hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
RAF Intelligence
Intelligence services in the Royal Air Force are delivered by officers of the Royal Air Force Intelligence Branch and airmen from the Intelligence Analyst Trade and Intelligence Analyst (Voice) Trade.  The specialisation has around 1,200 personnel of all ranks posted to operational air stations, HQs and other establishments of the British Armed Forces, both in the United Kingdom and overseas.

Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance
ISTAR stands for intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance. In its macroscopic sense, ISTAR is a practice that links several battlefield functions together to assist a combat force in employing its sensors and managing the information they gather.

Information is collected on the battlefield through systematic observation by deployed soldiers and a variety of electronic sensors. Surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance are methods of obtaining this information.  The information is then passed to intelligence personnel for analysis, and then to the commander and their staff for the formulation of battle plans. Intelligence is processed information that is relevant and contributes to an understanding of the ground, and of enemy dispositions and intents. Intelligence failures can happen.
Chuma and Susi
James Chuma and Abdullah Susi were men from central Africa who took part in the second Zambesi expedition led by the explorer David Livingstone, and were employed by him in his last expedition. They had significant roles in organisation, and were the first to greet Stanley when his search party made contact.

They supported Livingstone on his last travels, and after his death played a leading role in taking his body to the coast for return to Britain. In 1874 they went to Britain, visiting his family and friend and benefactor James Young, and helped Horace Waller with his task of transcribing and editing The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, contributing their own memories for notes of clarification and for the period after Livingstone's last journal entry.

Henry Bartle Frere
Sir Henry Bartle Edward Frere, 1st Baronet, GCB, GCSI, PC (/ˈbɑɹtəl frɛə/ BAR-təl FREHR; 29 March 1815 – 29 May 1884) was a British colonial administrator. He had a successful career in India, rising to become Governor of Bombay (1862–1867). However, as High Commissioner for Southern Africa (1877–1880), he implemented a set of policies which attempted to impose a British confederation on the region and which led to the overthrow of the Cape Colony's first elected government in 1878 and to a string of regional wars, culminating in the invasion of Zululand (1879) and the First Boer War (1880–1881). The British Prime Minister, Gladstone, recalled Frere to London to face charges of misconduct; Whitehall officially censured Frere for acting recklessly.
1st Louisiana Infantry Regiment (Confederate)
The 1st Louisiana Infantry Regiment was a unit of volunteers recruited in Louisiana that fought in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Formed in April 1861, the regiment was sent to fight in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. Joining a brigade of Louisiana regiments, it fought at Malvern Hill, Second Bull Run, Antietam, and Fredericksburg in 1862, at Chancellorsville, Second Winchester, Gettysburg, and Mine Run in 1863, and at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Monocacy, Third Winchester, Fisher's Hill, Cedar Creek, and Petersburg in 1864, and at Appomattox in 1865. At Appomattox, the regiment was only a shadow of its former self.

Gordon C. Rhea
Gordon C. Rhea is an American lawyer and historian who specializes in the American Civil War, especially the Overland Campaign. He has served as the attorney general of the United States Virgin Islands since 2024.
Cathedral of St. Mary Magdalene, Warsaw
The Metropolitan Cathedral of the Holy and Equal-to-the-Apostles Mary Magdalene (Polish: Sobór metropolitalny Świętej Równej Apostołom Marii Magdaleny w Warszawie; Russian: Собор Святой Равноапостольной Марии Магдалины) is a Polish Orthodox cathedral, located at al. Solidarności 52 in Warsaw.

It opened in 1869, serving the needs of a growing community of Russians settling in the area of present-day Praga Północ. During the Second Republic, the cathedral became one of two free-standing Orthodox churches in Warsaw, which were not destroyed or adapted for other purposes.

It is the main Polish Orthodox Church. The cathedral is also the cathedral for the Diocese of Warsaw-Bielsk.

It was entered into the register of monuments on July 1, 1965 with No. 741.

Piłsudski Square
Piłsudski Square (Polish: plac marsz. Józefa Piłsudskiego), is the largest city square of Poland's capital, located in the Warsaw city centre. The square is named after Marshal Józef Piłsudski who was instrumental in the restoration of Polish statehood after World War I.
Carl Posner
Carl Posner (16 December 1854 – 20 December 1928) was a German urologist.

Posner was born in Berlin. He studied natural sciences and medicine at several German universities, receiving his PhD at Leipzig in 1875 and his medical doctorate at Giessen in 1880. Afterwards, he settled into a medical practice in Berlin, and in the meantime, received training in urology as a private assistant to Ernst Fürstenheim (1836–1904). In 1889 he obtained his habilitation, and shortly afterwards worked as a lecturer at Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin, where in 1903 he became an associate professor of internal medicine. He died in Berlin, aged 74.

He is remembered for his pioneer work involving testicular puncture biopsy in the investigation of infertility in humans, as well as for the eponymous "Posner test", a means used for determining the presence of albumin in urine.

Ernst Fürstenheim
Ernst Fürstenheim (18 August 1836, in Köthen – 2 July 1904, in Berlin) was a German urologist.

He studied medicine in Berlin, Würzburg, Paris and London, obtaining his doctorate in 1861 with a thesis titled "De ratione, quae inter hypochondriam et hysteriam". As a student, his instructors included surgeon Bernhard von Langenbeck and Jean Civiale, a pioneer of lithotrity. In 1863 he established a medical practice in Berlin, of which he specialized in diseases of the urinary tract.

He was the author of several works on diseases of the male reproductive organs and of the urinary system, especially involving endoscopy of the urinary tract. He is remembered for his efforts in regards to the popularization of urological endoscopy in Germany. He is also credited with making improvements to the endoscope developed by Antonin Jean Desormeaux.
Aquilonites
Aquilonites is a pericyclacean goniatitid belonging to the family Intoceratidae, suborder Goniatitina, that lived during the very early Carboniferous of what is now Russia. [1]

Aquilonites has a subdiscoidal, involute shell with a small to very narrow umbilicus, covered by biconvex growth lines and sometimes weak lirae. The ventral lobe of the suture is very narrow, with straight, almost parallel or slightly sigmoidal sides. The first outer saddle is rounded and somewhat wider than ventral lobe, 
the lateral lobe short and bowl shaped.[2]

Aquilonites is found in the Tournaisian age Kugutyk Formation in Orenburg, Russian Federation [3], in what can be called the Dombarovskii ammonites, associated with species of Gattendoria, Goniocyclus, Muensteroceras, and Eocantites.

Pericycloidea
Pericycloidea is one of seventeen superfamilies of the Goniatitina suborder. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopodes, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
Sling cart
A sling cart is used to transport very heavy objects over land. The cart has a skeletal frame with large-diameter wheels so the object being transported can be suspended above the ground by ropes or chains below the level of the axle. Typical sling carts have two wheels on a single axle with a long pole or tongue perpendicular to the axle for use as a lever. In the days of muzzle-loading cannon, sling carts were used to move heavy artillery from the place of manufacture or storage to a ship or fortification where the gun would be placed on a gun carriage. Specialized sling carts with two axles and four wheels were used to carry the heaviest guns. Smaller field guns were often transported on their gun carriage, but portable gun carriages were unable to withstand the recoil energy of very large guns.

Gun carriage
A gun carriage is a frame or a mount that supports the gun barrel of an artillery piece, allowing it to be maneuvered and fired. These platforms often had wheels so that the artillery pieces could be moved more easily. Gun carriages are also used on ships to facilitate the movement and aiming of large cannons and guns. These are also used in the funeral procession of any higher authority of any state and country.
Agustín Rossi
Agustín Oscar Rossi (born 18 October 1959) is an Argentine Justicialist Party politician. Rossi has held a number of important political posts throughout his career, most notably as Minister of Defense during the presidencies of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2013–2015) and Alberto Fernández (2019–2021).

Rossi was a National Deputy for his native Santa Fe, and served as leader of the Front for Victory parliamentary bloc in the lower house. Since 15 February 2023, Rossi has been Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers to the incumbent president Alberto Fernandez. He was the running mate of Sergio Massa in the 2023 Argentine general election, seeking the vice presidency as part of the Union for the Homeland coalition until Massa lost to Javier Milei in runoff.

Socialist Party (Argentina)
The Socialist Party (Spanish: Partido Socialista, PS) is a  centre-left political party in Argentina. Founded in 1896, it is one of the oldest still-active parties in Argentina, alongside the Radical Civic Union.

The party has been an opponent of Kirchnerism and Mauricio Macri.
Menenia gens
The gens Menenia was an ancient and very illustrious patrician house at ancient Rome from the earliest days of the Roman Republic to the first half of the fourth century BC. The first of the family to obtain the consulship was Agrippa Menenius Lanatus in 503 BC.  The gens eventually drifted into obscurity, although a few Menenii are still attested in the epigraphy of the late Republic and imperial times.

Gens
In ancient Rome, a gens (/ɡɛns/ or /dʒɛnz/, Latin: [gẽːs]; pl.: gentes [ˈgɛnteːs]) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same nomen gentilicium and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens, sometimes identified by a distinct cognomen, was called a stirps (pl.: stirpes). The gens was an important social structure at Rome and throughout Italia during the period of the Roman Republic. Much of individuals' social standing depended on the gens to which they belonged. Certain gentes were classified as patrician, others as plebeian; some had both patrician and plebeian branches. The importance of the gens as a social structure declined considerably in imperial times, although the gentilicium continued to define the origins and dynasties of the ancient Romans, including the emperors.
Dominickers
The Dominickers are a small biracial or triracial ethnic group that was once centered in the Florida Panhandle county of Holmes, in a corner of the southern part of the county west of the Choctawhatchee River, near the town of Ponce de Leon. The group was classified in 1950 as one of the "reputed Indian-White-Negro racial isolates of the Eastern United States" by the United States Census Bureau, under the classification of white.

Few facts are known about their origins, and little has been published about this group.

Yuchi
The Yuchi people are a Native American tribe based in Oklahoma, though their original homeland was in the southeastern United States.

In the 16th century, the Yuchi lived in the eastern Tennessee River valley. By the late 17th century, they had migrated south to Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina, settling near the Muscogee Creek people. Some also migrated to the Florida panhandle. After suffering heavy losses from epidemic diseases and warfare in the 18th century, the remaining Yuchi bands were forcibly relocated to Indian Territory in the 1830s, alongside their allies, the Muscogee Creek.

Today, the Yuchi primarily reside in northeastern Oklahoma, where many are enrolled citizens of the federally recognized Muscogee (Creek) Nation. They continue to maintain a distinct cultural identity, with some members still speaking the Yuchi language, a linguistic isolate.
2025–26 Ferris State Bulldogs men's ice hockey season
The 2025–26 Ferris State Bulldogs men's ice hockey season will be the 51st season of play for the program and the 40th in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA). The Bulldogs will represent Ferris State University in the 2025–26 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season, play their home games at Ewigleben Arena and be coached by Brett Riley in his 1st season.

Brett Riley (ice hockey)
Brett Riley (born January 25, 1991) is an American ice hockey coach and former player. He is currently the head coach at Ferris State and was previously head coach at Long Island and an assistant at Colgate.
2nd Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 2nd Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment in the United States Army that has served for more than two hundred years. It was constituted on 12 April 1808 as the 6th Infantry and consolidated with 4 other regiments in 1815 to form the present unit.

Siege of Veracruz
On 9 March 1847, during the Mexican–American War, the United States military made an amphibious landing and besieged the key Mexican seaport of Veracruz. The port surrendered twenty days later. The U.S. forces then marched inland to Mexico City.
Hizbul Muslimin
Muslim People's Party of Malaya (Malay: Parti Orang Muslimin Malaya, abbreviated HAMIM or Hizbul Muslimin) is a defunct political party formed in British Malaya on 17 March 1948. Hizbul Muslimin was the first Islamist political party in Malaya, established with the aim of achieving Federation of Malaya independence from British colonial rule.

Federation of Malaya
Malaya, officially the Federation of Malaya, was a country in Southeast Asia from 1948 to 1963. It succeeded the Malayan Union and, before that, British Malaya. It comprised eleven states – nine Malay states and two of the Straits Settlements, Penang and Malacca. It was established on 1 February 1948.

Initially a self-governing colony of the United Kingdom, Malaya became fully sovereign on 31 August 1957, and on 16 September 1963, Malaya was superseded by Malaysia when it united with Singapore, North Borneo (Sabah) and Sarawak. Singapore was expelled on 9 August 1965, leaving the original states of Malaya along with Sarawak and Sabah – now collectively known as East Malaysia – to form modern-day Malaysia, while the former Federation of Malaya is now referred to as Peninsular Malaysia or West Malaysia.
Lathyrus grandiflorus
Lathyrus grandiflorus, two-flowered everlasting pea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to southern Europe. Growing to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall, it is a twining herbaceous perennial with grey-green leaves and, in late summer, bright magenta-pink flowers, the central keel a darker red. Unlike its cousin, the annual sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus), it is unscented. Once established it is a robust plant with the ability to scramble into other shrubs and trees. It is very hardy, down to −20 °C (−4 °F), so is capable of surviving conditions in most temperate regions of the world.

In the UK it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Sweet pea
The sweet pea, Lathyrus odoratus, is a flowering plant in the genus Lathyrus in the family Fabaceae (legumes), native to Sicily, southern Italy and the Aegean Islands.

It is an annual climbing plant, growing to a height of 1–2 metres (3 ft 3 in – 6 ft 7 in) when suitable support is available. The leaves are pinnate with two leaflets and a terminal tendril, which twines around supporting structures and helps the sweet pea to climb. In the wild plant the flowers are purple, 2–3.5 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) broad; they are larger and highly variable in color in  cultivars. The blooms are usually strongly scented.

The annual species, L. odoratus, may be confused with the everlasting pea, L. latifolius, a perennial.
Antimonial cup
An  antimonial cup  was a small half-pint mug or cup cast in antimony popular in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. They were also known under the names "pocula emetica," "calices vomitorii," or "emetic cups", as wine that was kept in one for a 24‑hour period gained an emetic or laxative quality. The tartaric acid in the wine acted upon the metal cup and formed tartarised antimony.

Laxative
Laxatives, purgatives, or aperients are substances that loosen stools and increase bowel movements. They are used to treat and prevent constipation.

Laxatives vary as to how they work and the side effects they may have. Certain stimulant, lubricant, and saline laxatives are used to evacuate the colon for rectal and bowel examinations, and may be supplemented by enemas under certain circumstances. Sufficiently high doses of laxatives may cause diarrhea. Some laxatives combine more than one active ingredient, and may be administered orally or rectally.
Digital rupee
The digital rupee (e₹), eINR, or e-rupee is a tokenised digital version of the Indian rupee, issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as a central bank digital currency (CBDC). The digital rupee was proposed in January 2017 and launched on 1 December 2022.

Like banknotes it will be uniquely identifiable and regulated by the central bank. Liability lies with RBI. Plans include online and offline accessibility. RBI launched the Digital Rupee for Wholesale (e₹-W) catering to financial institutions for interbank settlements and the Digital Rupee for Retail (e₹-R) for consumer and business transactions. The implementation of the digital rupee aims to remove the security printing cost borne by the general public, businesses, banks, and RBI on physical currency which amounted to ₹49,848,000,000. By 2026, the RBI's focus had shifted from transaction volumes to testing specific functionalities such as Offline digital currency via NFC and user-level programmability for government transfers.

Indian rupee sign
The Indian rupee sign ⟨₹⟩ is the currency symbol for the Indian rupee (ISO 4217: INR), the official currency of India. Designed by D. Udaya Kumar, it was presented to the public by the Government of India on 15 July 2010, following its selection through an open competition among Indian residents. Before its adoption, the rupee was signified by  Rs (a sign shared with several other countries), by ⟨Re⟩ or, in texts in Indian languages, an appropriate abbreviation in the language used.

The design is based on the Devanagari letter ⟨र⟩ (ra) with a double horizontal line at the top and the Latin capital letter ⟨R⟩ without its vertical bar.
Comparison of Unicode encodings
This article compares Unicode encodings in two types of environments: 8-bit clean environments, and environments that forbid the use of byte values with the high bit set. Originally, such prohibitions allowed for links that used only seven data bits, but they remain in some standards, so some standard-conforming software must generate messages that comply with the restrictions. The Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode and the Binary Ordered Compression for Unicode are excluded from the comparison tables because it is difficult to simply quantify their size!

Binary Ordered Compression for Unicode
Binary Ordered Compression for Unicode (BOCU) is a MIME compatible Unicode compression scheme. BOCU-1 combines the wide applicability of UTF-8 with the compactness of Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode (SCSU). This Unicode encoding is designed to be useful for compressing short strings, and maintains code point order. BOCU-1 is specified in a Unicode Technical Note.

For comparison SCSU was adopted as standard Unicode compression scheme with a byte/code point ratio similar to language-specific code pages. SCSU has not been widely adopted, as it is not suitable for MIME "text" media types. For example, SCSU cannot be used directly in emails and similar protocols. SCSU requires a complicated encoder design for good performance. Usually, the zip, bzip2, and other industry standard algorithms compact larger amounts of Unicode text more efficiently.

Both SCSU and BOCU-1 are IANA registered charsets.
Kent Stakes
The Kent Stakes is a Listed American race for Thoroughbred race horses, age three, run on the turf at Delaware Park Racetrack located in Stanton, Delaware.  Set at a distance of one and three eighth mile (11 furlongs), the race currently offers a purse of $250,000.

In 2011, due to heavy rain, this turf race was held on the main track.  Because of this, the number of horses contesting was reduced by scratches from 13 to 6.

First run in 1937 when Delaware Park opened, there was no Kent Stakes run in 1943, 1977–1978, 1980–1981, and 1983–1995.

In 2023 the American Graded Stakes Committee downgraded the event to a Listed race.

Delaware Park Racetrack
Delaware Park (also known as DelPark) is an American Thoroughbred horse racing track, casino, and golf course in Stanton, Delaware.  It is located just outside the city of Wilmington, and about 30 miles from Philadelphia.
Jolanda Insana
Jolanda Insana (18 May 1937 – 27 October 2016) was an Italian poet and translator.

Born in Messina, in 1968 Insana moved to Rome where she graduated in  Ancient Literature with a thesis on Erinna's The Distaff. Active as a translator of classical and contemporary authors, she debuted as a poet in 1977, with the collection Sciarra amara ("Bitter Harvest"). In 2002 she won the Viareggio Prize for poetry for La stortura.

Giovanni Raboni described Insana's poetic style as "visionary concreteness".

The first full-length collection of Insana’s poetry in English was translated by Catherine Theis and published by the University of Chicago Press in October 2024 as Slashing Sounds (Fendenti fonici; Società di poesia, Milan, 1982).

Viareggio Prize
The Viareggio Prize (Italian: Premio Viareggio or Premio Letterario Viareggio-Rèpaci) is an Italian literary prize, first awarded in 1930. Named after the Tuscan city of Viareggio, it was conceived by three friends, Alberto Colantuoni, Carlo Salsa and Leonida Repaci, to rival the Milanese Bagutta Prize.

The Viareggio-Versilia International Prize is also awarded by the jury each year to a prominent figure whose work fosters dialogue among peoples, advances social progress, and promotes peace.
Bahun
Bahun (Nepali: बाहुन), also known as Hill Brahmins, are a Brahmin varna among the Khas of Nepal. They are a sub-caste of the Kanyakubja Brahmin while their origins are from Kannauj and the Himalayan belt of South Asia. According to the 2011 Nepal census, Bahun is the second most populous group after Chhetri.

According to 1854 Muluki Ain, the first Nepalese civil code, Bahuns were regarded as caste among sacred thread bearers (Tagadhari) and twice-born Hindus.

Rabi Lamichhane
Rabi Lamichhane (born 13 September 1975) is a Nepali politician who has served as president of the Rastriya Swatantra Party (RSP) since 2022. He also served as the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Home Affairs of Nepal from December 2022 to January 2023.

Lamichhane was a member of the House of Representatives from Chitwan 2 from 28 April 2023 until the dissolution of the Lower House in 12 September 2025. He represented the constituency before being temporarily stripped of his position by the Supreme Court.

Before entering politics, Lamichhane was a television presenter and journalist, where he gained widespread popularity.