hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Colachel
The Battle of Colachel (or The Battle of Kolachel) was fought on 10 August 1741 [O.S. 31 July 1741]
between the Indian kingdom of Travancore and the Dutch East India Company. During the Travancore-Dutch War, King Marthanda Varma's (1729–1758) forces defeated the Dutch East India Company's forces led by Admiral Eustachius De Lannoy on 10 August 1741.
Travancore triumphed in the war with the military efforts of the Travancore army at land and fishermen community at sea. The war marked the beginning of the long-standing conflicts and negotiations that later became known as the Travancore–Dutch War.

Thekkumkur
The Kingdom of Thekkumkur (Malayalam: തെക്കുംകൂർ രാജ്യം) (also transliterated as Thekkumkoor or Thekkumcore) was an independent kingdom in the southern part of Kerala in India from 1103 CE until 1750 CE. It was ruled by the Thekkumkur Royal Family (Edathil Family). Thekkumkur lies between the Meenachil River and the Pamba River, from the Western Ghats to the Vembanad Kayal. Thekkumkur emerged as a result of administrative changes in the princely states at the end of the Chera Kulasekhara dynasty of Mahodayapuram.  The literal meaning of the title is the southern regent and the attribute southern distinguished them from another kingdom known as Vadakkumkur (northern regent) which bordered it in the northern side. The royal household, Thekkumkur Kovilakam, were at  Vennimala and Manikandapuram near Puthuppally, later it shifted to Neerazhi Palace at Puzhavathu of Changanassery and Thalilkotta at Thaliyanthanapuram (Kottayam).
Development of the human digestive system
The development of the human digestive system in early embryonic development concerns the epithelium of the digestive system and the parenchyma of its derivatives, which originate from the endoderm. Connective tissue, muscular components, and peritoneal components originate in the mesoderm. Different regions of the gut tube such as the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, etc. are specified by a retinoic acid  gradient that causes transcription factors unique to each region to be expressed. Differentiation of the gut and its derivatives depends upon reciprocal interactions between the gut endoderm and its surrounding mesoderm. Hox genes in the mesoderm are induced by a Hedgehog signaling pathway secreted by gut endoderm and regulate the craniocaudal organization of the gut and its derivatives. The gut system extends from the oropharyngeal membrane to the cloacal membrane and is divided into the foregut, midgut, and hindgut.

Mesentery
In human anatomy, the mesentery is an organ that attaches the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall, consisting of a double fold of the peritoneum. It helps (among other functions) in storing fat and allowing blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to supply the intestines.

The mesocolon (the part of the mesentery that attaches the colon to the abdominal wall) was formerly thought to be a fragmented structure, with all named parts—the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid mesocolons, the mesoappendix, and the mesorectum—separately terminating their insertion into the posterior abdominal wall. However, in 2012, new microscopic and electron microscopic examinations showed the mesocolon to be a single structure derived from the duodenojejunal flexure and extending to the distal mesorectal layer. Thus the mesentery is an internal organ.
Spiculectomy
Spiculectomy is a minor soft-tissue surgical procedure to remove a spicule or splinter, often a fragment of toenail, penetrating the nail bed.  This condition is often associated with ingrown nails.  Spiculectomies may be performed by a podiatrist or podiatric surgeon, and the procedure usually has good outcomes even in high-risk patients.

Nail (anatomy)
A nail is a protective plate characteristically found at the tip of the digits (fingers and toes) of almost all primates (except for marmosets), corresponding to the claws in other tetrapod animals. Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough rigid protein called alpha-keratin, a polymer also found in the claws, hooves, and horns of vertebrates.
Snooker 19
Snooker 19 is a 2019 sports video game developed by Lab42 and published by Ripstone Games. The game is a simulation of the game of snooker. The game was released on 17 April 2019 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, with a Nintendo Switch release on 23 August 2019. All 128 professional players from the World Snooker Tour during the 2018-19 snooker season appear in the game, as do venues from all 26 tournaments, including Alexandra Palace and the Crucible Theatre.

Glossary of cue sports terms
The following is a glossary of traditional English-language terms used in the three overarching cue sports disciplines: carom billiards referring to the various carom games played on a billiard table without pockets; pool, which denotes a host of games played on a table with six pockets; and snooker, played on a large pocket table, and which has a sport culture unto itself distinct from pool. There are also games such as English billiards that include aspects of multiple disciplines.
Brigatinib
Brigatinib, sold under the brand name Alunbrig among others, is a small-molecule targeted cancer therapy being developed by Ariad Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Brigatinib acts as an inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinase anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), as well as several nonreceptor tyrosine kinases such as FAK, FAK2, and FER. It shows activity against ALK-positive non–small cell lung cancer, ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), and NF2-related schwannomatosis.

Brigatinib could overcome resistance to osimertinib conferred by the EGFR C797S mutation if it is combined with an anti-EGFR antibody such as cetuximab or panitumumab.

Panitumumab
Panitumumab, sold under the brand name Vectibix, is a fully human monoclonal antibody specific to the epidermal growth factor receptor (also known as EGF receptor, EGFR, ErbB-1 and HER1 in humans).

Panitumumab is manufactured by Amgen and was originally developed by Abgenix Inc.

In 2014, Amgen and Illumina entered into an agreement to develop a companion diagnostic to accompany panitumumab.
2018 in Philippine television
The following is a list of events affecting Philippine television in 2018. Events listed include television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel launches, closures and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and carriage disputes.

Fullscreen (aspect ratio)
Fullscreen (or full screen) refers to the 4:3 (1.33:1) aspect ratio of early standard television screens and computer monitors. Widescreen ratios started to become more popular in the 1990s and 2000s.

Film originally created in the 4:3 aspect ratio does not need to be altered for full-screen release. In contrast, other aspect ratios can be converted to full screen using techniques such as pan and scan, open matte or reframing. In pan and scan, the 4:3 image is extracted from within the original frame by cropping the sides of the film. In open matte, the 4:3 image is extracted from parts of the original negative which were shot but not intended to be used for the theatrical release. In reframing, elements within the image are repositioned. Reframing is used for entirely CG movies, where the elements can be easily moved.
Shinkot casket
The Shinkot casket, also Bajaur reliquary of the reign of Menander, is a Buddhist reliquary from the Bajaur area in Gandhara, thought to mention the reign of the 2nd century BCE Indo-Greek king Menander I. The steatite casket is said to have contained a silver and a gold reliquary at the time of discovery, but they have been lost.

Bajaur District
Bajaur District (Pashto: باجوړ ولسوالۍ, Urdu: ضلع باجوڑ), formerly Bajaur Agency, is a district in the Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. Prior to 2018, Bajaur Agency was the northernmost component of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), a semi-autonomous region along the Afghanistan–Pakistan border. In May 2018, FATA was merged into the larger Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK) in an attempt to bring stability to the region, redesignating Bajaur Agency to Bajaur District.

The district lies on Pakistan's western border, sharing a 52 km border with Afghanistan's Kunar Province, and lies 35 mi (56 km) north of the Torkham border crossing linking Jalalabad and Peshawar. 498 square kilometer miles in size, Bajaur occupies a small mountain basin and is into seven tehsil (subdistricts) with its district headquarters in the town of Khar, in the district's center. According to the 2017 Pakistani census, Bajaur District has a population of 1,090,987.
Galerie Neue Meister
The Galerie Neue Meister (German pronunciation: [ɡaləˈʁiː ˈnɔʏə ˈmaɪstɐ], New Masters Gallery) in Dresden, Germany, displays around 300 paintings from the 19th century until today, including works from Otto Dix, Edgar Degas, Vincent van Gogh and Claude Monet. The gallery also exhibits a number of sculptures from the Dresden Sculpture Collection from the same period. The museum's collection grew out of the Old Masters Gallery, for which contemporary works were increasingly purchased after 1843.

The New Masters Gallery is part of the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen (State Art Collections) of Dresden. It is located in the Albertinum.

Ludwig Richter
Adrian Ludwig Richter (September 28, 1803 – June 19, 1884) was a German painter and etcher, who was strongly influenced by Erhard and Chodowiecki. He was a representative of both Romanticism and Biedermeier styles.

He was the most popular, and in many ways the most typical German illustrator of the middle of the 19th century. His work is described as typically German and homely as are the fairy-tales of Grimm, for whom he produced several woodcuts.
Levi Scott (Oregon politician)
Levi C. Scott (1797–1890) was a politician in the Oregon Territory of the United States in the 1850s. A native of Illinois, he was a captain during the Cayuse War, helped lay the Applegate Trail, served in the Oregon Territorial Legislature, and in 1857 was a member of the Oregon Constitutional Convention. Scott also founded Scottsburg, Oregon, and is the namesake for several natural features in Southern Oregon.

Douglas County, Oregon
Douglas County is one of the 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the population was 111,201. The county seat is Roseburg. The county is named after Stephen A. Douglas, an American politician who supported Oregon statehood. Douglas County comprises the Roseburg, Oregon micropolitan statistical area. In area, Douglas County is the largest county west of the Oregon Cascades.
QED vacuum
The QED vacuum or quantum electrodynamic vacuum is the field-theoretic vacuum of quantum electrodynamics. It is the lowest energy state (i.e., the ground state) of the electromagnetic field when the fields are quantized. When the Planck constant is hypothetically allowed to approach zero, QED vacuum is converted to classical vacuum; that is, the vacuum of classical electromagnetism.

Another field-theoretic vacuum is the QCD vacuum of the Standard Model.

Quantum electrodynamics
In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved. QED mathematically describes all phenomena involving electrically charged particles interacting by means of exchange of photons and represents the quantum counterpart of classical electromagnetism giving a complete account of matter and light interaction.

In technical terms, QED can be described as a perturbation theory of the electromagnetic quantum vacuum. Richard Feynman called it "the jewel of physics" for its extremely accurate predictions of quantities like the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and the Lamb shift of the energy levels of hydrogen.: Ch1  It is the most precise and stringently tested theory in physics.
2025–26 EIHL season
The 2025–26 EIHL season is the 22nd season of the Elite Ice Hockey League (EIHL), the highest level of domestic ice hockey played in the United Kingdom. The league is running three separate competitions to be played between 13 September 2025 and 19 April 2026.

The Belfast Giants are defending the League Championship as well as the Challenge Cup, while the Nottingham Panthers are the reigning playoff champions.

Belfast Giants
The Belfast Giants are a professional ice hockey team based in Belfast, Northern Ireland. They compete in the UK's Elite Ice Hockey League (EIHL). They play their home games at the SSE Arena and are owned by the Odyssey Trust, a charitable company set up to hold and maintain the Odyssey complex, including the SSE Arena and its facilities. The Giants operated as the anchor tenant for the Arena at its opening before becoming an integrated part of the organisation.

Since their inception in 2000, the Giants have won seventeen major honours, including eight British league championships (by finishing top of the regular season standings), three British national championships (by winning the post-season play-off tournament), and six Challenge Cups.
Archaeology of Wales
The archaeology of Wales (Welsh: Archaeoleg Cymru) is the study of human occupation within the country of Wales which has been occupied by modern humans since 225,000 BC, with continuous occupation from 9,000 BC. Analysis of the sites, artefacts and other archaeological data within Wales details its complex social landscape and evolution from Prehistoric times to the Industrial period. This study is undertaken by academic institutions, consultancies, charities as well as government organisations.

Blaenavon Industrial Landscape
Blaenavon Industrial Landscape, in and around Blaenavon, Torfaen, Wales, was inscribed a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000.
The Blaenavon Ironworks, now a museum, was a major centre of iron production using locally mined or quarried iron ore, coal and limestone.
Raw materials and products were transported via horse-drawn tramroads, canals and steam railways.
The Landscape includes protected or listed monuments of the industrial processes, transport infrastructure, workers' housing and other aspects of early industrialisation in South Wales.
Trésor Kapuku Ngoy
Trésor Kapuku Ngoy is a Congolese businessman, politician and Christian minister.

He is a former governor of Kasai-Occidental province. Hubert Mbingho was his vice-governor.
He was voted out of office by the provincial assembly on June 7, 2007, but the Supreme Court in Kinshasa challenged the disposal as unconstitutional.
He was succeeded as governor by Hubert Kabasubabo in 2011.

He owns a rock quarry business. Trésor Kapuku Ngoy is married to Angelique. They have three sons and a daughter, who moved to the United States for their education.

Kasai-Occidental
Kasaï-Occidental (French for "Western Kasai"; Luba-Lulua: Kasai Wa Mubuelu) was one of the eleven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1966 and 2015, when it was split into the Kasaï-Central and the Kasaï provinces.
Ainu and Native American power boards
The Ainu and Native American power boards are two hand carved wooden planks by members of Ainu and Chinook tribes, installed outside the Oregon Convention Center in Portland, Oregon. The pieces were commissioned for Forest of Dreams and exhibited at the Portland Japanese Garden before being erected in the Lloyd Center in 2019.

Portland Japanese Garden
Portland Japanese Garden is a 501c3 nonprofit organization, cultural institution, and public attraction in Portland, Oregon. The Garden, which opened to the public in 1967, occupies 12.5 acres (5.1 ha) in Portland's Washington Park and is adjacent to the International Rose Test Garden. Originally designed by Professor Takuma Tono of Tokyo Agricultural University, it features five historic garden spaces that demonstrate different styles of Japanese landscape architecture, a Pavilion that stages art exhibitions and shopping marketplaces, a Japanese tea house, a "Cultural Village" that hosts programming, dining, and retail, and an Entry Garden that guests walk through after purchasing admission. A tourist attraction that welcomes more than 400,000 visitors annually, Portland Japanese Garden has been proclaimed as the "most beautiful and authentic Japanese garden outside of Japan."
1997 in Michigan
This article reviews 1997 in Michigan, including the state's office holders, demographics, performance of sports teams, cultural events, a chronology of the state's top news and sports stories, and notable Michigan-related births and deaths.

1997 Detroit shootings
On March 11, 1997, a spree shooting took place in Detroit, Michigan, when 21-year-old Allen Lane Griffin Jr. killed three people and wounded two others with a 12-gauge pump shotgun before being fatally shot by police. The shootings took place predominantly at a Comerica branch bank in northeast Detroit. Griffin's motive remains unknown.
Leptochloa
Leptochloa is a widespread genus of Asian, Australian, and American plants in the grass family.

Members of the genus are commonly known as sprangletops.

The generic name is derived from the Greek words leptos, meaning "thin," and chloa, meaning "grass," referring to the inflorescences.

Disakisperma dubium
Disakisperma dubium is a species of grass known by the common names green sprangletop and zacate gigante. It is native to the Americas, where it is distributed from the United States to Argentina.

This perennial grass grows up to 110 centimeters tall. The leaves are up to 35 centimeters long and are hairless to hairy or rough in texture. The leaf sheaths are sometimes purplish. The inflorescence is a branching panicle with brown or greenish spikelets.

This grass is a good forage for animals and it is sometimes added to seed mixes used for vegetating rangeland.
Manitoba Provincial Road 338
Provincial Road 338 (PR 338) is a 25.0-kilometre-long (15.5 mi) north–south gravel road in the Pembina Valley Region of southern Manitoba, Canada. It connects the hamlets of Miami, Stephenfield, and indirectly, Haywood.

Manitoba Highway 2
Provincial Trunk Highway 2 (PTH 2) is a 315-kilometre (196-mile) highway in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It runs from Highway 13 at the Manitoba-Saskatchewan border to Winnipeg's Perimeter Highway near Oak Bluff.

PTH 2 is the Manitoba portion of the Red Coat Trail.
William Allardyce
Sir William Lamond Allardyce, GCMG (14 November 1861 – 9 June 1930) was a career British civil servant in the Colonial Office who served as governor of Fiji (1901–1902), the Falkland Islands (1904–1914), Bahamas (1914–1920), Tasmania (1920–1922), and Newfoundland (1922–1928).

Governor of the Falkland Islands
The governor of the Falkland Islands is the representative of the British Crown in the Falkland Islands, acting "in His Majesty's name and on His Majesty's behalf" as the islands' Viceroy in the absence of the British monarch. The role and powers of the governor are set out in Chapter II of the Falkland Islands Constitution. The governor in office resides at Government House, which serves as the official residence.
Golędzkie
Golędzkie [ɡɔˈlɛnt͡skʲɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Oporów, within Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) west of Oporów, 11 km (7 mi) east of Kutno, and 53 km (33 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

Oporów, Łódź Voivodeship
Oporów [ɔˈpɔruf] is a village in Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Oporów. It's 14 km (9 mi) east of Kutno and 53 km (33 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.
PSR J0348+0432
PSR J0348+0432 is a pulsar–white dwarf binary system in the constellation Taurus. It was discovered in 2007 with the National Radio Astronomy Observatory's Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope in a drift-scan survey.

In 2013, a mass measurement for this neutron star was announced: slightly over two times the mass of the Sun (2.01±0.04 M☉). This measurement was done with a combination of radio timing and precise spectroscopy of the white dwarf companion.
This is slightly higher than, but statistically indistinguishable from, the mass of PSR J1614−2230, which was measured using the Shapiro delay. This measurement confirmed the existence of such massive neutron stars using a different measuring technique.

The notable feature of this binary pulsar is its combination of high neutron-star mass and short orbital period: 2 hours and 27 minutes.
This allowed a measurement of the orbital decay due to the emission of gravitational waves, as observed for PSR B1913+16 and PSR J0737−3039.

PSR J0737−3039
PSR J0737−3039 is the first known double pulsar. It consists of two neutron stars emitting electromagnetic waves in the radio wavelength in a relativistic binary system. The two pulsars are known as PSR J0737−3039A and PSR J0737−3039B. It was discovered in 2003 at Australia's Parkes Observatory by an international team led by the Italian radio astronomer Marta Burgay during a high-latitude pulsar survey.
Crytek
Crytek GmbH is a German video game developer and software developer based in Frankfurt. Founded by the Yerli brothers in Coburg in 1999 and moved to Frankfurt in 2006, it operates additional studio in Kyiv, Ukraine and Istanbul, Turkey. Crytek is best known for developing the first entry of the Far Cry series, the Crysis series, and the open world nature of their games which showcase the company's CryEngine.

Crytek formerly had studios included Crytek Black Sea in Sofia, Bulgaria, Crytek UK in Nottingham, and Crytek USA in Austin, Texas. As of August 2024, Crytek is the largest game developer in Germany with 405 employees.

Homefront: The Revolution
Homefront: The Revolution is a first-person shooter video game developed by Dambuster Studios. The game was published by Deep Silver for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in May 2016. It is a re-imagining of the premise of Homefront. Homefront: The Revolution takes place in 2029 in an alternate timeline, following the protagonist Ethan Brady as he joins a resistance movement against the army of a North Korean occupation in the city of Philadelphia.

Homefront: The Revolution received mixed reviews upon release, with critics mostly praising the open world and weapon customization system, while criticizing the narrative, characters, and gunplay, as well as the technical issues for hampering the overall experience.
Hippie exploitation films
Hippie exploitation films are late 1960s-early-to-late 1970s exploitation films about the hippie counterculture with situations associated with the movement such as marijuana and LSD use, sex and wild psychedelic parties.

Exploitation film
An exploitation film is a film that seeks commercial success by capitalizing on current trends, niche genres, or sensational content. Exploitation films often feature themes such as suggestive or explicit sex, sensational violence, drug use, nudity, gore, destruction, rebellion, mayhem, and the bizarre. While often associated with low-budget "B movies", some exploitation films have influenced popular culture, attracted critical attention, gained historical significance, and developed cult followings.