hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Civitas stipendaria
A civitas stipendaria or stipendiaria, meaning "tributary state/community", was the lowest and most common type of towns and local communities under Roman rule.

Each Roman province comprised a number of communities of different status. Alongside Roman colonies or municipia, whose residents held the Roman citizenship or Latin citizenship, a province was largely formed by self-governing communities of natives (peregrini), which were distinguished according to the level of autonomy they had: the civitates stipendariae were the lowest grade, after the civitates foederatae ("allied states") which were bound to Rome by formal treaty (foedus), and the civitates liberae ("free states"), which were granted specific privileges. The civitates stipendariae were by far the most common of the three—for example, in 70 BC in Sicily there were 65 such cities, as opposed to only five civitates liberae and two foederatae—and furnished the bulk of a province's revenue.

Colonies in antiquity
Colonies in antiquity were post-Iron Age city-states founded from a mother-city or metropolis rather than from a territory-at-large. Bonds between a colony and its metropolis often remained close, and took specific forms during the period of classical antiquity.
Generally, colonies founded by the ancient Phoenicians, Carthage, Rome, Alexander the Great and his successors remained tied to their metropolis, though Greek colonies of the Archaic and Classical eras were sovereign and self-governing from their inception. While earlier Greek colonies were often founded to solve social unrest in the mother-city by expelling a part of the population, Hellenistic, Roman, Carthaginian, and Han Chinese colonies served as centres for trade (entrepôts),  expansion and empire-building.
Xiayunling Township
Xiayunling Township (Chinese: 霞云岭乡; pinyin: Xiáyúnlǐng Xiāng) is a township located inside of Fangshan District, Beijing, China. It borders Qingshui, Shijaiying and Fozizhuang Towns in its north, Nanjiao and Zhoukoudian Towns in its east, Hancunhe, Zhangfang and Shidu Towns in its south, Puwa and Beibianqiao Towns in its west. In 2020, the population of Xiayunling was 4,885.

Hancunhe
Hancunhe Town (Chinese: 韩村河镇; pinyin: Háncūnhé Zhèn) is a town situated on southern side of Fangshan District, Beijing, China. It borders Xiayunling, Zhoukoudian and Shilou Towns in the north, Liulihe Town in the east, Zhuozhou City and Changgou Town in the south, Dashiwo and Zhangfang Towns in the west. Its population was 37,435 as of 2020.
1683 Castafiore
1683 Castafiore, provisional designation 1950 SL, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 19 September 1950, by Belgian astronomer Sylvain Arend at Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, Belgium, and named after the character Bianca Castafiore from The Adventures of Tintin.

Sylvain Arend
Sylvain Julien Victor Arend (6 August 1902 – 18 February 1992) was a Belgian astronomer born in Robelmont, Luxembourg province, Belgium. His main interest was astrometry.

Together with Georges Roland, he discovered the bright comet C/1956 R1 (Arend-Roland). He also discovered, or co-discovered, the periodic comets 49P/Arend-Rigaux and 50P/Arend, Nova Scuti 1952, and a number of asteroids, including notably the Amor asteroid 1916 Boreas and the Trojan asteroid 1583 Antilochus. He also discovered 1652 Hergé which is named after Hergé, the creator of The Adventures of Tintin. The asteroid 1563 Noël is named after his son, Emanuel Arend.

In 1948, Arend started together with sixteen other people the skeptic organisation Comité Para. The outer main-belt asteroid 1502 Arenda was named in his honor.
Roy Condon
Roy A. Condon (born Watertown, Massachusetts) is a former lacrosse referee. He started officiating in 1971 and has officiated in all levels up to professional leagues and international championships. Officiated in the National Lacrosse League (NLL) from 1989 to 2011 and Major League Lacrosse (MLL) from 2000 to 2015. He officiated in seven NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship  games and international competitions such as the 1990 World Lacrosse Championship and the 1999 Under-19 World Lacrosse Championships.

Condon was inducted into the National Lacrosse Hall of Fame in 2020 and the National Lacrosse League Hall of Fame in 2021. In 1995, he was named to the NCAA's Silver Anniversary Team. In 1996, he was named to US Lacrosse New England Chapter's Hall of Fame.

In college, Condon played for UMass Minutemen lacrosse.

National Lacrosse League
The National Lacrosse League (NLL) is a professional box lacrosse league in North America. The league comprises 14 teams – 7 in the United States and 7 in Canada. The NLL is headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

The NLL ranks third in average attendance for pro indoor sports worldwide, behind only the National Hockey League (NHL) and National Basketball Association (NBA). Unlike other box lacrosse leagues, which play in the summer, the NLL plays its games in the winter and spring, from December to June. Each year, the playoff teams battle for the National Lacrosse League Cup. The NLL has averaged between 8,900 and 10,700 spectators per game each year since 2004.
Samuel Inkoom
Samuel Inkoom (born 1 June 1989) is a Ghanaian former professional footballer who plays as a defender. Between 2008 and 2014, he made 44 appearances scoring 1 goal for the Ghana national team. He has played in teams based in 9 different countries, namely Switzerland, Ukraine, France, Greece, United States of America, Portugal, Turkey, Bulgaria and latest in Georgia.

2015 Africa Cup of Nations
The  2015 Africa Cup of Nations, known as the Orange Africa Cup of Nations, Equatorial Guinea 2015 for sponsorship reasons, was the 30th staging of the Africa Cup of Nations, the international men's football championship of Africa. It was organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF) and was held from 17 January to 8 February.

The tournament was initially scheduled to be hosted by Morocco who later demanded postponement of the event because of the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa; subsequently Morocco was ruled out as a host country and replaced by Equatorial Guinea.

Ivory Coast won the tournament for their second Africa Cup of Nations title, defeating Ghana 9–8 in a penalty shoot-out after the final finished goalless following extra time. The DR Congo came third and the hosts Equatorial Guinea fourth, while defending champions Nigeria had failed to qualify for the tournament.
1974 Pacific Southwest Open
The 1974 Pacific Southwest Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Los Angeles Tennis Club in Los Angeles, California in the United States. The event was categorized as an AA Group tournament and was part of the 1974 Grand Prix tennis circuit. It was the 48th edition of the tournament and ran from September 16 through September 22, 1974. First-seeded and defending champion Jimmy Connors won the singles title after having survived two matchpoints in his first round match against Mal Anderson. With his victory Connors earned $16,000 first prize money as well as 80 Grand Prix ranking points.

1974 Grand Prix (tennis)
The 1974 Commercial Union Assurance Grand Prix was a professional tennis circuit administered by the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) which served as a forerunner to the current Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) World Tour and the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour. The circuit consisted of the four modern Grand Slam tournaments and open tournaments recognised by the ILTF. The season-ending Commercial Union Assurance Masters and Davis Cup Final are included in this calendar but did not count towards the Grand Prix ranking.
Éamonn Burns (Down Gaelic footballer)
Éamonn Burns (1963 – 9 October 2019) was an Irish Gaelic footballer and manager. He played for Down Senior Championship club Bryansford and was a member of the Down senior football team for over a decade, during which time he usually lined out at midfield. Burns was also a teacher at Shimna Integrated College.

Manager (Gaelic games)
In Gaelic games, a manager or (in Irish) bainisteoir is involved in the direction and instruction of the on-field operations of a team. The role entails the application of sport tactics and strategies during the game itself, and usually entails substitution of players and other such actions as needed. At games, the manager may sometimes wear a bib with the word "manager" or "bainisteoir" adorning it. Many managers were former players themselves, and are assisted in coaching the team by a group of selectors (in Irish roghnóirí).
1989 Copa Libertadores finals
The 1989 Copa Libertadores final was a two-legged football match-up to determine the 1989 Copa Libertadores champion. After both finalists were tied on aggregate after the two legs,  Atlético Nacional won the second leg 5–4 in the penalty shootout. The winner was finally determined after the two teams had taken a combined 18 penalties in the marathon second leg.

1989 Copa Libertadores
The Copa Libertadores 1989 was the 30th edition of the Copa Libertadores, South America's premier international club football tournament organized by CONMEBOL. 21 teams participated in the competition, divided by groups of four (two per country). The first three teams in each group qualified for the next round. Nacional of Montevideo entered directly into the second round as the champions of Copa Libertadores 1988. The tournament started with the first game on February 12, 1989, and ended on May 31, 1989.
European route E641
European route E 641 is a secondary E-road in Austria and Germany.

It starts at Wörgl, Austria, where it is connected with European route E 45 and E 60 (Austrian autobahn A12).

In Austria, it passes through Sankt Johann in Tirol and Lofer as federal highway B178

In Germany, it passes through Bad Reichenhall as federal highway B 21

The route then enters Austria again, ending in Salzburg, where it is connected with E 52, E 55 and E 60.

European route E 641 is 105 km (65 mi) long, with about 35 km (22 mi) in Germany, and 70 km (43 mi) in Austria.

International E-road network
The International E-road network is a numbering system for roads in Europe, Central Asia and Asia Minor, developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The network is numbered from E1 up and signposted on a green background. Its roads cross national borders, consisting of three types of roads: highways, limited access roads, and ordinary roads (as defined by ECE/TRANS/SC.1/2016/3/Rev.1).

The display of European roads on signs depend on jurisdiction. In most countries, the roads carry the European route designation alongside national designations. However, Belgium, Denmark, Norway and Sweden have integrated them as their sole route designations (examples: E18 and E6) in most cases. Some places, such as the United Kingdom and Albania do not show the European designations at all.

Other continents have similar international road networks, e.g., the Pan-American Highway in the Americas, the Trans-African Highway network, and the Asian Highway Network.
Girish Luthra
Vice Admiral Girish Luthra, PVSM, AVSM, VSM, ADC is a retired officer of Indian Navy who served as Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief (FOC-in-C), Western Naval Command from 1 June 2016 to 30 January 2019. He took over the position from Admiral Sunil Lanba who was promoted to Chief of Naval Staff, and was succeeded by Vice Admiral Ajit Kumar.

Param Vishisht Seva Medal
Param Vishisht Seva Medal (PVSM) (IAST: Parama Viśiṣṭa Sēvā, lit. 'Supreme Distinguished Service Medal') is a military award of India. It is the highest peacetime medal of the Indian Armed Forces, and is awarded for "distinguished service of the most exceptional order." The medal is awarded for "distinguished service rendered by personnel of the Armed Forces."

All ranks of the Armed Forces, including Territorial Army, Auxiliary and Reserve forces, Nursing officers and other members of the Nursing services and other lawfully constituted Armed Forces are eligible for the medal, which may be awarded multiple times as well as posthumously.
Bangladesh Mathematical Olympiad
The Bangladesh Mathematical Olympiad (BDMO) is an annual mathematical competition arranged for school and college students to nourish their interest and capabilities for mathematics. It has been regularly organized by the Bangladesh Math Olympiad Committee since 2001. Bangladesh Math Olympiad activities started in 2003 formally.

International Mathematical Olympiad
The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is a mathematical olympiad for pre-university students, and is the oldest of the International Science Olympiads. It is widely regarded as the most prestigious mathematical competition in the world. The first IMO was held in Romania in 1959. It has since been held annually, except in 1980. More than 100 countries participate. Each country sends a team of up to six students, plus one team leader, one deputy leader, and observers.

The contest takes place over two days, and consists of six problems (three given on each day). The problems are extremely difficult, and may include topics not conventionally covered in school, but they avoid the use of calculus. Awards are given to approximately the top-scoring 50% of the individual contestants. Teams are not officially recognized—all scores are given only to individual contestants, but team scoring is unofficially compared more than individual scores.
2014 Interprovincial Hurling Championship
The 2014 Interprovincial Hurling Championship, known as the 2014 M Donnelly Hurling Interprovincial Championship due to the tournament's sponsorship by businessman Martin Donnelly, is the 85th series of the Interprovincial Championship. The annual hurling championship between the four historic provinces of Ireland is contested by Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster.

Munster are the defending champions.

2013 Inter-Provincial Hurling Championship
The 2013 Inter-Provincial Hurling Championship, known as the 2013 M Donnelly Hurling Inter-Provincial Championship due to the tournament's sponsorship by businessman Martin Donnelly, was the 84th series of the Inter-provincial Championship. The annual hurling championship between the four historic provinces of Ireland is contested by Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster.

Leinster were the reigning champions but Munster won the title after defeating Connacht in the final by 1-22 to 0-15.
May 22 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
May 21 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - May 23

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on June 4 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For May 22nd, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on May 9.

May 9 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
May 8 – Eastern Orthodox Church calendar – May 10

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on May 22 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For May 9th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 26.
2023 Castilian-Manchegan regional election
The 2023 Castilian-Manchegan regional election was held on Sunday, 28 May 2023, to elect the 11th Cortes of the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha. All 33 seats in the Cortes were up for election. It was held concurrently with regional elections in eleven other autonomous communities and local elections all throughout Spain.

President of the Regional Government of Castilla–La Mancha
The President of the Regional Government of Communities of Castilla–La Mancha (Spanish: Presidente de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha), usually known in English as the President of Castilla–La Mancha, is the head of government of Castilla–La Mancha. The president leads the executive branch of the regional government.

The office is established under the Castilian-Manchegan Statute of Autonomy. It is occupied by Emiliano García-Page.
Meland Church
Meland Church (Norwegian: Meland kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Alver Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the village of Meland on the island of Holsnøy. It is the church for the Meland parish which is part of the Nordhordland prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin. The white, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1866 using plans drawn up by the architect Johannes Øvsthus. The church seats about 340 people.

Alver Municipality
Alver is a municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Nordhordland. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Knarvik. Other villages include Alversund, Alver, Isdalstø, Lindås, Ostereidet, Seim, Manger, Askeland, Austmarka, Bøvågen, Haugland, Sæbø, Sletta, Frekhaug, Hjartås, Holme, Io, Krossneset, Meland, and Rossland.

The 679.15-square-kilometre (262.22 sq mi) municipality is the 168th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Alver Municipality is the 37th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 30,169. The municipality's population density is 44.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (115/sq mi) and its population has increased by 8.4% over the previous 10-year period.
Matt Kean
Matthew John Kean (born 16 September 1981) is a former Australian politician who is the Chair of the Climate Change Authority. Prior to this, he was the Treasurer of New South Wales in the second Perrottet ministry of New South Wales between October 2021 and March 2023. He was also the Minister for Energy between April 2019 and March 2023 and was also the Deputy Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party from August 2022 until March 2023. He represented Hornsby for the party in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 2011 to 2024.

Kean previously served as the Minister for Innovation and Better Regulation from January 2017 until March 2019 in the first Berejiklian ministry and as the Minister for Environment from April 2019 until December 2021 in the second Berejiklian ministry.

Minister for the Environment (New South Wales)
The New South Wales Minister for the Environment is a ministerial position in the Government of New South Wales with responsibilities which included environmental regulation and policy, national parks, and the conservation and protection of built and environmental heritage in New South Wales, Australia. The current minister, since 28 March 2023, is Penny Sharpe.

Between the 2019 state election and December 2021, the ministerial post was merged with the Energy and Utilities portfolio to create the Minister for Energy and Environment. Between December 2021 and March 2023, the environment ministerial post was combined with heritage to create the title of Minister for the Environment and Heritage.

The minister administers the portfolio through the Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water and a range of other government agencies.

Ultimately, the minister is responsible to the Parliament of New South Wales.
Viridothelium kinabaluense
Viridothelium kinabaluense is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. It was described as new to science by André Aptroot in 2016 from material collected on Mount Kinabalu in Malaysian Borneo.

Trypetheliaceae
The Trypetheliaceae are a family of mainly lichen-forming fungi in the order Trypetheliales. The family consists almost exclusively of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens with an almost strictly tropical distribution.
2019–20 East of Scotland Football League
The 2019–20 East of Scotland Football League (known as the Central Taxis East of Scotland League for sponsorship reasons) was the 91st season of the East of Scotland Football League, and the 6th season as the sixth tier of the Scottish football pyramid system. The season began on 27 July 2019. Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic were the reigning champions but could not defend their title after being promoted to the Lowland Football League.

The league reverted to a two-tier setup for the first time since 2015, featuring a Premier Division of 16 teams and a First Division containing two seeded parallel conferences each with 12 teams.

On 13 March 2020, the league was indefinitely suspended due to the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak before it was officially curtailed on 24 April 2020. Bo'ness United were declared champions of the Premier Division on a 'points per game' method while Lothian Thistle Hutchison Vale and Tynecastle were declared winners of their respective First Division conferences.

East of Scotland Football League
The East of Scotland Football League (EoSFL) is a senior football league based in the east and south-east of Scotland. The league sits at levels 6–9 on the Scottish football league system, acting as a feeder to the Lowland Football League.

Founded in 1923, it is currently composed of 59 member clubs competing in four divisions. Traditionally clubs were located in Edinburgh, Lothians and the Scottish Borders however in the 2010s the league expanded north and now also includes clubs from Clackmannanshire, Falkirk, Fife, Stirling, and Perth.

Since 2014–15 it has featured in the senior pyramid system. The winners take part in an end of season promotion play-off with the South of Scotland Football League and West of Scotland Football League champions, subject to clubs meeting the required licensing criteria.
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership
The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) is a Vienna-based Quasi-International Organisation that advances markets for renewable energy and energy efficiency with a particular emphasis on the emerging markets and developing countries.

REEEP was originally launched by the government of the United Kingdom, along with other partners, at the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in August 2002. Since 2004 it has been headquartered at the United Nations Office in Vienna and is supported by the Government of Austria among others.

REEEP develops and implements programmes which use a combination of financial instruments, capacity building, facilitation of stakeholder cooperation and technical assistance to encourage private sector investment in clean energy markets, primarily in low- and middle income countries.

Johannesburg Renewable Energy Coalition
The Johannesburg Renewable Energy Coalition, also known as JREC, is the group of countries supporting the Declaration on The Way Forward on Renewable Energy (also known as the JREC Declaration), made at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa, in September 2002. The JREC is co-chaired by the European Commission and the Government of Morocco.
Interrogational torture
Interrogational torture is the use of torture to obtain information in interrogation, as opposed to the use of torture to extract a forced confession, regardless of whether it is true or false. Torture has been used throughout history during interrogation, although it is now illegal and a violation of international law.

Beyond torture's moral repugnance, most experts who study interrogation consider torture an ineffective and counterproductive means of gathering accurate information, because it frequently generates false or misleading information and impairs subsequent information collection.

Interrogation
Interrogation (also called questioning) is interviewing as commonly employed by law enforcement officers, military personnel, intelligence agencies, organized crime syndicates, and terrorist organizations with the goal of eliciting useful information, particularly information related to suspected crime. Interrogation may involve a diverse array of techniques, ranging from developing a congenial rapport with the subject to torture.