hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
25th Infantry Division "Bologna"
The 25th Infantry Division "Bologna" (Italian: 25ª Divisione di fanteria "Bologna") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Bologna was named after the city of Bologna and classified as an auto-transportable division, meaning it had some motorized transport, but not enough to move the entire division at once.

The Bologna had its recruiting area and regimental depots in Campania and its headquarters in Naples. Its 39th Infantry Regiment was based in Salerno until 1939 and then in Caserta, while the 40th Infantry Regiment and the 10th Artillery Regiment were based in Naples. The division's regimental depots were shared with the 60th Infantry Division "Sabratha", which was based in Gharyan in Libya and recruited its men from and trained them in Campania. Shortly after its formation the division was sent to Bir al-Ghanam in Libya. It participated in the Western Desert campaign and was destroyed during the Second Battle of El Alamein.

Regimental depot
The regimental depot of a regiment is its home base for recruiting and training. It is also where soldiers and officers awaiting discharge or postings are based and where injured soldiers return to full fitness after discharge from hospital before returning to full duty. Normally, a variety of regimental stores will also be kept at the depot. The regimental depot is not the same as the regimental headquarters (where the main officers' mess and certain central functions are based), though in practice the two will often be co-located.
Laurids Lindenov
Laurids Lindenov (1640s – 10 October 1690) was a Danish nobleman and civil servant in Norway.

He was probably born at Funen, Denmark. He was the  a son of landowner Henrik Ottesen Lindenov (1602-1673) and Beate Christoffersdatter Ulfeldt (1610-1676)
The traditional education of a young nobleman included a lengthy study at universities throughout Europe. After he returned to Denmark,  he served at the Court of Christian V, with the title of hoffjunker, and as chamberlain for Duchess Frederica Amalia of Holstein-Gottorp. During the Scanian War against Sweden in 1676, Lindenov war commissioner in Skåne.

Lindenov came to Norway in 1681 where served as acting governor (amtmann) of Bergenhus amt in Norway. During a travel in 1690 his ship wrecked  near Sola in Jæren off the coast of Rogaland, where both Lindenov and his wife perished.

Christian V of Denmark
Christian V (15 April 1646 – 25 August 1699) was King of Denmark and Norway from 1670 until his death in 1699.

Well-regarded by the common people, he was the first king anointed at Frederiksborg Castle chapel as absolute monarch since the decree that institutionalized the supremacy of the king in Denmark-Norway. Christian fortified the absolutist system against the aristocracy by accelerating his father's practice of allowing both Holstein nobles and Danish and Norwegian commoners into state service.

As king, he wanted to show his power as absolute monarch through architecture, and dreamed of a Danish Versailles. He was the first to use the 1671 Throne Chair of Denmark, partly made for this purpose. His motto was: Pietate et Justitia (With piety and justice).
K-B-D
K-B-D (Hebrew: כ-ב-ד‎; East Semitic K-B-T; Arabic: ك-ب-د) is a triliteral Semitic root with the common meaning of to "be heavy", and thence "be important; honour, majesty, glory".

The basic noun formed from the root means "liver", "interior", "soul" in most Semitic languages.
The Akkadian word for liver is spelled with the sumerogram 𒂂, transliterated kabtu; the Ugaritic cognate is spelled 𐎋𐎁𐎄 kbd.

There is a wide range of uses for kbd as a noun among the Semitic languages. It can be used literally to denote the organ of the "liver", or more figuratively to refer to the "interior of the body", seen as being "the seat of human will and emotions."

Glory (honor)
Glory is high renown, praise, and honor obtained by notable achievements, and based in extensive common consent. In Greek culture, fame and glory were highly considered, as is explained in The Symposium, one of Plato's dialogs.
Chiwawa Mountain
Chiwawa Mountain is an 8,459-foot (2,578-metre) mountain summit located in the Glacier Peak Wilderness of the North Cascades in Washington state. The mountain is situated on the crest of the Cascade Range, on the shared border of Snohomish County and Chelan County, also straddling the boundary between the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest and the Wenatchee National Forest. Its nearest higher peak is  Fortress Mountain, 1.12 mi (1.80 km) to the west. Chiwawa Mountain is a triple divide peak, so precipitation runoff from it drains northeast to Lake Chelan via Railroad Creek; northwest into Miners Creek which is a tributary of the Suiattle River; and south into the Chiwawa River headwaters. The mountain's name is taken from the river's name, which was applied by Albert Hale Sylvester (1871-1944), a pioneer surveyor, explorer, topographer, and forest supervisor in the Cascades. Chiwawa comes from the Columbia-Moses language and means a kind of creek ("wawa" creek).

North Cascades
The North Cascades are a section of the Cascade Range of western North America. They span the border between the Canadian province of British Columbia and the U.S. state of Washington and are officially named in the U.S. and Canada as the Cascade Mountains.  The portion in Canada is known to Americans as the Canadian Cascades, a designation that also includes the mountains above the east bank of the Fraser Canyon as far north as the town of Lytton, at the confluence of the Thompson and Fraser Rivers.

They are predominantly non-volcanic, but include the stratovolcanoes Mount Baker, Glacier Peak and Coquihalla Mountain, which are part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc.
Viola Roggenkamp
Viola Roggenkamp (born 15 April 1948) is a German journalist-commentator and writer. The themes to which she most often returns are those surrounding Feminism and Judaism in Germany during and following the brutish middle years of the twentieth century. Although these topics have been much revisited by scholars and critics throughout her lifetime, several of Roggenkamp's own perspectives and conclusions are well outside the mainstream. Her output includes (but is not limited to) literary portraits, essays, opinion pieces and novels.

Katia Mann
Katia Mann (born Katharina Hedwig Pringsheim; 24 July 1883 – 25 April 1980) was the youngest child and only daughter (among four sons) of the German Jewish mathematician and artist Alfred Pringsheim and his wife Hedwig Pringsheim, who was an actress in Berlin before her marriage. Katia was also a granddaughter of the writer and women's rights activist Hedwig Dohm. Her twin brother Klaus was a conductor, composer and music pedagogue, active in Germany and Japan. She married the writer Thomas Mann.
Microelectrode array
Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) (also referred to as multielectrode arrays) are devices that contain multiple (tens to thousands) microelectrodes through which neural signals are obtained or delivered, essentially serving as neural interfaces that connect neurons to electronic circuitry.  There are two general classes of MEAs: implantable MEAs, used in vivo, and non-implantable MEAs, used in vitro. In each class, there are rigid, flexible, and stretchable microelectrode array.

Neural network (biology)
A neural network, also called a neuronal network, is an interconnected population of neurons (typically containing multiple neural circuits). Biological neural networks are studied to understand the organization and functioning of nervous systems.

Closely related are artificial neural networks, machine learning models inspired by biological neural networks. They consist of artificial neurons, which are mathematical functions that are designed to be analogous to the mechanisms used by neural circuits.
1963 Tour de Suisse
The 1963 Tour de Suisse was the 27th edition of the Tour de Suisse cycle race and was held from 13 June to 19 June 1963. The race started in Zürich and finished in Bremgarten. The race was won by Giuseppe Fezzardi of the Cynar team.

Tour de Suisse
The Tour de Suisse (English: Tour of Switzerland) is an annual road cycling stage race. Raced over eight days, the event covers two weekends in June, and along with the Critérium du Dauphiné, it is considered a proving ground for the Tour de France, which is on the calendar approximately two weeks after the end of the Tour de Suisse. Since 2011 the event is part of the UCI World Tour, cycling's highest level of professional races.

From 2021, a women's race has been held at the same time, with the event joining the UCI Women's World Tour from 2023.
Franjo Jelačić
Baron Franjo Jelačić Bužimski (English: Franz Jellacic / Francis Yellachich of Buzhim; German: Franz Jellačić von Buzim; Hungarian: Ferenc Jellacsics de Buzim; 14 April 1746 – 4 February 1810) was a Croatian military officer and nobleman, a member of the House of Jelačić. He began his service in the Habsburg army as a Grenz infantry officer and fought against the Ottoman Empire. During the French Revolutionary Wars he received promotion to the rank of general officer and won an outstanding victory at Feldkirch. His later career proved that his martial abilities were limited. He twice led independent division-sized forces in the Napoleonic Wars, with unhappy results. He was Proprietor (Inhaber) of an Austrian infantry regiment from 1802 until his death.

Gunther E. Rothenberg
Gunther Erich Rothenberg (11 July 1923 – 26 April 2004) was an internationally known military historian, best known for his publications on the Habsburg military and Napoleonic Wars. He had a fifteen-year military career, as a British Army soldier in World War II, an Israel Defense Forces officer in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and in the United States Air Force during the Korean War.
Encino Oak Tree
The Encino Oak Tree, also known as the Lang Oak, was a 1,000-year-old California live oak tree, Quercus agrifolia, in the Encino section of Los Angeles, California.  It was designated as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument (HCM #24) in 1963.

Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument
Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments are sites which have been designated by the Los Angeles, California, Cultural Heritage Commission as worthy of preservation based on architectural, historic and cultural criteria.
Outline of Barcelona
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Barcelona:

Barcelona – city on the northeastern coast of Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain.

Culture of Barcelona
Barcelona's culture stems from the city's 2000 years of history. Barcelona has historically been a cultural center of reference in the world. To a greater extent than the rest of Catalonia, where Catalonia's native language Catalan is more dominant, Barcelona is a bilingual city: Catalan and Spanish are both official and widely spoken. Since the arrival of democracy, the Catalan culture (very much repressed during the dictatorship) has experienced a rebirth, both by recovering works from the past and by stimulating the creation of new works. Barcelona is an international hub of highly active and diverse cultural life with theatres, concert halls, cinemas, museums, and high-value architectural heritage.
Peter Duncan McCallum
Peter Duncan McCallum (August 26, 1853 – October 5, 1917) was an Ontario farmer and political figure. He represented Lambton East in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Conservative-Protestant Protective Association member from 1893 to 1898.

He was born in Erin, Canada West in 1853, the son of Peter McCallum. He served as reeve of Bosanquet Township and as warden for Lambton County. In 1878, he married Ann Christena Vivian. McCallum was first elected to the provincial assembly in an 1893 by-election held after the death of Hugh McKenzie. He served as Inspector of Liquor Licenses in East Lambton from 1906 to 1916 and then as assistant Inspector for Lambton County. He died in Michigan in 1917.

Hugh McKenzie (Ontario politician)
Hugh McKenzie (January 12, 1840 – October 3, 1893) was an Ontario farmer and political figure. He represented Lambton East in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1890 to 1893 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Inverness-shire, Scotland in 1840 and came to East Williams Township, Middlesex County with his parents in 1848. The family later moved to Warwick. In 1864, he married Elizabeth Fraser. McKenzie died of typhoid fever in 1893, aged 53, while still in office and was buried in Watford.
1st Officer General Markov Regiment
The 1st Officer General Markov Regiment was the first of the military units of the Volunteer Army (later the Armed Forces of the South of Russia and the Russian Army), which received the patronage of one of the founders of the White Movement in southern Russia of the General Staff of Lieutenant General Sergey Markov.

Volunteer Army
The Volunteer Army (Russian: Добровольческая армия, romanized: Dobrovolcheskaya armiya; pre-1918 Russian: Добровольческая армія), abbreviated to Добрармия, Dobrarmiya (pre-1918 Russian: Добрармія), also known as the Southern White Army was a White Army active in South Russia during the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1920. The Volunteer Army fought against Bolsheviks and the Makhnovists on the Southern Front and the Ukrainian War of Independence. On 8 January 1919, it was made part of the Armed Forces of South Russia, becoming the largest force of the White movement until it was merged with the Army of Wrangel in March 1920.
Elcot, Berkshire
Elcot is a hamlet in Berkshire, England, and part of the civil parish of Kintbury. It is the location of the four-star Elcot Park Hotel.

The settlement lies near to the A4 road, and is located equidistant from both Hungerford and Newbury. It is also close to the hamlet Halfway.

Halfway, Berkshire
Halfway is a village in the civil parish of Welford in the English county of Berkshire. It is located in the district of West Berkshire and the Newbury parliamentary constituency. It is called Halfway because it is situated half-way between London and Bristol on the old Bath Road.
Schizencephaly
Schizencephaly (from Greek  skhizein 'to split' and  enkephalos 'brain') is a rare birth defect of the brain, characterized by abnormal clefts lined with grey matter that form the ependyma of the cerebral ventricles to the pia mater. These clefts can occur bilaterally or unilaterally. Common clinical features of this malformation include epilepsy, motor deficits, and psychomotor retardation.

Heterotopia (medicine)
In medicine, heterotopia is the presence of a particular tissue type at a non-physiological site, but usually co-existing with original tissue in its correct anatomical location. In other words, it implies ectopic tissue, in addition to retention of the original tissue type.
Fifth (chord)
In a chord, the fifth factor is the note five scale degrees above the root (including the root itself in the count). For instance, in a C major triad, G is the third factor.

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When the fifth is the bass note (i.e., the lowest note) of the triad or seventh chord, the chord is in second inversion.

Conventionally, the fifth is second in importance to the root, with the fifth being perfect in all primary triads (I, IV, V and i, iv, v). In jazz chords and theory, however, the fifth is often omitted in preference for the chord quality determining third and chord extensions and additions.

The fifth in a major and minor chord is perfect (G♮ in C). When the fifth of a major chord is raised it is an augmented chord (G♯ in C) Playⓘ. When the fifth of a minor chord is lowered it is a diminished chord (G♭ in C) Playⓘ.

The open fifth and power chord consists of only the root, fifth and their octave doublings.

Bass note
In music theory, the bass note of a chord or sonority is the lowest note played or notated. If there are multiple voices it is the note played or notated in the lowest voice (the note furthest in the bass.)

Three situations are possible:

The bass note is the root or fundamental of the chord. The chord is in root position.

One of the other pitches of the chord is in the bass. This makes it an inverted chord

The bass note is not one of the notes in the chord. Such a bass note is an additional note, coloring the chord above it. Such a chord is also called a slash chord.

In pre-tonal theory (early music), root notes were not considered and thus the bass was the most defining note of a sonority. In pandiatonic chords the bass often does not determine the chord, as is always the case with a nonharmonic bass.
Sharavati Bridge
The Sharavati Bridge is a railway bridge, south of Honnavar, in the state of Karnataka, India, completed in 1994.  It carries the Konkan Railway over the Sharavati river.

It is 2,060 metres (6,760 ft) long, and is the longest bridge on that railway, and the longest railway bridge in the state.

The work consisted of construction of a 2,060-metre-long (6,760 ft) bridge having 55 spans of 33 m and 11 spans of 22 m.  The foundation consists of four 1.2-metre-diameter (3.9 ft) cast-in-situ R.C.C. bored piles for piers and eight 1.2-metre-diameter piles for abutments. The superstructure was with a single post-tensioned box girder for 33 m spans and three precast pretensioned I girders for 22 m spans.  This bridge at Honnavar was awarded second prize in the competition for Most outstanding Bridge National Awards 1995 – Category I by Indian Institute of Bridge Engineers in 1995.

Konkan Railway zone
The Konkan Railway (abbreviated KR) is one of the 19 railway zones in India with its headquarters at CBD Belapur in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The Konkan Railway line from Roha to Thokur is operated and maintained by Konkan Railway corporation (KRCL).  The first passenger train ran on Konkan railway tracks on 20 March 1993, between Udupi and Mangalore. During its initial years of operation in the mountainous Konkan region, a number of accidents prompted Konkan Railway to implement new technology. Anti-collision devices, the Sky Bus and roll-on/roll-off are several of the railway's innovations.  The 756.25 km (469.91 mi) long railway line connects the states of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka. The first train on the completed track was sent off on 26 January 1998.
Fury UK
Fury UK was an English heavy metal band based in Manchester, England. Between 2007  and 2012 the band played a series of important festival appearances such as Bloodstock Open Air and Hammerfest in the UK, and Prog Power Metal Festival in Belgium, toured extensively with some of the biggest names such as Saxon, Iced Earth and Michael Schenker. Meanwhile, the band released three albums, one EP  and one DVD. The band received plenty of critical praise, not least from renowned music writer Dom Lawson in his review of 3rd album 'A Way of Life' for Classic Rock magazine. In May 2012 the band went on long term hiatus when bassist Luke Appleton was recruited by American heavy metal band Iced Earth, following which Fury UK members Chris Appleton  and Martin McNee formed a new band called Absolva, announcing their debut album 'Flames of Justice'.

Wolfsbane (band)
Wolfsbane are an English heavy metal band, active from 1984 to 1994, and again since 2010, following two brief reunions. To date, the band has released five studio albums, two live albums, two compilation albums, two EPs and three demos. Wolfsbane are now notable for being vocalist Blaze Bayley's band before he went on to replace Bruce Dickinson in Iron Maiden and then pursue a solo career. In addition to Bayley, the band's current lineup includes guitarist Jason "Jase" Edwards, bassist Jeff Hateley and drummer Steve Danger.
Fåberg Municipality
Fåberg is a former municipality in the old Oppland county, Norway. The 478-square-kilometre (185 sq mi) municipality existed from 1838 until its merge with Lillehammer in 1964. The area is now a rural area as a part of Lillehammer Municipality in the traditional district of Gudbrandsdalen. The administrative centre was the village of Fåberg. Today, Fåberg consist of the area within the Fåberg Parish and the mountainous parts of the municipality. Fåberg Vestfjell and Fåberg Østfjell, Nordseter.

Prior to its dissolution in 1963, the 477.7-square-kilometre (184.4 sq mi) municipality was the 205th largest by area out of the 689 municipalities in Norway. Fåberg Municipality was the 40th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of about 13,292. The municipality's population density was 27.8 inhabitants per square kilometre (72/sq mi) and its population had increased by 26% over the previous 10-year period.

Prestegjeld
A prestegjeld was a geographic and administrative area within the Church of Norway (Den Norske Kirke) roughly equivalent to a parish. This traditional designation was in use for centuries to divide the kingdom into ecclesiastical areas that were led by a parish priest. Prestegjelds began in the 1400s and were officially discontinued in 2012.
Friendship and Greenwich plantation
The Friendship and Greenwich was a plantation in Westmoreland Parish, Jamaica, north of Savanna-la-Mar on the Cabaritta River. It was adjacent to the Mesopotamia estate.

In 1875, it came up for sale at auction in London by order of the Court of the Commissioners for Sale of Incumbered Estates in the West Indies when it was in the ownership of the estate of the late Edward Muirhead Earle.

Westmoreland Parish
Westmoreland (Jamaican Patois: Wesmolan) is the westernmost parish in Jamaica, on the south side of the island. It lies south of Hanover, southwest of Saint James, and northwest of Saint Elizabeth, in the county of Cornwall. The chief town and capital is Savanna-la-Mar. Negril, a famous tourist destination, is also situated in the parish.
Estadio Parque Artigas
Estadio Parque Artigas is a multi-use stadium in Paysandú, Uruguay.  It is currently used mostly for football matches of Paysandú F.C.  The stadium holds 25,000 and was built in 1995. It hosted matches during the 1995 Copa America.

1995 Copa América
The 1995 Copa América football tournament was staged in Uruguay. The host country, Uruguay, won it for a record-tying 14th time by beating Brazil 5–3 in the penalty shootout after a 1–1 draw in the final. All 10 CONMEBOL members took part, with Mexico and the United States invited in order to reach 12 teams.

The United States was the surprise of the tournament, beating defending champions Argentina 3–0 and winning the group. The United States went on to defeat Mexico on penalties in the second round but then lost to Brazil 1–0 in the semi-finals. They then fell to Colombia 4–1 in the third-place game, finishing fourth overall.

In this edition of the tournament, extra time was not played if a match was drawn after 90 minutes. Instead it went straight to a penalty shootout.
National Tidal and Sea Level Facility
Established in 2002, the National Tidal and Sea Level Facility is responsible for monitoring sea levels in the UK.

The NTSLF comprises the UK National Tide Gauge Network, geodetic networks, and gauges in the British dependent territories of the South Atlantic and Gibraltar. Data collected is used to create tidal predictions, monitor climate change and determine extreme sea levels for navigation and coastal engineering design.

The network is funded by the UK Environment Agency. Associated scientific research is funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra).

Natural Environment Research Council
The Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) is a council of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology, responsible for supporting research, training and knowledge transfer activities in the environmental sciences.