hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Geology of Uruguay
The geology of Uruguay combines areas of Precambrian-aged shield units with a region of volcanic rock erupted during the Cretaceous and copious sedimentary facies the oldest of which date from the Devonian. Big events that have shaped the geology of Uruguay include the Transamazonian orogeny (2000 million years ago (mya)), the breakup of Rodinia (700–500 mya) and the opening of the South Atlantic (~145 mya).

Paleoproterozoic
The Paleoproterozoic Era (also spelled Palaeoproterozoic) is the first of the three sub-divisions (eras) of the Proterozoic eon, and also the longest era of the Earth's geological history, spanning from 2,500 to 1,600 million years ago (2.5–1.6 Ga). It is further subdivided into four geologic periods, namely the Siderian, Rhyacian, Orosirian and Statherian.

Paleontological evidence suggests that the Earth's rotational rate ~1.8 billion years ago equated to 20-hour days, implying a total of ~450 days per year. It was during this era that the continents first stabilized.
1989 UCI Road World Championships – Women's team time trial
The women's team time trial of the 1989 UCI Road World Championships cycling event took place on 23 August 1989 in Chambéry, France. The course was 50.9 km long and went from Chambéry to Le Touvet and back to Chambéry.

Chambéry
Chambéry (UK: /ˈʃɒ̃bəri/, US: /ˌʃɒ̃beɪˈriː/, French: [ʃɑ̃beʁi]; Arpitan: Chambèri; Italian: Ciamberì) is the prefecture and largest city of the Savoie department in the southeastern Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of France.

The population of the commune of Chambéry was 60,251 as of 2022, while the population of the Chambéry metropolitan area was 263,919. The city is located at the foot of the French Alps between Bauges and Chartreuse mountains, and is a railway and highway crossroads.

It has been the historical capital of the Savoy region since the 13th century, when Amadeus V, Count of Savoy, made the city his seat of power. The annexation of Savoy merged the city to France in 1860. Together with other alpine towns Chambéry engages in the Alpine Town of the Year Association for the implementation of the Alpine Convention to achieve sustainable development in the Alpine Arc. Chambéry was awarded Alpine Town of the Year 2006.
Kosmos 1806
Kosmos 1806 (Russian: Космос 1806 meaning Cosmos 1806) is a Soviet US-K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 1986 as part of the Soviet military's Oko programme. The satellite is designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors.

Kosmos 1806 was launched from Site 43/4 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome in the Russian SSR. A Molniya-M carrier rocket with a 2BL upper stage was used to perform the launch, which took place at 18:35 UTC on 12 December 1986. The launch successfully placed the satellite into a molniya orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the international designator 1986-098A. The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 17213.

US-K
Upravlyaemy Sputnik Kontinentalny (US-K; Russian: Управляемый Спутник Континентальный meaning Continental Controllable Satellite; Russian: УС-К) is a series of Russian, previously Soviet, satellites used to detect missile launches as part of the Oko system. It consists of a constellation of satellites, usually in molniya orbits, designated under the Kosmos system. The satellites are built by the company NPO Lavochkin and are launched on Molniya-M rockets. Oko can be directly translated as the Russian word for eye.  As of June 2014, only two of the eight satellites in orbit were still functional, rendering the system inoperable.
Adam Cayton-Holland
Adam Cayton-Holland (born June 2, 1980) is an American stand-up comedian from Denver, Colorado best known for his work with the comedy trio The Grawlix and their sitcom television series Those Who Can't. Cayton-Holland is also a writer who has been published in numerous regional and national publications; his first book, Tragedy Plus Time: A Tragi-Comic Memoir, received the 2019 Colorado Book Award for Creative Non-Fiction. He is the founder and executive director of High Plains Comedy Festival. As a comic, he is a regular headliner at clubs and colleges throughout the United States and abroad.

Just for Laughs
Just for Laughs (French: Juste pour rire) is a comedy festival that is held every July in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Founded in 1982 by Gilbert Rozon, it is the largest international comedy festival in the world. In addition to the festivals themselves, Just for Laughs also developed, produced, and distributed other forms of comedy entertainment, such as television programming.

In March 2024, it was announced that Just for Laughs as a business went bankrupt, and consequently, all of its festivals were cancelled. The media speculated about its future in Montreal, and how it could be uncertain. In May, however, ComediHa, another Quebec-based company specializing in comedy, announced its acquisition of several assets, including the festival. It was then announced that the anglophone festival would go on, albeit smaller, and without the usual televised galas.
Virginian militia
The Virginia militia is an armed force composed of all citizens of the Commonwealth of Virginia capable of bearing arms.  The Virginia militia was established in 1607 as part of the English militia system. Militia service in Virginia was compulsory for all free males. The main purpose of the Crown's militia was to repel invasions and insurrections and to enforce the laws of the colony.

Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets
The Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets (VTCC) is the military component of the student body at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Cadets live together in residence halls, attend morning formation, wear a distinctive uniform, and receive an intensive military and leadership educational experience similar to those at the United States service academies. The Corps of Cadets has existed from the founding of the university as the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College in 1872 to the present-day institution of Virginia Tech, which is designated a senior military college by federal law. As of August 2024, about 1,300 cadets are currently enrolled in the program.
Death of Tūheitia
Tūheitia, the Māori King and leader of the Kīngitanga, died on 30 August 2024 at the age of 69. The King had been recovering in hospital from an unsuccessful cardiac surgery. His death came less than two weeks after hosting his eighteenth koroneihana, the annual celebration of his coronation. As the Māori monarchy is not hereditary by right, leaders of tribes associated with the Kīngitanga gathered to elect Tūheitia's successor during his tangihanga (funeral rites), which lasted five days. Tūheitia was succeeded by his daughter, Nga wai hono i te po, who was raised to the throne on the final day of his tangi.

Tūrangawaewae
Tūrangawaewae (Māori: [tʉːɾaŋawaewae]) is a marae and a royal residence in Ngāruawāhia, Waikato, New Zealand. It is the official residence of the Māori monarch and the administrative headquarters of the Kīngitanga movement. Of its numerous buildings, the two principal ones are the Māhinārangi meeting house, and Tūrongo House, which is official residence of the queen or king.

Māhinārangi and Tūrongo are made of wood and are covered in complex Māori carvings (whakairo), painted burgundy and cream. Over the years, it has undergone renovations, in harmony with the original style, which represents a unique synthesis of classical Māori and Edwardian architecture. For its 2012 renovations, Tūrangawaewae was awarded the New Zealand Institute of Architects' Waikato-Bay of Plenty Regional Award in the Heritage Category.
Stanley, Staffordshire
Stanley is a small village in the Staffordshire Moorlands district of Staffordshire, England, about 4 miles (6.4 km) southwest of Leek. The village of Bagnall is about 1 mile (1.6 km) to the south.

Stanley was formerly a township in the parish of Leek, and later part of a civil parish with Endon (about 1 mile (1.6 km) to the north) and Longsdon (about 3 miles (4.8 km) to the north-east). Since 1894 it has been in the civil parish of Endon and Stanley.

The village lies mostly at height 500–600 feet (150–180 m). The name Stanley, probably referring to this site, means a clearing on stony ground. The terrain is of boulder clay, and the underlying rock is millstone grit.

Leek, Staffordshire
Leek is a market town and civil parish in the Staffordshire Moorlands district of the county of Staffordshire, England. The town lies on the River Churnet, 10 miles (16 km) north east of Stoke-on-Trent. In 2021 it had a population of 19,385.

Leek is an ancient borough and was granted its royal charter in 1214. It is the administrative centre for the Staffordshire Moorlands District Council. King John granted Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester, the right to hold a weekly Wednesday market and an annual seven-day fair in Leek in 1207.

Leek's coat of arms is a saltire shield. On the top is the Stafford knot, either side is the Leek double sunset and below a gold garb. The crest is a mural crown with three mulberry leaves on a mount of heather on top of which a moorcock is resting his claw on a small-weave shuttle. The motto Arte favente nil desperandum translates to: Our skill assisting us, we have no cause for despair.
Ruan zhi
Ruan zhi or ruanzhi (simplified Chinese: 軟枝; traditional Chinese: 軟枝; pinyin: ruǎn zhī; lit. 'soft stem'; pronounced [ɻwàn ʈʂɻ̩́]) is a cultivar of the tea plant that is usually processed into oolong. The tea is also known as qingxin (Chinese: 青心; pinyin: qīng xīn; lit. 'green heart'; pronounced [tɕʰíŋ ɕín]) or #17 (no. 17). It originates from Anxi County in Fujian province, in the People's Republic of China. The taste is light and the aroma is often compared to orchids. This tea variety is used to produce famous highland oolong teas such as tung-tin (dongding), Oriental beauty (donfang meiren), and baozhong (pouchong).

Dongfang meiren
Dongfang meiren (Chinese: 東方美人; lit. 'eastern beauty') or Oriental Beauty, or baihao (白毫), among other Chinese names, is a heavily oxidized, non-roasted, tip-type oolong tea originating in Hsinchu County, Taiwan. It is a tea produced from leaves bitten by the tea jassid, an insect that feeds on the tea plant. Terpenes are released in the bitten leaves, which creates a honey-like taste. Oriental beauty, white-tip oolong, and champagne oolong are other names under which dongfang meiren is marketed in the West.

The tea has natural fruity and honey-like aromas and produces a sweet-tasting beverage, bright reddish-orange in color, without any bitterness. Dried leaves of high quality exhibit a pleasant aroma, with leaf coloration of dark purple and brown tones with white hairs.
Common factors theory
Common factors theory, a theory guiding some research in clinical psychology and counseling psychology, proposes that different approaches and evidence-based practices in psychotherapy and counseling share common factors that account for much of the effectiveness of a psychological treatment. This is in contrast to the view that the effectiveness of psychotherapy and counseling is best explained by specific or unique factors (notably, particular methods or procedures) that are suited to treatment of particular problems.

However, according to one review, "it is widely recognized that the debate between common and unique factors in psychotherapy represents a false dichotomy, and these factors must be integrated to maximize effectiveness." In other words, "therapists must engage in specific forms of therapy for common factors to have a medium through which to operate." Common factors is one route by which psychotherapy researchers have attempted to integrate psychotherapies.

Journal of Psychotherapy Integration
The Journal of Psychotherapy Integration is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Psychological Association on behalf of the Society for the Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration. It was established in 1991 and covers research in psychotherapy. The editor-in-chief is Jennifer Callahan (University of North Texas).
South Falls (Marion County, Oregon)
South Falls, is a waterfall located in the Silver Falls State Park at the east end of the city of Salem, in Marion County, in the U.S. state of Oregon. It is located in a privileged area on the west foothills where Mount Hood National Forest meets with the Middle Santiam Wilderness. Several prominent waterfalls are located in the Park along Trail of Ten Falls: Lower South Falls, Drake Falls, Lower North Falls, and Winter Falls—among others.

Lower South Falls
Lower South Falls, is a waterfall located in the Silver Falls State Park at the east end of the city of Salem, in Marion County, in the U.S. state of Oregon. It is located in a privileged area on the west foothills where Mount Hood National Forest meets with the Middle Santiam Wilderness. Several prominent waterfalls are located in the Park along Trail of Ten Falls: South Falls, Drake Falls, Middle North Falls, and Winter Falls—among others.
Ateneo de Zamboanga University Concert Band
The Ateneo de Zamboanga University Concert Band is the official student concert band of Ateneo de Zamboanga University. Its members consist of grade school, junior high school, senior high school and college students from the university. The band performs for various university functions, competitions, and official events within Zamboanga City, Philippines, and also operates as a marching band during parades. It has been called one of the "most enduring [bands] in the country."

Ateneo de Manila University
The Ateneo de Manila University (Filipino: Pamantasang Ateneo de Manila; Spanish: Universidad Ateneo de Manila), commonly referred to as the Ateneo de Manila or the Ateneo, is a private Catholic research university in Quezon City, Philippines. Established in 1859 by the Jesuits, it is among the oldest Jesuit-administered institutions of higher education in the Asia-Pacific.

The university offers primary and secondary education, as well as undergraduate and graduate programs in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, engineering, and business. The university provides professional degrees through the Graduate School of Business, the School of Government, the School of Medicine and Public Health, and the Ateneo Law School. It follows a Jesuit tradition of liberal arts education, emphasizing the humanities at all educational levels.
1996–97 Euro Hockey Tour
The 1996–97 Euro Hockey Tour was the first season of the Euro Hockey Tour. The season consisted of three tournaments, the Karjala Tournament, Channel One Cup, and the Sweden Hockey Games. The games Canada participated in did not count towards the final standings of the tournament.

Channel One Cup (ice hockey)
The Channel One Cup (Russian: Кубок Первого канала, formerly Izvestia Trophy) is an annual ice hockey event held in Russia under the auspices of Channel One. It is an open tournament typically composed of various national teams.
Böckenförde dilemma
The Böckenförde Dilemma (German: Böckenförde-Diktum) refers to how secular governments derive their authority from citizen support, but lack the uniformity of purpose found in absolutist states that can more reliably create social capital—due to the varied and fluctuating dispositions within pluralistic societies.

The dilemma is named after German constitutional judge Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde.

Dilemma
A dilemma (from Ancient Greek  δίλημμα (dílēmma) 'double proposition') is a problem offering two possibilities, neither of which is unambiguously acceptable or preferable. The possibilities are termed the horns of the dilemma, a clichéd usage, but distinguishing the dilemma from other kinds of predicament as a matter of usage.
Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head (Mel Tormé album)
Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head is a 1969 studio album by Mel Tormé.

As with 1966's Right Now!, Raindrops consists mostly of cover versions of popular songs of the late 1960s. This would be the last studio album Tormé would record before taking an eight-year hiatus; he would return to recording in 1977 with Tormé: A New Album.

Tormé: A New Album
Tormé: A New Album is a 1977 studio album by Mel Tormé.  The album has also been re-issued as, Mel Tormé: The London Sessions and with additional "bonus" tracks as A New Album, London Sessions Complete Edition.

Tormé had not released a studio album since 1969, and the late 1970s would see him return to recording, with critical and commercial success.
Ousia (band)
Ousia is a music ensemble from Minneapolis, Minnesota.  The group classifies their music (a mixture of ambient, noise, and space rock) as "Snowbient." Their current instrumentation consists of two guitars, bass, and synthesizers. Musically, their compositions are constructed around keys and dynamics, rather than a traditional "verse / bridge / chorus" musical form.  A consistent approach involving improvisation and "live" recordings, minimizes the difference between their performances and CD releases.  Ousia have performed with The Flaming Lips, Laibach, Third Eye Foundation, Windy and Carl, as well as headlining their own shows.

Korg
KORG Inc. (Japanese: 株式会社コルグ, Hepburn: Kabushiki-gaisha Korugu), founded as Keio Electronic Laboratories, is a Japanese multinational corporation that manufactures electronic musical instruments, audio processors and guitar pedals, recording equipment, and electronic tuners. Under the Vox brand name, it also manufactures guitar amplifiers and electric guitars.
Julia Greeley
Julia Greeley, OFS (c. 1833-48 – 7 June 1918), was an American philanthropist and Catholic convert. An enslaved woman later freed by the US government, she is known as Denver's "Angel of Charity" because of her aid to countless families in poverty. Her cause for beatification was opened by Archbishop Samuel J. Aquila in 2016.

Samuel J. Aquila
Samuel Joseph Aquila (/əkwiːlə/; born September 24, 1950) is an American Catholic prelate served as metropolitan archbishop of Denver in Colorado from 2012 to 2026. He was bishop of Fargo from 2002 to 2012. He is on the board of directors for the Fellowship of Catholic University Students.
Fate: The Best of Death
Fate: The Best of Death is a compilation album by Death. It contains songs collected from their first four albums, Scream Bloody Gore (1987), Leprosy (1988), Spiritual Healing (1990) and Human (1991).

The album was set to be re-released by Relapse Records in October 2023.

Human (Death album)
Human is the fourth studio album by American death metal band Death, released on October 22, 1991, by Relativity Records. This is the only album to feature Cynic members Paul Masvidal on guitar and Sean Reinert on drums, and the first to feature bassist Steve Di Giorgio. The album continued the band's evolution on Spiritual Healing, featuring high technicality and introspective lyrics. It is today regarded as one of Death's greatest albums and one of the most influential technical death metal albums of all time.
Mannheim–Stuttgart high-speed railway
The Mannheim–Stuttgart high-speed railway is a 99 km (62 mi) long railway line in Germany, connecting the cities of Mannheim and Stuttgart. The line was officially opened on 9 May 1991, and Intercity-Express service began on 2 June. The Hanover–Würzburg high-speed railway also opened at the same time. The line cost about DM 4.5 billion to build and has 15 tunnels and more than 90 bridges.

Hanover–Würzburg high-speed railway
The Hanover–Würzburg high-speed railway is a double-track, electrified high-speed railway between Hanover and Würzburg in Germany, 327 kilometres (203 mi) in length. The line, built between 1973 and 1991, was the longest contiguous new project constructed by Deutsche Bundesbahn. The total costs were almost DM 11.9 billion (around €6.1 billion; 1980/90s prices).

The line is part of the core network of the Trans-European Transport Networks. It is scheduled to be used by around 110 long-distance trains daily at up to 280 kilometres per hour (170 mph) during the day and by an average of 26 freight trains at night with a total of 37,460 gross tonnes (83 million pounds), running at up to 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph). In 2020, the number of passengers on the line was estimated to be 15.5 million. To date, it is the longest greenfield line for high-speed traffic in Germany.
2019 in paleoichthyology
Paleontology portal

History of science portal

This list of fossil fishes described in 2019 is a list of new taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, acanthodians, fossil cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and other fishes of every kind that were described during the year 2019, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleoichthyology that occurred in 2019.

Pachycormiformes
Pachycormiformes is an extinct order of marine ray-finned fish known from the Early Jurassic to the end of the Cretaceous. It only includes a single family, Pachycormidae. They were characterized by having serrated pectoral fins (though more recent studies demonstrated that fin shape diversity in this group was high), reduced pelvic fins and a bony rostrum. Pachycormiformes are morphologically diverse, containing both tuna and swordfish-like carnivorous forms, as well as edentulous suspension-feeding forms.
Allalmeia
Allalmeia was a small notoungulate mammal of around 3 kilograms. It lived in Mendoza Province, Argentina (Divisadero Largo Formation) during the Late Eocene. Allalmeia belonged to the Oldfieldthomasiidae family within the suborder Typotheria.

Oldfieldthomasiidae
Oldfieldthomasiidae is an extinct family of notoungulate mammals known from the Late Paleocene to Late Eocene of South America. The family was classified by George Gaylord Simpson in 1945 and a synonym is Acoelodidae, defined by Florentino Ameghino in 1901.
Llameiru
Llameiru (Spanish: Llamero) is one of eleven parishes (administrative divisions) in Candamo, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is 7.4 km2 (2.9 sq mi) in size with a population of 170 as of January 1, 2024.

Candamo
Candamo (Asturian: Candamu) is a municipality in the Autonomous Community of the Principality of Asturias, Spain. It is bordered on the east by Las Regueras, on the south by Grado, on the north by Illas, Castrillón and Soto del Barco, and on the west by Pravia and Salas.
Loch McNess
Loch McNess (Nyungar: Wagardu Lark), also known as Yanchep Lake, is a freshwater lake located near Yanchep in the northern part of the coastal plain of Perth, Western Australia. Loch McNess is part of the Wanneroo wetlands, a chain of lakes, and is part of the Yanchep National Park. Water from the lake was used to refill the underground pools and streams in some of the nearby caves, however the project was ultimately unsuccessful and subsequently discontinued.

Yanchep National Park
Yanchep is a national park in Western Australia, 42 kilometres (26 mi) north of Perth adjacent to the locality of the same name Yanchep.

The park is noted for its caves, native bush and koala colonies. It also offers cultural educational programmes offered in partnership with the local Nyoongar people.