hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Commonwealth Policy Studies Unit
The Commonwealth Policy Studies Unit (CPSU) was a think-tank covering matters pertaining to the Commonwealth of Nations. It formed part of the University of London's Institute of Commonwealth Studies, itself part of the School of Advanced Study.

In 2011 the CPSU rebranded as the Commonwealth Advisory Bureau (CA/B). In April 2013 the activity of the Commonwealth Advisory Bureau was incorporated into the wider work of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, and the separate identity of the CA/B ceased.

Commonwealth Foundation
The Commonwealth Foundation (CF) is an intergovernmental organisation that was established by the Commonwealth Heads of Government in 1966, a year after its sister organisation, the Commonwealth Secretariat. The foundation is located at Marlborough House in London, a former royal palace which was assigned for the use of these Commonwealth institutions by Queen Elizabeth II, the former Head of the Commonwealth. As the Commonwealth agency for civil society, the foundation is funded by 49 member states to support participatory governance through its programmes. The foundation provides resources, grants and access to platforms to encourage better engagement between civil society and institutions of governance.  Membership of the Commonwealth Foundation is voluntary and is separate from membership of the Commonwealth of Nations.
2025 Izida Cup II
The 2025 Genesis Trading Cup II  (formerly the Izida Cup II) was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the fourth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2025 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Sofia, Bulgaria between 18 and 23 August 2025.

2025 ATP Challenger Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour in 2025 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2025 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 217 tournaments with prize money ranging from $60,000 up to $250,000. It was the 48th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 17th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Gabriel Baccus Matthews
Gabriel Bacchus Matthews (1948 – September 7, 2007) was a Liberian politician. He is considered one of the leaders in developing a multi-party system in Liberia, long dominated by the True Whig Party. He founded the Progressive Alliance of Liberia (PAL) in 1975, the first active opposition party since the demise of the Republican Party in the 1870s.

It was succeeded by the Progressive People Party (PPP) and later the United People's Party. Matthews twice served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Liberia, under Samuel K. Doe (1980–1981) and later under Amos Sawyer (1990–93).

Amos Sawyer
Amos Claudius Sawyer (15 June 1945 – 16 February 2022) was a Liberian politician and academic who served as interim president of Liberia from 22 November 1990 to 7 March 1994. He was voted into office by 35 leaders representing seven political parties and eleven interest groups.
Drake River
The Drake River is a river of New Zealand. It is located in southern Westland, and flows entirely within the Mount Aspiring National Park. The river follows a southerly course for seven kilometres before turning northeast to flow another five kilometres before reaching the Waiatoto River.

The tributaries of the river were probably surveyed and named by Mueller in 1885.

There is potential for a 30 MW power-generating plant at the junction of the Drake and Waiatoto Rivers.

Westland District
Westland District is a territorial authority district on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island. It is administered by the Westland District Council. The district's population is 9,270 (June 2024).
Smart Metrology
Smart Metrology is a modern approach to industrial metrology. The name was introduced by Jean-Michel Pou and Laurent Leblond, a French meteorologist and a French statistician. The term was coined in their book, La Smart Metrology: De la métrologie des instruments à la métrologie des décisions. It was then adopted by Deltamu, a French company providing services in the field of industrial metrology.

The approach promoted by Smart Metrology applies the exploitation of data and information, including that provided by big data, to implement an approach based on the three pillars of metrology (uncertainty, calibration and traceability) in industrial applications.

Calibration
In measurement technology and metrology, calibration is the comparison of measurement values delivered by a device under test with those of a calibration standard of known accuracy. Such a standard could be another measurement device of known accuracy, a device generating the quantity to be measured such as a voltage, a sound tone, or a physical artifact, such as a meter ruler.

The outcome of the comparison can result in one of the following:

no significant error being noted on the device under test

a significant error being noted but no adjustment made

an adjustment made to correct the error to an acceptable level

Strictly speaking, the term "calibration" means just the act of comparison and does not include any subsequent adjustment.

The calibration standard is normally traceable to a national or international standard held by a metrology body.
2006 Ealing London Borough Council election
Elections for Ealing Council in London were held on 4 May 2006.  The 2006 United Kingdom local elections took place on the same day.

The Conservatives gained control of the borough from the Labour Party, who themselves had been in control since 1994. The Conservatives had campaigned on opposition to the proposed West London Tram, and this opposition was claimed to be a factor in the outcome, though Labour had incurred losses much further afield and the proposed tram would have run the length of the Uxbridge Road which only passed through about half of the borough's wards.

Turnout was 37.69%.

1994 Ealing London Borough Council election
The 1994 Ealing Council election took place on 5 May 1994 to elect members of Ealing London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Labour Party gained overall control of the council.
Jane Roberts
Dorothy Jane Roberts (May 8, 1929 – September 5, 1984) was an American author and poet, who claimed to be psychic and a spirit medium channeling a personality who called himself "Seth."  Her publication of the Seth texts, known as the Seth Material, established her as one of the preeminent figures in the world of paranormal phenomena.

Extrasensory perception
Extrasensory perception (ESP), also known as a sixth sense, or cryptaesthesia, is a claimed paranormal ability pertaining to reception of information not gained through the recognized physical senses, but sensed with the mind. The term was adopted by Duke University botanist J. B. Rhine to denote psychic abilities such as telepathy, psychometry, clairvoyance and their trans-temporal operation as precognition or retrocognition.

Second sight is an alleged form of extrasensory perception, whereby a person perceives information, in the form of a vision, about future events before they happen (precognition), or about things or events at remote locations (remote viewing). There is no evidence that second sight exists. Reports of second sight are known only from anecdotes. Second sight and ESP are classified as pseudosciences.
RVS Tukoro
RVS Tukoro is a Pacific Forum patrol boat that performs fishery protection, search and rescue and sovereignty patrols for Vanuatu. Tukoro is one of twenty-two small patrol vessels Australia designed and built for smaller fellow members of the Pacific Forum, after the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea established that all maritime nations were entitled to exercise control over a 200-kilometre (120 mi) exclusive economic zone.

Pacific-class patrol boat
The Pacific class (also known as the Pacific Forum class and the ASI 315 class) is a class of 22 patrol boats built by Australia and donated to twelve South Pacific countries. The vessels were constructed between 1985 and 1997 and are operated by the militaries, coast guards or police forces of the twelve island nations. These boats are supported by the Pacific Patrol Boat Program and used primarily for maritime surveillance and fisheries protection.
Government in Norman and Angevin England
From the Norman Conquest of 1066 to the death of King John in 1216, England was governed by the Norman and Plantagenet dynasties. The Norman kings preserved and built upon the institutions of Anglo-Saxon government. They also introduced new institutions, in particular, formalized feudalism.

Shire court
A shire court or shire moot was an Anglo-Saxon government institution, used to maintain law and order at a local level, and perform various administrative functions, including the collection of taxes for the central government.

The system originated in Wessex, then expanded to other parts of England. Although retained after the 1066 Norman Conquest, it gradually lost its power, before the shire courts were formally abolished by the County Courts Act 1846.
Nzambi Ampungu
Nzambi Ampungu (also Nzambi, Nzambi Mpungu, Nzambi Sundidi, Nzambi Ampungu Tulendo) is the Supreme God, eternal Sky Father and God of the Sun (fire) in traditional Kongo spirituality. His female counterpart is Nzambici, the Sky Mother and Goddess of the Moon. Among other Central African Bantu peoples, such as the Chokwe, and in the Kingdom of Ndongo, Nzambi Ampungu was also called Kalunga, the god of fire and change. This may have a connection to an element of Bakongo cosmology called Kalûnga. It was seen as the spark of fire that begot all life in the universe. After Portuguese colonization, Nzambi became synonymous with the Christian God and existed chiefly as the Creator God.

Sky father
In comparative mythology, sky father is a term for a recurring concept in polytheistic religions of a sky god who is addressed as a "father", often the father of a pantheon and is often either a reigning or former King of the Gods. The concept of "sky father" may also be taken to include Sun gods with similar characteristics, such as Ra. The concept is complementary to an "earth mother".

"Sky Father" is a direct translation of the Vedic Dyaus Pita, etymologically descended from the same Proto-Indo-European deity name as the Greek Zeûs Pater and Roman Jupiter, all of which are reflexes of the same Proto-Indo-European deity's name, *Dyēus Ph₂tḗr. While there are numerous parallels adduced from outside of Indo-European mythology, there are exceptions (e.g. In Egyptian mythology, Nut is the sky mother and Geb is the earth father).
Piz Nuna
Piz Nuna is a mountain in the Sesvenna Range of the Alps, located northeast of Zernez in the canton of Graubünden. Its summit (3,124 m) is the tripoint between the valley of Val Nuna, Val Sampuoir and Val Laschadura.

Zernez
Zernez is a village and a municipality in the Engiadina Bassa/Val Müstair Region in the Swiss canton of the Grisons. On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Lavin and Susch merged into the municipality of Zernez.

Zernez is a major node in the regional road network, with roads leading into the Upper Engadine and towards Italy, the Lower Engadine and towards Austria, over the Fuorn Pass into the Val Mustair and over the Flüela Pass. Zernez is the center for visitors of the Swiss National Park (Romansh: Parc Naziunal).
Rupnagar, Guwahati
Rupnagar is a locality of Guwahati, a city in Northeast India in the state Assam. It is surrounded by the localities of Bhangagarh and Birubari.It was known as Kalapahar number two earlier.  It is named after Late Rupnath Brahma, one of the architects of modern Assam and long serving minister in the Assam Government.

Bhangagarh
Bhangagarh is a locality in Guwahati, Assam, India. It is surrounded by the localities of Paltan Bazaar, Chandmari and Ganeshguri. The nearest airport at Borjhar and the nearest railway station is that of Guwahati at Paltan Bazaar.
Ruđić (15th century)
In the first half of the 15th century, several people with the surname Ruđić (Serbian Cyrillic: Руђић) were mentioned in Ragusan documents. These include, most notably:

Bogeta Ruđić (Богета Руђић; fl. 1423) was a župan (count) formerly serving Bosnian vojvoda (duke) Sandalj Hranić (1370–1435), who after the Republic of Ragusa's purchase of Konavle and the decision that all inhabitants be regarded serfs led a rebellion with his brothers against Ragusa. The rebels were helped by Trebinje and other neighbours, most of all by subjects of vojvoda Radoslav Pavlović. The result was an agreement that three families, the Ruđići, Bogojevići and Radinkovići, "who held a good part of that area", continue their service for some time under Sandalj.

Živko Ruđić (Живко Руђић; fl. 1422–29) was a Ragusan merchant, a companion of affluent merchant Luka Milanović (fl. 1420–d. 1429), dealing with precious metals from Bosnia and Serbia.

Republic of Ragusa
The Republic of Ragusa was an aristocratic maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik (Ragusa in Italian and Latin; Raguxa in Venetian) in South Dalmatia (today in southernmost Croatia) in Southern Europe that carried that name from 1358 until 1808. It reached its commercial peak in the 15th and the 16th centuries, before being conquered by Napoleon's French Empire and formally annexed by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy in 1808. By then it had a population of about 30,000 people, of whom 5,000 lived within the city walls. Its motto was "Non bene pro toto libertas venditur auro", a Latin phrase which can be translated as "Liberty is not well sold for all the gold".
Brianna Thomas (politician)
Brianna Thomas is a member of the Washington House of Representatives for the 34th district. She took office on January 21, 2025, after being appointed by the King County Council to fill Emily Alvarado's former seat.

Emily Alvarado (politician)
Emily Alvarado is an American politician and affordable housing advocate serving as a member of the Washington State Senate for the 34th district since 2025. She previously represented the same district in the Washington House of Representatives from 2023 to 2025.
Initial public offering of Facebook
The technology company Facebook, Inc., held its initial public offering (IPO) on Friday, May 18, 2012, with shares trading on Nasdaq under the ticker symbol FB.  The IPO was one of the biggest in technology and Internet history, with a peak market capitalization of over $104 billion.

Price–earnings ratio
The price–earnings ratio, also known as P/E ratio, P/E, or PER, is the ratio of a company's share price to the company's earnings per share. The ratio is used for valuing companies and to find out whether they are overvalued or undervalued.

As an example, if share A is trading at $24 and the earnings per share for the most recent 12-month period is $3, then share A has a P/E ratio of ⁠$24/$3/year⁠ = 8 years. Put another way, the purchaser of the share is expecting 8 years to recoup the share price. Companies with losses (negative earnings) or no profit have an undefined P/E ratio (usually shown as "not applicable" or "N/A"); sometimes, however, a negative P/E ratio may be shown. There is a general consensus among most investors that a P/E ratio of around 10 to 20 is "fairly priced" but this is sector and business dependent.
Shirokanedai
Shirokanedai (白金台) is a district of Minato, Tokyo. The district today is made up of 5 chome. As of November 1, 2007, the population of Shirokanedai is 10,001.

The former neighborhood of Shirokanedai (Shirokanedaimachi, 白金台町) consisted only of very narrow area along Meguro-dori (Tokyo Prefectural Route 312) and the former imperial estate called Shirokane Goryochi. It was merged with nearby neighborhoods after the promulgation of the current addressing system in 1969.

Institute of Medical Science (Japan)
The Institute of Medical Science (Tōkyō-daigaku Ikagaku Kenkyūjo 東京大学医科学研究所) is an ancillary establishment of the University of Tokyo.  It succeeded the Institute of Infectious Diseases (伝染病研究所, Densenbyō Kenkyūjo) established in 1892 and is the foremost institute for medical and bioscience research in Japan.

A research hospital is attached to the institute. The former Institute of Public Health was located on the site.
Sahib I Giray
Sahib I Giray (1501–1551) was Khan of Kazan for three years and Khan of Crimea for nineteen years. His father was the Crimean Khan Meñli I Giray. Sahib was placed on the throne of Kazan by his ambitious brother Mehmed of Crimea and driven out of Kazan by the Russians. He became Khan of Crimea with Ottoman support and was expelled by the Turks for disobedience.  During his reign Crimean troops fought for the Turks and also fought in the North Caucasus. In 1532-1584, during the long reigns of Sahib I Giray, Devlet I Giray and Mehmed II Giray, Crimea was at the height of its power.

Mehmed II Giray
Mehmed II Giray (1532 – May 1584) was Khan of the Crimean Khanate who reigned from 1577 to 1584. During his reign he made at least three campaigns against Persia in the service of the Ottomans. He was overthrown by the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean campaign (1584), for refusing to participate to another Ottoman campaign. He was one of the numerous sons of Devlet I Giray. Five of his brothers were later Khans.

He was called Semiz or 'the fat'. Because of his weight he avoided riding horseback and preferred to travel in a wagon drawn by six or eight horses. His use of a wagon contributed to his death. When he came to the throne he had no living uncles and six living brothers: Adil, Alp, Gazi, Fetkh, Mubarak and Selyamet. Saadet II Giray was his son. His many brothers, each of whom was a potential khan, caused trouble during his reign and after.
S. Foster Damon
Samuel Foster Damon (February 12, 1893 – December 25, 1971) was an American academic, a specialist in William Blake, a critic and a poet. When remembered as a Blake scholar, he is often compared in importance to Northrop Frye and David V. Erdman.

David V. Erdman
David V. Erdman (November 4, 1911, in Omaha, NE – October 14, 2001) was an American literary critic, editor, and Professor Emeritus of English at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Professor Erdman established his reputation as a William Blake scholar.
John Scolvus
John Scolvus or John of Kolno may have been a navigator of the late 15th century. According to some sources he was among a group of early Europeans to reach the shores of the Americas prior to Columbus, arriving in 1476 as steersman of Didrik Pining, although this view is not supported by contemporary evidence; as he is not mentioned contemporaneously, his identity and even existence have been disputed.

Hans Pothorst
Hans Pothorst (c. 1440 – 1490) was a privateer, likely from the German city of Hildesheim.

In 1925, researcher Sofus Larsen proposed that Pothhorst may have landed in North America, along with Didrik Pining, in the 1470s, almost twenty years before Columbus' voyages of discovery. Scholars now view this as unlikely.
Steve Kozola
Steven Kozola (born December 17, 1989) is an American mixed martial artist who most recently competed in Bellator's Lightweight division. A professional competitor since 2013, he has also competed for the World Series of Fighting.

Lightweight (MMA)
The lightweight division in mixed martial arts contains different weight classes:

The UFC's lightweight division, which groups competitors within 146 to 155 lb (66 to 70 kg)

The Shooto lightweight division, which limits competitors to 145 lb (65.8 kg)

The ONE Championship's lightweight division, with an upper limit at 77.1 kg (170.0 lb)

The Road FC's lightweight division, with an upper limit at 154 lb (70 kg)
13th Star
13th Star is the ninth solo studio album (eighth of original material) by Fish since he left Marillion in 1988. Released as a limited edition via mail-order in September 2007 and to retail in February 2008, it is his first since Field of Crows (2004). Released on Fish's own imprint Chocolate Frog Records, retail distribution is handled by Snapper Music.

Optical disc packaging
Optical disc packaging is the packaging that accompanies CDs, DVDs, and other formats of optical discs. Most packaging is rigid or semi-rigid and designed to protect the media from scratches and other types of exposure damage.
NGC 2009
NGC 2009 (also known as ESO 56-140) is a small open cluster located in the Dorado constellation. It was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel on November 3, 1834 with a visual magnitude of 11.02, being visible with a telescope having an aperture of 6 inches (150mm) or more. It is located in the Large Magellanic Cloud and is estimated to be between 45 and 50 light years across.

Dorado
Dorado (US: /dəˈreɪdoʊ/, also UK: /-ˈrɑːdoʊ/) is a constellation in the Southern Sky. It was named in the late 16th century and is now one of the 88 modern constellations. Its name refers to the mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus), which is known as dorado ("golden") in Spanish, although it has also been depicted as a swordfish. Dorado contains most of the Large Magellanic Cloud, the remainder being in the constellation Mensa. The South Ecliptic pole also lies within this constellation.

Even though the name Dorado is not Latin but Spanish, astronomers give it the Latin genitive form Doradus when naming its stars; it is treated (like the adjacent asterism Argo Navis) as a feminine proper name of Greek origin ending in -ō (like Io or Callisto or Argo), which have a genitive ending -ūs.
Beveren railway station
Beveren is a railway station in the town of Beveren, East Flanders, Belgium. The station opened on 3 November 1844 and is located on line 59. The train services are operated by National Railway Company of Belgium (NMBS).

Beveren
Beveren (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈbeːvərə(n)] ⓘ) is a former municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders which comprises the towns of Beveren, Doel, Haasdonk, Kallo, Kieldrecht, Melsele, Verrebroek and Vrasene.

The port of the Waasland (Dutch: Waaslandhaven) is in Beveren, on the left bank of the Schelde, facing the port of Antwerp on the other side of the river.
Archaeology of Svalbard
The archaeology of Svalbard is the study of human activity in the northerly Arctic Ocean archipelago's past. The geography, environment and climate of Svalbard have resulted in exceptional preservation conditions. (But rapid climate change – with a now warmer and more humid environment – is causing damage.) Archaeological fieldwork on Svalbard is both expensive and physically exhausting, but new technology and infrastructure has allowed easier access. This easier access has also resulted in more damage caused by tourists.

Rather than being managed by the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage as standard in most of Norway, the Governor of Svalbard is responsible for all historical sites and all archaeological work on Svalbard, much as the Sami Parliament is responsible for managing Sami-related cultural heritage. All cultural heritage sites or objects originating from 1946 or before are automatically protected by law, a rule applying to all types of remains.

Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage
The Directorate for Cultural Heritage (Norwegian: Riksantikvaren or Direktoratet for kulturminneforvaltning) is a government agency responsible for the management of cultural heritage in Norway. Subordinate to the Norwegian Ministry of the Environment, it manages the Cultural Heritage Act of June 9, 1978. The directorate also has responsibilities under the Norwegian Planning and Building Law.