hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Experimental economics
Experimental economics is the application of experimental methods to study economic questions. Data collected in experiments are used to estimate effect size, test the validity of economic theories, and illuminate market mechanisms. Economic experiments usually use cash to motivate subjects, in order to mimic real-world incentives. Experiments are used to help understand how and why markets and other exchange systems function as they do. Experimental economics have also expanded to understand institutions and the law (experimental law and economics).

A fundamental aspect of the subject is design of experiments. Experiments may be conducted in the field or in laboratory settings, whether of individual or group behavior.

Variants of the subject outside such formal confines include natural and quasi-natural experiments.

Dictator game
In social psychology and economics, the dictator game is a popular experimental instrument that is a derivative of the ultimatum game. It involves a single decision by the "dictator" player: given an amount of money, how much to keep and how much to send to another player. Although the "dictator" has the most power, the game has mixed results based on different behavioral attributes. The results – where most dictators choose to send money – evidence the role of fairness and norms in economic behavior, and undermine the assumption of narrow self-interest when given the opportunity to maximise one's own profits.
Kobi Yaakobi
Kobi Yaakobi (Hebrew: קובי יעקבי; born 1973) is an Israeli prison officer. He is currently serving as the 19th Chief Commissioner of the Israel Prison Service. Prior to his appointment in January 2024, he served as the security secretary to National Security Minister Itamar Ben Gvir.

Prison officer
A prison officer (PO) or corrections officer (CO), also known as a correctional law enforcement officer or less formally as a prison guard, is a uniformed law enforcement official responsible for the custody, supervision, safety, and regulation of prisoners.
Algorithmic cooling
Algorithmic cooling is an algorithmic method for transferring heat (or entropy) from some qubits to others or outside the system and into the environment, which results in a cooling effect. This method uses regular quantum operations on ensembles of qubits, and it can be shown that it can succeed beyond Shannon's bound on data compression. The phenomenon is a result of the connection between thermodynamics and information theory.

The cooling itself is done in an algorithmic manner using ordinary quantum operations. The input is a set of qubits, and the output is a subset of qubits cooled to a desired threshold determined by the user. This cooling effect may have usages in initializing cold (highly pure) qubits for quantum computation and in increasing polarization of certain spins in nuclear magnetic resonance. Therefore, it can be used in the initializing process taking place before a regular quantum computation.

Partial trace
In linear algebra and functional analysis, the partial trace is a generalization of the trace.  Whereas the trace is a scalar-valued function on operators, the partial trace is an operator-valued function.  The partial trace has applications in quantum information and decoherence which is relevant for quantum measurement and thereby to the decoherent approaches to interpretations of quantum mechanics, including consistent histories and the relative state interpretation.
Congener (beverages)
In the alcoholic beverage industry, congeners are substances produced during fermentation other than the desired type of alcohol (ethanol). These substances include small amounts of chemicals such as methanol and other alcohols (known as fusel alcohols), acetone, acetaldehyde, esters, tannins, and aldehydes (e.g., furfural). Congeners are responsible for most of the taste and aroma of distilled alcoholic beverages and contribute to the taste of non-distilled drinks. Brandy, rum, and red wine have the highest amount of congeners, while vodka and beer have the least.

Congeners are the basis of alcohol congener analysis, a sub-discipline of forensic toxicology that determines what a person drank.

There is some evidence that high-congener drinks induce more severe hangovers, but the effect is not well studied and is still secondary to the total amount of ethanol consumed.

Fusel alcohol
Fusel alcohols or fuselol, also sometimes called fusel oils in Europe, are mixtures of several higher alcohols (those with more than two carbons, chiefly amyl alcohol) produced as a by-product of alcoholic fermentation. The word Fusel [ˈfuːzl̩] is German for "bad liquor".

Whether fusel alcohol contributes to hangover symptoms is a matter of scientific debate. A Japanese study in 2003 concluded that "the fusel oil in whisky had no effect on the ethanol-induced emetic response" in the Asian house shrew. Additionally, consumption of fusel oils with ethanol suppressed subjects' subsequent taste aversion to alcohol, which suggested subjects' hangover symptoms were lessened, according to the journal.
Cumann na Poblachta
Cumann na Poblachta (Irish pronunciation: [ˈkʊmˠən̪ˠ n̪ˠə ˈpˠɔbˠlˠəxt̪ˠə]; "Society of the Republic") was an Irish republican political party.

The party was founded on 15 March 1922 by Éamon de Valera. It opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty and was composed of the anti-Treaty wing of Sinn Féin. The party did contest the 1922 Irish general election but, in accordance with the Collins/De Valera Pact, under the Sinn Féin banner like their opponents.

The party commonly appended the title The Republican Party to its name. This subtitle was later adopted by the Fianna Fáil party at its foundation in 1926, also led by de Valera.

Its headquarters was at 23 Suffolk Street. The party's offices served as a meeting place for the Anti-treaty IRA.

In 1923, after the pro-Treaty wing of Sinn Féin renamed itself as Cumann na nGaedheal, Cumann na Poblachta continued to use the Sinn Féin name.

Cumann na nGaedheal
Cumann na nGaedheal (Irish pronunciation: [ˈkʊmˠən̪ˠ n̪ˠə ˈŋeːl̪ˠ]; lit. 'Society of the Gaels') was a political party in the Irish Free State, which formed the government from 1923 to 1932. It was named after the original Cumann na nGaedheal organisation which merged with the Dungannon Clubs and the National Council to form Sinn Féin in 1905. In 1933 it merged with smaller groups to form the Fine Gael party.
Klütz
Klütz (German pronunciation: [ˈklyːts] ⓘ) is a town in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It is situated near the Baltic Sea coast, 22 km northwest of Wismar, and 33 km northeast of Lübeck. It is famous for the manor house Bothmer Castle, located just outside the village. In the centre of the village lies the medieval Brick Gothic village church, dedicated to Our Lady. There is also a centre of literature named after writer Uwe Johnson in the town.

It is close to the cities of Lübeck, Wismar and Schwerin and is part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region.

Nordwestmecklenburg
Nordwestmecklenburg (Northwestern Mecklenburg) is a Kreis (district) in the north-western part of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is situated on the coast of the Baltic Sea and borders on Schleswig-Holstein to the west. Neighboring districts are (from east clockwise) Rostock, Ludwigslust-Parchim and the district-free city Schwerin, and the district Lauenburg and the district-free city Lübeck in Schleswig-Holstein. The district seat is the town Wismar.
1979 National League Championship Series
The 1979 National League Championship Series was the semifinal round of the National League side of the 1979 postseason, played between the National League West champion Cincinnati Reds and the National League East champion Pittsburgh Pirates. This was the 11th edition of the NLCS.

It was the fourth time in the 1970s that the Pirates and Reds had faced off for the pennant; Cincinnati had won all three previous meetings in 1970, 1972 and 1975.

The Pirates won the series in a three-game sweep in what would be the last postseason appearance for both franchises until 1990.

As of 2026, this is the last time that the Pirates won the National League pennant, and is their third-most recent victory in a postseason series. Aside from the Seattle Mariners, the only team left that has yet to win a pennant, the Pirates currently hold the longest active league pennant drought in the majors.

National League Championship Series
The National League Championship Series (NLCS) is a best-of-seven playoff and one of two League Championship Series comprising the penultimate round of Major League Baseball's (MLB) postseason. It is contested by the winners of the two National League (NL) Division Series. The winner of the NLCS wins the NL pennant and advances to the World Series, MLB's championship series, to play the winner of the American League's (AL) Championship Series. The NLCS began in 1969 as a best-of-five playoff and used this format until 1985, when it changed to a best-of-seven format.
Yersinia similis
Yersinia similis is a Gram-negative bacteria species of Yersinia that resembles Yersinia pseudotuberculosis phenotypically but differs on the basis of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences. The type strain Y228 (=CCUG 52882 =DSM 18211 =LMG 23763) was originally isolated from a rabbit in Germany.

Yersinia
Yersinia is a genus of bacteria in the family Yersiniaceae. Yersinia species are Gram-negative, coccobacilli bacteria, and are facultative anaerobes. Three members of Yersinia are pathogenic in humans: Y. pestis causes the plague and Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis cause gastrointestinal syndromes. Rodents are the natural reservoirs of Yersinia; less frequently, other mammals serve as the host. Infection may occur either through blood (in the case of Y. pestis) or in an alimentary fashion, occasionally via consumption of food products (especially vegetables, milk-derived products, and meat) contaminated with infected urine or feces.

Speculations exist as to whether or not certain Yersinia can also be spread by  protozoonotic mechanisms, since Yersinia species are known to be facultative intracellular parasites; currently, there are studies and discussions of the possibility of amoeba-vectored (through the cyst form of the protozoan) Yersinia propagation and proliferation.
Chantell Evans
Chantell Skye Evans is an American cell biologist who is a professor at Duke University. Her research looks to understand the dynamical processes of mitochondria and their role in neurodegenerative disease. In 2022, Popular Science named her as one of their "Brilliant 10" U.S. scientists and engineers.

Erika Holzbaur
Erika L F. Holzbaur (born 1960) is an American biologist who is the William Maul Measey Professor of Physiology at University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine. Her research considers the dynamics of organelle motility along cytoskeleton of cells. She is particularly interested in the molecular mechanisms that underpin neurodegenerative diseases.
Nikola Gruevski
Nikola Gruevski (Macedonian: Никола Груевски, pronounced ['nikɔla 'ɡruɛfski] ⓘ; born 31 August 1970) is a former Macedonian politician who served as Prime Minister of Macedonia from 2006 until his resignation in 2016, in accordance with the internationally mediated Pržino Agreement due to the Macedonian political crisis, and led the party VMRO-DPMNE from 2004 to 2017. He was the longest serving post-independence Macedonian prime minister, serving more than nine years in office.

He instigated the controversial identity politics called antiquization and the project Skopje 2014. His rule in Macedonia (now North Macedonia) contributed to democratic backsliding and the regime he led was authoritarian. His government was responsible for the illegal wiretapping of 20,000 people in the country. In May 2018, he was sentenced to two years in prison on corruption charges, but in November 2018 he fled to Hungary, where he was granted political asylum. He has been also convicted in absentia.

Prime Minister of North Macedonia
The prime minister of North Macedonia (Macedonian: Премиер на Северна Македонија, romanized: Premier na Severna Makedonija, Albanian: Kryeministri i Maqedonisë së Veriut), officially the President of the Government of the Republic of North Macedonia (Macedonian: Претседател на Владата на Република Северна Македонија, romanized: Pretsedatel na Vladata na Republika Severna Makedonija, Albanian: Kryetari i Qeverisë së Republikës së Maqedonisë së Veriut), is the head of government of North Macedonia.

The prime minister is the head of the cabinet and is usually the leader of a political coalition in parliament.

The current prime minister is Hristijan Mickoski, who has been in office since 23 June 2024.
King of the Ring (2008)
The 2008 King of the Ring was the 18th edition of the King of the Ring tournament produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held as a special episode of Raw on April 21, 2008, at BI-LO Center in Greenville, South Carolina. Unlike the previous 2006 tournament that only featured wrestlers from the SmackDown brand division, the 2008 tournament featured wrestlers from all three of WWE's brands at the time—Raw, SmackDown, and ECW. The 2008 tournament was won by Raw's William Regal, who defeated ECW's CM Punk in the final.

Pin (professional wrestling)
In professional wrestling, a pin is a move where a wrestler holds an opponent's shoulders to the mat in an attempt to score a fall. A pinfall is a common victory condition, where the attacker pins an opponent and the referee makes a three count before the opponent gets released from the pin.
Suffrajett
Suffrajett is an American rock band from New York City, currently based in Chicago, Illinois, composed of singer/violinist Simi Sernaker, guitarist Jason Chasko, bassist Kevin Roberts, and drummer Danny Severson. Suffrajett has toured with Local H, The Last Vegas, and Bob Schneider, and have opened for the reunited MC5. Suffrajett released their self-titled debut album on February 2, 2003, and their latest album Black Glitter was released on January 1, 2007. They have toured with Juliette and the Licks and Scissors for Lefty.

The Last Vegas
The Last Vegas are an American hard rock band from Chicago whose style draws from glam, punk, and sleaze metal. Composed of Chad Cherry (lead vocals), John Wator (guitar), Adam Arling (guitar), Danny Smash (bass), and Nate Arling (drums), the band released the album Whatever Gets You Off, in April 2009, on Eleven Seven Music. The album was produced by Nikki Sixx, Sixx:A.M. guitarist DJ Ashba, as well as Marti Frederiksen.
2018 in paleoentomology
2018 in paleoentomology is a list of new fossil insect taxa that were described during the year 2018, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleoentomology that occurred  during the year.

Corixidae
Corixidae is a family of aquatic insects in the order Hemiptera. They are found worldwide in virtually any freshwater habitat and a few species live in saline water. There are about 500 known species worldwide, in 55 genera, including the genus Sigara.

Members of the Corixidae are commonly known as lesser water boatmen: the term used in the United Kingdom to distinguish species such as Corixa punctata from Notonecta glauca, or greater water-boatman, an insect of a different family, Notonectidae.
Rozpęd
Rozpęd [ˈrɔspɛnt] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kobiele Wielkie, within Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 8 km (5 mi) west of Kobiele Wielkie, 8 km (5 mi) south-east of Radomsko, and 86 km (53 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

Kobiele Wielkie
Kobiele Wielkie [kɔˈbjɛlɛ ˈvjɛlkʲɛ] is a village in Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Kobiele Wielkie. It lies approximately 13 km (8 mi) east of Radomsko and 84 km (52 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

The village has an approximate population of 800.

It is the birthplace of Nobel laureate, writer Władysław Reymont. There are two monuments commemorating him, in the village.
Patmos, Mississippi
Patmos is an unincorporated community located in Sharkey County, Mississippi, United States, along Mississippi Highway 16.  Patmos is approximately 1.4 miles (2.3 km) west-southwest of Holly Bluff.

Patmos is located on the Sunflower River and in 1906 had a population of 20.

A post office operated under the name Patmos from 1897 to 1906.

Holly Bluff, Mississippi
Holly Bluff is a small unincorporated community in Yazoo County, Mississippi.

Originally known as "Sharbrough's Landing" to river boat pilots the community was established by the Sharbrough family in 1877. Located on the Sunflower River, early delta cotton planters used the river to ship their cotton to Vicksburg and New Orleans.
Emigration from the United States
Emigration from the United States is the process where citizens and nationals from the United States move to live in countries other than the US, creating an American Diaspora (Overseas Americans). The process is the reverse of the immigration to the United States. The United States does not keep track of emigration and counts of Americans abroad are thus only available based on statistics kept by the destination countries.

Foreign earned income exclusion
The United States taxes citizens and residents on their worldwide income. Citizens and residents living and working outside the U.S. may be entitled to a foreign earned income exclusion that reduces taxable income. For 2026, the maximum exclusion is $132,900 per taxpayer (future years indexed for inflation). Taxpayers filing a joint return are entitled to up to two exclusions if both have earned income. In addition, the taxpayer may exclude housing expenses in excess of 16% of this maximum ($58.26 per day in 2026) but with limits.

The exclusion is available only for wages or self-employment income earned for services performed outside the U.S.  The exclusion is claimed on IRS Form 2555.
Karen Tandy
Karen Pomerantz Tandy is an American attorney and law enforcement official who served as the 9th Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration from 2003 to 2007. She was nominated by President George W. Bush and confirmed by the U.S. Senate on July 31, 2003. She was the first female head of the DEA. Since 2016 she has served on the Homeland Security Advisory Council.

Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration
The administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration is the head of the Drug Enforcement Administration, a United States federal law enforcement agency under the United States Department of Justice, tasked with combating drug trafficking and distribution within the United States.

The administrator is appointed by the president of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. The administrator reports to the attorney general through the deputy attorney general. The administrator is assisted by a deputy administrator, the chief of operations, the chief inspector, and three assistant administrators (for the operations support, intelligence, and human resources divisions). Other senior staff include the chief financial officer and the chief counsel. The administrator and deputy administrator are the only presidentially appointed personnel in the DEA; all other DEA officials are career government employees.
Glossary of Carnatic music
Carnatic music terms are briefly described in this page. Major terms have their own separate article pages, while minor terms are defined / described here.

The order of terms is from basic to related terms, rather than alphabetic.

Ragam Thanam Pallavi
Ragam Tanam Pallavi (RTP) is a form of singing in Carnatic music which allows the musicians to improvise to a great extent. It is one of the most complete aspects of Indian classical music, demonstrating the entire gamut of talents and the depth of knowledge of the musician. It incorporates raga alapana, tanam, niraval, and kalpanaswara. In more elaborate ragam tanam pallavis, a tani avartanam may follow.
Live at Summit Studios
Live at Summit Studios is a live album of radio session recordings by the band King Crimson, released through the King Crimson Collector's Club in February 2000. The album was recorded at Summit Studios in Denver, Colorado on 12 March 1972 during one of the band's American tours. The performance was notable for the absence of the band's trademark Mellotron, resulting in an unusual setlist and the inclusion of two lengthy collective improvisations.

The liner notes for Live at Summit Studios were written by the band's drummer Ian Wallace, who discusses the Denver show and chronicles his involvement with King Crimson throughout 1971 and 1972. Wallace's track "My Hobby" is a brief comedy piece in the style of Monty Python.

The album was later re-released in high resolution and surround sound on an audio DVD with the 40th Anniversary Edition of the live album Earthbound.

Boz Burrell
Raymond "Boz" Burrell (1 August 1946 – 21 September 2006) was an English musician. Originally a vocalist and guitarist, Burrell is best known for being the vocalist and bassist of King Crimson from 1971 to 1972 and the original bassist of Bad Company from 1973 to their first disbandment in 1982 and once more from 1998 to 1999. He died of a heart attack in Spain in 2006, aged 60.
Kandy Electoral District
Kandy (Mahanuwara) electoral district is one of the 22 multi-member electoral districts of Sri Lanka created by the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka. The district is conterminous with the administrative district of Kandy in the Central province. The district currently elects 12 of the 225 members of the Sri Lankan Parliament and had 970,456 registered electors in 2010. It is Sri Lanka's Electorate Number 04.

Electoral districts of Sri Lanka
The 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka provides for the election of members of Parliament from 22 multi-member electoral districts through the proportional representation electoral system.

All but two of the electoral districts are conterminous with their namesake administrative district. The two exceptions are Jaffna (which covers the administrative districts of Jaffna and Kilinochchi) and Vanni (which covers the administrative districts of Mannar, Mullaitivu and Vavuniya). The first general election which used these electoral districts was in 1989.
1992 Centennial Cup
The 1992 Centennial Cup is the 22nd Junior "A" 1992 ice hockey National Championship for the Canadian Junior A Hockey League.

The Centennial Cup was competed for by the winners of the Doyle Cup, Anavet Cup, Central Canadian Championship, the Eastern Canadian Champion and a host city.

The tournament was hosted by the St. James Canadians and Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Quebec Junior Hockey League
The Ligue de hockey junior AAA du Québec (LHJQ) or Quebec Junior Hockey League (QJHL) is a Hockey Québec Canadian Junior A ice hockey league and is a member of Hockey Canada and the Canadian Junior Hockey League.  The winner of the QJHL playoffs competes for the Fred Page Cup against the winners of the Central Canada Hockey League and the Maritime Junior Hockey League and the host team, which is on a three-year cycle between the MJHL, CCHL and LHJQ.  The winner of the Fred Page Cup then moves on to compete for the Centennial Cup.