hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Miss USA 1975
Miss USA 1975 was the 24th Miss USA pageant, televised live by CBS from Niagara Falls, New York on May 17, 1975.

The pageant was won by Summer Bartholomew  of California, who was crowned by outgoing titleholder Karen Morrison of Illinois. Bartholomew was the third woman from California to win the Miss USA title, and went on to place as 2nd runner-up at Miss Universe 1975. She later went to work with Jim Perry on Sale of the Century on NBC from 1983 to 1989.

Miss Universe 1975
Miss Universe 1975 was the 24th Miss Universe pageant, held at the National Gymnasium in San Salvador, El Salvador, on 19 July 1975.

At the conclusion of the event, Miss Universe 1972, Kerry Anne Wells of Australia crowned Anne Pohtamo of Finland as Miss Universe 1975. The previous winner, Amparo Muñoz of Spain, did not attend the pageant after she resigned the previous year.

Contestants from seventy-one countries and territories participated in this year's pageant. The pageant was hosted by Bob Barker in his ninth consecutive year, while Helen O'Connell provided commentary and analysis throughout the event.
Glycylglycine
Glycylglycine is the dipeptide of glycine, making it the simplest peptide.
The compound was first synthesized by Emil Fischer and Ernest Fourneau in 1901 by boiling 2,5-diketopiperazine (glycine anhydride) with hydrochloric acid.
Shaking with alkali and other synthesis methods have been reported.

Because of its low toxicity, it is useful as a buffer for biological systems with effective ranges between pH 2.5–3.8 and 7.5–8.9; however, it is only moderately stable for storage once dissolved. It is used in the synthesis of more complex peptides.

Glycylglycine has also been reported to be helpful in solubilizing recombinant proteins in E. coli. Using different concentrations of the glycylglycine improvement in protein solubility after cell lysis has been observed.

Dipeptide
A dipeptide is an organic compound derived from two amino acids. The constituent amino acids can be the same or different. When different, two isomers of the dipeptide are possible, depending on the sequence. Several dipeptides are physiologically important, and some are both physiologically and commercially significant. A well known dipeptide is aspartame, an artificial sweetener.

Dipeptides are white solids. Many are far more water-soluble than the parent amino acids. For example, the dipeptide Ala-Gln has the solubility of 586 g/L more than 10x the solubility of Gln (35 g/L). Dipeptides also can exhibit different stabilities, e.g. with respect to hydrolysis. Gln does not withstand sterilization procedures, whereas this dipeptide does. Because dipeptides are prone to hydrolysis, the high solubility is exploited in infusions, i.e. to provide nutrition.
USS Edwin A. Howard
USS Edwin A. Howard (DE-346) was a John C. Butler-class destroyer escort acquired by the United States Navy during World War II. The primary purpose of the destroyer escort was to escort and protect ships in convoy, in addition to other tasks as assigned, such as patrol or radar picket. Post-war, she returned home with one battle star to her credit.

John C. Butler-class destroyer escort
The John C. Butler class were destroyer escorts that originated during World War II. The lead ship was USS John C. Butler, commissioned on 31 March 1944. The class was also known as the WGT type from their Westinghouse geared turbine drive. Of the 293 ships originally planned, 206 were canceled in 1944 and a further four after being laid down; three were not completed until after the end of World War II.
Cadmium sulfide
Cadmium sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula CdS. Cadmium sulfide is a yellow salt. It occurs in nature with two different crystal structures as the rare minerals greenockite and hawleyite, but is more prevalent as an impurity substituent in the similarly structured zinc ores sphalerite and wurtzite, which are the major economic sources of cadmium. As a compound that is easy to isolate and purify, it is the principal source of cadmium for all commercial applications. Its vivid yellow color led to its adoption as a pigment for the yellow paint "cadmium yellow" in the 1800s.

Crystal polymorphism
In crystallography, polymorphism is the phenomenon where a compound or element can crystallize into more than one crystal structure.

The preceding definition has evolved over many years and is still under discussion today. Discussion of the defining characteristics of polymorphism involves distinguishing among types of transitions and structural changes occurring in polymorphism versus those in other phenomena.
Cryobiology
Cryobiology is the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living things within Earth's cryosphere or in science. The word cryobiology is derived from the Greek words κρῧος [kryos], "cold", βίος [bios], "life", and λόγος [logos], "word". In practice, cryobiology is the study of biological material or systems at temperatures below normal. Materials or systems studied may include proteins, cells, tissues, organs, or whole organisms. Temperatures may range from moderately hypothermic conditions to cryogenic temperatures.

Freeze drying
Freeze drying, also known as lyophilization or cryodesiccation, is a low temperature dehydration process that involves freezing the product and lowering pressure, thereby removing the ice by sublimation. This is in contrast to dehydration by most conventional methods that evaporate water using heat.

Because of the low temperature used in processing, the rehydrated product retains many of its original qualities. When solid objects like strawberries are freeze dried the original shape of the product is maintained. If the product to be dried is a liquid, as often seen in pharmaceutical applications, the properties of the final product are optimized by the combination of excipients (i.e., inactive ingredients). Primary applications of freeze drying include biological (e.g., bacteria and yeasts), biomedical (e.g., surgical transplants), food processing (e.g., coffee), and preservation.
Looking High, High, High
"Looking High, High, High" is a song by British singer Bryan Johnson, which represented the United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest 1960, performed in English.

The song was performed first on the night of the contest, held on 29 March 1960, preceding Sweden's Siw Malmkvist with "Alla andra får varann". The song received 25 points, placing 2nd in a field of 13. That was Britain's equal highest Eurovision placing until the 1967 contest.

The song reached #20 on the UK Singles Chart and was succeeded as the UK representative at the 1961 contest by The Allisons with "Are You Sure?".

Are You Sure? (The Allisons song)
"Are You Sure?" is a song by British pop duo The Allisons, that represented the United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest 1961, performed in English.

The song was performed 15th on the night of the contest, held on 18 March 1961, following Luxembourg's Jean-Claude Pascal with "Nous les amoureux", and preceding Italy's Betty Curtis with "Al di là". The song received 24 points, placing 2nd in a field of 16, the third consecutive second place Eurovision finish for the UK for whom two subsequent Eurovision entrants would also be second-place finishers before "Puppet on a String" by Sandie Shaw would give the UK its first Eurovision victory in 1967. "Are You Sure?" was also the first UK Eurovision entrant to become a Top Ten hit reaching #2 UK, the best chart showing for a UK Eurovision entrant until "Puppet on a String" by Sandie Shaw reached No. 1 in 1967.

The song was succeeded as the UK representative at the 1962 contest by Ronnie Carroll with "Ring-A-Ding Girl".
Sven Thoms
Sven Thoms (born 1970 in Geldern) is a German biochemist.

Thoms's research areas are peroxisomes, translational readthrough, dysferlin, and rare diseases caused by defective cell organelles. Thoms and colleagues discovered a new isoform of lactate dehydrogenase that arises from translational readthrough.

Stop codon
In molecular biology, a stop codon (or termination codon) is a codon (nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA) that signals the termination of the translation process of the current protein. Most codons in messenger RNA correspond to the addition of an amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain, which may ultimately become a protein; stop codons signal the termination of this process by binding release factors, which cause the ribosomal subunits to disassociate, releasing the amino acid chain.

While start codons need nearby sequences or initiation factors to start translation, a stop codon alone is sufficient to initiate termination.
Spanish Peaks (Montana)
The Spanish Peaks, avg el. 8,441 feet (2,573 m), is a mountain range between Bozeman, Montana and Ennis, Montana in Gallatin and Madison County, Montana.  It is a sub-range of the much larger Madison Range, itself a sub-range of the Rocky Mountains.  The hydrological divide of the range serves as the border between Gallatin and Madison County, Montana. The Spanish Peaks are made up of 1.6 billion year-old gneiss, making them the oldest peaks in the Madison Range, predating the rest of the range by 50-60 million years. Gallatin Peak, el. 11,015 ft., is the highest peak in the group.

Gallatin County, Montana
Gallatin County is a county located in the U.S. state of Montana. With its county seat in Bozeman, it is the second-most populous county in Montana, with a population of 118,960 in the 2020 census.

The county's prominent geographical features are the Bridger Range in the north, and the Gallatin Range and Gallatin River in the south, named by Meriwether Lewis in 1805 for Albert Gallatin, the United States Treasury Secretary who formulated the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

At the southern end of the county, West Yellowstone's entrance into Yellowstone National Park accounts for around half of all park visitors. Big Sky Resort, one of the largest ski resorts in the United States, lies in Gallatin and neighboring Madison counties, midway between Bozeman and West Yellowstone.
William Eskridge
William Nichol Eskridge Jr. (born October 27, 1951) is an American legal scholar who is the Alexander M. Bickel Professor of Public Law at Yale Law School. He is one of the most cited law professors in America, ranking fourth overall for the period 2016–2020. He writes primarily on constitutional law, legislation and statutory interpretation, religion, marriage equality, and LGBT rights.

Alexander Bickel
Alexander Mordecai Bickel (December 17, 1924 – November 7, 1974) was an American legal scholar who promoted a conservative interpretation of the United States Constitution. One of the most influential constitutional commentators of the twentieth century, his writings emphasize judicial restraint.
Jonathan Twingley
Jonathan Twingley is an American artist, illustrator and author.  His paintings and illustrations have appeared in The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Los Angeles Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Atlantic Monthly, The New Republic, Mother Jones, and The Progressive.

Twingley's first novel, The Badlands Saloon, was published by Scribner in 2009.

Trade magazine
A trade magazine, also called a business-to-business magazine, trade journal, or trade paper (colloquially or disparagingly a trade rag), is a magazine or newspaper whose target audience is people who work in a particular trade or industry. The collective term for this area of publishing is the trade press.
Don Mueang railway station
Don Mueang station (Thai: สถานีดอนเมือง, pronounced [sā.tʰǎː.nīː dɔ̄ːn mɯ̄aŋ], RTGS: Sathani Don Mueang) is a railway station in Bangkok. It is located opposite of Don Mueang International Airport. It currently serves the SRT Dark Red Line and long-distance intercity trains on the Northern and Northeastern Line of the State Railway of Thailand. There is a pedestrian bridge directly linking the new station to the airport.

Dark Red Line (Bangkok)
The SRT Dark Red Line (also referred to as Thani Ratthaya Line (Thai: รถไฟชานเมือง สายธานีรัถยา)) is part of the SRT Red Line suburban railway system to serve the greater Bangkok Metropolitan Region running for 26 km (16 mi) between Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal and Rangsit.

Phase I of the line opened for trial operations on 2 August 2021, with full commercial services beginning on 29 November 2021.

Tenders for the much delayed 8.84 km (5.49 mi) Phase II extension of the line from Rangsit to Thammasat University were opened in December 2025. Submissions to the SRT were due by 29 December 2025, with bid winners announced in January 2026 and a notice to proceed expected to be issued in March 2026 once contracts are signed. Construction is expected to take 36 months with a target to start operation by March 2029.
History of Southern Africa
The history of Southern Africa has been divided into its prehistory, its ancient history, the major polities flourishing, the colonial period, and the post-colonial period, in which the current nations were formed. Southern Africa is bordered by Central Africa, East Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Sahara Desert. Colonial boundaries are reflected in the modern boundaries between contemporary Southern African states, cutting across ethnic and cultural lines, often dividing single ethnic groups between two or more states.

Elands Bay Cave
Elands Bay Cave is located near the mouth of the Verlorenvlei estuary on the Atlantic coast of South Africa's Western Cape Province. The climate has continuously become drier since the habitation of hunter-gatherers in the Later Pleistocene. The archaeological remains recovered from previous excavations at Elands Bay Cave have been studied to help answer questions regarding the relationship of people and their landscape, the role of climate change that could have determined or influenced subsistence changes, and the impact of pastoralism and agriculture on hunter-gatherer communities.
Trace inequality
In mathematics, there are many kinds of inequalities involving matrices and linear operators on Hilbert spaces. This article covers some important operator inequalities connected with traces of matrices.

Trace class
In mathematics, specifically functional analysis, a trace-class operator is a linear operator for which a trace may be defined, such that the trace is a finite number independent of the choice of basis used to compute the trace. This trace of trace-class operators generalizes the trace of matrices studied in linear algebra. All trace-class operators are compact operators.

In quantum mechanics, quantum states are described by density matrices, which are certain trace class operators.

Trace-class operators are essentially the same as nuclear operators, though many authors reserve the term "trace-class operator" for the special case of nuclear operators on Hilbert spaces and use the term "nuclear operator" in more general topological vector spaces (such as Banach spaces).
2011 Northern Mystics season
The 2011 Northern Mystics season saw Northern Mystics compete in the 2011 ANZ Championship. With a team coached by Debbie Fuller and captained by Temepara George, Mystics finished the regular season fourth behind Queensland Firebirds, Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic and New South Wales Swifts. During the regular season, Mystics claimed their first win in Australia, with a 56–54 win over West Coast Fever in Round 9. Mystics defeated Swifts in the minor semi-final and Magic in the preliminary final before losing to Firebirds in the grand final. Mystics finished the season second overall.

2011 ANZ Championship season
The 2011 ANZ Championship season was the fourth season of the ANZ Championship. The 2011 season began on 13 February and concluded on 22 May. With a team coached by Roselee Jencke, captained by Lauren Nourse and featuring Romelda Aiken, Laura Geitz, Clare McMeniman and Natalie Medhurst, Queensland Firebirds finished the season undefeated. They became the first team in the history of the ANZ Championship to go through the regular season and the playoffs without losing a single match. In the major semi-final, Firebirds defeated Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic  and in the grand final they defeated Northern Mystics, winning their first premiership. This marked the beginning of a golden age for Firebirds. Between 2011 and 2016, Jencke guided them to five grand finals and three premierships.
Ukrainian presidential elections
Ukrainian presidential elections determine who will serve as the President of Ukraine for the next five years.

Since the establishment of the position of the President of Ukraine in 1991, presidential elections have taken place seven times: in 1991, 1994, 1999, 2004, 2010, 2014 and 2019. The next election would have been scheduled for 2024; however, it was not held because of the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine ongoing since 24 February 2022 and the resulting imposition of martial law in Ukraine, under which elections legally cannot be held.

2019 Ukrainian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Ukraine on 31 March 2019. As none of the 39 candidates on the ballot received an absolute majority of the initial vote, a runoff was held on 21 April between the top two vote-getters: Volodymyr Zelenskyy, a television personality, and Petro Poroshenko, the incumbent president. The Central Election Commission (CEC) announced that Zelenskyy won the second round with 73.22% of the total vote (or 74.96% of the valid vote). The elections were recognized as free and fair by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

Poroshenko became the third incumbent Ukrainian president to directly lose reelection, after Viktor Yushchenko in 2010 and Leonid Kravchuk in 1994 (only Leonid Kuchma has ever won reelection, in 1999). Zelenskyy was sworn in as the sixth President of Ukraine in May 2019.
Adenochilus
Adenochilus, commonly known as gnome orchids is a genus of two species of flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae, one endemic to New Zealand and the other to Australia. Both species have a long, horizontal, underground rhizome with a single leaf on the flowering stem and a single resupinate flower with its dorsal sepal forming a hood over the labellum and column.

Joseph Dalton Hooker
Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin's closest friend. For 20 years he served as director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, succeeding his father, William Jackson Hooker, and was awarded the highest honours of British science.
Fatbike
A fatbike (also called fat bike, fat tire, fat-tire bike, or snow bike) is an off-road bicycle built to accommodate oversized tyres, typically 3.8 in (97 mm) or larger and rims 2.16 in (55 mm) or wider, designed for low ground pressure to allow riding on soft, unstable terrain, such as snow, sand, bogs and mud. Fatbikes are built around frames with wide forks and stays to accommodate the space required to fit these wide 26" rims and tires. The wide tires can be used with inflation pressures as low as 34 kPa; 0.34 bar (5 psi) to allow for a smooth ride over rough obstacles. A rating of 55–69 kPa; 0.55–0.69 bar (8–10 psi) is suitable for most riders. Fatbikes were developed for use in snow or sand, but are capable of traversing diverse terrain types including snow, sand, desert, bogs, mud, pavement, or traditional mountain biking trails.

Mountain biking
Mountain biking (abbr. MTB) is a sport of riding bicycles off-road, often over rough terrain, usually using specially designed mountain bikes. Mountain bikes share similarities with other bikes but incorporate features designed to enhance durability and performance in rough terrain, such as air or coil-sprung shocks used as suspension, larger and wider wheels and tires, stronger frame materials, and mechanically or hydraulically actuated disc brakes. Mountain biking can generally be broken down into distinct categories: cross country, trail, all mountain, enduro, downhill and freeride.
The Ledger Awards
The Ledger Awards are prizes awarded to  "acknowledge excellence in Australian comic art and publishing." Named after pioneering Australian cartoonist Peter Ledger (1945–1994), the awards were first held in 2005 to help promote and focus attention on Australian creators and their projects, both in Australia and overseas. Initially, the awards were held annually and announced online on or around Australia Day, 26 January. In recent years, they have been held at the State Library of Victoria on the Friday evening before the Melbourne Supanova convention.

Decimation (comics)
"Decimation" is a 2005 Marvel Comics crossover storyline that follows the aftermath of the House of M series. It begins with the one-shot issue titled Decimation: House of M – The Day After, written by Chris Claremont, and illustrated by Randall Green and Aaron Lopresti, released on November 9, 2005. The storyline then unfolded across multiple tie-in issues and series, all featuring the "Decimation" logo on the cover.

The name "Decimation" refers to Wanda Maximoff/Scarlet Witch’s act at the end of the House of M limited series, in which she utters the phrase "No more mutants". This rewrites the Marvel Universe by depowering the vast majority of mutants. This event is also referred to by several names in Marvel titles, most notably "M-Day". The titles and issues focus on a select range of characters across the Marvel Universe, including the X-Men, New X-Men, Excalibur, X-Factor Investigations, New Avengers, and more,  as they adjust to the loss of their powers.
Kwong Wa
Kwong Wa (born Chan Muk-wah on 19 November 1961) is a Hong Kong actor and singer. He is known for his portrayals of Chinese historical characters such as Lao Ai (A Step into the Past), Xiang Yu (The Conqueror's Story), Tang Sanzang (Journey to the West), Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (The Legend of Lady Yang), Yongzheng Emperor (The King of Yesterday and Tomorrow), and Qianlong Emperor (Happy Ever After).

9th Hong Kong Film Awards
The 9th Hong Kong Awards ceremony, honored the best films of 1989 and took place on 8 April 1990 at Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, Wan Chai, Hong Kong. The ceremony was hosted by Philip Chan and John Sham, during the ceremony awards are presented in 15 categories.
Thomas Carmean
Thomas Carmean is the assistant coach of the Boys' NCAA lacrosse team at Keene State College in New Hampshire.  Carmean is the former Guilford College Men's Lacrosse Team, a lacrosse alumnus of the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and a former player for the Boston Blazers, New York Saints and Bridgeport Barrage, He is an inductee of the US Lacrosse Hall of Fame, New England Chapter. He coached at Amherst College from 2000 through 2010 and was named the head men's lacrosse at Guilford College on June 2, 2010. Carmean Was named assistant coach of the Keene State Owls in 2022.

In 2007, Carmean received accolades in an article where he was listed as one of the three best American-born attackmen to have ever played the game.  The article noted that Carmean was a "fantastic athlete with a lightning fast split dodge and a competitive spirit that never quit.

Guilford College
Guilford College is a private liberal arts college in Greensboro, North Carolina. It was founded in 1837 by members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). Guilford has both traditional students and students who attend its Center for Continuing Education (CCE).

Guilford's program offerings include such majors as Peace and Conflict Studies and Community and Justice Studies, both rooted in the college's history as a Quaker institution. Its campus has been considered a National Historic District by the United States Department of the Interior since 1990. The college is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges.