hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Surgical site infection
A surgical site infection (SSI) develop when bacteria infiltrate the body through surgical incisions. These bacteria may come from the patient's own skin, the surgical instruments, or the environment in which the procedure is performed.

An infection is designated as an SSI if it develops at the site of a surgical wound, either because of contamination during surgery or as a result of postoperative complications. For the infection to be classified as an SSI, it should occur within 30 days after surgery or within 90 days if an implant is involved.

Surgical site infections that are limited to the skin and subcutaneous tissues are classified as superficial incisional SSIs. These infections are the most common type, accounting for more than 50% of all reported surgical site infections.

National Institute for Health and Care Research
The National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) is the British government's major funder of clinical, public health, social care and translational research. With a budget of over £1.2 billion in 2020–21, its mission is to "improve the health and wealth of the nation through research". The NIHR was established in 2006 under the government's Best Research for Best Health strategy, and is funded by the Department of Health and Social Care. As a research funder and research partner of the NHS, public health and social care, the NIHR complements the work of the Medical Research Council. NIHR focuses on translational research (translating discoveries from the laboratory to the clinic), clinical research and applied health and social care research.
Istiglal anti-materiel rifle
The İstiglal IST-14.5 anti-materiel rifle (also known as the Istiglal and means independence in Turkish and Azerbaijan Language) is a recoil-operated, semi-automatic anti-materiel sniper rifle produced by Telemexanika zavodu (Factory of Telemechanics), subsidiary of the Ministry of Defence Industry of Azerbaijan.

The Istiglal is chambered for the 14.5×114mm round.

Semi-automatic rifle
A semi-automatic rifle is a type of self-loading rifle that fires a single round each time the trigger is pulled while automatically loading the next cartridge. Such rifles were developed before World War II and were widely used throughout that war. Rifles are firearms designed to be fired while held with both hands and braced against the shooter's shoulder for stability. Externally similar shotguns can fire multiple pellets simultaneously through a smoothbore, while rifle barrels are rifled to spin-stabilize individual bullets. The actions of semi-automatic rifles use a portion of the fired cartridge's energy to eject the spent casing and load a new round into the chamber, readying the rifle to be fired again. This design differs from manually operated rifles such as bolt-action and lever-action rifles, which need to chamber a cartridge manually before firing again, and automatic rifles, which continue firing as long as the trigger remains depressed.
Ashes to Ashes (Kluger book)
Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, written by Richard Kluger and published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1996, won the 1997 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction. It is a detailed account of the American tobacco industry, focusing particularly on the Philip Morris tobacco company.

The book took Kluger seven years to research and write.

Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction
The Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are awarded annually for the "Letters, Drama, and Music" category. The award is given to a nonfiction book written by an American author and published during the preceding calendar year that is ineligible for any other Pulitzer Prize. The Prize has been awarded since 1962; beginning in 1980, one to three finalists have been announced alongside the winner.
International Eightball Pool Federation
The International Eightball Pool Federation (IEPF), formerly called the World Eightball Pool Federation (WEPF), is an international pool governing body overseeing international tournaments and rankings in the British-originating variant of eight-ball pool played with red and yellow unnumbered balls instead of the stripes and solids numbered balls. Since 2024, the IEPF has been an affiliate of the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA), which oversees its own tournaments and slightly different rules under the name blackball. IEPF events are held principally in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations.

World Pool Association
The World Pool Association (WPA) is the international governing body for pool (pocket billiards). It was formed in 1987, and was initially headed by a provisional board of directors consisting of representatives from Australia, the Americas, Africa, and Europe. As of 2023, the WPA president is Ishaun Singh of South Africa. It is an associate of the World Confederation of Billiards Sports (WCBS), the international umbrella organization that encompasses the major cue sports. WPA is headquartered in Gauteng, South Africa.
2017 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Boys' doubles
The boys' doubles tournament of the 2017 Asian Junior Badminton Championships was held from July 26 to 30. The defending champions of the last edition were Han Chengkai and Zhou Haodong from China. The Chinese pair Di Zijian and Wang Chang claim the title after defeat the No. 2 seed from South Korea Lee Sang-min and Na Sung-seung in straight games with the score 21–19, 21–11.

2017 Badminton Asia Junior Championships
The 2017 Badminton Asia Junior Championships is the 20th edition of the Asia continental junior championships to crown the best U-19 badminton players across Asia. This tournament was held in South Tangerang, Indonesia, between 22 and 30 July 2017. There were 23 countries across Asia competing in this tournament.
Orthogonal basis
In mathematics, particularly linear algebra, an orthogonal basis for an inner product space  is a basis for  whose vectors are mutually orthogonal.  If the vectors of an orthogonal basis are normalized, the resulting basis is an orthonormal basis.

Unit vector
In mathematics, a unit vector in a normed vector space is a vector (often a spatial vector) of length 1. A unit vector is often denoted by a lowercase letter with a circumflex, or "hat", as in  (pronounced "v-hat"). The term normalized vector is sometimes used as a synonym for unit vector.

The normalized vector û of a non-zero vector u is the unit vector in the direction of u, i.e.,

where ‖u‖ is the norm (or length) of u and .

The proof is the following:

A unit vector is often used to represent directions, such as normal directions.
Unit vectors are often chosen to form the basis of a vector space, and every vector in the space may be written as a linear combination form of unit vectors.
Willersley and Winforton
Willersley and Winforton is a civil parish in west Herefordshire, England, and is approximately 14 miles (20 km) west-northwest from the city and county town of Hereford. The parish contains the village of Winforton and the farming hamlet of Willersley. The nearest towns are the market towns of Hay-on-Wye 5 miles (8 km) to the south-west, and Kington 6 miles (10 km) to the north. The physicist Sir Thomas Ralph Merton KBE, DSc, FRS, lived at Winforton during the Second World War.

Common land
Common land  is collective land (sometimes only open to those whose nation governs the land) in which all persons have certain common rights, such as to allow their livestock to graze upon it, to collect wood, or to cut turf for fuel. A person who has a right in, or over, common land jointly with another or others is usually called a commoner.

In Great Britain, common land or former common land is usually referred to as a common; for instance, Clapham Common and Mungrisdale Common. Due to enclosure, the extent of common land is now much reduced from the hundreds of square kilometres that existed until the 17th century, but a considerable amount of common land still exists, particularly in upland areas. There are over 8,000 registered commons in England alone.
2021 Northern Ireland riots
A series of riots in loyalist areas of Northern Ireland began in Waterside, Derry, on 30 March 2021. After four nights of rioting in Derry, disturbances spread to south Belfast on 2 April, where a loyalist protest developed into a riot involving iron bars, bricks, masonry and petrol bombs. Following this, civil unrest spread to Newtownabbey on 3 April, where cars were hijacked and burnt, and petrol bombs were also used against police. Carrickfergus in southern County Antrim also saw serious civil unrest on the night of 4 April and morning of 5 April, where loyalists created roadblocks to keep police out of local estates and threw petrol bombs at police vehicles.

Carrickfergus
Carrickfergus (from Irish Carraig Fhearghais [ˌkaːɾˠəɟ ˈaɾˠɣəʃ]ⓘ, meaning "Fergus' rock") is a large town in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It sits on the north shore of Belfast Lough, 11 miles (18 km) from Belfast. The town had a population of 28,141 at the 2021 census. It is County Antrim's oldest town and one of the oldest towns in Ireland as a whole. Carrickfergus Castle, built in the late 12th century at the behest of Anglo-Norman knight John de Courcy, was the capital of the Earldom of Ulster. After the earldom's collapse, it remained the only English outpost in Ulster for the next four centuries. Carrickfergus was the administrative centre for Carrickfergus Borough Council, before this was amalgamated into the Mid and East Antrim District Council in 2015, and forms part of the Belfast Metropolitan Area. It is also a townland of 65 acres, a civil parish and a barony.
1978 Rio de la Plata Championships
The 1978 Rio de la Plata Championships, also known as the River Plate Championships, was a women's singles tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Buenos Aires in Argentina. The event was part of the A category of the 1978 Colgate Series. The tournament was held from 30 October through 5 November 1978. Third-seeded Caroline Stoll won the singles title and earned $6,000 first-prize money.

1978 WTA Tour
The 1978 WTA Tour consisted of a number of tennis tournaments for female tennis players. It was composed of two subsidiary circuits, the streamlined winter version of the Virginia Slims Circuit (which was now an 11-week tour of the United States) and the world wide Colgate International Series. The tour was administered by the Women's International Professional Tennis Council.
Limnophila limnophiloides
Limnophila limnophiloides is an aquatic plant belonging to the family Plantaginaceae which was endemic to the Bhushi lake in India. It was last recorded from a single specimen collected in 1918 and has been listed as extinct by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in June 2024.

Plantaginaceae
Plantaginaceae, the plantain family or veronica family, is a large, diverse family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales that includes common flowers such as snapdragon and foxglove. It is unrelated to the banana-like fruit also called "plantain". In older classifications, Plantaginaceae was the only family of the order Plantaginales, but numerous phylogenetic studies, summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, have demonstrated that this taxon should be included within Lamiales.
Bentley Park, Queensland
Bentley Park is a suburb of Cairns within the local government area of Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It is located approximately 9 km (6 mi) south of the Cairns City.  In the 2021 census, Bentley Park had a population of 8,360 people.

Cairns City
Cairns City is a coastal suburb at the centre of Cairns in the Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It is also known as the Cairns Central Business District (CBD). In the 2021 census, Cairns City had a population of 3,616 people.
1919 Leyton West by-election
The 1919 Leyton West by-election was a parliamentary by-election held on 1 March 1919 for the British House of Commons constituency of Leyton West, in the Urban District of Leyton, Essex. The constituency formed part of the Greater London conurbation.

Municipal Borough of Leyton
Leyton was a local government district in southwest Essex, England, from 1873 to 1965. It included the neighbourhoods of Leyton, Leytonstone and Cann Hall. It was suburban to London, forming part of the London postal district and Metropolitan Police District. It now forms the southernmost part of the London Borough of Waltham Forest in Greater London.
Mary Francis Shura
Mary Francis Shura Craig (née Young; 23 February 1923 – 12 January 1991) was an American writer of over 50 novels from 1960 to 1990. She wrote children's adventures and young adult romances as Mary Francis Shura, M. F. Craig, and Meredith Hill; gothic novels as Mary Craig; romance novels as Alexis Hill, Mary Shura Craig and Mary S. Craig; and suspense novels as M. S. Craig.

She was a recipient of the Carl Sandburg Literary Arts Award in 1985, and was elected president of the Mystery Writers of America in 1990.

Carl Sandburg
Carl August Sandburg (January 6, 1878 – July 22, 1967) was an American poet, biographer, journalist, and editor.  He won three Pulitzer Prizes: two for his poetry and one for his biography of Abraham Lincoln. During his lifetime, Sandburg was widely regarded as "a major figure in contemporary literature", especially for volumes of his collected verse, including Chicago Poems (1916), Cornhuskers (1918), and Smoke and Steel (1920). He enjoyed "unrivaled appeal as a poet in his day, perhaps because the breadth of his experiences connected him with so many strands of American life". When he died in 1967, President Lyndon B. Johnson observed that "Carl Sandburg was more than the voice of America, more than the poet of its strength and genius. He was America."
Pukeiti (gardens)
Pukeiti is a New Zealand Gardens Trust Five-Star Garden of National Significance in Taranaki, on the western North Island of New Zealand. It is in a gap between two sections of the Egmont National Park, to the northwest of the main cone of Mount Taranaki, on a saddle between it and the small Kaitake Range which stretches towards Ōakura. The garden named for the Pukeiti (literally 'little hill') lava dome which is nearby. It is listed as one of Taranaki's top 10 visitor attractions.

Founded in 1951 by William Douglas Cook (who also founded Eastwoodhill Arboretum, Ngatapa, Gisborne) and Russell Matthews, Pukeiti is now one of the country's top rhododendron gardens, run by the Taranaki Regional Council. Facilities include a visitor centre, cafe and covered walkways. The property covers 360 hectares (890 acres) and includes 26 hectares (64 acres) of garden set within original and regenerating rainforest, with a total of 21 km (13 mi) of walkways.

Egmont National Park
Egmont National Park, officially known as Te Papa-Kura-o-Taranaki, is a national park located south of New Plymouth, close to the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The park covers three volcanic cones: Mount Taranaki and its slopes, Pouākai and Kaitake. The park was first created in 1881 as a forest reserve and went on to become New Zealand’s second national park, preceded by Tongariro National Park, in 1900.

The forest reserve was created within a six-mile (9.7 km) radius around the cone of the dormant Taranaki Maunga volcano. Areas encompassing the older volcanic remnants of Pouākai and Kaitake were later added to the reserve at the northwest side. The forest is surrounded on all sides by pasture, giving it a distinctly circular shape.

The official name of the park was changed from Egmont National Park to Te Papa-Kura-o-Taranaki on 1 April 2025.
Neurenteric canal
The neurenteric canal is also known as the canal of Kovalevsky. In the development of vertebrate animals, during the 6th Carnegie stage, the proximal part of the notochordal canal persists temporarily as the neurenteric canal, which forms a transitory communication between the amniotic sac and the yolk sac cavities. The neurenteric canal is thought to play a role in the maintenance and adjustment of pressure between the amniotic sac and the yolk sac. When the development of the notochord is complete, the neurenteric canal normally closes.

A failure of neurenteric canal closure may result in spinal or cranial neurenteric cysts, a pathological finding which may cause symptoms if their location or size cause compression of brain or spine structures.

Carnegie stages
In embryology, Carnegie stages are a standardized system of 23 stages used to provide a unified developmental chronology of the vertebrate embryo.

The stages are delineated through the development of structures, not by size or the number of days of development, and so the chronology can vary between species, and to a certain extent between embryos.  In the human being, only the first 60 days of development are covered; at that point, the term embryo is usually replaced with the term fetus.

It was based on work by Streeter (1942) and O'Rahilly and Müller (1987). The name "Carnegie stages" comes from the Carnegie Institution of Washington.

While the Carnegie stages provide a universal system for staging and comparing the embryonic development of most vertebrates, other systems are occasionally used for the common model organisms in developmental biology, such as the Hamburger–Hamilton stages in the chick.
Geeta Dutt
Geeta Dutt (Bengali pronunciation: [ɡita dɔtːo]; born Geeta Ghosh Roy Chowdhuri; 23 November 1930 – 20 July 1972) was an Indian classical and playback singer. She found particular prominence as a playback singer in Hindi cinema and Bengali cinema and is considered as one of the best playback singers of all time in Hindi films. She also sang many modern Bengali songs in the non-film genre.

Playback singer
A playback singer, as they are usually known in South Asian cinema, or ghost singer in Western cinema, is a vocalist whose performance is pre-recorded for use in film. Playback singers record songs for soundtracks, and the actors lip-sync the songs for camera; the actual playback singer does not get filmed or appear on screen. Generally, to synchronise with the emotional situation of the song or complete film, the playback singer is given an idea or emotional context of that part of the film so that they can interpret by taking the right moves in their vocals.
2007 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women
The 2007 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women was the sixth edition of the Women's European basketball championship for national under-20 teams. It was held in Sofia, Bulgaria, from 13 to 22 July 2007. Spain women's national under-20 basketball team won the tournament and became the European champions for the first time.

FIBA U20 Women's EuroBasket
The FIBA U20 Women's EuroBasket is the new name for the FIBA U20 Women's European Championship, originally known as the FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women. It is a women's youth basketball competition that was inaugurated with the 2000 edition. Until 2004 it was held biannually, but from 2005 onwards it is held every year. The current champions are Spain.
Rauza Islanova
Rauza Mukhamedzhanovna Islanova (Russian: Рауза Мухамеджановна Исланова, IPA: [rɐˈuzə mʊxəmʲɪd͡ʐˈʐanəvnə ɪˈsɫanəvə]; born February 8, 1948, in Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union) is a prominent Russian tennis coach and former tennis player.

Spartak (sports society)
Spartak (Russian: Спартак) is an international fitness and sports society that unites some countries of the former Soviet Union. In the Soviet era, the Spartak sports society was supported by the Komsomol. Since 1991, Spartak has operated under the sponsorship of the food worker's union ("Pischevik").

It was founded in 1921 in Moscow as the "Moscow Sports Circle" (MSK) by footballer Nikolai Starostin and others. In 1926 it came under the sponsorship of the food worker's union ("Pischevik"). In 1934, it adopted the name of Spartak, after the ancient Thracian slave, rebel and athlete Spartacus and became the sports society for all unions. It was dissolved in 1987 and reformed in 1991 as an international society among six nations of the former Soviet Union.
1962 Akron Zips football team
The 1962 Akron Zips football team represented Akron University in the 1962 NCAA College Division football season as a member of the Ohio Athletic Conference. Led by second-year head coach Gordon K. Larson, the Zips played their home games at the Rubber Bowl in Akron, Ohio. They finished the season with a record of 7–2 overall and 7–1 in OAC play. They outscored their opponents 261–65.

Gordon K. Larson
Gordon K. Larson (June 15, 1924 – June 12, 2005) was an American football coach and college athletics administrator in Ohio. He served as the head coach at the University of Akron from 1961 to 1972, compiling a record of 74–33–5. Larson's 74 wins are second most in the history of the Akron Zips football program, trailing only the 80 tallied by his assistant and successor, Jim Dennison. Larson died at the age of 80 on June 12, 2005, at his home in The Villages, Florida.
St. Louis–San Francisco class 4500
The St. Louis–San Francisco class 4500 was a class of 25 4-8-4 "Northern" type steam locomotives built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works between 1942-1943 and operated by the St. Louis–San Francisco Railway.

The first three operated in passenger service, pulling trains such as the Meteor. The rest pulled freight throughout the system until retirement by the early 1950s. Four 4500s has been preserved and all are on display.

4-8-4
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-8-4 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles and four trailing wheels on two axles. The type was first used by the Northern Pacific Railway, and initially named the Northern Pacific, but railfans and railroad employees have shortened the name since its introduction. It is most commonly known as a Northern, among various names.
Man into Wolf
Man Into Wolf; An Anthropological Interpretation of Sadism, Masochism and Lycanthropy is a book by Robert Eisler, published in 1948. The text is based upon his readings in archeology and anthropology; anything not covered by these disciplines is then dealt with using Jungian methods of dream analysis and the theory of archetypes. For instance, his remarks concerning the nature of life in prehistory are largely derived from his interpretations of the dreams of psychotherapy patients.

Dream interpretation
Dream interpretation is the process of assigning meaning to dreams. In many ancient societies, such as those of Egypt and Greece, dreaming was considered a supernatural communication or a means of divine intervention, whose message could be interpreted by people with these associated spiritual powers. In the modern era, various schools of psychology and neurobiology have offered theories about the meaning and purpose of dreams.
Boranes
A borane is a compound with the formula BxHyRz although examples include multi-boron derivatives. Most of the known group 13 hydrides belong to this class. A large family of boron hydride clusters is also known. In addition to some applications in organic chemistry, the boranes have attracted much attention as they exhibit structures and bonding that differs strongly from the patterns seen in hydrocarbons. Hybrids of boranes and hydrocarbons, the carboranes, are also a well developed class of compounds.

9-Borabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane
9-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane or 9-BBN is an organoborane compound. This colourless solid is used in organic chemistry as a hydroboration reagent. The compound exists as a hydride-bridged dimer, which easily cleaves in the presence of reducible substrates. 9-BBN is also known by its nickname 'banana borane'. This is because rather than drawing out the full structure, chemists often simply draw a banana shape with the bridging boron.