hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Unicode input
Unicode input is a method to encode specific characters that are not directly available on a physical keyboard.  Characters can be entered either by selecting them from a display, by typing a certain sequence or a 'chord' of keys on a physical keyboard, or by drawing the symbol by hand on touch-sensitive screen. In contrast to ASCII's 96 element character set (which it contains), Unicode encodes hundreds of thousands of graphemes (characters) from almost all of the world's written languages as well as many other signs and symbols.

A comprehensive Unicode input system must provide for a large repertoire of characters, ideally all valid Unicode code points. This is different from a keyboard layout which defines keys and their combinations only for a limited number of characters appropriate for a certain locale. Nevertheless, the latter technique (particularly if an "extended" setting is used) is often adequate to satisfy the needs of most users, most of the time.

Digraphs and trigraphs (programming)
In computer programming, digraphs and trigraphs are sequences of two and three characters, respectively, that appear in source code and, according to a programming language's specification, should be treated as if they were single characters.

Various reasons exist for using digraphs and trigraphs: keyboards may not have keys to cover the entire character set of the language, input of special characters may be difficult, text editors may reserve some characters for special use and so on. Trigraphs might also be used for some EBCDIC code pages that lack characters such as { and }.
Sarugahana Caves
The Sarugahana Caves (サルガ鼻洞窟住居跡, Sarugahana dōkutsu jūkyo ato) is an archaeological site consisting of a cave dwelling in the Mihonoseki-cho neighborhood of the city of Matsue, Shimane Prefecture in the San'in region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1943.

Matsue
Matsue (Japanese: 松江市, Hepburn: Matsue-shi) is the capital city of Shimane Prefecture, Japan, located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu. As of 31 March 2023, the city had an estimated population of 196,748 in 91287 households and a population density of 340 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 572.99 square kilometres (221.23 sq mi). Matsue is home to the  Tokugawa-era Matsue Castle, one of the last surviving feudal castles in Japan.
Josaphat Kotsylovsky
Josaphat Joseph Kotsylovsky OSBM  (Ukrainian: Йосафат Йосиф Коциловський; 3 March 1876 – 17 November 1947) was a bishop and martyr of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. He was the bishop of the Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Przemyśl–Warsaw from 1917 to 1947.

Przemyśl
Przemyśl (Polish: [ˈpʂɛmɨɕl] ⓘ) is a city in southeastern Poland with 56,466 inhabitants, as of December 2023. In 1999, it became part of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship. It was previously the capital of Przemyśl Voivodeship.

Przemyśl owes its long and rich history to the advantages of its geographic location. The city lies in an area connecting mountains and lowlands known as the Przemyśl Gate (Brama Przemyska), with open lines of transport, and fertile soil. It also lies on the navigable San River. Important trade routes that connect Central Europe from Przemyśl ensure the city's importance. The Old Town of Przemyśl is listed as a Historic Monument of Poland.

Since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, Przemyśl has been a point of refuge for many Ukrainians, as it is located near the Poland–Ukraine border and serves as the end point of the Lviv–Przemyśl railway junction.
Casa Romuli
The Casa Romuli ("Hut of Romulus"), also known as the tugurium Romuli, was the reputed dwelling place of the legendary founder and first king of Rome, Romulus (traditional dates 771–717 BC). It was situated on the south-western corner of the Palatine Hill, where it slopes down towards the Circus Maximus, near the so-called "Steps of Cacus". It was a traditional single-roomed peasants' hut of the Latins, with straw roof and wattle-and-daub walls, such as are reproduced in miniature in the distinctive funerary urns of the so-called Latial culture (ca. 1000 – ca. 600 BC).

Palatine Hill
The Palatine Hill (/ˈpælətaɪn/ PAL-ə-tyne; Classical Latin: Palatium; New Latin: Collis/Mons Palatinus; Italian: Palatino [palaˈtiːno]), which relative to the seven hills of Rome is the centremost, is one of the most ancient parts of the city; it has been called "the first nucleus of the Roman Empire". The site is now mainly a large open-air museum whilst the Palatine Museum houses many finds from the excavations here and from other ancient Italian sites.

Imperial palaces were built there, starting with Augustus. Before imperial times the hill was mostly occupied by the houses of the rich.

The hill originally had two summits separated by a depression: the higher summit was called Palatium; the lower Germalus (or Cermalus). Using the Forma Urbis its perimeter enclosed 63 acres (25 ha); while the Regionary Catalogues of the 4th century enclose 131 acres (53 ha).
2020 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
The 2020 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 3, 2020, to elect the seven U.S. representatives from the state of South Carolina, one from each of the state's seven congressional districts. The elections coincided with the 2020 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the House of Representatives, elections to the United States Senate and various state and local elections.

South Carolina House of Representatives
The South Carolina House of Representatives is the lower house of the South Carolina General Assembly. It consists of 124 representatives elected to two-year terms at the same time as U.S. congressional elections.

Unlike many legislatures, seating on the floor is not divided by party, but is arranged by county delegation – a legacy of the original apportionment of the chamber. Until 1964, each of South Carolina's counties was a legislative district, with the number of representatives determined by the county's population. It meets from the second week of January into May.
Moosa AbdulRahman Hassan
Hajj Moosa AbdulRahman Hassan (Arabic: موسى بن عبد الرحمن بن حسن الرئيسي) was an Omani businessman, tribal leader, and landlord. He was born in the old town of Muscat and finished his studies in the American Mission School. He established a firm in 1927 in supplying coals and foodstuffs to British ships & frigates in Muscat.

Qais Bin Abdul Munim Al Zawawi
Qais bin ʿAbdul-Munʿim Az-Zawāwī (Arabic: قَيْس بِن عَبْدُ ٱلْمُنْعِم ٱلزَّوَاوِي; 27 August 1935 – 11 September 1995) was an Omani politician and businessman who served as the second foreign minister of Oman, and later served as Deputy Prime Minister for Economic and Financial Affairs under Sultan Qaboos bin Said from 1982 until his death in a car accident in Salalah.

Before entering politics, Qais Al Zawawi studied in India. He then moved to Dubai, where he established Pepsi-Cola operations with Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, then ruler of Dubai (1958–1990), and Sultan bin Ali Al Owais and Mohamed Yehia Zakaria, both prominent businessmen. He then returned to Oman after the discovery of oil in 1967 and the deposition of the Sultan's father in a bloodless coup, both of which enabled the country to start to move again commercially.

Qais Al Zawawi was the founder of Alawi Enterprises, a holding company for the Zawawi Group.
Battle of Khankala (1222)
During a raid on the Caucasus conducted by the Mongol army led by Subutai and Jebe in 1222, its army clashed with a united force of North Caucasians and Kipchak Turks. The battle ended in a victory for the Mongols and the complete annihilation of the united army of North Caucasians and Kipchaks. Following their victory, the Mongols ravaged the North Caucasus, before continuing their campaign northwards.

Durdzuks
The Durdzuks (Georgian: დურძუკები, romanized: durdzuk'ebi), also known as Dzurdzuks, was a medieval exonym of the 9th-18th centuries used mainly in Georgian, Arabic, but also Armenian sources in reference to the Vainakh peoples (Chechens and Ingush).
Gahai Township, Gansu
Gahai Township (Chinese: 尕海镇) is a township in Luqu County, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu, China. In 2010, Gahai Township had a total population of 5,257: 2,666 males and 2,591 females: 1,383 aged under 14, 3,553 aged between 15 and 65 and 321 aged over 65.

Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
34°59′N 102°55′E﻿ / ﻿34.98°N 102.91°E﻿ / 34.98; 102.91

Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (Chinese: 甘南藏族自治州; pinyin: Gānnán Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu; Tibetan: ཀན་ལྷོ་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ་, Wylie: Kan-lho Bod-rigs rang-skyong-khul, ZWPY: Gainlho Poirig Ranggyong Kü) is an autonomous prefecture in southern Gansu Province, China, bordering Linxia to the north, Dingxi to the northeast, Longnan to the east and Aba (Sichuan province) to the south. It includes Xiahe and the Labrang Monastery, Luqu, Maqu and other mostly Tibetan towns and villages. Gannan has an area of 40,898 km2 (15,791 sq mi) and its capital is Hezuo city (Zoi). In the first year of the proclamation of Gannan Autonomous District, the district-seat was at the Labrang Town of Sangqu.
Point and figure chart
Point and figure (P&F) is a charting technique used in technical analysis.  Point and figure charting does not plot price against time as time-based charts do.  Instead it plots price against changes in direction by plotting a column of Xs as the price rises and a column of Os as the price falls.

Perry J. Kaufman
Perry J. Kaufman is an American systematic trader, rocket scientist, index developer, and quantitative financial theorist. He is considered a leading expert in the development of fully algorithmic trading programs (mostly written in Fortran).
Const (computer programming)
In some programming languages, const is a type qualifier (a keyword applied to a data type) that indicates that the data is read-only. While this can be used to declare constants, const in the C family of languages differs from similar constructs in other languages in that it is part of the type, and thus has complicated behavior when combined with pointers, references, composite data types, and type-checking. In other languages, the data is not in a single memory location, but copied at compile time for each use. Languages which use it include C, C++, D, JavaScript, Julia, and Rust.

Data type
In computer science and computer programming, a data type (or simply type) is a collection or grouping of data values, usually specified by a set of possible values, a set of allowed operations on these values, and/or a representation of these values as machine types. A data type specification in a program constrains the possible values that an expression, such as a variable or a function call, might take. On literal data, it tells the compiler or interpreter how the programmer intends to use the data. Most programming languages support basic data types of integer numbers (of varying sizes), floating-point numbers (which approximate real numbers), characters and Booleans.
S. Kanitha Sampath
S. Kanitha Sampath (born 5 November 1965) is an Indian politician and was a member of the 12th and 14th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assemblies from the Tirupporur and Madurantakam constituencies, respectively, which are reserved for candidates from the Scheduled Castes. She represented the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party.

The elections of 2016 resulted in her constituency being won by S. Pugazhenthi.

Sampath was born in Tiruvannamalai on 5 November 1965. She is married and has three children.

14th Tamil Nadu Assembly
The Fourteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu was constituted after the victory of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) and allies, in the 2011 state assembly election. J. Jayalalithaa became the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu due to the election. She was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for the third time.
2010 European Championship of American football
The 2010 European Championship was an international American football competition. The European Championship of American football is a continental competition contested by the member countries of EFAF and was held in Germany from July 24 to 31, 2010. The tournament also served as a qualifier for the 2011 IFAF World Championship. Germany, France and Austria qualified.

Brita-Arena
BRITA-Arena is a football stadium in Wiesbaden, Germany. It is the home ground of 3. Liga (relegated from the 2. Bundesliga, 2024) side SV Wehen Wiesbaden. In European competitions, the stadium is known as SV Wehen Wiesbaden Arena due to advertising rules.

The stadium is named after its former main sponsor Brita, a German company specialised in producing water filters, and replaced the Stadion am Halberg in Taunusstein as SV Wehen's home ground. The stadium has a total capacity of 15,295 seats.

BRITA-Arena opened on 11 October, 2007 with a friendly match which SV Wehen lost 2–1 to Borussia Dortmund. The first competitive match in the stadium was played on 21 October 2007 between SV Wehen and 1. FSV Mainz 05, with Mainz celebrating a 3–1 victory.
Reference data (financial markets)
Reference data is a catch all term used in the finance industry to describe counterparty and security identifiers used when making a trade.  As opposed to market data the reference data is used to complete financial transactions and settle those transactions. The financial service industry and regulatory agencies have pursued a policy of standardizing the reference data that define and describe such transactions.

At its most basic level, reference data for a simple sale of a stock in exchange for cash on a highly liquid stock exchange involves a standard label for the underlying security (e.g., its ISIN), the identity of the seller, the buyer, the broker-dealer(s), the price, etc. At its most complex, reference data covers all relevant particulars for highly complex transactions with multiple dependencies, entities, and contingencies.

Market liquidity
In business, economics or investment, market liquidity is a market's feature whereby an individual or firm can quickly purchase or sell an asset without causing a drastic change in the asset's price. Liquidity involves the trade-off between the price at which an asset can be sold, and how quickly it can be sold. In a liquid market, the trade-off is mild: one can sell quickly without having to accept a significantly lower price. In a relatively illiquid market, an asset must be discounted in order to sell quickly. A liquid asset is an asset which can be converted into cash within a relatively short period of time, or cash itself, which can be considered the most liquid asset because it can be exchanged for goods and services instantly at face value.
Wakayama 2nd district
Wakayama 2nd district (和歌山県第2区, Wakayama-ken dai-niku or simply 和歌山2区, Wakayama-niku ) is a single-member constituency of the House of Representatives in the national Diet of Japan located in Wakayama Prefecture.

Kainan, Wakayama
Kainan (海南市, Kainan-shi) is a city located in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 October 2021, the city had an estimated population of 48,811 in 22129 households and a population density of 110 persons per km². The total area of the city is 101.06 square kilometres (39.02 sq mi)
Salford (UK Parliament constituency)
Salford is a borough constituency in Greater Manchester represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. The constituency was re-established for the 2024 general election and is represented by Rebecca Long-Bailey of the Labour Party.

Long-Bailey was MP for the predecessor seat of Salford and Eccles from 2015 to 2024.

Broughton, Salford
Broughton is a suburb and district of Salford, Greater Manchester, England. Located on the east bank of the River Irwell, it is 1 mile (1.6 km) northwest of Manchester and 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Prestwich.

Historically in Lancashire, the former manor house, Broughton Hall, belonged to the Chethams and the Stanleys, both distinguished local families, and later passed, by marriage, to the Clowes family. Part of Broughton was amalgamated into the Municipal Borough of Salford in 1844, and the remaining area in 1853.

In the 21st century, parts of Lower Broughton and Higher Broughton have been redeveloped with a mixture of town houses and flats. Together with neighbouring Whitefield, Prestwich and Crumpsall, Broughton is home to a large Jewish community.
Mori Sōiken
Mori Sazaemon Sōiken (森 宗意軒, died April 12, 1638) was one of the leaders of the 1637-1638 Shimabara Rebellion in Japan. By the time of the rebellion he was a ronin, but he had had formerly advised the Christian Daimyo Konishi Yukinaga.

Konishi Yukinaga
Konishi Yukinaga (小西 行長, baptized under the Portuguese personal name Agostinho; 1558 – November 6, 1600) was a Japanese daimyō who served under Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Known as a Kirishitan daimyo, he is notable for his role as the vanguard of the Japanese invasion of Korea.
Czech Republic at the 1996 Summer Olympics
The Czech Republic competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States. It was the first Summer Games since the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, and so the Czech Republic and Slovakia competed as independent teams. 115 competitors, 76 men and 39 women, took part in 110 events in 17 sports.

Slovakia at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Slovakia was represented at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, United States by the Slovak Olympic and Sports Committee. It was their first appearance at the Summer Games as an independent country following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992.

In total, 71 athletes including 58 men and 13 woman represented Slovakia in 14 different sports including athletics, boxing, canoeing, cycling, gymnastics, judo, rowing, sailing, shooting, swimming, table tennis, tennis, weightlifting and wrestling.

Slovakia won a total of three medals at the games after Michal Martikán claimed gold in the canoeing men's slalom C-1, Slavomír Kňazovický won silver in the canoeing men's C-1 500 m and Jozef Gönci claimed bronze in the men's shooting 50 m rifle prone.
Governors Island (North Carolina)
Governors Island is one of the few islands with permanent residents on Lake Norman, in Westport, a community in Catawba Springs Township, in Lincoln County, North Carolina, US. The island is a small, wealthy community located 20 miles northwest of Charlotte, North Carolina, and less than half a mile from mainland Westport in the piedmont of North Carolina. This community is in the Denver, North Carolina, zipcode of 28037. The largest subdivision nearby to the north is SailView, a Crescent Community, also in Denver, North Carolina. The total population estimate for the island was less than 200 residents as of 2010.

This gated community is home to approximately 40 affluent homeowners.

Denver, North Carolina
Denver, formerly known as Dry Pond, is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Lincoln County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 2,309.

Known as “Dry Pond” until 1873, it was renamed “Denver” (after the capital of the then territory of Colorado) as a marketing and growth strategy directed towards the emerging railroad industry. The name change was championed by D. Matt Thompson, a local principal. The town was incorporated as such from 1877 until 1971, when the town lost its charter and was reincorporated back into Lincoln County.
Holuhraun
Holuhraun ([ˈhɔːlʏˌr̥œyːn] ⓘ) is a lava field just north of the Vatnajökull ice cap, in the Icelandic Highlands, in Suður-Þingeyjarsýsla, Northeastern Region, Iceland. The lava field was created by fissure eruptions. After a research expedition in 1880, the lava field was initially called Kvislarhraun [ˈkʰvɪstlar̥ˌr̥œyːn]. Four years later, it received its current name from geologist and geographer Þorvaldur Thoroddsen.

Holuhraun was the site of a volcanic eruption which began on 29 August 2014 and produced a lava field of more than 85 km2 (33 mi2) and 1.4 km3 (0.34 mi3) – the largest in Iceland since 1783.

Lava field
A lava field, sometimes called a lava bed, is a large, mostly flat area of lava flows. Such features are generally composed of highly fluid basalt lava, and can extend for tens or hundreds of kilometers across the underlying terrain.
Aage Giødesen
Aage Giødesen (September 1, 1863 – August 4, 1939) was a Danish painter who worked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He is mainly known for landscapes, as well as for portraits and marine subjects.

Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts (Danish: Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi - Billedkunst Skolerne) has provided education in the arts for more than 250 years, playing its part in the development of the art of Denmark.
Düzce Province
Düzce Province (Turkish: Düzce ili) is a province in northwestern Turkey. The province is on the coastline of the Black Sea and is traversed by the main highway between Istanbul and Ankara. The primary town is Düzce, located in the center of the province. There are ancient Greek ruins in the province. Düzce separated from the Bolu province and became a province in its own right after a devastating earthquake in the city in November 1999. Its area is 2,492 km2, and its population is 405,131 (2022).

Bolu Province
Bolu Province (Turkish: Bolu ili) is a province in north-western Turkey, between the capital, Ankara, and the largest city in the country, Istanbul. Its area is 8,313 square kilometres (3,210 sq mi), and its population is 320,824 (2022). The capital city of the province is Bolu.
Camillea tinctor
Camillea tinctor is a species of fungus in the family Graphostromataceae. It is a plant pathogen and saprophyte of dying or weakened trees such as sycamore, oak, or elm. The fungus causes cankers on large branches or the tree trunk. Ascospores of this fungus are transported by wind or rain that can infect existing wounds in trees. It can be identified by orange staining that can be seen on cut wood, and it has protruding ostioles.

Graphostromataceae
The Graphostromataceae are a family of fungi in the order Xylariales. This was a monotypic family, containing the single genus Graphostroma, which in turn contains the single species Graphostroma platystoma.

Species Fungorum added genus Theissenia (with its 2 species) to the family.

In 2018, multi-gene phylogenetic analyses revealed that Graphostromataceae was close to the families of Barrmaeliaceae and Xylariaceae (Daranagama et al. 2018, Voglmayr et al. 2018, Wendt et al. 2018).
Then based on phylogeny and morphology, Theissenia was excluded from the family and accepted in Hypoxylaceae (Wendt et al. 2018). 
Five accepted genera maybe contained in the Graphostromataceae family; Biscogniauxia (formerly of family Xylariaceae), Camillea (formerly of family Xylariaceae), Graphostroma, Obolarina (formerly of family Xylariaceae), and Vivantia (formerly of family Xylariaceae). Species Fungorum agrees on the above.