hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Theoretical physics
Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain, and predict natural phenomena. This is in contrast to experimental physics, which uses experimental tools to probe these phenomena.

The advancement of science generally depends on the interplay between experimental studies and theory. In some cases, theoretical physics adheres to standards of mathematical rigour while giving little weight to experiments and observations. For example, while developing special relativity, Albert Einstein was concerned with the Lorentz transformation which left Maxwell's equations invariant, but was apparently uninterested in the Michelson–Morley experiment on Earth's drift through a luminiferous aether. Conversely, Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for explaining the photoelectric effect, previously an experimental result lacking a theoretical formulation.

Unification of theories in physics
Unification of theories about observable fundamental phenomena of nature is one of the primary goals of physics. Isaac Newton’s unification of terrestrial and celestial mechanics into one theory of gravity in the 17th century
and James Clerk Maxwell’s unification of electricity with magnetism into electromagnetism in the 19th were the first two unifications. In the 20th century the focus shifted to the unification of fundamental interactions (also called forces), beginning with the unification of electromagnetic forces with the weak force to create electroweak interaction. This process of "unifying" forces continues today, with the ultimate goal of finding a theory of everything.
Origins of ecclesiastical vestments
The liturgical vestments of the Christian churches grew out of normal civil clothing, but the dress of church leaders began to be differentiated as early as the 4th century. By the end of the 13th century the forms used in the Roman Catholic, Evangelical-Lutheran and Eastern Orthodox churches had become established, while the Reformation led to changes in Churches of the Reformed tradition (Continental Reformed, Anglican, Presbyterian and Congregationalist) from the 16th century onward.

Vestments controversy
The vestments controversy or vestarian controversy arose in the English Reformation, ostensibly concerning vestments or clerical dress. Initiated by John Hooper's rejection of clerical vestments in the Church of England under Edward VI as described by the 1549 Book of Common Prayer and 1550 ordinal, it was later revived under Elizabeth I. It revealed concerns within the Church of England over ecclesiastical identity, doctrine and church practices.
R v Creighton
R v Creighton, [1993] 3 S.C.R. 3 is a case from the Supreme Court of Canada where the Court found that the standard for criminal liability for some offences can be lowered and not offend the Charter. This case marked the last in a series of cases, beginning with R. v. Tutton, discussing the use of an objective standard for determining mens rea in criminal offences.

Eggshell skull
The eggshell skull rule (also thin skull rule, papier-mâché-plaintiff rule, or talem qualem rule) is a well-established legal doctrine in common law, used in some tort law systems, with a similar doctrine applicable to criminal law.  The rule states that, in a tort case, the unexpected frailty of the injured person is not a valid defense to the seriousness of any injury caused to them.
2017–18 Gibraltar Women's Football League
The 2017–18 Gibraltar Women's Football League is the first season of 11-a-side women's football in Gibraltar since the territory joined UEFA in 2013, and FIFA in 2016. The league had been in operation for a number of years previously, but teams were ineligible for entry to the UEFA Women's Champions League as it was only a 9-a-side tournament. Lincoln Red Imps Women were the reigning champions.

Gibraltar Women's Football League
The Gibraltar Women's Football League is the top level amateur women's football championship of Gibraltar. Due to the lack of resources available for women's football, the league has been contested by five teams since 2021, and the league is treated as a development competition. This status means that, as of the 2021 season, clubs are ineligible to enter the UEFA Women's Champions League.
Association to Save Yugra
The Association to Save Yugra (or Save Yugra, Russian: Спасение Югры, Spaseniye Yugry) is an Indigenous-rights organisation of the nomadic Khanty, Mansi, and Nenets peoples of Western Siberia. The organisation was founded in 1989 to protect their traditional lands against extractive industries such as oil, gas, and logging. The organisation held its first congress in August 1989, and took a stance opposing logging in their forests.

The organisation is named for Yugra, the traditional homeland of the Uralic peoples, in what is now Northern Russia.

Nenets
The Nenets (Nenets: ненэй ненэче, romanized: nenəj nenəče; Russian: ненцы, romanized: nentsy), in the past also called 'Samoyeds' or 'Yuraks', are a Samoyedic ethnic group native to the Russian Arctic, in the Russian Far North. According to the latest census in 2021, there were 49,646 Nenets in the Russian Federation, most of them living in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Nenets Autonomous Okrug and Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District stretching along the coastline of the Arctic Ocean near the Arctic Circle between Kola and Taymyr peninsulas. The Nenets people speak either the Tundra or Forest Nenets languages. In the Russian Federation they have a status of Indigenous small-numbered peoples. Today, the Nenets people face numerous challenges from the state and oil and gas companies that threaten the environment and their way of life. As a result, many cite a rise in locally based activism.
2013–14 Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball team
The 2013–14 Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball team represented Gonzaga University in the 2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team played its home games at the McCarthey Athletic Center, which has a capacity of 6,000. The Bulldogs (also informally referred to as the Zags) were in their 34th season as a member of the West Coast Conference, and were led by head coach Mark Few, who is in his 15th season as head coach. They finished the season 29–7, 15–3 in WCC play to be WCC regular season champions. They were also champions of the WCC tournament to earn an automatic bid to the NCAA tournament. In the NCAA Tournament, they defeated Oklahoma State in the second round before losing in the third round to Arizona.

West Coast Conference
The West Coast Conference (WCC) — known as the California Basketball Association from 1952 to 1956 and then as the West Coast Athletic Conference until 1989 — is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with NCAA Division I consisting of nine member schools across the states of California, Oregon, and Washington.

All of the current full members are private, faith-based institutions. Seven members are Catholic Church affiliates, with five of these schools being Jesuit institutions, including the newest member of the conference, Seattle. Pepperdine is an affiliate of the Churches of Christ. The conference's second-newest member, the University of the Pacific (which rejoined in 2013 after a 42-year absence), is affiliated with the United Methodist Church, although it has been financially independent of the church since 1969.
Lied Bluff
Lied Bluff (68°31′S 78°16′E﻿ / ﻿68.517°S 78.267°E﻿ / -68.517; 78.267) is a rocky hill 1.5 nautical miles (3 km) north of Club Lake in the north-central part of Breidnes Peninsula, in the Vestfold Hills of Antarctica. The hill is 125 metres (410 ft) high and its southern face is almost perpendicular. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition (1936–37), and first visited by an Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions sledge party led by B.H. Stinear in 1958. The hill was named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia for Nils Lied, a weather observer at Davis Station in 1957.

Club Lake
Club Lake is a glacial saltwater lake in the central part of Breidnes Peninsula in the Vestfold Hills of Princess Elizabeth Land in Antarctica.

The lake is 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) long and its irregular shape resembles a club which is elongated northeast–southwest. It was mapped from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and remapped by Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (1957–58) who gave the name.

It is next west of Lake Jabs, and it is 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) northeast of Collerson Lake.
Cassius Scaeva
Cassius Scaeva was a centurion of Caesar's 6th legion. Scaeva fought in the Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC) in his fort, and when his cohorts senior centurions were injured, Scaeva took command. He fought back and repelled the attacking Pompeian cohorts, despite being, in the words of Suetonius, "blinded in one eye, wounded in thigh and shoulder, and with no fewer than 120 holes in his shield." (According to Plutarch, the number of arrows in Scaeva's shield was 130; according to Caesar, 230.) When Caesar arrived, he awarded Scaeva primus pilus status.

Cohort (military unit)
A cohort (from the Latin cohors, pl.: cohortes; see wikt:cohors for full inflection table) was a standard tactical military unit of a Roman legion. Although the standard size changed with time and situation, it was generally composed of 480 soldiers. A cohort is considered to be the equivalent of a modern military battalion. The cohort was the most important tactical unit in the Roman army. They could operate independently and offered flexibility and maneuverability, allowing the legions to quickly adapt to different combat situations. The cohort replaced the maniple. From the late second century BC and until the middle of the third century AD, ten cohorts (about 5,000 men total) made up a legion. Cohorts were named "first cohort", "second cohort", etc. The first cohort consisted of experienced legionaries, while the legionaries in the tenth cohort were less experienced.
Trice (trimaran)
Trice was a 36-foot trimaran sailboat designed by Dick Newick, one the earliest designs in his career (following the 32 ft (9.8 m) Trine), which contributed substantially to the revival of multihull vessels from the 1960s to the late 20th century.

In 1964, Newick entered Trice in the annual Newport, Rhode Island to Bermuda race to evaluate its relative speed. Media was critical, with one editorial calling it "unsafe on any sea". Newick waited until the traditional, much larger monohulls boats had set off then proceeded to beat all but two of them.

Trimaran
A trimaran (or double-outrigger) is a multihull boat that comprises a main hull and two smaller outrigger hulls (or "floats") which are attached to the main hull with lateral beams. Most modern trimarans are sailing yachts designed for recreation or racing; others are ferries or warships. They originated from the traditional double-outrigger hulls of the Austronesian cultures of Maritime Southeast Asia; particularly in the Philippines and Eastern Indonesia, where it remains the dominant hull design of traditional fishing boats. Double-outriggers are derived from the older catamaran and single-outrigger boat designs.
Barry Vivian
Barry Vivian (born 10 May 1950) is a New Zealand professional golfer. In the 1970s, he recorded a number of wins in minor events in the Pacific Islands but was unsuccessful on the more competitive circuits. He was thinking about quitting golf but a shock win at the 1979 Australian Masters gave him the confidence to continue his career. Vivian did not have many more highlights for the remainder of his regular career but as a senior he had much success. He posted a number of top finishes on the European Senior Tour while also recording victories at the New Zealand Senior PGA Championship and Australian PGA Seniors Championship.

1976 World Cup (men's golf)
The 1976 World Cup took place December 9–12 at the Mission Hills Country Club in Rancho Mirage, California, United States. It was the 24th World Cup event. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 48 teams. Each team consisted of two players from a country. The combined score of each team determined the team results. The Spanish team of Seve Ballesteros and Manuel Piñero won by two strokes over the United States team of Jerry Pate and Dave Stockton. The individual competition for The International Trophy, was won by Ernesto Perez Acosta of Mexico, three strokes ahead of six players, who tied second.
Süßer die Glocken nie klingen
"Süßer die Glocken nie klingen" (Sweeter the bells never sound) is a popular German Christmas carol with text by Friedrich Wilhelm Kritzinger to a traditional Volkslied melody, first printed in 1860. It has remained popular and is part of many song books and Christmas recordings, evoking the sound of bells as a symbol of peace and joy.

Christmas carol
A Christmas carol is a carol (a song or hymn) on the theme of Christmas, traditionally sung at Christmas itself or during the surrounding Christmas and holiday season. The term noel has sometimes been used, especially for carols of French origin. Christmas carols may be regarded as a subset of the broader category of Christmas music.
Heterocrossa gonosemana
Heterocrossa gonosemana is a species of moth in the family Carposinidae. It is endemic to New Zealand and is found throughout the country. It inhabits native forest. Larvae feed on seeds and fruit of Griselinia lucida and possibly Griselinia littoralis. They can be extremely active when disturbed. This species overwinters as a pupa, enclosed in a cocoon, underneath its host plant. Adults are on the wing from November until February and can be found during the day resting on lichen covered tree trunks where they are well camouflaged. The adult is nocturnal and is attracted to light.

Carposinidae
Carposinidae, the "fruitworm moths", is a family of insects in the order Lepidoptera. These moths are narrower winged than Copromorphidae, with less rounded forewing tips. Males often have conspicuous patches of scales on either surface (Dugdale et al., 1999). The mouthparts are quite diagnostic, usually with prominent, upcurved "labial palps", the third segment long (especially in females), and the second segment covered in large scales. Unlike Copromorphidae, the "M2" and sometimes "M1" vein on the hindwings is absent. The relationship of Carposinidae relative to Copromorphidae needs further investigation. It is considered possible that the family is artificial, being nested within Copromorphidae (Dugdale et al., 1999). The Palearctic species have been revised by Alexey Diakonoff (1989).
Pat River
The Pat River (Rivière à Pat) is a tributary on the east bank of the Nicolet Southwest River. It crosses the municipalities of Sainte-Élizabeth-de-Warwick, Sainte-Séraphine and Sainte-Clotilde-de-Horton in the Arthabaska Regional County Municipality (MRC), in the administrative region of Estrie, in Quebec, in Canada.

Nicolet River
The Nicolet River (French: Rivière Nicolet) is a river in Quebec, Canada. It is a tributary of the Saint Lawrence River on its southern shore and flows into Lake Saint Pierre. It is named in honor of the pioneer Jean Nicolet.

It has several tributaries including the River Bulstrode and the Nicolet River Southwest. Its watershed is mainly in the Centre-du-Québec region although the Southwest Nicolet rises in Estrie. The city of Nicolet is near its mouth on the lake Saint-Pierre which is crossed to the northwest by the St. Lawrence River.
World Reference Base for Soil Resources
The World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) is an international soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. The currently valid version is the fourth edition 2022. It is edited by a working group of the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS).

Cation-exchange capacity
Cation-exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of how many cations can be retained on soil particle surfaces. Negative charges on the surfaces of soil particles bind positively-charged atoms or molecules (cations), but allow these to exchange with other positively charged particles in the surrounding soil water. This is one of the ways that solid materials in soil alter the chemistry of the soil. CEC affects many aspects of soil chemistry, and is used as a measure of soil fertility, as it indicates the capacity of the soil to retain several nutrients (e.g. K+, NH4+, Ca2+) in plant-available form. It also indicates the capacity to retain pollutant cations (e.g. Pb2+).
British Forces Brunei
4°36′31″N 114°18′51″E﻿ / ﻿4.6087090°N 114.3140907°E﻿ / 4.6087090; 114.3140907

British Forces Brunei (BFB) is the name given to the British Armed Forces presence in Brunei Darussalam.  Since the handover ceremony of Hong Kong in 1997, the garrison in Brunei is one of the remaining British military bases in the Far East, along with Singapore (and one of six East of Suez, along with Diego Garcia, HMS Juffair, UK Joint Logistics Support Base (UKJLSB), Sembawang Base in Singapore, and the Omani-British Joint Training Area).

United Kingdom Naval Support Facility
The United Kingdom Naval Support Facility (UKNSF) is a Royal Navy (RN) base established in Bahrain on 13 April 1935, originally known as  HMS Jufair, as part of the port at Mina Salman.  In 1950, the United States Navy (USN) leased space in HMS Jufair, and following Bahraini independence in 1971, took over the base.  On 6 December 2014, it was announced that HMS Jufair would be reestablished as a permanent Royal Navy base.  On 5 April 2018, the UK Naval Support Facility was officially opened by the Crown Prince of Bahrain, Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa and The Duke of York, representing the United Kingdom.
Chandra Kanta Devi Malla
Chandra Kanta Devi Malla (Nepali: चन्द्रकान्तदेवी मल्ल) was a Nepalese activist and teacher.

In 1897, Malla was born in Lalitpur, Nepal to Hindu reformist Madhavraj Joshi. She is also the sister of Shukraraj Shastri, a democracy activist, and a martyr.

At the age of 18, she married Umeshwar Lal Malla, later he left her. She worked at Kaiser Mahal as a maid.

In 1933, Malla received permission from the Ranas to open a girls' school. She later recalled that "while walking to the school and coming back home, people used to stare at me, as if I was a princess". The school was inaugurated by Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana. In 1941, her brother Shukraraj was sentenced to death by hanging by the state, which devastated Malla.

In 1961, she opened Shukraraj Shastri School, named after her brother. She died in 1986.

Malla is also referred to as the first guruama (feminine guru) in Nepal.

Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana
Field Marshal Shri Shri Shri Maharaja Sir Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana (Nepali: जुद्ध शम्शेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा) GCB GCSI GCIE (19 April 1875 in Narayanhity Palace, Kathmandu – 20 November 1952 in Dehradun, India) was the Prime Minister of Nepal from 1 September 1932 to 29 November 1945 as the head of the Rana dynasty.

He was the Field marshal and Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski. He is credited for rebuilding the Dharahara which was destroyed by the 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake.
Carmópolis
Carmópolis is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Sergipe. Its population was 16,937 (2020). Carmópolis covers 45.66 km2 (17.63 sq mi) and has a population density of 294.15 inhabitants per square kilometer. It is located 30.6 km (19.0 mi) from the state capital of Sergipe, Aracaju. Carmópolis borders on the municipalities of Japaratuba, Rosário do Catete, General Maynard, and Santo Amaro das Brotas, all in the state of Sergipe.

Santo Amaro das Brotas
10°47′20″S 37°03′14″W﻿ / ﻿10.78889°S 37.05389°W﻿ / -10.78889; -37.05389
Santo Amaro das Brotas is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Sergipe. Its population was 12,151 (2020) and its area is 235 km2.
2002 If Stockholm Open
The 2002 If Stockholm Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Kungliga tennishallen in Stockholm, Sweden and was part of the International Series of the 2002 ATP Tour. The tournament took place from 21 October through 27 October 2002. Paradorn Srichaphan won the singles title.

2002 ATP Tour
The 2002 ATP Tour was the global elite men's professional tennis circuit organised by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2002 tennis season. The ATP Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organised by the ATP. The ATP Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the Tennis Masters Cup, the ATP Masters Series, the International Series Gold and the International Series tournaments.

This season marked the most recent occasion where eight different men appeared in the four major singles finals of a calendar year.
Mick Namarari Tjapaltjarri
Mick Namarari Tjapaltjarri (c. 1926 – August 16, 1998), was one of the most important painters to emerge from the Western Desert.

From the Pintupi language group, Mick Namarari was one of the foundation artists of the movement that emerged in Papunya Tula. White school teacher Geoffrey Bardon considered him one of eight artists whose efforts at the foundation of the movement were particularly interesting. The others were Old Walter Tjampitjinpa, Kaapa Tjampitjinpa, Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri, Tim Leura Tjapaltjarri, Tim Payungka Tjapangati, Charlie Tarawa Tjungurrayi and Johnny Warangkula Tjupurrula.

From early figurative works, he moved on to creating large geometric designs that typified Papunya Tula art in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In the 1990s he began producing "minimalist" paintings that depicted the imprint of a kangaroo in the sand, the seeds that the marsupial mouse feeds upon, or the aftermath of hailstorms in the desert.

He died in Alice Springs in 1998.

Pintupi
The Pintupi are an Australian Aboriginal group who are part of the Western Desert cultural group and whose Country is in the area west of Lake Macdonald and Lake Mackay in Western Australia. These people moved (or were moved) into the Aboriginal communities of Papunya and Haasts Bluff in the west of the Northern Territory in the 1940s–1980s. The last Pintupi to leave their traditional lifestyle in the desert, in 1984, are a group known as the Pintupi Nine, also sometimes called the "lost tribe".

Over recent decades groups of Pintupi have moved back to their traditional country, as part of what has come to be called the outstation movement. These groups set up the communities of Kintore (Walungurru in Pintupi) in the Northern Territory, Kiwirrkura and Jupiter Well (in Pintupi: Puntutjarrpa) in Western Australia.  There was also a recent dramatic increase in Pintupi populations and speakers of the Pintupi language.
Hideki Yuasa
Admiral Hideki Yuasa (湯浅秀樹, Yuasa Hideki, born February 1964) is a Japanese naval officer who served as the Self Defense Fleet's Commander of the Japanese Maritime Self Defence Force (JMSDF) since 7 August 2020. He is the 51st Commander of the Self Defense Fleet, succeeding Hiroyuki Kasui.

Self Defense Fleet
The Self Defense Fleet (Japanese: 自衛艦隊, Hepburn: Jiei Kantai) is the main force of the Maritime Self-Defense Force, and was established at the same time as the establishment of the Self-Defense Forces (predecessor of the Ministry of Defense) on July 1, 1954. It operates ships and aircraft, and responds to maritime defense in the waters around Japan, various situations, and international missions.
Yasuyuki Konno
Yasuyuki Konno (今野 泰幸, Konno Yasuyuki; born 25 January 1983) is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder or defender and currently play for Nankatsu SC. He played for Japan national team.

He regular plays as either a defensive midfielder or a centre back. He has previously played for Consadole Sapporo, FC Tokyo and Gamba Osaka.

2014 J.League Cup
The 2014 J.League Cup, also known as the 2014 J.League Yamazaki Nabisco Cup for sponsoring purposes, was the 39th edition of the most prestigious Japanese soccer league cup tournament and the 22nd edition under the current J.League Cup format.