hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rent-seeking
Rent-seeking is the act of growing one's existing wealth by manipulating public policy or economic conditions without creating new wealth.
Rent-seeking activities have negative effects on the rest of society. They result in reduced economic efficiency through misallocation of resources, stifled competition, reduced wealth creation, lost government revenue, heightened income inequality, heightened debt levels, risk of growing corruption and cronyism, decreased public trust in institutions, and potential national decline.

Successful capture of regulatory agencies (if any) to gain a coercive monopoly can result in advantages for rent-seekers in a market while imposing disadvantages on their uncorrupt competitors. This is one of many possible forms of rent-seeking behavior.

Cronyism
Cronyism is awarding positions, jobs, contracts, loans, privileges, or advantages to friends or colleagues. It is used especially in politics, when referring to partiality between politicians and businesses. A person who supports or partakes in cronyism is referred to as a crony, cronie, or cronyist.

Cronyism occurs when appointing "cronies" to positions of authority regardless of their qualifications. This is in contrast to a meritocracy, in which appointments are made based on merit. Politically, "cronyism" is derogatorily used to imply buying and selling favors, such as votes in legislative bodies, doing favors to organizations, or giving desirable ambassadorships to exotic places.
Ministry of Science and Technology (China)
The Ministry of Science and Technology is the executive department of the Central Science and Technology Commission, which coordinates science and technology activities in the country. The office is located in Xicheng District, Beijing.

The ministry is responsible for formulating guidelines and related policies for science and technology in China development and promoting basic and special research on science and technology.

Constituent departments of the State Council
The constituent departments of the State Council (Chinese: 国务院组成部门; pinyin: Guówùyuàn Zǔchéng Bùmén) are the principal units of State Council of the People's Republic of China. Types of departments include ministries (部; bù), commissions (委员会; wěiyuánhuì), the People's Bank of China, and the National Audit Office.

The current 14th State Council has 26 constituent departments: 21 ministries, three commissions, along with the People's Bank of China and the National Audit Office. It also has a General Office, one directly affiliated specialized institution, 14 directly affiliated institutions, one office, 7 directly affiliated public institutions, and 17 national bureaus managed by ministries and commissions of the State Council.
Ajax (federal electoral district)
Ajax is a federal electoral district in the Durham Region of Ontario.

Ajax was created by the 2012 riding redistribution from the portion of Ajax—Pickering consisting of the entire town of Ajax, Ontario, and was legally defined in the 2013 representation order. It came into effect in time for the 2015 Canadian federal election.

Ajax, Ontario
Ajax (/ˈeɪdʒæks/; 2021 population: 126,666) is a waterfront town in Durham Region in Southern Ontario, Canada, located in the eastern part of the Greater Toronto Area.

The town is named for HMS Ajax, a Royal Navy cruiser that served in the Second World War. It is approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) east of Toronto on the shores of Lake Ontario and is bordered by the City of Pickering to the west and north, and the Town of Whitby to the east.
Campbell of Barrichbeyan
The Campbells of Barrichbeyan form one of the branches of the Campbells of Craignish who in turn are a branch of the Clan Campbell, a Scottish clan in Argyll, Scottish Highlands. They claim descent from Donald McEan Gorm Campbell, the 10th Laird of Craignish, 11th Chieftain of Craignish & 1st Baron Campbell of Barrichbeyan, himself second son of John Ean Gorm Campbell, 9th Laird of Craignish. His descendants retained Barrichbeyan and bought back the greater part of the estate of Craignish between 1550 and 1680. Beside the main line established in Craignish there were also cadet lines, Campbells of Lagganlochan and Campbells of Ballachlavan, later producing another cadet line, Campbells of Askomel.

Clan Campbell
Clan Campbell (Scottish Gaelic: Na Caimbeulaich [na ˈkʰaimbəl̪ˠɪç]) is a Highland Scottish clan, historically one of the largest and most powerful of the Highland clans. The Clan Campbell lands are in Argyll and within their lands lies Ben Cruachan. The chief of the clan became Earl of Argyll and later Duke of Argyll.
2nd Primetime Emmy Awards
The 2nd Emmy Awards, retroactively known as the 2nd Primetime Emmy Awards after the debut of the Daytime Emmy Awards, were presented at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California on January 27, 1950. Like the 1st Primetime Emmy Awards, Emmys were primarily given out to Los Angeles–based TV shows and stations. The Awards Committee was chaired by Martha Gaston Bigelow of KFOX radio.

Several new award categories were introduced, including "Best Sports Coverage". However, it would be a few decades later until that category would become a permanent fixture in the Sports Emmys.

1st Primetime Emmy Awards
The 1st Emmy Awards, retroactively known as the 1st Primetime Emmy Awards after the debut of the counterpart Daytime Emmy Awards, were presented at the Hollywood Athletic Club in Los Angeles on Tuesday, January 25, 1949. Only shows produced in Los Angeles County, California and aired in the Los Angeles media market were eligible to win. The awards were hosted by Walter O'Keefe who substituted for Rudy Vallée when he had to leave town at the last minute. A special award category was introduced and awarded to Louis McManus for designing the actual Emmy Award statuette.
Transdetermination
Transdetermination is a concept in developmental biology to describe the process by which pluripotent stem cells change their fate from becoming one kind of specialized cell lineage to a different lineage. It is contrasted to transdifferentiation where a differentiated cell switches to another lineage without intermediate stages of dedifferentiation. In Drosophila, it has been shown that imaginal disc cells could convert from eye to wing tissue through a factor called winged eye (wge) which induces histone modifications that lead to the altered fate.

Dedifferentiation
Dedifferentiation (/ˌdiːdɪfəˌrɛnʃiˈeɪʃən/) is a transient process by which cells become less specialized and return to an earlier cell state within the same lineage. This suggests an increase in cell potency, meaning that, following dedifferentiation, a cell may possess the ability to re-differentiate into more cell types than it did before dedifferentiation. This is in contrast to differentiation, where differences in gene expression, morphology, or physiology arise in a cell, making its function increasingly specialized.

The loss of specialization observed in dedifferentiation can be noted through changes in gene expression, physiology, function within the organism, proliferative activity, or morphology. While it can be induced in a laboratory setting through processes like direct reprogramming and the production of induced pluripotent stem cells, endogenous dedifferentiation processes also exist as a component of wound healing mechanisms.
Self Destruction (song)
"Self Destruction" is the only single by the Stop the Violence Movement, a group formed by American rapper KRS-One in 1988 in response to violence in the hip hop and African American communities.

The single raised over $100,000 that was donated to the National Urban League.

Flavor Flav
William Jonathan Drayton Jr. (born March 16, 1959), known by his stage name Flavor Flav. (/ˈfleɪvər ˌfleɪv/ FLAY-vər FLAYV), is an American rapper and television personality. Known for his catchphrase "Yeah, boyeeeeee!" when performing, he is a founding member alongside Chuck D, of Public Enemy, a rap group that has earned six Grammy Award nominations. He has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

After spending several years out of the limelight, Flav starred in multiple VH1 reality series, including The Surreal Life, Strange Love, and Flavor of Love.
2000 American Samoa presidential caucuses
Although American Samoa will not participate in the 2000 presidential election because it is a U.S. territory and not a state, it participated in the U.S. presidential primaries and caucuses for both the Democratic and Republican parties.

2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries
From January 24 to June 6, 2000, voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for president in the 2000 United States presidential election. Incumbent Vice President Al Gore was  selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 2000 Democratic National Convention held from August 14 to 17, 2000, in Los Angeles, California, but he went on to lose the Electoral College in the general election against Governor George W. Bush held on November 7 of that year, despite winning the popular vote by 0.5%.
Wright State University–Lake Campus
Wright State University–Lake Campus is a branch campus of Wright State University located in Jefferson Township, between Celina, and St. Marys, Ohio. The 211 acres (85 ha) campus sits on the northern shore of Grand Lake St. Marys at 7600 Lake Campus Drive. Founded in 1962 by the Western Ohio Educational Foundation, an organization created to support higher education in the Mercer and Auglaize counties of Ohio, the school was affiliated with Ohio Northern University before it became a branch campus of Wright State University in 1969. Located near Dayton, Wright State is part of the University System of Ohio.

Satellite campus
A satellite campus, branch campus, or regional campus is a campus of a university or college that is physically at a distance from the institution's main campus area. This branch campus may be located in a different location, city, state, or country, and is often smaller than the primary campus of an institution. A satellite campus may or may not share the same accreditation, administrative structures, budgets, resources, and governance as the main campus.
Martín Montoya
Martín Montoya Torralbo (born 14 April 1991) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a right-back.

He started his career with Barcelona, making his first appearance for the first team in 2011 and going on to win seven major titles as a backup. In La Liga, he also represented Betis (two spells) and Valencia, totalling 129 matches and three goals over 11 seasons. In addition, he spent two years in the Premier League with Brighton & Hove Albion.

With Spain, Montoya won two European Under-21 Championships.

2012–13 La Liga
The 2012–13 La Liga season (known as the Liga BBVA for sponsorship reasons) was the 82nd since its establishment. The campaign began on 18 August 2012, and concluded on 1 June 2013. Barcelona won the league for a 22nd time, after leading the league the entire season and amassing 100 points, equalling Real Madrid's points record from the previous season.

As in previous years, Nike provided the official ball for all matches, with a new Nike Maxim Liga BBVA model to be used throughout the season for all matches.
Administrative Zone 1 (Gambela)
Administrative Zone 1 was one of the three zones of the Ethiopian Region of Gambela. This zone was bordered on the south by Administrative Zone 2, on the west by Administrative Zone 3 and on the north and east by the Oromia Region. It was later added to Anuak Zone. Towns and cities in this zone included Itang and Gambela.

The terrain is mostly flat; rivers include the Baro, which is the only navigable river in Ethiopia, and the Alwero. A notable landmark is the Gambela National Park, which covers a large part of the Zone south of the Baro.

Alwero River
Alwero River (also spelt Aloru, Aluoro and Alwero) is a river in Abobo woreda of Gambela Region, Ethiopia. It flows through the Gambela National Park and through wetlands into the Openo/Baro River.

As of 2012 Saudi Star planned to divert significant amounts of water from the river through a 30 kilometres (19 mi) cement canal to irrigate rice.
Ferocactus townsendianus
Ferocactus townsendianus, commonly known as the Townsend barrel cactus, is a species of cactus endemic to southern Baja California Sur in Mexico. It is a barrel cactus that grows solitary stems up to 1 metre (3.3 ft) tall, with gray to brown spines, with one central spine on each areole usually curved or hooked at the tip, and orange to red flowers that bloom from May to August. Ferocactus townsendianus is similar to both Ferocactus peninsulae and Ferocactus santa-maria, and is sometimes placed under peninsulae as a variety or subspecies.

Barrel cactus
Barrel cacti are various members of the two genera Echinocactus and Ferocactus, endemic to the deserts of Southwestern North America southward to north central Mexico. Some of the largest specimens are found in the Sonoran Desert.
Cascode
The cascode is a two-stage amplifier that consists of a common emitter stage feeding into a common base stage when using bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) or alternatively a common source stage feeding a common gate stage when using field-effect transistors (FETs).

Because there is no direct coupling from the output to input, the Miller effect is eliminated, contributing to a much higher bandwidth. Compared to a single amplifier stage, this combination may have one or more of the following characteristics: higher input–output isolation, higher input impedance, high output impedance, higher bandwidth.

Hybrid-pi model
Hybrid-pi is a popular circuit model used for analyzing the small signal behavior of bipolar junction and field effect transistors. Sometimes it is also called Giacoletto model because it was introduced by L.J. Giacoletto in 1969. The model can be quite accurate for low-frequency circuits and can easily be adapted for higher frequency circuits with the addition of appropriate inter-electrode capacitances and other parasitic elements.
Danny Belisle
Daniel George Belisle (May 9, 1937 – November 28, 2022) was a Canadian ice hockey player and coach. He played 4 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) during the 1960–61 season. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1957 to 1971, was spent in the minor leagues. He later became a coach in the minor leagues, and also coached the Washington Capitals in the NHL during the 1978–79 and 1979–80 seasons.

1960–61 NHL season
The 1960–61 NHL season was the 44th season of the National Hockey League. Six teams played 70 games each. The Chicago Black Hawks defeated the Detroit Red Wings in the Stanley Cup Finals four games to two to win the Stanley Cup. It was the first series since 1950 with two American-based teams. It was Chicago's first Cup win since 1938; they would not win another until 2010.

Red Wings' forward Gordie Howe became the first player in NHL history to score 1,000 regular-season points. It took seven more seasons before the Montreal Canadiens' Jean Beliveau would match the feat.
Minister of Multiculturalism and Citizenship
The Minister of Multiculturalism and Citizenship was an office in the Cabinet of Canada from 1991 to 1996 and from 2013 to 2015. It was superseded in 1996 and again in 2015 by the Minister of Canadian Heritage. In 2019, Bardish Chagger was appointed as Minister of Diversity and Inclusion and Youth, taking on some of the responsibilities formerly associated with the position.

The responsibility of citizenship is now undertaken by the Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship. Prior to 1991, citizenship was within the portfolio of the Secretary of State for Canada.

Cabinet of Canada
The Canadian Ministry (French: Conseil des ministres), colloquially referred to as the Cabinet of Canada (French: Cabinet du Canada), is a body of ministers of the Crown that, along with the Canadian monarch, and within the tenets of the Westminster system, forms the government of Canada. Chaired by the prime minister, the Cabinet is part of and acts on behalf of the King's Privy Council for Canada and the senior echelon of the Ministry, the membership of the Cabinet and Ministry often being co-terminal; as of March 2025 there were no members of the latter who were not also members of the former.

For practical reasons, the Cabinet is informally referred to either in relation to the prime minister in charge of it or the number of ministries since Confederation. The current Cabinet is the Cabinet of Mark Carney, which is part of the 30th Ministry. The interchangeable use of the terms cabinet and  ministry is a subtle inaccuracy that can cause confusion.
Zena Petros
Zena Petros was a king of the Zagwe Dynasty.

Zena Petros campaigned against the Kingdom of Damot and its ruler Motolomi Sato because he failed to pay tribute. He was accompanied by priest with their Tabots (or Arks) but was defeated and killed. He was beheaded and his skull was later used as a measurement for grain.

Multiple lists of Zagwe kings are known to exist, containing 5, 9, 11 or 16 names. Zena Petros is only named on the longest list of rulers, placed between kings named Yi'kebke Egzi and Bahr Saf, who also only appear on this version of the Zagwe king list. The list states that Zena Petros reigned for six years. If the reign lengths on this list are to be trusted, then his reign dates would be approximately 983–989 E.C..

Some sources claim he was the father of Na'akueto La'ab. However, the official regnal list places 184 years between their reigns, so this is unlikely.

Na'akueto La'ab
Na'akueto La'ab (Ge'ez: ንዓኩቶ ላዓብ) was the King of Zagwe dynasty. According to Taddesse Tamrat, he was the son of Kedus Harbe. Richard Pankhurst credits him with the creation of the church located in a cave a half-day's journey from the town of Lalibela. According to a manuscript Pedro Páez and Manuel de Almeida saw at Axum, Na'akueto La'ab ruled for 40 years, a suspiciously round number.
ZESCO
ZESCO (acronym for Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Limited) is a state-owned power company in Zambia. It is Zambia's largest power company, producing approximately 80% of the country's electricity consumption. Additionally, ZESCO represents Zambia in the Southern African Power Pool.

Kariba Dam
The Kariba Dam is a double curvature concrete arch dam in the Kariba Gorge of the Zambezi river basin between Zambia and Zimbabwe. The dam stands 128 metres (420 ft) tall and 579 metres (1,900 ft) long. The dam forms Lake Kariba, which extends for 280 kilometres (170 mi) and holds 185 cubic kilometres (150,000,000 acre⋅ft) of water.
NGC 334
NGC 334 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Sculptor. It was discovered on September 25, 1834 by John Herschel. It was described by Dreyer as "very faint, small, round, gradually a little brighter middle, 2 stars of 11th magnitude to south."

Sculptor (constellation)
Sculptor is a faint constellation in the southern sky. It represents a sculptor. It was introduced by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century. He originally named it Apparatus Sculptoris (the sculptor's studio), but the name was later shortened.
Beit Sahour
Beit Sahour or Beit Sahur (Arabic: بيت ساحور, romanized: Bayt Sāḥūrⓘ; Palestine grid 170/123) is a Palestinian town east of Bethlehem, in the Bethlehem Governorate of the West Bank in the State of Palestine. The city is under the administration of the Palestinian National Authority. The population was 13,281 in 2017, consisting of approximately 80% Christians (most of them Greek Orthodox) and 20% Muslims.

Christian tradition holds Beit Sahour to be the site of the Annunciation to the Shepherds. There are two enclosures in the eastern part of Beit Sahour that are claimed by different Christian denominations to be the actual 'Shepherds Field': one belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church, and the other, the Catholic site, belonging to the Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land.

The mainly Christian Palestinian inhabitants are being pressured by encroaching Israeli settlements, with one housing development threatened with demolition.

Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem
The Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem (ARIJ; Arabic: معهد الابحاث التطبيقية - القدس) is a Palestinian NGO founded in 1990 with its main office in Bethlehem in the West Bank. ARIJ is actively working on research projects in the fields of management of natural resources, water management, sustainable agriculture and political dynamics of development in the Palestinian Territories.
Kimberly Corman
Kimberly Corman is a fictional character in the Final Destination series, portrayed by A. J. Cook. Kimberly serves as the protagonist of Final Destination 2. She is a college student from White Plains, New York, and is one of the survivors of the Route 23 pile-up.

After meeting William Bludworth and being informed that only "new life" can defeat Death, Kimberly drowns herself by driving an ambulance into a lake, only to be later resuscitated. In Final Destination Bloodlines (2025), when the Campbell-Reyes family visits him at the hospital, Bludworth informs them that Kimberly is still alive and the only individual he is aware of that managed to successfully remove themselves from Death's list.

Canon (fiction)
The canon of a work of fiction is "the body of works taking place in a particular fictional world that are widely considered to be official or authoritative; [especially] those created by the original author or developer of the world". Canon is contrasted with, or used as the basis for, works of fan fiction and other derivative works.
Indian Athletics League
Indian Athletics League is a proposed league in India. It will be organized by Athletics Federation of India. This tournament will also have similarities with 14-leg Diamond League Series. There will be 8 to 10 franchise with each having 2 or 3 foreign players. There will be 8 players per franchise for both Men and Women.

An event was planned for August 2014.

Current this proposal is put on hold by AFI Executive Committee. 10 additional Indian athletics events were announced following the 2024 Summer Olympics.

Athletics Federation of India
The Athletics Federation of India is the national governing body for the sport of athletics in India, and is responsible for conducting competitions in the country. It was formed in 1943. It is affiliated to World Athletics and Asian Athletics Association. Anju Bobby George is the vice president. It was formerly called the Amateur Athletic Federation of India.
Archibald Mackintosh
Archibald Cameron MacKintosh or Mackintosh (June 13, 1876 – May 27, 1961) was an Irish-born Canadian Anglican priest in Ontario.

Mackintosh was born June 13, 1876, in or near Ballyshannon, Ireland, to John MacKintosh and Elizabeth McClay. He was educated at Dorchester Missionary College and ordained in 1901. On June 6 of that year in Toronto, he married as a 25-year old clergyman living on St. Joseph Island, Ontario, with Georgiana Sarah Louise Hughes from England, with whom he had three children. After a curacy on St. Joseph Island, he held incumbencies at Burk's Falls (1902), Port Colborne (1903), Fort Erie (1906), Guelph, Parkdale, and finally Dundas, where he remained rector of the St. James’ Anglican Church until his retirement. During World War I, he was a Chaplain to the Canadian Armed Forces. He was Archdeacon of the counties of Wellington and Halton, and from 1922 until 1950 Archdeacon of Wentworth and Haldimand counties. He died at the age of 84 on May 27, 1961.

Dorchester Missionary College
Christianity portal

Dorchester Missionary College, also known as the Dorchester College of St Peter and St Paul for Foreign Missions was a theological college in Dorchester, Oxfordshire. The college was established in 1878 to train Anglican clergy to serve in the Church of England overseas, and by 1903 was an associated theological college of Durham University. It closed in 1944 due to the recommendation by the Archbishops' commission to end missionary colleges.