hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ruud
Ruud and Rud are surnames of Norwegian origin. Both are also Norwegian place names of numerous farmsteads named Rud or Ruud from Old Norse ruð meaning clearing. Ruud is also a Dutch masculine given name meaning "famous wolf" although it is also often short for Rudolf.

Rudolph (name)
Rudolph or Rudolf (French: Rodolphe or Raoul, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish: Rodolfo) or Rodolphe is a male first name, and, less commonly, a surname. It is an ancient Germanic name deriving from two stems: Hrōþi, Hruod, Hróðr or Hrōð, meaning "fame", "glory" "honour", "renown", and olf meaning "wolf" (Hrōþiwulfaz).
Double Jeopardy Clause
The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: "[N]or shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb..." The four essential protections included are prohibitions against, for the same offense:

retrial after an acquittal;

retrial after a conviction;

retrial after certain mistrials; and

multiple punishment

Jeopardy attaches in jury trial when the jury is empaneled and sworn in, in a bench trial when the court begins to hear evidence after the first witness is sworn in, or when a court accepts a defendant's plea unconditionally. Jeopardy does not attach in a retrial of a conviction that was reversed on appeal on procedural grounds (as opposed to evidentiary insufficiency grounds), in a retrial for which "manifest necessity" has been shown following a mistrial, and in the seating of another grand jury if the prior one refuses to return an indictment.

Trial
In law, a trial is a coming together of parties to a dispute, to present information (in the form of evidence) in a tribunal, a formal setting with the authority to adjudicate claims or disputes. One form of tribunal is a court. The tribunal, which may occur before a judge, jury, or other designated trier of fact, aims to achieve a resolution to their dispute.
Sekolah Bogor Raya
Sekolah Bogor Raya (SBR) is an International school for students in Pre-Kindergarten (age 3) through Grade 12 incorporated under the laws of the Republic of Indonesia as a non-profit organization. It is located in the town of Bogor, West Java. SBR was founded in 1995 by Douglas Stoltz and is currently owned by the Danasha Foundation, which aims to provide English language education to both expatriate and Indonesian children. SBR is affiliated with the Association of National Plus Schools (ANPS).

Sekolah Bogor Raya is a multi-faith school with students from many nationalities and backgrounds. The students come mostly from the Bogor, Sentul, and Cibubur areas.

IB Primary Years Programme
The International Baccalaureate Primary Years Programme (PYP) is an educational programme managed by the International Baccalaureate (IB) for students aged 3 to 12. While the programme prepares students for the IB Middle Years Programme, it is not a prerequisite for it. The subject areas of the PYP are language, social studies, mathematics, science, technology, arts; personal, social and physical education. Students are required to learn a second language during the programme. Assessment is carried out by teachers according to strategies provided by the IB and concerning guidelines to what the students should learn specified in the curriculum model.
Jefferson (footballer, born 1983)
Jefferson de Oliveira Galvão, simply known as Jefferson (born 2 January 1983), is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

Having begun his career at Cruzeiro and spent time on loan at Botafogo, Jefferson then spent four seasons in the Turkish Süper Lig in service of Trabzonspor and Konyaspor before returning to Botafogo. He is one of the eight footballers with the most appearances Botafogo club history, with 459 between the years of 2003 to 2005 and 2009 to 2018.

A former world champion at under-20 level, Jefferson made his senior debut for Brazil in 2011 and was named in their squads for two Copa América tournaments, the 2014 FIFA World Cup and their victory at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup.

2003 FIFA World Youth Championship
The 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship was the 14th FIFA World Youth Championship. It took place in United Arab Emirates between 27 November and 19 December 2003. Brazil claimed their fourth title, becoming the first country to simultaneously hold all three World Cups of the same gender (senior, under-20, and under-17). The tournament was originally planned to be played 25 March to 16 April 2003, but was postponed because of the Iraq War.
Ladies View
Ladies View is a scenic viewpoint on the Ring of Kerry tourist route about 19 kilometres (12 miles) from Killarney along the N71 road to Kenmare, in the Killarney National Park in Ireland.  The Irish Times ranked Ladies View as one of the most photographed places in Ireland,  while the Daily Edge ranked the views amongst Ireland's finest on Instagram. The name Ladies View (sometimes spelt Ladies' View), stems from the admiration of the view given by Queen Victoria's ladies-in-waiting during Victoria's 1861 visit to Ireland.  In October 2017, a tourist couple almost drove their rental car over the edge of the cliff and into the valley below.

The main viewpoint has a small car park, and a café.

Scenic viewpoint
A scenic viewpoint—also called an observation point, viewpoint, viewing point, vista point, scenic overlook, etc.—is an elevated location where people can view scenery (often with binoculars) and photograph it. Scenic viewpoints may be created alongside scenic routes or mountain roads, often as simple turnouts or lay-bys where motorists can pull over onto pavement, gravel, or grass on the right-of-way.
Hârseni
Hârseni (German: Scharkan; Hungarian: Herszény) is a commune in Brașov County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Copăcel (Kopacsel), Hârseni, Măliniș (Malinis), Mărgineni (Marginen), and Sebeș (Sebes).

The commune is located in Țara Făgărașului, in the western part of the county, 15 km (9.3 mi) south-east of Făgăraș. It is traversed south to north by the Sebeș River, a left tributary of the Olt River.

Făgăraș
Făgăraș (Romanian pronunciation: [fəɡəˈraʃ]; German: Fogarasch, Fugreschmarkt, Hungarian: Fogaras) is a city in central Romania, located in Brașov County. It lies on the river Olt and has a population of 26,284 as of 2021. It is situated in the historical region of Transylvania, and is the main city of a subregion, Țara Făgărașului.
Historiography of the United States
The historiography of the United States refers to the studies, sources, critical methods and interpretations used by scholars to study the history of the United States. While history examines the interplay of events in the past, historiography examines the secondary sources written by historians as books and articles, evaluates the primary sources they use, and provides a critical examination of the methodology of historical study.

Kenneth M. Stampp
Kenneth Milton Stampp (12 July 1912 – 10 July 2009) was a renowned historian of slavery, the American Civil War, and Reconstruction. He taught at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1946 to 1983, ending his career there as the Alexander F. and May T. Morrison Professor of History Emeritus. He was also a visiting professor at Harvard University and Colgate University, Commonwealth Lecturer at the University of London, Fulbright Lecturer at the University of Munich, and held the Harmsworth Chair at Oxford University. In 1989 he received the American Historical Association Award for Scholarly Distinction. In 1993, he won the prestigious Lincoln Prize for lifetime achievement given by the Civil War Institute at Gettysburg College.
Wilfried Nelissen
Wilfried Nelissen (born 5 May 1970) is a Belgian former road racing cyclist, who specialised as a sprinter.

Nelissen took over 50 professional wins in his career, including a stage of the 1993 Tour de France and the Omloop Het Volk in 1993 and 1994, in addition to two national road race championships. He was involved in a crash at the end of stage 1 of the 1994 Tour de France, when he collided with a policeman. The incident also involved French rider Laurent Jalabert. Nelissen retired in 1998 due to a knee injury that he suffered in 1996 after falling during the Gent–Wevelgem race.

Laurent Jalabert
Laurent Jalabert (born 30 November 1968) is a French former professional road racing cyclist, from 1989 to 2002. Despite neither denying nor admitting using EPO in his notorious cycling teams throughout the 1990s, French Senate investigation proved his EPO use in 2013.

Affectionately known as "Jaja" (slang for a glass of wine; when he continued drinking wine as a professional, the nickname stuck because of the similarity to his name), he won many one-day and stage races and was ranked number 1 in the world in 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1999.

Although he never won the Tour de France, where he suffered altitude sickness, he won the Vuelta a España in 1995; as well as the leader's jersey, he won the sprinter's jersey and climber's jersey in the same race — only the third rider to have done this in a Grand Tour. With Alessandro Petacchi, Eddy Merckx, Djamolidine Abdoujaparov and Mark Cavendish, he is one of only five riders to win the points classification in all three grand tours.
Mrs Victor Bruce
Mildred Mary Petre (10 November 1895 – 21 May 1990) was a British record-breaking racing motorist, speedboat racer and aviator in the 1920s and 1930s, and later, successful businesswoman. Commonly referred to as Mrs Victor Bruce, she was also known in contemporary references as Mary Petre Bruce, Mildred Bruce, Mildred Mary Bruce and Mary Victor Bruce.

Betty and Nancy Debenham
Betty  (born 30 November 1895) and Nancy Warner Debenham (born 1897) were English sisters, motorcyclists, and sports journalists. The sisters were heirs to the Debenhams department store fortune, and were both attached to the BSA works team.
Szuha
Szuha is a village in Nógrád County, Hungary, in the Mátra mountain range, the bottom of the north side of the Galya-tető peak, beside the Galya creek. As of 2022 census, it has a population of 550 (see Demographics). The village is located 3.4 km from (Nr. 84) Kisterenye–Kál-Kápolna railway line, 11.3 km from the main road 21 and 51.7 km from the M25 expressway. Although the Mátramindszent railway station is the closest, but public transport on the railway line ceased on 3 March 2007. The closest train station with public transport in Bátonyterenye 11.3 km away.

Bátonyterenye
Bátonyterenye is a town in Nógrád County, Hungary, under the Mátra mountain range, beside the Zagyva river. As of 2022 census, it has a population of 11,296 (see Demographics). The town is located beside the (Nr. 81) Hatvan–Fiľakovo railway line and the main road 21. The M3 motorway is 42.6 km away. The city has two railway stations: Kisterenye in the north and Nagybátony in the south.
Dominguez Slough
Dominguez Slough (American English pronunciation: slew or slu) was an endorheic lake and wetland in present-day Gardena, Los Angeles County, California, United States. Known for much of the late 19th century and early 20th century as Nigger Slough, it was renamed Lagunas de los Dominguez in 1938 in reference to the rancho-era Dominguez family. The slough was a "winding body of fresh water that wandered though Gardena and Carson on its way to the mud flats of San Pedro." Gardena is reportedly so named because "of the Laguna Dominguez slough and channel which in summer cuts a green swath across the barren brown landscape—an oasis in the drab, parched landscape between Los Angeles and the harbor area."

Cinnamon teal
The cinnamon teal (Spatula cyanoptera) is a species of duck found in western North and South America. It is a small dabbling duck, with bright reddish plumage on the male and duller brown plumage on the female. It lives in marshes and ponds, and feeds mostly on plants. The cinnamon teal duck is closely related to the north american dabbling duck.(Wilson et al.)
Meteor-M No.2-4
Meteor-M №2-4 (alternatively, Meteor-M number 2-4) is a Russian meteorological satellite which is part of the Meteor-M No.2 series of satellites that are designed to replace the old Meteor-3M series of satellites. The missions' primary tasks include environmental monitoring, surveillance of solar activity near the Earth, studying the interactions of the ocean and atmosphere, and exploring Earth's geology. The satellite also features a COSPAS-SARSAT search and rescue system. It was successfully launched on 29 February 2024 on a Soyuz-2.1b launch vehicle from the Vostochny Cosmodrome.

Meteor-3M No.1
Meteor-3M No.1 was the first and only of the Meteor-3M series polar-orbiting weather satellites. It was launched on 10 December 2001 at 17:18:57 UTC from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The satellite is in a Sun-synchronous orbit with an ascending node time of about 9 AM.
Torre Mondovì
Torre Mondovì is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of Turin and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of Cuneo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 521 and an area of 18.5 square kilometres (7.1 sq mi).

Torre Mondovì borders the following municipalities: Monasterolo Casotto, Montaldo di Mondovì, Pamparato, Roburent, San Michele Mondovì, and Vicoforte.

Cuneo
Cuneo (Italian: [ˈkuːneo] ⓘ; Piedmontese: Coni [ˈkʊni]; Occitan: Coni [ˈkuni]; French: Coni [kɔni]) is a city and comune in Piedmont, Italy, the capital of the province of Cuneo, the fourth largest of Italy's provinces by area.

It is located at an elevation of 550 metres (1,800 ft) in the south-west of Piedmont, at the confluence of the rivers Stura and Gesso.

Cuneo is bounded by the municipalities of Beinette, Borgo San Dalmazzo, Boves, Busca, Caraglio, Castelletto Stura, Centallo, Cervasca, Morozzo, Peveragno, Tarantasca and Vignolo.

It is located near six mountain passes:

Colle della Maddalena at 1,996 metres (6,549 ft)

Colle di Tenda at 1,871 metres (6,138 ft) – Tunnel of Tenda at 1,300 metres (4,300 ft), 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long

Colle del Melogno at 1,027 metres (3,369 ft)

Colle San Bernardo at 957 metres (3,140 ft)

Colle di Nava at 934 metres (3,064 ft)

Colle di Cadibona at 459 metres (1,506 ft).
Bai Juyi
Bai Juyi (also Bo Juyi or Po Chü-i; Chinese: 白居易, Mandarin pinyin Bǎi Jūyì; 772–846), courtesy name Letian (樂天), was a Chinese musician, poet, and politician during the Tang dynasty. Many of his poems concern his career or observations made about everyday life, including as governor of three different provinces. He achieved fame as a writer of verse in a low-key, near vernacular style that was popular throughout medieval East Asia.

Bai was also influential in the historical development of Japanese literature, where he is better known by the on'yomi reading of his courtesy name, Haku Rakuten (shinjitai: 白楽天). His younger brother Bai Xingjian was a short story writer.

Among his most famous works are the long narrative poems "Chang Hen Ge" ("Song of Everlasting Sorrow"), which tells the story of Yang Guifei, and "Pipa xing" ("Song of the Pipa").

Burton Watson
Burton Dewitt Watson (June 13, 1925 – April 1, 2017) was an American sinologist, translator, and writer known for his English translations of Chinese and Japanese literature.  Watson's translations received many awards, including the Gold Medal Award of the Translation Center at Columbia University in 1979, the PEN Translation Prize in 1982 for his translation with Hiroaki Sato of From the Country of Eight Islands: An Anthology of Japanese Poetry, and again in 1995 for his translation of Selected Poems of Su Tung-p'o. In 2015, at age 88, Watson was awarded the PEN/Ralph Manheim Medal for Translation for his long and prolific translation career.
Budky, Ternopil Oblast
Budky (Ukrainian: Будки) is a village in Ukraine, Ternopil Oblast, Kremenets Raion, Pochaiv urban hromada. After the liquidation of the Kremenets Raion (1940–2020) on 19 July 2020, the village became part of the Kremenets Raion.

Pochaiv urban hromada
Pochaiv urban territorial hromada (Ukrainian: Почаївська територіальна громада, romanized: Pochaivska miska terytorialna hromada) is a hromada in Ukraine, in Kremenets Raion of Ternopil Oblast. The administrative center is the city of Pochaiv. Its population is 17,704 (2022 estimate) It was formed on 7 August 2015.
World Rock'n'Roll Confederation
World Rock'n'Roll Confederation (WRRC) was  registered in 1984, although its history traces to 1974. It is an umbrella organization for national professional and amateur Rock and Roll dancesport federations. Its statute that it "aims at promoting the physical training of its members by means of sporting activities in the form of Rock'n'Roll dance tournaments, including the acrobatic variations (acrobatic rock'n'roll) as well as Rock'n'Roll and Boogie Woogie, Lindy Hop, Formation and alternative styles in line with the rules and sporting presentations". The registered office is in Neuhausen am Rheinfall, canton of Schaffhausen, Switzerland.

The WRRC is an associated member of the World DanceSport
Federation WDSF and via WDSF connected to Sport Accord and the
International Olympic Committee IOC and sports forum of the European Union.

World Anti-Doping Agency
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA; French: Agence mondiale antidopage, AMA) is an international organization co-founded by the governments of over 140 nations along with the International Olympic Committee based in Canada to promote, coordinate, and monitor the fight against drugs in sports. The agency's key activities include scientific research, education, development of anti-doping capacities, and monitoring of the World Anti-Doping Code, whose provisions are enforced by the UNESCO International Convention Against Doping in Sport. The aims of the Council of Europe Anti-Doping Convention and the United States Anti-Doping Agency are also closely aligned with those of WADA.

WADA is responsible for the World Anti-Doping Code, adopted by more than 650 sports organisations, including international sports federations, national anti-doping organisations, the IOC, and the International Paralympic Committee.
Empirical distribution function
In statistics, an empirical distribution function (a.k.a. an empirical cumulative distribution function, eCDF) is the distribution function associated with the empirical measure of a sample. This cumulative distribution function is a step function that jumps up by 1/n at each of the n data points. Its value at any specified value of the measured variable is the fraction of observations of the measured variable that are less than or equal to the specified value.

The empirical distribution function is an estimate of the cumulative distribution function that generated the points in the sample. It converges with probability 1 to that underlying distribution, according to the Glivenko–Cantelli theorem. A number of results exist to quantify the rate of convergence of the empirical distribution function to the underlying cumulative distribution function.

Càdlàg
In mathematics, a càdlàg (French: continue à droite, limite à gauche), RCLL ("right continuous with left limits"), or corlol ("continuous on (the) right, limit on (the) left") function is a function defined on the real numbers (or a subset of them) that is everywhere right-continuous and has left limits everywhere. Càdlàg functions are important in the study of stochastic processes that admit (or even require) jumps, unlike Brownian motion, which has continuous sample paths. The collection of càdlàg functions on a given domain is known as Skorokhod space.

Two related terms are càglàd, standing for "continue à gauche, limite à droite", the left-right reversal of càdlàg, and càllàl for "continue à l'un, limite à l’autre" (continuous on one side, limit on the other side), for a function which at each point of the domain is either càdlàg or càglàd.
SAE J300
SAE J300 is a standard that defines the viscometric properties of mono- and multigrade engine oils, maintained by SAE International. Key parameters for engine oil viscometrics are the oil's kinematic viscosity, its high temperature-high shear viscosity measured by the tapered bearing simulator, and low temperature properties measured by the cold-cranking simulator and mini-rotary viscometer. This standard is commonly used throughout the world, and standards organizations that do so include API and ILSAC, and ACEA.

The SAE has a separate viscosity rating system for gear, axle, and manual transmission oils, SAE J306, which should not be confused with engine oil viscosity. The higher numbers of a gear oil (e.g., 75W-140) does not mean that it has higher viscosity than an engine oil 20W-50.

SAE International
SAE International is a global professional association and standards organization based in Warrendale, Pennsylvania, United States.  Formerly the Society of Automotive Engineers, the organization adopted its current name in 2006 to reflect both its international membership and the increased scope of its activities beyond automotive engineering and the automotive industry to include aerospace and other transport industries, as well as commercial vehicles including autonomous vehicles such as self-driving cars, trucks, surface vessels, drones, and related technologies.

SAE International has over 138,000 global members. Membership is granted to individuals, rather than companies. Aside from its standardization efforts, SAE International also devotes resources to projects and programs in STEM education, professional certification, and collegiate design competitions.
Saint-Josse-ten-Noode Cemetery
Saint-Josse-ten-Noode Cemetery (French: Cimetière de Saint-Josse-ten-Noode; Dutch: Begraafplaats van Sint-Joost-ten-Node) is a cemetery belonging to Saint-Josse-ten-Noode in Brussels, Belgium, where the municipality's inhabitants have the right to be buried. It is not located in Saint-Josse itself, but in the neighbouring municipality of Schaerbeek.

Saint-Josse-ten-Noode
Saint-Josse-ten-Noode (French, pronounced [sɛ̃ ʒɔs tœn nod] ⓘ) or Sint-Joost-ten-Node (Dutch, pronounced [sɪɲˌtɕoːstɛˈnoːdə] ⓘ), often simply called Saint-Josse in French or Sint-Joost in Dutch, is one of the 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region, Belgium. Located in the north-eastern part of the region, it is bordered by the City of Brussels and Schaerbeek.

As of 1 January 2022, the municipality had a total population of 26,965. The total area is 1.16 km2 (0.45 sq mi), which gives a population density of 23,234/km2 (60,180/sq mi). From a total of 581 municipalities in Belgium, Saint-Josse is both the smallest in area size and the most densely populated. In common with all of Brussels' municipalities, it is legally bilingual (French–Dutch).
Road signs in Mauritius
Road signs in Mauritius are standardised traffic signs used in Mauritius according to the Traffic Signs Regulations 1990 (French: Règlement sur la Signalisation Routière 1990). They are heavily modelled on road signs in the United Kingdom, since Mauritius is a former British colony, making Mauritius one of the few Southern African Development Community member states who have not adopted its system of road signing.

Stop sign
A stop sign is a traffic sign designed to notify drivers that they must come to a complete stop and make sure the intersection (or railroad crossing) is safely clear of vehicles and pedestrians before continuing past the sign. In many countries, the sign is a red octagon with the word STOP, in either English, the national language of that particular country, or both, displayed in white or yellow. The Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals also allows an alternative version: a red circle with a red inverted triangle with either a white or yellow background, and a black or dark blue STOP. Some countries may also use other types, such as Japan's inverted red triangle stop sign. Particular regulations regarding appearance, installation, and compliance with the signs vary by some jurisdictions.