hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Railways Clauses Consolidation (Scotland) Act 1845
The Railways Clauses Consolidation (Scotland) Act 1845 (8 & 9 Vict. c. 33) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that standardised provisions and definitions relating to railway companies in Scotland.

The act may be referred to or incorporated by anyone constructing a railway, including proposing to extend heritage railways.

The Railways Clauses Consolidation Act 1845 (8 & 9 Vict. c. 20) made similar provisions for England and Wales and Ireland.

As of 2025, the act remains in force in the United Kingdom.

Railway Companies Meetings Act 1869
The Railway Companies Meetings Act 1869 (32 & 33 Vict. c. 6) was an act of parliament in the United Kingdom.

It repealed section 35 of the Regulation of Railways Act 1868, which related "to meetings of incorporated railway companies and the approval by such meetings of bills and certificates for conferring additional powers on those companies", with regard to any bill put before Parliament, or any application for a certificate made by a company, after 1 February 1869.
José de Meneses da Silveira e Castro, 2nd Marquis of Valada
D. José de Meneses e Távora Rappach da Silveira e Castro, 2nd Marquis of Valada ComC ComSE (13 February 1826 – 15 October 1895) was a Portuguese nobleman and politician aligned with the conservative Regenerator Party. Well-regarded as a man of great erudition and a notable parliamentarian, the Marquis of Valada was the protagonist of a well-publicised scandal in 1881, after his homosexuality became a matter of public knowledge.

Braga District
Braga District (Portuguese: Distrito de Braga [ˈbɾaɣɐ] ⓘ) is a district in the northwest of Portugal. The district capital is the city of Braga, and it is bordered by the district of Viana do Castelo in the north, Vila Real in the east, Galicia (a Spanish autonomous community) in the northeast and Porto in the south. Its area is 2,673 km2 (1,032 sq mi) and it has a population of 831,368. It takes its name from the Bracarii, a Celtic tribe.
Leonid Polezhayev
Leonid Konstantinovich Polezhayev (Russian: Леонид Константинович Полежаев; born 30 January 1940) is the former governor of Omsk Oblast. He is a hydro-engineer. In 1991 he became head of the administration of Omsk Oblast.

Governor of Omsk Oblast
The Governor of Omsk Oblast (Russian: Губернатор Омской области) is the head of government of Omsk Oblast, a federal subject of Russia.

The position was introduced in 1991 as Head of Administration of Omsk Oblast. The Governor is elected by direct popular vote for a term of five years.
Amur-Nyzhnodniprovskyi District
The Amur-Nyzhnodniprovskyi District (Ukrainian: Амур-Нижньодніпровський район; sometimes abbr.  "AND"), formerly known as Nyzhnodniprovskyi District (Нижньодніпровський район), is an urban district of the city of Dnipro, in southern Ukraine. It is located on the city's north and on the left-bank of Dnieper River along with the city's Industrialnyi and Samarskyi districts.

Its name is derived from the Amur neighborhood and the Nyzhnodniprovsk railway station. The first village located on what is now the Nyzhnodniprovskyi District was founded in the late 16th century, making the area one of the oldest inhabited parts of Dnipro.

Samarskyi District
The Samarskyi District (Ukrainian: Самарський район) is an urban district of the city of Dnipro, in southern Ukraine. It is located at the confluence of the Dnieper and Samara rivers in the eastern and southeastern parts of the city.
Newcastle, County Tipperary
Newcastle (Irish: An Caisleán Nua) is a village in County Tipperary, Ireland. Located close to the border with County Waterford, it is in a civil parish of the same name, in the barony of Iffa and Offa West. The River Suir runs past the village. Newcastle is located 17 km (11 mi) from Clonmel, the county town of County Tipperary.

The remains of an Anglo-Norman castle (tower house) and medieval church are located near the village. The castle is traditionally associated with the Prendergast family, who descended from Maurice de Prendergast of nearby Ardfinnan Castle.

Newcastle was formerly known as Eskertenan, followed by the Manor of Newcastle de Eskertenan, or simply Newcastle Prendergast.

Newcastle is the birthplace of Rev. Dr. Robert MacCarthy, Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin (1999-2012). Politician Mattie McGrath is also from the area.

Clonmel
Clonmel (Irish: Cluain Meala, meaning 'honey meadow') is the county town and largest settlement of County Tipperary, Ireland. The town is noted in Irish history for its resistance to the Cromwellian army which sacked the towns of Drogheda and Wexford. With the exception of the townland of Suir Island, most of the borough is situated in the civil parish of "St Mary's" which is part of the ancient barony of Iffa and Offa East.
Kazichene Cove
Kazichene Cove (Bulgarian: залив Казичене, romanized: zaliv Kazichene, IPA: [ˈzalif kɐˈzit͡ʃɛnɛ]) is a 2.2 km wide cove on the southeast side of Osmar Strait indenting for 1.3 km the northwest coast of Low Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is south of Lyutibrod Rocks and Fernandez Point, and north of Solnik Point.

The cove is named after the settlement of Kazichene in western Bulgaria.

Osmar Strait
Osmar Strait (Bulgarian: проток Осмар, ‘Protok Osmar’ \'pro-tok os-'mar\) is the 14.6 nautical miles (27.0 km)  wide strait in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica between Smith Island to the northwest and Low Island to the southeast.

The strait is named after the settlement of Osmar in northeastern Bulgaria.
2010 ATP Salzburg Indoors
The 2010 ATP Salzburg Indoors was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the second edition of the tournament which is part of the 2010 ATP Challenger Tour and the Tretorn SERIE+ series. It took place in Salzburg, Austria between 15 and 21 November 2010.

ATP Salzburg Indoors
The ATP Salzburg Indoors was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was part of the Tretorn SERIE+ of Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour. The Challenger Tour would eventually return to Salzburg with the Salzburg Open.
The British Grenadiers
"The British Grenadiers" is a traditional marching song of British and Commonwealth military units whose badge of identification features a grenade, the tune of which dates from the 17th century. It is the regimental quick march of the Royal Artillery (since 1716), the Corps of Royal Engineers (since 1787), the Honourable Artillery Company (since 1716), the Grenadier Guards (since 1763), and the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers (since 1763). It is also an authorized march of the Royal Australian Artillery, the Royal Gibraltar Regiment, the Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery, the Canadian Grenadier Guards, the Royal Regiment of Canada, and the Princess Louise Fusiliers. The standard orchestration for the military band was approved in 1762, when the Royal Artillery Band (initiated in 1557) became recognized officially, and for all other "grenade" regiments in 1763, when the remaining unofficial bands gained official status.

Royal Regiment of Fusiliers
The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers (often referred to as, "The Fusiliers") is an infantry regiment of the British Army, part of the Queen's Division. Currently, the regiment has two battalions: the 1st Battalion, part of the Regular Army, is an armoured infantry battalion based in Tidworth, Wiltshire, and the 5th Battalion, part of the Army Reserve, recruits in the traditional fusilier recruiting areas across England. The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers was largely unaffected by the infantry reforms that were announced in December 2004, but under the Army 2020 reduction in the size of the Army, the 2nd Battalion was merged into the first in 2014.
81 Ceti
81 Ceti is a star located approximately 343 light-years away from the Sun in the equatorial constellation of Cetus. 81 Ceti is the Flamsteed designation for this object. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, yellow-hued point of light with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.65. The star is drifting further away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +9 km/s.

This is an aging K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K0III, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and expanded to 11 times the Sun's radius. It is a red clump giant, which indicates it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy from core helium fusion. The star is now 2.5 billion years old with 1.6 times the mass of the Sun. It is radiating  60 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,825 K.

Flamsteed designation
A Flamsteed designation is a combination of a number and constellation name that uniquely identifies most naked eye stars in the modern constellations visible from southern England. They are named after John Flamsteed, author of the Historia Coelestis Britannica, the first major star catalogue compiled with the aid of a telescope. Flamsteed’s own catalogue did not include what are now known as Flamsteed numbers, but its listing of stars in each constellation provided the basis for later astronomers to add them.
Stigghiola
The stigghiola (pl.: stigghiole in Italian or stigghioli in Sicilian), also known as stigghiuola, is a Sicilian food typical of the streets of the city of Palermo. It consists of guts (usually of lamb, but also of goat or chicken) which are washed in water and salt, seasoned with parsley and often with onion and other pot herbs, then stuck on a skewer or rolled around a leek, and finally cooked directly on the grill. The dish is generally prepared and sold as a street food. In Ragusa, the dish is baked in a casserole and is known as turciniuna.

It is listed as a prodotto agroalimentare tradizionale (PAT) by the Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies.

Stigghioli have become very popular among Sicilian Americans in Brooklyn, New York, specifically in Gravesend and Bensonhurst, and are served at many summer barbecues.

Ragusa, Sicily
Ragusa (Italian: [raˈɡuːza] ⓘ; Sicilian: Rausa [raˈuːsa]; Latin: Ragusia) is a city and comune, capital of the province of Ragusa in the autonomous island region of Sicily in southern Italy. As of 2025, with a population of 73,778, Ragusa is the 6th-largest city in Sicily and the 74th-largest in Italy.

It is built on a wide limestone hill between two deep valleys, Cava San Leonardo and Cava Santa Domenica. Together with seven other cities in the Val di Noto, it is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
NGC 5394
NGC 5394 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Canes Venatici. Its speed relative to the cosmic microwave background is 3,639 ± 14 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 53.7 ± 3.8 Mpc (~175 million ly). NGC 5394 was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel in 1787.

The luminosity class of NGC 5394 is II and it has a broad HI line. It also contains regions of ionized hydrogen. It is also a Luminous Infrared Galaxy (LIRG).

To date, one non-redshift-based measurement gives a distance of approximately 32,900 Mpc (~107 million ly). This value is far outside the Hubble distance values. Note that it is with the average value of independent measurements, when they exist, that the NASA/IPAC database calculates the diameter of a galaxy.

One supernova has been observed in NGC 5394: SN 2020aaxs (Type Ib, mag. 17.0483) was discovered by the Automatic Learning for the Rapid Classification of Events (ALeRCE) on 25 November 2020.

Canes Venatici
Canes Venatici (/ˈkeɪniːz vɪˈnætɪsaɪ/ KAY-neez vin-AT-iss-eye) is one of the 88 constellations designated by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). It is a small northern constellation that was created by Johannes Hevelius in the 17th century. Its name is Latin for 'hunting dogs', and the constellation is often depicted in illustrations as representing the dogs of Boötes the Herdsman, a neighboring constellation.

Cor Caroli is the constellation's brightest star, with an apparent magnitude of 2.9. La Superba (Y CVn) is one of the reddest naked-eye stars and one of the brightest carbon stars. The Whirlpool Galaxy is a spiral galaxy tilted face-on to observers on Earth, and was the first galaxy whose spiral nature was discerned. In addition, quasar TON 618 is one of the most massive black holes with the mass of 66 billion solar masses.
Fred Frith discography
Fred Frith appears on over 600 recordings. This is a selection from bands he was/is a member of, collaborations with other bands and musicians, and  his solo recordings. The year indicates when the album was first released. For a comprehensive discography, see the Discography of Fred Frith by Michel Ramond, Patrice Roussel and Stephane Vuilleumier.

Prints (album)
Prints: Snapshots, Postcards, Messages and Miniatures, 1987–2001 is a 2002  album by English guitarist, composer and improvisor Fred Frith, and his first album of songs since Cheap at Half the Price (1983). It comprises four tracks taken from previously released compilations that Frith had contributed to between 1987 and 1997, seven tracks that were "created spontaneously" in the studio in 1997 and 2001, and one live guitar improvisation in 2001. The album was released on CD in 2002 on Fred Records and was the second release in Frith's archival release program on the record label.
National unity government
A national unity government, government of national unity (GNU), or national union government is a broad coalition government consisting of all parties (or all major parties) in the legislature, usually formed during a time of war or other national emergency. A unity government according to the principles of consensus democracy lacks opposition, or opposition parties are too small and negligible.

Government of National Unity (Hungary)
The Government of National Unity was a Nazi-backed puppet government within the German-occupied Kingdom of Hungary during World War II in Eastern Europe. After the joint coup d’état with which the Nazis and the Arrow Cross Party overthrew the government of the Regent of Hungary, Miklós Horthy (r. 1920–1944), the Arrow Cross Party established the coalition Government of National Unity (Nemzeti Összefogás Kormánya) on 16 October 1944.

As the national government, the Arrow Cross Party installed Ferenc Szálasi as the prime minister of the Government of National Unity and as the Leader of the Nation, the head of state of Hungary. As a wartime ally of Nazi Germany, Prime Minister Szálasi's government readily executed and realised the Holocaust in Hungary (1941–1945); thus, in seven months, the Arrow Cross regime killed between 10,000 and 15,000 Hungarian Jews in the country, and deported 80,000 Jewish women, children, and old people for killing at the Auschwitz concentration camp.
Vismianthus
Vismianthus is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Connaraceae.

Its native range is Tanzania, Myanmar.

Species:

Vismianthus punctatus Mildbr.

Vismianthus sterculiifolius (Prain) Breteler & J.Brouwer

Connaraceae
Connaraceae is a pan-tropical plant family of 19 genera and more than 180 species of largely evergreen trees, woody shrubs and climbers.

The family was first described by Robert Brown in 1816 and the name has been conserved.
Veronica of Milan
Veronica of Milan (c. 1445 – 13 January 1497) was an Italian nun in the Augustinian Order. She was reputed to have received frequent visions of the Virgin Mary, and her local cultus was confirmed by Pope Leo X in 1517.

Religious ecstasy
Religious ecstasy is a purported form of altered state of consciousness characterized by greatly reduced external awareness and reportedly expanded interior mental and spiritual awareness, frequently accompanied by visions and emotional (and sometimes physical) euphoria.

Although the experience is usually brief in time, there are records of such experiences lasting several days or even more, and of recurring experiences of ecstasy during a person's lifetime.

In Sufism, the term is referred to as wajd. In Buddhism, piti, usually translated as "joy" or "rapture", is an element of jhana, a state of mental oneness with an object that one focuses on in meditation.
1974 All-Ireland Senior Club Camogie Championship
The 1974 All-Ireland Senior Club Camogie Championship for the leading clubs in the women's team field sport of camogie was won by St Paul’s from Kilkenny, who defeated Oranmore from Galway in the final, played at Ballinderrin .

Angela Downey
Angela Downey-Browne (born 1957, Kilkenny) is a retired Irish sportsperson. She played camogie with her local clubs, St Paul's based in Kilkenny city and Lisdowney, and was a member of the Kilkenny senior inter-county team from 1970 to 1995. Downey is regarded as the greatest player in the history of the game.

In a senior inter-county career that 25 years she won twelve All-Ireland medals, thirteen Leinster medals and eight National League medals. With her two clubs St. Paul's and Lisdowney she collected 22 county titles and 6 All-Ireland club medals.

Downey was presented with personal awards during her career. In 1977 she was honoured with the B&I Player of the Year Award.  Almost a decade later in 1986 Downey became only the third camogie player ever to be presented with a Texaco Award. In 2004 her reputation as the greatest player of all-time was further cemented when she was named on the Camogie Team of the Century.
Kiss Army
The Kiss Army is the official fan club for the American rock band Kiss, as well as the unofficial name used to refer to Kiss fans in general. It was started unofficially in 1975 by Bill Starkey and Jay Evans.

The membership form displayed for the first time what became known as the official Kiss Army logo, which was designed by Dennis Woloch and Vincent DiGerlando of Howard Marks Inc., the advertising agency working with Bill Aucoin and Kiss at that time.

According to Bruce Vilanch, the president of the Kiss fan club was Ringo Starr's son when Kiss starred in "The Paul Lynde Halloween Special", in 1976.

The Paul Lynde Halloween Special
The Paul Lynde Halloween Special is a Halloween-themed variety television special starring Paul Lynde broadcast October 29, 1976, on ABC. It featured guest star Margaret Hamilton in a reprise of her role as the Wicked Witch of the West from The Wizard of Oz. Guest stars include Billie Hayes as Witchiepoo from H.R. Pufnstuf, Tim Conway, Roz Kelly, Florence Henderson, rock band Kiss, Billy Barty as Gallows the Butler, Betty White and, in an unbilled cameo appearance, Donny and Marie Osmond.
Notiodrassus
Notiodrassus is a genus of South Pacific ground spiders that was first described by E. B. Bryant in 1935. As of May 2019 it contains only two species, both found in New Zealand: N. distinctus and N. fiordensis.

Ground spider
Ground spiders comprise Gnaphosidae, the seventh largest spider family with about 2,500 described species in over 100 genera distributed worldwide. There are 105 species known to central Europe, and common genera include Gnaphosa, Drassodes, Micaria, Cesonia, Zelotes and many others. They are closely related to Clubionidae. At present, no ground spiders are known to be seriously venomous to humans.
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (video game)
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse was to be a video game centered on the actions of several playable characters that are left on earth after the Rapture. These characters were widely different and ranged from a fallen priest to a young stripper and would each have special weapons and abilities specific to themselves.

In late 2002, The 3DO Company, the game's developer, announced that the game would be released on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, GameCube, and Xbox. It was also announced that 3DO would be partnering with Stan Winston on the game as a producer. Stan Winston has been involved in designing creature effects for such films as Jurassic Park, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, and Aliens. The game was basically scrapped after the company went bankrupt in May 2003. However, some hope was rekindled of a release in 2004 when the game's creator, Michael Mendheim, announced that the IP was "far from dead".

Stan Winston
Stanley Winston (April 7, 1946 – June 15, 2008) was an American television and film special make-up effects artist, best known for his work in the Terminator series, the first three Jurassic Park films, Aliens, The Thing, the first two Predator films,  Inspector Gadget, Iron Man, and Edward Scissorhands. He won four Academy Awards for his work.

Winston, a frequent collaborator with directors James Cameron, Steven Spielberg and Tim Burton, owned several effects studios, including Stan Winston Digital. The established areas of expertise for Winston were in makeup, puppets and practical effects, but at the time of his death, he had expanded his studio to encompass digital effects as well.
Battle of Mollahasanli
The Battle of Mollahasanli took place on 28 November 1578 during the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) in the town of Mollahasanli on the banks of the Agsu River in Shirvan. The Safavid army, under the command of the Crown Prince Hamza Mirza, defeated the army of the Ottoman ally, the Crimean Khan, under the command of the kalga Adil Giray. Adil Giray himself was captured.

Qizilbash
Qizilbash or Kizilbash were a diverse array of mainly Turkoman Shia militant groups that flourished in Azerbaijan, Anatolia, Kurdistan, the Armenian highlands, and the Caucasus from the late 15th century onwards, and contributed to the foundation of the Safavid dynasty in early modern Iran.

By the 18th-century, anyone involved with the Safavid state—militarily, diplomatically, or administratively—came to be broadly referred to as "Qizilbash". It was eventually applied to some inhabitants of Iran. In the early 19th-century, Shia Muslims from Iran could be referred as "Qizilbash", thus highlighting the influence of the distinctive traits of the Safavids, despite the Iranian shah (king) Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (r. 1797–1834) simultaneously creating a Qajar dynastic identity grounded in the pre-Islamic past.
Kawlin District
Kawlin District (Burmese: ကောလင်းခရိုင်) is a district in Sagaing Region, Myanmar. On 5 December 2018, three townships in Katha District were separated and formed as Kawlin District. The principal town is Kawlin.

Sagaing Region
Sagaing Region (Burmese: စစ်ကိုင်းတိုင်းဒေသကြီး, pronounced [zəɡáɪ̯ɰ̃ táɪ̯ɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí]; formerly Sagaing Division) is an administrative region of Myanmar, located in the north-western part of the country between latitude 21° 30' north and longitude 94° 97' east. It is bordered by Chin State and India's Nagaland, Manipur, and Arunachal Pradesh states to the west and north, Kachin State, Shan State, and Mandalay Region to the east and Mandalay Region and Magway Region to the south. The Ayeyarwady River forms a greater part of its eastern and also southern boundary. Sagaing Region has an area of 93,527 square kilometres (36,111 sq mi), making it the second-largest subdivision of Myanmar. In 1996, it had a population of over 5,300,000, while its population in 2012 was 6,600,000. The urban population 2012 was 1,230,000, and the rural population was 5,360,000. The namesake of Sagaing Region is Sagaing but the administrative capital and largest city is Monywa.