hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Verdant Lake
Verdant Lake is a 25-acre (10 ha) lake that is located in south-western Schoolcraft County, Michigan in the Hiawatha National Forest.  It is just east of the county line with Alger and just north of the county line with Delta County.  Other nearby lakes include Hugaboom Lake, Mowe Lake, Blue Lake, Corner-Straits Chain of lakes, Nineteen Lake, Ironjaw Lake, and Round Lake.

Hugaboom Lake
Hugaboom Lake is a 31-acre (13 ha) lake that is located in northern Delta County, Michigan in the Hiawatha National Forest.  It is just south of the county line with Alger and Schoolcraft countries and about a mile and half east of the intersection of Federal Forest Highway 13 and County Road 440.  Other nearby lakes include Mowe Lake, Corner-Straits Chain of lakes, Ironjaw Lake, and Round Lake.
Maasland
Maasland (population: 6,844) is a village in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. It lies in the municipality (gemeente) of Midden-Delfland and covers an area of 24.42 km2 (of which 0.64 km2 water). It is located in a countryside area with dairy farms that is surrounded by various urban concentrations, namely the city of Rotterdam, the municipality of Westland (area with intensive greenhouse horticulture activities), and the towns of Vlaardingen and Maassluis.

Vlaardingen
Vlaardingen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈvlaːrdɪŋə(n)] ⓘ) is a large town and municipality in South Holland in the Netherlands. It is located on the north bank of the Nieuwe Maas river at the confluence with the Oude Maas. The municipality administers an area of 26.69 km2 (10.31 sq mi), of which 23.57 km2 (9.10 sq mi) is land, with 73,924 residents in 2021.
Solenta Aviation
Solenta Aviation is an airline based in Johannesburg, South Africa, with its maintenance base at OR Tambo International Airport. The company was founded in 2000 and operates cargo flights on regional routes throughout the Sub-Saharan Africa on behalf of DHL Aviation. Solenta Aviation also operates extensively for the oil and gas industry ("OGP"), offering passenger charter, cargo and aircraft lease services.

ATR 72
The ATR 72 is a twin-engine turboprop, short-haul regional airliner developed and produced in France and Italy by aircraft manufacturer ATR.
The number "72" in its name is derived from the aircraft's typical standard seating capacity of 72 passengers.
The ATR 72 has also been used as a corporate transport, cargo aircraft, and maritime patrol aircraft.

To date, all of the ATR series have been completed at the company's final assembly line in Toulouse, France; ATR benefits from sharing resources and technology with Airbus SE, which has continued to hold a 50% interest in the company. Successive models of the ATR 72 have been developed. Typical updates have included new avionics, such as a glass cockpit, and the adoption of newer engine versions to deliver enhanced performance, such as increased efficiency and reliability and reductions in operating costs. The aircraft shares a high degree of commonality with the smaller ATR 42, which remains in production as of 2025.
Helen Lynd
Helen Merrell Lynd (March 17, 1896 – January 30, 1982) was an American sociologist, social philosopher, educator, and author. She is best known for conducting the first Middletown studies of Muncie, Indiana, with her husband, Robert Staughton Lynd; as the coauthor of Middletown: A Study in Contemporary American Culture (1929) and Middletown in Transition: A Study in Cultural Conflicts (1937); and a pioneer in the use of social surveys. She was also the author of  England in the 1880s: Toward a Social Basis for Freedom (1945), On Shame and the Search for Identity (1958), and essays on academic freedom. In addition to writing and research, Lynd was a lecturer at Vassar College, and a professor at Sarah Lawrence College from 1929 to 1964.

American philosophy
American philosophy is the activity, corpus, and tradition of philosophers affiliated with the United States. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes that while it lacks a "core of defining features, American Philosophy can nevertheless be seen as both reflecting and shaping collective American identity over the history of the nation". The philosophy of the Founding Fathers of the United States is largely seen as an extension of the European Enlightenment. A small number of philosophies are known as American in origin, namely pragmatism and transcendentalism, with their most prominent proponents being the philosophers William James and Ralph Waldo Emerson respectively.
Administrative divisions of Leningrad Oblast
Administratively, Leningrad Oblast is divided into seventeen districts and a town of oblast significance, Sosnovy Bor. Lomonosovsky District is the only one in Russia which has its administrative center (the town of Lomonosov) located in the area of a different subject of Russian Federation (the federal city of Saint Petersburg, which is not a part of Leningrad Oblast).

In terms of the area, the biggest administrative district is Podporozhsky District (7,706 square kilometres (2,975 sq mi)); the smallest one is Lomonosovsky District (1,919 square kilometres (741 sq mi)).

Khvoyninsky District
Khvoyninsky District (Russian: Хвойнинский район) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Novgorod Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the oblast and borders with Boksitogorsky District of Leningrad Oblast in the north, Chagodoshchensky District of Vologda Oblast in the northeast, Pestovsky District in the southeast, Moshenskoy District in the south, Borovichsky District in the southwest, and with Lyubytinsky District in the west. The area of the district is 3,200 square kilometers (1,200 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Khvoynaya. Population: 15,552 (2010 census); 17,173 (2002 Census); 19,649 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Khvoynaya accounts for 41.1% of the district's total population.
Wolf Kahn
Wolf Kahn (October 4, 1927 – March 15, 2020) was a German-born American painter.

Kahn, known for his combination of Realism and Color Field, worked in pastel, oil paint, and printmaking. He studied under Hans Hofmann, and also graduated from the University of Chicago. Kahn was a resident of both New York City and, during the summer and autumn, West Brattleboro, Vermont.

National Academy of Design
The National Academy of Design is an honorary association of American artists, founded in New York City in 1825 by Samuel Morse, Asher Durand, Thomas Cole, Frederick Styles Agate, Martin E. Thompson, Charles Cushing Wright, Ithiel Town, and others "to promote the fine arts in America through instruction and exhibition." Membership is limited to 450 American artists and architects, who are elected by their peers on the basis of recognized excellence.
Gareth Thomas (musician)
Gareth Thomas is a New Zealand musician, songwriter, music producer, and architectural designer.

Thomas first became known as a member of the indie pop band Goodshirt, where he contributed as a writer and performer. He wrote the band’s 2002 single "Sophie", which reached number one on the New Zealand Singles Chart.

He later collaborated with other New Zealand artists, including working as a co-writer and co-producer with Amelia Murray of the AMA award winning band Fazerdaze for eight years. Thomas has also worked with musician and later Green Party MP Steve Abel during the period when Abel was developing his songwriting.

Since 2011 Thomas has released two albums and 11 singles under his own name . Alongside his music career, Thomas works part-time as an architectural designer.

APRA Awards (New Zealand)
The APRA Music Awards are several annual and two-yearly award ceremonies run in New Zealand by Australasian Performing Right Association to recognise songwriting skills of its members. APRA hold the annual Silver Scroll Awards and song awards, selects an inductee into the New Zealand Music Hall of Fame, and makes five professional development awards every year. APRA also runs awards for its Australian members.
Mosman Art Gallery
Mosman Art Gallery is the main public art gallery for the Mosman area on the north shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

The art gallery was opened in 1998 by Mosman Council.
Exhibitions have covered diverse topics and subjects.
The exhibitions have included first nation artists.
Mosman Art Gallery manages one of Australia's most significant painting prizes, the annual Mosman Art Prize.

It also administers the Mosman Youth Art Prize.

Mosman Art Prize
The Mosman Art Prize is an annual art award made by the corporation of Mosman, a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales. It has been running since 1947. Past adjudicators also include notable Australian art figures such as Margaret Preston, John Olsen, Tim Storrier, Jenny Sages and Edmund Capon.
1941 constitution of Sarawak
The 1941 constitution of Sarawak is the first known written constitution in the Raj of Sarawak in Borneo. Written in the English language, the constitution was proclaimed by the third White Rajah of Sarawak, Charles Vyner Brooke on 24 September 1941, which ends the century of sole sovereignty of Brooke's rule and for the people of Sarawak to their own constitutional government.

However, his constitution was not implemented due to the Japanese occupation. After the war, Sarawak was financially devastated. Without the discussion and approval of the local Malay and Dayaks leaders Charles Vyner Brooke decided to cede Sarawak to the British. This caused huge dissatisfaction among the locals, who would later form a protest about the cession of Sarawak to the United Kingdom.

White Rajahs
The White Rajahs of Sarawak were a hereditary monarchy of the Brooke family, who founded and ruled the Raj of Sarawak as a sovereign state, located on the northwest coast of the island of Borneo in Maritime Southeast Asia, from 1841 to 1946. Of British origin, the first ruler, James Brooke was granted the province of Kuching – which was known as Sarawak Asal (Original Sarawak) – by the Sultanate of Brunei for helping fight piracy and insurgency among the indigenous peoples in 1841 and received independent kingdom status.

Based on descent through the male line in accordance with the will of James Brooke, the White Rajahs' dynasty continued through Brooke's nephew and grandnephew, the latter of whom ceded his rights over Sarawak to the United Kingdom in 1946, which was made a Crown colony. His nephew had been the legal heir to the throne and objected to the cession, as did most of the Sarawak members of the Council Negri.
2011–12 HRV Cup
The 2011–12 HRV Cup (named after the competition's sponsor HRV) was the seventh season of the Men's Super Smash Twenty20 cricket tournament in New Zealand.  The season was played between 18 December 2011 and 22 January 2012. The winners of the tournament were the Auckland Aces who beat the Canterbury Wizards by 44 runs in the final.

Canterbury cricket team
Canterbury is a first-class cricket team based in Canterbury, New Zealand. It is one of six teams that compete in senior New Zealand Cricket competitions and has been the second most successful domestic team in New Zealand history. They compete in the Plunket Shield first-class competition and The Ford Trophy one day competition as well as in the Men's Super Smash competition as the Canterbury Kings.
Auraiya Assembly constituency
Auraiya is a constituency of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly covering the city of Auraiya in the Auraiya district of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Auraiya is one of five assembly constituencies in the Etawah Lok Sabha constituency. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 204 amongst 403 constituencies.

In 2017, Bharatiya Janta Party candidate Ramesh Diwkar won in last Assembly election of 2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections defeating Bahujan Samaj Party candidate Bhimrao Ambedkar by a margin of 31,862 votes.

The current MLA of the assembly constituency is Gudiya Katheriya, who won 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election from Bhartiya Janta Party.

Auraiya district
Auraiya district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India, and Auraiya town is the district headquarters. It lies on the south-western portion of Uttar Pradesh and also forms a part of the Kanpur Division.
Chapmanslade
Chapmanslade is a village and civil parish in the county of Wiltshire, in the southwest of England. The parish is on the county border with Somerset and includes the hamlets of Huntenhull Green, Short Street  and Thoulstone. The village lies about 3.5 miles (6 km) from each of three towns: southwest of Westbury, northwest of Warminster, and east of Frome (in Somerset).

Warminster
Warminster (/ˈwɔːrmɪnstər/) is a historic market town and civil parish in south-west Wiltshire, England, on the western edge of Salisbury Plain. The parish had a population of 18,173 in 2021.

The name Warminster occurs first in the early 10th century and the Minster Church of St Denys was begun in the 11th century. The High Street and Market Place have many fine buildings including the Athenaeum Centre, the Town Hall, St Lawrence Chapel, The Old Bell and a variety of independent shops. Several Army establishments, known collectively as the Warminster Garrison, are on the edges of the town.
Myola, New South Wales
Myola is a beach-side locality in the City of Shoalhaven in New South Wales, Australia. It lies about 26 km southeast of Nowra on the northeastern shore of Jervis Bay. It is on the opposite side of Currambene Creek from Huskisson, although there is no direct road connection. At the 2021 census, it had a population of 94.

Huskisson, New South Wales
Huskisson is a village in New South Wales, Australia in the City of Shoalhaven, on the shores of Jervis Bay. It is 24 km (14MI) south-east of Nowra. Despite its relatively low population of 840 as of 2021 it is a tourist town with a relatively large amount of shops.
Weyl's tube formula
Weyl's tube formula gives the volume of an object defined as the set of all points within a small distance of a manifold.

Let  be an oriented, closed, two-dimensional surface, and let  denote the set of all points within a distance  of the surface . Then, for  sufficiently small, the volume of  is

where  is the area of the surface and  is its Euler characteristic. This expression can be generalized to the case where  is a -dimensional submanifold of -dimensional Euclidean space .

Submanifold
In mathematics, a submanifold of a manifold  is a subset  which itself has the structure of a manifold, and for which the inclusion map  satisfies certain properties. There are different types of submanifolds depending on exactly which properties are required. Different authors often have different definitions.
Carencro, Louisiana
Carencro (/ˈkærənkroʊ/; historically French: Saint-Pierre) is a city in Lafayette Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is a suburb of the nearby city of Lafayette. The population was 7,526 at the 2010 census, up from 6,120 in 2000; at the 2020 census, its population was 9,272. The name of the city is derived from the Cajun French word for buzzard; the spot where the community was settled was one where large flocks of American black vultures roosted in the bald cypress trees. The name means "carrion crow." Carencro is part of the Lafayette metropolitan area.

Atakapa
The Atakapa /əˈtækəpə, -pɑː/ or Atacapa were an Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands, who spoke the Atakapa language and historically lived along the Gulf of Mexico in what is now Texas and Louisiana.

They included several distinct bands. They spoke the Atakapa language, which was a linguistic isolate.

After 1762, when Louisiana was transferred to Spain following French defeat in the Seven Years' War, little was written about the Atakapa as a people. Due to a high rate of deaths from infectious epidemics of the late 18th century, they ceased to function as a people. Survivors generally joined the Caddo, Koasati, and other neighboring peoples, although they kept some traditions. Some culturally distinct Atakapan descendants survived into the early 20th century. There are several unrecognized tribes who identify as having descent from the Atakapa.
CD Illescas
Club Deportivo Illescas is a Spanish football team based in Illescas, Toledo, in the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. Founded in 1946, it  plays in Tercera Federación – Group 18, holding home matches at Estadio Municipal de Illescas, with a capacity of 1,000 spectators.

Illescas, Toledo
Illescas is a town and municipality of Spain located in the province of Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha. The municipality spans across a total area of 56.75 km2 and, as of 1 January 2020, it has a registered population of 30,229, which makes it the third most populated municipality in the province. It belongs to the traditional comarca of La Sagra.
Battersea Shield
The Battersea Shield is one of the most significant pieces of ancient Celtic art found in Britain. It is a sheet bronze covering of a (now vanished) wooden shield decorated in La Tène style. The shield is on display in the British Museum, and a replica is housed in the Museum of London.

Miranda Aldhouse-Green
Miranda Jane Aldhouse-Green, FSA, FLSW (née Aldhouse; born 24 July 1947) is a British archaeologist and academic, known for her research on the Iron Age and the Celts. She was Professor of Archaeology at Cardiff University from 2006 to 2013. Until about 2000, she published as Miranda Green or Miranda J. Green.
Peter Shor
Peter Williston Shor (born August 14, 1959) is an American theoretical computer scientist known for his work on quantum computation, in particular for devising Shor's algorithm, a quantum algorithm for factoring exponentially faster than the best currently-known algorithm running on a classical computer. He has been a professor of applied mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) since 2003.

International Mathematical Olympiad
The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is a mathematical olympiad for pre-university students, and is the oldest of the International Science Olympiads. It is widely regarded as the most prestigious mathematical competition in the world. The first IMO was held in Romania in 1959. It has since been held annually, except in 1980. More than 100 countries participate. Each country sends a team of up to six students, plus one team leader, one deputy leader, and observers.

The contest takes place over two days, and consists of six problems (three given on each day). The problems are extremely difficult, and may include topics not conventionally covered in school, but they avoid the use of calculus. Awards are given to approximately the top-scoring 50% of the individual contestants. Teams are not officially recognized—all scores are given only to individual contestants, but team scoring is unofficially compared more than individual scores.
Aleksandar Pejanović
Aleksandar "Saša" Pejanović (1974 – 30 May 2011) was a Montenegrin Serb boxer who represented the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia internationally. He had been a policeman until 2006 when he was fired for allegedly physically attacking an employee at the Hotel Crna Gora casino. Pejanović was also a known supporter of Serbian–Montenegrin unionism, and was arrested during the riot after Montenegro's recognition of Kosovo independence in 2008. He was brutally beaten while incarcerated, leading to a trial against the alleged perpetrators within the police force, this gained wide media attention. In 2011, while Pejanović was sitting on the terrace of a cafe in Podgorica, he was fatally shot  in the chest by his neighbor Zoran Bulatović. He was the son of Đuro Pejanović, a writer.

Serbs of Montenegro
Serbs of Montenegro or Montenegrin Serbs, are a recognized ethnic minority in Montenegro. According to data from the 2023 census, the population of ethnic Serbs in Montenegro is 205,370, constituting 32.9% of the total population; they are the second-largest ethnic group in the country after Montenegrins.
Al Liwaa (Mandatory Palestine newspaper)
Al Liwaa (Arabic: اللواء, romanized: Al-Liwaa⁩, lit. 'The Banner') was a daily newspaper which was published in Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine, from 1935 to 1939. It supported the Al Husayni family of Palestine. It was one of the six leading newspapers in the Mandatory Palestine during the 1930s.

Al-Husayni family
Husayni (Arabic: الحسيني also spelled Husseini) is the name of a prominent Palestinian Arab clan formerly based in Jerusalem, which claims descent from Husayn ibn Ali (the son of Ali). The Husaynis follow the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam, in contrast to the Shafi school followed by most of the Arab Muslim population of Palestine.
Trimethylsilane
Trimethylsilane is the organosilicon compound with the formula (CH3)3SiH. It is a colorless gas. It is a trialkylsilane. The Si-H bond is  reactive. Being a gas, it is less commonly used as a reagent than the related triethylsilane, which is a liquid at room temperature.

Trimethylsilane is used in the semiconductor industry as precursor to deposit dielectrics and barrier layers via plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD). It is also used a source gas to deposit TiSiCN hard coatings via plasma-enhanced magnetron sputtering (PEMS). It has also been used to deposit silicon carbide hard coatings via low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LP-CVD) at relatively low temperatures  under 1000 °C. It is an expensive gas but safer to use than silane (SiH4); and produces properties in the coatings that cannot be undertaken by multiple source gases containing silicon and carbon.

Triethylsilane
Triethylsilane , also known as TES or triethylsilicon hydride, is the organosilicon compound with the formula (C2H5)3SiH. It is a trialkylsilane. The Si-H bond is reactive.

It was first discovered by Albert Ladenburg in 1872 among the products of reduction of tetraethyl orthosilicate with sodium and diethylzinc. He also prepared it by a stepwise reduction via ethoxytriethylsilane and named it silicoheptyl hydride, reflecting the idea of a silicon compound analogous to a seven-carbon hydrocarbon. This colorless liquid finds occasion use in organic synthesis.  As one of the simplest trialkylsilanes that is a liquid at room temperature, triethylsilane is often used in studies of hydrosilylation catalysis.
Cortinarius violaceorubens
Cortinarius violaceorubens is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Cortinarius native Finland and Sweden in Scandinavia, south to France and Germany. It is associated with spruce (Picea). Genetically it is closely related to C. cyanites and C. boreicyanites.

Cortinarius
Cortinarius is a globally distributed genus of fungus in the family Cortinariaceae. Its members are commonly known by the names cortinar and webcap. It is suspected to be the largest genus of agarics, containing over 2,700 widespread species.

Young specimens have a cortina (veil) between the cap and the stem, hence the name. Most of the fibres of the cortina are ephemeral and leave no more than limited remnants on the stem or cap edge. All species have a rusty brown spore print. Several species (such as C. orellanus) are highly toxic and many species are difficult to distinguish, making their consumption inadvisable.