hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Passenger rail projects in Minnesota
There are several passenger rail projects being discussed in Minnesota.  There is one existing commuter rail service in the state, the Northstar Line, and two existing long-distance intercity rail services, the Empire Builder and the Borealis. Future projects include a mixture of short-distance commuter rail and medium-distance regional rail lines which would run from the Twin Cities outward to neighboring states and perhaps Canada.

This article is focused on heavy-rail projects and does not discuss existing or potential light rail lines in the core Twin Cities area.

Northstar Line
The Northstar Line (reporting mark MNRX) was a commuter rail route in the US state of Minnesota. Northstar ran 40 miles (64 km) from Big Lake to downtown Minneapolis at Target Field using existing track and right-of-way owned by the BNSF Railway. Passenger service began on November 16, 2009. The rail line served part of the Northstar Corridor between Minneapolis and St. Cloud. Planning for the line began in 1997 when the Northstar Corridor Development Authority (NCDA) was formed. The corridor is also served by Interstate 94 and U.S. Highway 10. In 2025, the system had a ridership of 127,400, or about 400 per weekday as of the fourth quarter of 2025. In August 2025, the agency officially announced the termination of the line in favor of bus service. The line ran its last trains on January 4, 2026, with replacement bus service beginning on January 5, 2026.
Cedric Minter
Cedric Alwyn Minter (born November 13, 1958) is an American former professional football player, a running back in the Canadian Football League (CFL). After his playing career, Minter became an educator and is currently a junior high school assistant principal in Boise, Idaho.

Southwestern Idaho
Southwestern Idaho is a geographical term for the area along the U.S. state of Idaho's borders with Oregon and Nevada. It includes the populous areas of the Boise metropolitan area and the Treasure Valley.

The counties of Ada, Adams, Boise, Canyon, Elmore, Gem, Owyhee, Payette, Valley, and Washington are included in the region.
Butayhah Basin
The Butayhah Basin (Arabic: بقعة البطيحة, romanized: Buq'at al-Butayhah; Hebrew: בקעת הבטיחה, lit. 'Bethsaida Valley') is a valley by the northeast shores of the Sea of Galilee at the steep foothills of the central Golan Heights, Quneitra Governorate, Syria. The area is currently under Israeli occupation.

Sea of Galilee
The Sea of Galilee (Hebrew: יָם כִּנֶּרֶת, Judeo-Aramaic: יַמּא דטבריא, גִּנֵּיסַר, Arabic: بحيرة طبريا), also called Lake Tiberias, Genezareth Lake  or Kinneret, is a freshwater lake in Israel and the Golan Heights. It is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth and the second-lowest lake in the world (after the Dead Sea, a salt lake), with its elevation fluctuating between 215 and 209 metres (705 and 686 ft) below sea level (depending on rainfall). It is approximately 53 km (33 mi) in circumference, about 21 km (13 mi) long, and 13 km (8 mi) wide. Its area is 166.7 km2 (64.4 sq mi) at its fullest, and its maximum depth is approximately 43 metres (141 ft). The lake is fed partly by underground springs, but its main source is the Jordan River, which flows through it from north to south with the outflow controlled by the Degania Dam.
Laser diffraction analysis
Laser diffraction analysis, also known as laser diffraction spectroscopy, is a technology that utilizes diffraction patterns of a laser beam passed through any object ranging from nanometers to millimeters in size to quickly measure geometrical dimensions of a particle. This particle size analysis process does not depend on volumetric flow rate, the amount of particles that passes through a surface over time.

Particle-size distribution
In granulometry, the particle-size distribution (PSD) of a powder, or granular material, or particles dispersed in fluid, is a list of values or a mathematical function that defines the relative amount, typically by mass, of particles present according to size. Significant energy is usually required to disintegrate soil, etc. particles into the PSD that is then called a grain size distribution.
Pilot Films Corporation
Pilot Films Corporation, also known as Pilot Films Company, was a short-lived American independent film production company founded in 1913. The company was located at 120 School St. in Yonkers, New York.

A maker of silent films, the first film it released was The Blacksmith's Story (1913), directed by Travers Vale. Producing more than thirty films in the year 1913, it made several films starring the actress Lottie Pickford. In addition to making films at its studio in Yonkers, it also leased Balboa Films to create films in California; including the 1913 film Hoodman Blind directed by James Gordon.

Balboa Amusement Producing Company
The Balboa Amusement Producing Company (also known as Balboa Studios, and Balboa Feature Film Company) was a film production company in Long Beach, California, from 1913 to 1918 that produced more than 1000 films,  around 90% of which have been lost.

Some of the notable silent film stars who worked at the studios during this time are Fatty Arbuckle and Buster Keaton. Charlie Chaplin also made three visits to the studios to visit Arbuckle's film shoots and to study studio management for his newly formed United Artists company.
Rise to Glory
Rise to Glory -8118- is the twenty-seventh studio album by Japanese heavy metal band Loudness. It was released in Japan through Ward Records and in the US and Europe through earMUSIC. It was their first album released in the US since 1991's On the Prowl and their first in Europe since 2004's Racing. All international editions contained their previous album of self-covers, Samsara Flight, as a bonus disc, much like how the international version of Racing contained RockShocks (also a self-cover album) as a bonus disc.

The first press edition in Japan contained a DVD featuring a special 35th anniversary show.

The album debuted at number 13 on the Oricon weekly albums chart and at number 18 on the Billboard Japan Hot Albums Chart.

On the Prowl (Loudness album)
On the Prowl is the ninth studio album released by the Japanese heavy metal band Loudness. It is also their second and last album with American vocalist Michael Vescera, before he left to join Yngwie Malmsteen's band. On the Prowl is mainly a compilation of self-covers of songs from early Loudness' albums, containing only three new songs written by the band. However, Mike Vescera translated and adapted the lyrics of the old songs written by former vocalist Minoru Niihara, to be sung in English.
Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton
Elizabeth Hamilton (née Schuyler /ˈskaɪlər/; August 9, 1757 – November 9, 1854) was an American socialite and philanthropist. She was the wife of American Founding Father Alexander Hamilton and was a passionate champion and defender of Hamilton's work and efforts in the American Revolution and the founding of the United States.

She was the co-founder and deputy director of Graham Windham, the first private orphanage in New York City. She is recognized as an early American philanthropist for her work with the Orphan Asylum Society.

Ron Chernow
Ronald Chernow (/ˈtʃɜːrnaʊ/; born March 3, 1949) is an American writer, journalist, and biographer. He has written bestselling historical non-fiction biographies.

Chernow won the 2011 Pulitzer Prize for Biography and the 2011 American History Book Prize for his 2010 book Washington: A Life. He is also the recipient of the National Book Award for Nonfiction for his 1990 book The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance. His biographies of Alexander Hamilton (2004) and John D. Rockefeller (1998) were both nominated for National Book Critics Circle Awards. His biography of Hamilton inspired the popular Hamilton musical, which Chernow worked on as a historical consultant. For another book, The Warburgs: The Twentieth-Century Odyssey of a Remarkable Jewish Family, he was awarded the 1993 George S. Eccles Prize for Excellence in Economic Writing. As a freelance journalist, Chernow has written over sixty articles for various national publications.
Columbus RedStixx
The Columbus RedStixx were a minor league baseball team in Columbus, Georgia. They were a Class A team in the South Atlantic League, and a farm team of the Cleveland Indians. They were known as the Columbus Indians for the 1991 season.

The RedStixx played home games at Golden Park, except during 1996. The team's home games were moved to Ragsdale Field on the campus of Columbus State University, while Golden Park was renovated to accommodate softball events for the 1996 Atlanta Olympics. The name "RedStixx" refers to the Red Sticks, a faction of the Muscogee tribe of the area.

Softball at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Women's softball made its first appearance as an official medal sport at the 1996 Summer Olympics. The competition was held at Golden Park in Columbus, Georgia, United States. Final results for the softball competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics appear below.
The Amazing Race 13
The Amazing Race 13 is the thirteenth season of the American reality competition show The Amazing Race. Hosted by Phil Keoghan, it featured 11 teams of two, each with a pre-existing relationship, competing in a race around the world to win US$1,000,000. This season visited five continents and eight countries and traveled over 40,000 miles (64,000 km) during 11 legs. Starting in Los Angeles, racers traveled through Brazil, Bolivia, New Zealand, Cambodia, India, Kazakhstan, and Russia before returning to the United States and finishing in Portland, Oregon. The season premiered on CBS on September 28, 2008, and the season finale aired on December 7, 2008.

Siblings Nick and Starr Spangler were the winners of this season, while former NFL safety Ken Greene and his wife Tina finished in second place, and fraternity brothers Andrew Lappitt and Dan Honig finished in third place.

Tomb of Isa Khan
The tomb of the noble Isa Khan Niazi is located in the Humayun's Tomb complex in Delhi, India. The mausoleum, octagonal in shape and built mainly of red sandstone, was built in 1547–1548 during the reign of Sher Shah Suri. The mosque of Isa Khan is located west of the mausoleum, which along with other buildings form the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Humayun's tomb complex.
WPUP
WPUP (100.1 FM, "Power 100.1") is a radio station broadcasting a top 40 (CHR) format. Licensed to the Athens suburb of Watkinsville, it serves the Athens metropolitan area. It first began broadcasting in Washington in 1970. It is currently owned by Cox Media Group.  Its studios are located in Bogart, and its transmitter is in Royston.

Cox Media Group
CMG Media Corporation (doing business as Cox Media Group) is an American media conglomerate principally owned by Apollo Global Management in conjunction with Cox Enterprises, which maintains a 29% minority stake in the company. The company primarily owns radio and television stations—many of which are located in the South, Pacific Northwest, Eastern Midwest, and Northeast, and the regional cable news network Pittsburgh Cable News Channel (PCNC).

Originally founded in December 2008 by Cox Enterprises through a consolidation of its existing publishing and broadcasting subsidiaries, the current incarnation of Cox Media Group was formed on December 17, 2019, through the acquisition by Apollo of the original Cox Media Group (along with Cox Enterprises' advertising subsidiary, Gamut) from Cox Enterprises, which transferred a controlling interest in the company to Apollo, and Northwest Broadcasting from Brian Brady.
LA-3 Mirpur-III
LA-3 Mirpur-III is a constituency of the Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly which is currently represented by Yasir Sultan Chaudhry of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf. It covers the area of Mirpur city in Mirpur District.

Mirpur District
Mirpur District (Urdu: ضلع میرپور) is 
a district of Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region. It is one of the 10 districts of Pakistan's territory of Azad Kashmir. The Mirpur District is bounded on the north by the Kotli District, on the east by the Bhimber District, on the south by the Gujrat District of Punjab, Pakistan, on the south-west by the Jhelum District of Punjab, Pakistan, and on the west by Rawalpindi District. The district is named after its main city, Mirpur. The Mirpur District has a population of 456,200 and covers an area of 1,010 km2 (390 sq mi). The district is mainly mountainous with some plains. The Mirpur  District has a humid subtropical climate which closely resembles that of the Gujrat District and the Jhelum District, the adjoining districts of Pakistan's Punjab Province.
Plebidonax deltoides
Plebidonax deltoides or Donax deltoides is a small, edible saltwater clam or marine bivalve mollusc, endemic to Australia. It belongs to the family of either the Donacidae, or the related Psammobiidae. It is most widely known as the pipi (/ˈpɪpi/; also spelled pippi, plural pipis or pippies) in the eastern states of its native Australia. In South Australia, it is called the Coorong cockle, Goolwa cockle, or Goolwa pipi, for the region where it is most abundant, or by its Ngarrindjeri name, kuti.  In south-eastern Queensland, it is often also known as eugarie or (y)ugari, a borrowing from the local Yugambeh and Ugarapul languages.

This species should not be confused with the bivalve Paphies australis (of the family Mesodesmatidae), endemic to New Zealand and also called "pipi".

Kingston SE
Kingston SE (Kingston South East to distinguish it from Kingston on Murray), formerly Kingston, is a town in the Australian state of South Australia located in the state's south-east coastline on the shores of Lacepede Bay.  It is located about 240 kilometres (150 miles) southeast of the state capital of Adelaide and 138 kilometres (86 miles) north-west of the centre of the city of Mount Gambier.

At the 2021 census, Kingston SE had a population of 1,637.
Quello Cunca
Quello Cunca (possibly from Quechua q'illu yellow, kunka throat, gullet, "yellow throat" or "yellow gullet") is a mountain in the Vilcanota mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about 5,100 metres (16,732 ft) high. It is situated in the Cusco Region, Quispicanchi Province, Marcapata District. Quello Cunca lies southwest of the mountains Sullulluni, Llusca Ritti and Jori Pintay, southwest of the mountain Tocllayoc and north of the mountain Condor Puñuna.

Cordillera Vilcanota
The Cordillera Vilcanota (Spanish cordillera: "mountain range", Aymara: willkan uta "house of the sun") is a mountain range located in Peru southeast of Cusco, on the boundary between the regions of Cusco and Puno. It extends between 13°39' and 14°29'S and 70°31' and 71°20'W for about 80 km. It includes 469 glaciers.

To the east the rivers San Gabán and Azángaro are the natural boundary which separates it from the Carabaya range. The La Raya range near the La Raya pass is sometimes included or listed separately.
Akula Island
Akula Island (Bulgarian: остров Акула, romanized: ostrov Akula, IPA: [ˈɔstrof ɐˈkuɫɐ]) is the mostly ice-covered island 915 m long in west–east direction and 274 m wide in the Dannebrog Islands group of Wilhelm Archipelago in the Antarctic Peninsula region. Its surface area is 15.46 ha.

The feature is so named because of its shape supposedly resembling a shark ('akula' in Bulgarian), and in association with other descriptive names of islands in the area.

Dannebrog Islands
The Dannebrog Islands are a group of islands and rocks lying between the Wauwermans Islands and the Vedel Islands in the Wilhelm Archipelago.

The Wilhelm Archipelago was first sighted and named by a German expedition under Eduard Dallmann, 1873–74, and was resighted and the whole archipelago named the Dannebrog Islands by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1897–99, under Gerlache, in appreciation of support given to Gerlache by Denmark. Dallmann's original naming has been retained for the archipelago, and the name Dannebrog restricted to the smaller group here described.
M-16 motorway (Pakistan)
The Swat Motorway (Pashto: د سوات سترلاره, romanized: də swāt stərlāra,  Urdu: سوات موٹر وے), also known as the M-16 is a 160-kilometre-long (99 mi) four-lane motorway and provincial controlled-access highway in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Phase-1 of the project, completed in June 2019, connects the existing M-1 motorway at Nowshera to Chakdara while the under-construction second phase will extend the project to Fatehpur.

M-1 motorway (Pakistan)
The M-1 motorway or the Islamabad–Peshawar Motorway (Urdu: اسلام آباد - پشاور موٹروے) is an east–west motorway in Pakistan, connecting Peshawar to Islamabad–Rawalpindi.

The motorway was constructed during President Pervez Musharraf's rule at a cost of Rs. 13 billion (equivalent to US$325 million in 2024), and was opened in October 2007. It spans 155 km (96 mi), with 88 km (55 mi) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and 67 km (42 mi) in Punjab. National Highways & Motorway Police is responsible for maintaining law & order on M-1 motorway.
Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland (now known as the Mineralogical Society of the United Kingdom and Ireland) was founded in 1876. Its main purpose is to disseminate scientific knowledge of the Mineral Sciences (mineralogy) as it may be applied to the fields of crystallography, geochemistry, petrology, environmental science and economic geology. In support of this vision, the society publishes scientific journals, books and monographs. It also organizes and sponsors scientific meetings, and the society connects with other societies which have similar scientific interests. Some of these other societies are the International Mineralogical Association, the European Mineralogical Union, the Mineralogical Society of America, the Mineralogical Association of Canada, the Geological Society of London, IOM3, the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers and the Microbiology Society.

Geological Society of London
The Geological Society of London, known commonly as the Geological Society, is a learned society based in the United Kingdom. It is the oldest national geological society in the world and the largest in Europe, with more than 12,000 Fellows.

Fellows are entitled to the postnominal FGS (Fellow of the Geological Society), over 2,000 of whom are Chartered Geologists (CGeol). The Society is a registered charity, no. 210161
. It is also a member of the Science Council, and is licensed to award Chartered Scientist to qualifying members.

The mission of the society is: "Making geologists acquainted with each other, stimulating their zeal, inducing them to adopt one nomenclature, facilitating the communication of new facts and ascertaining what is known in their science and what remains to be discovered".
Nadezhda Chaikova
Nadezhda Vladimirovna Chaikova (Russian: Надежда Владимировна Чайкова; January 23, 1963 – 1996) was a correspondent for the Russian weekly Obshchaya Gazeta. A colleague of Anna Politkovskaya, she had traveled frequently to Chechnya and neighbouring regions. Near the end of the war, in 1996, she was kidnapped and killed by unidentified gunmen.

Sernovodskoye, Chechnya
43°19′03″N 45°08′28″E﻿ / ﻿43.31750°N 45.14111°E﻿ / 43.31750; 45.14111

Sernovodskoye (Russian: Серноводское, Chechen: Эна-Хишка, Ena-Xişka) is a rural locality (a selo) in Sernovodsky District, Chechnya. Population:  10,805 (2010 census); 9,860 (2002 census);  The republican balneological resort "Sernovodsk-Kavkazsky" is located in the village.
Tom Lawday
Tom Lawday (born 11 November 1993) is an English rugby union player for Harlequins. He plays as a backrow. He was formerly at Exeter Chiefs and Cornish Pirates as well as winning the BUCS player of the season in 2016/17.

2020–21 Premiership Rugby
The 2020–21 Gallagher Premiership was the 34th season of the top flight English domestic rugby union competition and the third one to be sponsored by Gallagher. The reigning champions entering the season were Exeter Chiefs, who had claimed their second title after defeating Wasps in the 2020 final. Newcastle Falcons had been promoted as champions from the 2019–20 RFU Championship at the first attempt.

The competition was broadcast by BT Sport for the eighth successive season and with five games also simulcast free-to-air on Channel 5. Highlights of each weekend's games were shown on Channel 5 for  the final time, with extended highlights on BT Sport.
Laricifomes officinalis
Laricifomes officinalis, also known as agarikon, eburiko, or the quinine conk, is a wood-decay fungus that grows in large conks on the trunks of trees. It causes brown heart rot on conifers in Eurasia, Morocco, and North America. This fungus is the only member of the genus Laricifomes.

There has been a history of human use of the fungus, from textiles, to ritualistic masks, and medicinal use; the name "quinine conk" refers to its bitter taste. There is recent scientific evidence of it having potency against several viruses.

Heart rot
In trees, heart rot is a fungal disease that causes the decay of wood at the center of the trunk and branches. Fungi enter the tree through wounds in the bark and decay the heartwood. The diseased heartwood softens, making trees structurally weaker and prone to breakage. Heart rot is a major factor in the economics of logging and the natural growth dynamic of many older forests. Heart rot is prevalent throughout the world affecting all hardwood trees and can be very difficult to prevent. A good indication of heart rot is the presence of mushrooms or fungus conks on the tree.
Brecon VHF-FM transmitting station
The Brecon VHF FM transmitting station in Powys, Wales was originally built by the BBC in 1965 as a relay for VHF FM radio. It consists of a pair of 15 m wooden telegraph poles - one carrying the transmitting antennas, and the other carrying receiving aerials pointed at Wenvoe transmitting station near Cardiff. These stand on land at Pencrug Farm, about 244 m above sea level.

The station does not radiate television, and never did. TV for the area comes from a different site at Brecon transmitting station a few km to the east.

Wenvoe transmitting station
The Wenvoe transmitting station, officially known as Arqiva Wenvoe, is the main facility for broadcasting and telecommunications for Cardiff and South Wales. It is situated close to the village of Wenvoe in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales, in the UK.

It comprises a 260.7-metre (855 ft) guyed mast with antennas attached at various heights. The average height above sea level is 384 metres (1,260 ft) for the television antennas.

It is owned and operated by Arqiva. The site serves an estimated 1.5m listeners (0.63m households) in the South West of England, and 1.3m listeners (0.54m households) in Wales.
Henry Anderson (street vendor)
Henry Anderson (born c. 1800) was an American Philadelphia-area street vendor known as The Hominy Man, who became a local legend, beginning in about 1828, for his cries, which he used to hawk his wares. His were said to be the "most musical of all cries", and he was noted for his "strong resonant 'tenor robusto'".

Two examples of his cries:

Hominy man come out today
For to sell his hominay  [sic?]

De hominy man is on his way
From de navy yard
With his harmony

Hawker (trade)
A hawker is a vendor of merchandise that can be easily transported; the term is roughly synonymous with costermonger or peddler. In most places where the term is used, a hawker sells inexpensive goods, handicrafts, or food items. Whether stationary or mobile, hawkers often advertise by loud street cries or chants, and conduct banter with customers, to attract attention and enhance sales.