hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stabilized images
In vision science, stabilized images are images that remain immobile on the retina.  Under natural viewing conditions, the eyes are always in motion.  Small eye movements continually occur even when attempting fixation (the maintenance of steady gaze on a single point).  Experiments in the early 1950s established that stabilized images result in the fading and disappearance of the visual percept, possibly due to retinal adaptation to a stationary field. In 2007, studies indicated that stabilizing vision between saccades selectively impairs vision of fine spatial detail.

Images can be stabilized mechanically with optics mounted on the eye itself, or the image can be continually updated on a display to counteract the effects of eye movements. Because no existing method creates perfect image stabilization, this leaves open the question of whether all perfectly stabilized images disappear completely.

Saccade
In vision science, a saccade (/səˈkɑːd/ sə-KAHD; French: [sakad]; French for 'jerk') is a quick, simultaneous movement of both eyes between two or more phases of focal points in the same direction. In contrast, in smooth-pursuit movements, the eyes move smoothly instead of in jumps. Controlled cortically by the frontal eye fields (FEF), or subcortically by the superior colliculus, saccades serve as a mechanism for focal points, rapid eye movement, and the fast phase of optokinetic nystagmus. The word appears to have been coined in the 1880s by the French ophthalmologist Émile Javal, who used a mirror on one side of a page to observe eye movement in silent reading and found that it involves a succession of discontinuous individual movements. These movements quickly scan objects of attention and aid the brain in grasping a scene visually.
Gymnothorax arabicus
Gymnothorax arabicus is a species of moray eel in the genus Gymnothorax. It was described in 2024 from Socotra, the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. Before its description, specimens of this species were confused with the similar false brown moray (Gymnothorax pseudoherrei), such as in the Persian Gulf.

Gymnothorax
Gymnothorax is a genus of fish in the family Muraenidae found in Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. With more than 120 species, it the most speciose genus of moray eels.

Gymnothorax as currently recognized is polyphyletic, and comparative studies are needed before action is taken to resurrect generic synonyms of Gymnothorax.
2019 Men's EuroHockey Championship
The 2019 Men's EuroHockey Championship was the 17th edition of the EuroHockey Nations Championship, the biennial international men's field hockey championship of Europe organised by the European Hockey Federation.

It was held alongside the women's tournament from 16 to 24 August 2019 in Antwerp, Belgium. The tournament also served as a direct qualifier for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, with the winner Belgium qualifying.

The hosts Belgium won their first-ever European title after beating Spain 5–0 in the final. The two-time defending champions the Netherlands won the bronze medal by defeating Germany 4–0.

Men's EuroHockey Championship
The Men's EuroHockey Championship is an international men's field hockey competition organised by the European Hockey Federation (EHF) for the top eight European national teams. It is the top division of the EuroHockey Championships. The tournament started in 1970. When the tournament is held close to the Summer Olympic games or the Men's FIH Hockey World Cup, the winner of the tournament is awarded a place in those competitions.

The tournament has been won by five different national teams: Germany has the most titles with nine, the Netherlands follow with seven, Spain has two wins and England and Belgium have one title each.

The most recent edition, held in Mönchengladbach, Germany, was won by the Germany who won their ninth title by defeating the Netherlands 4–1 in the shoot-out in the final.
Leontodon saxatilis
Leontodon saxatilis is a species of hawkbit known by the common names lesser hawkbit, rough hawkbit, and hairy hawkbit. It is native to Europe and North Africa but can be found in many other places across the globe as an introduced species and often a noxious weed. This is a dandelion-like herb growing patches of many erect, leafless stems from a basal rosette of leaves. The leaves are 2 to 15 centimeters long, 0.5 to 2.5 centimeters wide, entire or lobed, and green in color. Atop the stems are solitary flower heads which are ligulate, containing layered rings of ray florets with no disc florets. The florets are yellow with toothed tips. The fruit is a cylindrical achene with a pappus of scales. Fruits near the center of the flower head are rough, while those growing along the edges of the head are smooth.

Leontodon
Leontodon is a genus of plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae, commonly known as hawkbits.

Their English name derives from the mediaeval belief that hawks ate the plant to improve their eyesight. Although originally only native to Eurasia and North Africa, some species have since become established in other countries, including the United States and New Zealand.

Recent research has shown that the genus Leontodon in the traditional delimitation is polyphyletic. Therefore, the former Leontodon subgenus Oporinia was raised to generic level. According to the nomenclatural rules the name Scorzoneroides has priority at generic level and therefore, the members of Leontodon subgenus Oporinia were transferred to the re-erected genus Scorzoneroides.
The Ebony Idol
The Ebony Idol is a plantation literature novel by G. M. Flanders, first published in 1860. It is one of several pro-slavery novels written in the Southern United States in response to the 1852 abolitionist novel Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe.

The majority of these works, such as Aunt Phillis's Cabin (1852) and The Planter's Northern Bride (1854), attacked Stowe for her allegedly inaccurate depiction of slavery, and criticized other abolitionists.

Aunt Phillis's Cabin
Aunt Phillis's Cabin; or, Southern Life as It Is by Mary Henderson Eastman is a plantation fiction novel, and is perhaps the most read anti-Tom novel in American literature. It was published by Lippincott, Grambo & Co. of Philadelphia in 1852 as a response to Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, published earlier that year. The novel sold 20,000–30,000 copies, far fewer than Stowe's novel, but still a strong commercial success and bestseller. Based on her growing up in Warrenton, Virginia, of an elite planter family, Eastman portrays plantation owners and slaves as mutually respectful, kind, and happy beings.
Perivolia, Arcadia
Perivolia (Greek: Περιβόλια, before 1926: Ρουσβάναγα - Rousvanaga) is a village and a community in the southwestern part of Arcadia, Greece. It is part of the municipality of Megalopoli, located in a rural area 3 km (2 mi) south-east of downtown Megalopoli. The Greek National Road 7/E55 (Corinth - Tripoli - Kalamata passes southeast of the village. The community consists of the villages Perivolia and Vrysoules.

Tripoli, Greece
Tripoli (Greek: Τρίπολη, romanized: Trípoli; Katharevousa: Τρίπολις, romanized: Trípolis) is a city in the central part of the Peloponnese, in Greece. It is the capital of the Peloponnese region as well as of the regional unit of Arcadia. The homonymous municipality had 44,165 inhabitants in 2021.
Ataulfo (mango)
The Ataúlfo mango is a mango cultivar from Mexico. Ataúlfo mangos are golden yellow and generally weigh between 6 and 10 ounces (170 and 280 g), with a somewhat sigmoid shape ("S"-shaped) and a gold-yellow skin. The flesh is not fibrous, and the pit is thin. They were named for grower Ataúlfo Morales Gordillo. Since August 27, 2003, the Ataúlfo mango is one of the 18 Mexican Designations of Origin.

Denominación de origen (Mexico)
The United Mexican States have 18 Designations of Origin (DO, Denominación de Origen in Spanish), granted by the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property (IMPI), which also issues declarations to protect the product, register the brand and authorize its use. However, these names are not created by the IMPI, but rather "exist because of factual situations; that is, they are first used, famous and recognized by the public that consumes them, and later, they are protected through the corresponding declaration".

The first denomination of origin declared in Mexico was tequila in 1974 (DO enjoyed by 181 municipalities distributed between Jalisco, Michoacán, Tamaulipas, Nayarit and Guanajuato), while the last was the Pluma coffee in 2020 (30 municipalities in Oaxaca).
Taigh Chearsabhagh
Taigh Chearsabhagh is an arts centre and museum in Lochmaddy on the island of  North Uist, Scotland.

Taigh Chearsabhagh was built in 1741 and originally used as an inn; it has since served as a post office, house and workshop before being developed as an arts centre since 1993.  It is the base for the art school of Lews Castle College, part of the University of the Highlands and Islands, where students can study for NC Art and Design or a BA (Hons) in Fine Art, or take short courses.

In 2022 it was a venue for Simon Armitage's Poet Laureate's Library Tour.

University of the Highlands and Islands
The University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI) (Scottish Gaelic: Oilthigh na Gàidhealtachd agus nan Eilean) is an integrated, tertiary institution encompassing both further and higher education. It is composed of 10 colleges and research institutions spread around Inverness, the Highlands and Islands, Moray and Perthshire regions of Scotland. UHI offers further education, undergraduate, postgraduate and research programmes which can be studied at a range of locations across the area and online. It has 31,000 students, including 19,779 further education students and 11,210 higher education students.
2023 San Benedetto Tennis Cup
The 2023 San Benedetto Tennis Cup was a professional tennis tournaments played on clay courts. It was the 17th edition of the tournament which was part of the 2023 ATP Challenger Tour. The event took place in San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy, from 10 to 16 July 2023.

2023 ATP Challenger Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour in 2023 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2023 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 196 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $40,000 up to $220,000. It was the 46th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 15th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Hampton Beach, New Hampshire
Hampton Beach is a village district, census-designated place, and beach resort in the town of Hampton, New Hampshire, United States, along the Atlantic Ocean. Its population at the 2020 census was 2,598. Hampton Beach is in Rockingham County, approximately 15 miles (24 km) south of Portsmouth. The community is a popular tourist destination and the busiest beach community in New Hampshire. Ocean Boulevard, the main street along the beach, includes a boardwalk, many shops and businesses, several seasonal hotels, and the Hampton Beach Casino Ballroom, which hosts national acts in the summer. Hampton Beach State Park was named one of four "Superstar" beaches in the United States in 2011, for having had perfect water-quality testing results in each of the previous three years.

Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Portsmouth is a city in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. It had a population of 21,956 at the 2020 census. A historic seaport and popular summer tourist destination on the Piscataqua River bordering the state of Maine, Portsmouth was formerly the home of the Pease Air Force Base, since converted to Portsmouth International Airport at Pease.
Varkaus railway station
The Varkaus railway station (abbrev. Var) is located in the town of Varkaus, Finland, in the region of North Savo. The distance from the Helsinki Central railway station is 424.7 kilometres, via the Pieksämäki and Kouvola stations. By rail, the distance to Pieksämäki is 49 kilometres (30 mi) and to Joensuu 133 kilometres (83 mi).

The track from Huutokoski to Varkaus was built in 1914. It was then extended to Vihtari in 1939 and to Viinijärvi in 1940.

In addition to the Varkaus railway yard, the station contains links to the Kommila and Akonniemi trackyards.

Varkaus
Varkaus, before 1929 known as Warkaus, is a Middle-Savonian industrial town and municipality of Finland. It is located in the former province of Eastern Finland and is part of the North Savo region, between the city of Kuopio and the town of Savonlinna.

The municipality has a population of 19,603 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 524.48 square kilometres (202.50 sq mi) of which 138.45 km2 (53.46 sq mi) is water. The population density is 50.84 inhabitants per square kilometre (131.7/sq mi).

The municipality is unilingually Finnish. In old Finnish 'Varkaus' meant strait, and this city is located in the lake district on straits between two parts of Lake Saimaa. An extension of the Saimaa Canal passes through the town.
Welsummer
The Welsummer or Welsumer is a Dutch breed of domestic chicken. It originates in the small village of Welsum, in the eastern Netherlands. It was bred at the beginning of the twentieth century from local fowls of mixed origin: Rhode Island Reds, Barnevelders, Partridge Leghorns, Cochins, and Wyandottes. In 1922–23, steps were taken to fix a standard after the birds began to show a good deal of uniformity. The eggs were originally exported for the commercial egg trade. Some stock was exported to the United Kingdom, and the breed was added to the British Standard in 1930.

In 2001, a number of farms culled their flocks in connection with the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease.

Leghorn chicken
The Leghorn, Italian: Livorno or Livornese, is an Italian breed of chicken originating in Tuscany, in central Italy. Birds were exported to North America in about 1828 from the port city of Livorno, on the Tuscan coast. They were initially called "Italians", but by 1865 the breed was known as "Leghorn", the traditional English name of the city. The breed was introduced to Britain from the United States in 1870. White Leghorns are commonly used as layer chickens in many countries of the world. Other colour varieties are less common.
Barry Posner (physician)
Barry Innis Posner, OC CQ FRSC (born November 7, 1937) is a Canadian physician, research scientist and Professor Emeritus in the Departments of Medicine and Anatomy & Cell Biology at McGill University, where he also managed the Polypeptide and Protein Hormone Laboratory.

Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellowship of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC) is an award granted to individuals that the Royal Society of Canada judges to have "made remarkable contributions in the arts, the humanities and the sciences, as well as in Canadian public life". As of 2020, there are more than 2,000 living Canadian fellows, including scholars, artists, and scientists such as Margaret Atwood, Philip J. Currie, David Suzuki, Brenda Milner, and Demetri Terzopoulos. There are four types of fellowship:

Honorary fellows (a title of honour)

Regularly elected fellows

Specially elected fellows

Foreign fellows (neither residents nor citizens of Canada)
Stratonice (wife of Melaneus)
In Greek mythology, Stratonice (Ancient Greek: Στρατoνίκη from στρατός "army" and νίκη "victory") was a Calydonian princess as the daughter of King Porthaon and Laothoe. She was the sister of Eurythemiste and Sterope.

Laothoe
In Greek mythology, Laothoe (Ancient Greek: Λαοθόη) can refer to the following women:

Laothoe, consort of King Porthaon of Calydon and mother of Sterope, Stratonice and Eurythemiste.

Laothoe or Antianeira, daughter of Menetus (Meretus), mother of the Argonauts Erytus (Eurytus) and Echion by Hermes.

Laothoe, a Thespian princess as one of the 50 daughters of King Thespius and Megamede or by one of his many wives. When Heracles hunted and ultimately slayed the Cithaeronian lion, Laothoe with her other sisters, except for one, all laid with the hero in a night, a week or for 50 days as what their father strongly desired it to be. Laothoe bore Heracles a son, Antiphus.

Laothoe, mother of Thestor by Idmon.

Laothoe, a consort of Priam, king of Troy, and mother of Lycaon and sometimes Polydorus. Her father was Altes, king of the Leleges.

Laothoe, wife of the Trojan elder Clytius.
Gmina Przemyśl
Gmina Przemyśl is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Przemyśl County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, on the border with Ukraine. Its seat is the town of Przemyśl, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.

The gmina covers an area of 108.39 square kilometres (41.8 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 9,008 (10,176 in 2013).

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Pogórze Przemyskie Landscape Park.

Przemyśl County
Przemyśl County (Polish: powiat przemyski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, south-eastern Poland, on the border with Ukraine. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Przemyśl, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county).

The county covers an area of 1,213.73 square kilometres (468.6 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 74,234.
Hugh Palliser
Admiral Sir Hugh Palliser, 1st Baronet (26 February 1723[a] – 19 March 1796) was a Royal Navy officer, politician and colonial administrator. As captain of the 58-gun HMS Eagle, he engaged and defeated the French 50-gun Duc d'Aquitain off Ushant in May 1757 during the Seven Years' War. Palliser went on to serve as Commodore Governor of Newfoundland, then Controller of the Navy and then First Naval Lord. During the American Revolutionary War he came into a famous dispute with Augustus Keppel over his conduct as third-in-command of the Channel Fleet at the inconclusive Battle of Ushant in July 1778; the dispute led to Palliser being court-martialled; he was acquitted. In retirement Palliser became Governor of Greenwich Hospital.

Treaty of Paris (1763)
The Treaty of Paris, also known as the Treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, following Great Britain and Prussia's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War.

The signing of the treaty formally ended the conflict between France and Great Britain over control of North America (the Seven Years' War, known as the French and Indian War in the United States), and marked the beginning of an era of British dominance outside Europe. Great Britain and France each returned much of the territory that they had captured during the war, but Great Britain gained much of France's possessions in North America. Additionally, Great Britain agreed not to seek to eradicate Roman Catholicism in the New World. The treaty did not involve Prussia and Austria, as they signed a separate agreement, the Treaty of Hubertusburg, five days later.
Blachia (plant)
Blachia is a genus of plants under the family Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1858. It is native to Southeast Asia, southern China, and the Indian subcontinent.

Species

Formerly included

moved to other genera: Strophioblachia, Trigonostemon

Blachia glandulosa - Strophioblachia fimbricalyx

Blachia viridissima - Trigonostemon viridissimus

Trigonostemon
Trigonostemon is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae and the sole member of its tribe (Trigonostemoneae). It was first described as a genus in 1826. It is native to Southeast Asia, southern China, the Indian subcontinent, Queensland, and a few islands in the western Pacific.

Species

formerly included

moved to other genera (Cleidion Croton Dimorphocalyx Omphalea Paracroton Wetria )
Normal schools in the United States
Normal schools in the United States in the 19th century were developed and built primarily to train elementary-level teachers for the public schools. The term “normal school” is based on the French école normale, a sixteenth-century model school with model classrooms where model teaching practices were taught to teacher candidates. Many high schools in the 19th century had one-year "normal school" programs to train teachers for common schools,  In the early 20th century the normal schools all became state colleges. More recently most have become state universities with a wide range of programs beyond just training teachers.

Lexington, Massachusetts
Lexington is a suburban town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, located 10 miles (16 km) from Downtown Boston. The population was 34,454 as of the 2020 census.  The area was originally inhabited by Native Americans, and was first settled by Europeans c. 1642 as a farming community. Lexington is well known as the site of the first shots of the American Revolutionary War, in the Battle of Lexington on April 19, 1775, where the "Shot heard 'round the world" took place. It is home to Minute Man National Historical Park.
Henry Daly (priest)
Henry Varian Daly (20 July 1838 – 3 June 1925) was an Anglican archdeacon in Ireland in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Daly was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He was ordained in 1861, and served curacies in Waterford, Ballinasloe and Killinane. He was Rector of Gort from 1874, the last discrete Archdeacon of Clonfert from 1881, and Archdeacon of Kilmacduagh from 1891, holding all three positions until his death.

Archdeacon of Kilmacduagh
The Archdeacon of Kilmacduagh was a senior ecclesiastical officer within the Diocese of Kilmacduagh in County Galway, Ireland until 1625; the Diocese of Clonfert and Kilmacduagh until 1834 when it became an office within the Diocese of Killaloe and Clonfert. The Archdeaconry can trace its history from Florence M'Anoglaigh who held office during 1333 through to the last discrete incumbent Edward Rush who died in 1891.
Landkreis Groß Wartenberg
The Groß Wartenberg district, known until 1888 as the Wartenberg district, was a Prussian district in Silesia from 1742 to 1945. Its capital was the town of Groß Wartenberg (Syców), which was known until 1888 as Polnisch Wartenberg. The area of this district now lies within the Lower Silesian Voivodeship of Poland.

Syców
Syców [ˈsɨt͡suf] (German: Groß Wartenberg, until 1888 Polnisch Wartenberg) is a town in Oleśnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Syców and part of the larger Wrocław metropolitan area.

Founded in the Middle Ages, Syców is a former center for flax cultivation and cloth and linen making, and was the location of major fairs for merchants from Lower Silesia and Greater Poland. It is located on the Route of the Heroes of the Battle of Warsaw 1920, the main highway connecting Wrocław with Łódź, Warsaw and Białystok.
Bloudan Conference of 1946
The Bloudan Conference of 1946 (Arabic transliteration: al-Muʾtamar al-ʿArabi al-Qawmi fi Bludan) was the second pan-Arab summit, held in Bloudan, Syria, from 8 to 12 June 1946, following the first conference in 1937. It was convened by the Arab League to consider the findings of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, published on 20 April 1946.

Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam
Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam (Arabic: عبد الرحمن حسن عزام; 8 March 1893 – 2 June 1976), also known as Azzam Pasha, was an Egyptian diplomat and politician. He was the first Secretary-General of the Arab League, from 22 March 1945 to September 1952.

Azzam also had a long career as an ambassador and parliamentarian. He was an Egyptian nationalist, one of the foremost proponents of pan-Arab idealism, and opposed the partition of Palestine.