hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2023 CONCACAF Gold Cup Group A
Group A of the 2023 CONCACAF Gold Cup consisted of co-host nation the United States, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago and Saint Kitts and Nevis. Nicaragua originally qualified as winners of CONCACAF Nations League B Group C, but were disqualified for fielding ineligible players. They were replaced by Trinidad and Tobago, the runners-up in Group C who had originally qualified for the preliminary round. The group stage was divided between four groups who played from June 24 to July 2, 2023. The top two teams advanced to the quarter-finals, while the other two teams were eliminated.

2023 CONCACAF Gold Cup
The 2023 CONCACAF Gold Cup was the 17th edition of the CONCACAF Gold Cup, the biennial international men's soccer championship of the North, Central American and Caribbean region organized by CONCACAF. Canada and the United States hosted the tournament, which began on June 24, 2023.

The United States were the defending champions, having won the 2021 edition, but were eliminated by Panama in the semi-finals.

Mexico won a record ninth Gold Cup title, defeating Panama 1–0 in the final on July 16 at SoFi Stadium in Inglewood, California, a suburb of Los Angeles.
Plutonium(IV) oxalate
Plutonium(IV) oxalate is a compound consisting of plutonium and oxalate with the formula Pu(C2O4)2. It is produced by addition of oxalic acid to plutonium solution, and is widely used in the synthesis of plutonium(IV) oxide for nuclear reprocessing, plutonium recovery from radioactive waste, or lab use. It is also a starting material for the production of other plutonium compounds, such as plutonium(III) fluoride, plutonium(IV) fluoride, or plutonium(III) chloride.

Oxalate
Oxalate (systematic IUPAC name: ethanedioate) is an anion with the chemical formula C2O2−4. This dianion is colorless. It occurs naturally, including in some foods. It forms a variety of salts, for example sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4), and several esters such as dimethyl oxalate ((CH3)2C2O4). It is a conjugate base of oxalic acid. At neutral pH in aqueous solution, oxalic acid converts completely to oxalate.
Tungabhadra Otter Conservation Reserve
Tungabhadra Otter Conservation Reserve is the first otter conservation reserve in India, located near Hampi in Vijayanagara district in the state of Karnataka. This is a 34 km (21 mi) stretch along Tungabhadra River. The area is well known for smooth-coated otters and soft-shell turtles.

Hampi (town)
Hampi is a city in the Vijayanagara district in the Indian state of Karnataka. Located along the Tungabhadra River in the east and center part of the state, Hampi is near the city of Hospet. It is famous for hosting the Hampi Group of Monuments with the Virupaksha Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city was possibly known as Kishkindha in the Ramayana age.

Hampi is mentioned in Ashokan epigraphy and texts such as the Ramayana and the Puranas of Hinduism as Pampaa Devi Tirtha Kshetra. Hampi was a part of Vijayanagara, the capital of the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire in the 14th-century. It became a center of economic and administrative activity of the Deccan region kingdom founded in opposition to Islamic Sultanates in South India. After over two centuries of rule, the Empire was defeated and abandoned. Since the 19th-century, its ruins have been an important site for archaeologists and historians.
Differentiable stack
A differentiable stack is the analogue in differential geometry of an algebraic stack in algebraic geometry. It can be described either as a stack over differentiable manifolds which admits an atlas, or as a Lie groupoid up to Morita equivalence.

Differentiable stacks are particularly useful to handle spaces with singularities (i.e. orbifolds, leaf spaces, quotients), which appear naturally in differential geometry but are not differentiable manifolds. For instance, differentiable stacks have applications in foliation theory, Poisson geometry and twisted K-theory.

2-category
In category theory in mathematics, a 2-category is a category with "morphisms between morphisms", called 2-morphisms. A basic example is the category Cat of all (small) categories, where a 2-morphism is a natural transformation between functors.

The concept of a strict 2-category was first introduced  by Charles Ehresmann in his work on enriched categories in 1965.  The more general concept of bicategory (or weak 2-category), where composition of morphisms is associative only up to a 2-isomorphism, was introduced in 1967 by Jean Bénabou.

A (2, 1)-category is a 2-category where each 2-morphism is invertible.
Thomas W. Bennett (territorial governor)
Thomas Warren Bennett (February 16, 1831, in Union County, Indiana – February 2, 1893) was governor of Idaho Territory from 1871 to 1875. He also served as a Congressional delegate from the territory from March 4, 1875, to June 23, 1876. He also served in the Indiana State Senate.

Indiana Senate
The Indiana State Senate is the upper house of the Indiana General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Indiana. The Senate is composed of 50 members representing an equal number of constituent districts. Senators serve four-year terms without term limits. According to the 2010 U.S. census, the average state senator represents 129,676 people.

The Senate convenes at the Indiana Statehouse in Indianapolis, Indiana.
NGC 958
NGC 958 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Cetus. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 5505 ± 17 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 81.20 ± 5.69 Mpc (~265 million light-years). However, 19 non-redshift measurements give a closer distance of 58.93 ± 12.91 Mpc (~192 million light-years). The galaxy was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 20 September 1784.

The SIMBAD database lists NGC 958 as a Seyfert II Galaxy, i.e. it has a quasar-like nuclei with very high surface brightnesses whose spectra reveal strong, high-ionisation emission lines, but unlike quasars, the host galaxy is clearly detectable. The NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) lists NGC 958 as a luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG).

Cetus (constellation)
Cetus (/ˈsiːtəs/ SEE-təss) is a constellation, sometimes called 'the whale' in English. The Cetus was a sea monster in Greek mythology which both Perseus and Heracles needed to slay. Cetus is in the region of the sky that contains other water-related constellations: Aquarius, Pisces and Eridanus.
Kautenbach
Kautenbach (German pronunciation: [ˈkaʊtn̩ˌbax]; Luxembourgish: Kautebaach) is a village in the commune of Kiischpelt, in northern Luxembourg.  In 2025, the village had a population of 152.

Kautenbach was a commune in the canton of Wiltz until January 1, 2006, when it was merged with the commune of Wilwerwiltz to form the new commune of Kiischpelt.  The law creating Kiischpelt was passed on 14 July 2005.

Until 17 April 1914, the commune was known as 'Alscheid', after its former administrative centre.  On that date, the administrative centre was moved from Alscheid to Kautenbach.

The ancient Schuttbourg Castle is located near the Village of Kautenbach.

Kiischpelt
Kiischpelt is a commune in northern Luxembourg, in the canton of Wiltz.  The commune's administrative centre is Wilwerwiltz.

Kiischpelt was formed on 1 January 2006 from the former communes of Kautenbach and Wilwerwiltz, both in Wiltz canton. The law creating Kiischpelt was passed on 14 July 2005.

It is the least densely populated and third least-populous commune in Luxembourg. Despite this, Kiischpelt is served by three railway stations: Kautenbach, Wilwerwiltz and Merkholtz.
Boxing at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Light heavyweight
The men's light heavyweight event was part of the boxing programme at the 1952 Summer Olympics. The weight class allowed boxers of up to 81 kilograms to compete. The competition was held from 29 July to 2 August 1952. 18 boxers from 18 nations competed.

Boxing at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Final results for the boxing competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics. The events were held at Messuhalli. From this edition of the Olympic Games, the bronze medal match was abolished.  No bronze medals were awarded, but their flags were on the podium.  In 1970, the AIBA and IOC agreed to retroactively award bronze medals to losing semifinalists.
1870s in Western fashion
1870s fashion in European and European-influenced clothing is characterized by a gradual shift from a full skirted silhouette to a close-fitting one, as well as the rise and fall of elaborate rear draperies.

Overcoat
An overcoat is a type of long, thick coat intended to be worn as the outermost garment for warmth. It usually extends below the knee. Overcoats are most often used in winter when warmth is more important.

They are sometimes confused with or referred to as topcoats, which are shorter and end at or above the knees. Topcoats and overcoats together are known as outercoats. Unlike overcoats, topcoats are usually made from lighter weight cloth such as gabardine or covert, while overcoats are made from heavier cloth or fur.
Garmurt-e Ramazanabad
Garmurt-e Ramazanabad (Persian: گرمورت رمضان آباد, also Romanized as Garmūrt-e Ramaz̤ānābād; also known as Garmūt-e Mīrzā Khān, Garmūrd, Garmūrt, and Germūrth) is a village in Kashkan Rural District, Shahivand District, Dowreh County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 420, in 92 families.

Shahivand District
Shahivand District (Persian: بخش شاهیوند) is in Chegeni County, Lorestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Cham Palak.

The district is entirely rural. In the district is the Kashkan River. Most of the people work in fields and cultivate grain. Some families depend on their livestock and earn money from the sale of their animals’ by-products. These animals are chickens, goats, sheep, and cows.
2018 Birthday Honours
The 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours are appointments by some of the 16 Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries. The Birthday Honours are awarded as part of the Queen's Official Birthday celebrations during the month of June. The Queen's Birthday Honours for the United Kingdom were announced on 9 June; the honours for New Zealand were announced on 4 June and for Australia on 11 June.

The recipients of honours are displayed as they were styled before their new honour. They are arranged by the country (in order of precedence) whose ministers advised the Queen on the appointments, then by honour with grades, i.e. Knight/Dame Grand Cross, Knight/Dame Commander etc., and then by divisions, i.e. Civil, Diplomatic and Military as appropriate.

Roger W. Smith
Roger W. Smith OBE (born 1970) is a British independent watchmaker. Smith was a Bronze Medallist of the British Horological Institute (awarded to the most outstanding graduating student of any given year).
2023 FEI European Dressage Championships
The 2023 FEI European Dressage Championships will be held in Riesenbeck, Germany, from 4 to 10 September 2023. Other cities who bid to host the Championships were Cascais in Portugal and Vejer de la Frontera in Spain, but both cities withdrew. The FEI allocated the European Championships in Riesenbeck on the 21st of October and will count as qualification event for the Olympic Games. In 2021 the European Championships for show-jumping was also organized in Riesenbeck, at the show location of Olympic gold-medalist Ludger Beerbaum.

Show jumping
Show jumping is a part of a group of English riding equestrian events that also includes eventing, hunters, and equitation. Jumping classes are commonly seen at horse shows throughout the world, including the Olympics. Sometimes shows are limited exclusively to jumpers. Sometimes jumper classes are offered in conjunction with other English-style events. Sometimes, show jumping is but one division of a very large, all-breed competition that includes a very wide variety of disciplines. Jumping classes may be governed by various national horse show sanctioning organizations, such as the United States Equestrian Federation or the British Showjumping Association.  International competitions are governed by the rules of the International Federation for Equestrian Sports.
Craghead
Craghead is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Stanley, in the County Durham district, in the ceremonial county of Durham, England. It is a mining village. It is located at the bottom of the valley to the south of Stanley, on the main road between Stanley and Durham, and not far from the village of Edmondsley. In 1931 the parish had a population of 4973. from 1869 Craghead was a civil parish in its own right, on 1 April 1937 the parish was abolished and merged with Stanley and Lanchester.

The village still has some reminders of its industrial past, including a colliery brass band. Craghead United F.C., a defunct association football club, was based here.

Also in Craghead there are many public houses including the Punch Bowl. Craghead is also well known for its wind farm which sees two wind turbines on a hill known as the Craghead Windmills.

Lanchester, County Durham
Lanchester  is a village and civil parish in County Durham, England, 8 miles (13 km) west of Durham and 5 miles (8 km) from Consett. It had a population at the 2011 Census of 4,054.

Although there was a small drift mine on the edge of the village which closed in the 1970s, Lanchester's economy was mainly based on agriculture. It is now a residential village in which a number of housing estates have been developed since the late 1960s.
Cineville
Cineville is an American streaming platform, production and international distribution company founded in 1990 by Carl Colpaert and Christoph Henkel. It is trademarked in the US, EU and throughout Latin America.

Cineville has produced over 55 feature films, which have participated in film festivals including the Sundance Film Festival and Cannes Film Festival.

Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group
Sony Pictures Entertainment Motion Picture Group (formerly known as the Columbia TriStar Motion Picture Group until 2013, and abbreviated as SPMPG) is a division of Sony Pictures Entertainment to manage its motion picture operations. It was launched in 1998 by integrating the businesses of Columbia Pictures and TriStar Pictures.
Pipa Jing
Pipa Jing (Chinese: 琵琶精; pinyin: Pípa Jīng), or Wang Guiren (Chinese: 王貴人; pinyin: Wáng Guìrén), is a character featured within the classic Chinese novel Fengshen Yanyi (Investiture of the Gods). She is a yaojing (seductive spirit) transformed from a jade pipa after thousands of years of cultivation. She later becomes a favored concubine of Di Xin.

Di Xin
Di Xin of Shang (商帝辛; Shāng Dì Xīn) or Shou, King of Shang (商王受; Shāng Wáng Shòu), was the last king of the Shang dynasty of ancient China. He is also known by a pejorative title, King Zhòu of Shang ([ʈ͡ʂoʊ]; Chinese: 商紂王; pinyin: Zhòu Wáng) in Zhou dynasty texts and beyond. He is contemporaneously recorded in bronze relics, where his posthumous name, Di Xin, is used.

In later times, the story of “King Zhòu” became a cautionary tale on what could befall a kingdom if its ruler gave into corruption and moral depravity. However, owing to the small number of artifacts found from his rule, his actual life and deeds are not well understood beyond posthumous accounts.
Dongala Mutha
Dongala Mutha (transl. Gang of thieves) is a 2011 Indian Telugu-language comedy action thriller film directed by Ram Gopal Varma. The film stars Ravi Teja, Charmy, Prakash Raj, Lakshmi Manchu, Sunil, Bramhanandam, Subbaraju and Supreeth Reddy. This film is the first of its kind in Indian cinema as it was shot with just 7 crew members and in a record of 5 days. Prior to filming, Varma announced that this film has no budget and that the cast and crew will not be taking remunerations until the film hits theaters.

Puri Jagannadh is co-director while director Harish Shankar (Mirapakaya fame) is associate director. Music is composed by Sathyam while the background score has been rendered by Amar Mohile (of Sarkar Raj fame).

Dongala Mutha was released on 18 March 2011, which was exactly 33 days after the shooting ended. The filmmaking process was revolutionized through Canon 5D cameras. The film remained an instant hit at the box office.

Sarkar Raj
Sarkar Raj (transl. Government rule) is a 2008 Indian Hindi-language political action thriller film directed by Ram Gopal Varma. The film is a sequel to the 2005 film Sarkar and the second installment of the Sarkar film series. The film premiered at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival, the New York Asian Film Festival, and the 9th IIFA World Premiere-Bangkok.

The film was archived at the Academy of Motion Pictures library. The primary cast features Amitabh Bachchan, Abhishek Bachchan (who reprise their roles from the original) and new entrant Aishwarya Rai Bachchan. Supriya Pathak, Tanishaa, and Ravi Kale also reappeared in their respective roles from Sarkar. The film was released on 6 June 2008 and was critically and commercially successful. The continuation and third installment Sarkar 3, was released on 12 May 2017 to positive reviews.

A promotional mobile video game based on the film was released by Mauj Mobile in 2008.
First Gutai Exhibition
The First Gutai Art Exhibition took place at Ohara Hall in Tokyo, Japan in October 1955. It was the inaugural exhibition of the Gutai Art Association, showcasing works created by a group of young artists led by the association's founder, Jiro Yoshihara.

The Gutai group sought to experiment with unconventional formats, materials, and methods in art-making, as noted by art historian Ming Tiampo. Their projects incorporated elements of space, time, and sound, reflecting their interest in expanding artistic boundaries. According to the Gutai Art Manifesto (1956), the group emphasized the relationship between human expression and physical materials, seeking a direct connection between the artist’s intent and the medium.

Atsuko Tanaka (artist)
Atsuko Tanaka (田中 敦子, Tanaka Atsuko; February 10, 1932 – December 3, 2005) was a Japanese avant-garde artist. She was a central figure of the Gutai Art Association from 1955 to 1965. Her works have found increased curatorial and scholarly attention across the globe since the early 2000s, when she received her first museum retrospective in Ashiya, Japan, which was followed by the first retrospective abroad, in New York and Vancouver. Her work was featured in multiple exhibitions on Gutai art in Europe and North America.
2008 Forest Hills Tennis Classic
The 2008 Forest Hills Tennis Classic was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the fifth and final edition of the Forest Hills Tennis Classic, and was part of the Tier IV Series of the 2008 WTA Tour. The singles-only event took place at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, New York City, United States from August 19 through August 23, 2008. Unseeded Lucie Šafářová won the singles title, her second at the event after 2005, and earned $22,000 first-prize money.

Forest Hills Tennis Classic
The Forest Hills Tennis Classic was a professional women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was part of the Tier V Series of the WTA Tour in 2004, then of the Tier IV Series from 2005 to 2008. It was held annually at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, New York City, United States, from 2004 to 2008.
Siguniangshan
Siguniangshan Town (Chinese: 四姑娘山镇; pinyin: Sìgūniángshān zhèn; Tibetan: སྐུ་བླ་རི་བོ་གྲོང་རྡལ།, Wylie: sku bla ri bo grong rdal), formerly Rilong Town (Chinese: 日隆镇), is a town in Xiaojin County in the Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan, China. It is a main base for visiting Mount Siguniang. Rilong  lies at roughly 3,160 meters above sea level, and the population are mainly Tibetan.

Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture
Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, also known as Aba (Tibetan: རྔ་བ་བོད་རིགས་དང་ཆང་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ།, Wylie: rnga ba bod rigs cha'ang rigs rang skyong khul; Qiang: Rrmeabba Shbea Rrmea Nyujwju Gvexueaj Legea; simplified Chinese: 阿坝藏族羌族自治州; traditional Chinese: 阿壩藏族羌族自治州), is an autonomous prefecture of northwestern Sichuan, bordering Gansu to the north and northeast and Qinghai to the northwest. Its seat is in Barkam, and it has an area of 83,201 km2 (32,124 sq mi). The population was 895,200 by 2022.

The county of Wenchuan in Ngawa is the site of the epicenter of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, in which over 20,000 of its residents died and 40,000 were injured.
Rila, Bulgaria
Rila (Bulgarian: Рила, pronounced [ˈriɫɐ]) is a town in southwestern Bulgaria, the administrative centre of Rila Municipality, in the southeastern part of Kyustendil Province.

The town lies in a mountainous region at the foot of the southwestern Rila Mountains, 20 km (12 mi) from the Rila Monastery, 34 km (21 mi) from Dupnitsa, and 65 km (40 mi) from Kyustendil. It is situated on the banks of the Rilska River at the entrance of the Rila Monastery Nature Park. In antiquity, the area was inhabited by the Thracians and Romans; it was known as Sportela and then as Roligera. In the Middle Ages it was part of the Bulgarian Empire. In the 14th century, the village was a feudal possession of the Rila Monastery and may have been mentioned in Tsar Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria's Rila Charter as Driska. Later on, it was mentioned as İrlie in Ottoman tax registers of 1576.

Kyustendil
Kyustendil (Bulgarian: Кюстендил [kʲustenˈdiɫ]) is a town in the far west of Bulgaria, the capital of the Kyustendil Province, a former bishopric and present Latin Catholic titular see.

The town is situated in the southern part of the Kyustendil Valley, near the borders of Serbia and North Macedonia; 90 km southwest of Sofia, 130 km northeast of Skopje and 243 km north of Thessaloniki. The population is 37 799, with a Bulgarian majority and a Roma minority. During the Iron Age, a Thracian settlement was located within the town, later known as Roman in the 1st century AD. In the Middle Ages, the town switched hands between the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria and Serbia, prior to Ottoman annexation in 1395. After centuries of Ottoman rule, the town became part of an independent Bulgarian state in 1878.
N Seoul Tower
The N Seoul Tower (Korean: N 서울타워), officially the YTN Seoul Tower and known as the Namsan Tower, is a communication and observation tower located on the summit of Namsan (262 m (860 ft)) in central Seoul, South Korea. The 236-metre-tall (774 ft) structure marks the second highest point in Seoul and is considered a local landmark.

Built in 1971, N Seoul Tower is South Korea's first general radio wave tower, providing TV and radio broadcasting in Seoul. Currently, the tower broadcasts signals for Korean media outlets, such as KBS, MBC, and SBS.

Observation tower
An observation tower is a tower used to view events from a long distance and to create a full 360 degree range of vision to conduct long distance observations. Observation towers are usually at least 20 metres (66 ft) tall and are made from stone, iron, and wood. Many modern towers are also used as TV towers, restaurants, or churches. The towers first appeared in the ancient world, as long ago as the Babylonian Empire.

Observation towers that are used as guard posts or observation posts over an extended period to overlook an area are commonly called watchtowers instead.

Similar instances of observation towers are recognised as crow's nests, observatories, viewing platforms, etc.