hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bandenbekämpfung
In German military history, Bandenbekämpfung (lit. '"bandit-fighting" or "combating of bandits"; English equivalent of "anti-partisan operations"'), also referred to as Nazi security warfare during World War II, refers to the concept and military doctrine of countering resistance or insurrection in the rear area during wartime with extreme brutality. The doctrine provided a rationale for disregarding the established laws of war and for targeting any number of groups, from armed guerrillas to civilians, as "bandits" or "members of gangs". As applied by the German Empire and later Nazi Germany, it became instrumental in the crimes against humanity committed by the two regimes, including the Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust.

Historian Alex J. Kay estimates that around one million civilians died as a result of German anti-partisan warfare—excluding actual partisans—among the 13 to 14 million people murdered by the Nazis during World War II.

Military doctrine
Military doctrine is the expression of how military forces contribute to campaigns, major operations, battles, and engagements. A military doctrine outlines what military means should be used, how forces should be structured, where forces should be deployed, and the modes of cooperation between types of forces. "Joint doctrine" refers to the doctrines shared and aligned by multinational forces or joint service operations.

There are three broad categories of military doctrines: (1) Offensive doctrines aim to punish an adversary, (2) Defensive doctrines aim to deny an adversary, and (3) Deterrent doctrines aim to disarm an adversary. Different military doctrines have different implications for world politics. For example, offensive doctrines tend to lead to arms races and conflicts.
Pemphigus spyrothecae
Pemphigus spyrothecae, or the poplar spiral gall aphid, is a social insect which exhibits apparent altruistic behaviors. The aphids form galls and act as colony defenders, at times sacrificing their own lives to do so. It has been shown that colony defense is more likely in habitats that are difficult to obtain and can hold a large number of individuals. These gall locations are crucial because plants have a short window in which a gall can be produced. Thus, it is important for there to be a defense system that enables the aphids to retain their galls. The need for defense arises when the gall is opened up to allow winged aphid migrants to leave and to release any waste. The process of repairing the holes can take up to 10 days; during this time, the gall is susceptible to intruding predators.

Stylet (zoology)
A stylet is a hard, sharp, anatomical structure found in some invertebrates.
For example, the word stylet or stomatostyle is used for the primitive piercing mouthparts of some nematodes and some nemerteans. In these groups the stylet is a hardened protrusible opening to the stomach. These stylets are adapted for the piercing of cell walls and usually function by providing the operative organism with access to the nutrients contained within the prey cell.

The mouthparts of tardigrades, diptera and aphids are also called stylets.

In octopodes, the stylets are internal, needle-like bent rods within the mantle, the vestigial remnants of an external shell.
Gonbadbardi-ye Olya
Gonbadbardi-ye Olya (Persian: گنبدبردي عليا, also Romanized as Gonbadbardī-ye ‘Olyā) is a village in Bahmai-ye Garmsiri-ye Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Bahmai County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 311, in 64 families.

Bahmai-ye Garmsiri-ye Jonubi Rural District
Bahmai-ye Garmsiri-ye Jonubi Rural District (Persian: دهستان بهمئي گرمسيرئ جنوبي) is in the Central District of Bahmai County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Kat. The rural district was previously administered from the city of Likak.
Shades (Keith Jarrett album)
Shades is the fifth album on the Impulse label by jazz pianist Keith Jarrett. Originally released in 1976, it features performances by Jarrett's 'American Quartet', which included Dewey Redman, Charlie Haden and Paul Motian with Guilherme Franco added on percussion.

Aside from appearing in the Mysteries: The Impulse Years 1975-1976 boxset, Shades was only issued on compact disc in Japan, packaged in a miniature replica of the original vinyl LP sleeve. In October 2011, it was reissued internationally as part of the Impulse! 2-on-1 series, packaged with Mysteries in a single disc format titled Mysteries / Shades.

Impulse! Records
Impulse! Records (occasionally styled as "¡mpulse! Records" and "¡!") is an American jazz record label established by Creed Taylor in 1960. John Coltrane was among Impulse!'s earliest signings. Thanks to consistent sales and positive critiques of his recordings, the label came to be known as "the house that Trane built".
Arthur Müller
Arthur Müller (born Aron Cohn:  23 October 1871 – 19 January 1935) was a German entrepreneur and inventor.   He became known as the founder and director of the "Deutsche Flugplatz Gesellschaft" ("German Airfield Company"), which instigated, built and then operated the "Motorflugplatz Johannisthal-Adlershof", Germany's first (and by a few weeks Europe's second) commercial airfield.

Barn
A barn is an agricultural building usually  on farms and used for various purposes. In North America, a barn refers to structures that house livestock, including cattle and horses, as well as equipment and fodder, and often grain. As a result, the term barn is often qualified e.g. tobacco barn, dairy barn, cow house, sheep barn, potato barn. In the British Isles and in Europe, the term barn is restricted mainly to storage structures for unthreshed cereals and fodder, the terms byre or shippon being applied to cow shelters, whereas horses are kept in buildings known as stables. In mainland Europe, however, barns were often part of integrated structures known as byre-dwellings (or housebarns in US literature). In addition, barns may be used for equipment storage, as a covered workplace, and for activities such as threshing.
Longyangxia, Qinghai
Longyangxia (Mandarin: 龙羊峡镇) is a town in Gonghe County, Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai, China. In 2010, Longyangxia had a total population of 6,578: 3,461 males and 3,117 females: 1,341 aged under 14, 4,869 aged between 15 and 65 and 368 aged over 65.

Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, formerly known as Tsolho Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (Chinese: 海南藏族自治州; Tibetan: མཚོ་ལྷོ་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ་), is an autonomous prefecture of Northeastern Qinghai Province in Western China. The prefecture has an area of 45,895 square kilometres (17,720 sq mi) and its seat is located in Gonghe County. Its name literally means "south of (Qinghai) Lake."
Tammin, Western Australia
Tammin is a town in the central agricultural region of Western Australia, 184 kilometres (114 mi) east of Perth and midway between the towns of Cunderdin and Kellerberrin on the Great Eastern Highway.

The surrounding areas produce wheat and other cereal crops. The town is a receival site for Cooperative Bulk Handling.

It also serves as a stop on the Prospector and MerredinLink rural train services.

CBH grain receival points
CBH grain receival points (also known as the bins or wheat bins in local popular usage) are grain silos spread around Western Australia, operated by CBH Group. They are primarily in the wheatbelt region, and historically they have been linked with the wheatbelt railway lines, and the transport of grain to ports for export.
M9 (Pretoria)
The M9 road is a short metropolitan route in the City of Tshwane in Gauteng, South Africa. It connects Erasmusrand with Sunnyside via Waterkloof Ridge. It consists of only two streets (Rigel Avenue and Florence Ribeiro Avenue).

Metropolitan routes in Pretoria
The City of Tshwane (Pretoria metropolitan area) like most South African metropolitan areas uses metropolitan or "M" routes for important intra-city routes, a layer below national (N) roads and regional (R) roads. Each city's M roads are independently numbered.
2018 Leeds—Grenville—Thousand Islands and Rideau Lakes federal by-election
A by-election was held in the federal riding of Leeds—Grenville—Thousand Islands and Rideau Lakes in Ontario on December 3, 2018, following the sudden death of incumbent Conservative MP Gord Brown on May 2, 2018.

The seat was retained for the Conservatives by riding association president Michael Barrett.

Leeds—Grenville—Thousand Islands and Rideau Lakes (provincial electoral district)
Leeds—Grenville—Thousand Islands and Rideau Lakes is a provincial electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario since 1987.  Before the 2018 election, it was known simply as Leeds—Grenville.

It consists of the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville.

Since 1999, provincial ridings have been defined to have the same borders as federal ridings.

For the 2018 election, the district gave up a small portion of territory to Lanark—Frontenac—Kingston.
Bazarghat
Bazarghat is one of the neighbourhoods in Khairatabad, Hyderabad, India. It is connected to the old city of Hyderabad.
Bazarghat includes Redhills, which now serves as a residence for Mr. Mohd Mahboob Ali Khan and family.

Khairatabad
Khairatabad is a neigbourhood in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It is a mandal in the Secunderabad Revenue division of Hyderabad District. This is a Zone in the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. There are five circles in this zone namely Mehdipatnam (12), Karwan (13), Goshamahal (14), Khairatabad (17) and Jubilee Hills (18). There are four wards under this Khairatabad circle, they are Khairtabad (91), Somajiguda (97), Ameerpet (98) and Sanathnagar (100).
1970–71 Colchester United F.C. season
The 1970–71 season was Colchester United's 29th season in their history and their third successive season in the fourth tier of English football, the Fourth Division. Alongside competing in the Fourth Division, the club also participated in the FA Cup and the League Cup.

Colchester reached the FA Cup quarter-final, famously beating First Division Leeds United 3–2 at Layer Road in the fifth round. They had already defeated Ringmer, Cambridge United, Barnet and Rochdale along the way, before being defeated 5–0 by Everton at Goodison Park. Owing to their cup run, Colchester's league form stuttered, ending the campaign in sixth place, while they suffered a second round exit in the League Cup after being beaten by Birmingham City following a replay.

Goodison Park
Goodison Park is a football stadium in Walton, Liverpool, England. It is the home of Women's Super League club Everton, who moved into the ground in 2025. The stadium opened in 1892, and was built to serve the home ground for the club's men's team who relocated to the Hill Dickinson Stadium in 2025.

Outside of a home ground for Everton, Goodison Park has also been the venue for the 1966 World Cup, in addition to numerous other international fixtures. It has also hosted the 1910 FA Cup Final and has hosted more top-flight games than any other stadium in England.

The stadium is 2 miles (3 km) north of the city centre, and has an all-seated capacity of 39,414.
Penicillium corylophilum
Penicillium corylophilum is a species of the genus of Penicillium which occurs in damp buildings in United States, Canada and western Europe but it can also be found in a variety of foods and mosquitoes. Penicillium corylophilum produces the alkaloid epoxyagroclavine and citrinin and is a pathogen to mosquitoes.

Citrinin
Citrinin is a mycotoxin which is often found in food. It is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi that contaminates long-stored food and it can cause a variety of toxic effects, including kidney, liver and cell damage. Citrinin is mainly found in stored grains, but sometimes also in fruits and other plant products.
Rubber-Tip Pencil Co. v. Howard
Rubber-Tip Pencil Co. v. Howard, 87 U.S. (20 Wall.) 498 (1874), is an 1874 decision of the United States Supreme Court concerning the patent eligibility of abstract ideas. As explained below in the Subsequent developments section, it is intermediate in the development of that aspect of patent law from Neilson v Harford, through O'Reilly v. Morse, to Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co., and then to Parker v. Flook, Mayo Collaborative Servs. v. Prometheus Labs., Inc., and Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank Int'l.

The Rubber-Tip Pencil case has frequently been cited in the subsequent Supreme Court decisions concerning the patent eligibility of computer-related claimed inventions, such as Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank, Diamond v. Diehr, Parker v. Flook, and Gottschalk v. Benson,

O'Reilly v. Morse
O'Reilly v. Morse, 56 U.S. (15 How.) 62 (1853), also known as The Telegraph Patent Case, is an 1854 decision of the United States Supreme Court that has been highly influential in the development of the law of patent-eligibility in regard to claimed inventions in the field of computer-software related art. It holds, essentially, that an abstract idea, apart from its implementation, is not patent-eligible.
Volcán Atitlán
Volcán Atitlán (Spanish pronunciation: [atiˈtlan]) is a large, conical, active stratovolcano adjacent to the caldera of Lake Atitlán in the Guatemalan Highlands of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas range. It is within the Sololá Department, in southwestern Guatemala.

The volcano has been quite active historically, with more than a dozen eruptions recorded between 1469 and 1853, the date of its most recent eruption. Atitlán is part of the Central American Volcanic Arc. The arc is a chain of volcanoes stretching along Central America formed by subduction of the Cocos Plate underneath the Caribbean Plate. These volcanoes are part of the Ring of Fire around the Pacific Ocean.

Volcán Atitlán is a few miles south of Volcán Tolimán, which rises from the southern shore of Lake Atitlán. Volcán San Pedro rises above Lake Atitlán northwest of Volcán Atitlán. A long narrow bay separates Volcán Atitlán and Volcán Toliman from Volcán San Pedro.

Central America Volcanic Arc
The Central American Volcanic Arc (often abbreviated to CAVA) is a chain of volcanoes which extends parallel to the Pacific coastline of the Central American Isthmus, from Mexico to Panama. This volcanic arc, which has a length of 1,100 kilometers (680 mi) is formed by an active subduction zone, with the Cocos plate subducting underneath the Caribbean plate, the North American plate and the Panama plate. Volcanic activity is recorded in the Central American region since the Permian. Numerous volcanoes are spread throughout various Central American countries; many have been active in the geologic past, varying in intensity of their activity according to different factors.
Kelby
Kelby is a village in the civil parish of Culverthorpe and Kelby, in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It lies 5 miles (8 km) south-west from Sleaford, 9 miles (14 km) north-east from Grantham and 3 miles (5 km) south-east from Ancaster. Kelby was formerly a chapelry in the parish of Haydor, in 1866 Kelby became a separate civil parish, on 1 April 1935 the parish was abolished and merged with Culverthorpe to form "Culverthorpe and Kelby". In 1921 the parish had a population of 61.

Kelby church is dedicated to St Andrew. Its tower was rebuilt in 1881  after a collapse. The church basement is Norman and the font Early English, with pews originally from the chapel at  nearby Grade II listed Culverthorpe Hall.

A chapel for Primitive Methodists was established in 1859.

Ancaster, Lincolnshire
Ancaster is a village and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England, on the site of a Roman town. The population of the civil parish was 1,317 at the 2001 census, increasing to 1,647 at the 2011 census.  The civil parish includes the settlements of Sudbrook and West Willoughby.

The village is related to the titles of Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven and Earl of Ancaster, both of which are now extinct.
Andrushivka, Ternopil Oblast
Andrushivka (Ukrainian: Андрушівка) is a village in Ukraine, Ternopil Oblast, Kremenets Raion, Shumsk urban hromada. After the liquidation of the Shumsk Raion on 19 July 2020, the village became part of the Kremenets Raion.

Shumsk urban hromada
Shumsk urban territorial hromada (Ukrainian: Шумська територіальна громада, romanized: Shumska miska terytorialna hromada) is a hromada in Ukraine, in Kremenets Raion of Ternopil Oblast. The administrative center is the city of Shumsk. Its population is 24,466 (2022 estimate) It was formed on 24 July 2015.
Puka Hirka (Corongo)
Puka Hirka (Quechua puka red, hirka mountain, "red mountain", also spelled Pucajirca) is a mountain in the northern part of the Cordillera Blanca in the Andes of Peru which reaches a height of approximately 4,200 m (13,780 ft). It is located in the Ancash Region, Corongo Province, Cusca District.

Cordillera Blanca
The Cordillera Blanca (Spanish for "white range") is a mountain range in Peru that is part of the larger Andes range and extends for 200 kilometres (124 mi) between 8°08' and 9°58'S and 77°00' and 77°52'W, in a northwesterly direction. It includes several peaks over 6,000 metres (19,690 ft) high and 722 individual glaciers. The highest mountain in Peru, Huascarán, at 6,768 metres (22,205 ft) high, is located there.

The Cordillera Blanca lies in the Ancash region and runs parallel to the Santa River valley (also called Callejón de Huaylas in its upper and midsections) on the west. Huascarán National Park, established in 1975, encompasses almost the entire range of the Cordillera Blanca.

Snowmelt from the Cordillera Blanca provides part of northern Peru with its year-round water supply, while 5% of Peru's power comes from a hydro-electrical plant located in the Santa River valley. The area of permanent ice cover shrank by about a third between the 1970s and 2006.
Głubczyce Town Hall
Głubczyce Town Hall - a Renaissance building in Głubczyce, Głubczyce County, Opole Voivodeship; in Poland. The first mention of a town hall in Głubczyce was in 1383, when a thirteenth-century townhouse was reconstructed into the town hall. The town hall's Renaissance architectural style structure and attic style was built in 1570. Reconstructions in the years of 1863-1864 and 1936, gave the building its Neo-Gothic architectural style. The town hall's decorative statues and towers were built in the nineteenth century. The town hall was renovated in 2006, partly funded by the European Union.

Głubczyce County
Głubczyce County (Polish: powiat głubczycki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Opole Voivodeship, south-western Poland, on the Czech border. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Głubczyce, which lies 53 kilometres (33 mi) south of the regional capital Opole. The county also contains the towns of Kietrz, lying 19 km (12 mi) south-east of Głubczyce, and Baborów, 12 km (7 mi) south-east of Głubczyce.

The county covers an area of 673.1 square kilometres (259.9 sq mi). As of 2019, its total population is 45,679, out of which the population of Głubczyce is 12,552, that of Kietrz is 6,005, that of Baborów is 2,905, and the rural population is 24,217.
First Crossing of Devils River
The First Crossing of Devils River was the first point at which the Devils River was crossed by the San Antonio-El Paso Road. It was located 10.22 miles west of San Felipe Springs at the mouth of San Pedro Creek on the Devils River. It was 2.54 miles southeast of Painted Caves, on California Creek, a noted camp location on the road. The crossing point and the gorge leading down to it from the east are now submerged under Lake Amistad.

California Creek (Val Verde County, Texas)
California Creek, formerly Painted Cave Spring Creek a stream in Val Verde County, Texas, formerly a tributary of Devils River it now flows into the north side of Amistad Reservoir at an elevation of 1119 feet. California Creek has its source at 29°37′29″N 101°02′14″W﻿ / ﻿29.62472°N 101.03722°W﻿ / 29.62472; -101.03722.

California Creek was the route of the San Antonio-El Paso Road followed northwest from Painted Caves to the point that the trail diverted to the upper Evans Creek and California Spring.
Lalkuan–Anand Vihar Terminal Intercity Express
The 15059 / 15060 Lalkuan–Anand Vihar Terminal Intercity Express is an Intercity Express train belonging to Indian Railways North Eastern Railway zone that runs between Lalkuan Junction and Anand Vihar Terminal in India.

It operates as train number 15059 from Lalkuan Junction to Anand Vihar Terminal and as train number 15060 in the reverse direction serving the states of Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi.

Intercity Express (Indian Railways)
The Intercity Express is an express-train service in India which connects major railway junctions and state capitals. These act as long-distance reserved and unreserved suburban trains with sitting accommodation (AC Chair Car - CC, AC Executive Chair Car EC, Anubhati class K, Vistadome EA and Non-Ac Second Sitting - 2S). These are quite fast and maintain a high average speed for short distances along with priority over other trains.
Mirza Taqi al-Shirazi
Grand Ayatollah Sheikh Muhammad-Taqi Golshan Shirazi Ha'eri (Arabic: الميرزا محمد تقي الشيرازي الحائري), also known as al-Mirza al-Thani (transl. the second Mirza; the first being Mirza Shirazi), was a senior Iraqi jurist and political leader. He led the Iraqi revolt of 1920.

Iraqi Revolt
The Iraqi Revolt of 1920, also known as the Iraqi War of Independence or Great Iraqi Revolution began in Baghdad in the summer of 1920 with mass demonstrations by Iraqis, including protests by embittered officers from the old Ottoman Army, against the British who published the new land ownership and the burial taxes at Najaf. The revolt gained momentum when it spread to the middle and lower Euphrates.

Shia and Sunni religious communities cooperated during the revolution as well as tribal communities, the urban masses, and many Iraqi officers in Syria. The objectives of the revolution were independence from British rule and the creation of an Arab government. The revolt achieved some initial success, but by the end of October 1920, the uprising was suppressed by the British, although elements of it dragged on until 1922.
Scotland at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games
Scotland competed at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland, from 16 to 25 July 1970.

Scotland named an initial 61 athletes in their team, before four sports including athletics declared their athletes.

Scotland came 4th overall with 6 golds, 8 silver and 11 bronze medals.

Fencing at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games
Fencing at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games was the sixth and last appearance of Fencing at the Commonwealth Games.

The events took place in one of the three sports halls forming part of the Meadowbank Sports Centre, which was built specifically for the Games, at a cost of £2.8 million.

England won seven of the eight gold medals to top the table.