hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gmina Reńska Wieś
Gmina Reńska Wieś (German: Gemeinde Reinschdorf) is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Kędzierzyn-Koźle County, Opole Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Reńska Wieś, which lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Kędzierzyn-Koźle and 42 km (26 mi) south of the regional capital Opole.

The gmina covers an area of 97.91 square kilometres (37.8 sq mi), and as of 2019, its total population was 8,251. Since 2006 the commune, like much of the area, has been bilingual in Polish and German, a substantial German minority having remained behind after World War II.

Kędzierzyn-Koźle
Kędzierzyn-Koźle [kɛɲˈd͡ʑɛʐɨn ˈkɔʑlɛ] ⓘ (Silesian: Kandrzin-Koźle) is a city in southern Poland, the administrative center of Kędzierzyn-Koźle County. With 58,899 inhabitants as of 2021, it is the second most-populous city in the Opole Voivodeship.

Founded from the merger of the previously separate towns of Kędzierzyn and Koźle, both dating back to the Middle Ages, the city is a major river port and center of chemical industry, and is particularly known for ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle, one of the top volleyball clubs in Europe in the 2020s.
Michael Klarman
Michael J. Klarman (born 1959) is an American legal historian and scholar of constitutional law. Currently, Klarman is the Kirkland & Ellis Professor at Harvard Law School. Formerly, he was James Monroe Distinguished Professor of Law, Professor of History, and Elizabeth D. and Richard A. Merrill Research Professor at the University of Virginia School of Law.

Richard A. Merrill
Richard A. Merrill (May 20, 1937 – October 26, 2017) was an American lawyer, government official, and academic administrator who served as the 7th dean of the University of Virginia School of Law and the chief counsel of the Food and Drug Administration from 1976 to 1978.
Tigray Stadium
Tigray Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Mekelle, Ethiopia. The stadium has a capacity of 60,000.

Tigray Stadium was opened to the public in 2017, before the completion of the final phase of construction. As a result, football matches and other public events have been held without adequate seating and roofing. The stadium is home to five football clubs based in the Tigray region, including Mekelle 70 Enderta FC,  Shire Endaselassie F.C., Welwalo Adigrat University F.C. and Dedebit FC. Notably, the overuse of the stadium's facilities has contributed to construction delays.

Welwalo Adigrat University FC
Welwalo Adigrat University Football Club (Amharic: ወልዋሎ ዓዲግራት ዩኒቨርሲቲ ስፖርት ክለብ) is an Ethiopian football club based in Adigrat, Ethiopia. They play in the Ethiopian Premier League, the top division of Ethiopian football.
Moradabad, Qaleh Ganj
Moradabad (Persian: مراداباد, also Romanized as Morādābād) is a village in Qaleh Ganj Rural District, in the Central District of Qaleh Ganj County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 30, in 9 families.

Qaleh Ganj Rural District
Qaleh Ganj Rural District (Persian: دهستان قلعه گنج) is in the Central District of Qaleh Ganj County, Kerman province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Shamsabad. The rural district was previously administered from the city of Qaleh Ganj.
Clements Ribeiro
Clements Ribeiro is a London-based fashion house established in the early 1990s by husband and wife partnership Suzanne Clements and Inacio Ribeiro. 
It is known for its feminine designs, bold prints and luxurious knitwear.

Named as one of fashion's 'Magnificent Seven' by Vogue in 1997 (alongside Tom Ford, Miuccia Prada,  Valentino, Alexander McQueen, Yohji Yamamoto and Karl Lagerfeld), the label became popular among the Britpop scene.  High-profile wearers of the brand have included Adele, Nicole Kidman, Kate Moss and Jarvis Cocker.

Valentino (fashion house)
Valentino S.p.A., also known as Maison Valentino, is an Italian luxury fashion house founded in 1960 by Valentino Garavani and part of the Valentino Fashion Group. The company has its registered office in Milan, while the creative direction and the Valentino Foundation is based in Rome, at Palazzo Gabrielli-Mignanelli. Jacob Venturini was the CEO of Valentino since 2020 and Alessandro Michele is the creative director since 2024. The group reported €1.31 billion in revenue in 2024.
1956 Divizia C
The 1956 Divizia C was the 5th season of Liga III, the third tier of the Romanian football league system. This was the first Divizia C season held after a seven-year break. The competition brought together thirteen teams relegated from the previous Divizia B season and thirty-eight others that had qualified through the regional championships. The teams were divided into four geographical series.

At the end of the season, Recolta Fălticeni in Series I, Locomotiva MCF București in Series II, Energia Baia Mare in Series III, and Energia Metalul Arad in Series IV. topped their respective series and secured promotion to the 1957–58 Divizia B.

1955 Divizia B
The 1955 Divizia B was the 16th season of the second tier of the Romanian football league system.

The format has been maintained to three series, one of them having 14 teams and two of them only 13. At the end of the season the winners of the series promoted to Divizia A, the last four places from the first and third series and the last five places from the second series relegated to Divizia C. This was the sixth season played in the spring-autumn system, a system imposed by the new leadership of the country which were in close ties with the Soviet Union.
IPA vowel chart with audio
This chart provides audio examples for phonetic vowel symbols. The symbols shown include those in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and added material. The chart is based on the official IPA vowel chart.

The International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language.

Within the chart, the words close, open, mid, front, central, and back refer to the placement of the sound within the mouth.

At points where two sounds share an intersection, the left is unrounded, and the right is rounded which refers to the shape of the lips while making the sound. For example, [i] and [y] at the top left corner are such a pair.

International Phonetic Association
The International Phonetic Association (IPA; French: Association phonétique internationale [asɔsjɑsjɔ̃ fɔnetik ɛ̃tɛʁnɑsjɔnal], API) is an organization that promotes the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. The IPA's major contribution to phonetics is the International Phonetic Alphabet—a notational standard for the phonetic representation of all languages. The acronym IPA refers to both the association and the alphabet. On 30 June 2015, it was incorporated as a British private company limited by guarantee.

The IPA also oversees the Journal of the International Phonetic Association, published by Cambridge University Press, whose articles include descriptions of languages as well as other topics in phonetics. In addition, it arranges for the quadrennial International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS) through its affiliate, the Permanent Council for the Organization of ICPhS.
Denhamia silvestris
Denhamia silvestris is a shrub or small tree growing from Picton, New South Wales (34° S) to Kroombit Tops, near Gladstone, Queensland (23° S). It occurs in dry rainforest, eucalyptus and rainforest ecotone areas. Common names include narrow leaved orangebark, orange bush and orange bark.

Lenticel
A lenticel is a porous tissue consisting of cells with large intercellular spaces in the periderm of the secondarily thickened organs and the bark of woody stems and roots of gymnosperms and dicotyledonous flowering plants. It functions as a pore, providing a pathway for the direct exchange of gases between the internal tissues and atmosphere through the bark, which is otherwise impermeable to gases. The name lenticel, pronounced with an [s], derives from its lenticular (lens-like) shape. The shape of lenticels is one of the characteristics used for tree identification.
Switchover Media
Switchover Media (SOM) was an Italian broadcaster of television channels. The company first operated as a subsidiary of Netherlands-based broadcaster Jetix Europe to being purchased out by its management and rebranding to Switchover Media in June 2009, to its purchase and folding by Discovery Communications in January 2013.

Sky Italia
Sky Italia S.r.l. is an Italian satellite television platform owned by the American media conglomerate Comcast. Sky Italia also broadcasts three national free-to-air television channels: TV8, Cielo, and Sky TG24.

Pay TV services on the Sky Italia satellite platform are broadcast on the Hot Bird satellites at 13.0°E and are encrypted in NDS VideoGuard.
Baltimore County Police Department
The Baltimore County Police Department is the primary law enforcement agency for Baltimore County, Maryland. They have been accredited by Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (C.A.L.E.A.) since 1984.

Maryland General Assembly
The Maryland General Assembly is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Maryland that convenes within the State House in Annapolis. It is a bicameral body: the upper chamber, the Maryland Senate, has 47 representatives, and the lower chamber, the Maryland House of Delegates, has 141 representatives. Members of both houses serve four-year terms. Each house elects its own officers, judges the qualifications and election of its own members, establishes rules for the conduct of its business, and may punish or expel its own members.

The General Assembly convenes its legislative session for 90 days each year to act on more than 2,300 bills including the state's annual budget, which it must pass before adjourning sine die. The General Assembly's 446th session convened on January 10, 2024.
Babar Ali
Babar Ali (Urdu: بابر علی; born 30 June 1972) is a Pakistani film and television actor. He started his career in the late 1980s at the age of 16.

Babar Ali is known for playing ‘Bali’ in the drama serial Landa Bazaar (2002-2003) written by Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar. and Biyanam  in Main Manto Nahi Hoon (2025)

Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar
Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar  (Punjabi: خلیل الرحمان قمر) is a Pakistani screenwriter, director, Urdu poet, lyricist and occasional actor and producer known for writing such dramas as Boota from Toba Tek Singh (1999), Pyarey Afzal (2013), Sadqay Tumhare (2014),  the top-rated Meray Paas Tum Ho (2019–2020), as well as the 2019 film Kaaf Kangana.
Royal Mews
The Royal Mews is a mews, or collection of equestrian stables, of the British royal family. In London these stables and stable-hands' quarters have occupied two main sites in turn, being located at first on the north side of Charing Cross, and then (since the 1820s) within the grounds of Buckingham Palace.

The Royal Mews, Buckingham Palace, includes an extensive display of royal carriages and other associated items, and is open to the public for much of the year. It is also a working part of the palace, where horses and people live and work, and where carriages and cars are in daily use supporting the work of the monarch as head of state.

The titular head of the Royal Mews is the Master of the Horse (one of the three great officers of the Royal Household). The executive head is the Crown Equerry, who lives on site and oversees the Royal Mews Department (which is a department of the Royal Household).

Sociable (carriage)
A sociable (short for sociable coach) or barouche-sociable is an open, four-wheeled carriage described as a cross between a barouche and a victoria, having two double seats facing each other. It might be controlled from the interior by an owner-driver or have a box for a coachman. A pair of folding hoods protect the passengers. The carriage is drawn by either a single horse in shafts or a matching pair in pole harness.

The Balmoral Sociable is a carriage of the Royal Mews (so named because its interior is lined with Balmoral tartan); it is still used on occasion. The 2008 wedding of Peter Phillips and Autumn Kelly included a short ride in the Balmoral Sociable.
Polestar 2
The Polestar 2 is a battery electric 5-door liftback marketed by Polestar, an affiliate of Geely Holding and Volvo Cars. Based on the CMA platform, production began in March 2020 at the Luqiao CMA Super Factory in Luqiao, Zhejiang, China.

Liftback
The marketing term liftback describes a hatchback car body style with a rear cargo door, where the overall roof line and rear cargo door are sloped more like that of sedans or coupe — as compared to the more vertical rear cargo door of a more utilitarian hatchback or wagon. A liftback may include fold-down rear seats for increased cargo capacity, providing increased cargo flexibility vs. a conventional sedan or coupe.
Deh Soleyman
Deh Soleyman (Persian: ده سليمان, also Romanized as Deh Soleymān; also known as Soleymān Shāh) is a village in Gavrud Rural District, in the Central District of Sonqor County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 345, in 75 families.

Gavrud Rural District (Sonqor County)
Gavrud Rural District (Persian: دهستان گاورود) is in Bavaleh District of Sonqor County, Kermanshah province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Deh-e Rezvan. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Qomam.
Minerals and Energy Advisory Council
The Minerals and Energy Advisory Council is an entity which represents the interests of resources and energy companies to the Government of South Australia. It was formed in 2015 in a merger of the Resources Industry Development Board and the Resources & Energy Sector Infrastructure Council. It is in a partnership with the Resources Infrastructure & Investment Task Force. In 2016, the MEAC discussed the future use of small modular nuclear reactors in South Australia and the need to legalise their deployment. The MEAC also prepared a report on the findings of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission to present to Minister Tom Koutantonis.

Resources Infrastructure & Investment Task Force
The Resources Infrastructure & Investment Task Force, formerly the Olympic Dam Task Force, was formed by the Government of South Australia to assist with the facilitation of the expansion of BHP Billiton's Olympic Dam copper, gold and uranium mine near Roxby Downs in the state's Far North region. By 2016, its scope had broadened to include facilitating and supporting several other major resources projects in the state.
Aleksey Kuznetsov (actor)
Aleksey Glebovich Kuznetsov (Russian: Алексей Глебович Кузнецов; 14 May 1941 – 5 July 2023) was a Soviet and Russian actor and director, Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1985). He was known for his roles in The Green Flame, D'Artagnan and Three Musketeers, where he played Duke of Buckingham, and Dark Eyes.

Honored Artist of the RSFSR
Honored Artist of the RSFSR (Russian: Заслуженный артист РСФСР, Zasluzhenny artist RSFSR) was an honorary title granted to Soviet artists, including theatre and film directors, choreographers, music performers, and orchestra conductors, who had outstanding achievements in the arts, and who lived in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) from 1931 to 1991.
The Tablet (Brooklyn)
The Tablet is a Catholic newspaper published in the interest of the Diocese of Brooklyn. It has circulated in Brooklyn and Queens, New York, since 1908. Its website, thetablet.org, serves the greater Catholic populace.

The Tablet is a property of DeSales Media Group, the communications and technology arm of the Diocese of Brooklyn, which also includes New Evangelization Television (NET-TV) and Nuestra Voz. The Tablet works with these DeSales outlets to produce cross-platform news coverage and has also established an editorial partnership with Crux, an independent online Catholic news outlet.

The Tablet distributes more than 55,000 copies per week through the mail and parish distribution in Brooklyn and Queens. Print copies of The Tablet reach all 50 states and 4 countries, and online readership averages more than 150,000 monthly users in 7 countries.

Crux (online newspaper)
Crux is an online newspaper that focuses on news related to the Catholic Church. From September 2014 until March 2016, it was owned by The Boston Globe. Since April 2016, it has been independently owned.
Sedan railway line
The Sedan railway line was a railway line on the South Australian Railways network. It branched off from the South Australian Railways' Adelaide to Wolseley line at Monarto South running 70 kilometres north to Sedan.

South Australian Railways
South Australian Railways (SAR) was the organisation through which the Government of South Australia built and operated railways in South Australia from 1854 until March 1978, when its non-urban railways were incorporated into Australian National, and its Adelaide urban lines were transferred to the State Transport Authority.

The SAR's tracks were built to three rail gauges: 1600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge; 1067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow gauge; and from the 1980s, when gauge standardisation at last commenced, 1435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge.
0-8-0
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-8-0 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles and no trailing wheels. Locomotives of this type are also referred to as eight coupled.

Tender (rail)
A tender is a special rail vehicle hauled by a steam locomotive containing its fuel (wood, coal, oil or torrefied biomass) and water. Steam locomotives consume large quantities of water compared to the quantity of fuel, so their tenders are necessary to keep them running over long distances. A locomotive that pulls a tender is called either a tender locomotive or a tender engine. Locomotives that do not have tenders and carry all their fuel and water on board are called tank locomotives or tank engines.

A corridor tender is a locomotive tender with a passageway to one side, allowing crew changes on the fly.

A brake tender is a tender that is heavy and used (primarily) to provide greater braking efficiency.
Grubb's Tramway (Zeehan)
Grubb's Tramway was a more than 4 miles (6.4 km) long horse-drawn light railway in Western Tasmania. It was opened in 1891 from Zeehan to Summit and the Colonel North Mine. It became the Colonel North Tramway in 1899 and closed in 1927. Three times a day, a "Goods Truck" carrying passengers ran every day (Sundays excepted). The uphill journey lasted at least 90 min or more. The return journey from the hill summit to Zeehan, a distance of 2.150 miles (3.460 km), was accomplished in six minutes.

Zeehan
Zeehan /ˈziːən/ is a town on the west coast of Tasmania, Australia 139 kilometres (86 mi) south-west of Burnie. It is part of the West Coast Council, along with the seaport Strahan and neighbouring mining towns of Rosebery and Queenstown.
Lafayette Mendel
Lafayette Benedict Mendel (February 5, 1872 –  December 9, 1935) was an American biochemist known for his work in nutrition, with longtime collaborator Thomas B. Osborne, including the study of Vitamin A, Vitamin B, lysine and tryptophan.

Marguerite Davis
Marguerite Davis (September 16, 1887 – September 19, 1967) was an American biochemist, co-discoverer of vitamins A and B with Elmer Verner McCollum in 1913. Their research greatly influenced later research on nutrition.
Papia gens
The gens Papia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome.  Members of this gens are first mentioned at the time of the Samnite Wars, but do not appear at Rome until the final century of the Republic.  Marcus Papius Mutilus was the only member of the family to attain the consulship, which he held in AD 9.

Gens
In ancient Rome, a gens (/ɡɛns/ or /dʒɛnz/, Latin: [gẽːs]; pl.: gentes [ˈgɛnteːs]) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same nomen gentilicium and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens, sometimes identified by a distinct cognomen, was called a stirps (pl.: stirpes). The gens was an important social structure at Rome and throughout Italia during the period of the Roman Republic. Much of individuals' social standing depended on the gens to which they belonged. Certain gentes were classified as patrician, others as plebeian; some had both patrician and plebeian branches. The importance of the gens as a social structure declined considerably in imperial times, although the gentilicium continued to define the origins and dynasties of the ancient Romans, including the emperors.
Chemnitzer FC
Chemnitzer Fußballclub e.V. is a German association football club based in Chemnitz, Saxony. The club competes in Regionalliga Nordost, the fourth tier of German football.

The roots of the club go back to its establishment as Chemnitzer BC 1933, following the financial collapse of former Chemnitzer BC 1899.

Regionalliga
A Regionalliga (German pronunciation: [ʁeɡi̯oˈnaːlˌliːɡa], plural Regionalligen) is a regional league in numerous sports governing bodies in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, usually located in the upper or middle tiers of the sports leagues.

The term is often associated with the German football league system where it is the fourth tier or one of the three divisions of Regionalliga in Austria, which represent the third tier in that country. Until 1974, Regionalliga was the second tier in Germany. In 1994, it was reintroduced as the third tier. Upon the creation of the new Germany-wide 3. Liga in 2008, it became the fourth tier. While all of the clubs in the top three divisions of German football are professional, the Regionalliga has a mixture of professional and semi-professional clubs.
Melanippe (daughter of Aeolus)
In Greek mythology, Melanippe (/mɛləˈnɪpiː/; Ancient Greek: Μελανίππη, "black mare"), also known as Arne or Antiopa, was the daughter of Aeolus and the precedent Melanippe (or else daughter of Hippotes or of Desmontes). She was the mother by Poseidon, of the twins Aeolus (Hellen) and Boeotus.

Aeolus (son of Poseidon)
In Greek mythology, Aeolus (/ˈiːələs/; Ancient Greek: Αἴολος, romanized: Aíolos [ǎi̯.olos]; Modern Greek: Αίολος [ˈe.olos] ⓘ; lit. 'quick-moving, nimble') was a son of Poseidon by Arne, daughter of Aeolus (son of Hellen). He had a twin brother named Boeotus.
Go Open Source
Go Open Source was a campaign mainly concentrating on South Africa to create awareness of, educate about, and provide access to free/open-source software. The campaign was important in ensuring, once awareness of free and open source software was created, that interested parties had the ability to gain access to the software and services and that they have access to additional resources for support and training. The campaign contributed in planning for a transition to free/open-source software within the South African government. The campaign also launched the Geek Freedom League which is a group promoting free/open-source software to South Africa. As of May 2006 there are nearly 5000 South African members.

The campaign was launched by Mark Shuttleworth on behalf of Canonical, the CSIR's Meraka Institute, HP, and the Shuttleworth Foundation.

The Go Open Source campaign officially launched in May 2004 and completed its two-year run at the end of May 2006.

Alternative terms for free software
Alternative terms for free software, such as OSS, FOSS, and FLOSS, have been a recurring issue among free and open-source software users from the late 1990s onwards. These terms share almost identical licence criteria and development practices.

In 1983 Richard Stallman launched the free software movement and founded the Free Software Foundation to promote the movement and to publish its own definition. Others have published alternative definitions of free software, notably the Debian Free Software Guidelines. In 1998, Bruce Perens and Eric S. Raymond began a campaign to market open-source software and founded the Open Source Initiative, which espoused different goals and a different philosophy from Stallman's.