hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Andrew Graham (economist)
Andrew Graham (born 20 June 1942) is a British political economist. From 2001 to 2011 he was master of Balliol College, Oxford. As of 2024 he is chair of trustees of the Europaeum (2024), a member of the Advisory Board of Ethics in Technology, Hamburg University of Technology (2023–), and senior fellow of the Oxford Internet Institute (OII) (2011–).

He is an honorary fellow of Balliol College and of St Edmund Hall, and an honorary doctor of Civil Law, awarded by the University of Oxford in 2003.

Gavyn Davies
Gavyn Davies, OBE (born 27 November 1950) is a former Goldman Sachs partner who was the chairman of the BBC from 2001 until 2004. On 28 January 2004 he announced that he was resigning his BBC post following the publication of the Hutton Inquiry report which heavily criticised the organisation.
Charles Boyle (poet)
Charles Boyle (born 1955 in Leeds) is a British poet and novelist. He also uses the pseudonyms Jack Robinson and Jennie Walker. As Walker, he won the 2008 McKitterick Prize for his novella 24 for 3.

In 2012, Boyle wrote a short piece for The Times Literary Supplement in which he good-naturedly referred to vandalism of this Wikipedia biography.

Forward Prizes for Poetry
The Forward Prizes for Poetry are major British awards for poetry, presented annually at a public ceremony in London. They were founded in 1992 by William Sieghart with the aim of celebrating excellence in poetry and increasing its audience. The prizes do this by identifying and honouring talent: collections published in the UK and Ireland over the course of the previous year are eligible, as are single poems nominated by journal editors or prize organisers. Each year, works shortlisted for the prizes – plus those highly commended by the judges – are collected in the Forward Book of Poetry.

The awards have been sponsored since their inception by the content marketing agency Bookmark, formerly Forward Worldwide. The best first collection prize is sponsored by the estate of Felix Dennis.

The Forward Prizes for Poetry celebrated their 30th anniversary in 2021. In 2023, a new category for outstanding performance of a poem was added to the list of awards.
Mnesileus
In Greek mythology, Mnesileus (Ancient Greek: Μνησίλεως Mnesileos) or Mnasinous (Μνασίνους) was the son of Polydeuces, one of the Dioscuri, and Phoebe, daughter of Leucippus of Messenia. The temple of the Dioscuri at Argos contained also the statues of these two sons of the Dioscuri, Anaxias and Mnasinous, and on the throne of Amyclae both were represented riding on horseback.

Amyclae
Amyclae or Amyklai (Ancient Greek: Ἀμύκλαι) was a city of ancient Laconia, situated on the right or western bank of the Eurotas, 20 stadia south of Sparta, in a district remarkable for the abundance of its trees and its fertility. Amyclae was one of the most celebrated cities of Peloponnesus in the Greek Heroic Age. It is said to have been founded by the Lacedaemonian king Amyclas, the father of Hyacinthus, and to have been the abode of Tyndarus, and of Castor and Pollux, who are hence called Amyclaei Fratres. Amyclae is mentioned by Homer, and it continued to maintain its independence as an Achaean town long after the conquest of Peloponnesus by the Dorians.
Fortress Commander, Andaman and Nicobar Islands
The Fortress Commander, Andaman and Nicobar Islands (FORTAN) was a senior appointment of the Indian Navy. As the head of the Fortress, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, FORTAN was based at Port Blair in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a Union Territory of India. The Fortress and the appointment were disbanded in 2001 after the Andaman and Nicobar Command was operationalised as the first Integrated Theatre Command of  India.

The first FORTAN was Commodore HML Saxena, who took over in 1977 and the last was Vice Admiral OP Bansal who relinquished charge as FORTAN on 27 September 2001.

Commodore (India)
Commodore is a one-star rank in the Indian Navy. Commodore ranks above the rank of captain and below the two-star rank of rear admiral. This navy rank will be abbreviated as CMDE or Cmde.

The equivalent rank in the Indian Army is brigadier and in the Indian Air Force is air commodore.
Milltown (stadium)
Milltown is a football stadium in Warrenpoint, County Down, Northern Ireland. It is the home ground of Warrenpoint Town of the NIFL Premier Intermediate League. The stadium sits in the larger Milltown Sports Complex, in the area of Warrenpoint of the same name. The ground was upgraded in 2013 after Warrenpoint were promoted to the Premiership, to satisfy the rules of that league.

Warrenpoint Town F.C.
Warrenpoint Town Football Club, referred to as Warrenpoint Town, or "The Point", is a semi-professional Northern Irish football club that plays in the NIFL Championship. Warrenpoint Town are a part of the Mid-Ulster Football Association. The club competes in the Irish Cup.
Costal facet
A costal facet is a site of connection between a rib and a vertebra. The costal facets are located on the vertebrae that the rib articulates with. They are the superior costal facet, the inferior costal facet, and the transverse costal facet. Rib 1 only articulates with a transverse costal facet.

The superior costal facet joins the rib to the top of a vertebra. The transverse costal facet joins the rib to the transverse process of a vertebra, and the inferior costal facet joins the rib to the lower part of the vertebra. The joints formed are known as the costovertebral joints.

Costovertebral joints
The costovertebral joints are the joints that connect the ribs to the vertebral column.

The articulation of the head of rib connects the head of the rib and the bodies of vertebrae.

The costotransverse joint connects the rib with the transverse processes of vertebrae.
Cyanine
Cyanines, also referred to as tetramethylindo(di)-carbocyanines are a synthetic dye family belonging to the polymethine group.  Although the name derives etymologically from terms for shades of blue, the cyanine family covers the electromagnetic spectrum from near IR to UV.

Chemically, cyanines are a conjugated system between two nitrogen atoms; in each resonance structure, exactly one nitrogen atom is oxidized to an iminium.  Typically, they form part of a nitrogenous heterocyclic system.

The main application for cyanine dyes is in biological labeling.  Nevertheless, there is a wide literature on both their synthesis and uses, and cyanines are common in some CD and DVD media.

N-Hydroxysuccinimide
N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) is an organic compound with the formula (CH2CO)2NOH.  It is a white solid that is used as a reagent for preparing active esters in peptide synthesis. It can be synthesized by heating succinic anhydride with hydroxylamine or hydroxylamine hydrochloride.
Silva Method
The Silva Method is a self-help and meditation program developed by José Silva. It claims to increase an individual's abilities through relaxation, improve the intelligence quotient, use the mind to heal the body, develop higher brain functions, and psychic abilities such as clairvoyance.

It has been variously classified as a self-religion, a new religious movement, and a cult, and has been criticised as pseudoscience.

Clairvoyance
Clairvoyance (/klɛərˈvɔɪ.əns/; from French  clair 'clear' and  voyance 'vision') is the claimed ability to acquire information that would be considered impossible to get through scientifically proven sensations, thus classified as extrasensory perception, or "sixth sense". Any person who is claimed to have such ability is said to be a clairvoyant (/klɛərˈvɔɪ.ənt/) ('one who sees clearly').

Claims for the existence of paranormal and psychic abilities such as clairvoyance have not been supported by scientific evidence. Parapsychology explores this possibility, but the existence of the paranormal is not accepted by the scientific community. The scientific community widely considers parapsychology, including the study of clairvoyance, a pseudoscience.
Dedication of the Basilica of Saint Mary Major
The Dedication of the Basilica of St Mary Major (In Dedicatione basilicae S. Mariae) is a feast day in the General Roman Calendar of the Catholic Church, optionally celebrated annually on 5 August with the rank of memorial.

In earlier editions of the General Roman Calendar, down to that of 1960, it is called the Dedication of the Basilica of St Mary of the Snows (In Dedicatione basilicae S. Mariae ad Nives), a reference to the legendary story about the foundation of the basilica. For the same reason the feast is also known popularly as Our Lady of the Snows. The reference to the legend was removed in the 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar.

Pope Sixtus III
Pope Sixtus III, also called Pope Xystus III, was the bishop of Rome from 31 July 432 to his death on 18 August 440. His ascension to the papacy is associated with a period of increased construction in the city of Rome. His feast day is celebrated by the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church on 28 March.
Benjamin Hallowell Carew
Admiral of the Blue Sir Benjamin Hallowell Carew GCB (born Benjamin Hallowell; 1 January 1761 – 2 September 1834) was a Royal Navy officer. He was one of the select group of officers, referred to by Lord Nelson as his "Band of Brothers", who served with him at the Battle of the Nile.

Nelson's band of brothers
"Band of brothers" was a phrase used by Rear-Admiral Horatio Nelson to refer to the captains under his command just before and at the Battle of the Nile in 1798. The phrase, taken from Shakespeare's St Crispin's Day Speech of Henry V, later came to be more generally applied to his relationship with the captains and men under his command, such as at the Battle of Trafalgar.
1989 Singapore Open
The 1989 Singapore Open (known as Epson Singapore Super Tennis for sponsorship reasons) was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the National Stadium in Singapore and was part of the 1989 Nabisco Grand Prix. The tournament took place from 24 April through 30 April 1989. Unseeded Kelly Jones, who entered the main draw as a qualifier, won the singles title.

1989 Grand Prix (tennis)
The 1989 Nabisco Grand Prix was the only tennis circuit for male players held that year. It incorporated the four Grand Slam tournaments, one World Championship Tennis tournament and the Grand Prix tournaments.
Mellala Mosque
The Mellala Mosque (Arabic: مسجد ملالة, romanized: Masjid Malala), also known as the Ibn Tomart Mosque (Arabic: مسجد ابن تومرت, romanized: Masjid Ibn Tumert), is a mosque located in Béjaia, Algeria. Its construction dates from the 12th century, during the rule of the Hammadid Emirate; and was replaced with a new structure in the 1960s.

Muhammed al-Baydhaq
Abu Bakr Mohammed ibn Ali al Sanhaji al-Baydhaq (Arabic: أبو بكر محمد بن علي الصنهاجي البيذق) (died after 1164) was a Maghribi historian mainly known as a companion of Ibn Tumart and chronicler of the Almohads. Al-Baydhaq (meaning pawn) was his nickname, because he was small in stature. He was from the tribe of Senhaja.

The title of his main work is: Al moqtabass min kitabi al anssab fi maärifati al ashab (written ca. 1150). It is the most important source on the period. Written in Classical Arabic, Berber words, names and sayings are used throughout the text, making it an important work for scholars of the medieval Berber language.
Rivière aux Chevreuils
The Rivière aux Chevreuils (in English: Deer River) is a tributary of the south shore of the rivière du Chêne which empties on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River, in the administrative region of Chaudière-Appalaches, in Quebec, in Canada.

The “Rivière aux Chevreuils” flows through the regional county municipalities (MRC) of:

L'Érable Regional County Municipality: municipality of Lyster;

Lotbinière Regional County Municipality: municipalities of Sainte-Agathe-de-Lotbinière, Saint-Janvier-de-Joly and Val-Alain.

Perdrix River (Bécancour River tributary)
The Perdrix River (in French: rivière Perdrix) is a tributary of the Noire River which is a tributary of the Bécancour River. It flows in the municipalities of Laurierville, Plessisville and Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes, in the L'Érable Regional County Municipality (MRC), in the administrative region of Centre-du-Québec, in Quebec, in Canada.
Acid–base titration
An acid–base titration is a method of quantitative analysis for determining the concentration of Brønsted-Lowry acid or base (titrate) by neutralizing it using a solution of known concentration (titrant). A pH indicator is used to monitor the progress of the acid–base reaction and a titration curve can be constructed.

This differs from other modern modes of titrations, such as oxidation-reduction titrations, precipitation titrations, & complexometric titrations. Although these types of titrations are also used to determine unknown amounts of substances, these substances vary from ions to metals.

Acid–base titration finds extensive applications in various scientific fields, such as pharmaceuticals, environmental monitoring, and quality control in industries. This method's precision and simplicity makes it an important tool in quantitative chemical analysis, contributing significantly to the general understanding of solution chemistry.

Complexometric titration
Complexometric titration (sometimes chelatometry) is a form of volumetric analysis in which the formation of a colored complex is used to indicate the end point of a titration.  Complexometric titrations are particularly useful for the determination of a mixture of different metal ions in solution.  An indicator capable of producing an unambiguous color change is usually used to detect  the end-point of the titration. Complexometric titrations are those reactions where a simple ion is transformed into a complex ion and the equivalence point is determined by using metal indicators or electrometrically.
1990 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey
The 1990 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey were held on November 6, 1990, to determine who would represent the people of New Jersey in the United States House of Representatives. This election coincided with national elections for U.S. House and U.S. Senate. New Jersey had fourteen seats in the House, apportioned according to the 1980 United States census. Representatives are elected for two-year terms.

Despite widespread discontent and anger over tax increases at the state and federal level, all ten incumbent candidates won their races, and the two open seats remained with their respective parties.

Board of County Commissioners (New Jersey)
In New Jersey, a Board of County Commissioners (until 2020 named the Board of Chosen Freeholders) is the elected county-wide government board in each of the state's 21 counties. In the five counties that have an elected county executive, the board of county commissioners serves as the county legislature. In the remaining counties, the board of county commissioners exercises both executive and legislative functions, often with an appointed county administrator or manager overseeing the day-to-day operations of county government.

As of 2025, 18 of the 21 county commissions are held exclusively by one party; Atlantic, Gloucester, and Cumberland counties are the only ones with both parties represented. Since 2000, 12 counties have only elected members from a single party; Camden, Essex, Hudson, Mercer, Middlesex, and Union counties have chosen only Democrats, and Cape May, Hunterdon, Morris, Ocean, Sussex, and Warren counties have chosen only Republicans.
Gauri Parbat
Gauri Parbat, also spelled Ghori Parbat is a mountain peak, located in Uttarakhand state, India and the height of the peak is 6,708 meters (22,008 feet). Also called "Horse" peak, it is near Joshimath and another peak nearby is Hathi parbat 6727 metres (22070 feet). As its height is 20,000 + feet, it was a popular destination for several mountaineering expeditions during 20th Century. Gauri Parbat along with Haathi Parbat, Nilgiri Parbat and other mountains of Kamet range tower over Valley of flowers.

Kamet
Kamet (Hindi: कामेत) is the second-highest mountain in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India, after Nanda Devi. It is the 29th highest mountain in the world. It lies in the Chamoli District of Uttarakhand.
Its appearance resembles a giant pyramid topped by a flat summit area with two peaks.
ASUI
The Average Service Unavailability Index (ASUI) is a reliability index commonly used by electric power utilities. It is calculated as

where  is the number of customers and  is the annual outage time (in hours) for location . ASUI can be represented in relation to SAIDI (where annual SAIDI is given in hours) as

Reliability index
Reliability index is an attempt to quantitatively assess the reliability of a system using a single numerical value. The set of reliability indices varies depending on the field of engineering, multiple different indices may be used to characterize a single system. In the simple case of an object that cannot be used or repaired once it fails, a useful index is the mean time to failure representing an expectation of the object's service lifetime. Another cross-disciplinary index is forced outage rate (FOR), a probability that a particular type of a device is out of order. Reliability indices are extensively used in the modern electricity regulation to assess the grid reliability.
Conus marmoreus
Conus marmoreus, common name the marbled cone, is a species of predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails, cone shells or cones. It is the type species for the genus Conus, which is the type genus of the family. This is a species which is believed to feed mostly on marine mollusks including other cone snails. This snail is venomous, like all cone snails.

The subspecies:  Conus marmoreus bandanus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792  is a synonym of Conus bandanus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792

Conus bandanus
Conus bandanus, common name the banded marble cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.

Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of stinging humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.
Heterelmis
Heterelmis is a genus of beetles in the riffle beetle family Elmidae.

Species include:

Heterelmis comalensis

Heterelmis glabra

Heterelmis obesa

Heterelmis obscura

†Heterelmis stephani

Heterelmis tarsalis

Heterelmis vulnerata

Heterelmis glabra
Heterelmis glabra is a species of riffle beetle in the family Elmidae. It is found in Central America and North America. The largest populations of this riffle beetle are found in springs associated with the upper Devils River in south-central Texas. Spring-adapted organisms such as this beetle have life-history patterns requiring surface components, which makes them more vulnerable to changes in spring flow that alter the surface habitat.
Eugene Katchalov
Eugene Katchalov (born February 21, 1981, in Kyiv, Ukraine) is an American professional poker player raised in Brooklyn, New York, since age 10. He currently ranks #403 on the Global poker index, and has been ranked as high as number two. He is also 1st on the All-Time Money List in Ukraine.

Katchalov, a graduate with a business degree from NYU, is the winner of the largest payout for a non-championship event in the World Poker Tour (WPT), earning $2,482,605 with a win at the 2007 Doyle Brunson Five Diamond World Poker Classic.

In late 2016 Katchalov and poker player, and friend, Luca Pagano, entered the world of eSports with an Italian team: QLASH is the first professional team to attend the American spot of Dreamhack.

PokerStars
PokerStars is an online poker cardroom. It is the largest real money online poker site in the world, controlling over two-thirds of the total online poker market, and can be accessed through downloadable poker clients for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS.

A PokerStars.com online satellite tournament produced the 2003 World Series of Poker (WSOP) champion, Chris Moneymaker. As the first person to become a world champion by qualifying at an online poker site, Moneymaker's 2003 win was an important factor in catalyzing the poker boom of the mid-2000s. The press has called this the "Moneymaker effect."

PokerStars was part of The Stars Group until it was sold to Flutter Entertainment, owner of the Irish gambling company Paddy Power, on May 5, 2020.
County of Saintonge
The County of Saintonge (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃tɔ̃ʒ]), historically spelled Xaintonge and Xainctonge, is a former province of France located on the west central Atlantic coast. The capital city was Saintes (Xaintes, Xainctes). Other principal towns include Saint-Jean-d'Angély, Jonzac, Frontenay-Rohan-Rohan, Royan, Marennes, Pons, and Barbezieux-Saint-Hilaire.

Saint-Jean-d'Angély
Saint-Jean-d'Angély (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒɑ̃ dɑ̃ʒeli] ⓘ; Saintongeais: Sént-Jhan-d'Anjhéli) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

The commune has its historical origins in the Abbey of Saint-Jean-d'Angély.
Grammatical number
In linguistics, grammatical number is a feature of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one", "two" or "three or more"). English and many other languages present number categories of singular or plural. Some languages also have a dual, trial and paucal number or other arrangements.

The word "number" is also used in linguistics to describe the distinction between certain grammatical aspects that indicate the number of times an event occurs, such as the semelfactive aspect, the iterative aspect, etc. For that use of the term, see "Grammatical aspect".

Affix
In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. The main two categories are derivational and inflectional affixes. Derivational affixes,  such as un-, -ation, anti-, pre- etc., introduce a semantic change to the word they are attached to. Inflectional affixes introduce a syntactic change, such as singular into plural (e.g. -(e)s), or present simple tense into present continuous or past tense by  adding -ing, -ed to an English word. All of them are bound morphemes by definition; prefixes and suffixes may be separable affixes.
Ergican Saydam
Ergican Saydam (March 28, 1929 – December 21, 2009) was a Turkish pianist and piano pedagogue. He was an advocate of Turkish composers such as Cemal Reşit Rey, Ahmed Adnan Saygun, Cengiz Tanç and İlhan Usmanbaş whose music he premiered and recorded. His repertory centers around German romantic literature, particularly the music of Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, and Robert Schumann.

İlhan Usmanbaş
İlhan Usmanbaş (23 October 1921 – 30 January 2025) was a Turkish contemporary classical composer who was trained and recognised internationally.  He was of the "second generation" of Turkish composers, who integrated European techniques into Turkish music. He served as director of first the Ankara State Conservatory and then the Istanbul State Conservatory, influencing generations of students.
Licinius Rufinus
Marcus Gnaeus Licinius Rufinus (Ancient Greek: Μ. Γναῖος Λικίνιος Ῥουφεῖνος fl. ca. 210–240) was a Roman Imperial official, senator and jurist from Thyateira in Lydia. He held a number of secretarial posts for the emperor, served as governor of Noricum, and was one of the twenty senators who led the resistance against Maximinus Thrax's invasion of Italy in 238 AD. He is known from extracts of his legal work, Regulae and from honorific inscriptions erected for him in Thyateira, Thessaloniki, and Beroea.

Ab epistulis
Ab epistulis was the chancellor's office in the Roman Empire with responsibility for the emperor's correspondence. The office sent mandata (instructions) to provincial governors and other officials.

Ab epistulis wrote in Latin (ab epistulis latinis) and in Greek (ab epistulis graecis), and composed the short responses to petitions on behalf of the emperor. Holders of the position usually had a particular vocation for literary matters.