hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Leaving group
In organic chemistry, a leaving group typically means a molecular fragment that departs with an electron pair during a reaction step with heterolytic bond cleavage.  In this usage, a leaving group is a less formal but more commonly used synonym of the term nucleofuge; although IUPAC gives the term a broader definition.

A species' ability to serve as a leaving group can affect whether a reaction is viable, as well as what mechanism the reaction takes.

Leaving group ability depends strongly on context, but often correlates with ability to stabilize additional electron density from bond heterolysis.  Common anionic leaving groups are Cl−, Br− and I− halides and sulfonate esters such as tosylate (TsO−).  Water (H2O), alcohols (R−OH), and amines (R3N) are common neutral leaving groups, although they often require activating catalysts.  Some moieties, such as hydride (H−) serve as leaving groups only extremely rarely.

Sulfonate
In organosulfur chemistry, a sulfonate is a salt or anion of a sulfonic acid. The formula for this functional group is RSO−3. Sulfonates are the conjugate bases of sulfonic acids. Sulfonates are generally stable in water, non-oxidizing, and colorless. Many useful compounds and even some biochemicals are sulfonates.  Most detergents and surfactants are sulfonates.  These include alkylbenzene sulfonates, 𝛼-olefin sulfonates, and paraffin sulfonates.
Jingpo Lacus
Jingpo Lacus is a lake in the north polar region of Titan, the planet Saturn's largest moon. It and similarly sized Ontario Lacus are the largest known bodies of liquid on Titan after the three maria (Kraken Mare, Ligeia Mare, and Punga Mare). It is composed of liquid hydrocarbons (mainly methane and ethane). It is west of Kraken Mare at 73° N, 336° W, roughly 240 km (150 mi) long, similar to the length of Lake Onega on Earth. Its namesake is Jingpo Lake, a lake in China.

Ligeia Mare
Ligeia Mare /laɪˈdʒiːə ˈmɑːreɪ/ is a lake in the north polar region of Titan, the planet Saturn's largest moon. It is the second largest body of liquid on the surface of Titan, after Kraken Mare. Larger than Lake Superior on Earth, it is mostly composed of liquid methane. It is also the third largest lake in the solar system, with unknown but lesser components of dissolved nitrogen and ethane, as well as other organic compounds. It is located at 78° N, 249° W, and has been fully imaged by the Cassini spacecraft. Measuring roughly 420 km (260 mi) by 350 km (217 mi) across, it has a surface area of about 126,000 km2, and a shoreline over 2,000 km (1,240 mi) in length. The lake may be hydrologically connected to the larger Kraken Mare. Its namesake is Ligeia, one of the sirens in Greek mythology.
Stage (Iranian TV series)
Stage (Persian: استیج), also known as Manoto Stage, is an Iranian television reality music competition, based on the original British series, and an addition to The X Factor franchise, to find new singing talent. The show began airing from London on 7 January 2016 and was broadcast by Manoto.

The judging panel consisted of Shahram Azar (Sandy), Hamed Nikpay, Babak Saeedi and Reza Rohani. The show was hosted by Raha Etemadi in 2 seasons. In addition, Stage has brought in several famous musical guest stars to perform live on the show, including Aref, Afshin, Sepideh, Ava Bahram and Shahab Tiam.

The winners were chosen by people's votes in Manoto application and receive a $50.000 prize. The winners of season 1 and 2 were respectively Amirhossein Eftekhari from Hamed Nikpay's group and Alireza Saremi from Reza Rouhani's group.

The X Factor
The X Factor is a television music competition franchise created by British producer Simon Cowell and his company Syco Entertainment. It originated in the United Kingdom, where it was devised as a replacement for Pop Idol (2001–2003), and has been adapted in various countries. The "X Factor" of the title refers to the undefinable "something" that makes for star quality.

Similar to Got Talent, the franchise maintains a YouTube channel, called X Factor Global. The channel uploads clips of X Factor shows from around the world. The channel currently has over 3 million subscribers. Additionally, many individual X Factor shows have their own YouTube channels such as X Factor Latvia.
Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer
Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer is a biographical book about the Victorian computer pioneer Charles Babbage (1791–1871). The book was written by Anthony Hyman (1928–2011), a British historian of computing. The book was published by Oxford University Press in 1982 (hardcover) and Princeton University Press in 1982 and 1985 (hardcover and paperback). The book is available online from Archive.org.

R. Anthony Hyman
Robert Anthony Hyman (1928–2011) was a British historian of computing.

Anthony Hyman wrote especially on the early Victorian computer pioneer, Charles Babbage (1791–1871). He liaised with the London Science Museum, the Royal Society, the Crawford Library, the Oxford Museum of the History of Science, the Cambridge University Library, the Edinburgh Royal Observatory for source material.

Hyman was born in 1928 in London. He studied at Dartington Hall and then Trinity College, Cambridge. He worked on transistors in the early 1950s, became a polymer scientist, and then worked as a computer researcher for English Electric LEO, before becoming "a free-lance computer consultant and historian of science", and the Alastair Horne Modern History Fellow at the University of Oxford. In 1962, Hyman married Hon. Laura Alice Boyd (1934–1999), daughter of the 6th Baron Kilmarnock. They had three children, including noted biologist Anthony A. Hyman. Hyman died in 2011.
Gmina Łagiewniki
Gmina Łagiewniki is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Dzierżoniów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the village of Łagiewniki, which lies approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi) east of Dzierżoniów and 40 km (25 mi) south of the regional capital Wrocław.

The gmina covers an area of 124.42 square kilometres (48.04 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 7,443.

Dzierżoniów County
Dzierżoniów County (Polish: powiat dzierżoniowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, south-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the town of Dzierżoniów, and it also contains four other towns: Bielawa, Niemcza, Pieszyce and Piława Górna. The county covers an area of 478.3 square kilometres (184.7 sq mi).

As at 2019 the total population of the county is 101,118. This figure breaks down as follows: Dzierżoniów 33,239, Bielawa 29,971, Pieszyce 7,123, Piława Górna 6,412, Niemcza 2,965, rural areas 21,408.
Edward P. Ney
Edward Purdy Ney (October 28, 1920 – July 9, 1996) was an American physicist who made major contributions to  cosmic ray research, atmospheric physics, heliophysics, and infrared astronomy.  He was a discoverer of cosmic ray heavy nuclei and of solar proton events.  He pioneered the use of high-altitude balloons for scientific investigations and helped to develop procedures and equipment that underlie modern scientific ballooning.  He was one of the first researchers to put experiments aboard spacecraft.

In 1963, Ney became one of the first infrared astronomers. He founded O'Brien Observatory, where he and his colleagues discovered that certain stars are surrounded by grains of carbon and silicate minerals and established that these grains, from which planets are formed, are ubiquitous in circumstellar winds and regions of star formation.

Jean Piccard
Jean Felix Piccard (January 28, 1884 in Basel, Switzerland – January 28, 1963 in Minneapolis, Minnesota), also known as Jean Piccard, was a Swiss-born American chemist, engineer, professor and high-altitude balloonist. He invented clustered high-altitude balloons, and with his wife Jeannette, the plastic balloon. Piccard's inventions and co-inventions are used in balloon flight, aircraft and spacecraft.
Procollagen-proline dioxygenase
Procollagen-proline dioxygenase, commonly known as prolyl hydroxylase, is a member of the class of enzymes known as alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases. These enzymes catalyze the incorporation of oxygen into organic substrates through a mechanism that requires alpha-Ketoglutaric acid, Fe2+, and ascorbate. This particular enzyme catalyzes the formation of (2S, 4R)-4-hydroxyproline, a compound that represents the most prevalent post-translational modification in the human proteome.

Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases
Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases are a major class of non-heme iron proteins that catalyse a wide range of  reactions. These reactions include hydroxylation reactions, demethylations, ring expansions, ring closures, and desaturations. Functionally, the αKG-dependent hydroxylases are comparable to cytochrome P450 enzymes.  Both use O2 and reducing equivalents as cosubstrates and both generate water.
Anand Jain
Anand Jain (born 1957) is an Indian business executive. He is the Chairman of Jai Corp. Limited, named after Jai Anmol Ambani and Jai Anshul Ambani.

Anand Jain was No. 11 on the Forbes India's 40 Richest list in 2007. His son, Harsh Jain, is the co-founder and CEO of the Indian fantasy sports company Dream11.

Reliance Industries
Reliance Industries Limited is an Indian multinational conglomerate headquartered in Mumbai. Its businesses include energy, petrochemicals, natural gas, retail, entertainment, telecommunications, mass media, and textiles. Reliance is the largest public company in India by market capitalisation and revenue, and the 86th largest company worldwide. It is India's largest private tax payer and largest exporter, accounting for 7% of India's total merchandise exports.

The company has attracted controversy for reports of political corruption, cronyism, fraud, financial manipulation, and exploitation of its customers, Indian citizens, and natural resources. Its chairman, Mukesh Ambani, has been described as a plutocrat.
Debbie Hewitt
Alison Deborah Moira Hewitt MBE (born 31 August 1963) is a British businesswoman and sports administrator. She was appointed as chair  of the Football Association in June 2021, taking up the role in January 2022. Hewitt is  the first woman to hold the post. Hewitt was previously chairwoman of The Restaurant Group.

RAC Limited
RAC Limited, called The RAC, is a British automotive services company headquartered in Walsall, West Midlands. Its principal services are roadside assistance and general insurance, and its subsidiaries include RAC Motoring Services Ltd, RAC Financial Services Ltd and RAC Insurance Limited. It was a private club owned by its members until sold in 1999, eventually acquired in 2014 and 2015  by GIC Private Limited and CVC Capital Partners. In 2022 Silver Lake acquired a stake in the group while leaving GIC and CVC as major stakeholders.

The RAC's main competitors are The AA and Green Flag.
Radha Ramana
Radha Ramana (Sanskrit: राधारमण, romanized: rādhāramaṇa) is one of the three combined forms of the Hindu deities Radha and Krishna. The other two forms are Banke Bihari and Radha-Vallabha. Radha Ramana is typically adorned with feathers, a crown, a yellow dress, and a shining vaijayanti-mala (garland) on his chest. He is regarded to wear ornaments in his ears and a shining tilaka on his forehead.

Radha Ramana Temple, one of the ancient temples of Vrindavan, is dedicated to Radha Ramana. According to Gaudiya tradition, Radha Ramana was manifested by the saint Gopala Bhatta Goswami in the 16th century.

Vaijayanti
The Vaijayanti (Sanskrit: वैजयन्ति, romanized: Vaijayantī, lit. 'garland of victory') is a mythological garland or elemental necklace, primarily associated with Vishnu. Employed in its worship as a garland, this object is also called the Vaijayantimala, or the Vanamala.
Aram Byer James
Aram Byer James is a former Santa Clara County, CA Assistant Public Defender, police watchdog, social activist, and civil rights attorney. As an expert on the defense of necessity, he headed the team of attorneys defending Stanford University students and professors arrested in anti-apartheid protests in 1980’s. He is an advocate of jury nullification, educator in the use of the Marsden Motion to fire ineffective public defenders, a critic of the prison industrial complex, and critic of police use of tasers and racial profiling.

Public defender
A public defender is a lawyer appointed to represent people who otherwise cannot reasonably afford to hire a lawyer to defend themselves in a trial. Several countries provide people with public defenders, including the UK, Belgium, Hungary and Singapore, and some states of Australia. Brazil is the only country in which an office of government-paid lawyers with the specific purpose of providing full legal assistance and representation to the needy free of charge is established in the constitution. The Sixth Amendment to the US Constitution, as interpreted by the Supreme Court, requires the US government to provide legal counsel to indigent defendants in criminal cases. Public defenders in the United States are lawyers employed by or under contract with county, state or federal governments.
2001 NatWest Series
The 2001 NatWest Series was a One Day International cricket tri-series sponsored by the National Westminster Bank that took place in England between 7 and 23 June 2001. The series involved the national teams of England, Australia and Pakistan. Ten matches were played in total, with each team playing one another thrice during the group stage. The teams which finished in the top two positions following the group stages qualified for the final, which Australia won by defeating Pakistan at Lord's on 23 June by 9 wickets. Preceding the series, England played Pakistan in a two Test series, while following the series, 61st The Ashes series.

Australian cricket team in England and Ireland in 2001
In 2001, the Australia national cricket team toured England and Ireland to play county matches and the 2001 Ashes series. The Ashes series was played from 5 July to 27 August.

Australia comfortably won the Test series 4–1 and retained the Ashes, which were in their possession since 1989. The players of the series were Glenn McGrath from Australia and Mark Butcher from England. The England captain Michael Atherton finished his international career after the fifth and final test of the series.

As of 2025, this remains the last time Australia have won the Ashes outright in England.
Guhuoniao
The Guhuo・niao (Chinese: 姑獲鳥, "wench bird") is a legendary bird from Chinese folklore.

It is described in such texts as the Western Jin natural history work Xuan Zhong Ji (玄中記, "Record of the Mysterious Center", 3-4th cent.), and consulted by the Ming period pharmacopoeia Bencao Gangmu  (16th cent.) which collates information from various works.

Strix (mythology)
The strix (plural striges or strixes), in the mythology of classical antiquity, was a bird of ill omen, the product of metamorphosis, that fed on human flesh and blood. It also referred to witches and related malevolent folkloric beings.
Risting Glacier
Risting Glacier (54°46′S 36°6′W﻿ / ﻿54.767°S 36.100°W﻿ / -54.767; -36.100) is a glacier, 4.5 nautical miles (8 km) long, lying north of Jenkins Glacier and flowing southeast into the head of Drygalski Fjord in the south part of South Georgia. Surveyed by the South Georgia Survey (SGS) under Duncan Carse in the period 1951–57, and named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for Sigurd Risting (1870-1935), Norwegian whaling historian; secretary of Norsk Hvalfangerforening, 1918–35, and editor of Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende, 1922–35. The German Antarctic Expedition under Wilhelm Filchner, 1911–12, named Drygalski Fjord and this glacier for Erich von Drygalski, leader of the German Antarctic Expedition, 1901–03, but the name for the glacier did not survive. A number of features in Antarctica, including Drygalski Glacier, are named for Drygalski.

Drygalski Fjord
Drygalski Fjord is a bay 1 mile (1.6 km) wide which recedes northwestwards 7 miles (11 km), entered immediately north of Nattriss Head along the southeast coast of South Georgia. It was charted by the Second German Antarctic Expedition, 1911–12, under Wilhelm Filchner, and named for Professor Erich von Drygalski, the leader of the First German Antarctica Expedition, 1901–03.

According to L. Harrison Matthews, Drygalski Fjord might have been the place where Anthony de la Roché spent two weeks during his stay in the island in April 1675.
Danny Cullen
Danny Cullen (born 1987/8) is a hurler. He plays for Setanta, the Donegal county team and the Ireland national team.

He has won three Nicky Rackard Cups and represented (and captained) Ireland against Scotland in the Shinty-Hurling International Series.

2013 Nicky Rackard Cup
The 2013 season was the ninth staging of the Nicky Rackard Cup. Donegal were the 2013 Champions, defeating Roscommon in the final. However, they were not promoted to the 2014 Christy Ring Cup due to a restructuring of the competition.
Convention Center station (San Diego Trolley)
Convention Center station is a station of the Green and Silver Lines on the San Diego Trolley. It is located in the Marina district section of the city, which features a variety of waterfront apartments just west of downtown. The San Diego Convention Center is located adjacent to the station, and Petco Park is less than half a mile away. This station opened June 30, 1990 as part of the Orange Line's (then called the East Line) Bayside Extension.

It was closed from April 9 through July 2012 to undergo renovations as part of the Trolley Renewal Project.

On September 2, 2012, service to this station by the Orange Line was replaced by the Green Line as part of a system redesign.

Orange Line (San Diego Trolley)
The Orange Line is a 17.1-mile (27.5 km) light rail line in the San Diego Trolley system, operated by San Diego Trolley, Inc. an operating division of the San Diego Metropolitan Transit System (MTS). The route connects downtown San Diego with the cities of Lemon Grove, La Mesa, and El Cajon. The Orange Line has the lowest ridership of the San Diego Trolley's three core lines, transporting 10,896,289 riders during FY 2014 according to the MTS.

It is one of five lines in the trolley system, along with the Blue, Green, Copper and Silver ("heritage weekend" service only) lines.

At night, the San Diego and Imperial Valley Railroad uses the Orange Line right of way east of the rail yard near 12th & Imperial Transit Center for its freight service to El Cajon and Santee.
Eagle Dynamics
Eagle Dynamics SA (often abbreviated as ED) is a software company known for its flight simulation video games. Originally headquartered in Moscow, Russia, it is now headquartered in Villars-sur-Glâne, Switzerland.

Combat flight simulation game
Combat flight simulators are vehicle simulation games, amateur flight simulation computer programs used to simulate military aircraft and their operations. These are distinct from dedicated flight simulators used for professional pilot and military flight training which consist of realistic physical recreations of the actual aircraft cockpit, often with a full-motion platform.

Combat flight simulation titles are more numerous than civilian flight simulators due to the variety of subject matter available and market demand. Many free flight simulators, such as the open source Linux Air Combat, Falcon 4.0, Digital Combat Simulator and Rise of Flight, can be downloaded for free off the Internet.
Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition
Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition is a 2019 real-time strategy video game developed by World's Edge and Forgotten Empires and published by Xbox Game Studios. It is a remaster of the 1999 game Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings, celebrating the 20th anniversary of the original. It features significantly improved visuals, supports 4K resolution, and includes all previous expansions from the original and HD Edition. In addition, the game includes an expansion to the HD Edition called The Last Khans, which adds four new civilizations based on Central Asia and Eastern Europe, as well as four new campaigns. Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition was released for Windows on November 14, 2019, and was ported to Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S on January 31, 2023. A PlayStation 5 version was released on May 6, 2025.

Remaster
A remaster is a change in the sound or image quality of previously created forms of media, whether audiophonic, cinematic, or videographic. The resulting product is said to be remastered. The terms digital remastering and digitally remastered are also used.

In a wider sense, remastering a product may involve other, typically smaller inclusions or changes to the content itself. They tend to be distinguished from remakes, based on the original.
2007 Gerry Weber Open
The 2007 Gerry Weber Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts. It was the 15th edition of the Gerry Weber Open, and was part of the International Series of the 2007 ATP Tour. It took place at the Gerry Weber Stadion in Halle, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, from 11 June through 17 June 2007.

The announced top seeds were World No. 1, Australian Open champion, French Open runner-up and defending champion Roger Federer, ATP No. 3 and French Open semifinalist Nikolay Davydenko, and Sydney titlist James Blake. Other top players competing were 2006 Halle finalist Tomáš Berdych, Estoril runner-up Richard Gasquet, Mikhail Youzhny, David Nalbandian and Marcos Baghdatis.

2007 Australian Open
The 2007 Australian Open was a Grand Slam tennis tournament held in Melbourne, Australia from 15 January until 28 January 2007.

The total prize pool was set at exactly A$20 million, with the winners of both the men's and women's singles competition each receiving A$1,281,000. Over 500 players competed in 2007. The main draw for singles and doubles was released on Friday 12 January 2007.

In Mixed Doubles, the scoring system was changed. Should both teams in a match become one set apiece, a match tie break will take part in the final set where the first team to score ten points wins the match. If the score for the match tie break becomes 9–9, a difference by two is required to win the game (e.g. 11–9, 12–10, etc.).
The Charms
The Charms are an American garage rock band from Somerville, Massachusetts, United States, who were formed in 2002. Following 8 straight years of releasing records and touring the band went on a hiatus and returned for a few one off shows before releasing the "Deep End Of The Dial" EP in 2015.They have performed on and off the last several years. The first single called "Gimme Your Love" recorded by Scott Riebling (Letters To Cleo) was well received. The most recent lineup consisted of Ellie Vee, Joe Wizda, Kat Kina, Mark Nigro, and Jason Sloan. The band teamed with local Boston based management company Twisted Rico Management (Steev Riccardo) and formed Red Car Records in 2003.

In September 2015, the band released the single "B.O.S.T.O.N", also recorded and mixed by Scott Riebling. Due to having children and other obligations, the band has been on a long break since but have not ruled out reuniting at some point.

Letters to Cleo
Letters to Cleo is an American alternative rock band originating from Boston, Massachusetts, best known for the 1994 single, "Here & Now", from their full-length debut album, Aurora Gory Alice which topped the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart and peaked at 56 on the Billboard Hot 100. The band's members are Kay Hanley, Greg McKenna, Michael Eisenstein, Stacy Jones, Scott Riebling, and later, Tom Polce and Joe Klompus.

The group disbanded in 2000 but reunited for a small tour in 2008. In 2016, the band reunited, and on October 14, 2016, released an EP, titled Back to Nebraska.

In 2025, Jeff Mezydlo of Yardbarker included the band in his list of "20 underrated bands from the 1990s who are worth rediscovering".