hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Viterbi decoder
A Viterbi decoder uses the Viterbi algorithm for decoding a bitstream that has been
encoded using a convolutional code or trellis code.

There are other algorithms for decoding a convolutionally encoded stream (for example, the Fano algorithm). The Viterbi algorithm is the most resource-consuming, but it does the maximum likelihood decoding. It is most often used for decoding convolutional codes with constraint lengths k≤3, but values up to k=15 are used in practice.

Viterbi decoding was developed by Andrew J. Viterbi and published in the paper Viterbi, A. (April 1967). "Error Bounds for Convolutional Codes and an Asymptotically Optimum Decoding Algorithm". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 13 (2): 260–269. doi:10.1109/tit.1967.1054010.

There are both hardware (in modems) and software implementations of a Viterbi decoder.

Viterbi decoding is used in the iterative Viterbi decoding algorithm.

Iterative Viterbi decoding
Iterative Viterbi decoding is an algorithm that spots the subsequence S of an observation O = {o1, ..., on} having the highest average probability (i.e., probability scaled by the length of S) of being generated by a given hidden Markov model M with m states.  The algorithm uses a modified Viterbi algorithm as an internal step.

The scaled probability measure was first proposed by John S. Bridle. An early algorithm to solve this problem, sliding window, was proposed by Jay G. Wilpon et al., 1989, with constant cost T = mn2/2.

A faster algorithm consists of an iteration of calls to the Viterbi algorithm, reestimating a filler score until convergence.
Lifting-line theory
The Lanchester–Prandtl lifting-line theory is a mathematical model in aerodynamics that predicts lift distribution over a three-dimensional wing from the wing's geometry.  The theory was expressed independently by Frederick W. Lanchester in 1907, and by Ludwig Prandtl in 1918–1919 after working with Albert Betz and Max Munk.  In this model, the vortex bound to the wing develops along the whole wingspan because it is shed as a vortex-sheet from the trailing edge, rather than just as a single vortex from the wing-tips.

Wing
A wing is a structure which produces both lift and drag while moving through air. Wings are defined by two shape characteristics, an airfoil section and a planform. Wing efficiency is expressed as lift-to-drag ratio, which compares the benefit of lift with the air resistance of a given wing shape, as it flies. Aerodynamics includes the study of wing performance in air.

Equivalent foils that move through water are found on hydrofoil power vessels and foiling sailboats that lift out of the water at speed and on submarines that use diving planes to point the boat upwards or downwards, while running submerged. The study of foil performance in water is a subfield of Hydrodynamics.
2003 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 2003 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 113th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887. The championship began on 31 August 2003 and ended on 12 October 2003.

Mullinahone were the defending champions.

On 12 October 2003, Toomevara won the title after a 3–19 to 3–16 defeat of Thurles Sarsfields in the final  at Semple Stadium. It was their 18th championship title overall and their first title in two years.

2002 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 2002 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 112th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887. The championship began on 14 September 2002 and ended on 10 November 2002.

Toomevara were the defending champions, however, they were defeated by Mullinahone at the semi-final stage.

On 10 November 2002, Mullinahone won the title after a 2–10 to 1–11 defeat of Thurles Sarsfields in a final replay at Semple Stadium. It remains their only championship title.

Eoin Kelly, Pat Croke, Johnny Enright and Ger O'Grady were the championship's top scorers.
Slimbridge A.F.C.
Slimbridge Association Football Club is an English football club representing the village of Slimbridge, near Dursley, Gloucestershire (although its ground is in nearby Cambridge). The first team currently plays in the Southern League, the reserve team in the Hellenic League Division Two West, and the Under-18 Youth team in the Cheltenham Under-18 Floodlit Youth League. The club is affiliated to the Gloucestershire County FA.

Gloucestershire County Football League
The Gloucestershire County Football League is a  football league in England, founded in 1968. The league is affiliated to the Gloucestershire County FA.

It sits at step 7 (or level 11) of the National League System and is a feeder to Divisions One of the Hellenic League and Western League. Clubs to move from the GCL to the Hellenic League in recent seasons are Brimscombe & Thrupp, Longlevens and Tuffley Rovers. The league has always consisted of a single division of clubs. In the 2023–24 season, 16 teams will compete in the league.

The Bristol & Suburban League, Bristol Premier Combination, and the Gloucestershire Northern Senior League feed the Gloucestershire County League.
Mar Sisin
Mar Sisin, (Syriac: Mār Sîsin, ?–291/292), also known as Sisinnius (Latin: Sisinnius), was one of the twelve Apostles of the founder of Mani. He was one of the most influential Manichaeans in the early church, as he served as a core figure of the early church and was the first Manichaean Archegos, the head of the Manichaean religion.

Mar Ammo
Mar Ammo was a 3rd-century Manichean disciple of the prophet Mani. According to Manichaen tradition he spread Manichaeism eastward into Sogdiana during the time period when Mani was living. Mar Ammo is well known as the apostle of the east in Manichean literature nevertheless his exact origins are unknown. His Syriac name (from ʿAmmānūēl) may denote that he was Syrian in origin. However, a Parthian origin may also be seen and is mentioned by some scholars, especially due to his outstanding role in establishing the Parthian language as the official language of the eastern Manichean Church, later to be replaced by Sogdian in the sixth century. Furthermore, Mar Ammo is widely regarded as the composer of the Manichaean Parthian hymn-cycles (Huwīdagmān and Angad Rōšnan).
Andenes Lighthouse
Andenes Lighthouse (Norwegian: Andenes fyr) is a coastal lighthouse in Andøy Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located in the village of Andenes at the northern end of the island of Andøya in the Vesterålen archipelago.  It was established in 1859 and automated in 1978. The lighthouse was listed as a protected site in 1999.

The lighthouse emits a continuous white light with a more intense flash every 30 seconds.  The light sits atop a 40-metre (130 ft) tall red round cast iron tower.  The light can be seen for about 18 nautical miles (33 km; 21 mi).  The light burns from August 10 until April 26 each year, but there is no light the rest of the year due to the midnight sun at this location.  The lighthouse is managed by the nearby Andøy Museum (Andøymuseet), which offers guided tours during the summer season. As a result, this is the best known and most visited lighthouse of Norway's Arctic region.

Andøy Municipality
Andøy is the northernmost municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is part of the Vesterålen archipelago. The main island in the municipality is Andøya. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Andenes at the northernmost point in the municipality. Other villages in the municipality include Bjørnskinn, Bleik, Dverberg, Fiskenes, Fornes, Nordmela, Risøyhamn, Skarstein, Å, Åknes, and Åse.

The 656-square-kilometre (253 sq mi) municipality is the 172nd largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Andøy Municipality is the 191st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 4,553. The municipality's population density is 6.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (18/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 8.8% over the previous 10-year period.
GTL Infrastructure
GTL Infrastructure Limited (GTL Infra) is an Indian telecom tower company that focuses on shared passive telecom infrastructure.

Headquartered in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, GTL Infra operates approximately 28,000 towers across 22 telecom circles in India, facilitating the provision of 2G, 3G, and 4G services by telecom service providers. It was incorporated in 2004 by Manoj G. Tirodkar, who serves as the chairman of the company.

Bombay Stock Exchange
BSE Limited, also known as the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), is an Indian stock exchange based in Mumbai. Established in 1875, it is the oldest stock exchange in Asia, and also the tenth oldest in the world. It is the 6th largest stock exchange in the world by total market capitalisation, exceeding $5 trillion in May 2024.
Game of Bros
Game of Bros is a New Zealand reality television / game show that aired on Māori Television and which premiered on 17 March 2016. In a format compared to The Bachelor New Zealand, several Pacific Island men compete for the attention of two women comedians, Anapela Polataivao and Goretti Chadwick.

The Bachelor New Zealand
The Bachelor New Zealand is a dating game show based on the original US version, The Bachelor. It aired on Sunday and Monday nights on Three. The first season's bachelor was Art Green and the show was won by Matilda Rice. The second season's bachelor was Jordan Mauger and the show was won by Fleur Verhoeven. The third season's bachelor was Zac Franich and the show was won by Viarni Bright.

The first season's bachelorettes were announced in early March 2015, and the show premiered on 17 March at 7:30 pm. Season two premiered on 7 March 2016.

News.com.au said that while the Bachelor New Zealand's first season was building on a well-established TV franchise, "for pure entertainment, nothing quite matches the dramatic viewing across the ditch in New Zealand".

TVNZ 2 picked up the rights to the series in 2020, firstly airing a local version of The Bachelorette New Zealand. A fourth season of The Bachelor New Zealand aired in 2021.
1970 Big League World Series
The 1970 Big League World Series took place from August 17–22 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States. Lincolnwood, Illinois defeated San Fernando/Simi Valley, California twice in the championship game. This was the first BLWS held in Fort Lauderdale.

This year marked the first appearance for the European, and Latin American regions.

Big League World Series
The Big League World Series was a baseball tournament for youth aged 15 to 18 years old that began in 1968. On August 26, 2016, Little League International announced that it was eliminating the Big League Level of both baseball and softball, citing low participation levels over the previous 15 years. It was patterned after the Little League World Series, which was named for the World Series in Major League Baseball. Most recently, the tournament was held in Easley, South Carolina.

The Big League World Series was held at four different sites.

Winston-Salem, North Carolina 1968–1969

Fort Lauderdale, Florida 1970–1998

Tucson, Arizona 1999–2000

Easley, South Carolina 2001–2016
Perfect Drift
Perfect Drift (April 29, 1999 – January 4, 2024) was an American thoroughbred racehorse who won or placed in 21 stakes races in his career. He won the Grade 1 Stephen Foster Handicap in 2003, as well as the Washington Park Handicap in 2003 and 2005.

Kentucky Cup Classic Stakes
The Kentucky Cup Classic Stakesis a Grade III American Thoroughbred horse race for four-year-olds and older over a distance of 1+1⁄8 miles on the Tapeta track scheduled annually in late March at Turfway Park in the Cincinnati, Ohio suburb of Florence, Kentucky.  The event currently offers a purse of $300,000.
Richard Childress Racing in the NASCAR Cup Series
RCR Enterprises, LLC, doing business as Richard Childress Racing (RCR), is an American professional stock car racing team that currently competes in the NASCAR Cup Series and the NASCAR Xfinity Series. The team is based in Welcome, North Carolina, and is owned and operated by former driver Richard Childress.

NASCAR Cup Series at Richmond Raceway
Stock car races in the NASCAR Cup Series have been held at Richmond Raceway in Richmond, Virginia since 1953.

A second race in March was also held at the track from 1953 to 2024 until it was moved to Mexico for the 2025 season.
Norman Rothschild
Norman Rothschild (1913–1995) was an American photographer, artist, and writer.

Rothschild arrived in the United States from Germany at the age of 5 1/2 with his parents.  He became a  studio and darkroom assistant at the age of 14. For 33 years he was an editor and contributor to Popular Photography magazine, including a monthly column, "Offbeat".

He died at the age of 82 in 1995.

He was known for his creative use of materials to stunning visual effects before the advent of digital cameras and tools such as Photoshop. He frequently used and wrote about his experience with creative photographic accessories such as filters from Spiratone.

Edward Steichen called him "the man who makes rainbows." Burt Keppler, publisher of Popular Photography magazine, called him a "living photographic legend."

Herbert Keppler
Herbert "Burt" Keppler (April 21, 1925 – January 4, 2008) was an American photographer, journalist, author and consultant. His career spanned 57 years, including 37 at Modern Photography and two decades at Popular Photography. He wrote monthly columns and served in the former magazine as Editorial Director and Publisher, and in the latter magazine as Vice President and Publishing Director.
Pythian Bowl
The Pythian Bowl was a postseason college football bowl game played from 1949 through 1951. In 1952, the game was played under the name of Lions Bowl. The game was played each year in December in Salisbury, North Carolina, at Shuford Stadium on the grounds of Catawba College. The bowl's original name came from the Knights of Pythias, a fraternal organization, with proceeds from the game going to a local orphanage. The 1952 game was named after Lions Clubs International, with game proceeds again being used for charitable works. Like some other postseason match-ups of the era, such as the Grape Bowl, Glass Bowl, and Optimist Bowl, results are listed in NCAA records, but the games were not considered NCAA-sanctioned bowls.

Knights of Pythias
The Knights of Pythias is a fraternal organization and secret society founded in Washington, D.C., on February 19,   1864. The Knights of Pythias was the first fraternal organization to receive a charter under an act of the United States Congress.
Ahmed Hussain (Assam politician)
Ahmed Hussain (born 30 May 1941) was a member of the 6th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Dhubri constituency of Assam from 1977 to 1980 and is a member of the Indian National Congress political party.

6th Lok Sabha
The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. The 6th Lok Sabha, which ran from 23 March 1977 to 22 August 1979 was elected in February and March 1977. 11 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected to 6th Lok Sabha after the 1971 Indian general election.

Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister on 24 March 1977 after Janata alliance won 295 seats, 242 more than the previous 5th Lok Sabha.

Charan Singh became the Prime Minister on 28 July 1979 with the support of Indira Gandhi (Congress (I)); but resigned on 20 August 1979 since he was not ready to remove charges against Indira Gandhi and her family from the Emergency days and advised the President to dissolve the Lok Sabha.  The Sixth Lok Sabha was dissolved on 22 August 1979 by the President Neelam Sanjiva Reddy and Charan Singh remained as the caretaker Prime Minister till 14 January 1980, the formation of the next 7th Lok Sabha following the 1980 Indian general election.
Brevicellicium olivascens
Brevicellicium olivascens is a species of crust-forming fungus in the family Hydnodontaceae that grows as thin, olive-tinted patches on decaying wood. First described by the Italian mycologist Giacomo Bresadola in 1892 as Odontia olivascens, it was later reclassified in 1978 by the Swedish mycologists Karl-Henrik Larsson and Erik Hjortstam, who created the new genus Brevicellicium (meaning "short cells") to accommodate it. This inconspicuous fungus forms delicate, web-like films only 0.1–0.3 millimetres thick that appear greyish-olive to olive-brown when fresh, becoming papery when dry, and can be identified microscopically by its distinctive two-spored reproductive cells. Though easily overlooked due to its subtle appearance, B. olivascens has a widespread distribution across Europe, North America, Asia, and Oceania, where it plays an ecological role in breaking down dead wood of broadleaf trees and woody vines.

Corticioid fungi
The corticioid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota typically having effused, smooth basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that are formed on the undersides of dead tree trunks or branches. They are sometimes colloquially called crust fungi or patch fungi. Originally such fungi were referred to the genus Corticium ("corticioid" means Corticium-like) and subsequently to the family Corticiaceae, but it is now known that all corticioid species are not necessarily closely related. The fact that they look similar is an example of convergent evolution. Since they are often studied as a group, it is convenient to retain the informal (non-taxonomic) name of "corticioid fungi" and this term is frequently used in research papers and other texts.
USS Harold J. Ellison (DE-545)
USS Harold J. Ellison (DE-545) was a proposed World War II United States Navy John C. Butler-class destroyer escort that was never completed.

Harold J. Ellison's keel was laid at the Boston Navy Yard in Boston, Massachusetts.  However, her construction was cancelled on 10 June 1944 before she could be launched. The incomplete ship was scrapped.

The name Harold J. Ellison was reassigned to the destroyer USS Harold J. Ellison (DD-864).

John C. Butler-class destroyer escort
The John C. Butler class were destroyer escorts that originated during World War II. The lead ship was USS John C. Butler, commissioned on 31 March 1944. The class was also known as the WGT type from their Westinghouse geared turbine drive. Of the 293 ships originally planned, 206 were canceled in 1944 and a further four after being laid down; three were not completed until after the end of World War II.
ProQuest
ProQuest LLC is an Ann Arbor, Michigan-based global information-content and technology company, founded in 1938 as University Microfilms by Eugene Power.

ProQuest is known for its applications and information services for libraries, providing access to dissertations, theses, ebooks, newspapers, periodicals, historical collections, governmental archives, cultural archives, and other aggregated databases. This content was estimated to be around 125 billion digital pages.

The company began operations as a producer of microfilm products, subsequently shifting to electronic publishing, and later grew through acquisitions. On December 1, 2021, Clarivate bought ProQuest from Cambridge Information Group for $5.3 billion in what was described as a "huge deal in the library and information publishing world". Clarivate said that the operational concept behind the acquisition was integrating ProQuest's products and applications with Web of Science.

Web of Science
The Web of Science (WoS; previously known as Web of Knowledge) is a paid-access platform that provides (typically via the internet) access to multiple databases that provide reference and citation data from academic journals, conference proceedings, and other documents in various academic disciplines.

Until 1997, it was originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information. It is currently owned by Clarivate.

Web of Science currently contains 79 million records in the core collection and 171 million records on the platform.
1999 Spanish Grand Prix
The 1999 Spanish Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 30 May 1999 at the Circuit de Catalunya in Montmeló, Spain. It was the fifth race of the 1999 Formula One season. The 65-lap race was won from pole position by Mika Häkkinen, driving a McLaren-Mercedes, with team-mate David Coulthard second and Michael Schumacher third in a Ferrari.

Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya
The Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya (Catalan pronunciation: [siɾˈkujd də bəɾsəˈlonə kətəˈluɲə]) is a 4.657 km (2.894 mi) motorsport race track in Montmeló, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. With long straights and a variety of corners, the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya is seen as an all-rounder circuit. The track has stands with a capacity of 140,700. The circuit has FIA Grade 1 license.

Until 2013 the track was known only as the Circuit de Catalunya, before a sponsorship deal with Barcelona City Council added Barcelona to the track's title.
Central churchmanship
Central churchmanship describes those who adhere to a middle way in the Anglican Communion of the Christian religion and other Anglican church bodies, being neither Anglo-Catholic nor low church in their doctrinal views and liturgical preferences.

The term is used much less frequently than some others as Anglicanism polarized into Anglo-Catholic and Evangelical/Reformed wings.

In The Claims of the Church of England, Cyril Garbett, Archbishop of York, used the term along with Anglo-Catholic, liberal, and evangelical as a label for schools within the Church of England, but also states:

Within the Anglican Church are Anglo-Catholics, Evangelicals, Liberals and the great mass of English Churchmen who are content to describe themselves as Churchmen without any further label.

Evangelical Anglicanism
Evangelical Anglicanism or Evangelical Episcopalianism is a tradition or church party within Anglicanism that shares affinity with broader evangelicalism. Evangelical Anglicans share with other evangelicals the attributes of "conversionism, activism, biblicism and crucicentrism" identified by historian David Bebbington as central to evangelical identity. The emergence of evangelical churchmanship can be traced back to the First Great Awakening in America and the Evangelical Revival in Britain in the 18th century. In the 20th century, prominent figures have included John Stott and J. I. Packer.

In contrast to the high-church party, evangelicals emphasize experiential religion of the heart over the importance of liturgical forms. As a result, evangelicals are often described as being low church, but these terms are not always interchangeable because low church can also describe individuals or groups that are not evangelical.
2014 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Women's 100 metre freestyle
The women's 100 metre freestyle competition at the 2014 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 22 at the Gold Coast Aquatic Centre.  The last champion was Natalie Coughlin of US.

This race consisted of two lengths of the pool, both lengths being in freestyle.

2014 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships
The 2014 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, also known as the 2014 Hancock Prospecting Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, a long course (50 m) event, was held in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, from 21 to 25 August 2014.
2015 Canadian Mixed Doubles Curling Trials
The 2015 Canadian Mixed Doubles Curling Trials were held from March 11 to 15 at the Ottawa Hunt and Golf Club in Ottawa, Ontario. The winning team of Charley Thomas and Kalynn Park will represent Canada at the 2015 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship.

Canadian Mixed Doubles Curling Championship
The Canadian Mixed Doubles Curling Championship (formerly Canadian Mixed Doubles Curling Trials) are the national curling championships for mixed doubles curling in Canada. The trials decide the team that represents Canada at the same year's World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship. The team representing Canada had been previously decided through a playoff between two teams formed from the winners of the Canadian Mixed Curling Championship earlier in the season.