hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Health impacts of sawdust
Any type of woodworking that involves cutting, either by hand or machine, releases sawdust (or wood dust). Because fine sawdust can float through the air, it can be easily inhaled without proper protection, leading to damaging injuries to a woodworker's skin and lungs. Sawdust is also an IARC group 1 Carcinogen. Frequent exposure to wood dust can cause cancers of the nose, throat, and sinuses.

Exposure to wood dust can result in coughing, sneezing, irritation, shortness of breath, dryness and sore throat, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, decreased lung capacity, asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, headaches, chills, sweating, nausea, cramps, loss of weight, giddiness and irregular heartbeat.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA; /ˈoʊʃə/) is a regulatory agency of the United States Department of Labor that originally had federal visitorial powers to inspect and examine workplaces.: 12, 16  The United States Congress established the agency under the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act), which President Richard M. Nixon signed into law on December 29, 1970. OSHA's mission is to "assure safe and healthy working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education, and assistance". The agency is also charged with enforcing a variety of whistleblower statutes and regulations. OSHA's workplace safety inspections have been shown to reduce injury rates and injury costs without adverse effects on employment, sales, credit ratings, or firm survival.
Macuata Province
Macuata (Fijian pronunciation: [maˈðuata]) is one of Fiji's fourteen Provinces, and one of three based principally on the northern island of Vanua Levu, occupying the north-eastern 40 percent of the island. It has a land area of 2004 square kilometers.

Provinces of Fiji
The Provinces of Fiji ("veiyasana" (pl.) and "yasana" (s.) in the Fijian language), and "प्रदेश" in the Fiji Hindi language  are the 14 administrative units into which the country is divided, particularly in relation to the provision of resources and services to the indigenous Fijian population by the Fijian Affairs Board. They are more or less derived from the major clan affiliations for each provincial region.
2015 Armed Forces Bowl (December)
The 2015 Armed Forces Bowl was a post-season American college football bowl game played on December 29, 2015, at Amon G. Carter Stadium on the campus of Texas Christian University in Fort Worth, Texas. The 13th edition of the Armed Forces Bowl featured the California Golden Bears of the Pac-12 Conference against the Air Force Falcons of the Mountain West Conference.  It  began at 2:03 p.m. CST and aired on ESPN.  It was one of the 2015–16 bowl games that concluded the 2015 FBS football season.  The game was officially named the Lockheed Martin Armed Forces Bowl after its corporate sponsor Lockheed Martin.

Armed Forces Bowl
The Armed Forces Bowl, formerly the Fort Worth Bowl from 2003 to 2005, is an annual postseason college football bowl game. First played in 2003, the game is normally held at the 45,000-seat Amon G. Carter Stadium on the campus of Texas Christian University in Fort Worth, Texas. The 2010 and 2011 editions were instead played at Gerald J. Ford Stadium in University Park, Texas, when Amon G. Carter Stadium underwent a reconstruction project. Since 2014, the game has been sponsored by Lockheed Martin and is officially known as the Lockheed Martin Armed Forces Bowl. Previous sponsors include Bell Helicopter (2006–2013) and PlainsCapital Bank (2003–2004).

The contest is one of 14 bowls produced by ESPN Events (previously ESPN Regional Television) and has been televised annually on ESPN since its inception. Armed Forces Insurance is the official Insurance Partner of the Armed Forces Bowl and has sponsored the Great American Patriot Award, presented at halftime at the bowl, since 2006.
Tudhoe Grange
Tudhoe Grange is a suburb of Spennymoor, in County Durham, in England. Originally it was just a couple of farms on the edge of Tudhoe township, swallowed up as Spennymoor expanded through the 19th and 20th centuries, especially by housing for workers at Tudhoe Iron Works.

The area included Tudhoe Grange School, formally Tudhoe Grange Comprehensive School. After the 100 year anniversary of its opening, Tudhoe Grange School closed in September 2012. Present students joined and moved sites to Spennymoor School, where the newly refurbished site was named as Whitworth Park School and Sixth Form College in 2012. The school is now named Whitworth Park Academy.

Spennymoor
Spennymoor is a town and civil parish in County Durham, England. It is south of the River Wear and is 7 mi (11 km) south of Durham. The civil parish includes the villages of Kirk Merrington, Middlestone Moor, Byers Green and Tudhoe. In 2011 the parish had a population of 19,816.
Radequinil
Radequinil (INN; AC-3933) is a cognitive enhancer which acts as a partial inverse agonist of the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor. It was under development by Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and made it to phase II clinical trials but development seems to have been halted and it was never marketed.

Neuroenhancement
Neuroenhancement or cognitive enhancement is the experimental use of pharmacological or non-pharmacological methods intended to improve cognitive and affective abilities in healthy people who don't have any mental illness. Agents or methods of neuroenhancement are intended to affect cognitive, social, psychological, mood, or motor benefits beyond normal functioning.

Pharmacological neuroenhancement agents may include compounds thought to be nootropics, such as modafinil, caffeine, and other drugs used for treating people with neurological disorders.

Non-pharmacological measures of cognitive enhancement may include behavioral methods (activities, techniques, and changes), non-invasive brain stimulation, which has been used with the intent to improve cognitive and affective functions, and brain-machine interfaces.
Albert Stevens
Albert Stevens (1887–1966), also known as patient CAL-1, was an American house painter from Ohio who was subjected to an involuntary human radiation experiment and survived the highest known accumulated radiation dose in any human. On May 14, 1945, he was injected with 131 kBq (3.55 μCi) of plutonium without his knowledge because it was erroneously believed that he had a terminal disease.

Plutonium remained present in his body for the remainder of his life, the amount decaying slowly through radioactive decay and biological elimination. Stevens died of heart disease some 20 years later, having accumulated an effective radiation dose of 64 Sv (6400 rem) over that period, i.e. an average of 3 Sv per year or 350 μSv/h. The current annual permitted dose for a radiation worker in the United States is 0.05 Sv (or 5 rem), i.e. an average of 5.7 μSv/h.

Plutonium-239
Plutonium-239 (239Pu or Pu-239) is an isotope of plutonium. Plutonium-239 is the primary fissile isotope used for the production of nuclear weapons, although uranium-235 is also used for that purpose. Plutonium-239 is also one of the three isotopes that have been demonstrated to be usable as fuel in thermal spectrum nuclear reactors, along with uranium-235 and uranium-233. Plutonium-239 has a half-life of 24,110 years.
Angeline Lillard
Angeline Stoll Lillard is an American developmental psychologist and an internationally recognized expert on Montessori education and child development. She is currently professor of psychology and director of the Early Development Laboratory at the University of Virginia. Her research and writing explores these topics in a number of respects including learning through pretend play, the efficacy and impact of Montessori vs non-Montessori schools, and equitable access to Montessori education. Lillard is an elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Psychological Association, and the Association for Psychological Science.

In addition to her academic publications, she is the author of Montessori: The Science Behind the Genius - applying modern academic research to evaluate Maria Montessori's theories of education. The book was awarded the Cognitive Development Society Book Award in 2006.

Maria Montessori
Maria Tecla Artemisia Montessori (/ˌmɒntɪˈsɔːri/ MON-tiss-OR-ee; Italian: [maˈriːa montesˈsɔːri]; 31 August 1870 – 6 May 1952) was an Italian physician and educator best known for her philosophy of education (the Montessori method) and her writing on scientific pedagogy. At an early age, Montessori enrolled in classes at an all-boys technical school, with hopes of becoming an engineer. She soon had a change of heart and began medical school at the Sapienza University of Rome, becoming one of the first women to attend medical school in Italy; she graduated with honors in 1896. Her educational method is in use globally in many public and private schools.
Vanand Peak
Vanand Peak (Bulgarian: връх Вананд, romanized: vrah Vanand, IPA: [ˈvrɤɣ vɐˈnant]) is the sharp peak rising to 3045 m in Zinsmeister Ridge on the northeast side of Vinson Massif in Sentinel Range, Ellsworth Mountains in Antarctica, and surmounting Dater Glacier to the east and its tributary Hinkley Glacier to the northwest.

The peak is named after the Bulgar principality of Vanand in Old Armenia.

Ellsworth Mountains
The Ellsworth Mountains are the highest mountain ranges in Antarctica, forming a 350 km (217 mi) long and 48 km (30 mi) wide chain of mountains in a north to south configuration on the western margin of the Ronne Ice Shelf in Marie Byrd Land. They are bisected by Minnesota Glacier to form the Sentinel Range to the north and the Heritage Range to the south. The former is by far the higher and more spectacular with Mount Vinson (4,892 meters (16,050 ft)) constituting the highest point on the continent. The mountains are located within the Chilean Antarctic territorial claim but outside of the Argentinian and British ones.
The Hidden Game of Baseball
The Hidden Game of Baseball is a book by baseball statisticians John Thorn and Pete Palmer. It was published in 1984 by Doubleday and is considered to be a seminal work in the fields of sabermetrics and baseball history.

Sabermetrics
Sabermetrics (originally SABRmetrics)  is the original or blanket term for sports analytics for the empirical analysis of baseball, especially the development of advanced metrics based on baseball statistics that measure in-game activity. The term is derived from the movement's progenitors, members of the Society for American Baseball Research (SABR), founded in 1971, and was coined by Bill James, 
(in 1980, according to SABR.org), who is one of its pioneers and considered its most prominent advocate and public face.

The term moneyball refers to the use of metrics to identify "undervalued players" and sign them to what ideally will become "below market value" contracts; it began as an effort by small-market teams to compete with the much greater resources of big-market ones.
English adjectives
English adjectives form a large open category of words in English which, semantically, tend to denote properties such as size, colour, mood, quality, age, etc. with such members as other, big, new, good, different, Cuban, sure, important, and right. Adjectives head adjective phrases, and the most typical members function as modifiers in noun phrases. Most adjectives either inflect for grade (e.g., big, bigger, biggest) or combine with more and most to form comparatives (e.g., more interesting) and superlatives (e.g., most interesting). They are characteristically modifiable by very (e.g., very small). A large number of the most typical members combine with the suffix -ly to form adverbs (e.g., final + ly: finally). Most adjectives function as complements in verb phrases (e.g., It looks good), and some license complements of their own (e.g., happy that you're here).

Complement (linguistics)
In grammar, a complement is a word, phrase, or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a given expression. Complements are often also arguments (expressions that help complete the meaning of a predicate).
Willow Creek (Deschutes River tributary)
Willow Creek is a tributary, about 26 miles (42 km) long, of the Deschutes River in central Oregon in the United States. Arising near Foley Butte in the western Ochoco Mountains in Crook County, it flows generally northwest into Jefferson County and through the Crooked River National Grassland. The creek continues through the city of Madras and becomes the dividing line between two plateaus, Agency Plains and Little Agency Plains. It then enters the Deschutes above Pelton Dam and its impoundment, Lake Simtustus, about 105 miles (169 km) from the river's confluence with the Columbia River.

Named tributaries from source to mouth are Higgins, Coon, Newbill, and McMeen creeks followed by Dry Canyon. The creek and its tributaries support populations of redband trout, largescale sucker, bridgelip sucker, and longnose dace.

Madras, Oregon
Madras (/ˈmædrʌs/ MAD-russ) is a city in and the county seat of Jefferson County, Oregon,  United States. Situated in Central Oregon, it is located where US Route 26 and US Route 97 interset, with the later serving as the main north-south road in the city with traffic split into a one-way pair. Originally called "The Basin" after the circular valley the city is in, it is unclear whether Madras was named in 1903 for the cotton fabric called "Madras" that originated in the city of Madras (now Chennai) in Tamil Nadu, India, or the city itself. The population was 7456 at the 2020 census.
Stephan Kirste
Stephan Kirste (born November 12, 1962, in Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany) is a German legal scholar and university professor of legal and social philosophy at the Faculty of Law of the University of Salzburg (Austria). Since 2020, Kirste is also an associate professor (Professor Colaborador) at the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) in the graduate program.

Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul
The Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (Portuguese: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS) is a private non-profit Catholic university. With campuses in the Brazilian cities of Porto Alegre and Viamão, it is the largest private university of the state of Rio Grande do Sul and the first university founded by the Catholic religious institute of the Marist Brothers. PUCRS is considered the best private university of Brazil's Southern Region by the Ministry of Education (MEC), and one of the best private universities in the country, with FGV, PUC-Rio and the PUC-SP.
Admiral-class ironclad
The British Royal Navy's ironclad Admiral-class battleships of the 1880s followed the pattern of the Devastation class in having the main armament on centreline mounts fore and aft of the superstructure. This pattern was followed by most following British designs until HMS Dreadnought in 1906. They were known as the Admiral class because  they were all named after British admirals, such as Admiral George Anson.

Devastation-class ironclad
The two British Devastation-class battleships of the 1870s, HMS Devastation and HMS Thunderer, were the first class of ocean-going capital ship that did not carry sails, and the first which mounted the entire main armament on top of the hull rather than inside it.

The ships were designed by Sir Edward Reed, whose concept was to produce short, handy ships of medium size as heavily armed as possible with a good turn of speed, that could attack and destroy an opponent without much risk of being damaged during the process.
Tanaka's formula
In the stochastic calculus, Tanaka's formula for the Brownian motion states that

where Bt is the standard Brownian motion, sgn denotes the sign function

and Lt is its local time at 0 (the local time spent by B at 0 before time t) given by the L2-limit

One can also extend the formula to semimartingales.

Semimartingale
In probability theory, a real-valued stochastic process X is called a semimartingale if it can be decomposed as the sum of a local martingale and a càdlàg adapted finite-variation process. Semimartingales are "good integrators", forming the largest class of processes with respect to which the Itô integral and the Stratonovich integral can be defined.

The class of semimartingales is quite large (including, for example, all continuously differentiable processes, Brownian motion and Poisson processes). Submartingales and supermartingales together represent a subset of the semimartingales.
Alberto Bolaffi
Alberto Bolaffi (15 November 1874 – 26 September 1944) was an Italian philatelist and stamp dealer who in 1936 was added to the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists.

In 1939 he was falsely accused of espionage and jailed for several days. In 1943, to escape the Nazi-fascist persecution, Albert and his wife Victoria, concealed their true identities under false documents showing the surname "Banfi".

Bolaffi appeared on an Italian stamp in 1991 and a French stamp in 2010.

Stamp dealer
A stamp dealer is a company or individual engaged in the trade of stamps and philatelic products. This includes those who sell postage stamps for everyday use as well as revenue stamps for use on court documents. Stamp dealers who sell to stamp collectors and philatelists are of many kinds and their businesses range from small home operations to large international companies.
Singa the Kindness Lion
Singa the Kindness Lion is a mascot used for various public education campaigns in Singapore. It was created to educate the public on courtesy and kindness. A public education campaign featuring Singa the Kindness Lion was launched in 1982 as the official mascot for Singapore's National Courtesy Campaign (NCC). From 2009, Singa the Kindness Lion was adopted as the official mascot of the Singapore Kindness Movement.

National Courtesy Campaign (Singapore)
The National Courtesy Campaign was a campaign launched in June 1979 by the Ministry of Culture of Singapore as a means of encouraging Singaporeans to be kinder and more considerate to each other, so as to create a pleasant social environment.

The courtesy campaign was to be an annual effort by the government to encourage the people to adopt a more courteous attitude and lifestyle. It was seen as a means of ensuring a smooth transition to a new Singapore which would be densely populated, where people lived and worked in high rise towns, offices and factories, while travelling in crowded buses and lifts.

In 1997, the campaign was subsumed by the Singapore Kindness Movement.
Shandilya Upanishad
The Shandilya Upanishad (Sanskrit: शाण्डिल्य उपनिषत्, IAST: Śāṇḍilya Upaniṣad) is a Sanskrit text and one of the minor Upanishads of Hinduism. It is one of twenty Yoga Upanishads in the four Vedas, and is attached to the Atharvaveda.

The text is primarily focussed on Yoga techniques, and is among the most detailed in the Upanishadic corpus of texts dedicated to Yoga. It describes ten Yamas (ethical don'ts, restraints), ten Niyamas (ethical to do list, observances) and eight Asanas (postures), along with three Pranayamas, five types of Pratyaharas, five kinds of Dharana, two types of Dhyana and one Samadhi.

Yoga Upanishads
Yoga Upanishads are a group of minor Upanishads of Hinduism related to Yoga. There are twenty Yoga Upanishads in the anthology of 108 Upanishads listed in the Muktika anthology. The Yoga Upanishads, along with other minor Upanishads, are generally classified separate from the thirteen major Principal Upanishads considered to be more ancient and from the Vedic tradition.

The Yoga Upanishads deal with the theory and practice of Yogic techniques, with varied emphasis on methodology and meditation, but with some shared ideas. They contrast from other groups of minor Upanishads, such as the Samanya Upanishads which are of a generic nature, the Sannyasa Upanishads which focus on the Hindu renunciation and monastic practice, the Shaiva Upanishads which highlight aspects of Shaivism, the Vaishnava Upanishads which highlight Vaishnavism, and the Shakta Upanishads which highlight Shaktism.
Petőfi Csarnok
Petőfi Csarnok (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈpɛtøːfi ˈt͡ʃɒrnok], "Petőfi Hall"), often called PeCsa, was a leisure center and concert hall in Budapest, Hungary from 2016 to 2017. Placed in the Városliget, it was a famous concert spot for pop/rock music, serving as a home for cultural programs, exhibitions and fan clubs. The building consisted of a 1020 square metre hall, and an open stage with a guest capacity of 4500 people. After a number of delays, the building was finally demolished in early 2017 as part of the reconstruction of the surrounding park.

City Park (Budapest)
The City Park (Hungarian: Városliget, pronounced [ˈvaːroʃliɡɛt]; German: Stadtwäldchen) is a public park close to the centre of Budapest, Hungary. It is a 0.9-by-0.6-mile (1,400 by 970 m) rectangle, with an area of 302 acres (1.2 km2), located in District XIV of Budapest, between Hungária körút, Ajtósi Dürer sor, Vágány utca and Dózsa György út. Its main entrance is at Heroes' Square (Hősök tere), one of Hungary's World Heritage sites.
High-definition television in Australia
High-definition television in Australia is available via cable, IPTV, satellite and terrestrial television. The first high-definition broadcasts began in 2001 and since then the number of channels available to view has grown to a maximum of 27 that can be viewed on pay-TV service, Foxtel.

WIN Television
WIN Television is an Australian television network owned and operated by WIN Corporation that is based in Wollongong, New South Wales. WIN commenced transmissions on 18 March 1962 as a single television station covering the Wollongong region. The WIN Network has since grown to cover much of regional Australia. The network's name, WIN, originates from its first station, Wollongong's WIN-4.

WIN has a programme supply agreement with metropolitan broadcaster Nine Network, covering its stations in Regional Queensland, Southern and Western New South Wales, Griffith, Regional Victoria, Mildura, Tasmania, Eastern South Australia, and Regional Western Australia. WIN also produces and broadcasts weeknight half-hour local news bulletins across its Queensland, southern New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania markets as WIN News.
Naginata
The naginata (なぎなた, 薙刀, lit. 'mowing sword') is a polearm and one of several varieties of traditionally made Japanese blades (nihontō). Naginata were originally used by the samurai class of feudal Japan, as well as by ashigaru (foot soldiers) and sōhei (warrior monks).: 158  The naginata is the iconic weapon of the onna-musha, a type of female warrior belonging to the Japanese nobility.

Tomoe Gozen
Tomoe Gozen (巴 御前, Japanese pronunciation: [tomo.e]) was an onna-musha, a female samurai, mentioned in The Tale of the Heike. There is doubt as to whether she existed as she does not appear in any primary accounts of the Genpei War. She supposedly served under the samurai lord Minamoto no Yoshinaka during the Battle of Awazu, part of the Genpei War in the late Heian period, which led to the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate.
Ryūshō-in
Ryūshō-in (龍正院) is a Buddhist temple located in the Namegawa neighborhood of the city of  Narita, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. It is a temple of the Tendai school and its honzon is a statue of  Jūichimen Kannon Bosatsu, called the Namegawa Kannon (滑河観音).  The temples full name is Namegawa-zan  Ryūshō-in Shōfuku-ji (滑河山龍正院 勝福寺). The temple is the 28th stop on the Bandō Sanjūsankasho pilgrimage route.

Important Cultural Property (Japan)
An Important Cultural Property (重要文化財, jūyō bunkazai) is an item officially classified as Tangible Cultural Property by the Japanese government's Agency for Cultural Affairs (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) and judged to be of particular importance to the history, arts, and culture of the Japanese people.