hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tangshan–Baotou railway
The Tangshan–Baotou railway (referred to in Chinese as the Tangbao Railway for short) is a railway connecting Tangshan, Hebei Province and Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China. It starts from Tangshan in the east, passes through Chengde and Zhangjiakou in Hebei, Ulanqab and Hohhot in Inner Mongolia, and ends in Baotou in the west. The Tangshan–Baotou railway connects with the Hohhot–Zhungar railway and other railways to form another major coal-transport railway route in the north after the Datong–Qinhuangdao railway.

Xinghe County
Xinghe County (Mongolian: ᠰᠢᠩ ᠾᠧ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ; Chinese: 兴和县) is a county of south-central Inner Mongolia, China, bordering the provinces of Hebei to the east and Shanxi to the south. It is under the administration of Ulanqab City, and is situated on the China National Highway 110 between Ulanqab and Zhangjiakou in Hebei province. Bordering county-level divisions include Fengzhen City to the southwest, Chahar Right Front Banner to the west, Chahar Right Back Banner to the northwest, and Shangdu County to the north.
Oscar Schmidt Jr.
Oscar Schmidt Jr. (March 25, 1896 – March 24, 1973) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War I.

Naval History and Heritage Command
The Naval History and Heritage Command, formerly the Naval Historical Center, is an Echelon II command responsible for the preservation, analysis, and dissemination of U.S. naval history and heritage located at the historic Washington Navy Yard.  The NHHC is composed of 42 facilities in 13 geographic locations including the Navy Department Library, 10 museums and 1 heritage center, USS Constitution repair facility and detachment, and historic ship ex-USS Nautilus.
Bill Veeck
William Louis Veeck Jr. (/ˈvɛk/ VEK; February 9, 1914 – January 2, 1986), also known as "Sport Shirt Bill" and "Wild Bill" was an American Major League Baseball franchise owner and promoter. Veeck was at various times the owner of the Cleveland Indians, the St. Louis Browns, and the Chicago White Sox.

Veeck was the last owner to purchase a baseball franchise without an independent fortune and was responsible for many innovations and contributions to baseball. As owner and team president of the Indians in 1947, Veeck signed Larry Doby, thus beginning the integration of the American League, and the following year won a World Series title.

Unable to compete in the new era of salary escalation ignited by arbitration and free agency, Veeck sold his ownership interest in the White Sox after the 1980 season. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame posthumously in 1991.

Society for American Baseball Research
The Society for American Baseball Research (SABR) is a membership organization dedicated to fostering the research and dissemination of the history and statistical record of baseball. The organization was founded in Cooperstown, New York, on August 10, 1971, at a meeting of 16 "statistorians" coordinated by sportswriter Bob Davids. The organization now reports a membership of over 7,500 and is based in Phoenix, Arizona.
Presburger arithmetic
Presburger arithmetic is the first-order theory of the natural numbers with addition, named in honor of Mojżesz Presburger, who introduced it in 1929. The signature of Presburger arithmetic contains only the addition operation and equality, omitting the multiplication operation entirely. The theory is computably axiomatizable; the axioms include a schema of induction.

Presburger arithmetic is much weaker than Peano arithmetic, which includes both addition and multiplication operations. Unlike Peano arithmetic, Presburger arithmetic is a decidable theory. This means it is possible to algorithmically determine, for any sentence in the language of Presburger arithmetic, whether that sentence is provable from the axioms of Presburger arithmetic. The asymptotic running-time computational complexity of this algorithm is at least doubly exponential, however, as shown by Fischer & Rabin (1974).

Automatic sequence
In mathematics and theoretical computer science, an automatic sequence (also called a k-automatic sequence or a k-recognizable sequence when one wants to indicate that the base of the numerals used is k) is an infinite sequence of terms characterized by a finite automaton.  The n-th term of an automatic sequence a(n) is a mapping of the final state reached in a finite automaton accepting the digits of the number n in some fixed base k.

An automatic set is a set of non-negative integers S for which the sequence of values of its characteristic function χS is an automatic sequence; that is, S is k-automatic if χS(n) is k-automatic, where χS(n) = 1 if n  S and 0 otherwise.
Thomas Taylor (Australian politician)
Thomas Whitford Taylor (died 15 September 1938) was an Irish-born Australian politician.

He was born in Armagh to an Anglican family. He attended Belfast Academy and Queens University before travelling to Manchester and Liverpool following his father's death. He spent three years in Africa before arriving in Sydney around 1881, where he commenced legal studies. He established a frozen meat export company, moving to Liverpool after its failure around 1884. By 1890, he was a long-serving member of Liverpool Council and was twice the mayor. In 1900, he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in a by-election for the seat of Canterbury; he defeated sitting member Sydney Smith and does not appear to have belonged to any of the political parties of the time. Defeated by the Liberal candidate in 1901, he did not win office again, although he ran unsuccessfully for several more state and federal elections.

Sydney Smith (Australian politician)
Sydney Smith (11 April 1856 – 21 February 1934) was an Australian politician. He began his parliamentary career in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly (1882–1898, 1900) and served as a government minister under Henry Parkes. He transferred to the new House of Representatives after Federation, representing the Division of Macquarie from 1901 to 1906. He served as Postmaster-General in the Reid government from 1904 to 1905.
Norfolk and Western LC-1 Class
The N&W LC-1 was a class of boxcab electric locomotives built by Baldwin-Westinghouse for the Norfolk and Western Railway. The locomotives were part of an electrification project undertaken by the N&W to improve traffic conditions on the Elkhorn grade in its Bluefield Division. Baldwin-Westinghouse delivered 12 twin-unit boxcabs in 1914–1915. N&W scrapped them in 1950 when it discontinued electric operations.

William D. Middleton
William D. Middleton (March 25, 1928 – July 10, 2011) was an American reporter, writer and photographer. The majority of his work was on the subject of railroad history and operation. He published over 20 books and approximately 700 articles for magazines and newspapers, accompanied by photographs. His work as a photographer was profiled in the Spring 2011 issue of Classic Trains magazine.

He was one of the lead editors, along with George M. Smerk and Roberta L. Diehl, for the Encyclopedia of North American Railroads.
Gustavo Santander
Gustavo Adolfo Santander Lora is a Colombian composer who has had great success at international level. He has composed over 200 songs for major artists like David Bisbal, Alejandro Fernández, Cristian Castro, Diego Torres, Ricardo Montaner, Sergio Dalma, Luis Fonsi, Rocío Dúrcal, Jerry Rivera and Carlos Santana, among others. He is also the brother of composer and producer Kike Santander.

Diego Torres (singer)
Diego Antonio Caccia, known as Diego Torres, (born 9 March 1971) is an  Argentine pop singer and actor. His music is generally categorized as Latin pop, tropical, and rock and roll. He is a member of the Latin Songwriters Hall of Fame, and the son of the Argentine icon Lolita Torres.

His work has been well received throughout Latin America and he is a recipient of numerous awards, including the Latin Grammy Award, which he has won three times. His hit single "Color Esperanza," released as an anthem of hope during Argentina's economic depression, has become a standard for school choirs since its release in 2001. He performed it for Pope Francis in 2015.
Cardiac transient outward potassium current
The cardiac transient outward potassium current (referred to as Ito1 or Ito) is one of the ion currents across the cell membrane of heart muscle cells. It is responsible for the (brief) repolarizing phase 1 of the cardiac action potential (which succeeds depolarisation, and precedes the plateau phase). The Ito is produced by movement of positively charged potassium (K+) ions from the intracellular into the extracellular space. It exhibits rapid activation and inactivation. Ito1 is complemented with Ito2 resulting from Cl− ions to form the transient outward current Ito.

The Ito1 is generated by voltage-gated K+ channels Kv1.4, Kv4.2, and (especially) Kv4.3; these channels undergo ball-and-chain inactivation to terminate the current.

It occurs in atrial, ventricular, and conduction system cells. In ventricular myocardium, it is more potent in the epicardium than the endocardium; this transmural Ito1 gradient underlies the J wave ECG finding.

Ion channel
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore. Their functions include establishing a resting membrane potential, shaping action potentials and other electrical signals by gating the flow of ions across the cell membrane, controlling the flow of ions across secretory and epithelial cells, and regulating cell volume. Ion channels are present in the membranes of all cells. Ion channels are one of the two classes of ionophoric proteins, the other being ion transporters.

The study of ion channels often involves biophysics, electrophysiology, and pharmacology, while using techniques including voltage clamp, patch clamp, immunohistochemistry, X-ray crystallography, fluoroscopy, and RT-PCR. Their classification as molecules is referred to as channelomics.
Nemarluk
Nemarluk (c. 1911 – August 1940) was an Murrinh-patha man, Aboriginal warrior and resistance leader who lived around present-day Darwin in the Northern Territory of Australia. He fought strongly against both British and Japanese intruders who had come into his people's tribal lands.

Wadeye
Wadeye (/ˈwɒdeɪə, ˈwɒdɛər/ WOD-ay-ə, WOD-air) is a town in Australia's Northern Territory (NT). It was formerly known (and is still often referred to) as Port Keats, a name originating from Port Keats Mission, which operated from 1935 (originally at a different location, known as Wertnek Nganayi) until 1978. In the last few years, Port Keats was run as an Aboriginal reserve by the Northern Territory Government, before being renamed Wadeye when control was passed to the Kardu Numida Council.

At the 2021 census, Wadeye had a population of 1924. Wadeye is one of the  biggest Indigenous communities in the NT.
Aleppo clashes (2025–2026)
The Aleppo clashes (2025–2026) were a series of clashes between the Syrian transitional government and Syrian Democratic Forces in Aleppo. The fighting was centered around the Sheikh Maqsood and Ashrafiyah neighborhoods, both of which are Kurdish-majority districts and under the control of the Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria-affiliated Asayish police force. The clashes came to an end after the neighborhoods came under the control of the Syrian Army in January 2026.

Ministry of Defense (Syria)
The Ministry of Defense (Arabic: وزارة الدفاع, romanized: Wizārat al-Difāʿ) is a cabinet ministry of Syria, responsible for defense affairs and national security. Murhaf Abu Qasra, Minister of Defense holds the position of Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Armed Forces.
Elliptic curve point multiplication
Elliptic curve scalar multiplication is the operation of successively adding a point along an elliptic curve to itself repeatedly.  It is used in elliptic curve cryptography (ECC).
The literature presents this operation as scalar multiplication, as written in Hessian form of an elliptic curve. A widespread name for this operation is also elliptic curve point multiplication, but this can convey the wrong impression of being a multiplication between two points.

Hessian form of an elliptic curve
In geometry, a Hessian curve is a cubic plane curve similar to the folium of Descartes that belongs to the Hesse pencil. It is named after the German mathematician Otto Hesse. In projective coordinates, the projective equation of a Hessian curve is

For every nonsingular cubic plane curve there is a change of projective coordinates that transforms the equation of the curve into the above Hessian form.

Theses curves are used in elliptic curve cryptography, because arithmetic in this curve representation is faster and needs less memory than arithmetic in standard Weierstrass form.
Avren, Kardzhali Province
Avren is a village in Krumovgrad Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria. Avren Village is situated in a mountainous region, approximately 4 km from the Greek border. It is about 20 km south of Krumovgrad, around 69 km southeast of the regional center Kardzhali.

Chernichevo, Kardzhali Province
Chernichevo (Bulgarian: Черничево) is a village in southern Bulgaria, located in the municipality of Krumovgrad in the Kardzhali Province. It is situated in the Eastern part of Rhodope Mountains, near the border with Greece. Its original Bulgarian name is "Dunyata" (Bulgarian: Дунята). The correct geographical location of Chernichevo is 41° 21' N, 25° 47' E.
Agglutination
In linguistics, agglutination is a morphological process in which words are formed by stringing together morphemes (word parts), each of which corresponds to a single syntactic feature. Languages that use agglutination widely are called agglutinative languages. For example, in the agglutinative Turkish, the word evlerinizden ("from your houses") consists of the morphemes ev-ler-i-n-iz-den. Agglutinative languages are often contrasted with isolating languages, in which words are monomorphemic, and fusional languages, in which words can be complex, but morphemes may correspond to multiple features.

Affix
In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. The main two categories are derivational and inflectional affixes. Derivational affixes,  such as un-, -ation, anti-, pre- etc., introduce a semantic change to the word they are attached to. Inflectional affixes introduce a syntactic change, such as singular into plural (e.g. -(e)s), or present simple tense into present continuous or past tense by  adding -ing, -ed to an English word. All of them are bound morphemes by definition; prefixes and suffixes may be separable affixes.
Silas Nacita
Silas Nacita (born 1993), nicknamed the Swiss Army Knife, is a former American football running back. He played college football at Cornell Big Red, before leaving the program and transferring to walk on at Baylor where he earned playing time during the 2014 season rushing for 191 yards and three touchdowns and a 6.2 yards per carry average. Nacita would be ruled ineligible by the NCAA and not allowed to play at the college level. He would first sign to play professionally in the German Football League (GFL) for the Marburg Mercenaries and Frankfurt Universe. He has also played for top-level teams in the Italian Football League and for the Danube Dragons in the Austrian Football League (AFL). He finished his career playing for the Helvetic Guards of the European League of Football (ELF).

Austrian Football League
The Austrian Football League (AFL) is a professional American football league in Austria. The league currently comprises eight teams, and operates on a system of promotion and relegation. It plays by rules based on those of the U.S. National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).

Founded in 1982, the AFL is the highest tier level of American football in the country; below is a tier pyramid system consisting of teams playing in divisions I through IV. Winners of each division move up to the next level of play. The AFL is considered among the best and strongest leagues in Europe.
Art Nouveau in Turin
Art Nouveau, in Turin, spread in the early twentieth century.

This new stylistic current involved various artistic disciplines including the applied arts and, predominantly, architecture. In the specific panorama of Turin, Art Nouveau was influenced, in its major works, by the important Parisian and Belgian schools, becoming one of the greatest Italian examples of this current, so much so as to establish Turin as one of the Italian capitals of the Art Nouveau style, not without also undergoing inevitable eclectic and Art Deco incursions.

Due to the success of this stylistic current and the type of buildings that arose in the first decades of the twentieth century, Turin became one of the landmarks of Italian Art Nouveau, often renamed "floral style," so much so that conspicuous architectural evidence of that period can still be perceived today.

Raimondo D'Aronco
Raimondo Tommaso D’Aronco (1857–1932) was an Italian architect renowned for his building designs in the style of Art Nouveau. He was the chief palace architect to the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II in Istanbul for 16 years.
1982–83 OHL season
The 1982–83 OHL season was the third season of the Ontario Hockey League. The Niagara Falls Flyers move to North Bay, Ontario, becoming the Centennials. The Guelph Platers are granted an expansion franchise. Fifteen teams each played 70 games. The Oshawa Generals won the J. Ross Robertson Cup, defeating the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds.

Niagara Falls Flyers
The Niagara Falls Flyers were two junior ice hockey franchises that played in the top tier in the Ontario Hockey Association. The first, a Junior "A" team existed from 1960 until 1972, and the second in Tier I Junior "A" from 1976 until 1982.

Both teams were owned by the Emms Family, and were relocated to Niagara Falls from another city. The Niagara Falls Memorial Arena was home ice to both teams.
George III of Georgia
George III (Georgian: გიორგი III, romanized: giorgi III) (died 27 March 1184), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was the 8th King (mepe) of Georgia from 1156 to 1184. He became king when his father, Demetrius I, died in 1156, which was preceded by his brother's revolt against their father in 1154. His reign was part of what would be called the Georgian Golden Age – a historical period in the High Middle Ages, during which the Kingdom of Georgia reached the peak of its military power and development.

Shah-Armens
The Shah-Armens (lit. 'Kings of Armenia', Turkish: Ermenşahlar), also known as Ahlatshahs (lit. 'Rulers of Ahlat', Turkish: Ahlatşahlar) or Begtimurids, was a Turkoman Sunni Muslim dynasty founded after the Battle of Manzikert (1071) and centred in Ahlat on the northwestern shore of the Lake Van. This region comprised most of modern-day Bitlis and Van, and parts of Muş provinces.
Adriano (footballer, born 1984)
Adriano Correia Claro (born 26 October 1984), known simply as Adriano, is a Brazilian former professional footballer. One of few players in professional football who are genuinely ambidextrous, he was capable of playing as a full-back or midfielder on both sides of the pitch.

After starting his career with Coritiba, he moved to Spain in 2005, going on to spend several seasons in La Liga with Sevilla and Barcelona and win several major titles with both clubs, including the treble with the latter in 2015.

A Brazilian international for ten years, Adriano represented his country in two Copa América tournaments, winning the 2004 edition.

2012–13 La Liga
The 2012–13 La Liga season (known as the Liga BBVA for sponsorship reasons) was the 82nd since its establishment. The campaign began on 18 August 2012, and concluded on 1 June 2013. Barcelona won the league for a 22nd time, after leading the league the entire season and amassing 100 points, equalling Real Madrid's points record from the previous season.

As in previous years, Nike provided the official ball for all matches, with a new Nike Maxim Liga BBVA model to be used throughout the season for all matches.
Round house (Thames and Severn Canal)
The round houses on the Thames and Severn Canal are five former lengthsmen's cottages built along the canal between Chalford and Lechlade in Gloucestershire, England. Constructed in the 1790s when the canal was built, all but one of them are Grade II listed and have been restored as private dwellings. The buildings have been described as "peculiar" and "a distinctive feature of the Thames and Severn Canal's architecture".

Latton, Wiltshire
Latton is a village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north of Cricklade, on the county border with Gloucestershire. The village is bypassed by the A419 road from Swindon to Cirencester. The parish includes the hamlet of Eysey, formerly a village with its own church and parish. In 2011 the parish had a population of 548.

Watercourses form several of the parish boundaries.  In the northeast (also the county boundary) the boundary is the Ampney Brook; in the south, the Thames and its tributary the River Ray; in the northwest the River Churn, another tributary of the Thames.
1936 Grand National
The 1936 Grand National was the 95th renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 27 March 1936.

Reynoldstown, a 10/1 shot owned and trained by Major Noel Furlong and ridden by amateur jockey Fulke Walwyn, won the race for the second year in a row after being left clear by Davy Jones running out at the last fence.

At the 17th fence, Avenger incurred a cervical fracture in a fall and was euthanised.

Aintree Racecourse
Aintree Racecourse is a racecourse in Aintree, Merseyside, England, near to Liverpool. The racecourse is the venue for the Grand National steeplechase, which takes place annually in April over three days. Aintree also holds meetings in May, October (Sunday), November and December (both Saturdays).

The Aintree Racecourse had suffered three major disruptions in post-war history, starting with the 1993 Grand National due to a series of false starts and no winner was announced, followed by the 1997 Grand National, postponed to Monday because of an IRA bomb threat and the 2023 Grand National was delayed due to Animal Rights protesters.
Nacho (footballer, born 1990)
José Ignacio Fernández Iglesias (Spanish pronunciation: [xoˈse jɣˈnaθjo feɾˈnandeθ iˈɣlesjas]; born 18 January 1990), known as Nacho (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈnatʃo]) or Nacho Fernández, is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Saudi Pro League club Al-Qadsiah. Mainly a centre-back, he has also played at right-back and left-back on occasion.

He has spent  most of his career with Real Madrid after making his debut with the first team in 2011, making over 300 appearances and winning several trophies, including a joint record six Champions Leagues, a record shared with Paco Gento, Luka Modrić, Toni Kroos and Dani Carvajal. Nacho has won a total of 26 trophies at Real Madrid, making him the second-most decorated player in the club's history.
Nacho won his first senior cap for Spain in 2013, and was part of the squad at the 2018 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2024, winning the latter tournament.

2023–24 La Liga
The 2023–24 La Liga, also known as LaLiga EA Sports due to sponsorship reasons, was the 93rd season of La Liga, Spain's premier football competition. It commenced on 11 August 2023 and ended on 26 May 2024. 
Barcelona were the defending champions, having won their 27th title the previous season.

On 4 May 2024, Real Madrid were officially confirmed as champions with four matches to spare following Barcelona's 4–2 defeat to Girona, securing a record-extending 36th title.