hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2025 in climate change
This article documents notable events, research findings, scientific and technological advances, and human actions to measure, predict, mitigate, and adapt to the effects of global warming and climate change—during the year 2025.

Ember (non-profit organisation)
Ember, formerly Sandbag, is an independent global energy think tank that uses data and policy to accelerate the clean energy transition. Headquartered in the UK, the organisation was launched in 2008 by Bryony Worthington.
Casbah des Ait Maouine
Casbah des Ait Maouine (Arabic: قصبة آيت معين) is a town in central-western Mauritania. It is located in the Chinguetti Department in the Adrar Region.

Nearby towns and villages include Tentane (40.4 nm), Chinguetti (48.1 nm), Ksar el Khali (86.5 nm), Ouadane (86.5 nm), Ksar el Barka (75.2 nm) and Rachid (62.4 nm).

Chinguetti Department
Chinguetti is a department of the Adrar Region in Mauritania. The capital lies at Chinguetti, an ex-Middle Ages center for trade which is considered to be a ghost town. The other village in this mostly desert-area department is Ain Savra.
Normanby railway station, Taranaki
Normanby railway station was a rural station on the Marton–New Plymouth line, located in the town of Normanby in Taranaki, New Zealand. Opened in 1881, it served the local community for over a century before closing in 1986. It was one of two railway stations in the area and should not be confused with the similarly named Normanby railway station near Timaru in the South Island.

Marton–New Plymouth line
The Marton–New Plymouth line (MNPL) is a secondary railway in the North Island of New Zealand, linking the Taranaki and Manawatū-Whanganui regions. It diverges from the North Island Main Trunk (NIMT) at Marton and follows the South Taranaki Bight along the west coast before turning inland to meet the Stratford–Okahukura Line (SOL) at Stratford, continuing on to New Plymouth.

Construction of the line was completed in 1885. With the completion of the SOL in 1933, the combined route provided an alternative western connection to the NIMT—though this role diminished when the SOL was mothballed in 2010. In its early years, the MNPL hosted the New Plymouth Express, the North Island’s first regional express service. Following the withdrawal of passenger services in 1977, the line has been used exclusively for freight.
Alfred Wünnenberg
Alfred Wünnenberg (20 July 1891 – 30 December 1963) was a high-ranking commander in the Waffen-SS and the police of Nazi Germany. He commanded the SS Polizei Division between December 1941 and June 1943. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves. On 10 June 1943, he was moved to command the IV SS Panzer Corps, where he remained until 31 August. That same year he became chief of the Ordnungspolizei (Orpo; uniformed police). After the war, Wünnenberg was interned in Dachau, Bavaria, but was released in 1947. He was a infantry soldier in the Prussian Army from 1913–1919 and an officer in the Reichsheer from 1921–1930s, and later became an officer and General in the Orpo and Waffen-SS during the 1940s.

Brigadeführer
Brigadeführer (German: [bʁiˈɡaːdəfyːʁɐ], lit. 'brigade leader') was a paramilitary rank of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) that was used between 1932 and 1945.  It was mainly known for its use as an SS rank. As an SA rank, it was used after briefly being known as Untergruppenführer in late 1929 and 1930.
Septal nasal cartilage
The septal nasal cartilage (cartilage of the septum or quadrangular cartilage) is composed of hyaline cartilage. It is somewhat quadrilateral in form, thicker at its margins than at its center, and completes the separation between the nasal cavities in front.

Its anterior margin, thickest above, is connected with the nasal bones, and is continuous with the anterior margins of the lateral cartilages; below, it is connected to the medial crura of the major alar cartilages by fibrous tissue.

Its posterior margin is connected with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid; its inferior margin with the vomer and the palatine processes of the maxillae.

Nasal bone
The nasal bones are two small oblong bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face and by their junction, form the bridge of the upper one third of the nose.

Each has two surfaces and four borders.
World Poker Tour Champions Club
The World Poker Tour (WPT) has operated a series of international poker tournaments since 2002 with winners of WPT Main Tour stops awarded a membership to the WPT Champions Club. The WPT Champions Cup is the trophy awarded to all winners of WPT Main Tour stops, and champions have their names engraved on the WPT Champions Cup.

On July 21, 2020, the WPT Champions Cup was renamed to the Mike Sexton WPT Champions Cup in honor of WPT commentator and WPT Champions Club member Mike Sexton. Sexton died on September 6, 2020, after battling prostate cancer.

Carlos Mortensen
Juan Carlos Mortensen (born 13 April 1972, in Ambato, Ecuador) is an Ecuadorian professional poker player of Danish descent and the first South American Main Event winner of the World Series of Poker. Mortensen is known for his loose play, bluffing tactics, and interesting chip-stacking style. In 2016, Mortensen was elected to the Poker Hall of Fame.
Maybach 57 and 62
The Maybach 57 (W240) and 62 (V240) were the first automobile models of the Maybach brand since its revival by Mercedes-Benz Group AG. They are derived from the Mercedes-Benz Maybach concept car presented at the 1997 Tokyo Motor Show. Both concept models were based on a heavily reengineered version of the Mercedes-Benz W140 S-Class platform and were developed as ultra-luxury flagships positioned above the S-Class. Conceived as the most luxurious automobiles of their era, the Maybach 57 and 62 emphasized rear-seat comfort. The Luxury Brand Status Index 2008 placed the Maybach in first place, ahead of Rolls-Royce and Bentley. It marked the continuation of the brand’s ultra-luxury, top of the line model after a hiatus of over two decades since the previous model, the Mercedes-Benz 600. The revived Maybach brand was intended to symbolize technical excellence, status, and uncompromising luxury at the highest level of the automotive market like the Mercedes-Benz 600.

Mercedes-Benz W140
The Mercedes-Benz W140 is a series of flagship vehicles manufactured by Mercedes-Benz from 1991 to 1998 in sedan/saloon and coupe body styles and two wheelbase lengths (SE and SEL). Mercedes-Benz unveiled the W140 S-Class at Geneva International Motor Show in March 1991, with the sales starting in April 1991 and North American launch was on 6 August 1991.

All models were renamed in June 1993 as part of the corporate-wide nomenclature changes for 1994 model year on, becoming "S" regardless of wheelbase length or body style as well as fuel type. Diesel models carried a TURBODIESEL trunk/boot lid label. In 1996, the S-Class coupé was renamed again as CL-Class into its own model range.

The W140 series S-Class was superseded by the W220 S-Class sedan and C215 CL-Class coupé in 1998 after an eight-year production run. Production of the W140 reached 432,732, with 406,710 sedans and 26,022 coupes.
Theodor Rosebury
Theodor Rosebury (London, 10 August 1904—Conway, Massachusetts, 25 November 1976) was a British-born American bacteriologist and author. He has been called the “pre-eminent oral microbiologist of his era” and the “Grandfather of Modern Oral Microbiology”.

American Society for Microbiology
The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), originally the Society of American Bacteriologists, is a professional organization for scientists who study viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa as well as other aspects of microbiology. It was founded in 1899. The Society publishes a variety of scientific journals, textbooks, and other educational materials related to microbiology and infectious diseases. ASM organizes annual meetings, as well as workshops and professional development opportunities for its members.
Puntarenas
Puntarenas (Spanish pronunciation: [puntaˈɾenas]) is a city in the Puntarenas Province, on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. As the seat of the Municipality of Puntarenas canton, it is awarded the title of city, which comprises the Puntarenas, Chacarita and El Roble districts. As the city of the first canton of the province, it is the capital city of the Puntarenas Province as well, according to the Administrative divisions of Costa Rica.

Costa Rican Central Valley
The Central Valley (Spanish: Valle Central) is a plateau and a geographic region of central Costa Rica. The land in the valley is a relative plain, despite being surrounded by several mountains and volcanoes, the latter part of the Central Range. The region houses almost three quarters of Costa Ricans, and includes the capital and most populous city, San José. The valley is shared among the provinces of Alajuela, Heredia, San José and Cartago. The region occupies an area of 11,366 km2, more than a fifth of the country, and is drained by the Tárcoles River on the west side and by the Reventazón River on the east side.
Rob Shearer
Robert C. Shearer (born October 19, 1976 in Kitchener, Ontario) is a former professional ice hockey player, who last played for EC VSV in the Austrian Hockey League (EBEL). In 1995 he was signed as a free agent by the Colorado Avalanche and he played 2 games for the team in 2000–01. After 10 seasons abroad in Europe, Shearer returned to North America for the 2011–12 season, signing a one-year contract with the Reading Royals of the ECHL. After scoring 15 point in 34 games, on January 13, 2012, Shearer returned to Austria signing for the remainder of the year with Villacher SV.

Reading Royals
The Reading Royals  are a professional ice hockey team that currently plays in the ECHL. The team participates in the North Division of the ECHL's Eastern Conference. The Royals play their home games at the Santander Arena located in downtown Reading, Pennsylvania.

Since 2001, the Royals have ranked among ECHL leaders in regular season attendance. On March 25, 2006, against the Trenton Titans, the Royals reached their one millionth fan in attendance. The Royals hosted two ECHL All-Star Games; one in 2005 and one in 2009. The Royals were the 2013 ECHL Kelly Cup champions. They earned the title with a five-game victory over the Stockton Thunder in the 2013 Kelly Cup Finals.
Damar Thomas
Damar Thomas (born 31 December 2004) is an English boxer. He won a silver medal in the 92kg division at the 2022 Youth World Boxing Championships and a gold medal in the same weight category at the 2022 European Youth Boxing Championships. A southpaw, Thomas won the elite 92kg division at the 2023 England Boxing National Amateur Championships. He was selected to represent England in the +90 kg division at the 2025 World Boxing Championships, where he was eliminated in the quarter-finals.

Southpaw stance
In boxing and some other sports, a southpaw stance is a stance in which the boxer has the right hand and the right foot forward, leading with right jabs, and following with a left cross right hook. It is the normal stance for a left-handed boxer. The corresponding boxing designation for a right-handed boxer is the orthodox stance, which is generally a mirror-image of the southpaw stance. In American English, "southpaw" generally refers to a person who is left-handed. While many advantages have been theorized for left-handedness in sports, many studies have found no impact at the professional level.
Bihar Excise (Amendment) Act, 2016
Bihar Excise (Amendment) Act, 2016 is an Act of Bihar Legislative Assembly which prohibits manufacturing, bottling, distribution, transportation, accumulation, possession, purchase, sale or consumption of any type of liquor, intoxicating substance including bhang and medicines with alcoholic substance. The Act prescribes stringent punishment including capital punishment to those manufacturing or trading illicit liquor.

On 30 September 2016, the Patna High Court struck down the Act, deeming it 'illegal'.

Patna High Court
The High Court of Judicature at Patna (commonly known as Patna High Court) is the High Court of the state of Bihar, India. It was established on 3 February 1916 by the British colonial government and was later affiliated under the Government of India Act 1915, making it one of the oldest High Courts of India.

The court is based in Patna, the administrative capital of the state of Bihar.
Pony glass
A pony glass may mean one of two types of small glassware:

A quarter-pint glass of beer: 5 imp fl oz (142 ml), metricated to 140 ml in Australia.

A small, stemmed glass of about one ounce, similar to a stemmed shot glass. Used for liqueurs or cordials, hence also called a "cordial glass" or "liqueur glass".

A bar measure that is half of a jigger, used to measure a cordial. A pony traditionally held 1 imp fl oz (28 ml), and is attached to the bottom of a jigger measure, which held 2 imp fl oz (57 ml). In modern times, however, both the size and ratio of the jigger to pony varies widely.

Alcoholic spirits measure
An alcoholic spirits measure is an instrument designed to measure exact amounts or shots of alcoholic spirits. One of the benefits of alcoholic spirits measures is that they can help to control and monitor alcohol consumption and estimated blood alcohol content.

The most common devices used today to measure spirits are the thimble measure (or jigger) and the non-drip measure (or optic).
Mandeville School, Aylesbury
The Mandeville School is a coeducational secondary school located in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, England.

Built in the 1960s, there are approximately 1050 students currently attending Mandeville, aged between 11 and 18 years.

Gary Pearce (rugby union)
Gary Stephen Pearce (born Dinton, 2 March 1956) is a former English rugby union player. He played as a prop.

He played for Northampton Saints.

Pearce had 36 caps for England, from 1979 to 1991, without ever scoring. His first game was a 7–7 draw with Scotland, at 3 February 1979, in Twickenham, for the 1979 Five Nations Championship, aged 22 years old. He was called for the 1987 Rugby World Cup, playing three games. After a three-year absence, he was called once more for the 1991 Rugby World Cup. His only game would be his last cap, the 37–9 win over United States, at 11 October 1991, in Twickenham. He was then 35 years old.
He played seven times at the Five Nations Championship, in 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986 and 1987, but was never able to win it.
Chapecozinho River
The  Chapecozinho River is a river of Santa Catarina state in southeastern Brazil. It is part of the Uruguay River basin.
It is a tributary of the Chapecó River.

The river is fed by streams rising in the Araucárias National Park, a 12,841 hectares (31,730 acres) conservation unit created in 2005.

Chapecó River
The  Chapecó River (Portuguese, Rio Chapecó) is a river of Santa Catarina state in southeastern Brazil. It is a tributary of the Uruguay River.

The river is fed by streams rising in the Araucárias National Park, a 12,841 hectares (31,730 acres) conservation unit created in 2005.
Other headwaters rise in the 6,566 hectares (16,220 acres) Mata Preta Ecological Station, a fully protected area created in 2005.
The river supplies water to the municipality of Abelardo Luz, Santa Caterina. The Chapecó River Falls are one of the main attractions of the region.
Habbani Jews
The Habbani Jews (Hebrew: חַבָּאנִים, Standard: Ḥabbanim) are a culturally distinct Jewish population group from the Habban region in eastern Yemen (in modern Shabwah Governorate), a subset of the larger ethnic group of Yemenite Jews. The city of Habban had a Jewish community of 450 in 1947, which was considered to possibly be the remains of a larger community which lived independently in the region before its decline in the 6th century. The Jewish community of Habban disappeared from the map of the Hadramaut, in southeast Yemen, with the emigration of all of its members to Israel in the 1950s.

Jewish ethnic divisions
Jewish ethnic divisions refer to many distinctive communities within the world's Jewish population. Although "Jewish" has been described by external observers as an ethnicity itself, there are distinct ethnic subdivisions among Jews, most of which are primarily the result of geographic branching from an originating Israelite population, mixing with local communities, and subsequent independent evolutions.

During the millennia of the Jewish diaspora, the communities would develop under the influence of their local environments; political, cultural, natural and demographic. Today, the manifestation of these differences among the Jews can be observed in Jewish cultural expressions of each community, including Jewish linguistic diversity, culinary preferences, liturgical practices, religious interpretations, and degrees and sources of genetic admixture.
H. Jeff Kimble
Harry Jeffrey Kimble (April 23, 1949 – September 2, 2024) was an American physicist who was the William L. Valentine Professor and professor of physics at Caltech. His research was in quantum optics and is noted for groundbreaking experiments in physics including one of the first demonstrations of teleportation of a quantum state (first demonstration is disputed with Anton Zeilinger), quantum logic gate, and the development of the first single atom laser.  According to Elizabeth Rogan, OSA CEO,  "Jeff has led a revolution in modern physics through his pioneering research in the coherent control of the interactions of light and matter."  Kimble's main research focus was in quantum information science and the quantum dynamics of open systems.

Anton Zeilinger
Anton Zeilinger (German: [ˈanton ˈtsaɪlɪŋɐ]; born 20 May 1945) is an Austrian quantum physicist and Nobel laureate in physics of 2022. Zeilinger is professor of physics emeritus at the University of Vienna and senior scientist at the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Most of his research concerns the fundamental aspects and applications of quantum entanglement.

In 2007, Zeilinger received the first Inaugural Isaac Newton Medal of the Institute of Physics, London, for "his pioneering conceptual and experimental contributions to the foundations of quantum physics, which have become the cornerstone for the rapidly-evolving field of quantum information". In October 2022, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Alain Aspect and John Clauser for their work involving experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science.
Plying
In the textile arts, plying (from the French verb plier, "to fold", from the Latin verb plico, from the ancient Greek verb πλέκω.) is a process of twisting one or more strings (called strands or plies) of yarn together to create a stronger yarn. Strands are twisted together in the direction opposite that in which they were spun. Plied yarns will not unravel, break, or degrade as easily as unplied yarns. When enough twist is added to the plies to counter the initial twist of each strand, the resulting yarn is "balanced", having no tendency to twist upon itself.

The number of strands used to make the yarn is usually the same as the number of plies it has. Two-ply yarn means two strands were used, three-ply yarn means three strands were used, etc. Embroidery floss is generally a six-ply yarn, for example. There are some exceptions to this, most notably in chain plying.

Spinning (textiles)
Spinning is a twisting technique to form yarn from fibers. The fiber intended is drawn out, twisted, and wound onto a bobbin. A few popular fibers that are spun into yarn other than cotton, which is the most popular, are viscose (the most common form of rayon), animal fibers such as wool, and synthetic polyester. Originally done by hand using a spindle whorl, starting in the 500s AD the spinning wheel became the predominant spinning tool across Asia and Europe. The spinning jenny and spinning mule, invented in the late 1700s, made mechanical spinning far more efficient than spinning by hand, and especially made cotton manufacturing one of the most important industries of the Industrial Revolution.
Ferrari 360
The Ferrari 360 (Type F131) is a two-seater sports car which was manufactured by Ferrari from 1999 until 2004. It has a rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout with coupé and roadster body styles. The 360 has a 3,586-cubic-centimetre (218.8 cu in) V8 engine which is mounted longitudinally. It succeeded the Ferrari F355 and was replaced by the Ferrari F430 in 2004.

2002 Australian Nations Cup Championship
The 2002 Australian Nations Cup Championship was CAMS sanctioned Australian motor racing title open to GT type cars complying with both Group 3E Series Production Car regulations as published by CAMS and Nations Cup regulations as published by Procar Australia. The title, which was the third Australian Nations Cup Championship, was won by Jim Richards driving a Porsche 911 GT3 Cup.
Bijapur South Lok Sabha constituency
Bijapur South Lok Sabha constituency was a former Lok Sabha constituency in Karnataka (Bombay State from 1952 to 1956).  This seat came into existence in 1951. Before 1967 Lok Sabha Elections, it ceased to exist.

Bijapur district, Karnataka
Bijapur district, officially known as Vijayapura district, is a district in the state of Karnataka in India. The city of Bijapur is the headquarters of the district, and is located 530 km northwest of Bengaluru. Bijapur is well known for the great monuments of historical importance built during the Adil Shahi dynasty.
Dąbie, Gmina Secemin
Dąbie [ˈdɔmbjɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Secemin, within Włoszczowa County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) south-west of Secemin, 20 km (12 mi) south-west of Włoszczowa, and 63 km (39 mi) west of the regional capital Kielce.

Secemin
Secemin [sɛˈt͡sɛmin] is a village in Włoszczowa County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Secemin. It lies historic Lesser Poland, approximately 14 km (9 mi) south-west of Włoszczowa and 57 km (35 mi) west of the regional capital Kielce. The village used to be a town from 1401 to 1869. Its name comes from the local swamps, called sece.
Bajung
Bajung  is a village development committee in Parbat District in the Dhawalagiri Zone of Western Development Region, Nepal. It is surrounded by Deupurkot to the north-east, Tilahar to the south-east, Durlung to the south-west and Kyang to the north-west. It is popularly said to be extended from the top of Maidan, a hill-top with historical identity to the basin of Modi River. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 4228 people living in 1,076 individual households.

Like all VDCs of Nepal, it comprises nine wards:

Ward 1: Patichaur (पातीचौर),

Ward 2: Bause (बाऊसे),

Ward 3: Sanopakha (सानोपाखा),

Ward 4: Shivalaya (शिवालय),

Ward 5: Bhaththar (भत्थर),

Ward 6: Bardeghar (बर्देघर),

Ward 7: Falhalne (फलहाल्ने),

Ward 8: Laampaat (लाम्पट),

Ward 9: Kalimati (कालीमाटी)

Deupurkot
Deupurkot  is a village development committee in Parbat District in the Dhawalagiri Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2232 people living in 474 individual households.