hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gmina Pniewy, Masovian Voivodeship
Gmina Pniewy is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Grójec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Pniewy, which lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north-west of Grójec and 40 km (25 mi) south-west of Warsaw.

The gmina covers an area of 102.05 square kilometres (39.4 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,597.

Grójec County
Grójec County (Polish: powiat grójecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Grójec, which lies 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of Warsaw. The county contains three other towns: Warka, 25 km (16 mi) east of Grójec, Nowe Miasto nad Pilicą, 34 km (21 mi) south-west of Grójec, and Mogielnica, 22 km (14 mi) south-west of Grójec.

The county covers an area of 1,268.82 square kilometres (489.9 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 98,334, out of which the population of Grójec is 16,745, that of Warka is 11,948, that of Nowe Miasto nad Pilicą is 3,755, that of Mogielnica is 2,253, and the rural population is 63,633.
James M. Cole
James Michael Cole (born May 2, 1952) is an American attorney who served as United States Deputy Attorney General from December 29, 2010 to January 8, 2015. He was first installed as Deputy Attorney General following a recess appointment by President Barack Obama on December 29, 2010.  He then was confirmed by the United States Senate in a 55–42 vote on June 28, 2011.

United States Deputy Attorney General
The United States deputy attorney general is the second-highest-ranking official in the United States Department of Justice and oversees the day-to-day operation of the department. The deputy attorney general acts as attorney general during the absence of the attorney general.

The deputy attorney general is a political appointee of the president of the United States and takes office after confirmation by the United States Senate. The position was created in 1950.
Großer Stern
Der Große Stern (transl. The Great Star) is the central square of the Großer Tiergarten park in Berlin; the Berlin Victory Column is sited in it. It is crossed by the Straße des 17. Juni, at its half.

The other 3 streets junctionning are:

Hofjägerallee;

Altonaer Straße;

Spreeweg.

In 2018, Greenpeace activists poured 3500 liters of yellow paint on the road, making it resemble a sun in protest of the government's use of coal power plants.

Straße des 17. Juni
The Straße des 17. Juni, or Strasse des 17. Juni (see ß; German pronunciation: [ˈʃtʁaːsə dɛs ˈziːpˌt͡seːntn̩ ˈjuːni] ⓘ; transl. 17th of June Street), is a street in central Berlin, the capital of Germany. Its name refers to the 17 June 1953 uprising in East Germany. The western continuation of the boulevard Unter den Linden, it runs east–west through the Tiergarten, a large park to the west of the city centre. At the eastern end of the street is the Brandenburg Gate and the Platz des 18. März, it then passes the Soviet War Memorial before passing either side of the Victory Column (Siegessäule) in the middle of the park, and out of the park through the Charlottenburg Gate, terminating about 500 metres (1,600 ft) later at Ernst-Reuter-Platz. The street is a section of the main western thoroughfare radiating out from the centre of Berlin so the road continues to the west of Ernst-Reuter-Platz, the first section of which is called Bismarckstraße.
Secret Santa
Secret Santa is a Western Christmas or Saint Nicholas tradition in which members of a group are randomly assigned a person to whom they give a gift. The identity of the gift-giver may remain a secret, as in New Zealand Secret Santa, or may be revealed at the end of the game.

Gift
A gift or present is an item given to someone (who is not already the owner) without the expectation of payment or anything in return. Although gift-giving might involve an expectation of reciprocity, a gift is intended to be free. In many countries, the act of mutually exchanging money, goods, etc., may sustain social relationships and contribute to social cohesion. Economists have elaborated the economics of gift-giving into the notion of a gift economy. By extension, the term gift can refer to any item or act of service that makes the other happier or less sad, especially as a favor, including forgiveness and kindness. Gifts are often presented on occasions such as birthdays and holidays.
Elizabethan Sea Dogs
The Sea Dogs were a group of English privateers authorised by Queen Elizabeth I to raid England's enemies, whether they were formally at war with them or not. Active from 1560 until Elizabeth's death in 1603, the Sea Dogs primarily attacked Spanish targets both on land and at sea, particularly during the Anglo-Spanish War.

John Hawkins (naval commander)
Admiral Sir John Hawkins (also spelled Hawkyns) (1532 – 1595) was an English naval commander, naval administrator, privateer and slave trader.

Hawkins pioneered, and was an early promoter of, English involvement in the Atlantic slave trade. He is considered to be the first English merchant to profit from the Triangle Trade, selling enslaved people from Africa to the Spanish colonies in the West Indies in the late 16th century.

In 1588, Hawkins served as a Vice-Admiral and fought in the victory over the Spanish Armada, for which he was knighted for gallantry. As Treasurer of the Navy, Hawkins became the chief architect of the Elizabethan Navy. He redesigned the navy so the ships were faster, more manoeuvrable and had more firepower.

Hawkins' son, Richard Hawkins, was captured by the Spanish. In response, along with his cousin Sir Francis Drake, he raised a fleet of ships to attack the Spanish in the West Indies. However, he died at sea during the expedition.
Electronic Media Union of Trinidad and Tobago
The Electronic Media Union of Trinidad and Tobago (EMUTT) is a trade union in Trinidad and Tobago. Its main membership base was in the now defunct National Broadcasting Network (NBN) which was the state broadcasting company. It is affiliated to the National Trade Union Centre of Trinidad and Tobago.

In December 2004, NBN concluded its last collective agreement with EMUTT along with severance packages, before NBN shut down. Together with Senior Staff Association and Union of Commercial and Industrial Workers they won voluntary separation agreements worth $33 million (equivalent to US$5,238,933.74 in 2004).

Union of Commercial and Industrial Workers
The Union of Commercial and Industrial Workers is a trade union in Trinidad and Tobago which was once one of the major unions organising shop workers. It has since diminished in both size and significance.
Sandburg Mall
Sandburg Mall, a.k.a. Carl Sandburg Mall, was a shopping mall in Galesburg, Illinois. The mall operated as an enclosed shopping center from 1975 to 2018 with main anchor stores and a variety of interior stores. The interior mall was closed September 28, 2018, leaving just three businesses as of the 2020s—a car repair shop, a building supply outlet store, and a moving van rental operation. The mall's anchor stores were Sears, Bergner's, JCPenney, and Kmart.

Galesburg, Illinois
Galesburg is a city in Knox County, Illinois, United States. The city is 45 miles (72 km) northwest of Peoria. At the 2020 census, its population was 30,052. Galesburg is the home of Knox College, a private four-year liberal arts college, and Carl Sandburg College, a community college named for native-born poet Carl Sandburg.

Galesburg is the county seat of Knox County and the principal city of the Galesburg Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Knox and Warren counties. A 496-acre (201 ha) section of the city is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Galesburg Historic District.
Rate-Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line
Rate-adaptive digital subscriber line (RADSL) is a pre-standard asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) solution. RADSL was introduced as proprietary technology by AT&T Paradyne, later GlobeSpan Technologies Inc., in June 1996. In September 1999, RADSL technology was formally described by ANSI in T1.TR.59-1999. RADSL supports downstream data rates of up to approximately 8 Mbit/s, upstream data rates up to approximately 1 Mbit/s, and can coexist with POTS voice on the same line.

RADSL allows rate-adaptation while the connection is in operation — rate-adaptation during connection setup is possible in many other DSL variants, including G.dmt and its successors. Rate-adaptation while the connection is in operation is specified as an option in ADSL2, ADSL2+, and VDSL2, under the name seamless rate adaptation (SRA).

G.992.5
G.992.5 (also referred to as ADSL2+, G.dmt.bis+, and G.adslplus) is an ITU-T standard for asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) broadband Internet access. The standard has a maximum theoretical downstream sync speed of 24 megabits per second (Mbit/s). Utilizing G.992.5 Annex M upstream sync speeds of 3.3 Mbit/s can be achieved.
IRAK1
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK-1) is an enzyme in humans encoded by the IRAK1 gene. IRAK-1 plays an important role in the regulation of the expression of inflammatory genes by immune cells, such as monocytes and macrophages, which in turn help the immune system in eliminating bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. IRAK-1 is part of the IRAK family consisting of IRAK-1, IRAK-2, IRAK-3, and IRAK-4, and is activated by inflammatory molecules released by signaling pathways during pathogenic attack. IRAK-1 is classified as a kinase enzyme, which regulates pathways in both innate and adaptive immune systems.

Conformational change
In biochemistry, a conformational change is a change in the shape of a macromolecule, often induced by environmental factors.

A macromolecule is usually flexible and dynamic. It can change its shape in response to changes in its environment or other factors; each possible shape is called a conformation, and a transition between them is called a conformational change. Factors that may induce such changes include temperature, pH, voltage, light in chromophores, ion concentration, phosphorylation, or the binding of a ligand.
Theatre Row Building
The Theatre Row Building is a complex of five Off-Broadway theatres at 410 West 42nd Street on Theatre Row in Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan, New York City. The building is owned by the 501(c)(3) organization non-profit Building for the Arts and is the center piece of an effort to transform the adult entertainment district on 42nd Street between Ninth Avenue and Tenth Avenue into an Off-Broadway theater district.

Ninth Avenue (Manhattan)
Ninth Avenue, known as Columbus Avenue between West 59th and 110th Streets, is a thoroughfare on the West Side of Manhattan in New York City, New York. Traffic runs downtown (southbound) from the Upper West Side to Chelsea. Two short sections of Ninth Avenue also exist in the Inwood neighborhood, carrying two-way traffic.
Elections in Suriname
Suriname elects on the national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by an electoral college based on the parliament. The National Assembly (Nationale Assemblée) has 51 members, elected every five years by proportional representation per district. 
Suriname has a multi-party system, with numerous parties in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments.

Suriname held general elections in 1928, 1930, 1932, 1934, 1936, 1938, 1942, 1946, 1949, 1951, 1955, 1958, 1963, 1967, 1969, 1973, 1977, 1987, 1991, 1996, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2025.

1949 Surinamese general election
General elections were held in Surinam on 30 May 1949. The result was a victory for the National Party of Suriname, which won 12 of the 21 seats (and was subsequently joined by the sole independent). Voter turnout was 52%.
Lake Centre
Lake Centre was a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 1953. This riding was created in 1933 from parts of the ridings of Last Mountain, Long Lake and Regina. From 1940 to 1953, the riding's Member of Parliament was John Diefenbaker, who later served as Prime Minister of Canada from 1957 to 1963 (though he was the member for Prince Albert by then).

It was abolished in 1952 when it was redistributed into Melville, Moose Jaw—Lake Centre, Rosetown—Biggar and Yorkton ridings.

Rosetown—Biggar (federal electoral district)
Rosetown—Biggar was a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 1968. This riding was created in 1933 from parts of Kindersley and Rosetown ridings.

It was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed into Battleford—Kindersley, Moose Jaw, Regina—Lake Centre, Saskatoon—Biggar and Swift Current—Maple Creek ridings.
Hiroshima 5th district
Hiroshima 5th district (広島県第5区, Hiroshima-ken dai-goku or simply 広島5区, Hiroshima-goku) is a single-member constituency of the House of Representatives in the national Diet of Japan located in Hiroshima Prefecture.

Onomichi
Onomichi (尾道市, Onomichi-shi) is a city located in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 31 January 2023, the city had an estimated population of 129,314 in 64055 households and a population density of 450 people per km². The total area of the city is 285.11 square kilometers (110.08 sq mi).
Outline of fluid dynamics
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to fluid dynamics:

In physics, physical chemistry and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids – liquids and gases. It has several subdisciplines, including aerodynamics (the study of air and other gases in motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of water and other liquids in motion). Fluid dynamics has a wide range of applications, including calculating forces and moments on aircraft, determining the mass flow rate of petroleum through pipelines, predicting weather patterns, understanding nebulae in interstellar space, understanding large scale geophysical flows involving oceans/atmosphere and modelling fission weapon detonation.

Below is a structured list of topics in fluid dynamics.

Mass flow rate
In physics and engineering, mass flow rate is the rate at which mass of a substance changes over time.  Its unit is kilogram per second (kg/s) in SI units, and slug per second or pound per second in US customary units.  The common symbol is  (pronounced "m-dot"), although sometimes  (Greek lowercase mu) is used.

Sometimes, mass flow rate as defined here is termed "mass flux" or "mass current".
Confusingly, "mass flow" is also a term for mass flux, the rate of mass flow per unit of area.
Auckengill
Auckengill is a  settlement, 6 miles (10 kilometres) south of John o' Groats, on the east coast of Caithness, within the Scottish council area of Highland.

Auckengill is situated 1⁄2 mile (800 metres) north of Nybster.

John o' Groats
John o' Groats (Scottish Gaelic: Taigh Iain Ghròta) is a village 2+1⁄2 miles (4 kilometres) northeast of Canisbay, in the historic county of Caithness, Scotland. It lies on Scotland's north-eastern tip and is popular with tourists. The northernmost point of mainland Scotland is nearby Dunnet Head and the northeastern corner is nearby Duncansby Head.

John o' Groats is sited 690 mi (1,110 km) from London, 280 mi (450 km) from Edinburgh, 6 mi (10 km) from the Orkney Isles and 2,200 mi (3,500 km) from the North Pole; it is 4+1⁄4 mi (7 km) from the uninhabited Island of Stroma.

In summer, a ferry operates between John o' Groats and Burwick on South Ronaldsay in Orkney.
Robinson Thornton
Christianity portal

Robinson Thornton (1824–1906) was Archdeacon of Middlesex from 1893  until 1903.

He was educated at Merchant Taylors' and St John's College, Oxford. He joined the staff of St John's, was ordained in 1852 and served a curacy at St Thomas', Oxford. He was the first headmaster of Epsom College and then Warden of Trinity College, Glenalmond. In 1878 he became Vicar of St John, Notting Hill;  and in 1889 a prebendary of St Paul's.

He died on 15 August 1906; his brother Samuel Thornton was the first Anglican Bishop of Ballarat.

Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood
Merchant Taylors' School is an 11–18 boys' public day school, founded in 1561 in London. The school has occupied various campuses. Since 1933 it has been at Sandy Lodge, a 285 acres (115 ha) site close to Northwood in the Three Rivers district of Hertfordshire. The school has 1100 students between the ages of 11 and 18. The school is an all-through school from age 3 to 18 after merging with Northwood Prep School in 2015.

Founded in 1561 by Sir Thomas White, Sir Richard Hilles, Emanuel Lucar and Stephen Hales, it was one of the nine English public schools investigated by the Clarendon Commission set up in 1861, and successfully argued that it should be omitted from the Public Schools Act 1868, as did St Paul's School, London, the other day school investigated by the Clarendon Commission.
Uswitch
Uswitch Limited is a UK-based price comparison service and switching website founded in 2000.  Users can conveniently compare prices across various sectors of energy, personal finance, insurance, and communications

Ofgem
The Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem) is the government regulator for the electricity and downstream natural gas markets in Great Britain. It was formed by the merger of the Office of Electricity Regulation (OFFER) and Office of Gas Supply (Ofgas).

Ofgem's governing body is the Gas and Electricity Markets Authority (GEMA), which is also referred to as the Ofgem board.
2008 Spengler Cup
The 2008 Spengler Cup was held in Davos, Switzerland from December 26 to December 31, 2008.  All matches were played at host HC Davos's home Vaillant Arena. The final was won 5-3 by HC Dynamo Moscow over Team Canada.

Eisstadion Davos
zondacrypto Arena is an indoor arena in Davos, Switzerland. It is primarily used for ice hockey and is the home arena of HC Davos. It holds 7,080 people, of which 3,280 are seated. Every year the Spengler Cup is played in this arena.

Major renovation of the arena started at the conclusion of the 2017–18 season to upgrade most of the stands and the concourse. The seating capacity was not increased and the total cost was around CHF 27 million. Construction began in 2018 and was completed in 2021.
Elena Danilova
Elena Yurievna Danilova is a former international Russian football forward who played for Ryazan VDV.

At 16 she took part in the 2003 World Cup. She scored Russia's last goal in the tournament, in the quarterfinals against eventual champions Germany. Two years later she led with 9 goals the Under-19 NT in Russia's first international women's football triumph, the 2005 U-19 Euro. Danilova was named the competition's MVP. The following year she was included in the 2006 U-20 World Cup All-Star Team. She was also the top scorer of the 2006 U-19 Euro.

Danilova missed the 2008 season and the 2009 Euro qualifying because of a knee injury she suffered during a move to WPSL's FC Indiana, but she recovered in time for the tournament and took part in Russia's three games. She scored five goals in the 2011 World Cup qualifying, four of them against Kazakhstan.

Russian Women's Football Championship
The Russian Women's Football Championship (Russian: Чемпионат России по футболу среди женщин, romanized: Chempionat Rossii po futbolu sredi zhenshchin), also known as the Top Division and the Women's Football League, is the highest professional  women's football league in Russia.

The Top Division was founded in 1992. Prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union, the women's league played two seasons in 1990 and 1991.
Bipartite double cover
In graph theory, the bipartite double cover of an undirected graph G is a bipartite, covering graph of G, with twice as many vertices as G. It can be constructed as the tensor product of graphs, G × K2. It is also called the Kronecker double cover, canonical double cover or simply the bipartite double of G.

It should not be confused with a cycle double cover of a graph, a family of cycles that includes each edge twice.

Connectivity (graph theory)
In mathematics and computer science, connectivity is one of the basic concepts of graph theory: it asks for the minimum number of elements (nodes or edges) that need to be removed to separate the remaining nodes into two or more isolated subgraphs. It is closely related to the theory of network flow problems. The connectivity of a graph is an important measure of its resilience as a network.
Multinational state
A multinational state or a multinational union is a sovereign entity that comprises two or more nations or states. This contrasts with a nation state, where a single nation accounts for the bulk of the population. Depending on the definition of "nation" (which touches on ethnicity, language, and political identity), a multinational state is usually multicultural or multilingual, and is geographically composed of more than one country, such as the countries of the United Kingdom.

Historical multinational states that have since split into multiple states include the Ottoman Empire, British India, Qing Empire, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, the United Arab Republic and Austria-Hungary (a dual monarchy of two multinational states). Some analysts have described the European Union as a multinational state or a potential one.

Tharu people
The Tharu people are an ethnic group living in the Terai in southern Nepal and northern India. They speak Tharu languages. They are recognized as an official ethnicity by the Government of Nepal. In the Indian Terai, they live foremost in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The Government of India recognizes the Tharu people as a scheduled Indian tribe.
Mayor of Hyderabad, Pakistan
The Mayor of Hyderabad (Sindhi: حيدرآباد جو نظام‎Urdu: ناظم حیدرآباد) heads the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (HMC), the local body which controls the Local Government system of Hyderabad. The longest-serving mayor of Hyderabad was Jamil Ahmed, who was elected twice to the office of mayor and served from 1962 to 1971. The current mayor of Hyderabad is Kashif Shoro who is a PPP MPA and the first mayor of Hyderabad of Sindhi descent.

Kunwar Naveed Jamil
Kunwar Naveed Jamil (Urdu: کنور نوید جمیل; 15 March 1964 – 17 August 2023) was a Pakistani politician who had been a member of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh from August 2018 to August 2023. Previously, he had been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from April 2015 to May 2018.
Wrestling at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman featherweight
The men's Greco-Roman featherweight was a Greco-Roman wrestling event held as part of the Wrestling at the 1920 Summer Olympics programme. It was the second appearance of the event. Featherweight was the lightest category, including wrestlers weighing up to 60 kilograms.

A total of 21 wrestlers from 12 nations competed in the event, which was held from August 16 to August 20, 1920.

Wrestling at the 1920 Summer Olympics
At the 1920 Summer Olympics, ten wrestling events were contested, for all men. There were five weight classes in Greco-Roman wrestling and five classes in Catch as Catch Can, predecessor to freestyle wrestling. The competitions were held from Monday, August 16 to Friday, August 20, 1920 (Greco-Roman) and from Wednesday, August 25 to Friday, August 27, 1920 (freestyle).