hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hawkins, New Zealand
Hawkins is a rural settlement located in the Selwyn District of the Canterbury region of New Zealand's South Island. It is located on State Highway 77, and is 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) west from Darfield and 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) east of Glentunnel.

Rata Lovell-Smith's most famous painting, Hawkins, painted in 1933, was of the railway station here. The painting is now owned by the Christchurch Art Gallery, having purchased it in 1981.

The Hawkins River traverses through the western end of the settlement. However, the river does not flow here, only doing so during periods of heavy rain and flooding.

Hawkins is part of the Glentunnel statistical area.

Selwyn District
Selwyn District is a predominantly rural district in central Canterbury, on the east coast of New Zealand's South Island. It is named after the Selwyn River / Waikirikiri, which is in turn named after Bishop George Selwyn, the first Anglican bishop of New Zealand who, in 1843 and 1844, travelled the length of the country by horse, foot, boat and canoe, leaving in his wake a sprinkling of locations that now bear his name.

As of the 2023 census, Selwyn District is the fastest-growing territorial authority in New Zealand, with a population increase of 29% over the prior five years.
Magda Chambriard
Magda Maria de Regina Chambriard (born 1957) is a Brazilian chemical engineer. In June 2024 she became the president of Petrobras, the state-owned petroleum corporation that was ranked the 54th largest company in the world in 2024 by Forbes Global 2000. Between 2012 and 2016 she was the first female director-general of the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP), the agency charged with regulating Brazil's oil industry.

Petrobras
Petróleo Brasileiro S.A., better known by and trading as the portmanteau Petrobras (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˌpɛtɾoˈbɾas, pet-]), is a Brazilian majority state-owned multinational corporation in the petroleum industry, which is headquartered in Rio de Janeiro. The company's name translates to Brazilian Petroleum Corporation.

The company was ranked #71 in the 2023 Fortune Global 500 list. In the 2023 Forbes Global 2000, Petrobras was ranked as the 58th-largest public company in the world.
Godfrey Chidyausiku
Godfrey Guwa Chidyausiku (23 February 1947 – 3 May 2017) was a Zimbabwean judge and politician. He was involved in politics during Rhodesia's unilaterally declared independence, being a member of the Rhodesian House of Assembly.

After Zimbabwean independence in 1980, he was elected as a Zimbabwe African National Union (Patriotic Front) member to the Zimbabwean House of Assembly, and served in the government as Attorney-General. After becoming a Judge he headed the Constitutional Convention in 1999, and was appointed Chief Justice in 2001. He retired on 31 March 2017 after reaching the 70-year mandatory retirement age of Zimbabwean judges. He then died on 3 May 2017 in a South African hospital.

Attorney-General of Zimbabwe
The Office of the Attorney-General of Zimbabwe (AG) falls under the Ministry of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs of Zimbabwe. The Attorney-General is the chief legal advisor of the government of Zimbabwe.

Historically the Attorney-General sat as a member of the Senate, but under the current Constitution may sit and speak in either the Senate or the National Assembly, but may not vote. The Attorney-General may also attend Cabinet - but has no vote on Cabinet matters - and, with the leave of the court concerned, appear as a friend of the court in any civil
proceedings to which the Government is not a party.

The current Attorney-General since 2023 is Virginia Mabiza, the first woman to hold the position.
Nchanga Copper mine
Nchanga Copper mine, previously the Chingola Copper mine, is an underground and open-pit cobalt and copper mine in Chingola, in the Copperbelt Province of Zambia. It is the largest copper mine in Africa. It is owned by the Konkola Copper Mines, a joint venture between Vedanta Resources and the state mining company of Zambia (ZCCM Investments Holdings).

Pollution from the mine contaminated water sources for thousands of nearby villagers who had no other source of water, resulting in health problems. The villagers also reported that the pollution had damaged farmland and reduced crop yields. One thousand eight hundred villagers filed a class-action lawsuit (Lungowe v Vedanta Resources plc) against Vedanta Resources in London in 2015. The case went to the British Supreme Court and had broader implications for British multinational resource extraction companies conducting business abroad.

Lungowe v Vedanta Resources plc
Lungowe v Vedanta Resources plc [2019] UKSC 20 is a UK company law and English tort law case, concerning business liability for human rights violations, environmental damage and the duty of care owed by a parent company.
Eastern Kurzeme Upland
The Eastern Kurzeme Upland (Latvian: Austrumkursas augstiene) is a region located in Courland and Zemgale. It is situated in the western part of Latvia between the Semigallia Plain in the west and the Kursa Lowlands in the east. The Abava Valley separates it from the North Kurzeme Upland to the north, and the Vadakste Plain adjoins it to the south.

Courland
Courland is one of the Historical Latvian Lands in western Latvia. Courland's largest city is Liepāja, which is the third largest city in Latvia.

The literal meaning of the name is "Land of Curonians".
Air raid shelter
Air raid shelters are structures for the protection of non-combatants as well as combatants against enemy attacks from the air. They are similar to bunkers in many regards, although they are not designed to defend against ground attack (but many have been used as defensive structures in such situations).

Basement
A basement is any floor of a building that is not above the grade plane. Especially in residential buildings, it often is used as a utility space for a building, where such items as the furnace, water heater, breaker panel or fuse box, car park, and air-conditioning system are located; so also are amenities such as the electrical system and cable television distribution point. In cities with high property prices, such as London, basements are often fitted out to a high standard and used as living space.

In British English, the word basement is usually used for underground floors of, for example, department stores. The word is usually used with buildings when the space below the ground floor is habitable and with (usually) its own access. The word cellar applies to the whole underground level or to any large underground room. A subcellar or subbasement is a level that lies below the basement or cellar.
Northeye
Northeye is the site of an abandoned medieval village known as Hooe Level on the Pevensey Levels, west of Bexhill-on-Sea. The village is mentioned as a dependent limb of the Cinque Port of Hastings in a charter of 1229. It is thought to have been deserted around 1400 AD. The village consisted of houses and a flint built chapel, The Chapel of St James.

Before the Pevensey Marshes were silted up and reclaimed, Northeye was an island in an inlet that reached inland to Hailsham.

Bexhill-on-Sea
Bexhill-on-Sea (often shortened to Bexhill) is a seaside town and civil parish in the Rother District of the East Sussex county of South East England. It is located along the Sussex Coast and between the towns of Hastings and Eastbourne.
Taronga Zoo ferry service
The Taronga Zoo ferry service is a ferry route in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It connects Taronga Zoo with the transport hub at Circular Quay. The route forms part of the Sydney Ferries network. In 2013, the Taronga Zoo ferry service was given the designation of F2 as part of a program to number all Sydney Ferries, Sydney Trains and light rail lines. Some F2 Taronga Zoo services are combined with F6 Mosman services, extending to Mosman Bay.

Sydney Ferries
Sydney Ferries is the public transport ferry network serving the city of Sydney, New South Wales. Services operate on Sydney Harbour and the connecting Parramatta River. The network is controlled by the New South Wales Government's transport authority, Transport for NSW, and is part of the authority's Opal ticketing system. In 2017–18, 15.3 million passenger journeys were made on the network.

Services are operated under contract by Transdev Sydney Ferries. Sydney Ferries Corporation is the state government agency that owns the ferry fleet.
Faurecia (Saline Plant)
Automotive Components Holdings, LLC (ACH) located in Saline, Michigan was an automotive parts manufacturing plant that specialized in the manufacture of plastics, trim pieces, instrument panels, door panels, consoles, and other various internal plastic parts. On June 1, 2012, Faurecia, a French automotive parts supplier, began operations at the plant.

The facility is located on Michigan Avenue just outside Saline. Outgoing freight service to various railroads in Toledo, Ohio is provided by the Ann Arbor Railroad. As a "primary customer," the plant receives 13.2 kv electrical service from DTE Energy via a dedicated substation on the west side of the property.

Visteon
Visteon Corporation (VC) is an American global automotive electronics technology company headquartered in Van Buren Township, Michigan. Visteon designs, engineers, and manufactures vehicle cockpit electronics products, connected car services and electrification products for global automotive manufacturers. Visteon operates engineering and manufacturing facilities across the Americas, Europe and Asia.
Juan van der Hamen
Juan van der Hamen y (Gómez de) León  (baptized 8 April 1596 – 28 March 1631) was a Spanish painter, a master of still life paintings, also called bodegones. Prolific and versatile, he painted allegories, landscapes, and large-scale works for churches and convents. Today he is remembered mostly for his still lifes, a genre he popularized in 1620s Madrid.

Museo de Bellas Artes de Granada
The Museo de Bellas Artes de Granada (Museum of Fine Arts of Granada ) is a fine arts museum in Granada, Spain. Since the 1950s it has been housed in the Palace of Charles V which also houses the Museo de la Alhambra.
Muscle Atrophy Research and Exercise System
The Muscle Atrophy Research and Exercise System (MARES), part of the Human Research Facility (HRF), was launched on 5 April 2010 (STS-131) in a stowed position inside the HRF MARES Rack, integrated into a Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) and transported to the International Space Station. When deployed, MARES was attached to the seat tracks of an International Standard Payload Rack (ISPR) located in the Columbus Laboratory.

MARES provides a flexible and accurate tool for studying the muscle-skeletal system in the microgravity environment. It will serve both the space research/human physiology communities, as well as the Medical Operations (MEDOPS) officers, who are responsible for maintaining crew health during long-duration space flight. MARES is capable of providing quantifiable stimuli to a wide range of space flight participants and accurately measuring these crew-members' muscle performance.

Columbus (ISS module)
Columbus is a science laboratory module that forms part of the International Space Station (ISS) and represents the European Space Agency's (ESA) largest single contribution to the station. It was constructed in Turin, Italy, by Alcatel Alenia Space (now Thales Alenia Space) with functional equipment and software designed by EADS (now Airbus Defence and Space) in Bremen, Germany. The module was launched aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis on 7 February 2008, during mission STS-122. Columbus is operated by the Columbus Control Centre at the German Space Operations Center, part of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Oberpfaffenhofen near Munich. In 2008, ESA estimated the total cost of Columbus—including construction, ten years of operations, scientific experiments, and supporting ground infrastructure—at approximately €1.4 billion (about US$2 billion).
Fossa Eugeniana
The Fossa Eugeniana or Spanish Rhine-Maas canal  was a large-scale ambitious project of the Spanish-Dutch Eighty Years' War planned by the then Spanish regent in Brussels, Isabella Clara Eugenia, after whom it was named, during the years 1626–1630. It consisted of a fortified canal intended to blockade the United Provinces and to divert trade from the Rhine near Rheinberg just south of Wesel and reroute it to Venlo on the Maas, in Spanish territory. The Spanish Rhine-Maas canal had military importance, when at the time Spanish garrisons in north-western Germany reached their maximum extent, amounting to around fifty fortresses and forts. It was to be 25 metres (82 ft) wide, 1.4 metres (4.6 ft) deep and 45 kilometres (28 mi) long. The Fossa Eugeniana was never finished; a 5.7 km section west of Geldern is in use as drainage canal known as Grift.

Venlo
Venlo (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈvɛnloː] ⓘ) is a city and municipality in southeastern Netherlands, close to the border with Germany. It is situated in the province of Limburg. The municipality of Venlo counted 101,578 inhabitants as of January 2019.
Transversus thoracis muscle
The transversus thoracis muscle (/trænzˈvɜːrsəs θəˈreɪsɪs/), also known as triangularis sterni,  lies internal to the thoracic cage, anteriorly.  It is usually a thin plane of muscular and tendinous fibers, however on athletic individuals it can be a thick 'slab of meat', situated upon the inner surface of the front wall of the chest. It is in the same layer as the subcostal muscles and the innermost intercostal muscles.

Subcostalis muscle
The subcostales (singular: subcostalis) (Infracostales) consist of muscular and aponeurotic fasciculi, which are usually well-developed only in the lower part of the thorax; each originates from the inner surface of one rib, and is inserted into the inner surface of the second or third rib below, near its angle.

Their fibers run in the same direction as those of the intercostales interni.

Depresses the ribs to assist in expiration.
Provadiya Hook
Provadiya Hook (Bulgarian: Провадийска коса, romanized: Provadiyska Kosa, IPA: [provɐˈdijskɐ koˈsa]) is a gravel barrier spit separating the inner Yankee Harbour in Greenwich Island, Antarctica from the outer Shopski Cove and McFarlane Strait.  Boomerang-shaped, extending 700 m northwestward from the southwest extremity of Oborishte Ridge to a point forming the southeast side of the entrance to Shopski Cove, and named Provadiya Point in association, then extending 500 m northwards to end up in Spit Point, the latter forming the south side of the entrance to Yankee Harbour.  British mapping in 1968.  Named after the town of Provadiya in Northeastern Bulgaria.

62°31′47″S 59°47′28″W﻿ / ﻿62.52972°S 59.79111°W﻿ / -62.52972; -59.79111

Greenwich Island
Greenwich Island (variant historical names Sartorius Island, Berezina Island) is an island 24 km (15 mi) long and from 0.80 to 9.66 km (0.5 to 6 mi) (average 5.23 km or 3.25 mi) wide, lying between Robert Island and Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The island's surface area is 142.7 square kilometres (55.1 sq mi).  The name Greenwich Island dates back to at least 1821 and is now established in international usage.

The Chilean base Arturo Prat and the Ecuadorian base Pedro Vicente Maldonado are situated on the northeast and north coast of the island, respectively.

Chilean scientists have claimed that Amerinds visited the area, due to stone artifacts recovered from bottom-sampling operations off the island; however, the artefacts — two arrowheads  — were later found to have been planted.
Neny Fjord
Neny Fjord (68°16′S 66°50′W﻿ / ﻿68.267°S 66.833°W﻿ / -68.267; -66.833﻿ (Neny Fjord)) is a bay, 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) long in an east–west direction and 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) wide, between Red Rock Ridge and Roman Four Promontory on the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica.

Stonington Island
Stonington Island is a rocky island lying 1.8 kilometres (1.1 miles) northeast of Neny Island in the eastern part of Marguerite Bay off the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. It is 0.75 kilometres (0.47 miles) long from north-west to south-east and 0.37 kilometres (0.23 miles) wide, yielding an area of 20 hectares (49 acres). It was formerly connected by a drifted snow slope to Northeast Glacier on the mainland. Highest elevation is Anemometer Hill which rises to 25 metres (82 feet).
Taroom Aboriginal Settlement
Taroom Aboriginal Settlement is a heritage-listed Aboriginal reserve at Bundulla, Taroom, Shire of Banana, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 May 2011. It is also known as Taroom Aboriginal Reserve and Taroom Aboriginal Mission.

Aboriginal reserve
An Aboriginal reserve, also called simply reserve, was a government-sanctioned settlement for Aboriginal Australians, created under various state and federal legislation. Along with missions and other institutions, they were used from the 19th century to the 1960s to keep Aboriginal people separate from the white Australian population. The governments passed laws related to such reserves that gave them much power over all aspects of Aboriginal people’s lives.

Protectors of Aborigines and (later) Aboriginal Protection Boards were appointed to look after the interests of the Aboriginal people.
Kosmos 2443
Kosmos 2443 (Russian: Космос 2443 meaning Cosmos 2443) is one of a set of three set of three Russian military satellites launched in 2008 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system. It was launched with Kosmos 2442 and Kosmos 2444.

This satellites is a GLONASS-M satellite, also known as Uragan-M, and is numbered Uragan-M No. 725.

Kosmos 2442/3/4 were launched from Site 81/23 at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. A Proton-M carrier rocket with a Blok DM upper stage was used to perform the launch which took place at 08:49 UTC on 25 September 2008. The launch successfully placed the satellites into Medium Earth orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the international designators 2008-046B. The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 33379.

It is currently part of the GLONASS constellation in the third orbital plane, orbital slot 21. It started operation on 5 November 2008.

Kosmos (satellite)
Kosmos (Russian: Космос, IPA: [ˈkosməs], meaning '(outer) space') is a designation given to many satellites operated by the Soviet Union and subsequently Russia. Kosmos 1, the first spacecraft to be given a Kosmos designation, was launched on 16 March 1962.
Union Army Divisions, Departments and Districts
During the American Civil War, a department was a geographical command within the Union's military organization, usually reporting directly to the War Department.  Many of the Union's departments were named after rivers or other bodies of water, such as the Department of the Potomac and the Department of the Tennessee.  The geographical boundaries of such departments changed frequently, as did their names.  As the armies became larger Departments began to be subordinated to Military Divisions, and the Departments were often sub divided into Districts and from 1862 Subdistricts.   Much information on Civil War departments can be found in Eicher & Eicher, Civil War High Commands.

Burnside's North Carolina Expedition
Burnside's North Carolina Expedition (also known as the Burnside Expedition) was a series of engagements fought along the North Carolina Coast between February and June 1862. The expedition was part of Winfield Scott's overall Anaconda Plan, which aimed at closing blockade-running ports inside the Outer Banks.  The amphibious operation was carried out primarily by New England and North Carolina troops under Brig. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside and assisted by the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron under Captain Louis M. Goldsborough.
Maserati 4-cylinder engine
Maserati has made three inline-4 racing engines, that were designed for both Formula One and Sports car racing. Their first engine was the supercharged 4CLT engine in 1950; with the 1.5 L engine configuration imposed by the FIA for engines with forced induction. Their second engine was the naturally-aspirated 250S engine; with the 2.5 L engine configuration, and was used by Cooper and JBW. Their third and final engine was the naturally-aspirated Tipo 6-1500; with the 1.5 L engine configuration, and the customer engine was used by Cooper, Emeryson, Lotus, and E.N.B. teams.

A 1.5 L (92 cu in) version of the engine was used in the Maserati 150S, (as well as the Maserati 150 GT concept car) and a 2.0 L (120 cu in) version of this engine was also used in the 1955-1959 Maserati 200S sports car.

Naturally aspirated engine
A naturally aspirated engine, also known as a normally aspirated engine, and abbreviated to N/A or NA, is an internal combustion engine in which air intake depends solely on atmospheric pressure and does not have forced induction through a turbocharger or a supercharger.
Cheung
Cheung is a Cantonese romanization of several Chinese surnames, including 張 (simplified Chinese: 张; Jyutping: Zoeng1; pinyin: Zhāng; Wade–Giles: Chang1; Vietnamese: Trương), 章 (Jyutping: Zoeng1; pinyin: Zhāng), and 蔣 (simplified Chinese: 蒋; Jyutping: Zoeng2; pinyin: Jiǎng).

It is a fairly common American surname, listed 3,672nd during the 1990 US census and 2,069th during the year 2000 US census.

Jiǎng (surname)
Jiang and Chiang (simplified Chinese: 蒋; traditional Chinese: 蔣) is a Chinese surname. It is also sometimes romanized as Tsiang.

In 2019, it was the 39th most common surname in mainland China. It is listed 13th in the Hundred Family Surnames poem.
Pitminster
Pitminster is a village and civil parish in Somerset, England, situated 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Taunton. The parish has a population of 956. The parish also includes the villages of Angersleigh and Blagdon Hill.  The village of Blagdon is now officially known as Blagdon Hill to distinguish it from Blagdon in North Somerset.  Hillside hamlets in the parish comprise Feltham and Woodram, those on the lower plain in the north are Sellicks Green which is contiguous with Blagdon Hill, Duddlestone and Poundisford.

Blagdon
Blagdon is a village and civil parish in the ceremonial county of Somerset, within the unitary authority of North Somerset, in England. It is located in the Mendip Hills, a recognised Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. According to the 2021 census it has a population of 1,184. The village is about 12 miles (19 km) east of Weston-super-Mare and 12 miles (19 km) south west of Bristol, on the A368 road to Bath.
Mount Dagelet
Mount Dagelet is a 9,800+ ft (2,990+ m) glaciated mountain summit located in the Fairweather Range of the Saint Elias Mountains, in southeast Alaska, United States. The peak is situated in Glacier Bay National Park, 4.6 mi (7 km) south of Mount Crillon, and 4 mi (6 km) northwest of Mount La Perouse, which is the nearest highest peak. Topographic relief is significant as the mountain rises up from tidewater in less than nine miles. The mountain was named in 1874 by William Healey Dall of the U.S. Geological Survey, for Joseph Lepaute Dagelet (1751-1788), a French astronomer and mathematician who accompanied Lapérouse when he explored this coastal area in 1786. The first ascent of the peak was made July 29, 1933, by W. S. Child, C. S. Houston, and H. A. Carter.

Saint Elias Mountains
The Saint Elias Mountains (French: Chaîne Saint-Élie) are a subgroup of the Pacific Coast Ranges, located in southeastern Alaska in the United States, southwestern Yukon and the very far northwestern part of British Columbia in Canada. The range spans Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve in the United States and Kluane National Park and Reserve in Canada and includes all of Glacier Bay National Park in Alaska. In Alaska, the range includes parts of the city/borough of Yakutat and the Hoonah-Angoon, Copper River and Chugach census areas.

This mountain range is named after Mount Saint Elias, which in turn was named in 1741 by the Danish-born Russian explorer Vitus Bering.