hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Free Software, Free Society
Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman is a collection of writings (mostly essays, with occasional articles, interviews and speech transcripts) by Richard Stallman. It introduces the subject of history and development of the GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation, explains the author's philosophical position on the Free Software movement, deals with the topics of software ethics, copyright and patent laws, as well as business practices in application to computer software. The author proposes Free software licenses (mostly GPL) as a solution to social issues created by proprietary software and described in essays.

The introduction is written by Lawrence Lessig, professor at Harvard Law School.

The book is available online allowing verbatim (without making changes) copying and distribution of the whole collection, while each essay is licensed under Creative Commons CC BY-ND 4.0 International License.

Free software movement
The free software movement is a social movement with the goal of obtaining and guaranteeing certain freedoms for software users, namely the freedoms to run, study, modify, and share copies of software. Software which meets these requirements, The Four Essential Freedoms of Free Software, is termed free software.

Although drawing on traditions and philosophies among members of the 1970s hacker culture and academia, Richard Stallman formally founded the movement in 1983 by launching the GNU Project. Stallman later established the Free Software Foundation in 1985 to support the movement.
2012 Beijing International Challenger
The 2012 Beijing International Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the third edition of the tournament which was part of the 2012 ATP Challenger Tour and the 2012 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place in Beijing, China between 28 July and 5 August 2012.

2012 ITF Women's Circuit
The 2012 ITF Women's Circuit was the 2012 edition of the second-tier tour for women's professional tennis. The ITF Women's Circuit is organised by the International Tennis Federation and is a tier below the WTA Tour. The 2012 season consisted of 484 events in 63 countries with prize money ranging from $10,000 up to $100,000.
National Museum of Mauritania
The National Museum of Mauritania, also known as the National Museum of Nouakchott (French: Musée National de Nouakchott), is a national museum in Nouakchott, Mauritania. It is located to the southwest of the Hotel Mercure Marhaba, west of Hotel de Ville, northwest of Parc Deydouh, and northeast of the Mosque Ould Abbas.

The museum has notable archaeological and ethnographical collections. It contains two galleries that showcase collections of sherds, arrowheads, and local costumes.

Ibn Abass Mosque
The Ibn Abass Mosque (Arabic: مسجد ابن عباس), also called the Mosque Ould Abbas, is a mosque in Nouakchott, Mauritania. It is located between Marche de La Viande and Marche Capitale, southwest of Mosque Saudique.
Tommy Vext
Thomas Cummings (born April 15, 1982), better known under the stage name Tommy Vext, is an American heavy metal singer known as the former lead vocalist of Bad Wolves, Divine Heresy, Snot and Westfield Massacre. He has also released several solo albums.

DevilDriver
DevilDriver is an American heavy metal band from Santa Barbara, California, formed in 2002, consisting of vocalist Dez Fafara, bassist Jon Miller, guitarist Alex Lee and drummer Davier Pérez. The band was originally named Deathride; however, due to copyright issues and the name being taken by several bands, the band changed its name to DevilDriver.
Eustachio Manfredi
Eustachio Manfredi FRS (20 September 1674 – 15 February 1739) was an Italian mathematician, astronomer and poet. Manfredi discovered, ten years earlier than James Bradley, the phenomenon of aberration.

Treccani
Institute Giovanni Treccani for the publication of the Italian Encyclopedia (Italian: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana - Treccani), also known as Treccani Institute or simply Treccani, is a cultural institution of national interest, active in the publishing field, founded by Giovanni Treccani and Giovanni Gentile in 1925. It is known for publishing the first edition and the subsequent ten supplements of the Italian Encyclopaedia of Science, Literature and Arts (Italian: Enciclopedia Italiana di scienze, lettere ed arti).
Tenney, Minnesota
Tenney is an unincorporated community and former city in section 28 of Campbell Township, Wilkin County, Minnesota, United States. A post office was established there in 1887, and Tenney was incorporated as a city on November 30, 1901. The population was five at the 2010 census, tying Tenney with Funkley as Minnesota's least populous community. It is part of the Wahpeton, ND–MN Micropolitan Statistical Area. The only remnant of Tenney is a grain elevator along the tracks on the south side of town.

U.S. Route 75
U.S. Route 75 is a north–south U.S. Highway that runs 1,239 miles (1,994 km) in the central United States. The highway's northern terminus is located at the Canadian border near Noyes, Minnesota, at a now-closed border crossing. From this point, the highway once continued farther north as Manitoba Highway 75.  Its southern terminus is located at Interstate 345 (I-345) and Texas State Highway Spur 366 (Spur 366) in Dallas, Texas, where US 75 is known as North Central Expressway.

US 75 was previously a cross-country route, from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico at Galveston, Texas, but the entire segment south of Dallas has been decommissioned in favor of I-45; a cutoff section of town-to-town surface road having become Texas State Highway 75.
Philippine Rabbit
Philippine Rabbit Bus Lines, Inc. (PRBL) is a provincial bus company in the Philippines. It was founded in 1946 and is one of the oldest bus companies in the country. The company's area of coverage extends from Metro Manila to Baguio and northern provinces of Pampanga and Tarlac. Its main terminal in Metro Manila is along Avenida in Santa Cruz, Manila.

Philippine Rabbit was once known for their red, rivet-studded buses powered by Isuzu, with the illuminated sign at the front, which once became a staple of roads in Northern Luzon. They were eventually supplanted by more modern Nissan Diesel units.

Zyle Daewoo Bus
Zyle Daewoo Bus, formerly "Zyle Daewoo Commercial Vehicle" is a South Korean manufacturer of buses and is majority owned by Young-An Hat Company, based in Busan. It was established in 2002 as a successor to previous merger, Daewoo Motor Company. These buses are primarily used for public transportation.  Daewoo Bus has been in a partnership in 2006 with GM Daewoo (now GM Korea).
Name binding
In computer programming, name binding is the association of a data or code entity with an identifier. An identifier bound to an entity is said to reference that entity. A machine language has no built-in notion of identifiers, but name-entity binding as a service and notation for the programmer is implemented by higher-level programming languages. Binding is intimately connected with scoping, as scope determines which names bind to which entities – at which locations in the program code (lexically) and in which one of the possible execution paths (temporally).

Use of an identifier id in a context that establishes a binding for id is called a binding (or defining) occurrence. In all other occurrences (e.g., in expressions, assignments, and subprogram calls), an identifier stands for what it is bound to; such occurrences are called applied occurrences.

Expression (computer science)
In computer science, an expression is a syntactic entity in a programming language that may be evaluated to determine its value of a specific semantic type. It is a combination of one or more constants, variables, functions, and operators that the programming language interprets (according to its particular rules of precedence and of association) and computes to produce ("to return", in a stateful environment) another value.
In simple settings, the resulting value is usually one of various primitive types, such as string, boolean, or numerical (such as integer, floating-point, or complex).

Expressions are often contrasted with statements—syntactic entities that have no value (an instruction).
Enköpings SK HK
Enköpings SK Hockeyklubb, commonly known as Enköpings SK, or simply Enköping Hockey, is an ice hockey club located in the Swedish city of Enköping, and the ice hockey section of sports club Enköpings SK.  The team currently plays in the 1C subgroup of Division 1, the third tier of Swedish ice hockey.

Enköpings SK FK
Enköpings SK FK is the football club of the Swedish sports club Enköpings SK, located in Enköping. The club will be entering the 2025 season in the Ettan Norra after promotion from Division 2 via the promotion playoff in 2024.

Enköpings SK FK are affiliated to the Upplands Fotbollförbund. They play their home matches at the Enavallen in Enköping.
Collins Avenue Productions
Collins Avenue (CollinsAve) was an American television production company founded by entertainment executive Jeff Collins. Working in a partnership arrangement with the London-based Content Media Corporation (formerly ContentFilm Group), CollinsAve produces reality programs in the U.S. with international distribution support from a partner company, Content Television (formerly Fireworks Entertainment). After Collins left the company before it was acquired by the Content Group in January 2020, the Content Group rebranded Collins Avenue Entertainment as Story Street Entertainment.

Fireworks Entertainment
Fireworks Entertainment (originally Skyvision Entertainment and Skyvision Partners), known simply as Fireworks, was a Canadian-British-American independent film and television studio and production company originally founded in 1991 by Brian K. Ross, and later bought out by Jay Firestone in 1996 to produce, distribute and finance television shows and feature films.
SN2 reaction
The bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) is a type of reaction mechanism that is common in organic chemistry. In the SN2 reaction, a strong nucleophile forms a new bond to an sp3-hybridised carbon atom via a backside attack, all while the leaving group detaches from the reaction center in a concerted (i.e. simultaneous) fashion.

The name SN2 refers to the Hughes-Ingold symbol of the mechanism:  "SN" indicates that the reaction is a nucleophilic substitution, and "2" that it proceeds via a bimolecular mechanism, which means both the reacting species are involved in the rate-determining step. What distinguishes SN2 from the other major type of nucleophilic substitution, the SN1 reaction, is that the displacement of the leaving group, which is the rate-determining step, is separate from the nucleophilic attack in SN1.

The SN2 reaction can be considered as an organic-chemistry analogue of the associative substitution from the field of inorganic chemistry.

Steric effects
Steric effects  arise from the spatial arrangement of atoms. When atoms come close together there is generally a rise in the energy of the molecule. Steric effects are nonbonding interactions that influence the shape (conformation) and reactivity of ions and molecules. Steric effects complement electronic effects, which dictate the shape and reactivity of molecules. Steric repulsive forces between overlapping electron clouds result in structured groupings of molecules stabilized by the way that unlike charges attract and like charges repel.
Freemium Isn't Free
"Freemium Isn't Free" is the sixth episode in the eighteenth season of the American animated television series South Park. The 253rd episode overall, it was written and directed by series co-creator and co-star Trey Parker. The episode premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on November 5, 2014. The episode lampoons the popularity of freemium mobile apps made by other adult animated series such as The Simpsons: Tapped Out and Family Guy: The Quest for Stuff. The episode links addiction to freemium games to other addictions, including alcoholism and gambling addiction, and their possible genetic predisposition. The episode was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program at the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards.

South Park season 18
The eighteenth season of the American animated sitcom South Park premiered on Comedy Central on September 24, 2014 with "Go Fund Yourself", and ended with "#HappyHolograms" on December 10, 2014, with a total of ten episodes. The season featured serial elements and recurring story lines, which The A.V. Club noted as an experimentation with episode-to-episode continuity, in which the episodes "explore the consequences of the boys' actions [week to week], allowing the plots to be motivated in part by their attempts to dig themselves out of a hole". 
As with most seasons of the show, all episodes of season 18 were written and directed by the series co-creator and co-star Trey Parker.
Charles "Sparky" Kawamoto
Charles "Sparky" Kiyoichi Kawamoto (July 6, 1908 – April 7, 1982) was an American swimming coach. Kawamoto was most notable for coaching Yoshi Oyakawa who won the gold medal in the men's 100-meter backstroke at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

In the 1930s, Kawamoto founded the Hilo Aquatic Club in Hilo, Hawaii. After World War II, Kawamoto became a head coach for the Hilo High School swimming team. Kawamoto also coached Olympic swimmer Sonny Tanabe who helped the United States win a silver medal in the men's 4x200 meter freestyle relay at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

Punahou School
Punahou School (known as Oahu College until 1934) is a private, co-educational, college preparatory school in Honolulu, Hawaii. More than 3,700 students attend the school from kindergarten through 12th grade. The school was established by Protestant missionaries in 1841.
Commission to Preserve National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Commission to Preserve National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina, abbr. KONS (Serbo-Croatian: Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika Bosne i Hercegovine), is Bosnia and Herzegovina commission (agency) which declares and registers national heritage monuments/sites, including natural/urban/architectural assembles, immovable and movable heritage of historical and cultural importance to Bosnia and Herzegovina, as an institution at state level.
The sites of exclusively natural heritage are not subject of Annex 8 and the KONS.

Confederal entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The confederal entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina – the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and Republika Srpska (RS) – were created by the Dayton Agreement in December 1995. The condominium of the two entities, the Brčko District, was established in 1999.

The vast majority of the population in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is Bosniaks and Croats. In contrast, in Republika Srpska, the vast majority are Serbs. Due to the entities' significant power and political differences, Bosnia and Herzegovina is described as a confederation.
En vessie
En vessie refers to a cooking method in which a meat or other dish is cooked in a (pig) bladder. A well-known application is with Bresse chicken: Poularde de Bresse en vessie; a prepared chicken is stuffed with foie gras, truffles, and other flavorings, then enclosed in the bladder and poached in chicken broth. The roots of the recipe go back to Auguste Escoffier, and this preparation was made famous by Paul Bocuse among other Lyonnais chefs.

The advantage of the method is that the meat does not come into contact with the cooking liquid; in Poularde de Bresse en vessie, the juices from the chicken all stay in the chicken, and turn into a flavorful jelly if the dish is served cold. The meat remains extremely moist. It has been likened to the cooking method of sous vide where meat is vacuum packed and cooked slowly in a water bath. A similar effect can be achieved by wrapping chicken in aluminum foil.

Truffle
A truffle is the fruiting body of a subterranean ascomycete fungus, one of the species of the genus Tuber. More than one hundred other genera of fungi are classified as truffles including Geopora, Peziza, Choiromyces, and Leucangium. These genera belong to the class Pezizomycetes and the Pezizales order. Several truffle-like basidiomycetes are excluded from Pezizales, including Rhizopogon and Glomus.

Truffles are ectomycorrhizal fungi, so they are found in close association with tree roots. Spore dispersal is accomplished through fungivores, animals that eat fungi. These fungi have ecological roles in nutrient cycling and drought tolerance.

Some truffle species are prized as food. Edible truffles are used in Italian, French and other national haute cuisines. Truffles are cultivated and harvested from natural environments.
Michael M. Khonsari
Michael Khonsari is Dow Chemical Endowed Chair, and Professor and Director of the Center for Rotating Machinery (CeRoM) at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Fellow of the ASME.

Khonsari received his BS, MS and PhD degrees in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin. His research is in the field of Tribology and, in particular, application of thermodynamic methods in Tribology. Khonsari has received the ASME Burt L. Newkirk Award, STLE Presidential Award, Alcoa Foundation Award, and William Kepler Whiteford Faculty Fellow award from the University of Pittsburgh. In 2014, he received the Mayo D. Hersey Award from the ASME. He is the author of several books. Among his known students is Michael Lovell, the current Chancellor of University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.

Until 2022, he was Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Tribology published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Michael Lovell
Michael R. Lovell (March 20, 1967 – June 9, 2024) was an American engineer and academic administrator, last serving as President of Marquette University. Lovell held the office from 2014 until his death in 2024. Lovell was the first President of Marquette University who was a layman and not a Catholic clergyman.
Amol Muzumdar
Amol Anil Muzumdar (born 11 November 1974) is an Indian cricket coach and former cricketer who previously played for the cricket teams of Mumbai and Assam. He was primarily a right-handed batsman. He held the record for the most runs scored in the Ranji Trophy, India's premier domestic first-class cricket competition, beating the record previously held by Amarjit Kaypee. In October 2023, BCCI appointed Amol as the head coach of the India women's national cricket team. In 2025, under his coaching, the Indian women's cricket team won their maiden ICC Women's ODI World Cup.

India national under-19 cricket team
The Indian men’s national Under-19 cricket team represents India in cricket at Under-19 level. The team has won six Under-19 World Cups and has the best win percentage in ODIs among all Under-19 national teams.

The team has won the Under-19 World Cup six times and finished runners-up four times. In 2000, they won it under the captaincy of Mohammad Kaif, in 2008, they won it under Virat Kohli's leadership, in 2012 under Unmukt Chand, in 2018 under Prithvi Shaw, and in 2022 under Yash Dhull. Ayush Mhatre led the team to their 6th title in 2026.

The team is currently captained by Ayush Mhatre, and coached by former India cricketer Hrishikesh Kanitkar.
Jeremiah Woolsey House
The Jeremiah Woolsey House is a historic Dutch Colonial home located at 237 Washington Crossing–Pennington Road (County Route 546), southwest of Pennington, in Hopewell Township of Mercer County, New Jersey. Listed as the Jeremiah M. Woolsey House, it was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1936. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 27, 1975, for its significance in architecture and politics/government.

Dutch Colonial Revival architecture
Dutch Colonial Revival is a style of domestic architecture, primarily characterized by gambrel roofs having curved eaves along the length of the house.  Modern versions built in the early 20th century are more accurately referred to as "Dutch Colonial Revival", a subtype of the Colonial Revival style.
Prison social hierarchy
Prison social hierarchy refers to the social status of prisoners within a correctional facility, and how that status is used to exert power over other inmates. A prisoner's place in the hierarchy is determined by a wide array of factors including previous crimes, access to contraband, affiliation with prison gangs, and physical or sexual domination of other prisoners. People convicted of sex crimes, including child sexual abuse, are considered low in the hierarchy and are often the victims of extreme violence in prisons.

Prisoner
A prisoner, also known as an inmate or detainee, is a person who is deprived of liberty against their will. This can be by confinement or captivity in a prison or physical restraint. The term usually applies to one serving a sentence in prison.
Wellington Rowing Association
Wellington Rowing Association is rowing's governing body in Wellington, New Zealand. Wellington Rowing Association is one of the 10 member associations comprising the New Zealand Rowing Association and shares the common purpose of fostering and promoting the sport of rowing in all its forms and classifications.

The association's core function is to conduct regattas in the Wellington Region.

Wellington Rowing Club
The Wellington Rowing Club is a rowing club situated on Wellington Harbour, New Zealand. The current building, is classified as a "Category I" ("places of 'special or outstanding historical or cultural heritage significance or value'") historic place by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust.
Kallehgan, Kerman
Kallehgan (Persian: كله گان, also Romanized as Kallehgān; also known as Kalagan and Qal‘eh Khān) is a village in Rameshk Rural District, Chah Dadkhoda District, Qaleh Ganj County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 41, in 11 families.

Chah Dadkhoda District
Chah Dadkhoda District (Persian: بخش چاه دادخدا) is in Qaleh Ganj County, Kerman province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Chah Dadkhoda.

The district is about 56 kilometres (35 mi) southeast of the county center and most of its people are farmers. Cereals, sesame and dates are the major crops grown in this area. The main source of irrigation is underground water, with some seasonal rivers that flow and end in Jaz-e Moryan.
Stigmatomma groehni
Stigmatomma groehni is an extinct species of ant in the genus Stigmatomma. It was described by Dlussky in 2009, where it was found in the Baltic Amber, alongside another extinct species Stigmatomma electrinum.

Stigmatomma
Stigmatomma is a genus of ants in the subfamily Amblyoponinae. The genus has a worldwide distribution, and like most other amblyoponines, Stigmatomma species are specialized predators. First described by Roger (1859), it was for a long time considered to be a synonym of Amblyopone until it was revived as an independent genus by Yoshimura & Fisher (2012) based on worker mandible morphology.