hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Persian grammar
The grammar of the Persian language is similar to that of many other Indo-European languages. The language became a more analytic language around the time of Middle Persian, with fewer cases and discarding grammatical gender. The innovations remain in Modern Persian, which is one of the few Indo-European languages to lack grammatical gender, even in pronouns.

Subject–object–verb word order
In linguistic typology, a subject–object–verb (SOV) language is one in which the subject, object, and verb of a sentence always or usually appear in that order. If English were SOV, "Sam apples ate" would be an ordinary sentence, as opposed to the actual Standard English "Sam ate apples" which is subject–verb–object (SVO).

The term is often loosely used for ergative languages like Adyghe and Basque that in fact have agents instead of subjects.
Shakespeare apocrypha
The Shakespeare apocrypha is a group of plays and poems that have sometimes been attributed to William Shakespeare, but whose attribution is questionable for various reasons. The issue is not to be confused with the debate on Shakespearean authorship, which questions the authorship of the works traditionally attributed to Shakespeare.

Quarto
Quarto (abbreviated Qto, 4to or 4º) is the format of a book or pamphlet produced from full sheets printed with eight pages of text, four to a side, then folded twice to produce four leaves. The leaves are then trimmed along the folds to produce eight book pages. Each printed page presents as one-fourth size of the full sheet.

The earliest known European printed book is a quarto, the Sibyllenbuch, believed to have been printed by Johannes Gutenberg in 1452–53, before the Gutenberg Bible, surviving only as a fragment. Quarto is also used as a general description of size of books that are about 12 inches (30 cm) tall, and as such does not necessarily indicate the actual printing format of the books, which may even be unknown, as is the case for many modern books. These terms are discussed in greater detail in book sizes.
Carral
Carral is a municipality of northwestern Spain in the province of A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia. It is located 17 kilometers from the provincial capital of A Coruña. It has an area of 48 km2, a population of 6581 (2021) and a population density of 113.6 people/km2.

It borders with the municipalities of Ordes, Abegondo, Cambre, Cerceda and Culleredo.

Culleredo
Culleredo (Spanish pronunciation: [kuʎeˈɾeðo], Galician: [kuɟeˈɾeðʊ]) is a municipality in the province of A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia, northwestern Spain. Culleredo is located on the outskirts of A Coruña and its population is mainly formed of commuters. It is located in the central area of the province. It belongs to the comarca of A Coruña in the extreme south of the Burgo river. The population of Culleredo works in the service sector, and there is little industry and agriculture. The airport of A Coruña, or Alvedro, is also located in Culleredo.
Hayashibara Museum of Art
The Hayashibara Museum of Art (林原美術館, Hayashibara Bijutsukan) is an art museum owned by the Hayashibara Group, and located at 2-7-15 Marunouchi, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan. It is on the site of a former guesthouse beside the inner moat of Okayama Castle. Its 6,832 square meter interior was designed by Kunio Maekawa.

The owner of the collection was Ichiro Hayashibara, and the museum was opened in 1964, to honor his final wishes to display his collection to the public after his death. The museum owns approximately 10,000 artifacts from Hayashibara's personal collection, including swords, armor, and pottery collected by Mr. Hayashibara, and Noh costumes, furniture, paintings, and Japanese lacquer from the Ikeda clan. The museum itself has limited space, so exhibits are rotated four to five times per year.

Okayama Castle
Okayama Castle (岡山城, Okayama-jō) is a Japanese castle in the city of Okayama in Okayama Prefecture in Japan.  The main tower was completed in 1597, destroyed in 1945 and replicated in concrete in 1966.  Two of the watch towers survived the bombing of 1945 and are now listed by the national Agency for Cultural Affairs as Important Cultural Properties.

In stark contrast to the white "Egret Castle" of neighboring Himeji, Okayama Castle has a black exterior, earning it the nickname Crow Castle (烏城, U-jō) or "castle of the black bird". (The black castle of Matsumoto in Nagano is also known as "Crow Castle", but it is karasu-jō in Japanese.)

Today, only a few parts of Okayama Castle's roof (including the fish-shaped-gargoyles) are gilded, but prior to the Battle of Sekigahara the main keep also featured gilded roof tiles, earning it the nickname Golden Crow Castle (金烏城, Kin U-jō).
2025 World Junior Curling Championships
The 2025 World Junior Curling Championships were held from April 12 to 21 at the Cortina Curling Olympic Stadium in Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy. The championship also acted as the test event for curling at the Milano Cortina 2026 Olympic Winter Games.

Curling at the 2026 Winter Olympics
The curling competitions of the 2026 Winter Olympics were held at the Cortina Olympic Stadium in Cortina d'Ampezzo. Curling competitions took place every day of the Games, from 4 to 22 February. This was the ninth time that curling has appeared on the Olympic program.

Ten nations competed in each of the three categories: men's, women's, and mixed doubles. There were 120 quota spots (60 per sex) distributed to the sport of curling, however athletes could compete in both men's/women's and mixed doubles if their nation has qualified and the athlete is nominated for both events by their NOC. A total of three events were contested, one for men, one for women, and one mixed.
Guns versus butter model
In macroeconomics, the guns versus butter model is an example of a simple production–possibility frontier. It demonstrates the relationship between a nation's investment in defense and ability to consume civilian goods. The "guns or butter" model is used generally as a simplification of national spending as a part of GDP. This may be seen as an analogy for choices between defense and civilian spending in more complex economies. The government will have to decide which balance of guns versus butter best fulfills its needs, with its choice being partly influenced by the military spending and military stance of potential opponents.

Researchers in political economy have viewed the trade-off between military and consumer spending as a useful predictor of election success.

In this example, a nation has to choose between two options when spending its finite resources. It may buy either guns (invest in defense/military) or butter (invest in production of goods), or a combination of both.

Military budget
A military budget (or military expenditure), also known as a defense budget, is the amount of financial resources dedicated by a state to raising and maintaining an armed forces or other methods essential for defense purposes.
Brian McCullough
Brian McCullough (born July 5, 1985) is an American former college baseball coach. He was Longwood's head coach in 2014. The Lancers went 22–33.

McCullough pitched for Longwood while it transitioned to Division I, setting Lancer records for innings pitched and strikeouts.  He then played five seasons in independent baseball leagues, including the Frontier League, Northern League, and Atlantic League from 2007 through 2011.  He accepted a position as an assistant coach at Longwood beginning with the 2010 season, serving as pitching coach and recruiting coordinator under Buddy Bolding, the 32-year head coach of the Lancers.  After Bolding's retirement following the 2013 season, McCullough was elevated to the head coaching position.

McCullough was named the pitching coach for the Manhattan Jaspers baseball on July 10, 2015.

Buddy Bolding
Buddy Bolding is a former American coach of the Longwood Lancers baseball team, a member of the NCAA Division I Big South Conference.  Longwood's home baseball venue, Bolding Stadium, is named after him.
1968 United States presidential election in Nebraska
The 1968 United States presidential election in Nebraska took place on November 5, 1968, as part of the 1968 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Nebraska was won by the Republican candidate former Vice President Richard Nixon, with 59.82% of the popular vote, against the Democratic candidate former Senator and incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey, with 31.81% of the popular vote. American candidate George Wallace performed decently, finishing with 8.36% of the popular vote.

With 59.82% of the popular vote, Nebraska would prove to be Nixon's best state in the election, just as it had been eight years earlier.

1960 United States presidential election in Nebraska
The 1960 United States presidential election in Nebraska took place on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Nebraska was won by incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon (R–California), running with former United States Ambassador to the United Nations Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., with 62.07% of the popular vote, against Senator John F. Kennedy (D–Massachusetts), running with Senator Lyndon B. Johnson, with 37.93% of the popular vote.

With 62.07% of the popular vote, Nebraska would prove to be Nixon's strongest state in the 1960 election.
Esperanto profanity
Like natural languages, the constructed language Esperanto contains profane words and indecent vocabulary.  Some of this was formulated out of the established core vocabulary, or by giving specific profane or indecent senses to regularly formed Esperanto words.  Other instances represent informal neologisms that remain technically outside the defined vocabulary of the language, but have become established by usage.

Constructed language
A constructed language is a language for communication between humans (i.e. not with or between computers) which, unlike most languages that naturally emerge from human interaction, is intentionally devised by a person or group for a particular purpose. The term constructed language is often shortened to conlang and, as a relatively broad term, it encompasses subcategories including: fictional, artificial, engineered, planned and invented languages. Conlangs may include aspects reminiscent of natural language including phonology, grammar, orthography, and vocabulary. Interlinguistics includes the study of constructed languages.
Edward Holland (MP)
Edward Holland (12 February 1806 – 5 January 1875) was a British Liberal Party politician from Worcestershire.

He was elected at the 1835 general election as a Member of Parliament (MP) Member of Parliament for East Worcestershire, but was defeated at the 1837 election.
He returned to the House of Commons after an 18-year absence when he was elected at a by-election in July 1855 as an MP for the borough of Evesham. He held that seat until he stood down at the 1868 general election, when the borough's representation was reduced to one seat.

He lived in the Vale of Evesham and ran a model farm at Dumbleton in Gloucestershire. He was at various points a president of the Royal Agricultural Society, a High Sheriff of Worcestershire and a deputy lieutenant of Gloucestershire.

High Sheriff of Worcestershire
This is a list of sheriffs and since 1998 high sheriffs of Worcestershire.

The Sheriff is the oldest secular office under the Crown.  Formerly the Sheriff was the principal law enforcement officer in the county but over the centuries most of the responsibilities associated with the post have been transferred elsewhere or are now defunct, so that its functions are now largely ceremonial. Under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, on 1 April 1974 the office previously known as Sheriff was retitled High Sheriff.

Under the same act Herefordshire and Worcestershire were merged to form the new county of Hereford and Worcester, therefore the office of Sheriff of Worcestershire was replaced by that of High Sheriff of Hereford and Worcester. However, in 1998 the new county was dissolved, restoring Herefordshire and Worcestershire and creating the offices of High Sheriff of Herefordshire and High Sheriff of Worcestershire.
South River (Mattaponi River tributary)
South River is a 16.9-mile-long (27.2 km) river in Caroline County in Virginia, United States.  It is a tributary of the Mattaponi River.

Rising at the boundary between Caroline County and Spotsylvania County, the South River flows east, passing under U.S. Route 1 and Interstate 95, joining the Mattaponi north of Milford.  Via the Mattaponi and York rivers, the South River is part of the Chesapeake Bay watershed.

York River (Virginia)
The York River is a navigable estuary, approximately 34 miles (55 km) long, in eastern Virginia in the United States. It ranges in width from 1 mile (1.6 km) at its head to 2.5 miles (4.0 km) near its mouth on the west side of Chesapeake Bay. Its watershed drains an area of the coastal plain of Virginia north and east of Richmond.

Its banks were inhabited by indigenous peoples for thousands of years.  In 2003 evidence was found of the likely site of Werowocomoco, one of two capitals used by the paramount chief Powhatan before 1609.  The site was inhabited since 1200 as a major village.  Enormously important in later U.S. history, the river was also the scene of early settlements of the Virginia Colony.  It was the site of significant events and battles in both the American Revolutionary War and the American Civil War.
Eavan Boland
Eavan Aisling Boland (/iːˈvæn ˈæʃlɪŋ ˈboʊlənd/ ee-VAN ASH-ling BOH-lənd; 24 September 1944 – 27 April 2020) was an Irish poet, author, and professor. She was a professor at Stanford University, where she had taught from 1996. Her work deals with the Irish national identity, and the role of women in Irish history. A number of poems from Boland's poetry career are studied by Irish students who take the Leaving Certificate. She was a recipient of the Lannan Literary Award for Poetry.

W. W. Norton & Company
W. W. Norton & Company is an American publishing company based in New York City. Established in 1923, it has been owned wholly by its employees since the early 1960s. The company is known for its Norton Anthologies (particularly The Norton Anthology of English Literature) and its texts in the Norton Critical Editions series, both of which are frequently assigned in university literature courses.
Crickley Hill and Barrow Wake
Crickley Hill and Barrow Wake (grid reference SO929161 & grid reference SO931154) is a 56.8-hectare (140-acre) biological and geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire, notified in 1974.

The site (two parts) lies within the Cotswold Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It was formerly known as Crickley Hill and includes some of a site known as Tuffleys Quarry. Part of the site is owned and managed by Gloucestershire Willdlife Trust and the National Trust as a nature reserve Park. The Cotswold Way National Trail passes through Crickley Hill and Barrow Wake.

Barrow Wake and Tuffley's Quarry are listed in the 'Cotswold District' Local Plan 2001–2011 (on line) as Key Wildlife Sites. Crickley Hill is listed in the 'Cotswold District' Local Plan 2001–2011 (on line) as an SSSI and Regionally Important Geological Site.

Cotswold Way
The Cotswold Way is a 102-mile (164 km) long-distance footpath, running along the Cotswold Edge escarpment of the Cotswold Hills in England. It was officially  inaugurated as a National Trail on 24 May 2007 and several new rights of way have been created.
Soviet Union military aircraft designation systems
Pre-revolutionary Imperial Russia (before 1917) did not have a single national unified system but instead relied on those provided by the manufacturers of the aircraft, like Sikorsky Ilya Muromets or Anatra Anasal.

Polikarpov R-5
The Polikarpov R-5 (Russian: Р-5) was a Soviet reconnaissance bomber aircraft of the 1930s. It was the standard light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft of the Soviet Air Force for much of the 1930s, while also being used heavily as a civilian light transport, some 7,000 being built in total.
Kyrgyzstan (political party)
Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан, romanized: Kırgızstan) is an eponymously-named centrist political party in Kyrgyzstan. It was established in May 2015, by Kanatbek Isaev, a former Respublika Member of Parliament. It is viewed as "utterly apolitical" and focuses on supporting the government of Kyrgyz President Sooronbay Jeenbekov.

The party has a strong support base in the south of the country. In the 2015 Parliamentary elections, the Kyrgyzstan Party won 18 seats, having gained 12.75% of the votes.

Respublika (political party)
Respublika (Kyrgyz: Республика, lit. 'Republic') is a political party in Kyrgyzstan. The party was formed in June 2010. Founded by Ömürbek Babanov, he served as its chairman until 2014, and during this time the party had a pro-Russia orientation. In 2014, the party merged with Ata-Zhurt to create Respublika–Ata Zhurt. However, the two parties ended up splitting back in 2020.

The party campaigned for the 2010 parliamentary elections on a platform stressing the ethnic diversity of Kyrgyzstan, and is in favor of a parliamentary system of government, as well as reducing the number of MPs from 120 to 75.
KFXR (AM)
KFXR (1190 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station in Dallas, Texas, and serving the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. It is owned by iHeartMedia and airs a Conservative talk radio format.  Its studios and offices are located along Dallas Parkway in Farmers Branch (with a Dallas address).

KFXR is a Class B station.  By day, it is powered at 50,000 watts, the maximum for commercial AM stations. Its daytime transmitter is in Irving, using a directional antenna with a four-tower array. At night, to avoid interfering with other stations on 1190 AM, it reduces power to 5,000 watts. Its nighttime transmitter is in Rockwall, using a twelve-tower array directional antenna.

Brokered programming
Brokered programming (also known as time-buy and blocktime) is a form of broadcast content in which the show's producer pays a radio or television station for air time, rather than exchanging programming for pay or the opportunity to play spot commercials. A brokered program is typically not capable of garnering enough support from advertisements to pay for itself, and may be controversial, esoteric or an advertisement in itself.
Drentse Patrijshond
The Drentsche Patrijshond is a versatile spaniel-type hunting dog from the Dutch province of Drenthe. Called the Dutch Partridge Dog (or "Drent" for Drenthe) in English, approximately 5,000 dogs are registered with the breed club in the Netherlands, and breed clubs operate in Belgium, Denmark, Scandinavia and North America. The Drentsche Patrijshond bears some resemblance to both spaniel and setter types of dog. An excellent pointer and retriever, this dog is often used to hunt fowl and adapts equally well to the field or marshes.

Setter
The setter is a type of gundog used most often for hunting game such as quail, pheasant, and grouse.

In the UK, the four setter breeds, together with the pointers, usually form a subgroup within the gundog group as they share a common function. However, the setter breeds each have subtle differences in head, bone and substance.

The American and Canadian Kennel Clubs classify these breeds within the Sporting Group. Setters from show lines are usually considered to be heavier and larger than those from 'working' lines.
Shenzhen I/O
Video games portal

Shenzhen I/O is a puzzle video game and programming game developed by Zachtronics for Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS-based personal computers. The game was released in November 2016.

Programming game
A programming game is a video game that incorporates elements of computer programming, enabling the player to direct otherwise autonomous units within the game to follow commands in a domain-specific programming language, often represented as a visual language to simplify the programming metaphor. Programming games broadly fall into two areas: single-player games where the programming elements either make up part of or the whole of a puzzle video game, and multiplayer games where the player's automated program is pitted against other players' programs.
Dustin O'Halloran
Dustin O'Halloran (born September 8, 1971) is an American composer and pianist. Aside from releasing music as a recording artist, O'Halloran is a film and TV composer, as well as one half of ambient act A Winged Victory for the Sullen.

Iris (2016 film)
Iris (English title: In the Shadow of Iris) is a 2016 French erotic thriller drama film co-written and directed by Jalil Lespert and starring Romain Duris, Charlotte Le Bon and Lespert himself.

It is a loose remake of Hideo Nakata's film Chaos (2000). It is available in the United States on Netflix from September 2020 to March 2023.
GT Challenge at VIR
The GT Challenge at VIR is a sports car race held at the Virginia International Raceway in Alton, Virginia, since 1957.  After being a part of the SCCA National Sports Car Championship and the IMSA GT Championship the race, along with the track, went on hiatus from the early 1970s until 2002.  It returned as a round of the Rolex Sports Car Series, and became an American Le Mans Series race in 2012. In 2014 the race joined the schedule of the United SportsCar Championship after the merger of the American Le Mans Series and the Rolex Sports Car Series.

The race length has varied from 150 to 500 km. The former title VIR 240 refers to the duration of 240 minutes (4 hours).  In 2013, the race was renamed the Oak Tree Grand Prix.

Beginning in 2016, the Oak Tree Grand Prix became the name of the Continental Tire SportsCar Challenge support race run on the same weekend as the United SportsCar Championship Michelin GT Challenge at VIR.

American Le Mans Series
The American Le Mans Series (ALMS) was a sports car racing series based in the United States and Canada. It consisted of a series of endurance and sprint races, and was created in the spirit of the 24 Hours of Le Mans.

The American Le Mans' headquarters was in Braselton, Georgia, adjacent to Road Atlanta.

In 2014, the series merged with the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series to form the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship.
Ganimal
A ganimal, also commonly referred to as GANimal, is a hybrid animal created with generative artificial intelligence systems, such as generative adversarial networks (GANs)  or diffusion models. The concept was created for a website from the MIT Media Lab in 2020, where users could create ganimal images. 78,210 ganimals were generated from hybrid pairs of animal labels from BigGAN (G1) and 3,058,362,945 ganimals generated from blending G1 ganimals.

The term ganimal is a portmanteau between the words GAN and animal. It is typically used to refer to a hybrid animal generated by interpolating between distinct species; the term can also refer to any AI-generated creatures that have not been identified in reality.

The ganimal concept is similar to Artbreeder, an online website for blending images with AI.

Artbreeder
Artbreeder, formerly known as Ganbreeder, is a collaborative, machine learning-based art website. Using the models StyleGAN and BigGAN, the website allows users to generate and modify images of faces, landscapes, and paintings, among other categories.