hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Axiomatic product development lifecycle
Axiomatic product sevelopment lifecycle (APDL), also known as transdisciplinary system development lifecycle (TSDL) and transdisciplinary product development lifecycle (TPDL), is a systems engineering product development model 
proposed by Bulent Gumus that extends the Axiomatic design (AD) method. APDL covers the whole product lifecycle including early factors that affect the entire cycle such as development testing, input constraints and system components.

APDL provides an iterative and incremental way for a team of transdisciplinary members to approach holistic product development. A practical outcome includes capturing and managing product design knowledge. The APDL model addresses some weak patterns experienced in previous development models regarding quality of the design, requirements management, change management, project management, and communication between stakeholders. Practicing APDL may reduce development time and project cost.

Requirements management
Requirements management is the process of documenting, analyzing, tracing, prioritizing and agreeing on requirements and then controlling change and communicating to relevant stakeholders. It is a continuous process throughout a project. A requirement is a capability to which a project outcome (product or service) should conform.
Lieber Code
The Lieber Code (General Orders No. 100, April 24, 1863) was the military law that governed the wartime conduct of the Union army by defining and describing command responsibility for war crimes and crimes against humanity; and the military responsibilities of the Union soldier fighting in the American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865) against the Confederate States of America (February 8, 1861 – May 9, 1865). The General Orders No. 100: Instructions for the Government of the Armies of the United States in the Field (Lieber Code) were written by Franz Lieber, a German lawyer, political philosopher, and combat veteran of the Napoleonic Wars.

Summary execution
In civil and military jurisprudence, summary execution is the putting to death of a person accused of a crime without the benefit of a free and fair trial. The term results from the legal concept of summary justice to punish a summary offense, as in the case of a drumhead court-martial, but the term usually denotes the summary execution of a sentence of death. Under international law, it is defined as a combatant's refusal to accept an opponent's lawful surrender and the combatant's provision of no quarter, by killing the surrendering opponents.

Summary executions have been practiced by governments and paramilitary organizations during both peacetime and war, and are usually associated with war crimes and political persecution.
Mater Academy
Mater Academy is a non-profit charter management organization based in Florida. They have a network of 49 schools in Florida and Nevada. Mater partners with Academica, a for-profit education management organization. In 2025 the company filed paperwork to establish schools in Sarasota, Florida.

Charter management organization
A charter management organization (CMO) is an educational organization that operates charter schools in the United States.  Charter schools are public schools that operate independently of the local government school district.

A CMO contracts with a charter school to provide a specific service or set of services. They may not hold the charter except for in AZ.  By convention, a CMO manages at least three schools and serves at least 300 students. Additionally, they must be a separate business entity from the school.
Galindo, Austin, Texas
Galindo is a neighborhood in Austin, Texas. The area covers part of ZIP code 78704 in south Austin.

Galindo is bounded to the south by Ben White Boulevard and the South Manchaca neighborhood, to the east by Dawson and South First Street, to the north by Oltorf Road and Bouldin Creek and to the west by the South Lamar neighborhood.

Galindo maintains a primarily residential character, with most homes built in the 1950s and 1960s in either the ranch or bungalow style, though there is some new construction. The neighborhood anchor is the 11-acre South Austin Park and Recreation Center, located in the neighborhood's northwest section. Constructed in 1974, the park includes the South Austin Tennis Center, the only city-owned tennis center south of Colorado River.

Austin Independent School District
Austin Independent School District is a school district based in the city of Austin, Texas, United States. Established in 1881, the district serves most of the City of Austin, the neighboring municipalities of Sunset Valley and San Leanna, and unincorporated areas in Travis County (including Manchaca). The district operates 116 schools including 78 elementary schools, 19 middle schools, and 17 high schools. As of 2013, AISD covers 54.1% of the City of Austin by area and serves 73.5% of its residents.
Emirate of Bari
The Emirate of Bari (Arabic: إمارة باري, romanized: Imārat Bārī) was a short-lived Islamic state in Apulia (in present-day Italy), ruled by Berbers. Controlled from the Southern Italian city of Bari, it was established in about 847 CE when the region was taken from the Byzantine Empire, but fell 24 years later, in 871, to the army of the Carolingian emperor Louis II. The emirate is notable for being the only Muslim state ever established on the Italian mainland.: 208

Principality of Benevento
The Principality of Benevento was the sole Lombard territory (former Duchy of Benevento) which continued to exist as a rump state, maintaining its de facto independence after the fall of the Kingdom of the Lombards at the hands of the Franks. Benevento dwindled in size in the early 11th century, and was completely captured by the Norman Robert Guiscard in 1053.
Gmina Piecki
Gmina Piecki is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Mrągowo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the village of Piecki, which lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) south of Mrągowo and 56 km (35 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

The gmina covers an area of 314.59 square kilometres (121.5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 7,769.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Masurian Landscape Park.

Mrągowo
Mrągowo [mrɔŋˈɡɔvɔ] (until 1947 Polish: Ządźbork [ˈʐɔɲd͡ʑbɔrk]; German: Sensburg [ˈzɛnsbʊʁk] ⓘ) is a resort town in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship of northeastern Poland, with 20,399 inhabitants (2025). It is the capital of Mrągowo County and the seat (though not part of) the Gmina Mrągowo. The town is located in the ethnographic region of Masuria, within the Masurian Lake District, about 60 km (37 mi) east of Olsztyn.

It is situated on the shores of lakes Czos, Sutapie Małe, Sołtysko, Czarne, Juno and Piecuch.
Christian Whitehead
Christian Whitehead, also known as The Taxman, is an Australian video game programmer and designer. He is most recognized for his work creating updated ports of early games in Sega's Sonic the Hedgehog series, as well as being a lead developer of an original game in the series, Sonic Mania. In late 2018, Whitehead co-founded indie development studio Evening Star, which launched its first game, Penny's Big Breakaway, in early 2024.

Video game programmer
A game programmer is a software engineer, programmer, or computer scientist who primarily develops codebases for video games or related software, such as game development tools. Game programming has many specialized disciplines, all of which fall under the umbrella term of "game programmer". A game programmer should not be confused with a game designer, who works on game design.
Miss Brazil World 2010
Miss Brazil World 2010 was the 21st edition of the Miss Brazil World pageant and 5th under MMB Productions & Events. The contest took place on August 7, 2010. Each state, the Federal District and representatives from various Insular Regions & the Brazilian diaspora competed for the title. Luciana Reis of Roraima crowned Kamilla Salgado of Pará at the end of the contest. Salgado represented Brazil at Miss World 2010. The contest was held at the Hotel do Frade in Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Sergipe
Sergipe (English: /ˌsɛərˈʒiːpi/, sair-ZHEE-pee ⓘ; Brazilian Portuguese: [sɛʁˈʒipi] ⓘ), officially the State of Sergipe, is a state of Brazil. Located in the Northeast Region along the Atlantic coast of the country, Sergipe is the smallest state in Brazil by geographical area at 21,910 square kilometres (8,460 mi2), larger only than the Federal District. Sergipe borders Bahia to the south and west and Alagoas to the north. Aracaju is the capital and the largest city in the state; the state is divided into 75 municipalities. The state has 1.1% of the Brazilian population and produces 0.6% of the Brazilian GDP.
Yaakov Ben Zion Mendelson
Yaakov Ben Zion Mendelsohn (Hebrew: יעקב בן ציון הכהן מענדעלסאן) (October 12–14, 1875 – August 5, 1941) was a renowned Russian-born Orthodox Jewish scholar, communal rabbi, Talmudist, Halachist, and rabbinical author (mechaber seforim).

Shechita
In Judaism, shechita (anglicized: /ʃəxiːˈtɑː/; Hebrew: שחיטה; [ʃχiˈta]; also transliterated shehitah, shechitah, shehita) is ritual slaughtering of certain mammals and birds for food according to kashrut. One who practices this, a kosher butcher, is called a shochet.
Bean bag chair
The Sacco chair (also known as a beanbag chair, or simply a beanbag), is a large pear-shaped bag or sack (Italian: sacco) made of leather or fabric and filled with expanded polystyrene foam pellets ('beans') or a similar material. It is an example of anatomic design, as the user's body determines its form. The Sacco chair was designed by Piero Gatti, Cesare Paolini, and Franco Teodoro in 1968, and became "one of the icons of the Italian anti-design movement. Its complete flexibility and formlessness made it the perfect antidote to the static formalism of mainstream Italian furniture of the period," according to design historian Penny Spark.

The Sacco chair was awarded the Compasso d'Oro and is in the collections of many museums, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Musée National d'Art Moderne in Paris, the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and the ADI Design Museum in Milan.

Musée d'art moderne (Saint-Étienne)
The Musée d'art moderne et contemporain (Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art), or MAMC, is an art museum in Saint-Étienne, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France.
It was inaugurated as a separate museum in 1987. It has one of the largest collections of its type in France.
Jeff Wrana
Jeffrey L. Wrana is a Canadian cancer researcher. He is the CIBC Breast Cancer Research Scientist and Mary Janigan Research Chair in Molecular Cancer Therapeutic at Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto (U of T). As a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Medical Genetics and Microbiology at U of T, Wrana was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellowship of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC) is an award granted to individuals that the Royal Society of Canada judges to have "made remarkable contributions in the arts, the humanities and the sciences, as well as in Canadian public life". As of 2020, there are more than 2,000 living Canadian fellows, including scholars, artists, and scientists such as Margaret Atwood, Philip J. Currie, David Suzuki, Brenda Milner, and Demetri Terzopoulos. There are four types of fellowship:

Honorary fellows (a title of honour)

Regularly elected fellows

Specially elected fellows

Foreign fellows (neither residents nor citizens of Canada)
Devils' Line
Devils' Line (Japanese: デビルズライン, Hepburn: Debiruzu Rain) is a Japanese dark fantasy manga series written and illustrated by Ryo Hanada. It was serialized in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Monthly Morning Two from March 2013 to December 2018. The manga is licensed for English release in North America by Vertical. An anime television series adaptation by Platinum Vision aired from April to June 2018.

Dhampir
In Balkan folklore, a dhampir (Albanian pronunciation: [ðamˈpir]) is a mythical creature that is the result of a union between a vampire and a human. This union was usually between male vampires and female humans, with stories of female vampires mating with male humans being rare.
Indo-Portuguese Creole of Bombay
The  Indo-Portuguese Creole of Bombay was a creole language based on Portuguese, which grew out of the long contact between the Portuguese and local languages such as Konkani, Marathi & Gujarati. Currently this language is extinct. It was spoken in Bombay (Mumbai), India: Which broadly includes Bassein (Vasai), Salsette, Taana (Trombay), Chevai, Mahim, Tecelaria, Dadar, Parel, Cavel, Bandora-Badra, Govai, Marol, Andheri, Versova, Malvan, Manori, Mazagaon. This language was, after the Ceylon creole dialect of Indo-Portuguese, the most important. In 1906 there were still close to 5,000 people who spoke Portuguese creole as their mother tongue, 2,000 in Mumbai and Mahim, 1000 in Bandora, 500 in Thana, 100 in Curla (Kurla), 50 in Bassein (Vasai) and 1,000 in other towns. There were, at that time, schools that taught the creole and the rich classes, which were replaced by the English language.

Mahim
Mahim, pronounced [maːˈɦiːm]) is a neighborhood in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The Mahim Junction railway station on the Western Railway and Harbour Railway of the Mumbai Suburban Railway network is the last station of the city, as neighboring Bandra is part of the Mumbai Suburb. Mahim is an ethnically and religiously diverse town and has a Hindu temple, church, mosque, and Parsi fire-temple, existing within a few meters of each other.
Franjo Malgaj
Franjo Malgaj (November 10, 1894 – May 6, 1919) was a Slovenian soldier, military leader and poet. He was an officer of the Austro-Hungarian Army. After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I, he became one of the commanding officers in the Slovene volunteer army under Rudolf Maister's command that fought against German Austrian units during the struggle for the northern Slovenian borderlands. He later became an officer in the Army of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. He died during the Austrian-Yugoslav struggles in 1919. He is considered a Slovenian national hero.

Duchy of Styria
The Duchy of Styria (German: Herzogtum Steiermark; Slovene: Vojvodina Štajerska; Latin: Ducatus Styriae) was a duchy located in modern-day southern Austria and northern Slovenia. It was a part of the Holy Roman Empire until its dissolution in 1806 and a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary until its dissolution in 1918.
Rdeči Kal, Trebnje
Rdeči Kal (pronounced [əɾˈdeːtʃi ˈkaːu̯]) is a settlement in the hills to the southeast of Dobrnič in the Municipality of Trebnje in eastern Slovenia. It lies below the northern slope of Sharp Peak (Slovene: Ostri vrh, 523 m). The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

Dobrnič
Dobrnič (pronounced [ˈdoːbəɾnitʃ]) is a village in the Municipality of Trebnje in eastern Slovenia. It lies on the regional road from Trebnje to Žužemberk and is the largest settlement in the Dobrnič Basin. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
Alamo Placita, Denver
Alamo Placita is a historic district and unofficial neighborhood of Denver, Colorado, United States. It is named after Alamo Placita Park which is located on the north side of Speer Boulevard between Ogden and Emerson Streets.

The district is bounded by Downing Street (east), Speer Boulevard (south), Pennsylvania Street (west), 6th Avenue (north) west of Clarkson Street and 7th Avenue (north) east of Clarkson Street. Alamo Placita is part of a larger official neighborhood called Speer.

Speer, Denver
Speer is the official name for the Denver neighborhood bounded by 7th Avenue (north), Broadway (West), Alameda Avenue (South) and Downing Street (East). The northeast portion northeast of Speer Boulevard is generally referred to as Alamo Placita due to a local park and historic district of this name.
Mawwal
In Arabic Music, the mawwāl (Arabic: موال; plural: mawāwīl, مواويـل) is a traditional and popular Arabic genre of vocal music that is very slow in beat and sentimental in nature, and is characterised by prolonging vowel syllables, emotional vocals, and is usually presented before the actual song begins. The singer performing a mawwal would usually lament and long for something, such as a past lover, a departed family member or a place, in a wailing manner.

Rebab
Rebab (Arabic: ربابة, rabāba, variously spelled rebap, rubob, rebeb, rababa, rabeba, robab, rubab, rebob, etc) is the name of several related string instruments that independently spread via Islamic trading routes over much of North Africa, Middle East, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Europe. The instrument is typically bowed, but is sometimes plucked. It is one of the earliest known bowed instruments, named no later than the 8th century, and is the parent of many bowed and stringed instruments.
Enrico Lorenzetti
Enrico Lorenzetti (4 January 1911 – 8 August 1989) was an Italian professional Grand Prix motorcycle road racer who competed in the 1940s and 1950s.

He competed in the 1949 season riding a 500 cc Moto Guzzi and finished eighth overall with 7 points behind Johnny Lockett. On 30 April 1950, Lorenzetti won the prestigious, pre-season Mettet Grand Prix invitational race. In 1952, he won the 250 cc World Championship for Moto Guzzi.

Moto Guzzi
45°54′55″N 9°19′13″E﻿ / ﻿45.9153669°N 9.32041°E﻿ / 45.9153669; 9.32041

Moto Guzzi (Italian pronunciation: [ˈmɔːto ˈɡuttsi]) is an Italian motorcycle manufacturer and the oldest European manufacturer in continuous motorcycle production.

Established in 1921 in Mandello del Lario, Italy, the company is noted for its historic role in Italy's motorcycling manufacture, its prominence worldwide in motorcycle racing, and industry innovations—including the first motorcycle centre stand, wind tunnel and eight-cylinder engine.

Since 2004, Moto Guzzi has been an unico azionista, a wholly owned subsidiary, and one of seven brands owned by Piaggio Group,
Europe's largest motorcycle manufacturer and the world's fourth largest motorcycle manufacturer by unit sales.

The company's motorcycles are noted for their air-cooled 90° V-twin engines with a longitudinal crankshaft orientation where the engines' transverse cylinder heads project prominently on either side of the motorcycle.
Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015
Russia was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 with the song "A Million Voices", written by Gabriel Alares, Joakim Björnberg, Katrina Noorbergen, Leonid Gutkin and Vladimir Matetsky. The song was performed by Polina Gagarina, who was selected by Russian broadcaster Channel One Russia (C1R) in March 2015 to represent the nation at the 2015 contest in Vienna, Austria. In the first of the Eurovision semi-finals "A Million Voices" placed first out of the 16 participating countries, securing its place among the 27 other songs in the final. In Russia's nineteenth Eurovision appearance on 23 May, "A Million Voices" finished in second place, receiving 303 points and full marks from five countries.

Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest
Russia was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 23 times from its debut in 1994 to 2021. Russia won the 2008 contest with Dima Bilan performing the song "Believe". In 2018, the country failed to qualify for the final for the first and only time in its history. The Russian entry was chosen through both internal selections and a televised national final titled Evrovidenie.

Following their exclusion from the 2022 contest due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, on 26 February 2022, the Russian broadcasters RTR and Channel One announced that they would suspend their membership in the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). The EBU made effective the suspension on 26 May 2022, preventing Russia from participating in further Eurovision events unless its membership is resumed.
Cephalotes inca
Cephalotes inca is a species of arboreal ant of the genus Cephalotes, characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to "parachute" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they are on. They are also known as gliding ants. The species is native to Ecuador and Peru. Their larger and flatter legs, a trait common with other members of the genus Cephalotes, gives them their gliding abilities.

The species was first given a description and a classification in 1911 by Swiss entomologist Felix Santschi.

Cephalotes
Cephalotes is a genus of tree-dwelling ant species from the Americas, commonly known as turtle ants. All appear to be gliding ants, with the ability to "parachute" and steer their fall so as to land back on the tree trunk rather than fall to the ground, which is often flooded.
Tom Gilligan (footballer, born 1978)
Thomas Gilligan (born 3 November 1978) is an Australian rules footballer who played for Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League.

Gilligan played as a young ruckman in 1997 for the Crows, being treated to a baptism of fire in his three games. He would remain a backup to lead ruckman Shaun Rehn. Gilligan did not play any AFL games in 1998 for the Crows and was delisted.

Gilligan played for St Mary's Football Club in the Geelong Football League, winning premierships in 2004 and 2008. He was named at 33 in the top 50 Geelong Football League players of all time.

Shaun Rehn
Shaun Jason Rehn (born 17 August 1971) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Adelaide Football Club and the Hawthorn Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Trichodiadema gracile
Trichodiadema gracile is succulent plant of the genus Trichodiadema, native to the Western Cape Province, South Africa, where it is common on dry, rocky hillsides in the Overberg region.

It occurs in the regions of Caledon, Bredasdorp, Potberg and Swellendam.

Trichodiadema
Trichodiadema is a genus of succulent plants of the family Aizoaceae. It includes 32 species native to Namibia and the Cape Provinces, Free State, and Northern Provinces of South Africa.

The name "Trichodiadema" comes from the ancient Greek "τρῐχός" (hair, bristle) and "διαδεμα" (crown).
Skyvue
The Skyvue Las Vegas Super Wheel (also capitalized SkyVue) is an unfinished giant Ferris wheel near the Mandalay Bay Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, US. Only the concrete pillars were built. Construction of the wheel and the proposed larger 3-phase project for the site — London, Las Vegas — was abandoned, and the plot was sold in 2020 and then advertised for sale again in 2022.

London, Las Vegas, as suggested by the official website, was to be a 38.5-acre property featuring 1,300 hotel rooms, a casino, the Skyvue wheel and 550,000 square feet of restaurants and shops—all of which would be architectural replicas of various British landmarks and neighborhoods.

The Skyvue wheel, being "Phase I of London, Las Vegas" was intended to feature a large display billed as the "largest outdoor advertising LED screen in the world".

Las Vegas Strip
The Las Vegas Strip is a stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard in Clark County, Nevada, that is known for its concentration of resort hotels and casinos. The Strip, as it is known, is about 4.2 mi (6.8 km) long, and is immediately south of the Las Vegas city limits in the unincorporated towns of Paradise and Winchester, but is often referred to simply as "Las Vegas".

Many of the largest hotel casino and resort properties in the world are on the Strip. Its hotels, casinos, restaurants, residential high-rises, entertainment offerings, and skyline have established the Strip as one of the most popular and iconic tourist destinations in the world and is one of the driving forces for Las Vegas's economy. Most of the Strip has been designated as an All-American Road, and the North and South Las Vegas Strip routes are classified as Nevada Scenic Byways and National Scenic Byways.