hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Multinational force
A multinational force is a multinational operation which may be defensive, offensive, or for peacekeeping purposes. In multinational operations, many countries form an alliance to carry them out.

Multinational forces include:

Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (1943-1945)

Multinational Force and Observers (1981-present)

Multinational Force in Lebanon (1982-1984)

Operation Uphold Democracy (1994-1995)

United Nations Command (1950-present)

Free World Military Assistance Forces (1965-1973)

Caribbean Peace Force (1983-1985)

NATO

IFOR (1995-1996)

SFOR (1996-2004)

International Security Assistance Force (2001-2014)

NATO Response Force (2003-2024)

EUFOR (2004-present)

Iraq

Multi-National Corps - Iraq (2004-2009)
Multinational Division Central-South (2003-2008)

Multi-national Force - Iraq (2004-2009)
Multi-National Force West (2004-2010)

Free World Military Assistance Forces
The Free World Military Assistance Forces (FWMAF), also known as the Free World Military Forces (FWMF) and the Free World Forces (FWF), was the group of allied nations who sent troops to fight in the Vietnam War under the FWMAF banner, assisting South Vietnam against North Vietnam and the Viet Cong (VC). Together with South Vietnamese, the FWMAF were often referred to as the "Allies". It did not include anti-communist armies in Laos and Cambodia that also supported South Vietnam and fought native communists supported by North Vietnam.
Cowbell (instrument)
The cowbell is an idiophone hand percussion instrument used in various styles of music, such as Latin and rock. It is named after the similar bell used by herdsmen to keep track of the whereabouts of cows. The instrument initially and traditionally has been metallic; however, contemporarily, some variants are made of synthetic materials.

Cowbell
A cowbell (or cow bell) is a bell worn around the neck of free-roaming livestock so herders can keep track of an animal via the sound of the bell when the animal is grazing out of view in hilly landscapes or vast plains. Although they are typically referred to as "cow bells" due to their extensive use with cattle, the bells are used on a wide variety of animals.
Santa Maria dei Servi, Padua
45°24′16.6″N 11°52′32.63″E﻿ / ﻿45.404611°N 11.8757306°E﻿ / 45.404611; 11.8757306

Santa Maria dei Servi, or simply known as the Chiesa dei Servi, or more fully as the Church of the Nativity of the Servants of the Blessed Virgin Mary, is a 14th-century, Roman Catholic church that faces the Via Roma in Padua, region of the Veneto, Italy. This is a parish church in the vicariate of the Cathedral Basilica of Santa Maria Assunta governed by the Servite Order (order of the Servants of Mary). The church contains outstanding works of art including a wooden crucifix by Donatello.

Padua Cathedral
Padua Cathedral, or Basilica Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption (Italian: Duomo di Padova; Basilica Cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta), is a Catholic church and minor basilica located on the east end of Piazza Duomo, adjacent to the bishop's palace in Padua, Veneto, Italy.

The cathedral, dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, is the seat of the Bishop of Padua. The church building, first erected as a cathedral in the 4th century, has undergone major reconstructions over the centuries.
Sarissa
The sarissa or sarisa was a long spear or pike about 5 to 7 meters (16 to 23 ft) in length. It was introduced by Philip II of Macedon and was used in his Macedonian phalanxes as a replacement for the earlier dory, which was considerably shorter. These longer spears improved the strength of the phalanx by extending the rows of overlapping weapons projecting towards the enemy.  After the conquests of Alexander the Great, the sarissa was a mainstay during the Hellenistic era (4th–1st centuries BCE) by the Hellenistic armies of the diadochi Greek successor states of Alexander's empire, as well as some of their rivals.

Peltast
A peltast (Ancient Greek: πελταστής, peltastēs) was a type of light infantry originating in Thrace and Paeonia and named after the kind of shield they carried. Thucydides mentions the Thracian peltasts, while Xenophon in the Anabasis distinguishes the Thracian and Greek peltast troops.

The peltast often served as a skirmisher in Hellenistic armies. In the Middle Ages, the same term was used for a type of Byzantine infantryman.
Sparkær
Sparkær is a small railway town in Viborg Municipality in central Jutland, Denmark. It is located 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) west of Viborg. As of 1 January 2025, Sparkær has a population of 611. Sparkær is located at the Langå-Struer railway line and is served by Sparkær railway station.

Viborg, Denmark
Viborg (Danish pronunciation: [ˈviˌpɒˀ] ⓘ) is a city in central Jutland, Denmark, the capital of both Viborg municipality and Region Midtjylland. Viborg is also the seat of the Western High Court, the High Court for the Jutland peninsula. Viborg Municipality is the second-largest Danish municipality, covering 3.3% of the country's total land area.
Sunshine Express Airlines
Sunshine Express Airlines is an air charter company that previously operated as an airline serving many regional destinations on the East Coast of Australia; from Hervey Bay to Port Macquarie. It is one of the major employers at the airport. Its head office is in Sunshine Coast Airport, Mudjimba.

Sunshine Express ceased all scheduled operations at the end of September 2006 and has decided to concentrate on charter operations.

Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner
The Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner (previously the Swearingen Metro and later Fairchild Aerospace Metro) is a 19-seat, pressurized, twin-turboprop airliner first produced by Swearingen Aircraft and later by Fairchild Aircraft at a plant in San Antonio, Texas.
Pseudocordylus melanotus
Pseudocordylus melanotus, also known as the common crag lizard or Highveld crag lizard, is a species of lizard found in Eswatini, Lesotho, and South Africa. Pseudocordylus subviridis is considered a distinct species by the Reptile Database, but a subspecies of Pseudocordylus melanotus by IUCN.

Pseudocordylus melanotus an ovoviviparous lizard, tolerant of temperatures no lower than –5 °C, and consequently occurring on rocky outcrops, hills and mountains throughout southern Africa. Various subspecies are found in the inland mountains of the Eastern Cape (Amatole–Great Winterberg) and Cape Fold Mountains, the Natal and Transvaal Drakensberg and foothills, Lesotho and Eswatini with an isolated population at Suikerbosrand, and also at the Magaliesberg which geologically is part of the Transvaal Drakensberg. The type specimen was collected by the Scots zoologist Andrew Smith in 1838 in the hills between the main branches of the Orange River east of Philippolis, Orange Free State.

Andrew Smith (zoologist)
Sir Andrew Smith KCB (3 December 1797 – 11 August 1872) was a British surgeon, explorer, ethnologist and zoologist. He is considered the father of zoology in South Africa having described many species across a wide range of groups in his major work, Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa.

Smith was born in Hawick, Roxburghshire. He qualified in medicine at the University of Edinburgh obtaining an M.D. degree in 1819, having joined the Army Medical Services in 1816.
Mitchell's Ford Entrenchments
The Mitchell's Ford Entrenchments are the remains of a Confederate Army defensive earthworks in Prince William County, Virginia.  They are located off Old Centreville Road, overlooking what was historically called Mitchell's Ford, roughly where Old Centreville Road crosses Bull Run.  These earthworks were occupied by Confederate troops defending the ford during the 1861 battles of Blackburn's Ford and First Bull Run.  The area is now a local park managed by the local homeowner's association.

The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

Battle of Blackburn's Ford
The Battle of Blackburn's Ford (also known as the Skirmish at Blackburn's Ford)  took place on July 18, 1861, in the Confederate state of Virginia, as part of the Manassas campaign of the American Civil War. Union general Irvin McDowell's Army of Northeastern Virginia was marching south towards the Confederate capital of Richmond, and encountered the Confederate Army of the Potomac under the command of P. G. T. Beauregard.  McDowell sent troops from Daniel Tyler's division to probe the Confederate defenses along Bull Run Creek to locate the Confederate left flank. At Blackburn's Ford, the Union troops attempted to cross but Confederate fire broke up the attack. The repulse at Blackburn's Ford led McDowell to seek to attack the Confederates at a different point along their line, leading to the First Battle of Bull Run three days later.
Cassette culture
The cassette culture (also known as the tape/cassette scene or cassette underground) is the amateur production and distribution of music and sound art on compact cassette that emerged in the mid-1970s. The cassette was used by fine artists and poets for the independent distribution of new work. An independent music scene based on the cassette burgeoned internationally in the second half of the 1970s.

Vinyl on Demand
Vinyl on Demand is a record label that targets vinyl collectors of 1970s and 80s minimal synth, industrial and avant-garde music. Along with sales to distributors, Vinyl on Demand provides a subscription service. Most releases are limited to 500 copies and between subscribers and distributors they often sell out.
1978 Detroit Lions season
The 1978 Detroit Lions season was the franchise's 49th season in the National Football League. Under new head coach and former NFL player Monte Clark, the Lions continue to struggle with mediocrity finishing in third place again with a less than stellar record of 7–9.

This season would also be the swan song for starting quarterback Greg Landry's stellar ten-year career in Detroit, as in the offseason Landry was shipped to the Baltimore Colts for a 1979 fourth round pick (#88—Ulysses Norris), a 1979 fifth round pick (#131—Walt Brown), and a 1980 third round pick (#62—Mike Friede), in a rebuilding process begun by head coach Monte Clark.

Monte Clark
Monte Dale Clark (January 24, 1937 – September 16, 2009) was an American professional football player who served as head coach for the San Francisco 49ers and the Detroit Lions. He played college football at USC.
Westlandsche Stoomtramweg-Maatschappij
The N.V. Westlandsche Stoomtramweg Maatschappij (W.S.M.) was a tramway company that transported people and goods through the Westland area in the Dutch province of South Holland. The company was founded on 30 July 1881 in Amsterdam and was established in Loosduinen from 14 December 1891 (since 1 July 1923 in the municipality of The Hague).

Loosduinen
Loosduinen (Dutch pronunciation: [loːzˈdœynə(n)]) is a former village in the Netherlands that was a municipality unto itself until 1923, when it was annexed by The Hague and subsequently became a district of the city.

Within the district there is also a neighbourhood (Dutch:wijk) called 'Loosduinen'.

It has its own dialect, the Loosduinen dialect, which is very similar to The Hague dialect.
Jean Beaudin
Jean Beaudin (6 February 1939 – 18 May 2019) was a Canadian film director and screenwriter. He directed 20 films since 1969. His film J.A. Martin Photographer, was entered into the 1977 Cannes Film Festival, where Monique Mercure won the award for Best Actress. The film also won best Film, he won best Director, and Mercure won best Actress awards at the 1977 Canadian Film Awards. He was nominated (but did not win) for the Genie Award for Best Achievement in Direction in 1986, 1992 and 2003 for his films The Alley Cat (Le Matou), Being at Home with Claude and The Collector (Le Collectionneur), respectively.

Actress Domini Blythe (1947–2010) was his partner of more than 20 years.

Monique Mercure
Marie Lise Monique Émond CC GOQ (14 November 1930 – 16 May 2020), better known as Monique Mercure ([mɔ.nik mɛʁ.kyʁ]), was a Canadian stage and screen actress. She was one of the country's great actors of the classical and modern repertory. In 1977, Mercure won a Cannes Film Festival Award and a Canadian Film Award for her performance in the drama film J.A. Martin Photographer.
Raccuja
Raccuja is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Messina in the Italian region Sicily, located about 140 kilometres (87 mi) east of Palermo and about 60 kilometres (37 mi) west of Messina.

Raccuja borders the following municipalities: San Piero Patti, Sant'Angelo di Brolo, Floresta, Montalbano Elicona, Sinagra, Ucria.

Ucria
Ucria is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Messina in the Italian region Sicily, located about 130 kilometres (81 mi) east of Palermo and about 60 kilometres (37 mi) west of Messina. It is part of the Parco dei Nebrodi.
Al-Hamrat
Al-Hamrat (Arabic: الحمرات, romanized: al-Ḥamrāt) is a village in central Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate. It is situated in a plain along the western fringes of the Syrian Desert. Nearby localities include the subdistrict center of al-Riqama to the north, Shayrat to the northeast, Sadad to the south, Hisyah to the southwest and Jandar to the northwest. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Hamrat had a population of 1,624 in the 2004 census. It has Syria's only Spoonbill breeding colony.

Al-Riqama
Al-Riqama (Arabic: الرقاما, also spelled ar-Raqamah) is a town in central Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate, located 34 kilometers southeast of Homs. Nearby localities include Dardaghan to the southwest, Shayrat to the southeast and Tell al-Naqa further to the north. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Riqama had a population of 3,900 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites.

Many of al-Riqama's inhabitants work in agriculture, cultivating dry cereals, grapes and almonds in irrigated fields, and raise sheep. The town's traditional houses are built from stone and have wood roofing. Al-Riqama had been classified as an abandoned village or khirba by English scholar Eli Smith in 1838. The town contains ruined historic structures noted for the dominant cone-shaped dome roofs. The structures have square bases with two-meter-high walls and are built from red mud brick.
Menhit
Menhit /ˈmɛnˌhɪt/ (also known as Menhyt, and Menchit) was originally a Nubian lion goddess of war in the Kingdom of Kush, who was regarded as a tutelary and sun goddess. Her name means either "she who sacrifices" or "she who massacres."

Solar deity
A solar deity or sun deity is a deity who represents the Sun or an aspect thereof. Such deities are usually associated with power and strength. Solar deities and Sun worship can be found throughout most of recorded history in various forms. The English word sun derives from Proto-Germanic *sunnǭ. The Sun is sometimes referred to by its Latin name Sol or by its Greek name Helios.
Quince
The quince (/ˈkwɪns/; Cydonia oblonga) is the sole member of the genus Cydonia in the Malinae subtribe (which contains apples, pears, and other fruits) of the Rosaceae family. It is a deciduous tree that bears hard, aromatic bright golden-yellow pome fruit, similar in appearance to a pear. Ripe quince fruits are hard, tart, and astringent. They are eaten raw or processed into jam, quince cheese, or alcoholic drinks.

The quince tree is sometimes grown as an ornamental plant for its attractive pale pink blossoms and as a miniature bonsai plant.

Malinae
Malinae is the name for the apple subtribe in the rose family, Rosaceae. This name is required by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, which came into force in 2011 (article 19) for any group at the subtribe rank that includes the genus Malus but not either of the genera Rosa or Amygdalus. The group includes a number of plants bearing commercially important fruits, such as apples and pears, while others are cultivated as ornamentals.

The tribe consists exclusively of shrubs and small trees characterised by a pome, a type of accessory fruit that does not occur in other Rosaceae, and by a basal haploid chromosome count of 17 (instead of 7, 8, 9, or 15 as in the other Rosaceae). There are approximately 28 genera with approximately 1100 species worldwide, with most species occurring in the temperate Northern Hemisphere.
Tumor-homing bacteria
Tumor-homing bacteria are facultative or obligate anaerobic bacteria (capable of producing ATP when oxygen is absent or is destroyed in normal oxygen levels) that are able to target cancerous cells in the body, suppress tumor growth and survive in the body for a long time even after the infection. When this type of bacteria is administered into the body, it migrates to the cancerous tissues and starts to grow, and then deploys distinct mechanisms to destroy solid tumors. Each bacteria species uses a different process to eliminate the tumor. Some common tumor homing bacteria include Salmonella, Clostridium, Bifidobacterium, Listeria, and Streptococcus. The earliest research of this type of bacteria was highlighted in 1813 when scientists began observing that patients that had gas gangrene, an infection caused by the bacteria Clostridium, were able to have tumor regressions.

Clostridium
Clostridium is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria. Species of Clostridium inhabit soils and the intestinal tracts of animals, including humans. This genus includes several significant human pathogens, including the causative agents of botulism and tetanus. It also formerly included an important cause of diarrhea, Clostridioides difficile, which was reclassified into the Clostridioides genus in 2016.
Electronic specific heat
In solid state physics the electronic specific heat, sometimes called the electron heat capacity, is the specific heat of an electron gas. Heat is transported by phonons and by free electrons in solids. For pure metals, however, the electronic contributions dominate in the thermal conductivity. In impure metals, the electron mean free path is reduced by collisions with impurities, and the phonon contribution may be comparable with the electronic contribution.

Dulong–Petit law
The Dulong–Petit law, a thermodynamic law proposed  by French physicists Pierre Louis Dulong and Alexis Thérèse Petit in 1839, states that the classical expression for the molar heat capacity of certain chemical elements is constant for temperatures far from the absolute zero.

In modern terms, Dulong and Petit found that the heat capacity of a mole of many solid elements is about 3R, where R is the universal gas constant. The modern theory of the heat capacity of solids states that it is due to lattice vibrations in the solid.

The first theoretical proof of the law was given by Ludwig Boltzmann using statistical mechanics in 1877.
Access Radio Chicago
Access Radio Chicago was the name used for four AM radio stations in the Chicago market, all owned by Newsweb Corporation offering brokered programming, ethnic programming, and occasional music:

WAIT 850, Crystal Lake, Illinois

WNDZ 750, Portage, Indiana

WSBC 1240, Chicago, Illinois

WCFJ 1470, Chicago Heights, Illinois

WCFJ (Illinois)
WCFJ (1470 AM) was a radio station licensed to Chicago Heights, Illinois, United States. Its transmitter was located south of Crete, Illinois, and served Chicago's south suburbs and South Side, as well as Northwest Indiana. The station's original call sign was WMPP.
Classical pharmacology
In the field of drug discovery, classical pharmacology, also known as forward pharmacology, or phenotypic drug discovery (PDD), relies on phenotypic screening (screening in intact cells or whole organisms) of chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts to identify substances that have a desirable therapeutic effect. Using the techniques of medicinal chemistry, the potency, selectivity, and other properties of these screening hits are optimized to produce candidate drugs.

Therapy
A therapy or medical treatment is the attempted remediation of a health problem, usually following a medical diagnosis. Both words, treatment and therapy, are often abbreviated tx, Tx, or Tx.

As a rule, each therapy has indications and contraindications.  There are many different types of therapy.  Not all therapies are effective.  Many therapies can produce unwanted adverse effects.

Treatment and therapy are often synonymous, especially in the usage of health professionals. However,  in the context of mental health, the term therapy may refer specifically to psychotherapy.

A therapist is a person who offers any modality of therapy. Therapist refers to trained professionals engaged in providing services any kind of treatment or rehabilitation.
New Valencian School
The New Valencian School (Nueva Escuela Valenciana in Spanish, Nova Escola Valenciana in Valencian) was a trend within Spanish comics that originated in Valencia during the transition to democracy initially through fanzines and peaked editorially during the early 1980s. It comprised several Valencian artists, such as Mique Beltrán, Miguel Calatayud, Manel Gimeno, Sento Llobell, Javier Mariscal, Micharmut and Daniel Torres, and it's credited for pioneering the creation and recognition of adult, cinematographically inspired comics.

Spanish comics
Spanish comics are the comics of Spain. Comics in Spain are usually called historietas or cómics, with tebeos primarily denoting the magazines containing the medium. Tebeo is a phonetic adaptation of TBO, a long-running (1917–1983) Spanish comic magazine, and sounds like "te veo" ("I see you").

Two publishing houses —  Editorial Bruguera and Editorial Valenciana — dominated the Spanish comics market for most of its history.

Spanish artists have traditionally worked in other markets reaching great success, either in the American (e.g., Eisner Award winners Sergio Aragonés, Salvador Larroca, Gabriel Hernández Walta, Marcos Martín or David Aja), the British (e.g., Carlos Ezquerra, co-creator of Judge Dredd) or the Franco-Belgian one (e.g., first Fauve d'Or winner Julio Ribera or Blacksad authors Juan Díaz Canales and Juanjo Guarnido).

The Spanish market is also known for its many studios, which for a long time have had material produced mainly for other European countries.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Bethléem à Clamecy
The Diocese of Bethléem à Clamecy was a crusader bishopric in residential exile with see at Clamecy, Nièvre in Burgundy, eastern France, made exempt (i.e. directly subject to the Holy see, not part of any (French) ecclesiastical province).

Antipope
An antipope (Latin: antipapa) is a person who claims to be Bishop of Rome and leader of the Roman Catholic Church in opposition to the officially elected pope. Between the 3rd and mid-15th centuries, antipopes were supported by factions within the Church itself and secular rulers.  While modern claimants to the papacy still take place, they are rarely given serious consideration by either the public or the Church.

Sometimes it was difficult to distinguish which of two claimants should be called pope and which antipope, as in the case of Pope Leo VIII and Pope Benedict V.
Astor House
The Astor House was a luxury hotel in New York City. Located on the corner of Broadway and Vesey Street in what is now the Civic Center and Tribeca neighborhoods of Lower Manhattan, it opened in 1836 and soon became the best-known hotel in America. Part of it was demolished in 1913; the rest was demolished in 1926.

Civic Center, Manhattan
40°42′46″N 74°00′21″W﻿ / ﻿40.71278°N 74.00583°W﻿ / 40.71278; -74.00583

The Civic Center is an area and neighborhood in Lower Manhattan, New York City, that encompasses New York City Hall, One Police Plaza, the courthouses in Foley Square, the Metropolitan Correctional Center, and the surrounding area. The district is bound on the west by Tribeca at Broadway, on the north by Chinatown at Worth Street or Bayard Street, on the east by the East River and the Brooklyn Bridge at South Street, and on the south by the Financial District at Ann Street.