hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stettin (region)
The Region of Stettin (German: Regierungsbezirk Stettin, Polish: rejencja szczecińska) was a unit of territorial division in the Prussian Province of Pomerania, with Prussia forming part of the German Empire from 1871. It was established in 1816 and existed until 1945. On 1 October 1932 the Stralsund Region was incorporated into the Stettin Region. The Region included all of Western and large parts of Central Pomerania.

The seat of the regional president's office (Regierungspräsidium; literally 'Government Presidium') was in the city of Stettin (modern Szczecin). Initially it was located in the Ducal Castle, in 1911 it moved to new premises, now used as the West Pomeranian Voivodeship Office in Poland.

Ducal Castle, Szczecin
The Ducal Castle, also known as the Castle of the Dukes of Pomerania, and the Szczecin Castle, is a renaissance castle in the city of Szczecin, Poland, located at the Castle Hill in the Stare Miasto (Old Town) neighbourhood, near the Oder river. It is built in the gothic and Pomeranian mannerism architectural style. The castle was the seat of the dukes of Pomerania-Stettin of the House of Pomerania, who ruled the Duchy of Pomerania from 1121 to 1637. The building history originates in 1346, when Duke Barnim III began the construction of the ducal housing complex, and continues to 1428, when, under the rule of Casimir V, it was expanded, forming the castle. Currently, it is one of the largest cultural centres in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship.
Poshekhonsky Uyezd
Poshekhonsky Uyezd (Пошехонский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Yaroslavl Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the northern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Poshekhonye.

Poshekhonye
Poshekhonye (Russian: Пошехо́нье) is a town and the administrative center of Poshekhonsky District in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located on the Sogozha River, 151 kilometers (94 mi) northwest of Yaroslavl, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:  6,084 (2010 Census); 6,973 (2002 Census); 8,042 (1989 Soviet census).

It was previously known as Pertoma (until 1777), Poshekhonye (until 1918), Poshekhonye-Volodarsk (until 1992).
Thomas Walther (lawyer)
Justice Thomas Walther (born 1943) is a lawyer based in Kempten, in the province of Bavaria in Germany. He is a former judge and German federal prosecutor for the Central Office of the State Justice Administrations for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes. He is known as the "last of the Nazi hunters" for his work in setting legal precedent in seeking punishment for former SS officers and guards who were involved in the Holocaust, whether directly responsible for deaths or not.

Nazi hunting
Nazi hunting is the investigation and pursuit of former Nazi officials and SS after the end of World War II. This involves tracking down and gathering information on such individuals, typically for use at trial on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity during the Holocaust. Nazi hunters were active around the world for decades after the fall of the Third Reich, when many key Nazi figures escaped military trial by fleeing to South America and elsewhere. Prominent Nazi hunters include Simon Wiesenthal, Tuviah Friedman, Serge Klarsfeld, Beate Klarsfeld, Ian Sayer, Yaron Svoray, Elliot Welles, and Efraim Zuroff. Nazi hunting may overlap with the pursuit of Nazi collaborators.
Suberin
Suberin is a lipophilic, complex polyester biopolymer found in plants. It is composed of long-chain fatty acids (called suberin acids) and glycerol. Suberin is interconnected with cutin and lignin and forms a protective barrier in the epidermal and peridermal cell walls of higher plants. Suberin and lignin are considered covalently linked to lipids and carbohydrates respectively. Lignin is again covalently linked to suberin, and to a lesser extent to cutin, thus constructing a complex macromolecular matrix. Suberin is a major constituent of cork, and is named after the cork oak, Quercus suber. Its main function is as a barrier to movement of water and solutes.

Epidermis (botany)
pith

protoxylem

xylem

phloem

sclerenchyma (bast fibre)

cortex

epidermis

The epidermis (from the Greek ἐπιδερμίς, meaning "over-skin") is a single layer of cells that covers the leaves, flowers, roots and stems of plants. It forms a boundary between the plant and the external environment. The epidermis serves several functions: it protects against water loss, regulates gas exchange, secretes metabolic compounds, and (especially in roots) absorbs water and mineral nutrients. The epidermis of most leaves shows dorsoventral anatomy: the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions. Woody stems and some other stem structures such as potato tubers produce a secondary covering called the periderm that replaces the epidermis as the protective covering.
Order of the Holy Lamb
The Order of the Holy Lamb (Finnish: Pyhän Karitsan ritarikunta; Swedish: Heliga Lammets orden) is a semi-official ecclesiastical order of Finland awarded by the Orthodox Church of Finland. Under the patronage of the Finnish state, its Grand Master is the Archbishop of the Orthodox Church of Finland. The order can be awarded to anyone regardless of religion or nationality who have made services to the Church.

Orthodox Church of Finland
The Orthodox Church in Finland (Finnish: Suomen ortodoksinen kirkko, lit. 'Finnish orthodox church'; Swedish: Ortodoxa kyrkan i Finland, lit. 'Orthodox church in Finland') is an autonomous Eastern Orthodox archdiocese of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The church has a legal position as a national church in the country, along with the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland.

With its roots in the medieval Novgorodian missionary work in Karelia, the Orthodox Church of Finland was a part of the Russian Orthodox Church until 1923. Today the church has three dioceses and 54,895 members in Finland, accounting for almost one percent of the native population of Finland. The parish of Helsinki has the most adherents. There are also 2,700 members living abroad.
Xhelal Pasha Zogolli
Xhelal Pasha Zogolli or Celal Pasha Zogolli was an Albanian bey and hereditary governor of Mati who founded the dynasty that would eventually produce King Zog I. As head of a feudal landowning family with authority over the Mati region, he participated in the Montenegrin War of 1852-53 and later attempted a local rebellion against Ottoman rule following a visit to Russia.

Pasha
Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: پاشا; Turkish: paşa; Arabic: باشا, romanized: basha) was a high rank, aristocratic title in the Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to governors, generals, dignitaries, and others  issued by the Sultan carrying the tughra (imperial seal). Pasha, in one of its various ranks, is equivalent to the British title of Lord. Pasha was also one of the highest titles in the 20th-century Kingdom of Egypt and it was also used in Morocco in the 20th century, where it denoted a regional official or governor of a district.
Petunia axillaris
Petunia axillaris, the large white petunia, wild white petunia or white moon petunia, is an annual herbaceous plant in the family Solanaceae, genus Petunia. It is native to temperate South America comprising southern Brazil, parts of Argentina and Uruguay. The plant's flowers, the only white ones found in the Petunia genus, are 3 to 7 cm long. The commonly-grown garden petunia is a hybrid of P. axillaris and P. integrifolia.

Petunia integrifolia
Petunia integrifolia (syn. Petunia violacea), the violet petunia or violetflower petunia, is a species of wild petunia with violet-colored blooms. Petunia integrifolia is native to Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.

P. integrifolia bears flowers approximately 1.5 inch in diameter and the plant is typically smaller and harder to cultivate than the well-known hybrid bedding Petunia now known correctly as Petunia × atkinsiana.
Wuhlheide
Wuhlheide is an urban forest in Berlin, named after the Wuhle river, that includes the following areas:

Volkspark Wuhlheide

Parkbühne Wuhlheide

Waldfriedhof Oberschöneweide

An education center

During World War II, multiple prisoner of war camps were established in the area.

Parkbühne Wuhlheide
The Parkbühne Wuhlheide ("Wuhlheide Park Stage") is a cultural heritage site in Berlin, Germany, that serves as an open-air performance venue in the shape of an amphitheater. It is part of Volkspark Wuhlheide ("Wuhlheide Public Park") in the Berlin-Oberschöneweide neighborhood in the district of Bezirk Treptow-Köpenick. The Kindl-Bühne has a non-seated spectator capacity of 17,000 and a seated capacity of 15,300. It is the second-largest open-air stage in Berlin, trailing only the Waldbühne in size.
Chief of the General Staff (Turkmenistan)
The Chief of the General Staff of Turkmen Armed Forces (Turkmen: Türkmenistanyň Ýaragly Güýçleriniň Baş ştabynyň başlygy) is the highest-ranking military officer in the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan, who is responsible for maintaining the operational command of the military and its three major branches. The Chief of the General Staff represents the entire Turkmen military and is in command of the leaders of the Turkmen National Guard, Turkmen Ground Forces, Turkmen Air Force, Turkmen Air Defense Forces, Turkmen Navy and the Turkmen Border Troops.

Turkmen Ground Forces
The Turkmen Ground Forces (Turkmen: Türkmenistanyň gury ýer güýçleri) is the army branch of the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan.  The ground forces include the 2nd, 3rd, 11th, and 22nd Motor Rifle Divisions as well as smaller units consisting of various types of troops.
Sanchakou–Yarkant Expressway
The Sanchakou–Yarkant Expressway (Chinese: 三岔口–莎车高速公路), commonly referred to as the S13 Sansha Expressway (Chinese: 三莎高速公路), is an expressway that connects the town of Sanchakou in Maralbexi County with Yarkant County. The route is entirely in the Kashgar Prefecture in the Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang. It opened on November 17, 2014, and parallels much of Xinjiang Provincial Highway 215. In some sources, the expressway is referred to as the Maralbexi–Yarkant Expressway (Chinese: 巴楚–莎车高速公路), or Basha Expressway (Chinese: 巴莎高速公路) for short.

The expressway connects with the G3012 Turpan–Hotan Expressway at both ends, serving as a bypass of the city centre of Kashgar. It was built with the help of resources from the municipality of Shanghai.

G3012 Turpan–Hotan Expressway
The G3012 Turpan–Hotan Expressway (Chinese: 吐鲁番—和田高速公路, Uyghur: تۇرپان-خوتەن يۇقىرى سۈرئەتلىك تاشيولى), commonly referred to as the Tuhe Expressway (Chinese: 吐和高速公路), is a Chinese expressway that connects the G30 Lianyungang–Khorgas Expressway at Xiaocaohu, in Toksun County, Turpan, with China National Highway 315 in Lop County, Hotan Prefecture. The expressway is a spur of the  G30 Lianyungang–Khorgas Expressway and is completely in Xinjiang. It is 1,931 kilometres (1,200 mi) in length, which is unusually long for an expressway under a single sub-national administration, being vastly longer than Interstate 10 in Texas.

The expressway is fully complete from its northern terminus in Toksun to Yecheng and from Karakax County to its southern terminus in Lop County, Hotan. Only a section from Kargilik to Karakax County remains to be built. Eventually, the southern terminus will connect with the western end of the G0612 Xining–Hotan Expressway, which is currently in planning.
Religieuse
A religieuse (French pronunciation: [ʁəliʒjøz] ⓘ) is a French pastry made of a small choux pastry case stacked on top of a larger one, both filled with crème pâtissière, commonly flavoured with  chocolate or mocha. Each case is topped with a ganache of the same flavour as the filling, then attached to each other using piped buttercream icing. It is a type of éclair.

The pastry, whose name means "nun", is supposed to represent the papal mitre. The religieuse was supposedly conceived in the mid-nineteenth century; choux pastry was invented in the 16th century.

A derivation called courtesan au chocolat, filled with chocolate custard and with the glazing coloured pink, lavender and pale green, was invented for Wes Anderson’s 2014 film The Grand Budapest Hotel, commissioned to Anemone Müller of Cafe CaRe, a local baker of Görlitz, where the film was shot.

Custard
Custard is a variety of culinary preparations based on sweetened milk, cheese, or cream cooked with egg or egg yolk to thicken it, and sometimes also flour, corn starch, or gelatin. Depending on the recipe, custard may vary in consistency from a thin pouring sauce (crème anglaise) to the thick pastry cream (crème pâtissière) used to fill éclairs. The most common custards are used in custard desserts or dessert sauces and typically include sugar and vanilla; however, savory custards are also found, e.g., in quiche.
South Park controversies
South Park is an American animated sitcom created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone. Its frequent depiction of taboo subject matter, unusual (especially sophomoric) humor and portrayal of religion for comic effect has generated controversy, ire from critics, and debate throughout the world over the course of its 28 seasons. Stone and Parker, who also write the show, use it frequently to lampoon a wide range of topics and both sides of contentious issues.

Parker and Stone usually reply to such controversies by regarding themselves as "equal opportunity offenders". They reject the notion of political correctness, and state that no particular topic or group of people will be exempt from mockery and satire, out of fairness to any person or group of people who have been ridiculed before.

Subject matter in South Park
The American animated sitcom South Park has covered and satirized a large number of topics over the course of its run. South Park Studio's use of computer animation with primarily two-dimensional assets allows it to edit episodes in days, quickly commenting on recent events, including Elián González, the 2000 U.S. presidential election, the capture of Saddam Hussein, and the elections of both Barack Obama and Donald Trump. The creators also have engendered a mix of socially liberal and fiscally conservative viewpoints, espousing a libertarian ideology in both real life and on the show. However, the show's creators call themselves "equal opportunity offenders" and reject the notion that they are trying to put forth any consistent ideological agenda through the show.
Tetanus toxin
Tetanus toxin (TeNT) is an extremely potent neurotoxin produced by the vegetative cell of Clostridium tetani in anaerobic conditions, causing tetanus. It has no known function for clostridia in the soil environment where they are normally encountered. It is also called spasmogenic toxin, tentoxilysin, tetanospasmin, or tetanus neurotoxin. The LD50 of this toxin has been measured to be approximately 2.5–3 ng/kg, making it second only to the related botulinum toxin (LD50 2 ng/kg) as the deadliest toxin in the world. However, these tests are conducted solely on mice, which may react to the toxin differently from humans and other animals.

C. tetani also produces the exotoxin tetanolysin, a hemolysin, that causes destruction of tissues.

Interneuron
Interneurons (also called internuncial neurons,  association neurons, connector neurons, or intermediate neurons) are neurons that are not specifically motor neurons or sensory neurons.  Interneurons are the central nodes of neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system (CNS). They play vital roles in reflexes, neuronal oscillations, and neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain.

Interneurons can be further broken down into two groups: local interneurons and relay interneurons. Local interneurons have short axons and form circuits with nearby neurons to analyze small pieces of information. Relay interneurons have long axons and connect circuits of neurons in one region of the brain with those in other regions. However, interneurons are generally considered to operate mainly within local brain areas. The interaction between interneurons allows the brain to perform complex functions such as learning and decision-making.
Cardinal utility
In economics, a cardinal utility expresses not only which of two outcomes is preferred, but also the intensity of preferences, i.e. how much better or worse one outcome is compared to another.

In consumer choice theory, economists originally attempted to replace cardinal utility with the apparently weaker concept of ordinal utility. Cardinal utility appears to impose the assumption that levels of absolute satisfaction exist, so magnitudes of increments to satisfaction can be compared across different situations. However, economists in the 1940s proved that under mild conditions, ordinal utilities imply cardinal utilities. This result is now known as the von Neumann–Morgenstern utility theorem; many similar utility representation theorems exist in other contexts.

Utility representation theorem
In economics, a utility representation theorem shows that, under certain conditions, a preference ordering can be represented by a real-valued utility function, such that option A is preferred to option B if and only if the utility of A is larger than that of B. The most famous example of a utility representation theorem is the Von Neumann–Morgenstern utility theorem, which shows that any rational agent has a utility function that measures their preferences over lotteries.
LAME
LAME is a software encoder that converts digital audio into the MP3 audio coding format.  LAME is a free software project that was first released in 1998 and has incorporated many improvements since then, including an improved psychoacoustic model. The LAME encoder outperforms early encoders like L3enc and possibly the "gold standard encoder" MP3enc, both marketed by Fraunhofer.

LAME was required by some programs released as free software, in which LAME was linked for MP3 support. This avoided including LAME itself, which used patented techniques and so required patent licenses in some countries. All relevant patents have since expired, and LAME is now bundled with Audacity.

Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (full name, in German: Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e. V., lit. 'Fraunhofer Society for the Advancement of Applied Research'), commonly known in English as the Fraunhofer Society, is a German research organization with 75 institutes and research units spread throughout Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom, each focusing on different fields of applied research. With some 32,000 employees, mainly scientists and engineers, and an annual research budget of approximately €3.6 billion, it is one of the world's leading organizations for applied research. The organization, headquartered in Munich, is named after Joseph von Fraunhofer, who, as a scientist, engineer and entrepreneur, is said to have superbly exemplified the goals of Fraunhofer.

Since the 1990s the organization has also internationalized, establishing various centers and representative offices in Europe, the United States, Asia and South America.
Quadratic mean diameter
In forestry, quadratic mean diameter or QMD is a measure of central tendency which is considered more appropriate than arithmetic mean for characterizing the group of trees which have been measured. For n trees, QMD is calculated using the quadratic mean formula:

where  is the diameter at breast height of the ith tree. Compared to the arithmetic mean, QMD assigns greater weight to larger trees – QMD is always greater than or equal to arithmetic mean for a given set of trees.  QMD can be used in timber cruises to estimate the standing volume of timber in a forest, because it has the practical advantage of being directly related to basal area, which in turn is directly related to volume.
QMD can also be calculated as:

where BA is stand basal area, n is the number of trees, and k is a constant based on measurement units - for BA in ft2 and QMD in inches, k=0.005454; for BA in m2 and QMD in cm, k=0.00007854.

Basal area
Basal area is the cross-sectional area of trees at breast height (1.3m or 4.5 ft above ground). It is a common way to describe stand density. In forest management, basal area usually refers to merchantable timber and is given on a per hectare or per acre basis. If one cut down all the merchantable trees on an acre at 4.5 feet (1.4 m) off the ground and measured the square inches on the top of each stump (πr*r), added them all together and divided by square feet (144 sq inches per square foot), that would be the basal area on that acre. In forest ecology, basal area is used as a relatively easily-measured surrogate of total forest biomass and structural complexity, and change in basal area over time is an important indicator of forest recovery during succession
.
New England Sinai Hospital
New England Sinai Hospital was a for-profit chronic care specialty hospital located in Stoughton, Massachusetts. Founded in 1927 and opened in 1936 in Rutland, Massachusetts as the Jewish Tuberculosis Sanatorium, the facility changed its name and moved to Jamaica Plain in 1955 before settling in Stoughton in 1976. Originally non-profit, the hospital became for-profit when it was acquired by Steward Health Care in 2012.

Steward closed the hospital in 2024, citing financial issues it attributed to low insurance reimbursement rates. In 2022, the hospital had 203 beds and operated with revenues of $37.6 million at a loss of $11 million.

Stoughton, Massachusetts
Stoughton /ˈstoʊtən/ (official name: Town of Stoughton) is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 29,281 at the 2020 census. The town is located approximately 17 miles (27 km) from Boston, 31 miles (50 km) from Providence, Rhode Island, and 35 miles (56 km) from Cape Cod.
Carthaginian tree frog
The Carthaginian tree frog (Hyla carthaginiensis) is a species of tree frog from humid coastal areas of northeastern Algeria and northwestern Tunisia. It is most closely related to Hyla meridionalis, the Mediterranean or stripeless tree frog, of which it was formerly considered a population. The two species likely overlap in range in Algeria.

Mediterranean tree frog
The Mediterranean tree frog (Hyla meridionalis), or stripeless tree frog, is a species of frog found in south-west Europe and north-west Africa. It resembles the European tree frog, but is larger (some females are up to 65 millimetres (2.6 in) long), has longer hind legs, and the flank stripe only reaches to the front legs (often starting at the eyes, not at the nostrils). The croaking resembles that of H. arborea, but it is deeper and slower.

The Hyla meridionalis generally breed from the end of March through the beginning of July; their breeding is dependent on a few variables, including water availability. This tree frog species has a larval period of 15 days.