-day events: 2.Pro, 2.1 and 2.2

One-day events: 1.Pro, 1.1, 1.2, and Criterium Pro (CRTP)

On 1 March 2022, the UCI cancelled all events that would have taken place in Russia and Belarus, due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine; the only event impacted by this was the Five Rings of Moscow, originally scheduled for 8–12 June.
1913 Leix by-election
The 1913 Leix by-election was held in Leix on 9 June 1913.  The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Irish Parliamentary MP, Patrick Aloysius Meehan.  It was won by his son the Irish Parliamentary candidate Patrick Joseph Meehan, who was unopposed.

Irish Parliamentary Party
The Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP; commonly called the Irish Party or the Home Rule Party) was formed in 1874 by Isaac Butt, the leader of the Nationalist Party, replacing the Home Rule League, as official parliamentary party for Irish nationalist Members of Parliament (MPs) elected to the House of Commons at Westminster within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland up until 1918. Its central objectives were legislative independence for Ireland and land reform. Its constitutional movement was instrumental in laying the groundwork for Irish self-government through three Irish Home Rule bills.
Antonia Franceschi
Antonia Franceschi (born March 30, 1960) is an American dancer, choreographer and actress.

Franceschi was one of the last generations selected by George Balanchine to join The New York City Ballet. She is a Time Out Award winner for Outstanding Achievement In Dance.

She is also known for her dance performances in the film musicals Fame and Grease. She subsequently danced under George Balanchine and Peter Martins at the New York City Ballet.

She now works as a choreographer and dance company director, dividing her time between the United Kingdom and the USA.

Wayne McGregor
Sir Wayne McGregor, CBE (born 12 March 1970) is a British choreographer and director who has won multiple awards. He is the Artistic Director of Studio Wayne McGregor and Resident Choreographer of The Royal Ballet. McGregor was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) 2011 for Services to Dance.
Transclass
Transclass, class defector (French: transfuge de classe), or social defector (French: transfuge social) refers to an individual who has experienced a major change in social environment during their lifetime. The concept of transclass was coined by the French philosopher Chantal Jaquet. In the English translation of her work, Gregory Elliot employs the term class-passing (French: passage (de classe)) instead of defection (French: transfuge). Similarly, the German translation by Horst Brühmann established the term "class passer" (German: Klassenübergänger) in this context.

Social mobility
Social mobility is the movement of individuals, families, households or other categories of people within or between social strata in a society.  It is a change in social status relative to one's current social location within a given society. This movement occurs between layers or tiers in an open system of social stratification. Open stratification systems are those in which at least some value is given to achieved status characteristics in a society. The movement can be in a downward or upward direction. Markers for social mobility such as education and class,  are used to predict, discuss and learn more about an individual or a group's mobility in society.
Euphrates Tunnel
The Euphrates Tunnel was a legendary tunnel purportedly built under the river Euphrates to connect the two halves of the city of Babylon in Mesopotamia.

The first tunnel known definitively to have been built underwater was the Thames Tunnel, completed in 1841.

Philostratus
Philostratus or Lucius Flavius Philostratus (/fɪˈlɒstrətəs/; Ancient Greek: Φιλόστρατος Philostratos; c. 170s –  240s AD), called "the Athenian", was a Greek sophist of the Roman imperial period. His father was a minor sophist of the same name. He flourished during the reign of Septimius Severus (193–211) and died during that of Philip the Arab (244–249), probably in Tyre.