hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Comarum palustre
Comarum palustre (syn. Potentilla palustris), known by the common name marsh cinquefoil, also purple marshlocks and swamp cinquefoil, is a waterside rhizomatous subshrub. It has a circumboreal distribution, occurring throughout cool temperate Asia, Europe, and North America, particularly in northern regions. It is most commonly found on lake shores, marshy riversides and stream margins, often partly submerged with foliage floating. It is a parent of some Fragaria–Comarum hybrids, ornamental plants produced by crossing with strawberries.

Fragaria
Fragaria (/frəˈɡɛəri.ə/) is a genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, commonly known as strawberries for their edible fruits. There are more than 20 described species and many hybrids and cultivars. The most common strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the garden strawberry, a hybrid known as Fragaria × ananassa. Strawberries have a taste that varies by cultivar, and ranges from quite sweet to rather tart. Strawberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world.
John Lauder
John Lauder (c.1488 – after February 1560) was Scotland's Public Accuser of Heretics. He was twice sent to Rome by King James V, to confirm the loyalty of the Scottish crown. As Principal Private Secretary to Cardinal David Beaton, Archbishop of St. Andrews, he successfully prosecuted many heretics, who were burnt at the stake, John Knox testifying to his extreme cruelty. Beaton was eventually murdered by the mob, but Lauder escaped and was later Private Secretary to Archbishop Hamilton (hanged April 1571).

Roxburghshire
Roxburghshire or the County of Roxburgh is a historic county and registration county in the Southern Uplands of Scotland. It borders Dumfriesshire to the west, Selkirkshire and Midlothian to the northwest, and Berwickshire to the north. To the southwest it borders Cumberland and to the southeast Northumberland, both in England.

It was named after the Royal Burgh of Roxburgh, a town which declined markedly in the 15th century and is no longer in existence. Latterly, the county town of Roxburghshire was Jedburgh.

The county has much the same area as Teviotdale, the basin drained by the River Teviot and tributaries, together with the adjacent stretch of the Tweed into which it flows. The term is often treated as synonymous with Roxburghshire, but may omit Liddesdale as Liddel Water drains to the west coast.
Philip F. Fullard
Air Commodore Philip Fletcher Fullard, CBE, DSO, MC & Bar, AFC (27 May 1897 – 24 April 1984) was an English First World War flying ace, one of the most successful fighter pilots of the Royal Flying Corps, with a reputation as a superb combat leader. With 40 confirmed victories, he was the top scoring ace of WW1 flying Nieuports, and overall the 6th highest scoring British pilot, and the 2nd highest to survive the war.

Peter Liddle
Peter Hammond Liddle OBE FRHistS (born 1934) is a British historian and author specialising in the study of the First and Second World Wars. In the 1960s he developed the Liddle Collection, a large collection of interviews and memorabilia mainly relating to the First World War that is now held at the University of Leeds.
Devonshire House Ball of 1897
The Devonshire House Ball or the Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball was an elaborate fancy dress ball, hosted by Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire and Louisa Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, held on 2 July 1897 at Devonshire House in Piccadilly to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria.  Due to the many prominent royals, aristocrats, and society figures who attended as well as the overall lavishness of the ball, it was considered the event of the 1897 London Season.

Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough
Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Richard John Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough (13 November 1871 – 30 June 1934), styled Earl of Sunderland until 1883 and Marquess of Blandford between 1883 and 1892, was a British soldier and Conservative politician, and a close friend of his first cousin Winston Churchill. He was often known as "Sunny" Marlborough after his courtesy title of Earl of Sunderland.
Cedar River (Michigan)
Cedar River is the name of three rivers in the U.S. state of Michigan:

Cedar River (Antrim County, Michigan), rising in Chestonia Township and flowing mostly west into the Intermediate River in Bellaire

Cedar River (Gladwin County, Michigan), rising in northeast Clare County and northwest Gladwin County and flowing into the Tobacco River in Beaverton

Cedar River (Menominee County, Michigan), in the northern part of Menominee County, flowing mostly south and east into the Bay of Green Bay at the town of Cedar River

Cedar River (Menominee County, Michigan)
Cedar River (also known as the Big Cedar River) is a 67.1-mile-long (108.0 km) river in the U.S. state of Michigan. It rises in the northern part of Menominee County at 45°53′18″N 87°35′15″W﻿ / ﻿45.88833°N 87.58750°W﻿ / 45.88833; -87.58750﻿ (Cedar River (source)) and flows mostly south and east to empty into Green Bay of Lake Michigan at 45°24′35″N 87°21′05″W﻿ / ﻿45.40972°N 87.35139°W﻿ / 45.40972; -87.35139﻿ (Cedar River (mouth)) in the community of Cedar River.

The Little Cedar River, a tributary of the Menominee River, also flows mostly southward in Menominee County approximately 10 to 15 miles (16 to 24 km) west of the Cedar River.
Claire Barclay
Claire Barclay (born 1968) is a Scottish artist. Her artistic practice uses a number of traditional media that include installation, sculpture and printmaking, but it also expands to encapsulate a diverse array of craft techniques. Central to her practice is a sustained exploration of materials and space.

"While there is always a concept behind the work its actual form comes out of the 'play' with materials and my response to them"

Fruitmarket Gallery
The Fruitmarket Gallery is a contemporary art gallery in Edinburgh, Scotland.

Since its opening in 1974, the gallery has become part of the Scottish contemporary art scene. After a period of closure to undergo a significant renovation, the gallery reopened in 2021 with expanded exhibition space and facilities.
Iranian Railways RC4
The RAI R-C-4 is a class of 4 axle Bo'Bo' electric locomotives used by the Islamic Republic of Iran Railways; the units have a similar design to the Swedish SJ Rc4.

These locomotives were purchased in 1982, in a number of 8 units, from Sweden to serve on the only electric line in the country between Tabriz and Jolfa stations, with a length of 146 km. Due to the steep slopes of up to 29 in a thousand on this axis, the operation of moving numerous freight trains to the former Soviet Union, and the inability of GM locomotives to provide proper traction, this line was equipped with an electric network. Unfortunately, after the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia, this line is now partially closed and its capacity is used only for transporting local passenger trains. These locomotives are identified by numbers 651 to 658.

SJ Rc
The Rc class is a family of electric locomotives built in Sweden by Allmänna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget (ASEA). The Rc is the most produced locomotive in Sweden with 366 units and is used on both passenger and freight services originally for SJ, they have since been mostly sold to other operators such as Green Cargo, Tågab, Hector Rail and Trafikverket.
Hamilton Town Belt
The Hamilton Town Belt, also known as the Green Belt, is a series of public parks in Hamilton, New Zealand that surround the original 1877 city boundaries. Many of the city's notable venues and attractions are located on the belt, including Hamilton Gardens, Waikato Stadium, Seddon Park, Hamilton Girls' High School and the Hamilton Lake Domain.

The eastern section of the belt separates the suburbs of Hamilton East and Hillcrest.

Lake Rotoroa (Hamilton)
Lake Rotoroa or Hamilton Lake (officially Lake Rotoroa / Hamilton Lake) is a lake in Hamilton, Waikato, North Island, New Zealand. It has a surface area of about 54 hectares (133 acres) and an average depth of 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in).
It is the home of the Hamilton Yacht Club, which holds regular sailing in the summer.
Prosveta Publishing House
Prosveta Publishing House was established within the Ministry of People’s Education on 15 February 1945 by a Decree of the Regents of Bulgaria with the purpose of “publishing textbooks, teaching aids, notebooks, and drawing pads for all academic subjects in all types of schools and academic institutions.
According to statistics, Prosveta has published and circulated the works of over 50,000 authors and 28,000 titles in 788 series in more than two billion copies.
Prosveta Publishing House is a member of the EEPG (European Educational Publishers Group).

Language education
Language education refers to the processes and practices of teaching a second or foreign language. Its study reflects interdisciplinary approaches, usually including some applied linguistics. There are four main learning categories for language education: communicative competencies, proficiencies, cross-cultural experiences, and multiple literacies.
Ekrem Spahiu
Ekrem Spahiu (born 18 April 1960) was a Member of the Albanian Parliament in XVIth legislature (from 2001). Eqerem Spahia was arrested for "organising armed uprising, participating in it and violating institutions" after an armed protest near the parliament building that aimed to topple the Nano government and bring to power Crown Prince Leka, son of Zog of Albania, in September 1998.

Ekrem Spahiu made the most disputed case of homophobia and hate speech in Albania as he stated in 2012 to a local newspaper: “What remains to be done is to beat them up with a stick. If you don't understand this, I can explain it: to beat them with a rubber stick”. The EU Delegation in Tirana, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International and ILGA Europe, the local and international media covered and condemned this statement, even Prime Minister Sali Berisha condemned it publicly, but the Commissioner failed to follow up the case.

Fatos Nano
Fatos Thanas Nano (listenⓘ; 16 September 1952 – 31 October 2025) was an Albanian socialist politician who served as Prime Minister of Albania in 1991, from 1997 to 1998 and from 2002 to 2005.

Nano was the first leader and founder of the Socialist Party of Albania and a member of the Albanian Parliament from 1991 to 1993 and 1997 to 2009. He reformed the anti-revisionist Marxist-Leninist ideology of the Labour Party of Albania into social democracy for its successor, the Socialist Party.

During his leadership, the Socialist Party, as a result of reforms, joined the Socialist International and Party of European Socialists. Nano was a candidate in the 2007 presidential election but did not win. He again tried in the 2012 presidential election, but he did not even qualify as a candidate, because the leaders of parties in Parliament obstructed their respective MPs to elect him as candidate in the elections.
Traditional peoples in Brazil
Traditional Populations, Traditional Peoples or Traditional Communities, under Brazilian law, are groups that have a culture that is different from the prevailing local culture and that maintain a way of life closely linked to the natural environment in which they live. Through its own forms - social organization, the use of territory and natural resources (with a subsistence relationship) - its socio-cultural-religious reproduction using knowledge transmitted orally and in daily practice.

Officially, according to the Federal Government, to be recognized as traditional, it is necessary to carry out daily production practices based on sustainable development.  It is estimated that in Brazil around 4.5 million people are part of these communities, occupying 25% of the national territory.

The term "traditional peoples" is defined as a larger legal category which includes, but is neither exclusive nor replacing of, Brazil's indigenous peoples.

Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (Brazil)
The Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (Portuguese: Ministério do Meio Ambiente e Mudança do Clima, abbreviated MMA) is a cabinet-level federal ministry in Brazil. The ministry emerged from the Special Secretariat for the Environment within the now-extinct Ministry of the Interior from 1974 to 1985. It has gone through several name changes since its inception.
Maria Aurèlia Capmany
Maria Aurelia Capmany i Farnés (3 August 1918, in Barcelona – 2 October 1991) was a Catalan novelist, playwright and essayist. She was also a prominent feminist cultural and anti-Franco activist.

Along with the writers Manuel de Pedrolo, Jordi Sarsanedas, Joan Perucho, and Josep Maria Espinàs, Capmany co-authored, Cita de narradors ("Rendezvous of Narrators") (1958), which was awarded the Josep Yxart Essay Prize.

Socialist Party of Catalonia–Congress
Socialist Party of Catalonia–Congress (Catalan: Partit Socialista de Catalunya–Congrés, PSC–C) was a political party in Catalonia, Spain. PSC–C was founded in 1976 as a continuation of Socialist Convergence of Catalonia (CSC). It also unified with various sectors originating in Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM), Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC) and Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC).

Its first secretary was Joan Reventós. Amongst its other leaders were Raimon Obiols, Narcís Serra and Pasqual Maragall, the former president of the Generalitat de Catalunya.

In the General Elections of 1977 PSC–C stood on joint lists with Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) as Socialistes de Catalunya. The lists obtained 28.2% of the votes and 15 seats.

In 1978 PSC–C merged with the Catalan Federation of the PSOE and the Socialist Party of Catalonia–Regrouping, forming Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC).

PSC-C published L'Hora Socialista and Company.
Sophie Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg
Sophie Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg (4 May 1653 - 19 August 1684), was a German noblewoman member of the House of Oldenburg and by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Zeitz.

Born in Homburg vor der Höhe, she was the third of fifteen children born from the second marriage of Philip Louis, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg with Anna Margaret of Hesse-Homburg. From her fourteen full siblings, only seven survived to adulthood: Frederick, Charles Louis, Eleanor Margaret (by marriage Princess of Liechtenstein), William Christian, Sophie Magdalene (Abbess in Quedlinburg), Anna Fredericka Philippine (by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Zeitz-Pegau-Neustadt) and Johanna Magdalene Louise. In addition, she had two further older half-siblings from her father's first marriage with Catharina of Waldeck-Wildungen, of whom only one survived: Dorothea Elisabeth (by her two marriages Countess of Sinzendorf, Rabutin and Marchioness de Fremonville).

Saxe-Zeitz
The Duchy of Saxe-Zeitz (German: Herzogtum Sachsen-Zeitz) was a territory of the Holy Roman Empire established in 1657 as a secundogeniture of the Electoral Saxon house of House of Wettin. Its capital was Zeitz. The territory fell back to the Wettin electoral line in 1718.
Battle of Bagdoura
The Battle of Bagdoura or Battle of Baqdura was a decisive confrontation in the Berber Revolt in late 741 CE. It was a follow-up to the Battle of the Nobles the previous year, and resulted in a major Berber victory over the Arabs by the Sebou River (near modern Fes). The battle would permanently break the hold of the Umayyad Caliphate over the far western Maghreb (Modern day Morocco), and the resulting retreat of elite Syrian forces into Spain would have implications for the stability of al-Andalus.

Sufri
The Sufris (Arabic: الصفرية aṣ-Ṣufriyya) were Khariji Muslims in the seventh and eighth centuries. The Khawarij were divided into separate groups such as the Sufri, Azariqa, Bayhasiyya, Ajardi, Najdat, and Ibadi. The Sufri and Ibadi sects are considered the most moderate of the Kharijite groups due to their refusal to shed the blood of those who disagree with them. Of all the Kharijite sects, only the Ibadi sect continues to exist today.

In Tlemcen, Algeria, the Banu Ifran were Sufri Berbers who opposed rule by the Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid Caliphates, most notably under resistance movements led by Abu Qurra (8th century) and Abu Yazid. In Sijilmassa, Morocco the Midrarids adopted the doctrine.
Georgios Koutoulas
Georgios Koutoulas (Greek: Γεώργιος Κούτουλας; born 9 February 1967) is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a defender, mostly for AEK Athens and a manager. He is currently the manager of Molaikos.

Greek Football Cup
The Greek Football Cup (Greek: Ελληνικό Κύπελλο Ποδοσφαίρου), officially known as Betsson Greek Cup (Greek: Κύπελλο Ελλάδας Betsson) for sponsorship reasons is a Greek association football competition, run by the HFF.

The Greek Cup is the second-most important domestic men's football event in Greece, after the championship of Super League. Since its inception in 1931 it has been held 83 times, with a cup winner being crowned on 82 occasions, the final in 1962 being the only occasion when no champion was crowned.

Olympiacos is the most successful club, having reached the final 43 times and earning 29 trophies.
Archaeozeus
Archaeozeus is an extinct genus of marine ray-finned fish from the Ypresian epoch Fur Formation of Denmark. It contains a single species, A. skamolensis, and is the only member of the family Archaeozeidae. It is considered the most basal member of the order Zeiformes.

Fur Formation
The Fur Formation is a marine geological formation of Ypresian (Lower Eocene Epoch, c. 56.0-54.5 Ma) age which crops out in the Limfjord region of northern Denmark from Silstrup via Mors and Fur to Ertebølle, and can be seen in many cliffs and quarries in the area. The Diatomite Cliffs (moler in Danish) is on the Danish list of tentative candidates for World Heritage and may become a World Heritage site. Fossils found in the Fur Formation are primarily housed at the Fossil and Mo-clay Museum on Mors Island, the Fur Museum on Fur Island, and the Natural History Museum of Denmark (formerly named Geological Museum) in Copenhagen.
Konstantin Borovoi
Konstantin Natanovich Borovoi (Russian: Константи́н Ната́нович Борово́й; born 30 June 1948) is a liberal Russian politician and entrepreneur, Russian Parliament Member (1995–2000), former Chair of Party of Economic Freedom (1992–2003), and Chair of Party Western Choice (since 17 March 2013).

Valeriya Novodvorskaya
Valeriya Ilyinichna Novodvorskaya (Russian: Вале́рия Ильи́нична Новодво́рская; 17 May 1950 – 12 July 2014) was a Russian and Soviet dissident, writer and liberal politician. She was the founder and the chairwoman of the Democratic Union party and a member of the editorial board of The New Times.
Diora
Diora (or Deora) was a medieval Bishop of Rochester.

Diora was consecrated between 765 and 772. He died between 781 and 785. Around 779 or so King Ethelbert granted land inside the city of Rochester to Diora and his cathedral clergy.

Bishop of Rochester
The Bishop of Rochester is the ordinary of the Church of England's Diocese of Rochester in the Province of Canterbury.

The town of Rochester has the bishop's seat, at the Cathedral Church of Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary, which was founded as a Catholic cathedral in 604. After the English Reformation, during the late 17th and 18th centuries, it was customary for the Bishop of Rochester to also be appointed Dean of Westminster. The practice ended in 1802.  The diocese covers two London boroughs and West Kent, which includes Medway and Maidstone.

The bishop's residence is Bishopscourt in Rochester. His Latin episcopal signature is: "(firstname) Roffen", Roffensis being the genitive case of the Latin name of the see. The office was created in 604 at the founding of the diocese in the Kingdom of Kent under King Æthelberht.

Jonathan Gibbs has served as Bishop of Rochester since the confirmation of his election, on 24 May 2022.
Mehran Kushk
Mehran Kushk (Persian: مهرانكوشك, also Romanized as Mehrān Kūshk; also known as Mīrān Kush) is a village in Baghestan Rural District, in the Eslamiyeh District of Ferdows County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 418, in 139 families.

Eslamiyeh District (Ferdows County)
Eslamiyeh District (Persian: بخش اسلامیه) is in Ferdows County, South Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Eslamiyeh, whose population at the time of the 2016 National Census was 7,108 in 2,193 households.
Treaty of Fort Clark
The Treaty of Fort Clark (also known as the Treaty with the Osage or the Osage Treaty) was signed at Fort Osage (then called Fort Clark) on November 10, 1808, (ratified on April 28, 1810) in which the Osage Nation ceded all the land east of the fort in Missouri and Arkansas north of the Arkansas River to the United States. The Fort Clark treaty and the Treaty of St. Louis in which the Sauk and Meskwaki ceded northeastern Missouri along with northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin were the first two major treaties in the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase. The affected tribes, upset with the terms, were to side with the British in the War of 1812. Following the settlement of that war, John C. Sullivan for the United States was to survey the ceded land in 1816 (adjusting it 23 miles (37 km) westward to the mouth of the Kansas River to create the Indian Boundary Line west of which and south of which virtually all tribes were to be removed in the Indian Removal Act in 1830.

Treaty of St. Louis (1804)
The Treaty of St. Louis of 1804 was concluded by William Henry Harrison on behalf of the United States of America and five Sauk and Meskwaki chiefs led by Quashquame. 
The treaty transferred a huge area of land between the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers from the Sauk and Meskwaki to the United States. In return, the Sauk and Meskwaki received a lump-sum payment of $2234.50 and an annuity of $1000. This payment was far less than the value of the land. The signatory chiefs were not authorized to cede land by their tribes and probably did not understand the treaty. The Sauk and Meskwaki deeply resented the treaty and considered it invalid. It alienated them from the United States and encouraged them to ally with Britain, contributing to their support for the British during the later War of 1812.
Tobias Rehberger
Tobias Rehberger (born June 2, 1966) is a German sculptor, born in Esslingen am Neckar. He studied under Thomas Bayrle and Martin Kippenberger at the Stadelschule in Frankfurt am Main, where he now teaches.

Martin Kippenberger
Martin Kippenberger (25 February 1953 – 7 March 1997) was a German painter, draftsman, photographer, sculptor, installation and performance artist. He became known for his prolific output in a wide range of styles and media, superfiction, as well as his provocative, jocular and hard-drinking public persona.

Kippenberger was "widely regarded as one of the most talented German artists of his generation", according to Roberta Smith of the New York Times. He was at the center of a generation of German enfants terribles, including Albert Oehlen, Markus Oehlen, Werner Büttner, Georg Herold, Dieter Göls, Michael Krebber, and Günther Förg.