hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2023 in paleomammalogy
This article records new taxa of fossil mammals of every kind described during the year 2023, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of mammals which occurred in  2023.

Crown group
In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor. It is thus a way of defining a clade, a group consisting of a species and all its extant or extinct descendants. For example, Neornithes (birds) can be defined as a crown group, which includes the most recent common ancestor of all modern birds, and all of its extant or extinct descendants.

The concept was developed by Willi Hennig, the formulator of phylogenetic systematics, as a way of classifying living organisms relative to their extinct relatives in his "Die Stammesgeschichte der Insekten",
and the "crown" and "stem" group terminology was coined by R. P. S. Jefferies in 1979. Though formulated in the 1970s, the term was not commonly used until its reintroduction in 2000 by Graham Budd and Sören Jensen.
Peter Fernandez
Peter Fernandez (January 29, 1927 – July 15, 2010) was an American actor, voice director, and writer. Despite a career extending from the 1930s, he is probably best known for his roles in the 1967 anime Speed Racer. Fernandez co-wrote the scripts, was the voice director, and translated the English-language version of the theme song. He was instrumental in introducing many Japanese anime series to English-speaking audiences. He is also the narrator in the audio version of It Looked Like Spilt Milk.

The Nest (1980 film)
The Nest (Spanish: El Nido) is a 1980 Spanish drama film written and directed by Jaime de Armiñán, starring Héctor Alterio and Ana Torrent. The plot follows the emotionally intense relationship between an old widower and a precocious thirteen-year-old girl. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 53rd Academy Awards.
Green European Foundation
The Green European Foundation is a European political foundation funded by the European Parliament. It is linked to, but independent of, other European Green actors such as the European Green Party and Greens–European Free Alliance.

European political foundation
A European political foundation, formerly known as a political foundation at European level, is a type of political foundation affiliated to, but independent from, a European political party, and operating transnationally in Europe and within the institutions of the European Union (EU).

European political foundations carry specific political activities and are networks of national political foundations. They are regulated and funded by EU Regulation 1141/2014 on the statute and funding of European political parties and European political foundations, and their operations are supervised by the Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations (APPF).
Massa Fermana
Massa Fermana is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Fermo in the Italian region Marche, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of Ancona and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northwest of Ascoli Piceno.

The parish church of Santi Lorenzo, Silvestro, e Ruffino houses the Massa Fermana Altarpiece (1468) by Carlo Crivelli. The St Anthony Gate dates to the 14th century.

In 1946, Ada Natali become mayor of this town, being the first female mayor in Italy's history.

Ancona
Ancona (/æŋˈkoʊnə/, also US: /ænˈ-, ɑːnˈ-/; Italian: [aŋˈkoːna] ⓘ) is a city and a seaport in the Marche region of central Italy. The city of Ancona has an estimated population of around 99,469 as of 2025. Ancona is the capital of the homonymous province and of the region. The city is located 280 km (170 mi) northeast of Rome, on the Adriatic Sea, between the slopes of the two extremities of the promontory of Monte Conero, Monte Astagno and Monte Guasco. The hilly nature around Ancona is a strong contrast to the flatter coastline in areas further north.

Ancona is one of the main ports on the Adriatic Sea, especially for passenger traffic, and is the main economic and demographic centre of the region.

As a result of Ancona's unique elbow shape facing the sea, Ancona is one of the few cities in the world and the only city in Italy where it is possible to see both sunrise and sunset over the sea.
Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso
Alfredo de Zayas y Alfonso (February 21, 1861 – April 11, 1934), usually known as Alfredo de Zayas under Spanish naming customs and also known as Alfredo Zayas, was a Cuban lawyer, poet and political figure who was President of Cuba.

He served as prosecutor, judge, mayor of Havana, secretary of the Constitutional Convention, senator in 1905, president of the Senate in 1906, Vice President of Cuba from 1909 to 1913 and President of Cuba from May 20, 1921, to May 20, 1925.

President of Cuba
The president of Cuba (Spanish: Presidente de Cuba), officially the president of the Republic of Cuba (Spanish: Presidente de la República de Cuba), is the head of state of Cuba. The office in its current form was established under the Constitution of 2019. The President is the second-highest office in Cuba and the highest state office. Miguel Díaz-Canel became President of the Council of State on 19 April 2018, taking over from Raúl Castro, and has been President of Cuba since 10 October 2019.

The First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba continues to be the highest-ranking political position in Cuba. Fidel Castro held the position from 1965 to 2011, and Raúl Castro from 2011 until the 8th Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba, held 16–19 April 2021, when he retired from office.
2015 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I – Pool D
Group D of the 2015 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I was one of four pools in the Europe/Africa zone of the 2015 Fed Cup. Four teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team and the bottom team proceeding to their respective sections of the play-offs: the top team played for advancement to the World Group II Play-offs, while the bottom team faced potential relegation to Group II.

2015 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I – play-offs
The play-offs of the 2015 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I were the final stages of the Group I zonal competition involving teams from Europe and Africa. Using the positions determined in their pools, the fifteen teams faced off to determine their placing in the 2015 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I. The top two teams advanced to World Group II play-offs, and the bottom two teams were relegated to the Europe/Africa Zone Group II.
Jericho, Nairobi
Jericho (Pronunciation: -'jer-i-"kO) is an estate in Nairobi, Kenya located in the east of Nairobi County. It is a constituent of Makadara Constituency. Jericho comprises Ofafa and Lumumba, and was established as a low-income, high-density housing development in the mid-1950s to house the African working class. Ofafa was named after Ambrose Ofafa, a prominent politician, while Lumumba was named after Patrice Lumumba, the first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Jericho neighbours Makadara, Buru Buru, Harambee, Uhuru Estate, Maringo and Jerusalem Estate.

Buruburu
Buruburu is a housing estate within Nairobi City County in Kenya. Buruburu is a vast development inhabited by middle-class people. The estate was designed in 1974 and comprises six phases, with the fifth completed in the mid-1980s. The estate is an expansive settlement which spreads over 85 ha, and located 8 km outside the Nairobi Central Business District. Due to its proximity to the city, the estate has attracted populations from every walk of life. This has led to the proliferation of trade and other home-based enterprises (HBEs) in the estate. The houses in Buruburu resemble modern architecture of white buildings with striking orange tiled roof tops. Buruburu gave rise to modern-day Sheng, a language spoken by virtually all of Nairobi's youth.
Emmanuel Church, Preston
Emmanuel Church is in Brook Street, Preston, Lancashire, England.  It is in the deanery of Preston, the archdeaconry of Lancaster, and the diocese of Blackburn. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.

Diocese of Blackburn
The diocese of Blackburn is diocese of the Church of England in North West England. Its boundaries correspond to northern Lancashire. The diocese contains 211 parishes and 280 churches. Blackburn Cathedral is the seat of the bishop of Blackburn, currently Philip North, and the diocesan offices are also located in Blackburn.

What is now the diocese of Blackburn was historically part of the diocese of York. It became part of the newly created diocese of Chester in 1541, and part of the diocese of Manchester when it was created in 1847. The diocese of Blackburn was in turn established on 12 November 1926 from the northern part of Manchester.
Matilde Fidalgo
Matilde Mota Veiga Santiago Fidalgo (born 15 May 1994) is a Portuguese professional former footballer who last played as a right-back or a centre-back for Famalicão and the Portugal women's national team.

Fidalgo made her senior debut for Portugal in September 2013 and represented her country at UEFA Women's Euro 2017.

2018–19 Campeonato Nacional Feminino
The 2018–19 Campeonato Nacional de Futebol Feminino (also known as Liga BPI for sponsorship reasons) was the 34th edition of Campeonato Nacional de Futebol Feminino. SC Braga won the title for the first time.
Terrabacter terrae
Terrabacter terrae is a species of Gram-positive, nonmotile, non-endospore-forming bacteria. Cells are long, irregular rods. It was initially isolated from soil mixed with Iberian pig hair from Spain. The species was first described in 2005, and its name is derived from terrae (of the earth). The species was discovered during a survey for bacteria with keratinase activity. T. terrae was the second species added to the genus Terrabacter after the type species, T. tumescens, was added to the novel genus in 1989.

T. terrae can grow in the 15-40 °C range, and is able to hydrolyze keratin.

Terrabacter tumescens
Terrabacter tumescens is a species of Gram-positive, mesophilic bacteria. Young cells are long rods, and older cultures are coccoid. It was first described in 1934, and its name is derived from Latin tume (from tumefacere, to make swollen), referencing how older cells swell and break off new cells. It was initially isolated from soil. The optimum growth temperature for T. tumescens is 25-30 °C and can grow in the 10-35 °C range.

The species was originally classified as Corynebacterium tumescens in 1934. In 1947, it was reclassified into the newly revived genus Arthrobacter as Arthrobacter tumescens. In 1982, the species was again reclassified into the novel genus Pimelobacter, and was named Pimelobacter tumescens. Finally, in 1989, the species was classified into the novel and current genus, Terrabacter.
Umrain
Umrain is a sub-divisional town of the Auraiya district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located   northwest of Auraiya, the district headquarters. Neighboured by Airwa-Katra, Bidhuna, and Harnagarpur, and Usrahaar, Umrain is linked directly to Kishni and Bidhuna Road.

Auraiya
Auraiya is a city and a municipal board in Auraiya district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, on National Highway 02. Before becoming the district headquarters it was the tehsil headquarters of Etawah district. The district is under Kanpur Mandal.
Squad
In military terminology, a squad is among the smallest of military organizations and is led by a non-commissioned officer. NATO and U.S. doctrine define a squad as an organization "larger than a team, but smaller than a section", while U.S. Army doctrine further defines a squad as a "small military unit typically containing two or more fire teams. It typically contains
a dozen Soldiers or less." In the Australian, British and Canadian Armed Forces the equivalent of a squad is a section.

The Canadian Forces Manual of Drill and Ceremonial defines a squad as "a small military formation of less than platoon size which is adopted to teach drill movements. (escouade)".

A squad can also be an ad hoc group of soldiers assigned to a task, for example, a firing squad.

AT4
The AT4 is a Swedish 84 mm (3.31 in) unguided, man-portable, disposable, shoulder-fired recoilless anti-tank weapon manufactured by Saab Bofors Dynamics. The AT4 is not a rocket launcher strictly speaking, because the explosive warhead is not propelled by a rocket motor. Rather, it is a smooth-bore recoilless gun (as opposed to a recoilless rifle, which has a rifled barrel). Saab has had considerable sales success with the AT4, making it one of the most common light anti-tank weapons in the world. The M136 AT4 and M136A1 AT4CS-RS are the variants used by the United States Army.

The AT4 is intended to give infantry units a means to destroy or disable armoured fighting vehicles and fortifications. The projectile is preloaded into the launcher at the factory and issued as one unit of ammunition, with the launcher discarded after one firing.
Eclipsed conformation
In chemistry an eclipsed conformation is a conformation in which two substituents X and Y on adjacent atoms A, B are in closest proximity, implying that the torsion angle X–A–B–Y is 0°. Such a conformation can exist in any open chain, single chemical bond connecting two sp3-hybridised atoms, and it is normally a conformational energy maximum.  This maximum is often explained by steric hindrance, but its origins sometimes actually lie in hyperconjugation (as when the eclipsing interaction is of two hydrogen atoms).

In the example of ethane, two methyl groups are connected with a carbon-carbon sigma bond, just as one might connect two Lego pieces through a single "stud" and "tube".  With this image in mind, if the methyl groups are rotated around the bond, they will remain connected; however, the shape will change. This leads to multiple possible three-dimensional arrangements, known as conformations, conformational isomers (conformers), or sometimes rotational isomers (rotamers).

Orbital hybridisation
In chemistry, orbital hybridisation (or hybridization) is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals (with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory. For example, in a carbon atom which forms four single bonds, the valence-shell s orbital combines with three valence-shell p orbitals to form four equivalent sp3 mixtures in a tetrahedral arrangement around the carbon to bond to four different atoms. Hybrid orbitals are useful in the explanation of molecular geometry and atomic bonding properties and are symmetrically disposed in space. Usually hybrid orbitals are formed by mixing atomic orbitals of comparable energies.
Clapham, South Australia
Clapham (postcode 5062), located approximately 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of the Adelaide city centre, is a primarily residential suburb situated within the City of Mitcham, incorporating some of the foothills. The suburb is named after Clapham in London, England. Neighbouring suburbs are Colonel Light Gardens, Panorama, Lynton, Torrens Park and Lower Mitcham.

Torrens Park, South Australia
Torrens Park is a mainly residential large inner-southern suburb of Adelaide, incorporating some of the foothills and adjacent to the original "Mitcham Village". It was named after Sir Robert Richard Torrens, the instigator of the Torrens title system of land registration and transfer, who built a large home in the area which he named Torrens Park.

The suburb is in the City of Mitcham local government area, the South Australian House of Assembly electoral district of Waite and the Australian House of Representatives Division of Boothby.
Kilmarnock, Virginia
Kilmarnock is a town in Lancaster and Northumberland counties in the U.S. Commonwealth of Virginia. The population was 1,445 at the 2020 census. It is located near the mouth of the Rappahannock River and is located within the Northern Neck George Washington Birthplace American Viticultural Area winemaking appellation. There is a small hospital in the town. Lancaster Middle School, grades 4–8, is also located in town. Approximately 500 students attend the school.

Northern Neck George Washington Birthplace AVA
Northern Neck George Washington Birthplace is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) in eastern portion of the state of Virginia.  Wines made from grapes grown in Westmoreland, King George, Northumberland, Lancaster, and Richmond counties may use this appellation.  The area is located on a peninsula of land between the Potomac and Rappahannock rivers in the Tidewater region of Virginia and known as the Northern Neck.  This provides a climate which features more frost free days than the rest of Virginia. The tip of the Northern Neck is located at the Chesapeake Bay. The hardiness zones are 7b and 8a.
Waadhoeke
Waadhoeke is a municipality of Friesland in the northern Netherlands. It was established 1 January 2018 and consists of the former municipalities of Franekeradeel, het Bildt, Menameradiel and parts of Littenseradiel, all four of which were dissolved on the same day.

The municipality is located in the province of Friesland, in the north of the Netherlands. Waadhoeke is bordered by Harlingen, Terschelling, Noardeast-Fryslân, Leeuwarden and Súdwest-Fryslân. The population in January 2019 was 46,133. It is Friesland's sixth most populous municipality. The largest population centre (2018 population, 12,793) is Franeker. The residents speak Dutch, West Frisian or Bildts (a dialect in the former municipality het Bildt).

Bildts
Bildts (pronounced [bɪlts] ⓘ) is a conservative Hollandic dialect spoken in the largest part of the former municipality het Bildt in the Dutch province of Friesland. The dialect retains features from around 1505, when the area was reclaimed from the sea as ordered by George, Duke of Saxony. In order to achieve this task, workers from Holland, Zeeland, and Brabant moved to Friesland. The apparent similarity to present-day Frisian is due to the evolution of Frisian from the sixteenth century into the present.

Bildts is spoken in the towns of Sint Annaparochie (Bildts: Sint-Anne), Sint Jacobiparochie (Sint-Jabik), Vrouwenparochie (Froubuurt), Oudebildtzijl (Ouwe-Syl), Westhoek (De Westhoek) and Nij Altoenae. The inhabitants of Minnertsga, a village located outside the polder area of the former Middelzee and included in the municipality in 1984, do not speak Bildts but West Frisian instead.
Csaba Elthes
Maestro Csaba Elthes (March 10, 1912 – November 8, 1995) was a Hungarian fencing master who emigrated to the U.S. in 1956. Elthes trained many Olympic competitors in the 1960s through 1980s, including the only U.S. Olympic fencing medalist of the period, Peter Westbrook (bronze medal in 1984).

United States Fencing Association
The United States Fencing Association (USFA) is the national governing body for the sport of fencing in the United States. The USFA was founded in 1891 as the Amateur Fencers League of America (AFLA) by a group of New York fencers seeking independence from the Amateur Athletic Union. The AFLA changed its name to the United States Fencing Association in 1981, and is also known as USA Fencing.

The USFA was incorporated as a non-profit corporation in Pennsylvania in 1964 and in Colorado in 1993, in compliance with the Olympic and Amateur Sports Act. It opened its national office at the Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs, Colorado in August 1982. The national office moved from the Olympic Training Center to downtown Colorado Springs in 2002. The USFA's first full-time Executive Director was hired in 1983.

The USFA is affiliated with the  FIE, the international federation for fencing founded in Paris in 1913.
Karl Helbig
Karl Martin Alexander Helbig (March 18, 1903 – October 9, 1991) was a German explorer, geographer and ethnologist. His travels took him to Java, Sumatra, Borneo and Central America, among other places.

Helbig's works are characterized by sharp powers of observation, instructive content, and clear, understandable language. In addition to his scientific works on geography and ethnography, he wrote popular travelogues, books for young people, and adventure novellas in which he presented his experiences to a wider public in a vivid and entertaining manner. The same applies to his lectures, which he gave at home and abroad in schools and scientific institutes. He spoke fluent English, Spanish and Malay.

Helbig was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany with Ribbon and the State Prize for Science of the State of Mexico.

Fireman (steam engine)
A fireman, stoker or boilerman is a person who tends the fire for the running of a boiler, heating a building, or powering a steam engine. Much of the job is hard physical labor, such as shoveling fuel, typically coal, into the boiler's firebox. On steam locomotives, the title fireman is usually used, while on steamships and stationary steam engines, such as those driving saw mills, the title is usually stoker (although the British Merchant Navy did use fireman). The German word Heizer is equivalent and in Dutch the word stoker is mostly used too. The United States Navy referred to them as watertenders.
Mesta, Bulgaria
41°45′N 023°41′E﻿ / ﻿41.750°N 23.683°E﻿ / 41.750; 23.683

Mesta (Bulgarian: Места) is a village in southwestern Bulgaria, located in the Bansko Municipality of the Blagoevgrad Province. The village is situated alongside of the secondary road 19 from Razlog to Drama on the right bank of Mesta River. The first houses were erected there after 1914 year. It was part of the village Obidim with the old name Obidimski hanove until 1965 year, when it was separated as different village and named Mesta. There are a kindergarten, a primary school "Stt Cyril and Methodius" and a community center "Ivan Kyulev" with a public library. Small restaurants and guest-houses for the tourists have been opened in the recent years.

Obidim
41°47′N 023°39′E﻿ / ﻿41.783°N 23.650°E﻿ / 41.783; 23.650

Obidim (Bulgarian: Обидим) is a village (село) in southwestern Bulgaria, located in the Bansko Municipality  of the Blagoevgrad Province in Pirin mountain 15 kilometers southeast of Bansko and 52 km southeast of Blagoevgrad.

As of 2006 it has 141 inhabitants. The village was founded in the 14th century. During the Ottoman rule, the local population strongly preserved the Bulgarian patriotic spirit and as a result the village was burned down in 1903 and 1912 when it was finally liberated. 
In the land of the village has a total of 13 churches, chapels, iconostasis and a monastery. Church of Saint Nicholas Chudotvorets was built in 1842 and consecrated in 1843.

Obidim Peak on Trinity Peninsula in Antarctica is named after the village.
Klaas Bruinsma (drug lord)
Klaas Bruinsma (6 October 1953 – 27 June 1991) was a Dutch drug lord. He was shot dead on 27 June 1991 by organized crime member and former police officer Martin Hoogland. He was known as "De Lange" ('The Tall One') and also as "De Dominee" ('The Pastor') because of his black clothing and his habit of lecturing others.

Drug lord
A drug lord, drug baron, kingpin, or lord of drugs is a type of crime boss in charge of a drug trafficking network, organization, or enterprise. When a group of independent drug lords collude with each other, in order to improve their profits and dominate the illegal drug trade, they form an organization called a drug cartel.