hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shingen-ko Festival
The Shingen-kō Festival (信玄公祭り, Shingen-ko Matsuri) is a Japanese festival (matsuri) which is held annually to celebrate the legacy of daimyō Takeda Shingen in Kōfu, the capital city of Yamanashi Prefecture. It is the "largest gathering of samurai" in the world.

Maizuru Castle Park
Kōfu  Castle (甲府城, Kōfu jō) was a Japanese castle located in the city of Kōfu, Yamanashi Prefecture, in the Chubu region of Japan. The site has been protected as a National Historic Site since 2019. The castle is also known as Maizuru Castle, and the present-day surroundings are called Maizuru Castle Park (舞鶴公園, Maizuru-jō Kōen).
Monchín Triana
Monchín Triana (28 June 1902 – 7 November 1936) was a Spanish footballer who played as a midfielder. He is a historical player of both Atlético Madrid and Real Madrid, holding the title of all-time top scorer in the club's history with the former and winning the 1931–32 La Liga with the latter, the first in the club's history.

In his memory, from 1952 to 1968, the Monchín Triana Trophy was awarded annually by the Spanish newspapers MARCA and Arriba to the footballer in the Spanish league who had stood out, throughout his career, for his sportsmanship and for fidelity to the colors of his club.

Madrid autonomous football team
The Madrid autonomous football team is the regional football team for the Community of Madrid, Spain. They are not affiliated with FIFA or UEFA, because the Community of Madrid is represented internationally by the Spain national football team. The team plays only friendly matches.
Txorierri
Txorierri is a valley of Biscay, Basque Country, separated from Bilbao by low mountains Monte Artxanda and Monte Abril. It includes the municipalities of Erandio, Loiu, Sondika, Derio, Zamudio, Lezama and Larrabetzu. It holds the international airport of Bilbao. It includes industrial and residential areas.

Zamudio
Zamudio is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Autonomous Community of Basque Country, northern  Spain.

Lycée Français de Bilbao, the French international school of the Bilbao metropolitan area, is in Zamudio.
Grafton and Upton Railroad
The Grafton and Upton Railroad (reporting mark GU) is a Class III short line railroad in east-central Massachusetts.  This 24.85 mile line runs from Grafton to Franklin and connects to CSX Transportation lines at both ends. Following a period of decline and neglect, maintenance and repairs began in 2008 with the aim of returning the line to operable condition.

Upton, Massachusetts
Upton is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. It was first settled in 1728. The population was given as exactly 8,000 at the 2020 census. It contains the census-designated place of the same name.
Collmberg
Collmberg (Sorbian chołm - "Hill, mound“), regionally and colloquially called Collm, is the highest elevation in the  Nordsachsen district and of the Northwest Saxon Basin, situated 6 km west of Oschatz near the small village of Collm. Until the 19th Century it was also called Spielberg and has also been known as Oschatzer Collm.

Its height is 312.8 metres above sea level (NHN), although map data vary between 312 m and 318 m depending on the source. Collmberg is a landmark in Wermsdorf Forest.

Wermsdorf Forest
Wermsdorf Forest is a forested area of 13,000 hectares, some of which is a natural park, in the state of Saxony, Germany. It is located near the towns Oschatz, Collm, Wermsdorf, Sachsendorf, Dornreichenbach and Luppa and bisected by Bundesstraße 6. There is a private fishery.
Victoria Tristán
Leandra Josefa Victoria Tristán y Flores del Campo (January 13, 1823 – May 31, 1864) was the First Lady of Peru from 1851 to 1855, during her marriage to the President of Peru, José Rufino Echenique. The district of La Victoria in Lima was named in her honor.

Flora Tristan
Flore Célestine Thérèse Henriette Tristán y Moscoso (7 April 1803 – 14 November 1844), better known as Flora Tristan, was a French-Peruvian writer and socialist activist. She made important contributions to early feminist theory. She argued that the progress of women's rights was directly related to the progress of the working class.  She wrote several works, the best known of which are Peregrinations of a Pariah (1838), Promenades in London (1840), and The Workers' Union (1843). Tristan was the grandmother of the painter Paul Gauguin.
Club Atlético Lugano
Club Atlético Lugano is an Argentine football club from Tapiales neighborhood in La Matanza Partido, Greater Buenos Aires. The team currently plays in Primera D, the regionalised 5th level of Argentine football league system.

The club was founded on 18 November 1915 by workers of French-owned railway company Compañía General de Ferrocarriles en la Provincia de Buenos Aires (then Ferrocarril General Manuel Belgrano). Its original name was "Club Compañía General Belgrano". The team earned its affiliation to Argentine Football Association in 1924 in order to compete in the intermediate category. in 1953 General Belgrano changed its name to "Club Atlético General Belgrano de Lugano".

In 1972, General Belgrano was affiliated to the Argentine Football Association and started playing in Primera D. In 1986, the name changed again to "Club Atlético Lugano", as a tribute to team's neighbourhood, Villa Lugano.

La Matanza Partido
La Matanza ('The Slaughter' in Spanish) is a partido (county or department) located in the urban agglomeration of Greater Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.

This provincial subdivision had 1,775,272 inhabitants (at the 2010 Census) in an area of 325.71 km2 (125.76 sq mi). Its capital city is San Justo, which is located around 16 km (10 mi) from the City of Buenos Aires.
Knockrome
Knockrome is a hamlet on the island of Jura, in the civil parish of Jura, in the council area of Argyll and Bute, Scotland. On the 1982 OS 1:10000 map, there were 20 buildings. Knockrome is located about 3.5 miles from Craighouse, on lower lying ground between Knockrome Hill and Cnocan Soilleir. Knockrome is located on the southeast coast of Jura. It is north of Jura Airfield and a prehistoric standing stone.

Craighouse
Craighouse (Scottish Gaelic: Taigh na Creige) is the main settlement and capital of the Scottish Inner Hebridean island of Jura, in Argyll and Bute. In 1971 it had a population of 113. The village is situated on the sheltered east coast of the island at the southern end of Small Isles Bay, on the Sound of Jura.

Since 2007, a passenger-only ferry service between Craighouse and Tayvallich on the Scottish mainland has operated during the summer months. This service was resurrected by the community after several decades without a direct mainland ferry.

Vehicular access to the island now via a small ferry between Feolin on Jura, 8 miles (13 kilometres) south of Craighouse via road) and Port Askaig on neighbouring Islay.
Military history of the Netherlands
The Netherlands, as a nation state, dates to 1568, when the Dutch Revolt created the Dutch Empire. Previously, the Germanic tribes had no written language during the ancient and early medieval periods, so what we know about their early military history comes from accounts written in Latin and from archaeology. This causes significant gaps in the historic timeline. Germanic wars against the Romans are fairly well documented from the Roman perspective; however, Germanic wars against the early Celts remain mysterious because neither side recorded the events. Wars between the Germanic tribes in Northern Belgium and the present day Netherlands, and various Celtic tribes that bordered their lands, are likely due to their geographical proximity.

Belgium, a country with a Dutch-speaking majority, became an independent state in 1830 when it seceded from the Netherlands. Despite the contemporary political boundaries, they share much of the same military history.

Twelve Years' Truce
The Twelve Years' Truce was a ceasefire during the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch Republic, agreed in Antwerp on 9 April 1609 and ended on 9 April 1621. While European powers like France began treating the Republic as a sovereign state, the Spanish viewed it as a temporary measure forced on them by financial exhaustion and domestic issues and did not formally recognise Dutch independence until the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. The Truce allowed Philip III of Spain to focus his resources elsewhere, while Archdukes Albert and Isabella used it to consolidate Habsburg rule and implement the Counter-Reformation in the Southern Netherlands.
FC Lokomotiv Gorna Oryahovitsa
Lokomotiv GO (Bulgarian: Локомотив) is a Bulgarian association football club based in Gorna Oryahovitsa, which currently competes in the Second League, the second level of Bulgarian football.

Established in 1932 as a sports association of the railway workers in the town, the football department of Lokomotiv have been playing at their current home ground, the Lokomotiv Stadium, since 1956. The club's main colours are black and white. Lokomotiv GO's longest spell in the top division was between 1987 and 1995. Lokomotiv's highest league finish in the top division is 8th, and was achieved three times during their 1989–90, 1990–91 and 1993–94 A Group campaigns.

Gorna Oryahovitsa
Gorna Oryahovitsa (Bulgarian: Горна Оряховица [ˈɡornɐ oˈrʲaxovit͡sɐ]) is a town in northern Bulgaria, situated in Veliko Tarnovo Province, 10 km (6 mi) from Veliko Tarnovo. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Gorna Oryahovitsa Municipality. According to the 2021 Census, the town has a population of 27,317 inhabitants.

The nearby village of Arbanasi is an architectural reserve with many historical monuments, such as medieval churches and examples of the Bulgarian National Revival architecture.
Magnetoelastic filament
Magnetoelastic filaments are one-dimensional composite structures that exhibit both magnetic and elastic properties. Interest in these materials tends to focus on the ability to precisely control mechanical events using an external magnetic field. Like piezoelectricity materials, they can be used as actuators, but do not need to be physically connected to a power source. The conformations adopted by magnetoelastic filaments are dictated by the competition between its elastic and magnetic properties.

Superparamagnetism
Superparamagnetism is a form of magnetism which appears in small ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic nanoparticles. In sufficiently small nanoparticles, magnetization can randomly flip direction under the influence of temperature. The typical time between two flips is called the Néel relaxation time. In the absence of an external magnetic field, when the time used to measure the magnetization of the nanoparticles is much longer than the Néel relaxation time, their magnetization appears to be on average zero; they are said to be in the superparamagnetic state. In this state, an external magnetic field is able to magnetize the nanoparticles, similarly to a paramagnet. However, their magnetic susceptibility is much larger than that of paramagnets.
Mark Sullivan (American football)
Mark J. Sullivan (born c. 1962 or 1963) is an American college football coach. He is the associate head football coach and defensive coordinator for Fitchburg State University, positions he has held since 2023.  Sullivan served as the head football coach at Framingham State University from 2002 to 2006 and as the interim head football coach for Fitchburg State University in 2022.

Scott Sperone
Scott Sperone (born c. 1979) is an American college football coach. He is the special teams coordinator and safeties coach for Kean University, positions he has held since 2023. He was the head football coach for Fitchburg State University from 2020 to 2022. He also coached for Springfield, King's, Stonehill, Williams, Brown, Merrimack, Fairleigh Dickinson–Florham, and WPI. He played college football for Springfield as a safety.

Sperone resigned from Fitchburg State following verbal abuse allegations.
Style (sociolinguistics)
In sociolinguistics, a style is a set of linguistic variants with specific social meanings. In this context, social meanings can include group membership, personal attributes, or beliefs. Linguistic variation is at the heart of the concept of linguistic style—without variation, there is no basis for distinguishing social meanings. Variation can occur syntactically, lexically, and phonologically.

Many approaches to interpreting and defining style incorporate the concepts of indexicality, indexical order, stance-taking, and linguistic ideology. A style is not a fixed attribute of a speaker. Rather, a speaker may use different styles depending on context. Additionally, speakers often incorporate elements of multiple styles into their speech, either consciously or subconsciously, thereby creating a new style.

Interlocutor (linguistics)
In linguistics, discourse analysis, and related fields, an interlocutor is a person involved in a conversation or dialogue. Two or more people speaking to one another are each other's interlocutors.  The terms conversation partner, hearer, or addressee are often used interchangeably with interlocutor.
Spencer Davis (racing driver)
Spencer Scott Davis (born November 29, 1998) is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner, who last competed part-time in the ARCA Menards Series West, driving the No. 42 Chevrolet SS for Cook Racing Technologies and part-time in the ARCA Menards Series East, driving the No. 63 Chevrolet SS for Spraker Racing Enterprises. He also competes part-time in the Whelen Modified Tour. He previously competed in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, last driving the No. 04 Ford F-150 for Roper Racing.

Chevrolet SS
The Chevrolet SS is a performance full-size sedan sold by Chevrolet from 2013 to 2017, as a rebadge of the Holden Commodore exclusive to the United States. It was sold in the 2014–2017 model years.

It was unveiled during Speedweeks in Daytona Beach, Florida, in February 2013. The SS started sale in the 2014 model year in late 2013. It was Chevrolet's first rear-wheel drive V8 sedan since 1996.
Margaret Davies
Margaret Sidney Davies (14 December 1884 – 13 March 1963), was a Welsh art collector and patron of the arts. With her sister Gwendoline, she bequeathed a total of 260 works, particularly strong in Impressionist and 20th-century art, which formed the basis of the present-day National Museum Wales' international collection. The sisters started the Gregynog Press in 1922 and the Gregynog Music Festival in 1933.

Newtown, Powys
Newtown (Welsh: Y Drenewydd) is a town in Powys, Wales. It lies on the River Severn in the community of Newtown and Llanllwchaiarn, within the historic boundaries of Montgomeryshire. It was designated a new town in 1967 and saw population growth as firms settled, changing its market town character. Its 2001 population of 10,780 rose to 11,357 in the 2011 census, and rose again to 11,362 in the 2021 census.

Newtown was the birthplace of Robert Owen in 1771, whose house stood on the present site of the HSBC Bank. The town has a theatre, Theatr Hafren, and a public gallery, Oriel Davies, displaying contemporary arts and crafts. It is the largest town in Powys and Mid Wales.
Eurydactylodes
Eurydactylodes is a small genus of geckos commonly referred to as chameleon geckos from the subfamily Diplodactylidae, endemic to New Caledonia and few adjacent islands. Within the Diplodactylidae, Eurydactylodes resides in the Carphodactylini tribe, and consists of four species. All species share similar morphology as well as lifestyle and habits. The first of the Eurydactylodes species to be classified, E. vieillardi, was discovered in 1869.

Maquis shrubland
Maquis (UK: /mæˈkiː/ ma-KEE, US: /mɑːˈkiː/ mah-KEE, French: [maki]) or macchia (/ˈmɑːkiə/ MAH-kee-ə, Italian: [ˈmakkja]; often macchia mediterranea in Italian; Corsican: machja, pronounced [ˈmaca]; Croatian: makija; Occitan: maquís; Catalan: màquia) is a savanna-like shrubland biome in the Mediterranean region, typically consisting of densely growing evergreen shrubs.

Maquis is characterized by plants of the family Lamiaceae, genera Laurus and Myrtus, and species Olea europaea, Ceratonia siliqua, and Ficus carica. It is similar to garrigue.
Whatcha Doin' (song)
"Whatcha Doin'" (Korean: 지금 어디야?; RR: Jigeum eodiya?; lit. '"Where are you now?"') is a song recorded by South Korean singer-songwriter Yesung featuring Chung Ha. It was released as a digital single on December 17, 2018, by SM Entertainment and Label SJ, and distributed by iRiver.

Kuuro
Luke Shipstad, better known by his stage name Kuuro (/ˈkjʊəroʊ/) (stylised in all caps), is an American DJ and electronic music producer. The Kuuro project was formerly a production duo that also included Dutch producer Jordin Post. They revealed themselves as the producers behind the name in May 2017 during an episode of Monstercat's Call of the Wild radio program.

In April 2020, Post announced his departure from Kuuro to focus on a solo endeavor.
Mārtiņš Bondars
Mārtiņš Bondars (born 31 December 1971) is a Latvian financier and politician. He has been a member of the Latvian parliament since 2014. Bondars previously served as chief of staff to then President of Latvia Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga and chairman of the Latvijas Krājbanka board (until 2009).

He was the leader of the Latvian Association of Regions and a member of its constituent party, the Regional Alliance. He participated in the Latvian presidential elections in 2015 as the nominee of his alliance. On July 28, 2017 he quit his post as the head of the Regional Alliance, protesting the party's decision to support Inguna Sudraba as head of the recently established parliamentary committee investigating the so-called "oligarch transcripts". On December 18 Bondars also left the alliance. In 2018, he joined their former allies during the 2017 Riga City Council elections, the party For Latvia's Development.

Inguna Sudraba
Inguna Sudraba (born 21 November 1964) is a Latvian politician.

Inguna Sudraba graduated from the University of Latvia in 1988 with a degree in economic planning. From July 1994 through June 2003 she was deputy finance minister for Latvia. From December 2004 through January 2013 Inguna Sudraba was auditor general in the State Auditing Office of Latvia. In May 2014 she became leader of the new political party For Latvia from the Heart.
Coimage
In algebra, the coimage of a homomorphism

is the quotient

of the domain by the kernel. 
The coimage is canonically isomorphic to the image by the first isomorphism theorem, when that theorem applies.

More generally, in category theory, the coimage of a morphism is the dual notion of the image of a morphism. If  , then a coimage of   (if it exists) is an epimorphism  such that

there is a map  with ,

for any epimorphism  for which there is a map  with , there is a unique map  such that both  and

Isomorphism theorems
In mathematics, specifically abstract algebra, the isomorphism theorems (also known as Noether's isomorphism theorems) are theorems that describe the relationship among quotients, homomorphisms, and subobjects.  Versions of the theorems exist for groups, rings, vector spaces, modules, Lie algebras, and other algebraic structures.  In universal algebra, the isomorphism theorems can be generalized to the context of algebras and congruences.
Fc receptor
In immunology, an Fc receptor is a protein found on the surface of certain cells – including, among others, B lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, human platelets, and mast cells – that contribute to the protective functions of the immune system.
Its name is derived from its binding specificity for a part of an antibody known as the Fc (fragment crystallizable) region. Fc receptors bind to antibodies that are attached to infected cells or invading pathogens.  Their activity stimulates phagocytic or cytotoxic cells to destroy microbes, or infected cells by antibody-mediated phagocytosis or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Some viruses such as flaviviruses use Fc receptors to help them infect cells, by a mechanism known as antibody-dependent enhancement of infection.

Glossary of biology
This glossary of biology terms is a list of definitions of fundamental terms and concepts used in biology, the study of life and of living organisms. It is intended as introductory material for novices; for more specific and technical definitions from sub-disciplines and related fields, see Glossary of cell biology, Glossary of genetics, Glossary of evolutionary biology, Glossary of ecology, Glossary of environmental science and Glossary of scientific naming, or any of the organism-specific glossaries in Category:Glossaries of biology.
Settlement hierarchy
A settlement hierarchy is a way of arranging settlements into a hierarchy based upon their size. The term is used by landscape historians and in the National Curriculum for England. The term is also used in the planning system for the UK and for some other countries such as Ireland, India, and Switzerland. The term was used without comment by the geographer Brian Roberts in 1972.

Town and country planning in the United Kingdom
Town and country planning in the United Kingdom is the part of UK land law which concerns land-use planning. Its goal is to ensure sustainable economic development and a better environment. Each country of the United Kingdom has its own planning system that is responsible for town and country planning, which outside of England is devolved to the Northern Ireland Assembly, the Scottish Parliament and the Senedd.

In England and Wales, the principal piece of legislation is the Town and Country Planning Act 1990; its counterparts in Northern Ireland and Scotland are the Planning Act (Northern Ireland) 2011 and the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997 respectively. The planning system in England is under the overall control of the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government.
Alfreð Finnbogason
Alfreð Finnbogason (born 1 February 1989) is an Icelandic former professional footballer who played as a striker and who is currently working as the Sports director of Eliteserien club Rosenborg.

With Heerenveen, Alfreð was the Dutch Eredivisie's top scorer in the 2013–14 season with 29 goals, a tally topped only by Luis Suárez, Cristiano Ronaldo and Jonathan Soriano in Europe's top leagues that season.

Alfreð made his debut for the Iceland national team against the Faroe Islands in 2010. He has earned 72 caps to date, scoring 18 goals. He was part of their squad at UEFA Euro 2016 and the 2018 FIFA World Cup, where he became the first Icelander to score a goal in the FIFA World Cup.

2009 Úrvalsdeild
The 2009 season of Úrvalsdeild karla was the 98th season of top-tier football in Iceland. It is also known as Pepsideild for sponsoring reasons. It began on 10 May 2009 and ended on 26 September 2009. Defending champions FH earned their second consecutive title. Stjarnan once again joined the elite division of Icelandic football after a 9-year absence, as well as ÍBV who return after a 2-year stint in the 1. deild karla.