hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
An Elementary Treatise on Electricity
An Elementary Treatise on Electricity is a posthumously published treatise on electricity by James Clerk Maxwell that was edited by William Garnett. The book was published in 1881 by Oxford University Press two years after Maxwell died in 1879. The editor's note at the beginning of the book states that most of the book's content was written about five years prior to Maxwell's death, some of which was used in the lectures Maxwell gave on electricity to members of the Cavendish Laboratory.

Treatise
A treatise is a formal and systematic written discourse on some subjects concerned with investigating or exposing the main principles of the subject and its conclusions. A monograph is a treatise on a specialized topic.
Book Row
Book Row was a district in New York City from the 1890s to the 1960s composed of six city blocks which, at its peak, contained over three dozen bookstores. Many – if not most – of the places were used bookstores. In its heyday, Book Row spanned the stretch of Fourth Avenue between Union Square and Astor Place. Other names for it included "Booksellers' Row" and "Second-Hand Row."

By the 1960s, skyrocketing rents had forced most of the bookstores to move or close. Apartments replaced most of the former storefronts. Another factor contributing to Book Row's decline was the retirements and/or deaths of the stores' original owners. By 1984, just two stores remained on Fourth Avenue. The only bookstore from Book Row that survives today is the Strand Bookstore, which moved away in 1957 due to major rent increases.

Astor Place
40°43′47″N 73°59′29″W﻿ / ﻿40.729861°N 73.991434°W﻿ / 40.729861; -73.991434

Astor Place is a street in NoHo/East Village, in the lower part of the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is divided into two sections: One segment runs from Broadway in the west (just below East 8th Street) to Lafayette Street, and the other runs from Fourth to Third Avenues.  The street encompasses two plazas at the intersection with Cooper Square, Lafayette Street, Fourth Avenue, and Eighth Street – Alamo Plaza and Astor Place Station Plaza. "Astor Place" is also sometimes used for the neighborhood around the street. It was named for John Jacob Astor (at one time the richest person in the United States), soon after his death in 1848. A $21 million reconstruction to implement a redesign of Astor Place began in 2013 and was completed in 2016.
1998 CONCACAF U-20 Tournament
The 1998 CONCACAF U-20 Tournament served as qualification for the 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship in Nigeria. The tournament took place from 5 August–10 October, although qualification started before.

CONCACAF Under-20 Championship
The CONCACAF Under-20 Championship is the second longest running international association football event in the North America, Central America and the Caribbean region, CONCACAF, and is the qualification tournament for the FIFA U-20 World Cup. The format of the tournament has undergone changes over the years. The tournament proper is currently played with a first round of four round-robin groups from which the top two sides from each group advance to a single-elimination championship round.
Hilgard Muller
Hilgard Muller, DMS (4 May 1914 – 10 July 1985) was a South African politician of the National Party, Mayor of Pretoria in 1953–1955, elected an MP in 1958, appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs after the resignation of Eric Louw in 1964. He relinquished both posts in 1977. Studying at the University of Pretoria, he obtained a Rhodes Scholarship at the University of Oxford, earning a doctorate in law. Practicing law in Pretoria, he was elected to Pretoria city council in 1951, becoming Mayor of the city two years later. He relinquished his city council seat in 1957, being elected to House of Assembly the following year for Pretoria East. He chose not to run for his seat again in 1961, instead being appointed South African ambassador in London, but returned to parliament in 1964 immediately to be appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Muller retired to private life in 1977 and was succeeded by Frederik Roelof "Pik" Botha, who kept the post until multi-racial elections in 1994.

Minister of International Relations and Cooperation
The Minister of International Relations and Cooperation is the foreign minister of the South African government, with political responsibility for South Africa's foreign relations and the Department of International Relations and Cooperation. The present minister is Ronald Lamola, who was appointed by President Cyril Ramaphosa on 30 June 2024.

After the creation of the Union of South Africa as a British dominion in 1910, its foreign relations were initially carried out by the British Foreign Office. However, in 1927 the South African government established a Department of External Affairs. From 1927 until 1955, the prime minister also served as foreign minister.
Will Rodgers
William Palmer Rodgers (born October 8, 1994) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He last competed part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 70 Chevrolet SS for Cope Family Racing, part-time in the ARCA Menards Series West, driving the No. 88 Ford Mustang for Naake-Klauer Motorsports, and part-time in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, driving the No. 20 Chevrolet Silverado RST for Young's Motorsports. He has also been a part-time driver in the ARCA Menards Series, NASCAR K&N Pro Series East (now the ARCA Menards Series East), and the Pirelli World Challenge.

Mike Naake
Mike Naake (born April 15, 1965) is an American former professional stock car racing driver and team owner who competed in the NASCAR Winston West Series from 1996 to 1997. He is also the co-owner of Naake-Klauer Motorsports,  which currently competes in the ARCA Menards Series West.

Naake also previously competed in the NASCAR Southwest Series, the Pacific Challenge Series, and the Nor-Cal Best In The West Late Model Tour Series.
Lower oceanic crust
The lower oceanic crust is the lower part of the oceanic crust and represents the major part of it (the largest part by volume). It is generally located 4–8 km below the ocean floor and the major lithologies are mafic (ultramafic and gabbroic rocks) which derive from melts rising from the Earth's mantle. This part of the oceanic crust is an important zone for processes such as melt accumulation and melt modification (fractional crystallisation and crustal assimilation). The recycling of this part of the oceanic crust, together with the upper mantle has been suggested as a significant source component for tholeiitic magmas in Hawaiian volcanoes. Although the lower oceanic crust builds the link between the mantle and the MORB, and can't be neglected for the understanding of MORB evolution, the complex processes operating in this zone remain unclear and there is an ongoing debate in Earth Sciences about this. It is 6KM long.

Earth's mantle
Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core. It has a mass of 4.01×1024 kg (8.84×1024 lb) and makes up 86% of the mass of Earth. It has a thickness of 2,900 kilometers (1,800 mi) making up about 46% of Earth's radius and 84% of Earth's volume. It is predominantly solid but, on geologic time scales, it behaves as a viscous fluid, sometimes described as having the consistency of caramel. Partial melting of the mantle at mid-ocean ridges produces oceanic crust, and partial melting of the mantle at subduction zones produces continental crust.
Viacom International, Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.
Viacom International, Inc. v. YouTube, Inc., 676 F.3d 19 (2nd Cir., 2012), was a United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit decision regarding liability for copyright infringement committed by the users of an online video hosting platform.

The entertainment company Viacom sued YouTube, the video-sharing site owned by Google, alleging that YouTube had engaged in "brazen" and "massive" copyright infringement by allowing users to upload and view hundreds of thousands of videos owned by Viacom without permission. Google was brought into the litigation as YouTube's corporate owner. Google responded that the safe harbor provision of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act shielded the company from liability for the infringing behavior of its users. After an initial victory for YouTube at the district court level and then a reversal at the circuit court level, the parties settled out of court in 2014.

Inducement rule
The inducement rule is a test a United States court can use to determine whether liability for copyright infringement committed by third parties could be assigned to the distributor of the device used to commit infringement.
Norvalspont
Norvalspont is a small town in Pixley ka Seme District Municipality in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. The name is Afrikaans for Norval’s ferry, and named after an enterprising Scot who constructed a ferry here in 1848. The settlement lies some 40 km east-north-east of Colesberg and 43 km west-north-west of Venterstad, on the southern bank of the Orange River, just below the Gariep Dam.

At the end of the 19th Century Norvalspont became a strategic station on the Noupoort – Bloemfontein railway line. The first bridge across the Orange River was built in 1889 and allowed British soldiers and their horses to cross the Orange River on their first campaign against the Voortrekkers. People and goods had to be ferried across until the bridge was built. It later sunk and was destroyed during a flood.

There was also a large concentration camp for Afrikaner women and children at Norvalspont during the Second Boer War.

Colesberg
Colesberg is a town with 17,354 inhabitants in the Northern Cape province of South Africa, located on the main N1 road from Cape Town to Johannesburg.

In a sheep-farming area spread over half-a-million hectares, greater Colesberg breeds many of the country's top merinos. It is also renowned for producing high-quality racehorses and many stud farms, including one owned by renowned golfer, Gary Player, are nearby.
Methodist New Connexion
The Methodist New Connexion, also known as Kilhamite Methodism, was a Protestant nonconformist church. It was formed in 1797 by secession from the Wesleyan Methodists, and merged in 1907 with the Bible Christian Church and the United Methodist Free Churches to form the United Methodist Church. In Australia, it joined with those, along with the Wesleyan Methodist Church and Primitive Methodist Church, to form the Methodist Church of Australasia in 1902.

Primitive Methodist Church
The Primitive Methodist Church is a Methodist Christian denomination aligned with the holiness movement. Originating in early 19th-century England as a revivalist movement within Methodism, it was heavily influenced by American evangelist Lorenzo Dow (1777–1834), whose visits inspired a return to fervent, open-air preaching.

In the United States, the Primitive Methodist Church had eighty-three parishes and 8,487 members in 1996.  In 2025, the PMC in the United States has 60 congregations across 13 eastern states.

In Great Britain and Australia, the Primitive Methodist Church merged with other denominations, to form the Methodist Church of Great Britain in 1932 and the Methodist Church of Australasia in 1902. (The latter subsequently merged into the Uniting Church in Australia in 1977.)
Drainage equation
A drainage equation is an equation describing the relation between depth and spacing of parallel subsurface drains, depth of the watertable, depth and hydraulic conductivity of the soils. It is used in drainage design.

A well known steady-state drainage equation is the Hooghoudt drain spacing equation. Its original publication is in Dutch. The equation was introduced in the USA by van Schilfgaarde.

Drainage system (agriculture)
An agricultural drainage system is a system by which water is drained on or in the soil to enhance agricultural production of crops. It may involve any combination of stormwater control, erosion control, and watertable control.
Northeastern Kuki-Chin languages
Northeastern Kuki-Chin is a branch of Kuki-Chin languages.  It was formerly called Northern Kuki-Chin, but renamed to distinguish it from the Northwestern Kuki-Chin languages. VanBik also calls the branch Northern Chin or Zo.

These languages are spoken in northern parts of Chin State in Myanmar, and various parts of Northeast India, most notably in the state of Manipur.

Tedim language
The Tedim language is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken mostly in the southern Indo-Burmese border. It is the native language of the Tedim tribe of the Zomi people, and a form of standardized  dialect merging from the Sukte and Kamhau dialects. It is a subject-object verb language, and negation follows the verb. It is mutually intelligible with the Paite language.
All Wound Up...
All Wound Up... is the debut studio album by American rock band Godsmack. It was released independently through the band's own record label, E. K. Records Company, in February 1997. The album was pressed four different times before being picked up by Republic Records/Universal Records in June 1998. It was slightly edited and remixed (with some unlicensed samples removed), fully remastered and given a new artwork and layout, and re-released by the major record labels as Godsmack in August 1998. The band never considered this to be a demo release; they considered it the same release as Godsmack.

Tony Rombola
Tony Rombola (born November 24, 1964) is an American musician who had been the lead guitarist for the Boston-based rock band Godsmack from the mid-1990s until April 2025. He has been cited as "an extraodinaire" in the guitar world by Guitar World magazine, and is cited to be the only guitarist to keep an "original soloing style" during the nu metal period, earning him the respect of the guitar industry. Rombola is also a guitarist for the side-project band Another Animal, formed at the beginning of 2007. The band released their self-titled debut album in October 2007.
Sukhaya Tunguska
Sukhaya Tunguska (Russian: Сухая Тунгуска, literally 'Dry Tunguska') is a small rural village in Turukhansky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located on the right bank of the Yenisei River near the confluence with the Sukhaya Tunguska River, approximately 69 km south of Turukhansk. As of the 2010 census, the village had only 2 inhabitants, making it one of the smallest inhabited localities in Krasnoyarsk Krai.

Turukhansk
Turukhansk (Russian: Туруха́нск) ( Turks/Turkic people of Russia) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Turukhansky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located 1,474 kilometers (916 mi) north of Krasnoyarsk, at the confluence of the Yenisey and Nizhnyaya Tunguska Rivers. Until 1924, the town was known as Monastyrskoye, and from 1924 to 1930 as Novo-Turukhansk.

It is not to be confused with Staroturukhansk, known as Turukhansk until 1920.
Bat Yam Municipal Stadium
The Bat Yam Municipal Stadium (Hebrew: האצטדיון העירוני בת ים) is a football stadium in the Tel Aviv District city of Bat Yam, Israel. It has a capacity of 2,800.

Opened in 1991, the stadium is located in the south-east of Bat Yam, and replaced the former municipal stadium that was in the south-west. It was host to Beitar Bat Yam, Maccabi Bat Yam, and later, Maccabi Ironi Bat Yam and Hapoel Bat Yam, all of which are now defunct.

32°00′11″N 34°45′29″E﻿ / ﻿32.003045°N 34.758167°E﻿ / 32.003045; 34.758167

Hapoel Bat Yam F.C.
Hapoel Bat Yam  (Hebrew: הפועל בת ים) (currently known as Hapoel Abirei Bat Yam Hebrew: הפועל אבירי בת ים, lit. Hapoel Bat Yam Knights) is an Israeli football club from the city of Bat Yam. The current club is a resurrection of an older Hapoel Bat Yam club, which was folded in 2004.
Maybole Juniors F.C.
Maybole Juniors Football Club are a Scottish football club based in the town of Maybole, Ayrshire. Formed in 1946, they are based at Ladywell Stadium, and currently compete in the West of Scotland League Second Division.

West of Scotland Football League
The West of Scotland Football League (WoSFL) is a senior football league based in the west of Scotland. The league sits at levels 6–10 on the Scottish football league system, acting as a feeder to the Lowland Football League.

Founded in 2020, it is currently composed of 80 member clubs competing in five divisions. Geographically, the league covers Argyll & Bute, Ayrshire, East Dunbartonshire, West Dunbartonshire, Glasgow, Inverclyde, Lanarkshire, East Renfrewshire and Renfrewshire. Two clubs are also based in Dumfries and Galloway.

Since its formation, it has featured in the senior pyramid system. The winners take part in an end of season promotion play-off with the East of Scotland Football League and South of Scotland Football League champions, subject to clubs meeting the required licensing criteria.
Allardyce Range
54°25′S 36°32′W﻿ / ﻿54.417°S 36.533°W﻿ / -54.417; -36.533

The Allardyce Range (Spanish: Cordillera de San Telmo) is a mountain range rising south of Cumberland Bay and dominating the central part of South Georgia, a British Overseas Territories. It extends for 50 km (31 mi) from Mount Globus in the northwest to Mount Brooker in the southeast, with peaks of 2,000 to 2,935 m (6,562 to 9,629 ft) and including Mount Paget (2,935 m or 9,629 ft) the highest peak of the range and also the highest point in the UK territory. Other peaks of the range include Mount Roots.

Although not shown on the charts of South Georgia by Cook in 1775 or Bellingshausen in 1819, peaks of this range were doubtless seen by those explorers. The range was named c. 1915 after Sir William Lamond Allardyce (1861–1930), Governor of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies, 1904–14.

Mount Roots
Mount Roots is a mainly snow-covered mountain on South Georgia, standing near the head of Nordenskjold Glacier, 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) ESE of Mount Paget. Its western peak rises to 2,158 metres (7,080 ft); its eastern peak to 2,270 metres (7,450 ft). The mountain, fifth-highest on the island, is a prominent feature and presumably was known to whalers and sealers in South Georgia at an early date.

It was roughly surveyed in the period 1925–30 by DI personnel, and resurveyed by the SGS, 1951–52. Named by the UK-APC for James W. Roots, a member of the SGS, 1951–52.

The first ascent was made by British climbers Will Manners and Stuart Macdonald on the north buttress in January 2001.
One-wall handball
One-wall handball, also known as 1-wall, wallball or international fronton, is a wall game (indirect style) where the player hits a small rubber ball with their hand against a wall. The goal of the game is to score more points than the opponent. The player then hits the ball, and the ball bounces off the wall and the floor within court lines, if the opponent fails to return the ball, the player scores a point. The sport was created to bring together varieties, such as American handball, Basque pelota, Patball, Gaelic handball, Pêl-Law (Welsh handball) and Valencian frontó.

Welsh handball
Welsh handball (Welsh: Pêl-law) is one of the ancient native sports of Wales. It is related to coeval sports such as Irish handball, fives, and Basque pelota and is a possible antecedent of American handball. The sport has been continually attested since the Middle Ages and its popularity saw it become an important expression of Welsh culture, offering ordinary people opportunities through prize money, bookkeeping and even player professionalism.

Due to its cultural significance games of Pêl-law were simply referred to as Chwarae Pêl (playing ball) and it has since been described as "Wales’s first national sport".
2007 Wexford Senior Hurling Championship
The 2007 Wexford Senior Hurling Championship was the 97th completed staging of the Wexford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Wexford County Board in 1889.

Rathnure entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 21 October 2007 at Wexford Park, between Oulart–The Ballagh and Buffers Alley, in what was their fifth meeting in the final overall and a first meeting in the final in 15 years. Oulart–The Ballagh won the match by 4-14 to 2-06 to claim their sixth championship title overall and a first title in two years.

1992 Wexford Senior Hurling Championship
The 1992 Wexford Senior Hurling Championship was the 82nd completed staging of the Wexford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Wexford County Board in 1889.

Buffers Alley entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final, was played on 25 October 1992 at Wexford Park, between Buffers Alley and Oulart–the Ballagh, in what was their fourth meeting in the final overall and a first meeting in three years. Buffers Alley won the match by 1–11 to 1–05 to claim their 12th championship title overall and a second title in succession.
Puttonyos
Puttonyos is a unit for the level of sugar in Hungarian Tokaji.  It is traditionally measured by the number of hods of sweet botrytised or nobly rotted grapes (known as Aszú) added to a barrel of wine, but is now measured in grams of residual sugar. The puttony was actually the 25 kg basket or hod of Aszú grapes, and the more added to the barrel of wine, the sweeter the eventual wine. Measurement ranges from 3 to 6 Puttonyos. A Tokaji made entirely from Aszú grapes is not labeled using the Puttonyos system but is known as Eszencia.

Hungarian wine
Hungarian wine has a history dating back to the Kingdom of Hungary. Outside Hungary, the best-known wines are the white dessert wine Tokaji aszú (particularly in the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia) and the red wine Bull's Blood of Eger (Egri Bikavér).
Airport '07
"Airport '07" is the twelfth episode of season five of the animated sitcom Family Guy. The episode originally broadcast on Fox on March 4, 2007. The plot follows the Griffin family's neighbor Quagmire being dismissed from his job as a pilot after Peter sabotages his airplane by emptying the fuel tank, causing it to crash. Peter, Joe and Cleveland make a plan to get Quagmire his job back and, although the plan itself fails, Quagmire is re-hired.

Written by Tom Devanney and directed by John Holmquist, the episode received mostly positive reviews from critics. According to Nielsen ratings, it was watched by 8.59 million households in its original airing. The episode featured guest performances by Barclay DeVeau, Hugh Hefner, Phil LaMarr, Rachael MacFarlane and Fred Tatasciore, along with several recurring guest voice actors from the series.

Melissa Drexler
Melissa Drexler, who was nicknamed in the media as "The Prom Mom", is an American woman who, as a teenage high school student in 1997, delivered a baby in a restroom stall during her high school prom dance then put the infant in the trash can and returned to the dance. The baby was later found in a trash bin, and Drexler pleaded guilty to aggravated manslaughter. She was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment. After serving a little over three years, she was released on parole.
2016 Neva Cup
The 2016 Neva Cup was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 5th edition of the tournament and part of the 2016 ITF Women's Circuit, offering a total of $100,000 in prize money. It took place in Saint Petersburg, Russia, on 19–25 September 2016.

2016 ITF Women's Circuit
The 2016 International Tennis Federation (ITF) Women's Circuit is a second-tier tour for women's professional tennis. It is organized by the International Tennis Federation and is a tier below the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour. The ITF Women's Circuit includes tournaments with prize money ranging from $10,000 to $100,000.