hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Konrad Kyeser
Konrad Kyeser (26 August 1366 – after 1405) was a German military engineer and the author of Bellifortis (c. 1405), a book on military technology that was popular throughout the 15th century. Originally conceived for King Wenceslaus, Kyeser dedicated the finished work to Rupert of Germany.

A native of Eichstätt, Kyeser was trained as a physician and lived at the court in Padua before he joined the crusade against the Turks which ended in disaster at the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. Kyeser lived in exile in a mountain village in Bohemia during the reign of Sigismund in 1402 to 1403.

Artes mechanicae
Artes mechanicae (mechanical arts) are a medieval concept of ordered practices or skills, often juxtaposed to the traditional seven liberal arts (artes liberales). Also called "servile" and "vulgar", from antiquity they had been deemed "unbecoming" for a free man, as they minister to basic needs.
Baghdad Eyalet
Baghdad Eyalet (Arabic: إِيَالَةُ بَغْدَاد, Ottoman Turkish: ایالت بغداد, romanized: Eyālet-i Baġdād) was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire, with Baghdad serving as the administrative capital of Ottoman Iraq (Kürsi-i Hıtta-i Irakiyye). Its reported area in the 19th century was 62,208 square miles (161,120 km2).

Altun Kupri
Altun Kupri (Arabic: التون كوبري, Turkish: Altınköprü, lit. 'Golden Bridge', Kurdish: پردێ, romanized: Pirdê or Prde) is a town in Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq. Its inhabitants are predominantly Turkmen, with a minority of Kurds and Arabs. It is located on the banks of the Little Zab and lies along the Erbil–Kirkuk road. The town is described as having an 'intrinsic strategic significance' and is disputed.
Doryen Bubeck
Doryen Althea Bubeck is an American molecular biologist who is Professor of Structural Immunology at Imperial College London. Her research investigates host–pathogen interactions using membrane models, biophysics and structural biology.

European Molecular Biology Organization
The European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) is a professional, non-profit organization of more than 2,100 life scientists. Its goal is to promote research in life science and enable international exchange between scientists. It co-funds courses, workshops and conferences, publishes five scientific journals and supports individual scientists.  The organization was founded in 1964 and is a founding member of the Initiative for Science in Europe. As of 2022 the Director of EMBO is Fiona Watt, a stem cell researcher, professor at King's College London and a group leader at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory.
Lucas Elliot Eberl
Luke Eberl (born March 29, 1986) is an American actor, director, and pianist best known for his role as Birn in the 2001 film Planet of the Apes and for his film Choose Connor. In 2008, Eberl was described by MovieMaker Magazine as one of the "10 Young Americans to Watch". He is currently in production on his second feature film, You Above All.

John Patrick Amedori
John Patrick Amedori is an American actor and musician. He is known for playing Gabe Mitchell in Dear White People.

Amedori appeared in the film The Vatican Tapes (2015). He has also appeared in a number of television shows, including Law & Order, Nip/Tuck, Joan of Arcadia and Ghost Whisperer, as well as a part in the films The Butterfly Effect and Stick It. In 2006, Amedori starred in Fox's drama series Vanished,: 1137  and in 2008 was cast as Aaron Rose in Gossip Girl as a love interest of Serena van der Woodsen and the stepbrother of Blair Waldorf.
Sounding Joy
Sounding Joy is a studio album by Filipino singer Lea Salonga, and her second Christmas album, after The Christmas Album. It was released digitally and on CD on November 1, 2024.

The album was initially scheduled to release in 2020. However, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the shutdown of the studio and delayed the release. It was officially announced on September 3, 2025, via social media.

In an interview, Salonga stated that the album embodies the message of "human resilience" and overcoming tragedy and obstacles, as "so much has happened [in all] of our lives since we started recording it." In another interview, Salonga discussed the title of the album, stating that "the word 'joy,' besides paying homage to my mom, whose nickname is Joy, is also about learning not to take things for granted and really learning how to find joy."

The Christmas Album (Lea Salonga album)
Lea Salonga: The Christmas Album is a Christmas-themed studio album by Filipino singer Lea Salonga.

The song "Sana Ngayong Pasko" (English: Hopefully This Christmas) was originally performed by Ariel Rivera.
Railway Museum, Mysore
The Railway Museum at Mysore, India is an outdoor exhibit of vintage locomotives.

The Railway Museum was established in 1979 by Indian Railways, the second such museum after the National Railway Museum in Delhi. The museum is opposite the Central Food Technology and Research Institute on Krishnaraja Sagar Road. It has locomotives and a gallery of photographs and paintings depicting the growth of railways in India. Railway signals and lights are also displayed. The museum has a battery-operated mini-train giving a short ride for children on the grounds.

National Rail Museum, New Delhi
The National Rail Museum in Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, displays exhibits on the history of rail transport in India. The museum was inaugurated on 1 February 1977. The museum spans over an area of over 4.4 hectares (11 acres) and the indoor gallery comprises an octagonal building which houses six display galleries and a large open area is laid out to simulate the atmosphere of a railway yard. It is open every day except Mondays and national holidays.
Pelutho
Pelutho is a hamlet in the civil parish of Holme St. Cuthbert in Cumbria,  historically in Cumberland, England.

It is situated on the B5301 road between the towns of Aspatria and Silloth. The village of Mawbray is located 3.0 miles (5 kilometres)  to the south-west, and the village of Abbeytown is located 3.5 miles (6 kilometres)  to the north-east. Carlisle, is located 21.5 miles (35 kilometres)  to the east.

Mawbray
Mawbray is a village in the civil parish of Holme St Cuthbert in Cumbria, England. Historically part of Cumberland. It is located on the Solway Plain, 5.2 miles (8.4 km) south west of Silloth, 7.9 miles (12.7 km) north of Maryport, and 25 miles (40 km) west of Carlisle. The B5300, known locally as the "coast road" runs to the west of the village.

Mawbray serves as the hub of a community of several smaller hamlets, including Beckfoot, Goodyhills, Hailforth, Holme St Cuthbert, Jericho, Newtown, Salta, and Tarns.
Xooduovirus
Xooduovirus is a genus of double-stranded DNA viruses in the family Mesyanzhinovviridae.  It was named for the type species Xanthomonas phage Xoo-sp2, which is now called Xooduovirus Xoosp2.  That species is a lytic bacteriophage  that affects Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.

Lytic cycle
The lytic cycle (/ˈlɪtɪk/ LIT-ik) is one of the two cycles of viral reproduction (referring to bacterial viruses or bacteriophages), the other being the lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle results in the destruction of the infected cell and its membrane. Bacteriophages that can only go through the lytic cycle are called virulent phages (in contrast to temperate phages).

In the lytic cycle, the viral DNA exists as a separate free floating molecule within the bacterial cell, and replicates separately from the host bacterial DNA, whereas in the lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA is integrated into the host genome. This is the key difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles. However, in both cases the virus/phage replicates using the host DNA machinery.
Holdfast Bay
Holdfast Bay is a small bay in Gulf St Vincent, next to Adelaide, South Australia. Along its shores lie the local government area of the City of Holdfast Bay and the suburbs of Glenelg and Glenelg North The colonial settlement at Holdfast Bay was the first seat of government of South Australia.

Gulf St Vincent
Gulf St Vincent, sometimes referred to as St Vincent Gulf, St Vincent's Gulf or Gulf of St Vincent, is the eastern of two large inlets of water on the southern coast of Australia, in the state of South Australia, the other being the larger Spencer Gulf, from which it is separated by Yorke Peninsula. On its eastern side the gulf is bordered by the Adelaide Plains and the Fleurieu Peninsula.
2012 Hong Kong Sixes
The 2012 Hong Kong Cricket Sixes was the eighteenth edition of the Hong Kong Cricket Sixes, took place at Kowloon Cricket Club, Hong Kong. Eight teams competing in the tournament which lasted over two days from 27 to 28 October 2012. The tournament also featured China cricket team playing an exhibition match with a Hong Kong development team. The previous tournament was won by Pakistan who defeated England in the final.

Hong Kong Sixes
The Hong Kong Sixes is an international six-a-side cricket tournament held annually in Hong Kong. Organised by Cricket Hong Kong, China and sanctioned by International Cricket Council, it features short-format matches designed to promote fast-paced, high-scoring entertainment for spectators and television audiences.

Each match consists of six overs per side, with one bowler can bowl 2 overs and remaining overs to be shared by four other bowlers one each. The format therefore favors all-rounders and encourages attacking play.

All editions of the tournament have been held at the Kowloon Cricket Club, except for the 1996 and 1997 tournaments which took place at the Hong Kong Stadium, and the 2024 edition, which was hosted at the Mission Road Ground in Kowloon.
Llangolman
Llangolman (Welsh pronunciationⓘ) is a village and parish in the southeastern Preseli Hills in Pembrokeshire, Wales. It is part of the community of Mynachlog-ddu. There are prehistoric remains nearby and the parish has a history of slate and clay quarrying.

River Cleddau
The River Cleddau (Welsh: Afon Cleddau) consists of the Eastern and Western Cleddau rivers in Pembrokeshire, west Wales.  They unite to form the Daugleddau estuary and the harbour of Milford Haven Waterway.

The name of the combined estuary – the Daugleddau – means “the two Cleddaus”. The name Cleddau, whilst seeming to be a plural ('-au' generally denotes plurality in Welsh) comes from the Welsh word cleddyf meaning 'sword' and refers perhaps to the manner in which both rivers are incised into the landscape of Pembrokeshire. A number of former Anglican parishes in the area have been combined to form the modern Church in Wales parish of Daugleddau in the Diocese of St Davids.
Academy Building (St. George, Utah)
The Academy Building (also known as the Dixie Academy Building or the Main Building of Dixie College) is a historic school building on Town Square in St. George, Utah. Opened in September 1911, it was constructed to house the St. George Stake Academy, the first high school in St. George.

Over time, the academy incorporated Dixie into its name (a common nickname for the region) and began to offer college-level programs. As it evolved, the academy became the ancestor of two modern-day institutions: Dixie High School and Utah Tech University. Both schools moved out of the building in the 1960s, after which it was used as overflow for the nearby Woodward Junior High. It later became the St. George Community Arts Center and since 2013 has been home to the St. George Children's Museum.

Due to its historical significance, the structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in June 1980.

Normal schools in the United States
Normal schools in the United States in the 19th century were developed and built primarily to train elementary-level teachers for the public schools. The term “normal school” is based on the French école normale, a sixteenth-century model school with model classrooms where model teaching practices were taught to teacher candidates. Many high schools in the 19th century had one-year "normal school" programs to train teachers for common schools,  In the early 20th century the normal schools all became state colleges. More recently most have become state universities with a wide range of programs beyond just training teachers.
Pleiotrophin
Pleiotrophin (PTN) also known as heparin-binding brain mitogen (HBBM) or heparin-binding growth factor 8 (HBGF-8) or neurite growth-promoting factor 1 (NEGF1) or heparin affinity regulatory peptide (HARP) or heparin binding growth associated molecule (HB-GAM) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTN gene. Pleiotrophin is an 18-kDa growth factor that has a high affinity for heparin. It is structurally related to midkine and retinoic acid induced heparin-binding protein.

Growth factor
A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cell proliferation, wound healing, and occasionally cellular differentiation. Usually it is a secreted protein or a steroid hormone.
Tutira
Tutira (Māori: Tūtira) is a village to the north of Napier and is part of the Hawke's Bay Region in New Zealand's North Island. It is located on State Highway 2 between Wairoa and Napier.

Much of the area was surveyed by Herbert Guthrie-Smith, who farmed 60,000 acres (240 km²) surrounding Lake Tūtira. Guthrie-Smith, a naturalist, published the popular Tutira: the story of a New Zealand sheep station in 1921. Today, a camp is run at the site of his homestead.

Wairoa
Wairoa is the largest town in the Wairoa District and the northernmost town in the Hawke's Bay region of New Zealand's North Island. It is located on the northern shore of Hawke Bay at the mouth of the Wairoa River and to the west of Māhia Peninsula. It is 118 kilometres (73 mi) northeast of Napier, and 92 kilometres (57 mi) southwest of Gisborne, on State Highway 2. It is the nearest town to the Te Urewera protected area and former national park, which is accessible from Wairoa via State Highway 38.  It is one of three towns in New Zealand where Māori outnumber other ethnicities (the other towns being Kawerau and Ōpōtiki), with 62.29% of the population identifying as Māori.
Lucio Cecchinello
Lucio Cecchinello (born 21 October 1969) is an Italian former professional motorcycle racer who manages his own motorcycle racing team. He competed in Grand Prix motorcycle racing from 1993 to 2003. In 1996, he founded the LCR Team, initially competing in the 125cc class.

Carlos Checa
Carlos Checa Carrera (born 15 October 1972) is a Spanish former professional motorcycle road racer and winner of the 2011 Superbike World Championship. After racing in 500 cc and MotoGP for over a decade, mostly on Honda and Yamaha machinery and claiming two Grand Prix victories despite not having full manufacturer support, he moved to the Superbike World Championship on a Honda for 2008 where he went on to claim 24 victories and one championship. He has a younger brother, David Checa, also a motorcycle racer who competed in the Superbike World Championship for 2008.
Shabbington Woods Complex
Shabbington Woods Complex is a 305.6-hectare (755-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) between Horton-cum-Studley and Worminghall in Buckinghamshire. It comprises Shabbington Wood, Bernwood Forest, Hell Coppice, Oakley Wood and York's Wood. Shabbington Wood is owned by the Forestry Commission, and a small area of 7.5 hectares called Bernwood Meadows is managed by the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust.

The site is the largest remnant of the former Royal Forest of Bernwood. Other remnants are SSSIs in Oxfordshire. In this site only a small area of ancient woodland survives, and the main interest is the rich insect fauna. There are also two unimproved meadows, bounded by mature hedges, and several ponds. Over forty species of butterfly have been recorded, including the rare Duke of Burgundy.

Bernwood Meadows
Bernwood Meadows is a 7.5-hectare (19-acre) nature reserve near Oakley in Buckinghamshire. It is managed by the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust.

This traditional hay meadow has over 100 plant species, including lady's bedstraw, green winged orchids and cuckooflowers. It also has many species of butterfly, such as orange tip and rare black and brown hairstreaks. other wildlife includes brown hares, kestrels and moths.

There is access from the road between Stanton St. John and Oakley.
Arnold Deutsch
Arnold Deutsch (1903–1942?), variously described as Austrian, Slovak or Hungarian, was an academic who worked in London as a Soviet spy, best known for having recruited Kim Philby. Much of his life remains unknown or disputed.

Walter Krivitsky
Walter Germanovich Krivitsky (Russian: Ва́льтер Ге́рманович Криви́цкий; born Samuel Gershevich Ginsberg; Russian: Самуил Гершевич Гинзберг; June 28, 1899 – February 10, 1941) was a Soviet military intelligence spymaster who defected to the West and revealed plans for the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.
Gabriele Frangipani
Gabriele Frangipani (born 31 December 2001) is an Italian figure skater. He is a five-time ISU Challenger Series medalist (2 gold, 3 silver) and a five-time Italian national national medalist (1 silver, 4 bronze). He has represented Italy at five ISU Championships, finishing as high as fourth at the 2024 European Championships.

On the junior level, he is a two-time Italian national junior champion (2019-20) and competed at the World Junior Championships twice.

Cup of Tyrol
The Cup of Tyrol was an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union (ISU), organized and hosted by the Union Eislaufschule Innsbruck and Skate Austria at the Tyrolean Ice Arena in Innsbruck. The competition debuted in 2016. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles, and pair skating at the senior and junior levels, although the pairs event was only held in 2016 and 2017. The 2020 Cup of Tyrol was intended to be an ISU Challenger Series event, but was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2019 Cup of Tyrol was the last iteration of this event to be held.
John Bosman
Johannes "John" Jacobus Bosman (born 1 February 1965) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a forward.

A prolific goalscorer for both club and country, he played professionally for 19 years, most notably with Ajax (five seasons) and Anderlecht (five), surpassing the 100-goal mark with both clubs and winning a total of eight major titles combined.

Nicknamed Bossie, Bosman represented Netherlands at the 1994 World Cup and Euro 1988, helping the national team win the latter tournament.

1986–87 European Cup Winners' Cup
The 1986–87 season of the European Cup Winners' Cup was won by Ajax in the final against Lokomotive Leipzig. The young Ajax side, which included the likes of Marco van Basten, Frank Rijkaard and Dennis Bergkamp, was guided to victory by its coach Johan Cruyff. It was Ajax's only title in the competition, and was added to a hat-trick of European Cup wins from 1971 to 1973. They also went on to win another European Cup and a UEFA Cup in the 1990s.
Notropis
Notropis is a genus of freshwater ray-finned fish in the family Leuciscidae, the shiners, daces and minnows. They are known commonly as eastern shiners. They are native to North America, and are one of the continent's most speciose genera.

A 1997 phylogenetic analysis placed the genus in a clade with Campostoma, Cyprinella,  Phenacobius, Platygobio and Rhinichthys. The systematics of the genus is still unclear. It has not been confirmed to be monophyletic. While it has been divided into several subgenera and species groups, the relationships between the taxa are not yet understood.

Cyprinella
Cyprinella  is a genus of freshwater ray-finned fish in the family Leuciscidae, the shiners, daces and minnows.  They are known as the satinfin shiners. They are native to North America, and some are among the most common freshwater fish species on the eastern side of the continent. Conversely, several Cyprinella species with small distributions are threatened and the Maravillas Creek subspecies of the red shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis blairi) is extinct.

The largest species reach around 19 cm (7.5 in) in total length. Breeding males often develop bright coloration. Fish of the genus produce audible sounds during courtship and conflict.
Stonehenge Cursus
The Stonehenge Cursus (sometimes known as the Greater Cursus) is a large Neolithic cursus monument on Salisbury plain, near to Stonehenge in Wiltshire, England. It is roughly 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long and between 100 metres (330 ft) and 150 metres (490 ft) wide.  Excavations in 2007 dated the construction of the earthwork to between 3630 and 3375 BCE, several hundred years before the earliest phase of Stonehenge in 3000 BC.  The cursus, along with adjacent barrows and the nearby 'Lesser Cursus' are  part of the National Trust's Stonehenge Landscape property, and is within the Stonehenge and Avebury World Heritage Site.

Antler
Antlers are extensions of an animal's skull found in members of the Cervidae (deer) family. Antlers are a single structure composed of bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue, skin, nerves, and blood vessels. They are generally found only on males, with the exception of reindeer/caribou. Antlers are shed and regrown each year and function primarily as objects of sexual attraction and as weapons.
Daire Gray
Daire Gray (born 1998) is an Irish hurler who plays for Dublin Senior Championship club Whitehall Colmcille and at inter-county level with the Dublin senior hurling team. He usually lines out as a wing-back. He went to Larkhill BNS and St Aidans CBS in Whitehall.

2016 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship
The 2016 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship was the 86th staging of the All-Ireland hurling championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1928. It is the primary inter-county hurling championship for boys under the age of eighteen. The championship began on 6 April 2016 and ended on 4 September 2016.

Galway entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Tipperary in the All-Ireland semi-final.

On 4 September 2016 Tipperary won the championship following a 1-21 to 0-17 defeat of Limerick in the All-Ireland final. This was their 20th All-Ireland title and their first in four championship seasons.
Tiling with rectangles
A tiling with rectangles is a tiling which uses rectangles as its parts. The domino tilings are tilings with rectangles of 1 × 2 side
ratio. The tilings with straight polyominoes of shapes such as 1 × 3, 1 × 4 and 
tilings with polyominoes of shapes such as 2 × 3 fall also into this category.

Domino tiling
In geometry, a domino tiling of a region in the Euclidean plane is a tessellation of the region by dominoes, shapes formed by the union of two unit squares meeting edge-to-edge. Equivalently, it is a perfect matching in the grid graph formed by placing a vertex at the center of each square of the region and connecting two vertices when they correspond to adjacent squares.