hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Saddam Hussain (footballer)
Saddam Hussain (Urdu: صدام حسين; born 10 April 1993) is a Pakistani professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Kolmonen club Kajaanin Haka. He also captained the Pakistan national team.

A versatile midfielder, Hussain has been praised for his defensive abilities, ball retention, and tackling.

2013–14 Pakistan Premier League
The 2013–14 Pakistan Premier League was the 10th season of the Pakistan Premier League and the 59th season of Pakistan domestic football. The league began on 1 September 2013 and ended on 8 February 2014. Khan Research Laboratories ended up winning the championship for the third consecutive season and their fourth title overall.

Zarai Taraqiati (ZTBL), in their first season after promotion, withdrew from the league after playing 17 games. This happened after ZTBL’s top authorities learned that the team would be relegated to the second-tier league at the end of the season. They stopped the team from playing any more matches. Thus they forfeited 13 matches which was against the rules.
Marcus Levine
Marcus Levine (born 29 June 1965, in Leeds, England) is a British nail artist and sculptor. He was born in Yorkshire, England and studied at the Leeds College of Art. His work has featured in The Telegraph, Hello magazine and ArtDaily, along with regional television appearances on BBC Look North and ITV Calendar. He has also carried out radio interviews, with W-Radio in Colombia and Pete Price City Radio.

He is known as a specialist artist in physical pointillism and creator of the figurative nail sculpture art-form. His works of art can contain from 15,000 to 200,000 nails, depending on their size and complexity. Levine's work is known for its abstract approaches, with influences from Michelangelo and Auguste Rodin.

Nail (fastener)
In woodworking and construction, a nail is a small object made of metal (or wood, called a tree nail or "trunnel") which is used as a fastener, as a peg to hang something, or sometimes as a decoration. Usually, nails have a sharp point on one end and a flattened head on the other, but headless nails are available. Nails are made in a great variety of forms for specialized purposes. The most common is a wire nail. Other types of nails include pins, tacks, brads, spikes, and cleats.

Nails are typically driven into the workpiece by a hammer or nail gun. A nail holds materials together by friction in the axial direction and shear strength laterally. The point of the nail is also sometimes bent over or clinched after driving to prevent pulling out.
Takin
The takin (Budorcas taxicolor); /ˈtɑːkɪn/ is a large species of ungulate of the subfamily Caprinae found in the eastern Himalayas. It includes four subspecies, the Mishmi takin (B. t. taxicolor), the golden takin (B. t. bedfordi), the Tibetan (or Sichuan) takin (B. t. tibetana), and the Bhutan takin (B. t. whitei).

Whilst the takin has in the past been placed together with the muskox in the tribe Ovibovini, more recent mitochondrial research shows a closer relationship to Ovis (sheep). Its physical similarity to the muskox is therefore an example of convergent evolution. The takin is the national animal of Bhutan.

Bhutan takin
The Bhutan takin (Budorcas taxicolor whitei) is a subspecies of takin native to Bhutan but also found in northeastern India, western China, and Tibet. Locally known as drong gimtse, it is Bhutan's national animal.

Takin have strongly featured in the popular Bhutan myth of divine cloning by the ‘Divine Madman’ Lama Drukpa Kunley, reinforcing the Takin’s cultural and religious significance in Bhutan.

Being social creatures with a varied herbivorous diet, they thrive in the temperate and subtropical forests of eastern Asia. The species has been listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 2015. It is protected in all range countries.
Chrysopsis
Chrysopsis (golden asters) are plants in the family Asteraceae native to the southern and eastern United States. All the species are found in Florida, although some are found in other states as well.

These are annual and perennial herbs bearing daisy-like flower heads with yellow disc florets and usually yellow ray florets. Some species formerly classified in this genus are now included in other genera: Heterotheca, Pityopsis, Stenotus, Ionactis, Aster, Eucephalus, Erigeron, Machaeranthera, Croptilon, Xanthisma, Oclemena, Bradburia, Oxypappus, Arnica, and Helichrysopsis.

Golden asters are often used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including Schinia petulans (which feeds exclusively on C. subulata).

Accepted species

Chrysopsis subulata
Chrysopsis subulata, called the scrubland goldenaster,  is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It has been found only in Florida.

Chrysopsis subulata is a biennial herb up to 70 cm (28 inches) tall. It generally produces 1-5 branching stems. Both the leaves and the stem are either hairless or with finely scattered hairs. Each stalk can produce as many as 70 yellow flower heads and a loose array. The species grows in sandy and grassy locations.
Brachylaena elliptica
Brachylaena elliptica, the bitter-leaf silver-oak, is a shrub or small tree that occurs from Gqeberha in the Eastern Cape to southern KwaZulu-Natal. The tree grows in coastal and riparian forest as well as in bushveld in low-lying regions. It is listed as secure on the SANBI Red List. It is endemic to South Africa.

Red List of South African Plants
The Red List of South African Plants is a system used to classify endemic species of plants in South Africa that are at risk of extinction. The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) designates the conservation status of endemic species according to the IUCN Red List system of categories and criteria.
Labour Democratic Party
The Labour Democratic Party (Italian: Partito Democratico del Lavoro), previously known as Labour Democracy (Italian: Democrazia del Lavoro), was an anti-fascist and social-democratic political party in Italy. Founded in 1943 as the heir of the defunct Italian Reformist Socialist Party, it was formed by members of the Italian Socialist Party who wanted to cooperate with the Italian Liberal Party, the heir of the Liberals, which governed Italy from the days of Giovanni Giolitti. Leading members of the party were Ivanoe Bonomi, Meuccio Ruini, and Enrico Molè.

Liberals (Italy)
The Liberals (Italian: Liberali), also known as Liberal Party (Italian: Partito Liberale, PL) or Giolittian Liberals (Italian: Liberali Giolittiani) from the name of their leader, was a political alliance formed in the first years of the 20th century by the Italian Prime Minister and leader of the Historical Left Giovanni Giolitti. The alliance was formed when the Left and the Right merged in a single centrist and liberal coalition which largely dominated the Italian Parliament.
Gas diffusion electrode
Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) are electrodes with a conjunction of a solid, liquid and gaseous interface, and an electrical conducting catalyst supporting an electrochemical reaction between the liquid and the gaseous phase.

Electrode
An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e.g. a semiconductor, an electrolyte, a vacuum or a gas). In electrochemical cells, electrodes are essential parts that can consist of a variety of materials (chemicals) depending on the type of cell.  An electrode may be called either a cathode or anode according to the direction of the electric current, unrelated to the potential difference between electrodes.

Michael Faraday coined the term "electrode" in 1833; the word recalls the Greek ἤλεκτρον (ḗlektron, "amber") and ὁδός (hodós, "path, way").

The electrophore, invented by Johan Wilcke in 1762, was an early version of an electrode used to study static electricity.
1927 UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race
The men's road race at the 1927 UCI Road World Championships was the inaugural edition of the professional event. The race took place on Thursday 21 July 1927 in Adenau, Germany. The race was won by Alfredo Binda of Italy.

This was the first year a world champion was crowned among professional cyclists. Professional cyclists and amateurs rode together, but separate rankings were drawn up for the two categories. A total of 55 riders competed, including 22 professionals.

1927 UCI Road World Championships
The 1927 UCI Road World Championships was the seventh edition of the UCI Road World Championships, and the first for professional cyclists.

The championship took place on the Nürburgring in Nürburg, Germany on Thursday 21 July 1927.

Professional and amateur riders rode together (33 of the starters were amateurs).
55 riders started and there were 18 classified finishers. The course was 182.5 km, and winner Alfredo Binda finished with an average speed 27.55 km/h

In the same period, the 1927 UCI Track Cycling World Championships was organized in the Müngersdorf velodrome in Cologne and in the Stadion am Zoo in Elberfeld.
Carlson School of Management
The Curtis L. Carlson School of Management is the business school of the University of Minnesota, a public research university in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota. Minnesota Carlson offers undergraduate and graduate degrees as well as an executive education program. It also offers dual degrees with the colleges and schools of public affairs, law, medicine, and public health.

University of Minnesota Medical School
The University of Minnesota Medical School is a medical school at the University of Minnesota. It is a combination of three campuses located in Minneapolis, Duluth, and St. Cloud, Minnesota.

The medical school has more than 17,000 alumni as of 2022. As of 2017, 70% of the state's physicians had taken classes there.
Hofmann rearrangement
The Hofmann rearrangement (Hofmann degradation) is the organic reaction of a primary amide to a primary amine with one less carbon atom. The reaction involves oxidation of the nitrogen followed by rearrangement of the carbonyl and nitrogen to give an isocyanate intermediate. The reaction can form a wide range of products, including alkyl and aryl amines.

The reaction is named after its discoverer, August Wilhelm von Hofmann, and should not be confused with the Hofmann elimination, another name reaction for which he is eponymous.

Carbamate
In organic chemistry, a carbamate is a category of organic compounds with the general formula R2NC(O)OR and structure >N−C(=O)−O−, which are formally derived from carbamic acid (NH2COOH).  The term includes organic compounds (e.g., the ester ethyl carbamate), formally obtained by replacing one or more of the hydrogen atoms by other organic functional groups; as well as salts with the carbamate anion H2NCOO− (e.g. ammonium carbamate).

Polymers whose repeat units are joined by carbamate like groups −NH−C(=O)−O− are an important family of plastics, the polyurethanes. See § Etymology for clarification.
Minnesota Wrecking Crew (professional wrestling)
The Minnesota Wrecking Crew, also known simply as the Andersons, was originally a professional wrestling tag team who was formed by Gene and Lars Anderson, but since then has comprised a number of wrestlers. All members wrestled were presented as members of the Anderson family despite not being blood related.

Georgia Championship Wrestling
Georgia Championship Wrestling is an American professional wrestling promotion based in Atlanta, Georgia. The promotion was affiliated with what had been the world's top sanctioning body of championship titles for decades before, the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), and ran live wrestling shows throughout its geographic "territory" of Georgia. The company was also known for its self-titled TV program, which aired on Atlanta-based superstation WTBS from the 1970s until 1984 when its timeslot was purchased by the World Wrestling Federation.
Rosemary Follett
Rosemary Follett AO (born 27 March 1948) is an Australian former politician who was the first Chief Minister of Australian Capital Territory, serving in 1989 and again between 1991 and 1995.  She was the first woman to become head of government in an Australian state or territory.

University of Canberra
The University of Canberra (UC) is a public research university with its main campus located in Bruce, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. The campus is 2.5 km (1.6 mi) from Belconnen Town Centre, and 8.7 km (5.4 mi) from Canberra's Civic Centre. UC offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses through five faculties: Arts and Design; Business, Government and Law; Education; Health; and Science and Technology.
Lirabuccinum dirum
Lirabuccinum dirum, commonly known as the dire whelk, the spindle shell or the spindle whelk, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Tudiclidae, the true whelks.

It used to be known as Searlesia dira and Buccinum dirum before being transferred to the genus Lirabuccinum.

Geerat J. Vermeij
Geerat J. Vermeij (born September 28, 1946) is a Dutch-born paleoecologist and evolutionary biologist in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at the University of California, Davis. He studies marine molluscs, both as fossils and as living creatures, as well as influence creatures have on each other's evolutionary fates, alongside having worked on plants, crabs, extinction, biological invasions, and biogeography. He received a MacArthur Fellowship in 1992, and in 2000, was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the National Academy of Sciences. He was also a fellow of the California Academy of Sciences in 1992 and was awarded the Fellows Medal from the California Academy of Sciences in 2017.
Sierra Leone Grammar School
The Sierra Leone Grammar School was founded on 25 March 1845 in Freetown, Sierra Leone, by the Church Mission Society (CMS), and at first was called the CMS Grammar School. It was the first secondary educational institution  for West Africans with a European curriculum. Many of the administrators and professionals of British West Africa were educated at the school.

British West Africa
British West Africa was the collective name for British settlements in West Africa during the colonial period, either in the general geographical sense or the formal colonial administrative entity. British West Africa as a colonial entity was originally officially known as Colony of Sierra Leone and its Dependencies, then British West African Territories and finally British West African Settlements.

The United Kingdom held varying parts of these territories or the whole throughout the 19th century. From west to east, the colonies became the independent countries of The Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ghana and Nigeria. Until independence, Ghana was referred to as the Gold Coast.
Southern Sierra Miwok
Southern Sierra Miwok (also known as Meewoc, Mewoc, Me-Wuk, Miwoc, Miwokan, Mokélumne, Moquelumnan, San Raphael, Talatui, Talutui, and Yosemite) is a Utian language spoken by the Native American people called the Southern Sierra Miwok of Northern California.  Southern Sierra Miwok is a member of the Miwok language family.  The Miwok languages are a part of the larger Utian family.  The original territory of the Southern Sierra Miwok people is similar to modern day Mariposa County, California. The Southern Sierra Miwok language is nearly extinct with only a few speakers existing today. A language revitalization effort is in progress in the Southern Sierra Miwok Nation.

The name Miwok comes from the Sierra Miwok word miwwik meaning "people" or "Indians".  It was originally used in 1877 for the Plains and Sierra Miwok people, but was later reassigned to its current usage in 1908 to describe the set of Utian languages distinct from the western Coastanoan (Ohlone) languages.

Mariposa County, California
37°35′N 119°55′W﻿ / ﻿37.58°N 119.91°W﻿ / 37.58; -119.91

Mariposa County (/ˌmærɪˈpoʊzə, -sə/ ⓘ) is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the population was 17,131. The county seat is Mariposa. The county lies in the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada, north of Fresno, east of Merced, and southeast of Stockton. The eastern portion of the county encompasses the principal area of Yosemite National Park.

Mariposa County is one of only three counties in California that does not include any incorporated cities, along with Alpine and Trinity counties. The county includes 17 communities recognized as census-designated places for statistical purposes. It also has no permanent traffic signals anywhere within its borders.
Daughters of the Samurai
Daughters of the Samurai: A Journey from East to West and Back  is a 2015 non-fiction book by Janice P. Nimura, primarily about the lives of Sutematsu Yamakawa, Shige Nagai, and Ume Tsuda. These three Japanese girls were sent to America as part of the Iwakura Mission in 1871, at the ages of 11, 10, and 6 respectively, to receive ten years of American education before returning to Japan in 1882. Nimura explores the personalities and emotional experiences of these girls as they grow into young women and attempt to reconcile conflicting national identities. The title references Etsu Inagaki Sugimoto's autobiography, A Daughter of the Samurai. Unlike Etsu, who moved permanently to the United States in 1898, the earlier 'daughters of the samurai' in Nimura's book do not become Americans, but instead try to bring some part of America to Japan.

Tsuda University
Tsuda University (津田塾大学, Tsudajuku daigaku) is a private women's university based at Kodaira, Tokyo. It is one of the oldest and most prestigious higher educational institutions for women in Japan, contributing to the advancement of women in society for more than a century.
Kalpana Devi (politician)
Kalpana Devi (born 9 August 1969) is an Indian politician currently serving as a member of the 16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, representing the Ladpura Assembly constituency. Previously, she served as an MLA from 2018 to 2023, representing the same constituency. She is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.

16th Rajasthan Assembly
The Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan was constituted after the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly elections which were concluded in November 2023 and the results were declared on 3 December 2023.
2016 Queensland Firebirds season
The 2016 Queensland Firebirds season saw the Queensland Firebirds netball team compete in the 2016 ANZ Championship. With a team coached by Roselee Jencke, captained by Laura Geitz and featuring Romelda Aiken, Clare McMeniman and Kim Ravaillion, Firebirds won the Australian Conference, the Challenge Trophy and the overall championship. Firebirds became the first and only team to retain the title. In a repeat of 2015, Firebirds defeated New South Wales Swifts in both the Australian Conference Final and the Grand Final.

Kim Ravaillion
Kimberley Ravaillion (born 26 July 1993), is a retired Australia netball international. Ravaillion was a member of the Australia teams that won the gold medals at the 2014 Commonwealth Games and the 2015 Netball World Cup and the silver medal at the 2018 Commonwealth Games. In January 2013, aged 19, she made her senior debut for Australia during an away series against England. This saw Ravaillion make her senior test debut before making her top-level league debut. Her first game for Queensland Firebirds came two months later. She was subsequently a member of the Firebirds teams that won the 2015 and 2016 ANZ Championships. Between 2017 and 2019 she played for Collingwood Magpies in Suncorp Super Netball. After missing the 2020 season due to pregnancy, Ravaillion rejoined Queensland Firebirds for the 2021 season.
Lassi Ketola
Lassi Olavi Ketola (born 16 January 1978) is a Finnish former professional tennis player.

Born in Kajaani, Ketola was a five-time winner at the national doubles championships and played collegiate tennis for the UCLA Bruins before turning professional.

Ketola made two doubles finals on the ATP Challenger Tour and was a Davis Cup representative for Finland in 2004, partnering Juho Paukku in a doubles rubber against Israel.

Juho Paukku
Juho Paukku (born 19 July 1986) is a professional Finnish tennis player.

Paukku reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on 17 January 2011, when he became world No. 379.  He primarily plays on the Futures circuit and the Challenger circuit.

Paukku has been a member of the Finland Davis Cup team since 2004,  posting a 2–8 record in singles and an 0–2 record in doubles in 8 ties.
Gleißenberg
Gleißenberg (German pronunciation: [ˈɡlaɪsn̩ˌbɛʁk]) is a municipality in the district of Cham in Bavaria in Germany.

Near Gleißenberg is the Bavarian Forest, trails that leads to the Kathlfelsen and offers views of the Arber mountain.

Cham (district)
Cham (German pronunciation: [kaːm] ⓘ) is a Landkreis (district) in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the south and clockwise) the districts of Regen, Straubing-Bogen, Regensburg and Schwandorf and by the Czech Plzeň Region.
Wallkill Valley Railroad
The Wallkill Valley Railroad is a defunct railroad which once operated in Ulster and Orange counties in upstate New York. Its corridor was from Kingston in the north to Montgomery in the south, with a leased extension to Campbell Hall. It crossed both the Wallkill River and Rondout Creek.

The railroad was founded in 1866 and ceased regular service in 1977. It was owned by a number of companies, including the West Shore and New York Central railroads, as well as Conrail. After its closure, portions of the rail bed were purchased by municipalities along the corridor and converted to rail trails.

Wallkill River
The Wallkill River, a tributary of the Hudson, drains Lake Mohawk in Sparta, New Jersey, flowing from there generally northeasterly 88.3 miles (142.1 km) to Rondout Creek in New York, just downstream of Sturgeon Pool, near Rosendale, with the combined flows reaching the Hudson at Kingston.

The river is unusual because it flows north between two major south-flowing rivers, the Hudson and the Delaware River. It also has the unusual distinction of being a river that drains into a creek, due to being impounded shortly before the Rondout confluence into a small body of water called Sturgeon Pool near Rifton, and what reaches the Rondout from there is the lesser flow.
Iris chrysographes
Iris chrysographes, the black iris, is a plant species that belongs to the  genus Iris. It is native to Southern China and Myanmar (Burma), growing in meadows, streamsides, hillsides and forest margins.

Other irises with black flowers include Iris nigricans (the national flower of Jordan), Iris petrana, Iris atrofusca, Iris atropurpurea, Iris susiana, and some varieties of Iris germanica.

Iris susiana
Iris susiana, commonly known as the mourning iris, is a species of perennial plant in the family Iridaceae. The mourning iris is native to the Middle East. It grows in Lebanon, Syria and Turkey, although it is believed to be extinct in the wild. It is popular as a cut flower as the flowers can easily span 12 centimeters (5 inches). The survival of the species is seriously threatened by excessive picking.
Giovanni Francesco Romanelli
Giovanni Francesco Romanelli (Viterbo, 1610 – Viterbo, 9 November 1662) was a major Italian painter of the Baroque period, celebrated for his use of bright, vivid colors and also for his clarity of detail. Many of his works are on display in the Louvre.

Barberini family
The House of Barberini is a family of the Italian nobility that rose to prominence in the 17th century Rome. Their influence peaked with the election of Cardinal Maffeo Barberini to the papal throne in 1623, as Pope Urban VIII. Their urban palace, the Palazzo Barberini, completed in 1633 by Bernini, today houses Italy's Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica (National Gallery of Ancient Art).