hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2018 NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship
The 2018 NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship was the third annual tournament deciding the NCAA champions for the 2018 collegiate beach volleyball season. It took place May 4-6 in Gulf Shores, Alabama, and was hosted by the University of Alabama at Birmingham. It was a double elimination tournament, with a single championship match.

NCAA beach volleyball championship
The NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship is an NCAA-sanctioned tournament to determine the national champions of collegiate women's beach volleyball. It is a National Collegiate Championship featuring teams from Division I, Division II and Division III, and is the 90th, and newest, NCAA championship event.

It was the first new NCAA championship to be created since the NCAA Division III Men's Volleyball Championship in 2012, and the first for women since the NCAA Bowling Championship in 2004.

USC have been the most successful program, with six national titles.
Karena Lam
Karena Lam (Chinese: 林嘉欣; pinyin: Lín Jiāxīn; Jyutping: Lam4 Gaa1 Jan1; Cantonese Yale: Làm Gāyān; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lîm Ka-him; born 17 August 1978) is a Taiwanese Canadian actress and singer based in Taiwan and Hong Kong.

In October 1995, Lam released her debut album Karena (有點想). In 2015, she won the Best Actress award at the Golden Horse Awards for her role in Zinnia Flower, making her the first person to have won all of the following three Golden Horse awards: Best Lead Actress, Best Supporting Actress and Best New Performer.

Taiwanese Canadians
Taiwanese Canadians are Canadians who carry full or partial ancestry from the East Asian country of Taiwan. There are over one hundred thousand Taiwanese who have gained citizenship or permanent residency status in Canada.
Moussa Sow
Moussa Sow (born 19 January 1986) is a former professional footballer who played as a forward. Born in France, he represented Senegal at international level, scoring 18 goals in 50 appearances.

He was known for his bicycle kick goals and emotional reactions such as crying when he failed to score, or when the team has lost.

2012–13 Turkish Cup
The 2012–13 Turkish Cup (Turkish: Türkiye Kupası) was the 51st season of the Turkish Cup. Ziraat Bankası is the sponsor of the tournament, thus the sponsored name is Ziraat Turkish Cup. The winners earned a berth in the play-off round of the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League. Fenerbahçe are the defending champions. The winners also qualified for the 2013 Turkish Super Cup.

In a bet to widen the audience and turn the cup into a true national cup, a format change has been made for this season. The number of participating teams increased from 57 to 156, allowing teams from Turkish Regional Amateur League to have a shot at the cup. The knockout qualifying format of the 2011–2012 season have been revised. The group stage matches that were contested between 2005 and 2011 returned as a round-robin tournament.
2013 Marburg Open
The 2013 Marburg Open is a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the fourth edition of the tournament which is part of the 2013 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Marburg, Germany, between 24 and 30 June 2013.

2013 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour is the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). The 2013 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 149 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $35,000 up to $220,000.
Permanent neonatal diabetes
Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM) is a newly identified and potentially treatable form of monogenic diabetes. This type of neonatal diabetes is caused by activating mutations of the KCNJ11 gene, which codes for the Kir6.2 subunit of the beta cell KATP channel. This disease is considered to be a type of maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY).

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young
Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) refers to any of several hereditary forms of diabetes mellitus caused by mutations in an autosomal dominant gene disrupting insulin production. Along with neonatal diabetes, MODY is a form of the conditions known as monogenic diabetes. While the more common types of diabetes (especially type 1 and type 2) involve more complex combinations of causes involving multiple genes and environmental factors, each form of MODY is caused by changes to a single gene (monogenic).  HNF1A-MODY (MODY 3) are the most common forms.

Robert Tattersall and Stefan Fajans initially identified the phenomenon known as maturity onset diabetes of the young in a classic study published in the journal Diabetes in 1975.
Kapel, North Holland
Kapel is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is located in the municipality of Heiloo, about 2 km south of Heiloo itself.

The hamlet is named after the chapel of "Onze Lieve Vrouwe ter Nood", a pilgrimage site since 1409. Formerly, it was also known as Oesdom.

Heiloo
Heiloo (Dutch pronunciation: [ɦɛiˈloː] ⓘ) is a municipality and town in the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland. The community is part of the cooperation region Kennemerland and is located in the historical region of West Friesland. Heiloo had a population of 24,144 in 2021.
Hacienda El Jibarito
Hacienda El Jibarito is a 19-room agro-hotel located in San Sebastián, Puerto Rico designed to attract people to appreciate the countryside and historic elements of Puerto Rico. It is isolated within the mountainous central region of the island and offers its visitors the chance learn more about Puerto Rican culture through typical clothing, music, and cuisine.

San Sebastián, Puerto Rico
San Sebastián (Spanish pronunciation: [san seβasˈtjan] ⓘ, locally [ˌsaŋ seβaʔˈtjaŋ]) is a town and municipality of Puerto Rico located in the northwestern region of the island, south of Isabela, Quebradillas and Camuy; north of Las Marías; east of Moca and Añasco; and west of Lares. San Sebastián is spread over twenty-four barrios and San Sebastián Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city). It is a principal city of the Aguadilla-Isabela-San Sebastián Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Rock River (Mississippi River tributary)
The Rock River is a tributary of the Mississippi River, approximately 299 miles (481 km) long, in the U.S. states of Wisconsin and Illinois. The river was known as the Sinnissippi to the Sauk and Meskwaki peoples; the name means "rocky waters".

Waupun, Wisconsin
Waupun is a city in Dodge and Fond du Lac counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 11,344 at the 2020 census. Of this, 7,795 were in Dodge County, and 3,549 were in Fond du Lac County. In Fond du Lac County, the Town of Waupun abuts the city of Waupun.
Jackson's inequality
In approximation theory, Jackson's inequality  is an inequality bounding the value of function's best approximation by algebraic or trigonometric polynomials in terms of the modulus of continuity or modulus of smoothness of the function or of its derivatives. Informally speaking, the smoother the function is, the better it can be approximated by polynomials.

Naum Akhiezer
Naum Ilyich Akhiezer (Ukrainian: Нау́м Іллі́ч Ахіє́зер, Russian: Нау́м Ильи́ч Ахие́зер; 6 March 1901 – 3 June 1980) was a Soviet and Ukrainian mathematician known for his works in approximation theory and the theory of differential and integral operators. He is also known as the author of classical books on various subjects in analysis, and for his work on the history of mathematics. He is the brother of the theoretical physicist Aleksandr Akhiezer.
Levenspiel plot
A Levenspiel plot is a plot used in chemical reaction engineering to determine the required volume of a chemical reactor given experimental data on the chemical reaction taking place in it. It is named after the late chemical engineering professor Octave Levenspiel.

Plot (graphics)
A plot is a graphical technique for representing a data set, usually as a graph showing the relationship between two or more variables. The plot can be drawn by hand or by a computer. In the past, sometimes mechanical or electronic plotters were used. Graphs are a visual representation of the relationship between variables, which are very useful for humans who can then quickly derive an understanding which may not have come from lists of values. Given a scale or ruler, graphs can also be used to read off the value of an unknown variable plotted as a function of a known one, but this can also be done with data presented in tabular form. Graphs of functions are used in mathematics, sciences, engineering, technology, finance, and other areas.
2024 Adelaide International – Women's singles
Jeļena Ostapenko defeated Daria Kasatkina in the final, 6–3, 6–2 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 2024 Adelaide International. With her run, Ostapenko returned to the top ten of the WTA rankings for the first time since September 2018.

Aryna Sabalenka and Belinda Bencic were the reigning champions from the first and second editions of the 2023 tournament, respectively, but Sabalenka chose to compete in Brisbane instead and Bencic did not participate this year due to pregnancy.

2024 Brisbane International – Women's singles
Elena Rybakina defeated Aryna Sabalenka in the final, 6–0, 6–3 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 2024 Brisbane International. She did not lose a set en route to her sixth WTA Tour title, becoming the first player to do so at Brisbane since Victoria Azarenka in 2016. The final was a rematch of the previous year's Australian Open final, in which Sabalenka had prevailed.

Karolína Plíšková was the two-time defending champion from when the event was last held in 2020, but lost in the third round to Jeļena Ostapenko.

This tournament marked the return to professional tennis of former world No. 1 and four-time major champion Naomi Osaka, who had not played a professional match since September 2022 due to maternity leave. She lost to Plíšková in the second round.
Gerhard B. Heller
Gerhard B. Heller (January 24, 1914 - October 1, 1972) was a German-American rocket scientist and member of the "von Braun rocket team." He worked at Peenemünde Army Research Center during World War II and later, through Operation Paperclip, moved to develop rockets for the U.S., eventually becoming employed at the Marshall Space Flight Center.

Peenemünde Army Research Center
The Peenemünde Army Research Center (German: Heeresversuchsanstalt Peenemünde,  HVP) was founded in 1937 as one of five military proving grounds under the German Army Weapons Office (Heereswaffenamt).: 85  Several German guided missiles and rockets of World War II were developed by the HVP, including the V-2 rocket. The works were attacked by the British in Operation Crossbow from August 1943, before falling to the Soviets in May 1945.
Third encirclement campaign against the Shaanxi–Gansu Soviet
The third encirclement campaign against the Shaanxi–Gansu Soviet was an encirclement campaign launched by the Chinese Nationalist Government that was intended to destroy the communist Shaanxi–Gansu Soviet and its Chinese Red Army in the local region. It was responded by the Communists' third counter-encirclement campaign at Shaanxi–Gansu Soviet (Chinese: 陕甘苏区第三次反围剿), also called by the communists as the third counter-encirclement campaign at Shaanxi–Gansu Revolutionary Base (Chinese: 陕甘革命根据地第三次反围剿), in which the local Chinese Red Army successfully defended their soviet republic in the border region of Shaanxi and Gansu provinces against the Nationalist attacks from August 1935 to October 25, 1935. Some Chinese communist historians also consider the Zhiluozhen Campaign fought a month later as part of this third counter-encirclement campaign at Shaanxi–Gansu Soviet.

Zhiluozhen Campaign
Zhiluozhen Campaign (Chinese: 直罗镇战役) was fought in Shaanxi on November 20–23, 1935 between the forces of the Chinese Communist Party and the Northeast Army nominally under the control of the Kuomintang Nationalist Government led by warlord Zhang Xueliang. With minimal casualties, the communist captured over 5,000 prisoners; 3,500 rifles; 176 machine guns; 8 pieces of artillery and 300 horses.
H. S. Venkateshamurthy
Hodigere Shanbhog Venkateshamurthy (23 June 1944 – 30 May 2025), often referred to by his initials, HSV, was an Indian poet, playwright, critic and literary scholar who wrote in Kannada. He also wrote lyrics for Kannada films, occasionally serving as screenwriter and writing dialogues.

Murthy was born to Nagarathnamma and Narayana Bhatta in the remote village of Hodigere in the erstwhile Kingdom of Mysore, then as part of Chitradurga district (in present-day Davanagere district). After attending school in his native village, he studied in Holalkere followed by collegiate training at Chitradurga. He completed his master's degree in Kannada at Central College Bangalore. He worked as lecturer and professor for more than three decades at St. Joseph's College of Commerce, Bangalore, and remained in Bangalore after retirement. He received his Doctorate of Literature for his research on Kannadadalli Kathana Kavanagalu.

Colors Kannada
Colors Kannada (previously known as ETV Kannada) is an Indian Kannada language general entertainment channel, owned by JioStar, a joint venture between Viacom18 and Disney India. It primarily telecasts serials, reality shows and Kannada films.
Maas–Hoffman model
The Maas–Hoffman model is a mathematical tool to characterize the relation between crop production and soil salinity. It describes the crop response by a broken line of which the first part is horizontal and the second is sloping downward. The breakpoint (Pb) or threshold is also called tolerance because up to that point the yield is unaffected by the salinity, so the salt is tolerated, while at greater salinity values the crops are affected negatively and the yield goes down.

Soil salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization (also called salination in American English). Salts occur naturally within soils and water. Salinization can be caused by natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean. It can also come about through artificial processes such as irrigation and road salt.
Abibata Shanni Mahama Zakariah
Abibata Shanni Mahama Zakariah was born in Yendi and is the daughter of Alhaji Shanni Mahama, who was a former MP for the Yendi Constituency of Ghana and a Deputy Minister for Agriculture in the government of former prime minister K. A. Busia. She was appointed Deputy CEO of the Microfinance and Small Loans Centre (MASLOC) in 2017 and got elevated to the position of substantive Chief Executive in September 2021 after her immediate boss, Stephen Amoah, left to start a career as Parliamentarian for the Nhyiaso Constituency.

Stephen Amoah
Stephen Amoah  (born 27 March 1970), popularly known as Sticka is a Ghanaian politician who is a member of the New Patriotic Party (NPP). He is the member of parliament for the Nhyiaeso Constituency. He is currently a board member of GCB Bank.
The Necks
The Necks are an Australian avant-garde jazz trio formed in 1987 by founding mainstays Chris Abrahams on piano and Hammond organ, Tony Buck on drums, percussion and electric guitar, and Lloyd Swanton on bass guitar and double bass. They play long improvisation pieces of up to over an hour in length that explore the development and demise of repeating musical figures characteristic of the New York school of long-form minimal music as practiced by La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich and Rhys Chatham; they also incorporate the free improvisation jazz music of Cecil Taylor.

Their double LP studio album Unfold was named by Rolling Stone as "one of the top 20 avant albums of 2017." In 2020, the Necks were listed at number 49 in Rolling Stone Australia's "50 Greatest Australian Artists of All Time" issue.

Rhys Chatham
Rhys Chatham (born September 19, 1952) is an American composer, guitarist, trumpet player, and multi-instrumentalist (flutes in C, alto and bass, keyboard), primarily active in avant-garde and minimalist music. He is best known for his "guitar orchestra" compositions. He has lived in France since 1987.
Grupiara
Grupiara is a Brazilian municipality located in the northwest of the state of Minas Gerais. Its population as of 2020 was 1,387 people living in a total area of 192 km2 (74 sq mi). The city belongs to the mesoregion of Triângulo Mineiro e Alto Paranaiba and to the microregion of Patrocínio.  It became a municipality in 1962.

Araguari
Araguari is a municipality in western Minas Gerais state, Brazil. It is in the northern Triângulo Mineiro region, on the Jordão River, a tributary of the Paranaíba River, at an elevation between 940 and 1,087 metres (3,084 and 3,566 ft). The municipality of Araguari has an area of 2,774 km2 (1,071 sq mi), with 54 km2 (21 sq mi) in the urban zone and 2,675 km2 (1,033 sq mi) in the rural zone. The population in 2020 was 117,825, making it the third-most important city in the Triângulo Mineiro, after Uberlândia and Uberaba. Araguari has also been one of the fastest-growing cities in Brazil, growing more than the rest of the country in proportion.
Multifocal fibrosclerosis
Multifocal fibrosclerosis and idiopathic fibrosclerosis are disorders of unknown aetiology, characterised by fibrous lesions (co-)occurring at a variety of sites. Known manifestations include retroperitoneal fibrosis, mediastinal fibrosis and Riedel's thyroiditis.

They are now considered to be manifestations of IgG4-related disease.

IgG4-related disease
IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), formerly known as IgG4-related systemic disease, is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by tissue infiltration with lymphocytes and IgG4-secreting plasma cells, various degrees of fibrosis (scarring) and a usually prompt response to oral steroids. In approximately 51–70% of people with this disease, serum IgG4 concentrations are elevated during an acute phase.

It is a relapsing-remitting disease associated with a tendency to mass forming, tissue-destructive lesions in multiple sites, with a characteristic histopathological appearance in whichever site is involved. Inflammation and the deposition of connective tissue in affected anatomical sites can lead to organ dysfunction, organ failure, or even death if not treated.

Early detection is important to avoid organ damage and potentially serious complications. Treatment is recommended in all symptomatic cases of IgG4-RD and also in asymptomatic IgG4-RD involving certain anatomical sites.
Kilij Ali-Khan
Kilij Ali-Khan or Ali Khan Kili[d]ja, in Georgian-language sources as Khan[d]jal, was an Iranian official and military commander in Afsharid Iran, who functioned as governor of Kartli under Nader Shah (r. 1736–1747).

In 1744, during the Ottoman–Persian War of 1743–1746, Kilij Ali-Khan and Teimuraz II of Kakheti (then ruling Kakheti as Afsharid governor) defeated the Ottoman Yusuf Pasha of Akhaltsikhe near Ru'is west of Gori, who was on his way to Dagestan to assist the pretender Safi Mirza.

Teimuraz II of Kakheti
Teimuraz II (Georgian: თეიმურაზ II) (1695–1762) of the Bagrationi dynasty, was a king (mepe) of Kakheti, eastern Georgia, from 1732 to 1744, then of Kartli from 1744 until his death. Teimuraz was also a lyric poet.
Napier Operatic Society
Napier Operatic Society (often abbreviated as NOS) is an amateur theatre society based in Napier, New Zealand, established in 1887 based at The Tabard Theatre.

The Napier Operatic Society produces multiple productions a year, and has done a major stage-show every year since 1887, with the exception of several years throughout the 20th century during overseas conflict and the aftermath of natural disaster.

Amateur theatre
Amateur theatre, also known as amateur dramatics, is theatre performed by amateur actors and singers. Amateur theatre groups may stage plays, revues, musicals, light opera, pantomime or variety shows, and do so for the social activity as well as for aesthetic values. Productions may take place in venues ranging from the open air, community centres, or schools to independent or major professional theatres.

Amateur theatre is distinct from the professional or community theatre because performers are usually not paid. Amateur actors are not typically members of actors' unions.
Marc Swayze
Marcus Desha Swayze, known as Marc Swayze (July 17, 1913 – October 14, 2012), was an American comic book artist from 1941 to 1953 for Fawcett Comics of New York City.

He is best known for his work on Captain Marvel and the Marvel Family during the Golden Age of comic books for Fawcett Comics. He was the co-creator of Mary Marvel, along with writer Otto Binder. The first Mary Marvel character sketches came from Swayze's drawing table, and he illustrated her earliest adventures, including the classic origin story, "Captain Marvel Introduces Mary Marvel" (Captain Marvel Adventures #18, Dec. 1942).

Monroe, Louisiana
Monroe is the ninth-largest city in the U.S. state of Louisiana, and is the parish seat and largest city of Ouachita Parish. With a 2020 census-tabulated population of 47,702, it is the principal city of the Monroe metropolitan statistical area, the second-largest metropolitan area in North Louisiana.
VG Wort
Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort (VG WORT, Collection Management Organisation VG WORT) is a Munich-based German copyright collective that administers copyright-related royalties. It was founded in February 1958 at the initiative of the Association of German Writers. Georg Kahn-Ackermann was one of the co-founders and later honorary president.

The organization's existence and activities are subject to German legislation (Section 22 of the German Civil Code, Section 1(4) of the Copyright Act), the Collecting Societies Act and are under the state supervision of the German Patent and Trade Mark Office (DPMA).

German Patent and Trade Mark Office
The German Patent and Trade Mark Office (German: Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt; abbreviation: DPMA) is the German national patent office, with headquarters in Munich, and offices in Berlin and Jena. In 2006 it employed 2556 people, of which about 700 were patent examiners.
Graziano Trasmissioni
Dana Graziano (former Graziano Trasmissioni) is an Italian company based in Turin manufacturing gearboxes, drivelines and their mechatronics components.
It makes the "Pre-Cog" seven-speed Seamless-Shift gearbox (SSG) dual-clutch transmission used in the McLaren 12C.

Dana Graziano is the world's largest supplier of precision gears and shafts for final reduction components within the agricultural and off-highway vehicle.

The company is also known for supplying transmission and mechatronics for premium performance cars. Customers include McLaren, Ferrari, Lamborghini, Audi, Maserati, Alfa Romeo and Aston Martin, while some Mercedes-AMG models use the Graziano Power Transfer Unit.
Competitors are Germans ZF Friedrichshafen, Getrag and BorgWarner which produce modules for the Volkswagen DSG gearbox.

ZF Friedrichshafen
ZF Friedrichshafen AG, also known as ZF Group, originally Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen (lit. 'Friedrichshafen Gear Factory'), and commonly abbreviated to ZF, is a German technology manufacturing company that supplies systems for passenger cars, commercial vehicles and industrial technology. It is headquartered in Friedrichshafen, in the south-west German state of Baden-Württemberg. Specializing in engineering, it is primarily known for its design, research and development, and manufacturing activities in the automotive industry and is one of the largest automotive suppliers in the world.

Its products include driveline and chassis technology for cars and commercial vehicles, along with specialized plant equipment such as construction equipment. It is also involved in the rail, marine, defense and aviation industries, as well as general industrial applications. ZF has 162 production locations in 31 countries with approximately 156,000 (2025) employees.