hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chloridometer
A chloridometer is a measuring instrument used to determine the concentration of chloride ions (Cl–) in a solution. It uses a process known as coulometric titration or amperostatic coulometry, the accepted electrochemistry reference method to determine the concentration of chloride in biological fluids, including blood serum, blood plasma, urine, sweat, and cerebrospinal fluid. The coulometry process generates silver ions, which react with the chloride to form silver chloride (AgCl).

The first chloridometer was designed by a team led by Ernest Cotlove in 1958.

Other methods to determine chloride concentration include photometric titration and isotope dilution mass spectrometry.

Instrumentation
Instrumentation is a collective term for measuring instruments, used for indicating, measuring, and recording physical quantities. It is also a field of study about the art and science about making measurement instruments, involving the related areas of metrology, automation, and control theory. The term has its origins in the art and science of scientific instrument-making.

Instrumentation can refer to devices as simple as direct-reading thermometers, or as complex as multi-sensor components of industrial control systems. Instruments can be found in laboratories, refineries, factories and vehicles, as well as in everyday household use (e.g., smoke detectors and thermostats).
Barrie Clark
Barrie Aird Clark (November 27, 1932 – March 16, 2018) was a Canadian politician and broadcaster.

He began his broadcasting career in 1949 in Kelowna, and served brief stints in Ontario and London, England before settling in Vancouver.  He was a popular radio personality and parlayed his popularity into politics, beginning in 1963 as an alderman in the District of North Vancouver.

In 1966 Clark was elected to the B.C. Legislative Assembly as a Liberal in the riding of North Vancouver-Seymour, and was re-elected in 1969.  He was defeated by Colin Gabelmann in the 1972 election. The following year he was appointed B.C.'s first Rentalsman by Premier Dave Barrett; he served in that position until 1976.

Clark then returned to radio as a talk show host in Vancouver, and in 1988 he returned to Kelowna to host a show on radio station CKOV.  In 1999 he was elected to Kelowna city council and served there until his retirement in 2008.

Dave Barrett
David Barrett OC OBC (October 2, 1930 – February 2, 2018) was a Canadian politician and social worker in British Columbia. A member of the British Columbia New Democratic Party (BCNDP), he was the 26th premier of British Columbia from 1972 to 1975. He was the first NDP premier in the province.
Siem de Jong
Siem Stefan de Jong (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈsim də ˈjɔŋ]; born 28 January 1989) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder or striker.

Playing in the youth academies of De Graafschap and Ajax, he made his professional debut for the Amsterdam-based side and would go on to become the club's captain as they won a club-record four consecutive Eredivisie titles from 2011 to 2014.

Following a three-year spell with Premier League side Newcastle United and a loan spell with PSV Eindhoven, De Jong returned to Ajax in 2017.

His younger brother Luuk de Jong is also a professional football player, currently playing for Porto.

2011–12 Eredivisie
The 2011–12 Eredivisie is the 56th season of Eredivisie since its establishment in 1955. It began in August 2011 with the first matches of the season  and ended in June with the last matches of the European competition and relegation playoffs. AFC Ajax had the highest average attendance, around 49,000.
Wychwood
Wychwood or Wychwood Forest is a 501.7-hectare (1,240-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north of Witney in Oxfordshire. It is also a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade 1, and an area of 263.4 hectares (651 acres) is a national nature reserve The site contains a long barrow dating to the Neolithic period, which is a scheduled monument.

In past centuries the forest covered a much larger area, since cleared in favour of agriculture, villages and towns. However, the forest's area has fluctuated. Parts cleared for agriculture during Britain's centuries under Roman rule later reverted to forest. The existence of the ancient Wychwood is recognised by the authoritative Victoria County History, but the planned Volume XIX has yet to be completed.

A Nature Conservation Review
A Nature Conservation Review is a two-volume work by Derek Ratcliffe, published by Cambridge University Press in 1977. It set out to identify the most important places for nature conservation in Great Britain. It is often known by the initials NCR, and sites listed in it are termed "NCR sites".

The approach adopted by Ratcliffe was adapted and applied to the selection of sites important for geological conservation in the Geological Conservation Review. A Marine Nature Conservation Review has also been published.

Volume 1 set out the rationale and methods used, and gave descriptions of the major habitat types.

Volume 2 consisted entirely of a site inventory. Sites were grouped into six major habitat types:

Coastal sites - 135 sites

Woodlands - 234 sites

Lowland grasslands, heaths and scrub - 159 sites

Open waters - 99 sites

Peatlands - 116 sites

Upland grasslands and heaths - 101 sites
Cuveglio
Cuveglio (Cüéi in lombard)is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Varese in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northwest of Milan and about 12 kilometres (7 mi) northwest of Varese. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 3,228 and an area of 7.7 square kilometres (3.0 sq mi).

The municipality of Cuveglio contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Vergobbio, Cavona, and Canonica di Cuveglio.

Cuveglio borders the following municipalities: Casalzuigno, Cassano Valcuvia, Castello Cabiaglio, Cuvio, Duno, Rancio Valcuvia.

Varese
Varese (UK: /vəˈreɪzeɪ, -zi/ və-RAY-zay, -⁠zee, US: /vɑːˈreɪseɪ/ var-AY-say; Italian: [vaˈreːze] ⓘ or [vaˈreːse]; Varesino: Varés [ʋaˈreːs]; Latin: Baretium; archaic German: Väris) is a city and comune in north-western Lombardy, northern Italy, 55 km (34 mi) north-west of Milan. The population of Varese in 2018 was 80,559.

It is the capital of the Province of Varese. The hinterland or exurban part of the city is called Varesotto.
Hackney South (London County Council constituency)
Hackney South was a constituency used for elections to the London County Council between 1889 and 1955.  The seat shared boundaries with the UK Parliament constituency of the same name.  The seat largely became Hackney Central, with part moved into Bethnal Green.

Bethnal Green (London County Council constituency)
Bethnal Green was a constituency used for elections to the London County Council between 1949 and the council's abolition, in 1965.  The seat shared boundaries with the UK Parliament constituency of the same name.
Polda Metro Jaya (Transjakarta)
Polda Metro Jaya is a Transjakarta bus rapid transit station located on Jenderal Sudirman Street, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta, Indonesia, serving Corridor 1. The station is named after the headquarters of Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Regional Police (Kepolisian Daerah Metropolitan Jakarta Raya (Polda Metro Jaya, PMJ)) adjacent to the south. It is also adjacent with the Semanggi Interchange to the east.

Transjakarta Corridor 1
The Transjakarta Corridor 1 is a Transjakarta bus rapid transit route in Jakarta, Indonesia. The route operates between Blok M Terminal and Kali Besar BRT station in Kota Tua Jakarta. It is the first route of the Transjakarta BRT system. The roads that are traversed by Corridor 1 are along Jalan Sultan Hasanuddin, Trunojoyo, Sisingamangaraja, Sudirman, MH Thamrin, Medan Merdeka Barat, Gajah Mada / Hayam Wuruk, Pintu Besar Utara, Kali Besar Barat, Kunir, and Lada Dalam. Key integration points include Dukuh Atas TOD that is currently an integration point for four transport modes, Jakarta Kota station which serves KRL Commuterline, and Harmoni station that is one of the main hubs in the BRT system. From Blok M to Bundaran HI ASTRA stations, this corridor is in parallel with North–South Line of the Jakarta MRT, thus many of the BRT stations are integrated directly with the MRT stations. Currently, all bus stations are served by buses 24 hours a day.
2015 NAIA Division I men's basketball tournament
The 2015 Buffalo Funds - NAIA Division I men's basketball tournament was held in March at Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri. The 78th annual NAIA basketball tournament featured 32 teams playing in a single-elimination format. 2015 tournament would bring four new teams to the NAIA national semifinals. The first tournament since 2005 tournament to do so. (It would be the 8th time in tournament history this has happened; previous years were the inaugural year 1937, 1945, 1947, 1965, 1969, 2001, 2005). As of 2018, it is the most recent tournament to do so.

1945 NAIA basketball tournament
The 1945 NAIA basketball tournament was held in March at Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri. The 8th annual NAIA basketball tournament featured 16 teams playing in a single-elimination format, instead of the normal 32. It is the only tournament to feature only 16 teams.

The NAIA semifinals featured four new teams for the first time since the inaugural year, 1937.

The championship game featured Loyola New Orleans defeating Pepperdine 49–35. Loyola New Orleans would not go on to win another NAIA national title until 2022, 77 years later.
Xiaori Island
Xiaori Island (Chinese: 小日岛; pinyin: Xiǎorì Dǎo; Wade–Giles: Hsiao3-jih4 Tao3) is an island off the Asian mainland in Xiaori Village (小日村), Nanri Town, Xiuyu District, Putian, Fujian, China (PRC).

On the night of January 1, 2020, the fishing ship Zhecangyu 07868 (浙苍渔07868) struck a rock near Xiaori Island. The ten crew members were rescued.

Putian
Putian (Chinese: 莆田, Putian dialect: Pó-chéng), also known as Puyang (莆阳) and Puxian (莆仙), historically known as Hinghwa/Hinghua/Henghua (simplified Chinese: 兴化; traditional Chinese: 興化), is a prefecture-level city in Fujian Province, People's Republic of China. It borders Fuzhou to the north, Quanzhou to the south, and the Taiwan Strait's Xinghua Bay to the east. Mulan River flows through the city.
Vorona, Botoșani
Vorona is a commune in Botoșani County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Icușeni, Joldești, Poiana, Vorona, Vorona Mare and Vorona-Teodoru.

The commune is located in the southwestern corner of the county, on the border with Suceava County, some 22 km (14 mi) south of the county seat, Botoșani, and 40 km (25 mi) southeast of Suceava International Airport.

Vorona is situated on the Suceava Plateau. It lies on the banks of the Siret River, and its left tributary, the river Vorona.

Botoșani
Botoșani (Romanian pronunciation: [botoˈʃanʲ] ⓘ) is the capital city of Botoșani County, in the northern part of Moldavia, Romania. Today, it is best known as the birthplace of many celebrated Romanians, including Mihai Eminescu, Nicolae Iorga and Grigore Antipa.
Minister of the Navy (Italy)
The Italian minister of the navy was a member of the Council Ministers from 1861 until 1947. Under the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 to 1946, the minister oversaw the Regia Marina ("Royal Navy"), and his position was known officially as Ministri della marina del Regno d'Italia ("Minister of the Navy of the Kingdom of Italy"), while under the Italian Republic from 1946 to 1947 he oversaw the Marina Militare (literally "Military Navy," but usually translated as "Italian Navy") and was known officially as Ministro per la Marina Militare (literally "Minister for the Military Navy"), the name change becoming official on 13 July 1946. The position was abolished when the Ministry of the Navy merged with the Ministry of the Air Force and Ministry of War to form the Ministry of Defence in 1947.

The last minister of the navy was Giuseppe Micheli, who served in the government of Alcide De Gasperi.

Ministry of War (Italy)
The Ministry of War (Italian: Ministero della guerra) was a ministry of the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 to 1946 and of the Italian Republic from 1946 to 1947. Under the Kingdom of Italy, it oversaw the Royal Army (Italian: Regio Esercito), while under the Italian Republic it oversaw the Italian Army (Italian: Esercito Italiano). It was abolished in 1947, when it merged with the Ministry of Aeronautics and the Ministry of the Navy to form the Ministry of Defence.
Ussama Komsan
Ussama Komsan (born (1977-01-12)12 January 1977) is a former Egyptian male volleyball player. He was included in the Egypt men's national volleyball team that finished 11th at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.

Volleyball at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's team rosters
Below are listed all participating squads of the 2000 Men's Olympic Volleyball Tournament. This 10th edition of the event, organised by the world's governing body, the FIVB, in conjunction with the IOC, was held in Australia's largest city, Sydney, from 17 September to 1 October 2000.
October 31 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
October 30 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - November 1

All fixed commemorations below are observed on November 13 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For October 31st, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on October 18.

Aristobulus of Britannia
Aristobulus of Britannia is a Christian saint named by Hippolytus of Rome (170–235) and Dorotheus of Gaza (505–565) as one of the Seventy Disciples mentioned in Luke 10:1–24 and as the first bishop in Roman Britain.
HX postcode area
The HX postcode area, also known as the Halifax postcode area, is a group of seven postcode districts in England, within four post towns. These cover most of the Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale in western West Yorkshire, including Halifax, Elland, Sowerby Bridge and Hebden Bridge.

Halifax, West Yorkshire
Halifax is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale, in West Yorkshire, England. It is in the eastern foothills of the Pennines. In the 15th century, the town became an economic hub of the old West Riding of Yorkshire, primarily in woollen manufacture with the large Piece Hall square later built for trading wool in the town centre. The town was a thriving mill town during the Industrial Revolution with the Dean Clough Mill buildings a surviving landmark. In the 2021 census, the town was recorded as having a population of 88,134. It is also the administrative centre of the Calderdale Metropolitan Borough.
Xian Hui
Xian Hui (Chinese: 咸辉; Xiao'erjing: ﺷِﯿًﺎ ﺧُﻮِ; born March 1958) is a Chinese politician of Hui ethnic heritage, who is currently a vice chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. She previously served as the Chairwoman (Governor) of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region from July 2016 to May 2022. In 2016, along with Bu Xiaolin of Inner Mongolia and Shen Yiqin of Guizhou, Xian Hui was one of only three women to hold a provincial government leadership position in China.

Chairperson of Ningxia
The Chairperson of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region People's Government is the head of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and leader of the People's Government of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.

The chairperson is elected by the People's Congress of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and responsible to it and its Standing Committee. The chairperson is a provincial level official and is responsible for the overall decision-making of the regional government. The chairperson is assisted by an executive vice chairperson as well as several vice chairpersons. The chairperson generally serves as the deputy secretary of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Regional Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and as a member of the CCP Central Committee. The chairperson is the second-highest-ranking official in the autonomous region after the secretary of the CCP Ningxia Hui Committee. The government chairman is always a Hui. The current chairperson is Zhang Yupu, who took office on 9 May 2022.
CIS national football team
The Commonwealth of Independent States national football team (Russian: Сборная СНГ по футболу, Sbornaya SNG po futbolu) was a transitional national team of the Football Federation of the Soviet Union in 1992. It was accepted that the team would represent the Commonwealth of Independent States that was formed as a loose union of former union republics of the Soviet Union after the nation's dissolution.

The CIS team was created to allow the Soviet national team to participate in Euro 1992 having already secured their place in the tournament after participating in qualifying, and having done so before the Soviet Union was dissolved. The only way to preserve the spot for the post-Soviet team was to take part in the competition as a unified team.

Anatoliy Byshovets
Anatoliy Fyodorovich Byshovets (Russian: Анатолий Фёдорович Бышовец, Ukrainian: Анато́лій Фе́дорович Бишове́ць; born 23 April 1946) is a Soviet and Russian football manager of Ukrainian origin and former Soviet international striker. He played his entire professional career with club side Dynamo Kyiv. He won Olympic gold medal as a coach with the Soviet team at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He was also a manager of the USSR, Russia, and South Korea national teams. At the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, he managed the South Korean U-23 team. He is one of the most successful modern Russian coaches.
Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin
Count Alexey Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin (Russian: Алексей Петрович Бестужев-Рюмин; 1 June 1693 – 21 April 1766) was a Russian diplomat and chancellor. He was one of the most influential and successful diplomats in 18th-century Europe. As the chancellor of the Russian Empire, was chiefly responsible for Russian foreign policy during the reign of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna.

Anna of Russia
Anna Ioannovna (Russian: Анна Иоанновна; 7 February [O.S. 28 January] 1693 – 28 October [O.S. 17 October] 1740), also russified as Anna Ivanovna and sometimes anglicized as Anne, served as regent of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia from 1711 until 1730 and then ruled as Empress of Russia from 1730 to 1740. Much of her administration was defined or heavily influenced by actions set in motion by her uncle, Peter the Great (r. 1682–1725), such as the lavish building projects in St. Petersburg, funding the Russian Academy of Science, and measures which generally favored the nobility, such as the repeal of a primogeniture law in 1730. In the West, Anna's reign was traditionally viewed as a continuation of the transition from the old Muscovy ways to the European court envisioned by Peter the Great. Within Russia, Anna's reign is often referred to as a "dark era".
2013 Cloverdale Cash Spiel
The 2013 Cloverdale Cash Spiel was held from September 20 to 22 at the Cloverdale Curling Club in Surrey, British Columbia as part of the 2013–14 World Curling Tour. Both the men's and women's events were held in a round robin format, and the purses for the men's and women's events were CAD$8,050 each.

Cloverdale Cash Spiel
The Cloverdale Cash Spiel was an annual bonspiel, or curling tournament on the men's and women's World Curling Tour, that took place at the Cloverdale Curling Club in Cloverdale, British Columbia (in Surrey). The tournament was held in a round-robin format. The tournament was established in 2011 as one of the first events of the season, and was last held in 2016. The event counted toward the Canadian Team Ranking System, which hands out points based on performances at CTRS events and deals with qualification for the Canadian Olympic Curling Trials.
Ramanathan V. Guha
Ramanathan V. Guha is the creator of widely used web standards such as RSS, RDF and Schema.org. He is also responsible for products such as Google Custom Search. He was a co-founder of Epinions and Alpiri. He worked at Google for nearly two decades, most recently as a Google Fellow, before announcing his departure from the company in August 2024.
He has recently joined Microsoft as CVP and Technical Fellow, where he conceived and developed NLWeb.

Cyc
Cyc (pronounced /ˈsaɪk/ SYKE) is a long-term artificial intelligence (AI) project that aims to assemble a comprehensive ontology and knowledge base that spans the basic concepts and rules about how the world works. Hoping to capture common sense knowledge, Cyc focuses on implicit knowledge. The project began in July 1984 at MCC and was developed later by the Cycorp company.

The name "Cyc" (from "encyclopedia") is a registered trademark owned by Cycorp. CycL has a publicly released specification, and dozens of HL (Heuristic Level) modules were described in Lenat and Guha's textbook, but the Cyc inference engine code and the full list of HL modules are Cycorp-proprietary.
Rizwan Asif
Muhammad Rizwan Asif (born 8 January 1990) is a Pakistani former footballer who played as a winger for the Pakistan under-23 team and the senior national team.

He was praised for his dribbling, tracking and passing skills. Asif won five league titles and five National Challenge Cup with KRL.

2012–13 Pakistan Premier League
The 2012–13 Pakistan Premier League was the 9th season of the Pakistan Premier League, the Pakistani professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 2004. The season began on 5 September 2012 and ended on 15 January 2013.

Khan Research Laboratories were the defending champions, having won their second Premier League title the previous season. This was their second top division league title.

On 13 January 2013, Khan Research Laboratories won their third Premier League title and Pakistani titles after drawing 0–0 with Pakistan Airlines at KPT Stadium.

Kaleemullah Khan became the first player to score 30+ goals in a Pakistan Premier League season, after scoring 35 goals.
Lapo Elkann
Lapo Edovard Elkann (born 7 October 1977) is an Italian businessman, philanthropist, and socialite. He is the chairman, founder, and majority shareholder (53.37%) of the Italia Independent Group. He is also the president and founder of Garage Italia Customs and Independent Ideas, as well as a member of the board of directors of Ferrari N.V. and responsible for the promotion of the Fiat Group brand. He is the great-grandson of Fiat S.p.A. founder Giovanni Agnelli, the grandson of Gianni Agnelli, who was the former controlling CEO and controlling shareholder of Fiat Automobiles, and the brother of John Elkann.

Exor (company)
Exor NV is the listed holding company of the Italian Agnelli family.

It is incorporated in the Netherlands, listed on Euronext Amsterdam, and controlled through the privately held company Giovanni Agnelli BV (owned by members of the extended Agnelli family).

It has a history of investments running over a century, originating from senator Giovanni Agnelli, the founder of FIAT. Its holding include auto and truck manufacturers Stellantis, Ferrari, and Iveco, agricultural and construction firm CNH Industrial, health technology company Philips, the association football club Juventus FC, the international current affairs magazine The Economist, and the Italian media company GEDI Gruppo Editoriale, as well as several other minor investments. In May 2023, Exor launched its investment management company Lingotto.
Kroshka Island
Kroshka Island is the smaller of two ice-covered islands lying close together in the Fimbul Ice Shelf, along the coast of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. The feature was first mapped by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition in 1961 and named "Kupol Kroshka", which means "crumb dome" in Russian.

Fimbul Ice Shelf
70°30′S 0°10′W﻿ / ﻿70.500°S 0.167°W﻿ / -70.500; -0.167

The Fimbul Ice Shelf is an Antarctic ice shelf about 200 km (120 mi) long and 100 km (60 mi) wide, nourished by Jutulstraumen Glacier, bordering the coast of Queen Maud Land from 3°W to 3°E. It was photographed from the air by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (1938–1939), mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1949–1952) and from air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–1959) and named Fimbulisen (the giant ice).