hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Case Against Education
The Case Against Education: Why the Education System Is a Waste of Time and Money is a book written by libertarian economist Bryan Caplan and published in 2018 by Princeton University Press. Drawing on the economic concept of job market signaling and research in educational psychology, the book argues that much of higher education is very inefficient and has only a small effect in improving human capital, contrary to the conventional consensus in labor economics.

Caplan argues that the primary function of education is not to enhance students' skills but to certify their intelligence, conscientiousness, and conformity—attributes that are valued by employers. He ultimately estimates that approximately 80% of individuals' return to education is the result of signaling, with the remainder due to human capital accumulation.

Grade inflation
Grade inflation (also known as grading leniency) is the general awarding of higher grades for the same quality of work over time, which devalues grades. However, higher average grades in themselves do not prove grade inflation. For this to be grade inflation, it is necessary to demonstrate that the quality of work does not deserve the high grade.

Grade inflation is frequently discussed in relation to education in the United States, and to GCSEs and A levels in England and Wales. It is also an issue in many other nations, such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, France, Poland, Germany, South Korea, Japan, China and India.
Falstad Centre
The Falstad Centre (Norwegian: Falstadsenteret) and Falstad Museum is a memorial site in Ekne, Norway.

The Falstad Centre Foundation was established in August 2000 as a national centre for the education and documentation of the history of imprisonment during the Second World War, humanitarian international law and human rights. The institution also has a rich museum collection, built up from the establishment of the first Falstad museum in 1985. In 2006, the center moved into what was once the main building in the SS camp Falstad. From that time, the institution has also conducted extensive work on the development of the former camp area as a memorial landscape.

Falstad concentration camp
Falstad concentration camp (Norwegian: Falstad fangeleir or German: SS-Strafgefangenenlager Falstad) was situated in the village of Ekne in what was Skogn Municipality (now part of Levanger Municipality in Trøndelag county) in Norway. It was used mostly for political prisoners from Nazi-occupied territories.
Guidelines for Examination in the European Patent Office
The Guidelines for Examination in the European Patent Office (or, for short, the EPO Guidelines) are general instructions, for the examiners working at the European Patent Office (EPO) as well as for the parties interacting with the EPO, on the practice and procedure at the EPO in the various aspects of the prosecution of European patent applications and European patents. The Guidelines have been adopted, effective as at 1 June 1978, by the President of the EPO in accordance with Article 10(2)(a) EPC.

European Patent Office
The European Patent Office (EPO) is one of the two organs of the European Patent Organisation (EPOrg), the other being the Administrative Council. The EPO acts as executive body for the organisation while the Administrative Council acts as its supervisory body as well as, to a limited extent, its legislative body. The actual legislative power to revise the European Patent Convention lies with the Contracting States themselves when meeting at a Conference of the Contracting States.

Within the European Patent Office, examiners are notably in charge of studying European patent applications, filed by applicants, to decide whether to grant a patent for an invention. The patents granted by the European Patent Office are called European patents.
Marco Iadeluca
Marco Iadeluca (born June 29, 1972) is the current head coach and offensive coordinator for the Université de Montréal's football team, the Montreal Carabins. He is a three-time Vanier Cup champion, once as a head coach and twice as an offensive coordinator.

Danny Maciocia
Danny Maciocia (born May 26, 1967) is a Canadian professional football coach who is the current general manager of the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He was previously head coach of the Université de Montréal Carabins football team. He is also the former general manager and director of football operations of the CFL's Edmonton Eskimos and former offensive coordinator with the André-Grasset Phénix, a CEGEP team in Montreal.
2019 Las Vegas Bowl
The 2019 Las Vegas Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 21, 2019, with kickoff at 7:30 p.m. EST (4:30 p.m. local PST) on ABC. It was the 28th edition of the Las Vegas Bowl, and one of the 2019–20 bowl games concluding the 2019 FBS football season. Sponsored by automotive manufacturer Mitsubishi Motors, the game was officially known as the Mitsubishi Motors Las Vegas Bowl.

This was the last edition of the Las Vegas Bowl played at Sam Boyd Stadium, the venue of the game since its inception in 1992, as the bowl will move to Allegiant Stadium in nearby Paradise for the 2020 playing. This was also the last edition to have a conference tie-in with Mountain West, as starting with the 2020 playing, the bowl's tie-ins will be structured to feature a Pac-12 team against either a Big Ten team or SEC team.

2019–20 NCAA football bowl games
The 2019–20 NCAA football games were a series of college football bowl games played to complete the 2019 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The games began on December 20, 2019, and, aside from the all-star games that followed, ended with the 2020 College Football Playoff National Championship played on January 13, 2020.

The total of 40 team-competitive bowls in FBS, including the national championship game, was unchanged from the previous season. With the first staging of the Hula Bowl since January 2008, the number of all-star games increased from three to four.
Videolog.tv
Videolog was a video-sharing website on which users can upload, share, and view videos. It was founded in May 2004 by Ariel Alexandre and Edson Mackeenzy, and became one of the main online video providers from Brazil.

Online video platform
An online video platform (OVP) enables users to upload, convert, store, and play back video content on the Internet, often via a private server structured, large-scale system that may generate revenue. Users will generally upload video content via the hosting service's website, mobile or desktop application, or other interfaces (API), and typically provide embedded codes or links that allow others to view the video content.
Oruaiti River
The Oruaiti River is a river of the northern Northland Region of New Zealand's North Island. It is fed by Wainui River and flows generally north, draining into Mangonui Harbour at the southern end of Doubtless Bay. It is within the rohe of Ngāti Kahu ki Whangaroa.

The river drains the northern edge of Omahuta Forest, runs in a gorge through the Otangaroa massif, then meanders into the Oruaiti estuary, where it is joined by the Kenana River. The catchment is mainly farmland, pine forest and native bush.

Pollution in the river is classed as fair to good.

In 1862 the lower reaches of the river were described as fern country. The native forest was logged after 2,600 acres (1,100 ha) was sold to Auckland Timber Co for £1,250 in 1878. A wharf was authorised at Mangonui in 1881 and the estuary was used for booms from 1884.

Taipa-Mangonui
Taipa-Mangonui or Taipa Bay-Mangonui is a string of small resort settlements – Taipa, Cable Bay, Coopers Beach, and Mangōnui – that lie along the coast of Doubtless Bay in the Far North District of New Zealand. They are so close together that they have run together to form one larger settlement.

The miniature conurbation lies 150 kilometres by road northwest of Whangārei (and 100 kilometres as the crow flies), 20 kilometres northeast of Kaitaia, and nearly 100 kilometres southeast of the northernmost tip of the North Island. It is one of the largest settlements in the Far North, after the main towns of Kerikeri, Kaitaia and Kaikohe. It is the northernmost centre in New Zealand with a population of more than 1000.
Joseph Kellogg (sternwheeler)
Joseph Kellogg was a stern-wheel driven steamboat that operated on the  Willamette, Columbia, and Cowlitz rivers for the Kellogg Transportation Company.  It was named after the company's founder, Joseph Kellogg (1812–1903).  The sternwheeler Joseph Kellogg was built in 1881 at Portland, Oregon.

Joseph Kellogg remained in service for almost 50 years, from 1881 to 1929, and as such was one of the longest serving steamers on the Columbia river system.  It was rebuilt at least once, and had to be refloated a number of times after sinking, but it remained a profitable boat for its owners for a long time.

Joseph Kellogg was rebuilt in 1900, also at Portland.  In 1921 the name of this steamer was changed to Madeline after it was sold to Harkins Transportation Company.  Madeline was abandoned in 1929.

Rainier, Oregon
Rainier (/reɪˈnɪər/ ray-NEER) is a city in Columbia County, Oregon, United States. As of the 2020 census, Rainier had a population of 1,911. Rainier is on the south bank of the Columbia River across from Kelso and Longview, Washington.
Swimming at the 2003 Pan American Games – Men's 100 metre butterfly
The Men's 100 Butterfly event at the 2003 Pan American Games took place on August 13, 2003 (Day 12 of the Games). Benjamin Michaelson (USA) won the 100 butterfly in 53.04, bettering the Games record of 53.33.

Swimming at the 2003 Pan American Games
The Swimming competition at the 14th Pan American Games was held August 12–18, 2003 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. The competition was held in the outdoor (50 m) pool of the Juan Pablo Duarte Olympic Center. It featured 32 long course (50 m) events (equally split between men and women).

Two swimmers won the first medals of their countries in swimming at Pan American Games at all times: Kristel Köbrich for Chile, and Gisela Morales for Guatemala.
Synod of Ráth Breasail
The Synod of Ráth Breasail (or Rathbreasail; Irish: Sionad Ráth Bhreasail) was a synod of the Catholic Church in Ireland that took place in Ireland in 1111. It marked the transition of the Irish church from a monastic to a diocesan and parish-based church. Many present-day Irish dioceses trace their boundaries to decisions made at the synod.

Inishowen
Inishowen (Irish: Inis Eoghain, meaning 'island of Eoghan') is a peninsula in the north of County Donegal in Ireland. Inishowen is the most northerly peninsula on the island of Ireland.

The Inishowen peninsula includes Ireland's most northerly point, Malin Head. The Grianan of Aileach, a ringfort that served as the royal seat of the over-kingdom of Ailech, stands at the entrance to the peninsula.
Moore family (Carolinas)
The Moore family was an American political family in North and South Carolina during the 18th and 19th centuries.

The family is most closely associated with the Cape Fear coastal region around Wilmington. Several members of the family held political positions in colonial North and South Carolina, were senior officers in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, or held high positions in the United States Federal Government during the early years of the republic.

The family claimed descent from Rory O'Moore, leader of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, who was descended from Gaelic Irish nobility. However, James Moore Sr.'s official seal bore the swan and arms of the Moore family of Devonshire, suggesting his origins were English. It appears Moore emigrated from England to Barbados, then eventually to mainland North America.

Rory O'Moore
Sir Rory O'Moore (Irish: Ruaidhrí Ó Mórdha; c. 1600 – 16 February 1655), also known Sir Roger O'Moore or O'More or Sir Roger Moore, was an Irish landowner, and is most notable for being one of the four principal organisers of the Irish Rebellion of 1641.
2024 Esports World Cup – Free Fire
The Multiplayer online battle royale video game Garena Free Fire had a tournament at the 2024 Esports World Cup. It was held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; from July 10 to 15, 2024, and eighteen teams took part in this tournament.

2024 Esports World Cup
The 2024 Esports World Cup (EWC) was the first edition of the Esports World Cup, an annual international esports tournament series run by the Esports World Cup Foundation. It took place in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from July 3 to August 25, 2024 and was the world's largest esports event, featuring 23 events in 22 different video game titles and a combined prize pool of US$62.5 million, the largest in esports history at the time.
Mount Viets
Mount Viets (78°15′13″S 86°06′50″W﻿ / ﻿78.25361°S 86.11389°W﻿ / -78.25361; -86.11389) is a sharp pyramidal mountain over 3,600 m, standing 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km) north of Mount Giovinetto in the main ridge of the Sentinel Range, Ellsworth Mountains.  It surmounts Delyo Glacier to the east and Burdenis Glacier to the northeast.

The mountain was discovered by the Marie Byrd Land Traverse party of 1957–58 under Charles R. Bentley. It was named for Ronald L. Viets, a geophysicist at Little America V Station in 1957. It was climbed for the first time on January 11, 1996, by the French alpinists Erik Decamp and Catherine Destivelle.

Ellsworth Mountains
The Ellsworth Mountains are the highest mountain ranges in Antarctica, forming a 350 km (217 mi) long and 48 km (30 mi) wide chain of mountains in a north to south configuration on the western margin of the Ronne Ice Shelf in Marie Byrd Land. They are bisected by Minnesota Glacier to form the Sentinel Range to the north and the Heritage Range to the south. The former is by far the higher and more spectacular with Mount Vinson (4,892 meters (16,050 ft)) constituting the highest point on the continent. The mountains are located within the Chilean Antarctic territorial claim but outside of the Argentinian and British ones.
Radius Limited
Radius Limited is a fleet and mobility solutions provider with a focus on software and technology headquartered in Crewe, Cheshire. Established in 1990, Radius has a presence in 29 countries and operates services across Telematics, Fuel Cards, Insurance, Vehicle Solutions, Telecoms and EV.

Crewe
Crewe (/kruː/ ⓘ) is a railway town and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire East, in Cheshire, England. At the 2021 census, the parish had a population of 55,318 and the built-up area had 76,437. The town is best known as a large railway junction and home to Crewe Works; for many years, it was a major railway engineering facility for manufacturing and overhauling locomotives, but is now much reduced in size. From 1946 until 2002, it was also the home of Rolls-Royce motor car production. The Pyms Lane factory on the west of the town now exclusively produces Bentley motor cars. Crewe is 158 miles (254 km) north-west of London, 28 miles (45 km) south of Manchester city centre and 31 miles (50 km) south-east of Liverpool city centre.
Submarine-launched cruise missile
A submarine-launched cruise missile (SLCM) is a cruise missile that is launched from a submarine (especially a SSG or SSGN). Current versions are typically standoff weapons known as land-attack cruise missiles (LACMs), which are used to attack predetermined land targets with conventional or nuclear payloads. Anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs) are also used, and some submarine-launched cruise missiles have variants for both functions.

RK-55
The Novator RK-55 Relief (Russian: РК-55 Рельеф 'Relief'; NATO: SSC-X-4 'Slingshot'; GRAU: 3K12) is a Russian Navy cruise missile that is launched either from submarines (SLCM) or from surface ships. It can have a nuclear warhead developed in the Soviet Union. A version launched from submarine torpedo tubes, the S-10 Granat (SS-N-21 'Sampson'; GRAU: 3K10), has apparently been converted to carry conventional warheads and continues in service to this day. The Russian Federation was reported to have deployed the derivative SS-CX-7/SS-CX-8 systems on 14 February 2017. The land launched version is called the Novator 9M729.

The RK-55 is very similar to the air-launched Kh-55 (AS-15 'Kent') but the Kh-55 has a drop-down turbofan engine and was designed by MKB Raduga. Both have formed the basis of post-Cold-War missiles, in particular the 3M-54 Kalibr which has a supersonic approach phase.
Diocese of Llandaff
The Diocese of Llandaff is an Anglican (Church in Wales) diocese that traces its roots to pre-Reformation times as heir of a Catholic bishopric. It is headed by the Bishop of Llandaff, whose seat is located at the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in Llandaff, a suburb of Cardiff. It currently covers most of the former Welsh county of Glamorgan, but once stretched from the River Towy to the middle of the Wye Valley.

Saint Teilo
Saint Teilo (Latin: Teliarus or Teliavus; Breton: Teliau or Telo; French: Télo or Théleau; c. 500 – 9 February c. 560), also known as Eliud, was a British Christian monk, bishop, and founder of monasteries and churches. He was from Penalun (Penally) near Tenby in Pembrokeshire, south Wales.

Reputed to be a cousin, friend, and disciple of Saint David, he was bishop of Llandaff and founder of the first church at Llandaff Cathedral, where his tomb is. He also founded Llandeilo Fawr, as well as Penally Abbey at his place of birth.
Dales High Way
The Dales High Way, named by its creators as A Dales High Way, is a long-distance footpath in northern England. It is 90 miles (140 km) long and runs from Saltaire in West Yorkshire to Appleby-in-Westmorland, Cumbria, roughly parallel to the line of the Settle and Carlisle Railway.

Yorkshire Dales National Park
The Yorkshire Dales National Park is a 2,178 km2 (841 sq mi) national park in England which covers most of the Yorkshire Dales, the Howgill Fells, and the Orton Fells. The Nidderdale area of the Yorkshire Dales is not within the national park, and has instead been designated a national landscape. Most of the park is within North Yorkshire, with a sizeable area in Cumbria and a small part in Lancashire. The park was designated in 1954, and extended in 2016. More than 95% of the land in the park is privately owned; there are over 1,000 farms in this area.

In 2020, the national park was named an International Dark Sky Reserve. This means that the area has "low levels of light pollution with good conditions for astronomy".

As of 2017, some 23,500 residents live within the park boundary; a 2018 report estimated that the park attracted more than four million visitors per year. The economy consists primarily of tourism and agriculture.
Lulworth
50°37′15″N 2°14′59″W﻿ / ﻿50.6208°N 2.2498°W﻿ / 50.6208; -2.2498
Lulworth is the popular name for an area on the coast of Dorset, South West England notable for its castle and cove. However, there is no actual place or feature called simply "Lulworth", the villages are East and West Lulworth and the coastal feature is Lulworth Cove.

See:

East Lulworth (village)

Lulworth Castle

Lulworth Cove (a tourist location / bay)

Lulworth Estate

Lulworth Ranges and associated Lulworth Camp

West Lulworth (village)

S/Y Lulworth (1920 yacht)

Lulworth Cove
Lulworth Cove is a cove near the village of West Lulworth, on the Jurassic Coast in Dorset, southern England. It is privately owned by the Weld family along with Durdle Door and the Lulworth Estate. The cove is one of the world's finest examples of such a landform, and is a World Heritage Site and tourist location with approximately 500,000 visitors every year, of whom about 30 per cent visit in July and August. It is close to the rock arch of Durdle Door and other Jurassic Coast sites.
Ross Katz
Ross Katz (born May 19, 1971 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American film producer, screenwriter and film director. He has executive produced films including In the Bedroom and Lost in Translation, and has directed the films Adult Beginners (2014) and The Choice (2016), and the HBO film Taking Chance (2009).

Todd Field
William Todd Field (born February 24, 1964) is an American filmmaker and actor. He is known for directing In the Bedroom (2001), Little Children (2006), and Tár (2022), which were nominated for a combined fourteen Academy Awards. Field has personally received six Academy Award nominations for his films; two for Best Picture, two for Best Adapted Screenplay, one for Best Director, and one for Best Original Screenplay. He also co-created the concept for bubble gum brand Big League Chew.

Before establishing himself as a filmmaker, Field appeared as an actor in such films as Victor Nuñez's Ruby in Paradise (1993), Nicole Holofcener's Walking and Talking (1996), and Stanley Kubrick's Eyes Wide Shut (1999).
Vladica Dimitrov
Vladica Dimitrov (Serbian Cyrillic: Владица Димитров; born 1974) is a politician in Serbia from the country's Bulgarian community. He was a member of the National Assembly of Serbia from 2014 to 2016 and is currently serving his fourth term as mayor of Dimitrovgrad. Dimitrov has been a member of the Serbian Progressive Party since 2013.

Bulgarians in Serbia
Bulgarians are recognized ethnic minority in Serbia. According to data from the 2022 census, there are 12,918 ethnic Bulgarians, constituting 0.2% of the total population of Serbia. The vast majority of them live in the southeastern corner of the country, bordering Bulgaria and North Macedonia.
Caprotinia
The Caprotinia, or feasts of Juno Caprotina, were ancient Roman festivals which were celebrated on July 7, in favor of the female slaves. During this solemnity, they ran about, beating themselves with their fists and with rods. None but women assisted in the sacrifices offered at this feast.

Plutarch's Life of Numa and Life of Camillus offer two possible origins for this feast, or the famous Nonae Caprotinae or Poplifugium. Firstly—and, in Plutarch's opinion, most likely—it commemorates the mysterious disappearance of Romulus during a violent thunderstorm that interrupted an assembly in the Palus Caprae ("Goats' Marsh"). Secondly, it commemorates a Roman victory by Camillus over the Latins; according to a minor tradition, a Roman serving maid or slave dressed as a noblewoman and surrendered herself to the Latins as hostage; that night, she climbed a wild fig-tree (caprificus, literally "goat-fig") and gave the Romans a torchlight signal to attack.

Marcus Furius Camillus
Marcus Furius Camillus (/kəˈmɪləs/; possibly c. 448 – c. 365 BC) was a Roman statesman and politician during the early Roman republic who is most famous for his capture of Veii and defence of Rome from Gallic sack after the Battle of the Allia. Modern scholars are dubious of Camillus' supposed exploits and believe many of them are wrongly attributed or otherwise wholly fictitious.
Eugenio Beltrami
Eugenio Beltrami (16 November 1835 – 18 February 1900) was an Italian mathematician notable for his work concerning differential geometry and mathematical physics. His work was noted especially for clarity of exposition. He was the first to prove the consistency of non-Euclidean geometry by modelling it on a surface of constant curvature, the pseudosphere, and in the interior of an n-dimensional unit sphere, the so-called Beltrami–Klein model. He also developed singular value decomposition for matrices, which has been subsequently rediscovered several times. Beltrami's use of differential calculus for problems of mathematical physics indirectly influenced the development of tensor calculus by Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro and Tullio Levi-Civita.

János Bolyai
János Bolyai (/ˈbɔːljɔɪ/; Hungarian: [ˈjaːnoʃ ˈboːjɒi]; 15 December 1802 – 27 January 1860) or Johann Bolyai, was a Hungarian mathematician who developed absolute geometry—a geometry that includes both Euclidean geometry and hyperbolic geometry. The discovery of a consistent alternative geometry that might correspond to the structure of the universe helped to free mathematicians to study abstract concepts irrespective of any possible connection with the physical world.