hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ravi Arimilli
Ravi Kumar Arimilli (born 1963) is an IBM Fellow and Chief Architect. Largely responsible for development of the POWER5, he is one of the most prolific inventors in the world, being awarded 78 patents in 2002 and a further 53 in 2003. He has over 507 patents to his name and is listed among the most prolific inventors in the world as measured by U.S. utility patents.

Arimilli moved with his family to the United States from Andhra Pradesh, India, in 1969. He studied at Louisiana State University, and joined IBM in 1985. His expertise includes symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) system structures, cache/memory hierarchies and system bus protocols.

IBM Fellow
An IBM Fellow is a position at IBM appointed by the CEO. Typically only four to nine (eleven in 2014) IBM Fellows are appointed each year, in May or June. Fellow is the highest honor a scientist, engineer, or programmer at IBM can achieve.
Perilymphatic duct
In the anatomy of the human ear, the perilymphatic duct is where the perilymphatic space (vestibule of the ear) is connected to the subarachnoid space. This works as a type of shunt to eliminate excess perilymph fluid from the perilymphatic space around the cochlea of the ear.

Perilymph is continuous with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the subarachnoid space. CSF pressure abnormalities do not generally have clinical impact on the inner ear which is explained physically by the bore diameter and length of the perilymphatic duct. This duct goes through the skull and is parallel with but not directly associated with the endolymphatic duct. The duct is lined by an epithelium.

Vestibule of the ear
The vestibule is the central part of the bony labyrinth in the inner ear, and is situated medial to the eardrum, behind the cochlea, and in front of the three semicircular canals.

The name comes from the Latin vestibulum, literally an entrance hall.
Potassium ascorbate
Potassium ascorbate is a compound with formula KC6H7O6. It is the potassium salt of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and a mineral ascorbate.  As a food additive, it has E number E303, INS number 303. Although it is not a permitted food additive in the UK, USA and the EU, it is approved for use in Australia and New Zealand. According to some studies, it has shown a strong antioxidant activity and antitumoral properties.

International Numbering System for Food Additives
The International Numbering System for Food Additives (INS) is an international naming system for food additives, aimed at providing a short designation of what may be a lengthy actual name. It is defined by Codex Alimentarius, the international food standards organisation of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (UN). The information is published in the  document Class Names and the International Numbering System for Food Additives, first published in 1989, with revisions in 2008 and 2011.  The INS is an open list, "subject to the inclusion of additional additives or removal of existing ones on an ongoing basis".
Ayeduase
Ayeduase is a town in the Oforikrom Municipality in the Ashanti Region of Ghana, located approximately 7.3 kilometres from the centre of Kumasi. The town functions as both a residential and commercial hub, serving local inhabitants as well as students from the nearby Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology.  Its proximity to Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology makes it a popular area for student housing and businesses that cater to the university community. Ayeduase is situated near the suburbs of Kotei and Boadi.

Kotei
For people with the surname, see Kotei (surname).

Kotei is a town in the Oforikrom Municipality in the Ashanti Region of Ghana.  It is 10 kilometres from the centre Kumasi.  The town is a dormitory town that serves both inhabitants as well as students from the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. The community has a police station.
Gosbeck
Gosbeck is a village and civil parish in the Mid Suffolk district of Suffolk in eastern England. Located around five miles north of Ipswich, in 2005 its population was 220.

The parish contains Gosbeck Wood, an ancient woodland and SSSI.

Mid Suffolk
52°09′22″N 1°02′56″E﻿ / ﻿52.1560°N 1.0489°E﻿ / 52.1560; 1.0489

Mid Suffolk is a local government district in Suffolk, England. The district is primarily a rural area, containing just three towns, being Stowmarket, Needham Market and Eye. Its council was based in Needham Market until 2017 when it moved to shared offices with neighbouring Babergh District Council in Ipswich, outside either district. In 2021 it had a population of 103,417.

The neighbouring districts are East Suffolk, Ipswich, Babergh, West Suffolk, Breckland and South Norfolk.
Barbie Dreams
"Barbie Dreams" is a song recorded by rapper Nicki Minaj for her fourth studio album Queen (2018). It was released on August 14, 2018, to radio stations through Young Money Entertainment and Cash Money Records as the third single from the album. The song was written by Minaj, Rashad "Ringo" Smith, Alexander Roland, the duo Mel & Mus (composed of Melvin Hough II and Rivelino Raoul Wouter), Christopher Smith, James Brown, and Fred Wesley; while its production was done by Ringo, and Mel & Mus.

"Barbie Dreams" received widespread critical acclaim. It also received public recognition from many of the male rappers "roasted" in the song. Commercially, the song peaked at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and entered the charts in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. For promotion, Minaj debuted the track on her Queen Radio show on Beats 1, and performed the song live at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards.

Apple Music 1
Apple Music 1, previously branded as Beats 1, is a 24/7 music radio station owned and operated by Apple Inc. It is accessible through iTunes or the Apple Music app on a computer, smartphone or tablet, smart speaker (such as the Apple HomePod), and through the Apple Music web browser app.

While a paid subscription is not needed, users are required to sign in with an Apple ID account to listen to the free radio stations. Apple Music Radio is streamed at 64 kbit/s and 256 kbit/s, utilising HTTP Live Streaming protocol and the HE-AAC audio codec, powered by StreamS Live Encoder.

Apple Music also operates five sister stations.
Vincent Jay
Vincent Jay (born 18 May 1985) is a former French biathlete and non-commissioned officer. During his career, he won two Olympic medals at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver - a gold in the sprint and a bronze medal in the pursuit. He was the first Frenchman to win an Olympic sprint Biathlon title. In the World Cup, he has fourteen podiums with two individual victories in Vancouver and two victories as part of relay teams.

International Biathlon Union
The International Biathlon Union (IBU; German: Internationale Biathlon-Union) is the IOC (International Olympic Committee) authorized  international governing body of biathlon. Its headquarters were in Salzburg, Austria, until May 2020, when the Federation moved to Anif, on the outskirts of the city. It was rocked by a corruption scandal that broke in 2018, concerning the Russians bribing its top two officials. In 2022 Russia and Belarus were suspended from all international biathlon competitions until further notice.
Parage (Bačka Palanka)
Parage (Serbian Cyrillic: Параге) is a village located in the Bačka Palanka municipality, in the South Bačka District of Serbia. It is situated in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. The village has a Serb ethnic majority and its population numbering 1,039 people (2002 census).

South Bačka District
The South Bačka District (Serbian: Јужнобачки округ, romanized: Južnobački okrug, pronounced [jûʒnobâːtʃkiː ôkruːɡ]) is one of administrative districts of Serbia. It lies in the southern part of Bačka and northern part of Syrmia. According to the 2022 census, the South Bačka District has a population of 607,178 inhabitants. The administrative center of the district is the city of Novi Sad, which is also the administrative center and the largest city of the Vojvodina.
Adam Myerson
Adam Myerson (born May 9, 1972) is an American professional bicycle racer specializing in cyclo-cross and criterium racing.

Adam is an active race promoter, series organizer, and coach; was the first American on the Union Cycliste Internationale Cyclo-cross commission (until 2009) as well as the AIOC-Cross Management Committee; and was the USA Cycling Collegiate National Cyclocross Champion in 1997. Myerson lives in Dorchester, Massachusetts, USA.

Myerson has been a vegetarian since 1989, primarily for animal rights reasons. He was also a strict vegan from the early 2000s to 2006. Myerson has published several articles on being a meat-free endurance athlete. He is an outspoken anti-doping advocate as well.

He is the owner and head coach of Cycle-Smart, Inc.

Pan American Cyclo-cross Championships
The Pan American Cyclo-cross Championships are the continental cycling championships for cyclo-cross held annually for member nations of the Pan American Cycling Confederation. Riders competing in the championships are selected by the national governing body. The championships were first held in 2014 and have taken place annually since except for in 2020.
Gedit
gedit (/ˈdʒɛdɪt/ or /ˈɡɛdɪt/) is a text editor designed for the GNOME desktop environment. It was GNOME's default text editor and part of the GNOME Core Applications until GNOME version 42 in March 2022, which changed the default text editor to GNOME Text Editor. Designed as a general-purpose text editor, gedit emphasizes simplicity and ease of use, with a clean and simple GUI, according to the philosophy of the GNOME project. It includes tools for editing source code and structured text such as markup languages. It is free and open-source software under the GNU General Public License version 2 or later.

By July 2017, gedit was not being maintained by any developers, but in August 2017 two developers volunteered to commence work on it again.

GnomeVFS
GnomeVFS (short for GNOME Virtual File System) was an abstraction layer of the GNOME platform for the reading, writing and execution of files. Before GNOME 2.22 GnomeVFS was primarily used by the appropriate versions of Nautilus file manager (renamed to GNOME Files) and other GNOME applications.

A cause of confusion is the fact that the file system abstraction used by the Linux kernel is also called the virtual file system (VFS) layer. This is however at a lower level.

Due to perceived shortcomings of GnomeVFS a replacement called GVfs was developed. GVfs is based on GIO and allows  partitions to be mounted through FUSE.

With the release of GNOME 2.22 in April 2008, GnomeVFS was declared deprecated in favor of GVfs and GIO, requesting that developers not use it in new applications.
Heather Russell
Heather Marie Russell (born August 10, 2000) is a Canadian singer-songwriter. Her sound is predominantly pop/soul & contemporary R&B music.

She was signed to Syco Records at the age of 10 by Simon Cowell. Russell and her father co-wrote the song "Crazy Glue" with Rune Westberg and Victoria Horn *Lady V which Jessica Sanchez, American Idol 2012 contestant, covered on her debut EP.

Jessica Sanchez
Jessica Elizabeth Sanchez (born August 4, 1995) is an American singer-songwriter. She rose to prominence following her runner-up finish on the eleventh season of American Idol. Her debut studio album, Me, You & the Music, peaked at number twenty-six on the US Billboard 200. In 2025, having been ousted in the semifinals of the first season, Sanchez returned nineteen years later for the twentieth season of America's Got Talent and was announced the winner on September 24, 2025.
Conflation of readings
Conflation of readings is the term for intentional changes in the text made by the scribe, who used two or more manuscripts with two or more textual variants and created another textual form. The term is used in New Testament textual criticism.

Fenton Hort gave eight examples from Mark (6:33; 8:26; 9:38, 39) and Luke (9:10; 11:54; 12:18; 24:53) in which the Byzantine text-type had combined Alexandrian and Western readings. It was one of the three Hort's arguments that the Byzantine text is the youngest.

Other textual critics gave more examples of conflation (Matthew 27:41, John 18:40, Acts 20:28, and Romans 6:12).

Luke 24:53

"blessing God" (Alexandrian)

"praising God" (Western)

"praising and blessing God" (Byzantine)

Metzger gave as an example Acts 20:28

"the church of God" (Alexandrian)

"the church of the Lord"

"the church of the Lord and God" (Byzantine)

Western text-type
In textual criticism of the New Testament, the Western text-type is one of the main text types. It is the predominant form of the New Testament text witnessed in the Old Latin and Syriac translations from the Greek, and also in quotations from certain 2nd and 3rd-century Christian writers, including Cyprian, Tertullian and Irenaeus. The Western text had many characteristic features, which appeared in text of the Gospels, Book of Acts, and in Pauline epistles. The Catholic epistles and the Book of Revelation probably did not have a Western form of text. It was named "Western" by Semmler (1725–1791), having originated in early centers of Christianity in the Western Roman Empire.

However, the existence of a singular Western text-type has been criticized by some recent textual critics such as J. Read-Heimerdinger, instead preferring to call the Western text a group of text-types and not as a singular text-type.
Acqualagna
Acqualagna (Italian: [akkwaˈlaɲɲa]) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pesaro e Urbino in the Italian region Marche, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) west of Ancona and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Pesaro. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 4,304 and an area of 50.8 square kilometres (19.6 mi2). It is one of the main centers in Italy for truffle. The Candigliano is joined by the Burano in the vicinity of the town.

Acqualagna borders the following municipalities: Cagli, Fermignano, Urbania, Urbino.

Urbino
Urbino (UK: /ɜːrˈbiːnoʊ/ ur-BEE-noh, Italian: [urˈbiːno] ⓘ; Romagnol: Urbìn) is a comune (municipality) in the Italian region of Marche, southwest of Pesaro, a World Heritage Site notable for a remarkable historical legacy of independent Renaissance culture, especially under the patronage of Federico da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino from 1444 to 1482.

The town, nestled on a high sloping hillside, retains much of its picturesque medieval aspect. It hosts the University of Urbino, founded in 1506, and is the seat of the Archbishop of Urbino. Its best-known architectural piece is the Palazzo Ducale, rebuilt by Luciano Laurana.
2025 Western Michigan Broncos football team
The 2025 Western Michigan Broncos football team represented Western Michigan University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 2025 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Broncos were led by Lance Taylor in his third-year as the head coach and the Broncos played their home games at Waldo Stadium, located in Kalamazoo, Michigan.

The Broncos claimed the team's fourth football league championship  and became the first team in program history to win both a conference championship and a bowl game in the same season. With the program's third overall bowl victory, they reached 10 wins for just the second time.

Waldo Stadium
Waldo Stadium is a stadium in Kalamazoo, Michigan. It is primarily used for football, and has been the home of Western Michigan University Broncos football in rudimentary form since 1914, and as a complete stadium since 1939. It currently has a seating capacity of 30,200 spectators.
Arkhangai Province
Arkhangai Province (Mongolian: Архангай аймаг) is one of the 21 provinces of Mongolia, located slightly west of the country's center, on the northern slopes of the Khangai Mountains. It is composed of 19 districts.

Provinces of Mongolia
Mongolia is divided into 21 provinces or aimags (аймгууд, aimguud) and one provincial municipality. Each aimag is subdivided into several districts.

The modern provinces have been established since 1921. The capital, Ulaanbaatar, is governed as an independent provincial municipality separate from Töv Province, inside which it is situated.
Adamu Aliero
Muhammad Adamu AlieroListenⓘ (born 1 January 1957) is a Nigerian politician who is the senator representing Kebbi Central senatorial district since 2015. He previously served in that position from 2007 to 2008. He served as the governor of Kebbi State from 1999 to 2007. He is a member of the All progressives Congress.

Aliero was appointed minister of the Federal Capital Territory by President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua in December 2008.
He left office in March 2010 when Acting President Goodluck Jonathan dissolved his cabinet.

Umaru Musa Yar'Adua
Umaru Musa Yar'Adua GCFR (listenⓘ) (16 August 1951 – 5 May 2010) was a Nigerian politician who served as the president of Nigeria from 2007 until his death in May 2010. He won the Nigerian presidential election held on 21 April 2007, and was sworn in on 29 May 2007.

He had previously served as the governor of Katsina State from 1999 to 2007; and was a member of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). In 2009, Yar'Adua left for Saudi Arabia to receive treatment for pericarditis. He returned to Nigeria on 24 February 2010, but died on 5 May.
Kittiwake
The kittiwakes (genus Rissa) are two closely related seabird species in the gull family Laridae, the black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) and the red-legged kittiwake (Rissa brevirostris). The epithets "black-legged" and "red-legged" are used to distinguish the two species in North America, but in Europe, where Rissa brevirostris is not found, the black-legged kittiwake is often known simply as kittiwake. The name is derived from its call, a shrill 'kittee-wa-aaake, kitte-wa-aaake'. The genus name Rissa is from the Icelandic name Rita for the black-legged kittiwake.

Red-legged kittiwake
The red-legged kittiwake (Rissa brevirostris) is a seabird species in the gull family Laridae. It breeds in the Pribilof Islands, Bogoslof Island, and Buldir Island in the Bering Sea off the coast of Alaska, and the Commander Islands, Russia, and spends the winter at sea.
Roman Anin
Roman Aleksandrovich Anin (Russian: Роман Александрович Анин; born 16 December 1986) is a Russian investigative journalist. He is one of the founders of the independent iStories outlet and a former journalist for the Russian newspaper Novaya Gazeta. The main investigation in which he was involved is the investigation of the Panama Papers.

The Russian government has stripped Anin of his Russian citizenship for journalism that does not fit the government's narratives.

International Center for Journalists
International Center for Journalists (ICFJ) is a non-profit, professional organization located in Washington, D.C., United States, that promotes journalism worldwide.  It was founded in 1984 and offers training, workshops, seminars, fellowships, and international exchanges to reporters and media managers.
V Coronae Australis
V Coronae Australis (V CrA) is a R Coronae Borealis variable (RCB) star in the constellation Corona Australis. These are extremely hydrogen-deficient supergiants thought to have arisen as the result of the merger of two white dwarfs; fewer than 100 have been discovered as of 2012. V Coronae Australis dimmed in brightness from 1994 to 1998.

In 1896 it was announced that Evelyn Leland and Williamina Fleming had discovered that the star is a variable star. The visual apparent magnitude of V CrA has been observed to vary between magnitudes 9.4 and 17.9.  A maximum magnitude of 8.3 has been estimated from photographic plates.  It has around 60% the mass of the Sun and an effective (surface) temperature of around 6250 K.

The spectral class of R0 is typical of a carbon star, but the RCB stars are considered to a separate class of hydrogen-deficient stars, not normal asymptotic giant branch giants.

Carbon star
A carbon star (C-type star) is typically an asymptotic giant branch star, a luminous red giant, whose atmosphere contains more carbon than oxygen. The two elements combine in the upper layers of the star, forming carbon monoxide, which consumes most of the oxygen in the atmosphere, leaving carbon atoms free to form other carbon compounds, giving the star a "sooty" atmosphere and a strikingly ruby red appearance. There are also some dwarf and supergiant carbon stars, with the more common giant stars sometimes being called classical carbon stars to distinguish them.

In most stars (such as the Sun), the atmosphere is richer in oxygen than carbon. Ordinary stars not exhibiting the characteristics of carbon stars but cool enough to form carbon monoxide are therefore called oxygen-rich stars.

Carbon stars have quite distinctive spectral characteristics, and they were first recognized by their spectra by Angelo Secchi in the 1860s, a pioneering time in astronomical spectroscopy.
Zygophyllum pterocaule
Zygophyllum pterocaule is a species of flowering plant in the family Zygophyllaceae, native to Namibia, and the northern Cape Provinces of South Africa. A succulent, decumbent shrub, it only reaches 15 cm (6 in) high, but spreads to 80 cm (30 in).

Cape Provinces
The Cape Provinces of South Africa is a biogeographical area used in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD). It is part of the WGSRPD region 27 Southern Africa. The area has the code "CPP". It includes the South African provinces of the Eastern Cape, the Northern Cape and the Western Cape, together making up most of the former Cape Province.

The area includes the Cape Floristic Region, the smallest of the six recognised floral kingdoms of the world, an area of extraordinarily high diversity and endemism, home to more than 9,000 vascular plant species, of which 69 percent are endemic.
Patrick Klugman
Patrick Klugman (born 11 July 1977) is a French attorney at the Paris bar and a politician. 
He is a former president of the Union des étudiants juifs de France (UEJF, Union of French Jewish students), and is an anti-racist activist.

Murder of Ilan Halimi
The murder of Ilan Halimi (Hebrew: אילן חלימי) was the kidnapping, torture, and murder of a young Frenchman of Moroccan Jewish ancestry in France in 2006. Halimi was kidnapped on 21 January 2006 by a group calling themselves the Gang of Barbarians. The kidnappers, believing that all Jews are rich, repeatedly contacted the victim's modestly placed family demanding very large sums of money. Halimi was held captive and tortured for three weeks, and died of his injuries. The case drew national and international attention as an example of antisemitism in France.
1985 Purdue Boilermakers football team
The 1985 Purdue Boilermakers football team represented the Purdue University in the 1985 Big Ten Conference football season. Led by fourth-year head coach Leon Burtnett, the Boilermakers compiled an overall record of 5–6 with a mark of 3–5 in conference play, placing seventh in the Big Ten. Purdue played home games at Ross–Ade Stadium in West Lafayette, Indiana.

Quarterback Jim Everett led the nation in total offense with 3,589 yards, which was also a program record, since broken by Drew Brees. Everett finished sixth in balloting for the Heisman Trophy.

Jim Everett
James Samuel Everett III (born January 3, 1963), is an American former professional football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 12 seasons, primarily with the Los Angeles Rams. He played college football for the Purdue Boilermakers and was selected third overall in the 1986 NFL draft by the Houston Oilers. Unable to work out a contract agreement with Everett, the Oilers traded his rights to the Rams, where played from 1986 to 1993. Everett then played with the New Orleans Saints from 1994 to 1996 and ended his career with a stint with the San Diego Chargers in 1997.