hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of RNA biology
Numerous key discoveries in biology have emerged from studies of RNA (ribonucleic acid), including seminal work in the fields of biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, molecular evolution, and structural biology. As of 2010, 30 scientists have been awarded Nobel Prizes for experimental work that includes studies of RNA. Specific discoveries of high biological significance are discussed in this article.

For related information, see the articles on History of molecular biology and History of genetics. For background information, see the articles on RNA and nucleic acids.

Ribosome
A ribosome (/ˈraɪbəzoʊm, -soʊm/) is a ribonucleoprotein particle found in all cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, responsible for the synthesis of proteins. A ribosome functions as a molecular machine in the translation of strands of messenger RNA (mRNA) and production of a protein. A ribosome links amino acids together in the order specified by the codons of mRNA molecules to form polypeptide chains. A ribosome is made up of a large and a small subunit, each consisting of one or more ribosomal RNA molecules and many ribosomal proteins. The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus.

Ribosome biogenesis is the process of making ribosomes. This is an energy-consuming, dynamic process, requiring the synthesis of around 200 proteins in the processing of ribosomal RNAs and assembling them with ribosomal proteins to make the ribosomes subunits.
Looted art
Looted art has been a consequence of looting during war, natural disaster and riot for centuries. Looting of art, archaeology and other cultural property may be an opportunistic criminal act or may be a more organized case of unlawful or unethical pillage by the victor of a conflict.  The term "looted art" reflects bias, and whether particular art has been taken legally or illegally is often the subject of conflicting laws and subjective interpretations of governments and people; use of the term "looted art" in reference to a particular art object implies that the art was taken illicitly.

Related terms include art theft (the stealing of valuable artifacts, mostly because of commercial reasons), illicit antiquities (covertly traded antiquities or artifacts of archaeological interest, found in illegal or unregulated excavations), provenance (the origin or source of a piece of art), and art repatriation (the process of returning artworks and antiques to their rightful owners).

Russian cultural property law
After the Second World War in 1945, issues surrounding wartime loss and compensation started to arise. Cultural valuables were taken from Germany and placed in the Soviet Union. Years later, at the break up of the USSR, the said cultural valuables came to attention as the issue of ownership arose. Following, the debates between the Russian Duma and the Yeltsin government began, with the Duma focusing on compensation to Russia for wartime loss, and Yeltsin focusing on maintaining international relationships and agreements. Arising from the debate, were many struggles, but ultimately the enactment of the Federal Law on Cultural Valuables Displaced to the USSR as a Result of the Second World War and Located on the Territory of the Russian Federation.
Columbaves
Columbaves is a taxon that contains Columbimorphae (pigeons, mesites, and sandgrouse) and Otidimorphae (bustards, cuckoos, and turacos) discovered by genomic analysis by Prum et al. (2015). This conflicts with the Columbea and Otidae hypotheses in which Mirandornithes are the sister taxon to Columbimorphae and Cypselomorphae the sister taxon to Otidimorphae, respectively, found by Jarvis et al. (2014). Neither hypothesis supports the two subdivisions of Metaves and Coronoaves as previous studies had found.

In 2020 Kuhl et al. sequenced 3-prime untranslated region (3’UTR) from 429 species and 379 genera of birds found support of Columbaves in their study. However they have found that cuckoos are the sister group to pigeons within Columbimorphae instead as shown in the cladogram below:

Mirandornithes
Mirandornithes (/mɪˌrændɔːrˈnɪθiːz/) is a clade that consists of flamingos and grebes. Many scholars use the term Phoenicopterimorphae for the superorder containing flamingoes and grebes.

Determining the relationships between the two groups has been problematic. Flamingos had been placed with numerous branches within Neognathae, such as ducks and storks. The grebes had been placed with the loons. However, more recent genomic studies have confirmed these two branches as sister groups.

Both primitive phoenicopteriformes and their closest relatives, the grebes, were highly aquatic. This indicates that the entire mirandornithe group evolved from aquatic, probably swimming ancestors.
Peter Barnes (respiratory scientist)
Sir Peter John Barnes, FRCP, FCCP, FMedSci, FRS (born 29 October 1946) is a British respiratory scientist and clinician, a specialist in the mechanisms and treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). He was Margaret Turner-Warwick Professor of Thoracic Medicine at the National Heart & Lung Institute, previous head of respiratory medicine at Imperial College and honorary consultant physician at the Royal Brompton Hospital London. He is one of the most highly cited scientists in the world.

St Catharine's College, Cambridge
St Catharine's College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England. Founded in 1473 as Katharine Hall, it adopted its current name in 1860. The college is nicknamed "Catz". The college is located in the historic city-centre of Cambridge, and lies just south of King's College and across the street from Corpus Christi College. The college is notable for its open court (rather than closed quadrangle) that faces towards Trumpington Street.

The college community consists of approximately 1000 Fellows, graduate and undergraduate students, and staff. The college is led by a Master, and the college is run by a governing body comprising the official and professorial Fellows of the college, chaired by the Master. The current Master, Sir John Benger took up office on 1 October 2023.
1991 Supercoppa Italiana
The 1991 Supercoppa Italiana was a match contested by 1990–91 Serie A winners Sampdoria and 1990–91 Coppa Italia winners Roma.

The match took place on 24 August 1991 in Marassi, Genoa and resulted in a 1–0 victory for Sampdoria.

Supercoppa Italiana
The Supercoppa Italiana, also known as the Italian Super Cup, is an annual super cup tournament in Italian football. Founded in 1988 as a two-team competition, it has featured four teams since 2023 (the winners and runners-up of the previous season's Serie A and Coppa Italia). Before the format change, the match was exclusively contested between the winners of the Serie A and Coppa Italia titles. Under the new rules, if a team were to be occupying more than one of the four spots, that spot would then be filled by the third and/or fourth teams in the Serie A standings.

It was originally the opening match of the new season, played at the home stadium of the previous season's Serie A champions. Since 2018, the competition has been held during the winter months, and is mainly hosted internationally. Juventus is the most successful club with nine titles. They have met Lazio on five occasions, making it the most frequent matchup in tournament history.
Procedural generation
In computing, procedural generation is a method of creating data algorithmically as opposed to manually, typically through a combination of human-generated content and algorithms coupled with computer-generated randomness and processing power. In computer graphics, it is commonly used to create textures and 3D models. In video games, it is used to automatically create large amounts of content in a game. Depending on the implementation, advantages of procedural generation can include smaller file sizes, larger amounts of content, and randomness for less predictable gameplay.

Perlin noise
Perlin noise is a type of gradient noise developed by Ken Perlin in 1982. It has many uses, including but not limited to: procedurally generating terrain, applying pseudo-random changes to a variable, and assisting in the creation of image textures. It is most commonly implemented in two, three, or four dimensions, but can be defined for any number of dimensions.
WXRX
WXRX (104.9 FM, commonly known as "The X") is a radio station. Licensed to Belvidere, Illinois, the station serves the Rockford, Illinois area. Originally created by a company called "Radio Works" run by David McAley and Robert Rhea Jr., it is now owned by Mid-West Family Broadcasting. WXRX started as a classic rock station.

WXRX broadcasts two channels in the HD format.

Popular disc jockeys that have worked for WXRX include Jonathon Brandmeier, Tim Crull, Cheryl Jackson as K.C. Meadows, Sky Drysdale, Alan Cox, Jamie Markley, Mark Zander Jim Stone, as Mark Edwards, Lori Hastings, and Pete McMurray.

In the 1992 motion picture Batman Returns, WXRX is a fictional television station in Gotham City.

Belvidere, Illinois
Belvidere (/ˈbɛlvɪdɪər/) is a city in and the county seat of Boone County, Illinois, United States. It is settled on the Kishwaukee River in far northern Illinois. The population was 25,339 at the 2020 census. Belvidere is part of the Rockford metropolitan area.

Known as the "City of Murals", Belvidere is home to several public art installations throughout the North and South State Street historic districts, which are on the National Register of Historic Places. These historic districts are home to the Boone County Museum of History, the Funderburg House Museum, several restaurants and bars, and antique and boutique stores. Popular festivities like Heritage Days are held yearly.
Marc Auslander
Marc Alan Auslander is an American computer scientist known for his contributions to the PL.8 compiler. He spent his entire career at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, NY.

Auslander received a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics from Princeton University in 1963. He joined IBM the same year. In 1991 he was named an IBM Fellow. He retired in 2004 but continues to be affiliated with IBM as a Fellow Emeritus.

In 1996, Auslander was elected to the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to reduced instruction set computing (RISC) systems. In 1999 he was named both ACM Fellow and IEEE Fellow, again for contributions to RISC.

From 1970 to 1972 Auslander served as chairman of ACM SIGOPS. He has authored 19 scientific papers and holds 14 U.S. patents.

ACM Fellow
ACM Fellowship is an award and fellowship that recognises outstanding members of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). The title of ACM Fellow indicates excellence, as evinced by technical, professional and leadership contributions that:

advance computing

promote the free exchange of ideas

advance the objectives of ACM

At most 1% of the ACM membership may be elected as Fellows.

New fellows are elected annually since 1993.
DIEP flap
A DIEP flap (/ˈdiːp/, DEEP) is type of autologous breast reconstruction in which skin, fat, and blood vessels from the lower abdomen are transferred to the chest to reconstruct the breast following mastectomy. DIEP stands for the deep inferior epigastric perforator artery, which runs through the abdomen.

Abdominoplasty
Abdominoplasty or "tummy tuck" is a cosmetic surgery procedure used to make the abdomen thinner and more firm. The surgery involves the removal of excess skin and fat from the middle and lower abdomen in order to tighten the muscle and fascia of the abdominal wall. This type of surgery is usually sought by patients with loose or sagging tissues, that develop after pregnancy or major weight loss.
Skyball
The Sky Ball is a mid-sized bouncy ball toy sold by Maui Toys. Each ball measures 4 inches (10 cm) in diameter and contains a mix of helium and compressed air.

It has received critical acclaim for its high restitution, or bounciness. The Skyball is often compared to the popular 1965 Wham-O Superball, with the Skyball being advertised as bouncing 75 feet (23 m), "higher than a 1.5 inch superball". In 2010, the ball was packaged with a plastic baseball bat, and advertised as flying as far as 300 feet (91 m) when struck.

Super Ball
A Super Ball or Superball is a toy bouncy ball based on a type of synthetic rubber invented in 1964 by chemist Norman Stingley.  It is an extremely elastic ball made of Zectron, which contains the synthetic polymer polybutadiene as well as hydrated silica, zinc oxide, stearic acid, and other ingredients.  This compound is  vulcanized with sulfur at a temperature of 165 °C (329 °F) and formed at a pressure of 3,500 psi (24 MPa). The resulting Super Ball has a very high coefficient of restitution, and if dropped from shoulder level on a hard surface, a Super Ball bounces nearly all the way back; thrown down onto a hard surface by an average adult, it can fly over a three-story building.
WFLI (AM)
WFLI (1070 kHz "The Big One") is a commercial AM radio station broadcasting a conservative talk and sports radio format. Licensed to Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, the station serves the Chattanooga metropolitan area. WFLI is owned by Tri-State Radio, Inc. It shares some programming with sister station WKWN 1420 AM in Trenton, Tennessee.

By day, WFLI broadcasts with 50,000 watts, the maximum for commercial AM stations in the U.S. As 1070 AM is a clear channel frequency reserved for KNX Los Angeles, WFLI must reduce power at night to 2,500 watts to avoid interference. It uses a directional antenna at all times. Programming is also heard on 250–watt FM translator W241AF at 96.1 MHz. (which formerly carried WUSY-HD2) in addition to a second translator for coverage in areas located north of downtown Chattanooga, W262DQ at 100.3 MHz.

Westwood One Sports (radio network)
Westwood One Sports (formerly Infinity Sports Network) is an American sports radio network programmed by Westwood One and Audacy, Inc. It debuted as CBS Sports Radio with hourly sports news updates on September 4, 2012, and with 24/7 programming on January 2, 2013.

At launch, programming on the network featured reporters and personalities from CBS Sports, CBS Sports Network, and CBSSports.com. Westwood One Sports is broadcast throughout the United States on radio affiliates and streamed online.
Fernando Negrão
Fernando Mimoso Negrão (born 29 November 1955) is a Portuguese jurist and politician.

Born in Portuguese Angola, he graduated in Law from the University of Lisbon in 1980 and spent his career around the country as a Portuguese Air Force official, magistrate and judge. From 1995 to 1999 he headed the Polícia Judiciária.

A member of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), he was elected to the Assembly of the Republic in the 2002 election as head of their list for Faro. From 2004 to 2005, in the government of Pedro Santana Lopes, he was the Minister for Social Security, Family and Children. In the XX Constitutional Government of Portugal, led by Pedro Passos Coelho from 30 October to 26 November 2015, Negrão was Minister of Justice.

In October 2015, Negrão ran for President of the Assembly, losing 120–108 to the Socialist Party candidate Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues.

On 22 February 2018, Negrão was elected the PSD's parliamentary leader with 39% of the votes (35 of 88).

Pedro Passos Coelho
Pedro Manuel Mamede Passos Coelho (European Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpeðɾu mɐˈnwɛl mɐˈmɛðɨ ˈpasuʃ ˈkwɐʎu]; born 24 July 1964) is a Portuguese politician and university guest lecturer who was the 
117th prime minister of Portugal, in office from 2011 to 2015. He was the leader of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) between 2010 and 2018.

Passos Coelho started very early in politics and was the national leader of the youth branch of PSD. He led the XIX Governo Constitucional (19th Constitutional Government of Portugal) and the XX Governo Constitucional (20th Constitutional Government of Portugal) as head of government from 21 June 2011 to 26 November 2015. His term in office oversaw the application of the European troika bailout to Portugal (requested by the previous Prime Minister, José Sócrates of the Socialist Party) and was marked by a wave of widespread austerity in both Portugal and abroad.
Bali Mester (Transjakarta)
Bali Mester is a Transjakarta bus rapid transit station located on Jatinegara Timur Street, Bali Mester, Jatinegara, East Jakarta, Indonesia, serving southbound Corridor 5 buses. The station is connected to Stasiun Jatinegara station that serves Corridor 11, which itself is connected to Jatinegara railway station that serves the KRL Commuterline and intercity train services. The station is named after the subdistrict it is located in.

East Jakarta
East Jakarta (Indonesian: Jakarta Timur; Betawi: Jakarté Bèlétan), abbreviated as Jaktim, is the largest of the five administrative cities (kota administrasi) which form the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Indonesia, with a land area of 188.03 km2 (72.6 sq.miles). It had a population of 2,693,896 at the 2010 Census and 3,037,139 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 3,315,114, making it the most populous of the five administrative cities within Jakarta. East Jakarta is not self-governed and does not have a city council, hence it is not classified as a proper municipality.

East Jakarta is bounded by North Jakarta to the north, Bekasi to the east, Depok to the south, and South Jakarta and Central Jakarta to the west.

The mayor's office is located in the Administrative Village (Kelurahan) of Pulo Gebang, in Cakung District.
David Carnegie, 4th Duke of Fife
David Charles Carnegie, 4th Duke of Fife (born 3 March 1961) is a British and Scottish peer, landowner, and business man. He was styled Earl of Macduff until 1992, and then Earl of Southesk until succeeding his father on 22 June 2015 as the fourth Duke of Fife and Chief of the Clan Carnegie.

He is also Earl of Macduff and Baron Balinhard, in the peerage of the United Kingdom; Earl of Southesk and Lord Carnegie of Kinnaird, in the peerage of Scotland; and a Baronet, of Pittarrow in the County of Kincardine, in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia.

Kinnaird Castle, Brechin
56°42′15″N 2°35′57″W﻿ / ﻿56.7043°N 2.5992°W﻿ / 56.7043; -2.5992

Kinnaird Castle is a 15th-century castle near Brechin in Angus, Scotland. The castle has been home to the Carnegie family, the Earls of Southesk, for more than 600 years. It is a Category B listed building and the grounds are included in Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland.
Jenny Ash
Jenny Ash is a British film and television director and writer. Ash has directed major feature documentaries across various genres for broadcasters such as Sky, Channel 4, the BBC, ITV, and the History Channel. Some of her notable films include The World's Biggest Murder Trial: Nuremberg (Channel 5, 2020), Bin Laden: The Road to 9/11 (Channel 4, 2021), and Flight 149: Hostage of War (2025). In 2021, Ash became the first documentary director to win the WFTV Best Director Award.

Royal Television Society Programme Awards
The Royal Television Society Programme Awards, (often referred to as the RTS Awards) seek to recognise programmes or individuals who have made a positive and material contribution to their genre: either because their content or originality in form has in some way moved the genre forward, or perhaps even created a new genre; or because their quality has set standards which other programme-makers can emulate and learn from.

In addition to the national awards and the Craft & Design Awards, the Royal Television Society also hosts a number of regional award ceremonies throughout the UK and Ireland.
2023 Albanian Cup final
The 2023 Albanian Cup final was a football match that was played on 1 June 2023 to decide the winner of the 2022–23 Albanian Cup, the 71st edition of the Albanian Cup. The match was played between Tirana and Egnatia at the Elbasan Arena in Elbasan. Egnatia won the match 0−1 after extra time to earn their first Albanian Cup title.

Albanian Cup
The Albanian Cup (Albanian: Kupa e Shqipërisë) is the main "knockout" competition in Albanian football. The competition started in 1939 as Kupa e Mbretit (English:"The King's Cup"). The cup was suspended for the next eight years as the Second World War started. It started again in 1948 as "Kupa e Republikës" (English: "Republic Cup") and from 1991 as "Kupa e Shqipërisë" (Albanian Cup). Today it is the second most important competition in Albania after the Kategoria Superiore.

The winners of the Cup automatically earn the right to participate in the first qualifying round of the UEFA Conference League.
Estadio Superdomo de La Rioja
The Estadio Superdomo de La Rioja is a multi-purpose indoor arena that is located in La Rioja, La Rioja Province, Argentina. The arena has a seating capacity of 13,000 people for concerts, and 11,000 people for basketball games. The arena can host numerous types of events, such as sports, cultural and musical shows, and public performances. It also features parking for 8,000 vehicles.

La Rioja Province, Argentina
La Rioja (Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈrjoxa]), officially Province of La Rioja is a province of Argentina located in the west of the country. The landscape of the province consists of a series of arid to semi-arid mountain ranges and agricultural valleys in between. It is in one of these valleys that the capital of the province, the city of La Rioja, lies. Neighboring provinces are, from the north clockwise, Catamarca, Córdoba, San Luis and San Juan. The Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaur Riojasaurus is named after the province.
Eugene Meyer (financier)
Eugene Isaac Meyer (October 31, 1875 – July 17, 1959) was a prominent American banker, businessman, financier, and newspaper publisher. His most notable public service role was as the fifth chairman of the Federal Reserve, a position he held from 1930 to 1933. Meyer purchased The Washington Post in 1933, and was its publisher from 1933 to 1946, with the paper staying in his family throughout the rest of the 20th century. He was the first president of the World Bank Group from June to December 1946.

His daughter, Katharine "Kay" Graham, took the Post over in 1963 and remained its titular head until her death in 2001.

President of the World Bank Group
The president of the World Bank Group is the head of World Bank Group. The president is responsible for chairing the meetings of the boards of directors and for overall management of the World Bank Group.

The nominee is subject to confirmation by the Board of Executive Directors, to serve for a five-year, renewable term. Traditionally, the World Bank Group president has always been an American citizen nominated by the United States, the Bank's largest shareholder, and the IMF's managing director has been a European citizen. While most World Bank Group presidents have had economic experience, some have not.

The fourteenth and current World Bank Group president is Ajay Banga, who was selected on May 3 and began his term on June 2, 2023.
Ukraine in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2024
Ukraine was represented at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2024 with the song "Hear Me Now", written by Svitlana Tarabarova, and performed by Artem Kotenko. The Ukrainian participating broadcaster, the Public Broadcasting Company of Ukraine (Suspilne), selected its entry, originally titled "Dim", through the national final Natsvidbir na Dytiache Yevrobachennia – 2024.

Michelle Andrade
Mishel Stefani Andrade Chekasina (Ukrainian: Мішель Стефані Андраде Чекасіна; born 10 November 1996), commonly known as Michelle Andrade, is a Bolivian-Ukrainian singer and television presenter. She sings in Spanish, Ukrainian, English, Portuguese and Russian.