hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Martin Chivers
Martin Harcourt Chivers (27 April 1945 – 7 January 2026) was an English professional footballer who played as a forward. He began his career with his hometown club Southampton where he had a successful six years and in 1968 was bought by Tottenham Hotspur for a club and league record sum of £125,000. With Spurs he went on to win the Football League Cup twice and the UEFA Cup in the 1971–72 season.

At the age of 31 Chivers moved to Swiss club Servette and there  also won silverware, first with the Coppa delle Alpi, then the Swiss League Cup in 1977 and finally the Swiss Cup in 1977–78. Returning to England in 1978, Chivers had spells with Norwich City, Brighton & Hove Albion and finished his playing career with Barnet.

From 1971 to 1973, he played for the England national team, scoring thirteen goals in 24 appearances, but did not represent his country at a major tournament.

1971 Football League Cup final
The 1971 Football League Cup final took place on 27 February 1971 at Wembley Stadium. It was the eleventh Football League Cup final and the fifth to be played at Wembley.

It was contested between Tottenham Hotspur and Aston Villa. Tottenham Hotspur were riding high in the First Division (as the top level of league football in England was then known) and Aston Villa, the most successful club of the late Victorian and Edwardian eras and a traditional heavyweight, were in the Third Division (then the third tier of English football), a level to which it had never previously sunk.

This match signalled the reversal of a long period of decline for Villa. Ten years later they were champions of England and the following year they had become the champions of Europe.
Nestor of Tarsus
Nestor of Tarsus (Ancient Greek: Νέστωρ) was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Stoic school of thought. He was from Tarsus in Cilikia.

Nestor was active at a Stoic school in Athens. Otherwise, little is known about his life. The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers by Diogenes Laertius contained his biography in Book VII, but that portion of a book has disappeared; only the mention of his name in the table of contents remains. Nestor was a contemporary of Panaetius, either his disciple or a fellow student. He is sometimes mixed with another Nestor of Tarsos, who is said to have been a teacher of Tiberius, but the latter lived in the first century AD, making him not a contemporary.

Panaetius
Panaetius (/pəˈniːʃiəs/; Ancient Greek: Παναίτιος, romanized: Panaítios; c. 185 – c. 110/109 BC) of Rhodes was an ancient Greek Stoic philosopher. He was a pupil of Diogenes of Babylon and Antipater of Tarsus in Athens, before moving to Rome where he did much to introduce Stoic doctrines to the city, thanks to the patronage of Scipio Aemilianus. After the death of Scipio in 129 BC, he returned to the Stoic school in Athens, and was its last undisputed scholarch. With Panaetius, Stoicism became much more eclectic. His most famous work was his On Duties, the principal source used by Cicero in his own work of the same name.
St Saviour's Church, Kërçishti i Epërm
St Saviour's Church (Albanian: Kisha e Shën Sotirit; Macedonian: Црква „Свети Спас“) is a church in Kërçishti i Epërm, Dibër County, Albania. It was designated a Cultural Monument of Albania in 1970.

The annual holiday Spasovden is celebrated at the church by the Macedonian Orthodox population.

Cultural Monument of Albania
In Albania, a cultural monument (Albanian: monument kulture) is a construction or work of cultural, historical and artistic value that is built in a visible space, made in memory of important events or prominent people. Cultural monuments are usually under state protection as they are evidence of the history of human development, for the preservation of which there is a public interest.
Miss USA 2000
Miss USA 2000 was the 49th Miss USA pageant, held at The Grand Palace, in Branson, Missouri on February 4, 2000. At the conclusion of the final competition,

At the end of the event, Kimberly Pressler of New York crowned Lynnette Cole of Tennessee as Miss USA 2000. It is the first victory of Tennessee in the pageant's history. Cole later competed at Miss Universe and was one of the five finalists.

Contestants from 51 states and cities competed in this year's pageant. Carson Daly hosted the event for the only time, and color commentary was added for the third time by Miss USA 1996 Ali Landry and Julie Moran.  Entertainment was provided by Christina Aguilera, Lou Bega, Brian McKnight and Mark Wills.

Miss Universe 2000
Miss Universe 2000 was the 49th Miss Universe pageant, held at the Eleftheria Indoor Hall in Nicosia, Cyprus, on 12 May 2000.

At the conclusion of the event, Mpule Kwelagobe of Botswana crowned Lara Dutta of India as Miss Universe 2000. It is the country's second victory in the pageant's history after Sushmita Sen won in 1994.

Contestants from seventy-nine countries and territories competed in this year's pageant. The competition was hosted by Sinbad, with Miss USA 1996 Ali Landry and Julie Moran providing commentary and analysis throughout the event. Elvis Crespo, Dave Koz, Montell Jordan, and Anna Vissi performed in this year's pageant.
Needham's sac
Needham's sac (also called a spermatophore sac) is the part of the reproductive tract of cephalopods in which spermatophores are stored. Spermatophores are complex structures consisting of ropes of sperm and in some species include an ejaculatory apparatus and a cement body.

Needham's sac opens into the left side of the mantle cavity. During copulation of some cephalopod species, the hectocotylus transfers the spermatophore from Needham's sac into the mantle cavity of the female. The cement body helps the spermatophore adhere to the female.

Spermatophore
A spermatophore, from Ancient Greek σπέρμα (spérma), meaning "seed", and -φόρος (-phóros), meaning "bearing", or sperm ampulla is a capsule or mass containing spermatozoa created by males of various animal species, especially salamanders and arthropods, and transferred in entirety to the female's ovipore during reproduction. Spermatophores may additionally contain nourishment for the female, in which case it is called a nuptial gift, as in the instance of bush crickets.  In the case of the toxic moth Utetheisa ornatrix, the spermatophore includes sperm, nutrients, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids which prevent predation because it is poisonous to most organisms.  However, in some species such as the Edith's checkerspot butterfly, the "gift" provides little nutrient value.  The weight of the spermatophore transferred at mating has little effect on female reproductive output.
Penitential
A penitential is a book or set of church rules concerning the Christian sacrament of penance, used for regular private confession with a confessor-priest, a "new manner of reconciliation with God" that was promoted by Celtic monks in Ireland in the sixth century AD, under the Egyptian monastic influence of St John Cassian. It consisted of a list of sins and the appropriate penances prescribed for them, and served as a type of manual for confessors.

Columbanus
Saint Columbanus (Irish: Columbán; 543 – 21 November 615) was an Irish missionary notable for founding a number of monasteries after 590 in the Frankish and Lombard kingdoms, most notably Luxeuil Abbey in present-day France and Bobbio Abbey in present-day Italy.

Columbanus taught an Irish monastic rule and penitential practices for those repenting of sins, which emphasised private confession to a priest, followed by penances imposed by the priest in reparation for the sins. Columbanus is one of the earliest identifiable Hiberno-Latin writers.
Friso-Hollandic Wars
The Friso-Hollandic Wars, also called Frisian–Hollandic Wars (Dutch: Fries-Hollandse Oorlogen; West Frisian: Frysk-Hollânske oarloggen), were a series of short medieval wars (ranging from single battles to entire campaigns) consisting of the attempts made by the counts of Holland to conquer the free Frisian territories, which lay to the north and east of their domain. These wars were waged off and on from 1256 to 1297, 1324 to 1348, 1396 to 1411, and from 1421 to 1422, although it could be argued that a state of war continued to exist between the County of Holland and the Frisian territories till well after the year 1500.

Ocko II tom Brok
Ocko II tom Brok (1407–1435) was Chieftain of the Brokmerland and the Auricherland in East Frisia (initially under the guardianship of his grandmother, Foelke).

Ocko was born in 1407 to Keno II tom Brok, son of Ocko I tom Brok. He was the last East Frisian chieftain from the tom Brok line. Under his reign there was a revolt by the other Frisian chieftains against tom Brok. A conflict with his ally Focko Ukena in 1424 led to open conflict in 1426. Ocko married Ingeborg of Oldenburg, and therefore, supported by the counts, asked them for assistance. They sent an army of knights, which was defeated by Focko Ukena and his peasant army on 27 September 1426 in the Battle of Detern. On 28 October 1427, Ocko II was defeated at the Battle of the Wild Fields and fell into captivity. He was taken to Leer and imprisoned for four years. In 1435 he died, powerless, as the last of his line in Norden.
West Coast Video
West Coast Video was a chain of video rental stores founded in 1983.  The company became defunct in 2009, but some existing stores continued to use the West Coast Video banner and run independently. As of 2024, there are currently no West Coast Video stores open in North America.

Orleans, Ontario
Orleans (/ɔːrˈliːnz/; French: [ɔʁleɑ̃]; officially and in French Orléans) is a former town municipality and current satellite suburban community in the east end of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, along the Ottawa River about 16 km (10 mi) from Downtown Ottawa. In the Canada 2021 Census the population was 125,937. Before being amalgamated into Ottawa in 2001, Orléans was spread over two municipal jurisdictions, the eastern portion being in the pre-amalgamation City of Cumberland, the western portion in the City of Gloucester. According to the 2021 census, 75,453 people lived in the Cumberland portion of Orleans, and 50,484 lived in the Gloucester portion. Today, Orléans spans the municipal wards of Orléans East-Cumberland, Orléans West-Innes, and Orléans South-Navan. Orléans contains a significant francophone population and strong francophone culture.
Nikolai Ogarkov
Nikolai Vasilyevich Ogarkov (Russian: Николай Васильевич Огарков; 30 October 1917 – 23 January 1994) was a prominent Soviet military personality. He was promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1977. Between 1977 and 1984, he was Chief of the General Staff of the USSR. He became widely known in the West when he became the Soviet military's spokesman following the shootdown of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 near Moneron Island in September 1983. He was dismissed as Chief of the General Staff on 6 September 1984.

General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
The General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (Russian: Генеральный штаб Вооружённых сил Российской Федерации, romanized: General'nyy shtab Vooruzhonnykh sil Rossiyskoy Federatsii) is the military staff of the Russian Armed Forces. It is the central organ of the military command of the Armed Forces Administration and oversees operational command of the armed forces under the Russian Ministry of Defence.

As of 2012, the Chief of the General Staff is General of the Army Valery Gerasimov and since 2014, the First Deputy Chief of the General Staff is Colonel General Nikolay Bogdanovsky.

The General Staff Building is located in Moscow at Znamenka Street 19 in the Arbat District. Together with the Main Building of the Ministry of Defense and several Staff directorate office buildings nearby, it forms the so-called "Arbat military district" as it is often referred to among the military personnel to outline the highest supreme command of the Russian Armed Forces.
Tanusia gens
The gens Tanusia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome.  Few members of this gens are mentioned in history, and none attained any of the higher offices of the Roman state.  Quintus Cicero mentions that the heads of this family were proscribed by Sulla, and Tanusius Geminus was a historian of the same period, whose work has now been lost.  A few other Tanusii are known from epigraphy.

Gens
In ancient Rome, a gens (/ɡɛns/ or /dʒɛnz/, Latin: [gẽːs]; pl.: gentes [ˈgɛnteːs]) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same nomen gentilicium and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens, sometimes identified by a distinct cognomen, was called a stirps (pl.: stirpes). The gens was an important social structure at Rome and throughout Italia during the period of the Roman Republic. Much of individuals' social standing depended on the gens to which they belonged. Certain gentes were classified as patrician, others as plebeian; some had both patrician and plebeian branches. The importance of the gens as a social structure declined considerably in imperial times, although the gentilicium continued to define the origins and dynasties of the ancient Romans, including the emperors.
2011 Samarkand Challenger
The 2011 Samarkand Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the 15th edition of the tournament which was part of the 2011 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Samarkand, Uzbekistan between 8 and 14 August 2011.

2011 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). The 2011 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 15 top tier Tretorn SERIE+ tournaments, and approximately 150 regular series tournaments, with prize money ranging from $35,000 up to $150,000.
Icko Iben
Icko Iben, Jr. (June 27, 1931 – June 11, 2025) was an American astronomer and a Distinguished Professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He received his PhD from the University of Illinois in 1958 with thesis Higher order effects in beta decay, which was jointly supervised by John David Jackson and Joseph Weneser. Iben served on the MIT Physics Department faculty for some time before moving to Illinois, being promoted to associate professor in 1964. He is best known for his contributions to theoretical star models, stellar evolution theory, concerning the production of planetary nebulae, red giant heavy element convection, and modelling of asymptotic branch thermal pulses.

Iben was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1985. He was awarded the Henry Norris Russell Lectureship in 1989 and the Eddington Medal in 1990. He was the author of the two-volume work Stellar evolution physics (2012–2013).

Iben died on June 11, 2025, at the age of 93.

John David Jackson (physicist)
John David Jackson (January 19, 1925 – May 20, 2016) was a Canadian–American theoretical physicist. He was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley and a faculty senior scientist emeritus at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

Jackson was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and was well known for his work in nuclear and particle physics, as well as his widely used graduate text on classical electrodynamics.
Villarceau circles
In geometry, Villarceau circles (/viːlɑːrˈsoʊ/) are a pair of circles produced by cutting a torus obliquely through its center at a special angle.

Given an arbitrary point on a torus, four circles can be drawn through it. One is in a plane parallel to the equatorial plane of the torus and another perpendicular to that plane (these are analogous to lines of latitude and longitude on the Earth). The other two are Villarceau circles. They are obtained as the intersection of the torus with a plane that passes through the center of the torus and touches it tangentially at two antipodal points. If one considers all these planes, one obtains two families of circles on the torus. Each of these families consists of disjoint circles that cover each point of the torus exactly once and thus forms a 1-dimensional foliation of the torus.

The Villarceau circles are named after the French astronomer and mathematician Yvon Villarceau (1813–1883) who wrote about them in 1848.

Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter
Harold Scott MacDonald "Donald" Coxeter ([ˈkoksɛtɛr], [ˈkɒksətər]) CC FRS FRSC (9 February 1907 – 31 March 2003) was a British-Canadian geometer and mathematician. He is regarded as one of the greatest geometers of the 20th century.

Coxeter was born in England and educated at the University of Cambridge, with student visits to Princeton University. He worked for 60 years at the University of Toronto in Canada, from 1936 until his retirement in 1996, becoming a full professor there in 1948. His many honours included membership in the Royal Society of Canada, the Royal Society, and the Order of Canada.

He was an author of 12 books, including The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra (1938) and Regular Polytopes (1947). Many concepts in geometry and group theory are named after him, including the Coxeter graph, Coxeter groups, Coxeter's loxodromic sequence of tangent circles, Coxeter–Dynkin diagrams, and the Todd–Coxeter algorithm.
Woodchuck hepatitis virus
Woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) is a species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus. It was first discovered in 1977 in a captive population of Marmota monax, but has since been discovered in wild populations in the Eastern United States.

Woodchucks with an chronic infection of WHV inevitably develop hepatocellular carcinoma; this has led to the use of WHV in woodchucks as a model for human Hepatitis B virus infections.

Orthohepadnavirus
Orthohepadnavirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Hepadnaviridae. Humans and other mammals serve as natural hosts. There are 19 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic infections), and cirrhosis.
Beli Breg, Krško
Beli Breg (Slovene pronunciation: [ˈbeːli ˈbɾeːk]) is a former settlement in the Municipality of Krško in northeastern Slovenia. It is now part of the village of Leskovec pri Krškem. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.

Leskovec pri Krškem
Leskovec pri Krškem (pronounced [lɛˈskɔːʋəts pɾi ˈkəɾʃkɛm] or [lɛˈskoːʋəts pɾi ˈkəɾʃkɛm]; German: Haselbach) is a settlement on the right bank of the Sava River in the City Municipality of Krško in eastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Lower Sava Statistical Region. It includes the hamlets of Grad (a.k.a. Turnska graščina), Beli Breg, Veliki Marof (in older sources also Gorenji Marof, German: Obermeierhof), and Žadovinka. Older sources also mention the appertaining hamlet of Bajer (German: Weiher).
The Nonce
The Nonce was a hip-hop duo from Los Angeles, California, that was active in the 1990s, releasing material from 1992 to 1999. As part of the Project Blowed collective, working with Aceyalone, among others, the duo developed a reputation for smooth, jazzy, classy production, complemented by laid-back, smart rhymes, paying homage to the old school emcees they grew up listening to in the mid-1980s.

"For the nonce" is an archaic phrase meaning "for now" or "for the moment."

Aceyalone
Edwin Maximilian "Eddie" Hayes, Jr. (born September 30, 1970), better known by his stage name Aceyalone, is an American rapper from Los Angeles, California, United States. He is a member of Freestyle Fellowship, Haiku D'Etat and The A-Team. He is also a co-founder of Project Blowed. Aceyalone is best known for his role in evolving left-field hip-hop on the West Coast at a time when the West Coast was dominated by gangsta rap.
Edward Green (British Army officer)
Sir Edward Green, KCB (15 December 1810 – 9 May 1891) was a British Army officer who served primarily in India with the Bombay Presidency, rising to the rank of general. He took part in campaigns in Sind, Afghanistan, Kutch, and the Punjab, and held senior staff appointments including Adjutant-General of the Bombay Army. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1843 and was advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in 1867.

Siege of Multan (1848–1849)
The siege of Multan began on 19 April 1848 and lasted until 22 January 1849, and saw fighting around Multan (in present-day Punjab, Pakistan) between the British East India Company and the Sikh Empire. It began with a rebellion against a ruler imposed by the East India Company, which precipitated the Second Anglo-Sikh War, and ended when the last defenders of the city surrendered to British forces.
2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay
The men's 4 × 400 metres relay at the 2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships took place on 3 March 2024.

The winning margin was 0.06 seconds which was the first time the men's 4x400 metres was won by less than a tenth of a second at these championships.

2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships
The 2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships was the 19th edition of the international indoor track and field competition, organised by the World Athletics. The event was held between 1–3 March at the Commonwealth Arena in Glasgow, United Kingdom.

It was the third time, after Birmingham 2003 and 2018, that the World Indoor Championships were held in the United Kingdom, and the first time in Scotland. Glasgow hosted the European Athletics Indoor Championships in 1990 and 2019, and as in the latter, the competitions again took place at the Commonwealth Arena.

The event was five months before the 2024 Summer Olympics and was a part of the qualification process.
2016–17 ISU Challenger Series
The 2016–17 ISU Challenger Series was held from September to December 2016. It was the third season that the ISU Challenger Series, a group of senior-level international figure skating competitions, was held.

ISU Challenger Series
The ISU Challenger Series is a series of ten international figure skating competitions sanctioned by the International Skating Union (ISU) and organized by ISU member nations. The series was introduced in 2014; its stated goal is to provide consistent organization and structure within a series of international competitions, as well as opportunities for senior-level skaters to compete at the international level while also earning World Standing points. The Nebelhorn Trophy, the Nepela Memorial, and the Golden Spin of Zagreb have been regular competitions in the series since the beginning, as was the Finlandia Trophy until 2024. Skaters and teams are eligible to compete in up to three Challenger Series events each season, and their top two scores are combined to calculate their total Challenger Series scores.
Batak Point
Batak Point (Bulgarian: нос Батак, ‘Nos Batak’ \'nos ba-'tak\) is a point on the northwest coast of Smith Island, South Shetland Islands situated 7 km north-northeast of Cape James, 2.5 km south-southwest of Lista Point and 1.7 km northwest of Organa Peak.  Bulgarian early mapping in 2009.  Named after the town of Batak in southern Bulgaria.

63°02′30.2″S 62°39′26″W﻿ / ﻿63.041722°S 62.65722°W﻿ / -63.041722; -62.65722

Organa Peak
Organa Peak (Bulgarian: връх Органа, romanized: vrah Organa, IPA: [ˈvrɤx orˈɡanɐ]) is a peak rising to 1194 m in Imeon Range on Smith Island, South Shetland Islands.  Situated 6.8 km northeast of Cape James, and 1.85 km south-southwest of Riggs Peak.  Overlooking Letnitsa Glacier to the east and southeast, and Kremena Ice Piedmont to the south.  Bulgarian early mapping in 2009.  Named after the Bulgarian ruler Organa (7th Century AD), regent of Bulgars and uncle of Khan Kubrat.

63°03′02″S 62°37′47″W﻿ / ﻿63.05056°S 62.62972°W﻿ / -63.05056; -62.62972