hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Operation Kosmaj
Operation Kosmaj, also known as the Blockade of Kosmaj or Operation Bader, was the first anti-guerrilla operation conducted by the Wehrmacht in occupied Serbia, aimed against the Yugoslav Partisans on Kosmaj mountain, near Belgrade.

It took place from 7 to 9 August 1941, at the very beginning of the uprising in Serbia. The total number of German and Serbian troops engaged in the operation is roughly estimated between 3,000 and 8,000 soldiers and officers, supported by tanks. In contrast, the Kosmaj Partisan Detachment at the end of July had around 94 fighters.

Dragomir Jovanović
Dragomir "Dragi" Jovanović (27 July 1902 – 17 July 1946) was a Serbian politician and Axis collaborator who served as the mayor of Belgrade from 1941 to 1944, during World War II. He was captured by communist forces on 11 December 1945 in Munich, in Allied occupied Germany following the war, and tried alongside other Serbian collaborationist leaders in 1946. He was found guilty of collaborating with Reinhard Heydrich and Heinrich Himmler and other German officials and executed in Belgrade.
Thunder Glacier (Antarctica)
Thunder Glacier (64°50′S 63°24′W﻿ / ﻿64.833°S 63.400°W﻿ / -64.833; -63.400) is a through glacier, 4 nautical miles (7 km) long, which extends in an east–west direction across Wiencke Island between Sierra DuFief and the Wall Range, in the Palmer Archipelago. Probably known since the discovery of Wiencke Island by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition in 1898. Charted in 1944 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS), and so named by them because a survey party was nearly overwhelmed there by an avalanche.

Wiencke Island
Wiencke Island is an island 26 km (16 mi) long and from 3 to 8 km (1.9 to 5.0 mi) wide, about 67 km2 (26 sq mi) in area, the southernmost of the major islands of the Palmer Archipelago, lying between Anvers Island to its north across the Neumayer Channel and the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula to its east across the Gerlache Strait.
Wolf & Cub
Wolf & Cub are a psychedelic rock band from Adelaide, Australia. Three of the original members hail from Port Augusta. The four-piece were signed to record label 4AD, which make use of two drummers. This allows the percussive elements of their music to feature more prominently alongside the guitar. Their name derives from a comic from Japan, "Lone Wolf and Cub". Wolf & Cub signed with Last Gang records in North America. Their third studio album, Heavy Weight, was released in 2013.

The Music (magazine)
The Music (formerly known as and now incorporating Drum Media) is an online Australian music magazine. It previously existed as a street press devoted to long-form music journalism and commentary, music news, and artist interviews. In its printed form, it was based in Sydney and distributed throughout Sydney, Wollongong, Newcastle, Canberra and surrounding areas. The magazine changed its name to The Music (incorporating Drum Media) in 2013, following the merge with two other magazines, Brisbane's Time Off and Melbourne's Inpress, owned by Street Press Australia. In 2020 the print edition was paused.
Zheng Ji (biochemist)
Zheng Ji (Chinese: 郑集; 6 May 1900 – 29 July 2010) was a Chinese nutritionist and biochemist, sometimes regarded as the founder of modern nutrition science in China. He was reputed to be the world's oldest professor, having lived to the age of 110.

Nutritionist
A nutritionist is a person who advises others on matters of food and nutrition and their impacts on health.  Some people specialize in particular areas, such as sports nutrition, public health, or animal nutrition, among other disciplines. In many jurisdictions, a person can claim to be a nutritionist even without any training, education, or professional license, in contrast to a dietitian, who has a university degree, professional license, and certification for professional practice.
2022 A-GAME 200
The 2022 A-GAME 200 was the 10th stock car race of the 2022 NASCAR Xfinity Series season, the 41st iteration of the event, and the fourth and final race of the Dash 4 Cash. The race was held on April 30, 2022, in Dover, Delaware at Dover Motor Speedway, a 1 mile (1.6 km) permanent oval-shaped racetrack. The race was contested over 200 laps. The final Dash 4 Cash in this race is consisted of Noah Gragson, Landon Cassill, A. J. Allmendinger, and Ryan Sieg, since they were the highest finishing Xfinity regulars after Talladega Superspeedway. At race's end, Josh Berry of JR Motorsports would take the win, after leading 55 laps. This was Berry's second career Xfinity Series win, and his first of the season. To fill out the podium, Justin Allgaier of JR Motorsports and Ty Gibbs of Joe Gibbs Racing would finish 2nd and 3rd, respectively. Noah Gragson would win the Dash 4 Cash, after finishing in front of Cassill, Allmendinger, and Sieg.

NASCAR O'Reilly Auto Parts Series at Dover Motor Speedway
Stock car racing events in the NASCAR O'Reilly Auto Parts Series have been held at the Dover Motor Speedway. The track held 2 races annually from 1986 to 2020. The track dropped to one race a year in 2021, as Dover Motorsports gave a race to Nashville Superspeedway, where an annual race is held.
Grand Hogback
The Grand Hogback is a 70-mile-long (110 km), curving, spine-like ridge in Western Colorado that extends from near McClure Pass in Pitkin County through Garfield County and then to near Meeker in Rio Blanco County. The hogback is significant because it marks part of the boundary between the Colorado Plateau to the west and the Southern Rocky Mountains to the east.

The elevation of the ridge ranges from 7,710 to 9,194 feet (2,350 to 2,802 m). The hogback appears as a series of serrated ridges and is easily discernable from Google Maps and other aerial views. It is visible from Interstate 70.

McClure Pass
McClure Pass is a mountain pass in the Rocky Mountains of western Colorado in the United States. It is located along the boundary between Pitkin and Gunnison counties, in a gap at the western side of the Elk Mountains. The pass is at an elevation of 8,755 feet (2,669 m)) and separates the headwaters of the Crystal River (a tributary of the Roaring Fork River) to the east with the headwaters of the North Fork Gunnison River to the west. The pass is named in honor of Thomas "Mack" McClure who in the late 19th Century owned a large house at the eastern base of the pass. The house served as a stage stop where McClure fed and lodged travelers.

The pass is traversed by State Highway 133 between Carbondale and Paonia, providing the direct route between the Roaring Fork Valley and the North Fork Valley. The pass is not especially high and is generally open year-round, closed only during heavy snowstorms. The approaches are fairly steep on each side, with an 8% grade.
Throwdown (band)
Throwdown is an American hardcore and metal band from Orange County, California. Formed in 1997, the band has endured numerous lineup changes to the point where no original members remain. Throwdown has toured as part of Ozzfest, Sounds of the Underground, Hellfest, and Warped Tour, as well as with bands such as In Flames, Lamb of God, As I Lay Dying, Killswitch Engage, Korn and Cavalera Conspiracy. The songs "Forever" and "Burn" were staples on MTV2's Headbangers Ball and Revolver Magazine called them part of "The Future of Metal" after hearing the album Vendetta. Initially branded a hardcore punk band, albums like Venom and Tears and Deathless took a sharp turn towards metal, with critics likening the band's sound to that of Pantera and Sepultura. The band are straight edge.

MNRK Music Group
MNRK Music Group (pronounced "monarch"), formerly known as Koch Records and Entertainment One (eOne) Music, is an American independent record label and music management company based in New York City. It was formed in 1987 as a music division of Koch Entertainment, which was acquired by and absorbed into Entertainment One (or eOne for short) in 2004. eOne was acquired by toy and multimedia company Hasbro in 2019, absorbed its family brands division in the process and announced the sale of this division to the Blackstone Group in April 2021, which then adopted this name. Hasbro then sold the remains of eOne to Lionsgate, who then rebranded it initially as eOne Canada and then Lionsgate Canada.

MNRK owns the libraries of Artemis Records, Dualtone Records, Last Gang Records and Prosthetic Records.
2012 British Soap Awards
The 2012 British Soap Awards honoured the best in British soap operas throughout 2011 and 2012. The ceremony was held on 28 April 2012 at the London Studios, Lambeth, and was later broadcast on ITV1 and STV. The publicly voted categories were announced on 27 February 2012, with the vote opening that same day. This included a longlist for the Best Actress and Actor awards. The shortlist, including panel nominations, was released on 5 April 2012.

ITV soap Coronation Street tied with BBC soap EastEnders for winning the most awards of the night, both winning seven. However, EastEnders won the Best British Soap award, as well as taking both the Lifetime and Special Achievement accolades. Both Doctors and Hollyoaks did not win an award, while ITV soap Emmerdale won the remaining three awards, including the award for Best Actor.

British Soap Award for Outstanding Achievement
The British Soap Award for Outstanding Achievement is an award presented annually by  The British Soap Awards, formerly known as the Lifetime Achievement award until 2013. The winner is decided by a panel and celebrates the soap career and achievements of each recipient. Coronation Street is the most awarded soaps in the category, holding nine wins. Brookside, Hollyoaks and Emmerdale have also won once. It is currently held by Coronation Street actor David Neilson, who portrays Roy Cropper in the soap.
Polyommatus dagmara
Polyommatus dagmara is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It was described by Grigory Grum-Grshimailo in 1888. It is found in Ghissar, Darvaz and Alai (Gissaro–Alai open woodlands).

L. dagmara Gr.-Grsh. (80 f). The male strongly recalls Polyommatus magnifica, but is considerably smaller; the blue colour is restricted to the basal half of both wings, and is not extended along the costa to the apex as in superba. The female is paler, only the hindwing shows distinct russet-yellow marginal lunules, of which there are also traces in the male. The ocelli of the underside are much less enlarged and prominent in both sexes, those of the hindwing being especially very much smaller and delicate.—In Turkestan, Bokhara, in June, at 5–10,000 ft. Asia.

Polyommatus magnifica
Polyommatus magnifica is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It was described by Grigory Grum-Grshimailo in 1885. It is found in Ghissar, Alai, and W. Tian-Shan (Gissaro–Alai open woodlands).

L. superba Stgr. (= magnifica Gr.-Grsh.) (80f). A very easily recognized insect, as the brilliant blue colour of the upperside of the male is restricted to the costal and basal areas of the forewing, forming also streaks along the main veins; the hindwing is dark grey and has only when the sun shines upon it a light, grey sheen, which is mainly caused by the hairs. The underside has large ocelli with large pupils, which are partly elongate-ovate. Female above brown, with yellowish red spots anteriorly, at once recognized by the underside. — In the Pamir, caught in June at 6000 ft.
The Other Side (Aerosmith song)
"The Other Side" is a song performed by the American rock band Aerosmith, and written by Steven Tyler, Jim Vallance, and Holland-Dozier-Holland.  It was released on June 6, 1990 as the fourth single from the band's highly successful 1989 album Pump.

Jim Vallance composed the instrumental parts for the song between Christmas and New Year's Eve 1988. He then mailed a demo of the song with guitar, piano, bass, drums, and horn synthesizer to Aerosmith singer Steven Tyler, who came up with the lyrics and vocal melody. The songwriting team of Holland-Dozier-Holland were eventually given songwriting credit on the song after threatening to file suit over similarities between "The Other Side" and their song "Standing in the Shadows of Love".

Standing in the Shadows of Love
"Standing in the Shadows of Love" is a 1966 hit single recorded by the Four Tops for the Motown label. Written and produced by Motown's main production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, the song is one of the best-known Motown tunes of the 1960s. A direct follow-up to the #1 hit "Reach Out I'll Be There" (even featuring a similar musical arrangement), "Standing in the Shadows of Love" reached #2 on the soul chart and #6 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1967.  It also reached #6 in the UK.
Atta laevigata
Atta laevigata (Smith, 1858) is one of about a dozen species of leafcutter ants in the genus Atta, found from Venezuela and south to Paraguay. This species is one of the largest leafcutter species, and can be recognized by the smooth and shining head of the largest workers in a colony. Atta laevigata is known in northern South America as hormiga culona (literally translated as "big-assed ant"), or as sikisapa in Peru, zompopo de mayo in Central America, bachaco culón in Venezuela, akango in Paraguay, and chicatana in Mexico. In Brazil they are known as "saúva-cabeça-de-vidro" (literally "glass-headed saúva"), with saúva being the common name for all Atta ants.

The colony sizes of these ants are made up of around 3.5 million individuals.

Atta (ant)
Atta is a genus of ants found in South, Central, and southern North America (including the Caribbean). They belong to the subfamily Myrmicinae. Atta are commonly referred to as leafcutter ants, although that name is shared with members of the genus Acromyrmex.

Atta are notable for their feeding habits. Worker ants gather plant material from around their colony and carry the plant parts into the colony's underground chambers. The organic material nourishes symbiotic fungus growing inside of the colony, which the ants consume. Leafcutters don't sting, thus do not inject venom, but are known to be strong biters.
Super J-Cup (2009)
Super J-Cup: 5th Stage – Land of Confusion was the fifth Super J-Cup professional wrestling single-elimination tournament produced by New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). It was a two-night event taking place on December 22 and December 23, 2009 at the Korakuen Hall in Tokyo, Japan. The interpromotional tournament featured junior heavyweight wrestlers from various Japanese promotions, marking its return after a five-year hiatus, last held in 2004. This was the second time that NJPW was hosting the event, the first time being the inaugural tournament in 1994, while the 1995, 2000 and 2004 editions were hosted by different promotions.

2004 winner Naomichi Marufuji defeated Prince Devitt in the final round to win the 2009 Super J-Cup, thus winning his second consecutive Super J-Cup tournament. The winner of the tournament would receive an IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship opportunity at Wrestle Kingdom IV in Tokyo Dome on January 4, 2010.

Suplex
A suplex  is an offensive move used in sport wrestling as well as amateur wrestling and professional wrestling. It is a throw that involves lifting the opponents and bridging or rolling to slam them on their backs.

Professional wrestling features many different varieties of suplexes. These are among the most common, but many more exist, particularly as the signature techniques of individual wrestlers.
2001 Africa Cup
The 2001 Africa Cup (officially called at that time "Africa Top Six") was the second  edition of the highest-level rugby union tournament in Africa.
Six teams participated (South Africa with an under-23 amateurs team).
The teams were divided in two pools played on a home-away basis.

Rugby Africa Cup
The Rugby Africa Cup is a two-year men's rugby union tournament involving the top 16 African nations based on their World Rugby rankings, it is organised by Rugby Africa. The tournament was first held in 2000. It was renamed the Rugby Africa Cup in November 2019, it was previously called the Africa Cup since 2006, the CAR Top 9 and CAR Top 10.

Due to South Africa being far stronger than any other African nation, South African teams have only competed five times, and won the competition three times. The winning South African teams on these occasions were the under 23 or amateur players (in 2000, 2001 and 2006).
Tail value at risk
In financial mathematics, tail value at risk (TVaR), also known as tail conditional expectation (TCE) or conditional tail expectation (CTE), is a risk measure associated with the more general value at risk. It quantifies the expected value of the loss given that an event outside a given probability level has occurred.

Beta function
In mathematics, the beta function, also called the Euler integral of the first kind, is a special function that is closely related to the gamma function and to binomial coefficients. It is defined by the integral

for complex number inputs 
 such that .

The beta function was studied by Leonhard Euler and Adrien-Marie Legendre and was given its name by Jacques Binet; its symbol Β is a Greek capital beta.
1999 Sybase Open
The 1999 Sybase Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the San Jose Arena in San Jose, California in the United States and was part of the ATP World Series of the 1999 ATP Tour. It was the 111th edition of the tournament ran from February 8 through February 14, 1999. Third-seeded Mark Philippoussis won the singles title.

1999 ATP Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Tour is the elite professional tennis circuit organised by the ATP. The 1999 ATP Tour calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments, supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF), the ATP Super 9, the ATP Championship Series, the ATP World Series, the ATP World Team Cup, the ATP Tour World Championships and the Grand Slam Cup (organised by the ITF). Also included in the 1999 calendar are the Davis Cup and the Hopman Cup, which do not distribute ranking points, and are both organised by the ITF.

In April 1999 ATP signed a $1.2 billion 10-year-deal with the sports marketing agency ISL Worldwide to promote the sport. The deal gave ISL the commercial rights for the Super-9 tournaments as well as the ATP World Championship. The ATP also introduced a simplified ranking system and made participation in the Super-9 events mandatory for top players.
Dražice, Croatia
Dražice is a village in Primorje-Gorski Kotar, western Croatia. Dražice is located south of Podkilavac and west of Podhum. It is part of the municipality of Jelenje. As of 2021, it had a population of 2,064.

Jelenje
Jelenje is a village and municipality in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in western Croatia. As of 2021, the municipality had a population of 5,096 with 94.6% Croats. The village itself had an urban population of 395.
Sinicization of the Manchus
The Sinicization of the Manchus was the process in which the Manchu people became assimilated into the Han-dominated Chinese society. It occurred most prominently during the Qing dynasty when the new Manchu rulers actively attempted to assimilate themselves and their people with the Han to increase the legitimacy of the new dynasty. As a result, when the Qing dynasty fell, many Manchu had already adopted Han Chinese customs, languages and surnames. For example, some descendants of the ruling imperial House of Aisin-Gioro adopted the Han Chinese surname Jin (金) as both Jin and Aisin mean gold.

Hong Taiji
Hong Taiji (28 November 1592 – 21 September 1643), sometimes rendered as Huang Taiji and occasionally referred to as Abahai in Western literature, also known by his temple name Emperor Taizong of Qing, was the second khan of the Later Jin dynasty and the founding emperor of the Qing dynasty. He was responsible for consolidating the empire that his father Nurhaci had founded and laid the groundwork for the conquest of the Ming dynasty, although he died before this was accomplished. He conquered Inner Mongolia and the remainder of Manchuria and invaded Korea, which became a Qing tributary state. He was also responsible for changing the name of the Jurchens to "Manchu" in 1635, and changing the name of his dynasty from "Great Jin" to "Great Qing" in 1636.
The Global Lepidoptera Names Index
The Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex) is a searchable database maintained by the Department of Entomology at the Natural History Museum, London. It is based on card indices and scanned journals, nomenclatural catalogues and the Zoological Record. It contains most of world's Lepidoptera names published until 1981 and for some groups is up to date. As of May 2023, the site reads "Database last updated January 2018" so the current validity of the taxonomic combinations presented should be adopted with caution.

LepIndex allows anyone free internet access to:

the zoological authority who named a butterfly or moth species

where the original description was published

status of the name (valid name or synonym)

It is the main source of Lepidoptera names in the Integrated Taxonomic Information System and Catalogue of Life.

Valid name (zoology)
In zoological nomenclature, the valid name of a taxon is the correct scientific name for that taxon, given a particular circumscription. The valid name must be used for that taxon, regardless of any other name that may currently be used for that taxon, or may previously have been used. A name can only be valid (or invalid) when it is an available name under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN); if a name is unavailable, then it cannot be considered either valid or invalid.

In contrast, a name which is available but not the correct name for a taxon is known as an invalid name.

There are two categories of invalid names.
Jean-Claude-Léonard Baveux
Jean-Claude-Léonard Baveux (November 6, 1796 – November 21, 1865) was a Sulpician priest, teacher, and a member of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate ministry.

Baveux was born in France, served in Napoleon’s army, and then studied for the priesthood. Wishing to serve in Canada, he joined the Sulpicians in 1827. He was ordained the next year and left for Montreal, Lower Canada. In 1842 he entered the noviciate of the Oblates at Longueuil, Quebec, Canada, and was immediately active in that organization.

In October 1846 Joseph-Bruno Guigues encouraged Baveux to recruit new Oblates for the Canadian mission and he was very successful in France and Belgium.

Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate
The Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate (OMI) is a missionary religious congregation in the Catholic Church. It was founded on January 25, 1816, by Eugène de Mazenod, a French priest later recognized as a Catholic saint. The congregation was given recognition by Pope Leo XII on February 17, 1826. As of January 2020, the congregation was composed of 3,631 priests and lay brothers usually living in community. Their traditional salutation is Laudetur Iesus Christus ('Praised be Jesus Christ'), to which the response is Et Maria Immaculata ('And Mary Immaculate'). Members use the post-nominal letters "OMI".

As part of its mission to evangelize the "abandoned poor", OMI are known for their mission among the Indigenous peoples of Canada, and their historic administration of at least 57 schools within the Canadian Indian residential school system. Some of those schools have been associated with cases of child abuse by Oblate clergy and staff.: 399–452