hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Quasimorphism
In group theory, given a group , a quasimorphism (or quasi-morphism) is a function  which is additive up to bounded error, i.e. there exists a constant  such that  for all . The least positive value of  for which this inequality is satisfied is called the defect of , written as . For a group , quasimorphisms form a subspace of the function space .

Additive map
In algebra, an additive map, -linear map or additive function is a function  that preserves the addition operation:

for every pair of elements  and  in the domain of ⁠⁠. For example, any linear map is additive. When the domain is the real numbers, this is Cauchy's functional equation. For a specific case of this definition, see additive polynomial.

More formally, an additive map is a -module homomorphism.  Since an abelian group is a -module, it may be defined as a group homomorphism between abelian groups.

A map  that is additive in each of two arguments separately is called a bi-additive map or a -bilinear map.
Ernstberg
The Ernstberg (also Erresberg) southeast of Hinterweiler is, at 698.8 m, the highest of the west Eifel volcanoes and, after the Hohe Acht, the second highest mountain in the Eifel overall. Its summit consists of pyroclastic rocks (Schweißschlacken) that form a volcanic crater that is open towards the east. This is where the basalt masses flowed out, forming a semicircle on the eastern slope of the mountain. It lies within the Waldeifel region.

In winter there are excellent winter sports conditions on the Ernstberg due to its height. Cut langlauf tracks, a toboggan slope and ski hire hut are available.

Somewhat below the summit is a cave that runs through to the other side of the mountain and which is a natural monument. The cave entrances are barred to prevent access.

Hinterweiler
Hinterweiler is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Vulkaneifel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Daun, whose seat is in the like-named town.
Hayal Pozanti
Hayal Pozanti (born 1983, Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish-American artist, based in the United States. Pozanti became internationally known in the early 2010s for her bright abstract paintings of geometric forms, based on a hieroglyphic alphabet which Pozanti invented to reflect on the relationship between human behaviour, artificial intelligence and technology.

Since 2021, Pozanti's paintings have expanded into lush, swirling abstract landscapes evocative of nature and the tide of the subconscious. Her works are held in permanent museum collections worldwide.

The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum
The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum is located in Ridgefield, Connecticut. The Aldrich has no permanent collection and is the only museum in Connecticut that is dedicated solely to the exhibition of contemporary art. The museum presents the first solo museum exhibitions by emerging artists, significant exhibitions of established and mid-career artists whose work is under recognized, thematic group exhibitions exploring topics in contemporary art and society, and newly commissioned work.
Solid sweep
The sweep Sw of a solid S is defined as the solid created when a motion M is applied to a given solid. The solid S should be considered to be a set of points in the Euclidean space . Then the solid Sw which is generated by sweeping S over M will contain all the points over which the points of S have moved during the motion M. Solid sweeping which uses this process is employed in different fields, including the modelling of fillets and rounds, interference detection and the simulation of the numerical controlled machining process.

Solid geometry
Solid geometry or stereometry is the geometry of three-dimensional Euclidean space (3D space).
A solid figure is the region of 3D space bounded by a two-dimensional closed surface; for example, a solid ball consists of a sphere and its interior.

Solid geometry deals with the measurements of volumes of various solids, including pyramids, prisms, cubes (and other polyhedrons), cylinders, cones (including truncated) and other solids of revolution.
Sander (crater)
Sander is a crater on Mercury within Caloris Basin. It has dark walls and bright patches on its floor. Unlike the rays of Bashō crater, the bright areas are not believed to be immature, but they are inherently bright. It is named after the German photographer August Sander (1876–1964).

Hollows are present within Sander.  A confirmed dark spot is present in Sander.  This dark spot is associated with the hollows.

Bashō (crater)
Bashō is a crater on Mercury named after Matsuo Bashō, a 17th-century Japanese writer. Bashō crater is only 74.62 kilometers (46.37 mi) in diameter, but is a prominent feature on Mercury's surface, due to its bright rays. Photographs from NASA's Mariner 10 and MESSENGER spacecraft show a curious halo of dark material around the crater.  The dark material is typically referred to as low-reflectance material (LRM) and there is evidence that it is caused by graphite.

Bashō is one of the largest craters of the Kuiperian system on Mercury. The largest is Bartók crater.

Mariner 10 image

Image from MESSENGER's first flyby in January 2008

MESSENGER image

Exaggerated color image by MESSENGER, with Tolstoj at top and Bashō in lower left

Similar image centered on Bashō

Oblique view from MESSENGER
VEGFR-2 inhibitor
VEGFR-2 inhibitor, also known as kinase insert domain receptor(KDR) inhibitor, are tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors that reduce angiogenesis or lymphangiogenesis, leading to anticancer activity. Generally they are small, synthesised molecules that bind competitively to the ATP-site of the tyrosine kinase domain. VEGFR-2 selective inhibitor can interrupt multiple signaling pathways involved in tumor, including proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis.

Endothelium
The endothelium (pl.: endothelia) is a single layer of squamous endothelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. The endothelium forms an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall.

Endothelial cells in direct contact with blood are called vascular endothelial cells whereas those in direct contact with lymph are known as lymphatic endothelial cells. Vascular endothelial cells line the entire circulatory system, from the heart to the smallest capillaries.

These cells have unique functions that include fluid filtration, such as in the glomerulus of the kidney, blood vessel tone, hemostasis, neutrophil recruitment, and hormone trafficking. Endothelium of the interior surfaces of the heart chambers is called endocardium. An impaired function can lead to serious health issues throughout the body.
Venetian Crusade
The Venetian Crusade of 1122–1124 was an expedition to the Holy Land launched by the Republic of Venice that succeeded in capturing Tyre. It was an important victory at the start of a period when the Kingdom of Jerusalem would expand to its greatest extent under Baldwin II of Jerusalem. The Venetians gained valuable trading concessions in Tyre. Through raids on Byzantine territory both on the way to the Holy Land and on the return journey, the Venetians forced the Byzantines to confirm, as well as extend, their trading privileges with the empire.

Toghtekin
Zahir al-Din Toghtekin or Tughtekin (Arabic: ظاهر الدين طغتكين, romanized: Zahir ad-Din Tughtikin; died February 12, 1128), also spelled Tughtegin, was a Turkoman military leader, who was emir of Damascus from 1104 to 1128. He was the founder of the Burid dynasty of Damascus.
Per Spett
Per Spett (born (1985-08-24)August 24, 1985 in Jukkasjärvi) is a Swedish freestyle skier, musician, specializing in  moguls.

Spett competed at the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics for Sweden. Both times he did not advance to the moguls final, finishing 23rd in the preliminaries.

As of February 2013, his best showing at the World Championships is 8th, in 2009.

Spett made his World Cup debut in December 2003. As of February 2013, his best performance at a World Cup event is 5th, in a dual moguls event at Are in 2011/12. His best World Cup overall finish is 13th, in 2011/12.

When not skiing, Spett works in an iron ore mine in Kiruna.

2011–12 FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup
The 2011/12 FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup was the thirty third World Cup season in freestyle skiing organised by International Ski Federation. The season started on 9 December 2011 and ended on 18 March 2012. This season included five disciplines: moguls, aerials, ski cross, halfpipe and slopestyle.
Hieroglyphics (group)
Hieroglyphics, also known as the Hieroglyphics Crew and Hiero, is an American underground hip hop collective based in Oakland, California. The group includes founder Del the Funky Homosapien, fellow rappers Casual, Pep Love, and all four members of the group Souls of Mischief—Phesto, A-Plus, Opio, and Tajai—as well as DJ Toure and producer/manager Domino.

Since their inception, Hieroglyphics have found a following largely through their members, podcasts ("Hierocasts"), and promotion through their website.

The collective uses a three-eyed, straight-lipped face logo that figures prominently on their albums, website, stickers, and clothing.

Musical collective
A musical collective is a type of artist collective for musicians in which membership is flexible and creative control is shared. The concept is distinct from that of a traditional band in that musical collectives allow for flexibility in their rosters, and members are free to rotate in and out of the line-up. Collectives may exist in almost any genre of music, although they have been especially prominent in indie rock and hip hop. They may differ from record labels in that they primarily serve as mutual support for member artists, although some collectives may also serve as a record label for members.

Musical collectives typically consist of artists with similar stylistic interests. Notable musical collectives have included the Soulquarians, Elephant 6, and the Dungeon Family, and Odd Future, among others.
Read–modify–write
In computer science, read–modify–write is a class of atomic operations (such as test-and-set, fetch-and-add, and compare-and-swap) that both read a memory location and write a new value into it simultaneously, either with a completely new value or some function of the previous value.  These operations prevent race conditions in multi-threaded applications. Typically they are used to implement mutexes or semaphores.  These atomic operations are also heavily used in non-blocking synchronization.

Read–modify–write instructions often produce unexpected results when used on I/O devices, as a write operation may not affect the same internal register that would be accessed in a read operation. This term is also associated with RAID levels that perform actual write operations as atomic read–modify–write sequences.  Such RAID levels include RAID 4, RAID 5 and RAID 6.

Memory address
In computing, a memory address is a reference to a specific memory location in memory used by both software and hardware. These addresses are fixed-length sequences of digits, typically displayed and handled as unsigned integers. This numerical representation is based on the features of CPU (such as the instruction pointer and incremental address registers). Programming language constructs often treat the memory like an array.
Warner Music Poland
Warner Music Poland Sp. z o.o., is a Polish subsidiary of Warner Music Group, it was founded in 1994 in Warsaw. The label's CEO is Piotr Kabaj.

The label started with a catalog of Polish national record label Polton which was bought from Starstream Communications Group by Warner Music Group.

In 2014 Warner Music Poland was merged with Parlophone Music Poland Sp. z o.o., after Parlophone Records, Ltd. was sold by Universal Music Group to Warner Music Group

Warner Music Poland catalogue includes also EMI Music Poland releases before it was renamed in 2013 to Parlophone. That include rights for titles by such artists as Blue Café, T.Love, Voo Voo, Wojciech Waglewski, Wilki and Pati Yang among others.

WMP distributes in Poland releases by such labels as Warner Classics, Nuclear Blast and Roadrunner Records among others.

WMP acquired Polskie Nagrania Muza, Poland's oldest record label, in May 2015.

Roadrunner Records
Roadrunner Records is a Dutch-American record label focused on heavy metal and hard rock music. Founded in the Netherlands in 1980, it is now a division of Warner Music Group and is based in New York City. Formerly seen as one of the most powerful independent metal labels of the 1980s and 1990s, it would eventually become a massive host of metal acts, most seen in Roadrunner United and the following live concert. Since then, the label continued to put out major releases. However, by the 2020s, most major acts had left the label; it was also acquired by Warner, being relegated to something much smaller than before.
Lichtenhain (Sebnitz)
Lichtenhain is a village in Saxony, Germany, situated in the district of Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge. It lies on the S154 road that links Bad Schandau and Sebnitz. It was one of the villages that composed the municipality of Kirnitzschtal, but, since 1 October 2012, it has been part of the municipality of Sebnitz.

The tourist attraction of the Lichtenhain Waterfall lies to the south of the village. It is 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) away on foot, but some 20 kilometres (12 mi) away by road, and is best approached by the  S165 road from Bad Schandau, or the Kirnitzschtal tramway that parallels it.

Kirnitzschtal tramway
The Kirnitzschtal tramway, also known as the Kirnitzschtalbahn, is an electric tramway in Saxony, Germany. The line runs through the valley of the Kirnitzsch river in Saxon Switzerland, from the town of Bad Schandau up to the Lichtenhain Waterfall, in the municipality of Sebnitz. The line is principally a tourist service, being the only tramway to serve a National Park in Germany, and uses historical rolling stock built between 1925 and 1968.

The line is operated by the Regionalverkehr Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge GmbH (RVSOE). This company also operates local and regional bus services in Saxon Switzerland and the adjoining Osterzgebirge (Eastern Ore Mountains), together with boat services on the Elbe river.
ISO 3166-2:AE
ISO 3166-2:AE is the entry for the United Arab Emirates in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently for the United Arab Emirates, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for seven emirates.

Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is AE, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of the United Arab Emirates. The second part is two letters.

ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are two-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to represent countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. They are the most widely used of the country codes published by ISO (the others being alpha-3 and numeric), and are used most prominently for the Internet's country code top-level domains (with a few exceptions). They were first included as part of the ISO 3166 standard in its first edition in 1974.
Trinidad de Leon-Roxas
Trinidad de Leon-Roxas (née de Leon y Roura;  October 4, 1900 – June 20, 1995) was the wife of Philippine President Manuel Roxas and the fifth First Lady of the Philippines. They were married in 1921 and had two children, Ruby and Gerardo (Gerry).

A native of San Miguel, Bulacan, De León-Roxas was the daughter of Ceferino de Leon, who was a member of the Malolos Congress and senator. She was also a beauty pageant contestant, having been crowned Carnival Queen (Queen of the Orient) at the Manila Carnival in 1920.

As the country's first lady during the post-war years, De León-Roxas got involved in various charitable organizations such as the White Cross and the Girl Scouts of the Philippines and restored the annual Malacañang Christmas gift-giving begun prior to World War II. The annual gift-giving has become a tradition to this day.

De León-Roxas died on June 20, 1995.

First ladies and gentlemen of the Philippines
The first lady or first gentleman of the Philippines (Filipino: Unang Ginang o Unang Ginoó ng Pilipinas) is the courtesy title given to the host or hostess of Malacañang Palace, the residence of the head of state and head of government of the Philippines.

The title is traditionally held by the consort of the president of the Philippines, and as such is used to interchangeably refer to the spouse of the incumbent; however, this is rarely the case, especially for presidents without a living spouse at the time of their tenure. The position, which is customary in nature and dignity, merits no official remuneration from the state.

Liza Araneta Marcos is the current first lady of the Philippines, as wife of the 17th and current president of the Philippines, Bongbong Marcos.
Dynasplint Systems
Dynasplint Systems, Incorporated (DSI) is a company that designs, manufactures and sells dynamic splints that are used for range of motion rehabilitation.  The corporate headquarters are located in Severna Park, Maryland and it is considered a major employer in Anne Arundel County. Products are Made in the US in Stevensville, Maryland. There is a national sales force throughout the US as well as a presence in Canada and Europe.

Severna Park, Maryland
Severna Park is a census-designated place (CDP) in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States. Severna Park is part of the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area, and is located approximately 8 miles (13 km) north of Annapolis, 17 miles (27 km) south of Baltimore and 39 miles (63 km) east of Washington, D.C. Severna Park's population was 39,933 at the 2020 census.
Members of the South Australian House of Assembly, 1989–1993
This is a list of members of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1989 to 1993, as elected at the 1989 state election:

1  The Liberal member for Custance, John Olsen, resigned on 6 May 1990 to take up a casual vacancy in the Australian Senate. Liberal candidate Ivan Venning won the resulting by-election on 23 June.

2  The member for Hartley, Terry Groom, was elected as a Labor member, but resigned from the party in 1991 after losing preselection to recontest his seat at the 1993 election.

3  The Liberal member for Alexandra, Ted Chapman, resigned on 11 March 1992. Liberal candidate Dean Brown won the resulting by-election on 9 May.

4  The Liberal member for Kavel, Roger Goldsworthy, resigned on 8 April 1992. Liberal candidate John Olsen won the resulting by-election on 9 May.

5  The member for Elizabeth, Martyn Evans, was elected as an independent, but joined the Labor Party in late 1993.

Ted Chapman
William Edwin (Ted) Chapman (16 December 1933 – 25 July 2005) was a Liberal member of the Parliament of South Australia from 10 March 1973 to 11 March 1992 and Minister.

Chapman represented the district of Alexandra in the South Australian House of Assembly between 1973 and 1992. He served as Minister for Agriculture when David Tonkin was premier, taking a lead in promoting Australian dry-land farming in the Middle East.

Chapman died in hospital in July 2005 after incurring a brain hemorrhage two months earlier.
Marlui Miranda
Marlui Miranda is a Brazilian singer, musician, and researcher known for her performances of indigenous music from the Amazon. She has collaborated with Brazilian musicians Gilberto Gil, Egberto Gismonti, Milton Nascimento, and Nana Vasconcelos.

Naná Vasconcelos
Juvenal de Holanda Vasconcelos, known as Naná Vasconcelos (2 August 1944 – 9 March 2016), was a Brazilian percussionist, vocalist and berimbau player, notable for his work as a solo artist on over two dozen albums, and as a backing musician with Pat Metheny, Don Cherry, Jan Garbarek, Egberto Gismonti, Gato Barbieri, and Milton Nascimento.
Nagina Assembly constituency
Nagina Assembly constituency is one of the 403 constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India. It is a part of the Bijnor district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the Nagina Lok Sabha constituency. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the delimitation order (DPACO - 1956) was passed in 1956. The constituency was assigned identification number 18 after "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed in the year 2008.

Nagina Lok Sabha constituency
Nagina Lok Sabha constituency (Hindi pronunciation: [n̪əgiːn̪aː]) is one of the 80 Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituencies in Uttar Pradesh state in northern India. This constituency came into existence in 2008, as a part of delimitation of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002
Shadow square
The shadow square, also known as an altitude scale, was an instrument used to determine the linear height of an object, in conjunction with the alidade, for angular observations. An early example was described in an Arabic treatise likely dating to 9th or 10th-century Baghdad. Shadow squares are often found on the backs of astrolabes.

Gnomon
A gnomon (/ˈnoʊˌmɒn, -mən/; from Ancient Greek  γνώμων (gnṓmōn) 'one that knows or examines') is the part of a sundial that casts a shadow. The term is used for a variety of purposes in mathematics and other fields, typically to measure directions, position, or time.
Crinkle Crags
Crinkle Crags is a fell in the English Lake District in the county of Cumbria. It forms part of two major rings of mountains, surrounding the valleys of Great Langdale and Upper Eskdale. The name reflects the fell's physical appearance as its summit ridge is a series of five rises and depressions (crinkles) that are very distinctive from the valley floor. In Old English, cringol means twisted or wrinkled.

Eskdale, Cumbria
Eskdale is a civil parish in the west of the Lake District National Park, and the Cumberland district of Cumbria, England. It is named after the Eskdale valley which the River Esk flows through on its way from the fells of the Lake District to the Irish Sea at Ravenglass. The civil parish is not coterminous with the valley, as the parish also includes the upper valley of the River Mite (Miterdale), whilst the lower reaches of the River Esk are in the civil parish of Muncaster. Most of the parish's population is concentrated in the two villages of Eskdale Green and Boot.

One of the Lake District's most popular tourist attractions, the Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway, runs through the parish, though along with other western parts of the Lake District, Eskdale is notably quieter during the high summer season than the more accessible eastern areas.
Tímea Sugár
Tímea Sugár (born 21 October 1977 in Pécs) is a former Hungarian international handball player and afterwards goalkeeping coach of Fehérvár KC. She played many years for Ferencváros and Fehérvár KC during her career. She won EHF cup in 2005. After her retirement in 2007, she is working as goalkeeper coach in Hungary.

In 2006, she suffered a serious knee injury at a tournament in Brazil, and although she returned in 2007, she gave up professional sports on medical advice.

Alba Fehérvár KC
Alba Fehérvár Kézilabda Club is a Hungarian women's handball team based in Székesfehérvár. Founded in 1968 by the merger of Máv Előre and VT Vasas, the club achieved their biggest success in 2005, when they were crowned of the EHF Cup winners, after beating domestic rivals Győri ETO KC in the finals. This is the first and so far the only major European title for the team.