hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Thomas Jamison
Thomas Jamison (c. 1753 – 25 January 1811) was a naval surgeon, who was surgeon mate on HMS Sirius as part First Fleet which founded Colony of New South Wales in 1788. He was surgeon at the Norfolk Island settlement, before returning to Sydney and becoming primary surgeon of colony. He was also involved in mercantile dealings which led to the Rum Rebellion, and its overthrow of Governor William Bligh.

First Fleet
The First Fleet were eleven British ships which transported a group of settlers to mainland Australia, marking the beginning of the European colonisation of Australia. It consisted of two Royal Navy vessels, three storeships and six convict transports under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip. On 13 May 1787, the ships, with over 1,400 convicts, marines, sailors, colonial officials, and free settlers onboard, left Portsmouth and travelled over 24,000 kilometres (15,000 mi; 13,000 nmi) and over 250 days before arriving in Botany Bay, New South Wales, on 18 January 1788. Governor Arthur Phillip rejected Botany Bay, choosing instead Port Jackson to the north as the site for the new colony; the Fleet arrived there on 26 January 1788. The Fleet established the Colony of New South Wales as a penal colony; the first British settlement in Australia.
Séamus O'Farrell
Séamus O'Farrell (died 9 December 1973) was an Irish independent politician and journalist. He was a member of Seanad Éireann from 1948 to 1951. He was nominated by the Taoiseach to the 6th Seanad in 1948. He lost his seat the 1951 Seanad election.

6th Seanad
The 6th Seanad was in office from 1948 to 1951. An election to Seanad Éireann, the Senate of the Oireachtas (Irish parliament), followed the 1948 general election to the 13th Dáil. The senators served until the close of poll for the 7th Seanad in 1951.
2009 NCAA Division I men's lacrosse tournament
The 2009 NCAA Division I lacrosse tournament was the 39th annual tournament hosted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association to determine the team champion of men's college lacrosse among its Division I programs, held at the end of the 2009 NCAA Division I men's lacrosse season. The tournament was played from May 9–25, 2009.

Syracuse defeated Cornell in the final, 10–9 in overtime.

The championship game was played at Gillette Stadium, the home of the NFL's New England Patriots, in Foxborough, Massachusetts, with 41,935 fans in attendance.

The first round of the tournament was played on May 9–10 at the home fields of the seeded teams. The quarterfinals were held on May 16–17 on neutral site fields at Hofstra University (James M. Shuart Stadium) and the United States Naval Academy (Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium). The tournament culminated with the semifinals and final held on Memorial Day weekend.

NCAA Division I men's lacrosse tournament
The NCAA Division I men's lacrosse tournament is an annual tournament organized by the NCAA to determine the national champion of men's collegiate field lacrosse among its Division I members in the United States. It has been held every year since 1971, except 2020.

From 1936 through 1970, the United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (USILA) awarded the Wingate Memorial Trophy annually to the collegiate champion based on regular season records.

Syracuse has been the most successful program since 1970 with 10 national titles, followed by Johns Hopkins with 9 national titles in the NCAA era.

Cornell is the reigning national champion, winning the school's fourth title in 2025.
Federal Military Memorial Cemetery
The Federal Military Memorial Cemetery (Russian: Федеральное военное мемориальное кладбище) is a national cemetery of Russia, located in Mytishchinsky District, Moscow Oblast, on the north-eastern outskirts of Moscow.

The cemetery was built as the new burial place for national dignitaries to replace the Kremlin Wall Necropolis, where burials ceased after 1985, and was opened with its inaugural burial on 21 June 2013.

Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)
The Minister of Defence of the Soviet Union (Russian: Министр обороны СССР) refers to the head of the Ministry of Defence who was responsible for defence of the socialist/communist Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917 to 1922 and the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1992.
Bosniaks in Serbia
Bosniaks are a recognized ethnic minority in Serbia. According to data from the 2022 census, the population of ethnic Bosniaks in Serbia is 153,801, constituting 2.3% of the total population, thus being the third-largest ethnic group in the country, after Serbs and Hungarians (the largest ethnic minority in Serbia). The vast majority of Bosniaks live in the southwestern part of the country, bordering Montenegro and Kosovo, in the region historically known as Sandžak, and are therefore colloquially referred to as Sandžaklije. Before the 1990s, the majority of the Bosniaks in Serbia self-identified as ethnic Muslims.

Bosniaks make up the basis of the Muslim community in Serbia; some 55% of all Muslims in Serbia are ethnic Bosniaks, while the rest are ethnic Albanians and Romani people.

Romani people in Serbia
Romani people, or Roma, are a recognized ethnic minority in Serbia. According to data from the 2022 census, they are the fourth largest ethnic group in the country, numbering 131,936 and constituting 2% of the total population. However, owing to various factors, the census figure likely underrepresents the actual population.

Another name used for the Romani people is Cigani (Serbian: Цигани, lit. 'Gypsies'), although the term is today considered pejorative and is not officially used in public documents.
Kościeliska Valley
The Kościeliska is a valley in Poland, in Tatra Mountains, Western Tatras, Poland. It stretches from the village of Kiry, about 9 km, right up to the main ridge of the Tatras. Halfway up is the Ornak mountain refuge, built in 1948.
Is reached by road from Zakopane - 7 km.

Western Tatras
The Western Tatras (Slovak: Západné Tatry; Polish: Tatry Zachodnie) are mountains in the Tatras, part of the Carpathian Mountains, located on the Polish-Slovak border. The mountains border the High Tatras in the east, Podtatranská kotlina in the south, Choč Mountains in the west and Rów Podtatrzański in the north. The main ridge is 37 kilometers long and the mountain range contains 31 two-thousanders.

Western Tatras are the second highest mountain range both in Poland and Slovakia; its highest peak is Bystrá at 2,248 meters. Other notable mountains include Jakubiná (2,194 m), Baranec (2,184 m), Baníkov (2,178 m), Tri kopy (2,136.3 m), Plačlivé (2,125.1 m), Ostrý Roháč (2,087.5 m), Volovec (Polish: Wołowiec; 2,064 m), Kasprowy Wierch (Slovak: Kasprov vrch; 1,987 m) and Giewont (1,894 m). They are partially located in the traditional regions of Liptov, Orava and Podhale. The highest point in Poland is Starorobociański Wierch (2,176 m).
HSM-77 Saberhawks
Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron Seven Seven (HSM-77) "Saberhawks" is a United States Navy helicopter squadron based at Naval Air Facility, Atsugi, Japan. HSM-77 is attached to Carrier Air Wing Five and deploys aboard the George Washington (CVN-73) and air capable ships attached to Carrier Strike Group Five (CSG-5). The squadron was established as Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron (Light) Forty Seven (HSL-47) on 25 September 1987 and was redesignated HSM-77 on 2 Apr 2009.

USS Ronald Reagan
USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76) is a Nimitz-class, nuclear-powered supercarrier in the service of the United States Navy. The ninth ship of her class, she is named in honor of Ronald Reagan, President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. She was built at Newport News Shipbuilding in Newport News, Virginia, and was commissioned on 12 July 2003.

Ronald Reagan made five deployments to the Pacific and Middle East between 2006 and 2011 while based at Naval Air Station North Island. In October 2015, Ronald Reagan replaced USS George Washington as the flagship of Carrier Strike Group 5, the only forward-based carrier strike group homeported at Yokosuka, Japan, as part of the United States Seventh Fleet. Since 2016, Ronald Reagan has embarked on short annual summer patrols of the Western Pacific in the United States Seventh Fleet area of operation.
Workplace Fairness
Workplace Fairness is a 501(c)(3) public education and advocacy organization, founded in 1994 as the National Employee Rights Institute.

In 2004 PC Magazine named Workplace Fairness's website as one of the "100 Top Websites You Didn't Know You Couldn't Live Without". The website features articles on employment law issues, including overtime, discrimination, retaliation, privacy and whistleblower rights. "Today's Workplace", the Workplace Fairness blog, features daily updates on employee rights and fairness issues. According to the blog, Forbes magazine listed it as one of the "Best of the Web" in 2005.

Workplace Fairness publishes books on the rights of federal employees in the United States and the Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal.

501(c) organization
A 501(c) organization is a nonprofit organization in the federal law of the United States according to Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. § 501(c)). Such organizations are exempt from some federal income taxes. Sections 503 through 505 set out the requirements for obtaining such exemptions. Many states refer to Section 501(c) for definitions of organizations exempt from state taxation as well. 501(c) organizations can receive unlimited contributions from individuals, corporations, and unions.

For example, a nonprofit organization may be tax-exempt under section 501(c)(3) if its primary activities are charitable, religious, educational, scientific, literary, testing for public safety, fostering amateur sports competition, or preventing cruelty to children or animals.
Linux Kernel Developers Summit
The Linux Kernel Developers Summit (also known as the Linux Kernel Maintainer Summit) is an annual gathering of the top Linux kernel developers.  Attendance at the summit is by invitation only, and the conference was first held in San Jose in March 2001.  It was organized by Theodore Ts'o to provide a face to face venue for kernel developers to discuss current and future issues surrounding Linux kernel development, and was initially run by Usenix and then VA Linux's Open Source Developer's Network.   Subsequent summits from 2002 to 2006 were held the two days prior to the Ottawa Linux Symposium in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada at the same conference center with Usenix providing all of the logistical support. The 2007 Kernel Summit was held on September 4–6, 2007 at the DeVere University Arms Hotel in Cambridge, England, and was the first time the summit was moved outside of North America.

Linux Symposium
The Linux Symposium was a Linux and open source conference held annually in Canada from 1999 to 2014. The conference was initially named Ottawa Linux Symposium and was held only in Ottawa, but was renamed after being held in other cities in Canada. Even after the name change, however, it was still referred to as OLS. The conference featured 100+ paper presentations, tutorials, birds of a feather sessions and mini summits on a wide range of topics.  There were 650 attendees from 20+ countries in 2008.
James Russell (garden designer)
James Russell (1920–1996) was an English garden designer.  He was educated at Eton College and then went to Cambridge University.  His education was interrupted by the Second World War, in which he served for three years.  He was invalided from the army and then managed Sunningdale Nurseries; this had been purchased by his father and a cousin at the outbreak of the war.  He revived the fortunes of the nursery and then started in a career of garden design.  His first commission was for Lord Hastings at Seaton Delaval Hall in Northumberland.  He later worked for the Howard family of Castle Howard in North Yorkshire. In the 1960s Russell worked with the wives of the 4th and 5th Dukes of Westminster in Eaton Hall, Cheshire, to develop the gardens that had been neglected for many years. He later worked with the garden designer Graham Stuart Thomas.

Edward Astley, 22nd Baron Hastings
Edward Delaval Henry Astley, 22nd Baron Hastings, 12th Baronet Astley (14 April 1912 – 25 April 2007) was an English peer and government minister. He had many interests, including politics, ballet, charity work, Italy, and renovating Seaton Delaval Hall.
Jawan Singh
Maharana Jawan Singh (2 July 1800 – 30 August 1838) was the Sisodia Rajput ruler (r. 1828–1838) of Princely State of Udaipur. He was the only son of Maharana Bhim Singh to have survived his father. He was also a poet under the pen name of "Brijraj". He adopted his third cousin Kunwar Sardar Singh to succeed him as the next Maharana who was the great grandson of Sangram Singh II through his second son Kunwar Nath Singh of Bagore.

Sangram Singh II
Maharana Sangram Singh II (24 March 1690 – 11 January 1734) was the Sisodia Rajput ruler of Kingdom of Mewar. He reigned from 1710 to 1734. He was succeeded by his eldest son Jagat Singh II.

Maharana Sangram Singh II was a noted political figure of his time. He ascended the throne at a crucial juncture in Indian history when the Mughal Empire was disintegrating and dividing into various independent parts with several announcing themselves free from the Mughal rule. At the same time, Mewar was facing internal feuds because of which their chance to expand their territory was also minimal. This scenario led Mewar into a defensive stance against the Mughals. With gradual disintegration of the Mughal Empire, the need for this vigilance toward them declined. Nevertheless, even as the Mughals waned, the Rajputs, in Mewar as elsewhere, faced the upsurge of the Marathas, so continued their fortification strategy to safeguard and strengthen their territory.
Leonid Sokov
Leonid Sokov (Russian: Леони́д Петро́вич Со́ков, October 11, 1941, Tver region – April 4, 2018 in Copake, New York, United States) was a Russian nonconformist artist and sculptor. Since 1980, Sokov primarily lived and worked in New York City.

Soviet nonconformist art
Soviet nonconformist art was Soviet art produced in the former Soviet Union  outside the control of the Soviet state. The art movement started in the Stalinist era and was, in particular, outside of the rubric of Socialist Realism. Other terms used to refer to this phenomenon are Soviet counterculture, "underground art" or "unofficial art".
Pilia gens
The gens Pilia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome.  None of the Pilii attained any of the higher magistracies of the Roman state, and members of this gens are known primarily through the writings of Cicero, who was acquainted with a family of this name; but many others are known from inscriptions.

Roman naming conventions
Over the course of some fourteen centuries, the Romans and other peoples of Italy employed a system of nomenclature that differed from that used by other cultures of Europe and the Mediterranean Sea, consisting of a combination of personal and family names. Although conventionally referred to as the tria nomina, the combination of praenomen, nomen, and cognomen that have come to be regarded as the basic elements of the Roman name in fact represent a continuous process of development, from at least the seventh century BC to the end of the seventh century AD. The names that developed as part of this system became a defining characteristic of Roman civilization, and although the system itself vanished during the Early Middle Ages, the names themselves exerted a profound influence on the development of European naming practices, and many continue to survive in modern languages.
2021 North Macedonia census
The 2021 North Macedonia census, officially known as the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings, 2021, was the third census held in North Macedonia since independence, and the first since 2002. The census recorded a resident population of 1,836,713, a decrease of 9.2 percent, or 185,834, over the preceding 19 years. The census was taken during the COVID-19 pandemic, which affected its administration. It was also considered controversial by some Macedonian groups; the opposition party The Left openly led a boycott. 132,260 individuals (7.2% of the population) did not participate in the census and are officially labelled as "persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources"; no ethnic, language, or religious information is available for these individuals. Nonetheless, the head of the State Statistical Office, Apostol Simovski, stated that the census was successful. The ruling government and the European Commission also welcomed the results.

COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia
The COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia was a part of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. The virus was confirmed to have reached North Macedonia in February 2020. The initial contagion in the country was mainly connected with the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy as there are circa 70,000 residents of Italy from North Macedonia and resulted in many people returning to North Macedonia, bringing the virus with them. As of 9 July, over 7,000 cases have been confirmed in the country, due to its second wave caused by family reunions during Eid al-Fitr among the Muslim minority and the overall re-opening of the country to organize the parliamentary elections.
The Empire Strikes Back (novel)
The Empire Strikes Back is a science-fiction novelization written by Donald F. Glut and first published by Del Rey. It is based on the screenplay to the film of the same name by Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan from story by George Lucas. Along with the film, it introduces new characters, most notably Lando Calrissian and Boba Fett (though Fett had been seen in the earlier low-canon Star Wars Holiday Special, which was made completely apocryphal in 2014).

The novelization was released on April 12, 1980, over one month before the film's theatrical release on May 21. It was originally released in two forms; a standard edition and a special Young Readers' Edition that was condensed into 150 pages. Initial printings of both versions contained 8 pages of color photographs in the middle of the book.

Novelization
A novelization (or novelisation) is a derivative novel that adapts the story of a work created for another medium, such as a film, TV series, stage play, comic book, or video game. Film novelizations were particularly popular before the advent of home video, but continue to find commercial success as part of marketing campaigns for major films. They are often written by accomplished writers based on an early draft of the film's script and on a tight deadline.
Hamsterdam
"Hamsterdam" (called "Amsterdam" in some releases) is the 29th episode of the American crime drama The Wire, also the fourth episode of the show's third season. The episode was written by George Pelecanos from a story by David Simon & George Pelecanos and was directed by Ernest Dickerson. It debuted on October 10, 2004, on HBO in the U.S. The plot focuses on Baltimore Police struggling to surveil crime boss Stringer Bell and attempting to limit drug dealing to select streets, while Tommy Carcetti launches his campaign for Mayor of Baltimore.

On its premiere, the episode attracted nearly 1.45 million viewers, with positive reviews by The Guardian, HitFix, and the San Jose Mercury News.

Dennis "Cutty" Wise
Dennis "Cutty" Wise is a fictional character inspired by real-life boxing trainer Calvin Ford on the HBO drama The Wire, played by actor Chad Coleman. Wise is a reformed criminal who sets up a boxing gym for neighborhood children. The name "Dennis Wise" was taken from an actual Baltimore contract killer who is serving a life sentence in prison. The nickname "Cutty" originates from the character serving time in the Maryland State Penitentiary in Jessup, Maryland, which was nicknamed "The Cut".
Flesh fly
Sarcophagidae (from Ancient Greek  σάρξ sárx 'flesh' and  φαγεῖν phageîn 'to eat') are a family of flies commonly known as flesh flies. They differ from most flies in that they are ovoviviparous, opportunistically depositing hatched or hatching maggots instead of eggs on carrion, dung, decaying material, or open wounds of mammals, hence their common name. Some flesh fly larvae are internal parasites of other insects such as Orthoptera, and some, in particular the Miltogramminae, are kleptoparasites of solitary Hymenoptera. The adults mostly feed on fluids from animal bodies, nectar, sweet foods, fluids from animal waste and other organic substances. Juveniles need protein to develop and may be laid on carrion, dung or sweet plant foods (including fruit, nuts, and artificial foodstuffs).

Maggot
A maggot is the larva of a fly (order Diptera); it is applied in particular to the larvae of Brachycera flies, such as houseflies, cheese flies, hoverflies, and blowflies, rather than larvae of the Nematocera, such as mosquitoes and crane flies.
Lockheed Martin F-16V Viper
The Lockheed Martin F-16V Viper is a family of new and upgraded American made single-engine supersonic multirole fighter aircraft developed from the longstanding F-16 Fighting Falcon. The  platforms, featuring APG-83 AESA radar, upgraded avionics with a modern mission computer, enhanced cockpit displays, and electronic warfare suite such as Viper Shield. According to the manufacturer, the aircraft delivering 5th Generation fighter radar capabilities by leveraging hardware and software commonality with F-22 and F-35 AESA radars while extending service life and interoperability with stealth platforms. Initially introduced to support export customers like Taiwan and Greece through both new production and retrofit options, the Viper configuration continues to be fielded and modernized by Lockheed Martin and international partners. The United States Air Force also decided to modernize large number of its previous versions of the F-16 with similar modification known as the F-16 PoBIT.

Republic of Korea Air Force
The Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF; Korean: 대한민국 공군; Hanja: 大韓民國空軍; RR: Daehanminguk Gong-gun), also known as the ROK Air Force or South Korean Air Force, is the aerial and space warfare service branch of South Korea, operating under the South Korean Ministry of National Defense.
Pelagodoxa henryana
Pelagodoxa henryana is a species of palm tree. It is native to French Polynesia, where it survives on Nuku Hiva in the Marquesas Islands. A population on Raivavae in the Tubuai Islands is presumed extinct. The species is threatened by habitat loss.

Nuku Hiva
Nuku Hiva (sometimes spelled Nukahiva or Nukuhiva) is the largest of the Marquesas Islands in French Polynesia, an overseas country of France in the Pacific Ocean.  It was formerly also known as Île Marchand and Madison Island.

Herman Melville wrote his book Typee based on his experiences in the Taipivai valley in the eastern part of Nuku Hiva. Robert Louis Stevenson's first landfall on his voyage on the Casco was at Hatihe'u, on the north side of the island, in 1888.
Tsix
Tsix is a non-coding RNA gene that is antisense to the Xist RNA. Tsix binds Xist during X chromosome inactivation. The name Tsix comes from the reverse of Xist, which stands for X-inactive specific transcript.

Non-coding RNA
A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is a functional RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. The DNA sequence from which a functional non-coding RNA is transcribed is often called an RNA gene. Abundant and functionally important types of non-coding RNAs include transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), as well as small RNAs such as microRNAs, siRNAs, piRNAs, snoRNAs, snRNAs, exRNAs, scaRNAs and the long ncRNAs such as Xist and HOTAIR.

The number of non-coding RNAs within the human genome is unknown; however, recent transcriptomic and bioinformatic studies suggest that there are thousands of non-coding transcripts. 
Many of the newly identified ncRNAs have unknown functions, if any. 
There is no consensus on how much of non-coding transcription is functional: some believe most ncRNAs to be non-functional "junk RNA", spurious transcriptions, while others expect that many non-coding transcripts have functions to be discovered.