hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Proximity effect (superconductivity)
Proximity effect or Holm–Meissner effect is a term used in the field of superconductivity to describe phenomena that occur when a superconductor (S) is placed in contact with a "normal" (N) non-superconductor.  Typically the critical temperature  of the superconductor is suppressed and signs of weak superconductivity are observed in the normal material over mesoscopic distances.  The proximity effect is known since the pioneering work by Ragnar Holm and Walther Meissner in 1932. They have observed zero resistance in SNS pressed contacts, in which two superconducting metals are separated by a thin film of a non-superconducting (i.e. normal) metal. The discovery of the supercurrent in SNS contacts is sometimes mistakenly attributed to Brian Josephson's 1962 work, yet the effect was known long before his publication and was understood as the proximity effect. The discovery of this effect led to the invalidation of Albert Einstein model for superconductivity.

Cooper pair
In condensed matter physics, a Cooper pair or BCS pair (Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer pair) is a pair of electrons (or other fermions) bound together at low temperatures in a certain manner first described in 1956 by American physicist Leon Cooper.  The Cooper pairing of electrons in certain materials at low temperatures is responsible for the phenomenon of superconductivity.
Virket
Virket is a village in central Falster, Denmark. It belongs to Falkerslev Parish  in Guldborgsund Municipality, in Region Zealand. It is located approximately 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) northeast of Nykøbing Falster. To the northwest is Falster Golf Club. The village lies along a road named Virketvej, which connects it to Kraghave, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to the southwest.

Nykøbing Falster
Nykøbing Falster (IPA: [ˈnyˌkʰøˀpe̝ŋ ˈfælˀstɐ] ⓘ; originally named Nykøbing) is a city on the island of Falster in southern Denmark. It has a population of 16,682 (1 January 2025). Including the satellite town Sundby on the Lolland side, with a population of 3,246, the total population is 19,928.

Nykøbing Falster is the seat of the Guldborgsund kommune in Region Sjælland. The city lies on Falster, and is connected by the 295-metre-long (323 yd) Frederick IX Bridge over the Guldborgsund (Guldborg Strait) waterway to the island of Lolland.
Chief of Naval Operations
The chief of naval operations (CNO) is the highest-ranking officer of the United States Navy. The position is a statutory office (10 U.S.C. § 8033) held by an admiral who is a military adviser and deputy to the secretary of the Navy. The CNO is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (10 U.S.C. § 151) and in this capacity, a military adviser to the National Security Council, the Homeland Security Council, the secretary of defense, and the president.

Despite the title, the CNO does not have operational command authority over naval forces. The CNO is an administrative position based in the Pentagon, and exercises supervision of Navy organizations as the designee of the secretary of the Navy. Operational command of naval forces falls within the purview of the combatant commanders who report to the secretary of defense.

As of 25 August 2025, the 34th chief of naval operations is Admiral Daryl Caudle.

United States House Committee on Armed Services
The U.S. House Committee on Armed Services, commonly known as the House Armed Services Committee or HASC, is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives. It is responsible for funding and oversight of the Department of Defense (DoD) and the United States Armed Forces, as well as substantial portions of the Department of Energy. Its regular legislative product is the National Defense Authorization Act, which has been passed by Congress and signed into law each year since 1962.
Tübatulabal
The Tübatulabal are an indigenous people of Kern River Valley in the Sierra Nevada range of California. They may have been the first people to make this area their permanent home. Today many of them are enrolled in the Tule River Indian Tribe. They are descendants of the people of the Uto-Aztecan language group, separating from Shoshone people about 3000 years ago.

Weldon, California
Weldon is a census-designated place (CDP) in Kern County, California, United States.  It sits at the southeast tip of Lake Isabella.  Weldon is located 9 miles (14 km) east-southeast of Wofford Heights, at an elevation of 2,654 feet (809 m). The population was 2,303 at the 2020 census, down from 2,642 at the 2010 census.
Mansell wheel
The Mansell wheel is a railway wheel patented by Richard Mansell, the Carriage and Wagon superintendent of the South Eastern Railway in the UK. The design was created in the 1840s and was eventually used widely on passenger railway stock in the UK. It is an interesting example of a composite wooden wheel, using the same principle as an artillery wheel but with a solid wooden centre instead of spokes.  The drawing (right) is from a railway design book of the early 20th century.

Train wheel
A train wheel or rail wheel is a type of wheel specially designed for use on railway tracks. The wheel acts as a rolling component, typically press fitted on to an axle and mounted directly on a railway carriage or locomotive, or indirectly on a bogie (CwthE) or truck (NAmE). The powered wheels under the locomotive are called driving wheels. Wheels are initially cast or forged and then heat-treated to have a specific hardness. New wheels are machined using a lathe to a standardised shape, called a profile. All wheel profiles are regularly checked to ensure proper interaction between the wheel and the rail. Incorrectly profiled wheels and worn wheels can increase rolling resistance, reduce energy efficiency and may even cause a derailment. The International Union of Railways has defined a standard wheel diameter of 920 mm (36 in), although smaller sizes are used in some rapid transit railway systems and on ro-ro carriages.
Jack Crain
Jack Crain (January 7, 1920 – October 22, 1994) was a two-time All-American football player for the University of Texas at Austin who later served three terms in the Texas House of Representatives.  He was a Heisman Trophy finalist and an All Southwest Conference player in 1939 and 1940 who set several school records, some of which still stand.

Noble Doss
Noble Webster Doss (May 22, 1920 – February 15, 2009) was an American professional football player who was a halfback for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL) and the New York Yankees of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC). He played college football for the Texas Longhorns.
Iron redox flow battery
The Iron Redox Flow Battery (IRFB), also known as Iron Salt Battery (ISB), stores and releases energy through the electrochemical reaction of iron salt. This type of battery belongs to the class of redox-flow batteries (RFB), which are alternative solutions to Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIB) for stationary applications. The IRFB can achieve up to 70% round trip energy efficiency. In comparison, other long duration storage technologies such as pumped hydro energy storage provide around 80% round trip energy efficiency .

Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry concerned with the relationship between electrical potential difference and identifiable chemical change. These reactions involve electrons moving via an electronically conducting phase (typically an external electric circuit, but not necessarily, as in electroless plating) between electrodes separated by an ionically conducting and electronically insulating electrolyte (or ionic species in a solution).

When a chemical reaction is driven by an electrical potential difference, as in electrolysis, or if a potential difference results from a chemical reaction as in an electric battery or fuel cell, it is called an electrochemical reaction. In electrochemical reactions, unlike in other chemical reactions,  electrons are not transferred directly between atoms, ions, or molecules, but via the aforementioned electric circuit. This phenomenon is what distinguishes an electrochemical reaction from a conventional chemical reaction.
Kodiveri Dam
Kodiveri Dam is a masonry dam located on the Bhavani River in Gobichettipalayam taluk, Erode district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The dam is situated along the State Highway 15 about 15 km (9.3 mi) from Gobichettipalayam towards Sathyamangalam in the western region of the state.

Masonry dam
Masonry dams are dams made out of masonry – mainly stone and brick, sometimes joined with mortar. They are either the gravity or the arch-gravity type. The largest masonry dam in the World is Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, in India.
A527 road
The A527 is a road in England that runs from the town centre of Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire to Congleton, Cheshire, by way of Wolstanton, Longport, Tunstall and Biddulph. As it passes through Tunstall it forms part of the new linkway connecting Tunstall and Chell with the A500, and takes its name from two of the areas most famous residents Reginald Mitchell Way and James Brindley Way. Along its route it crosses the A52, A53, A500 and briefly merges with the A50.

A52 road
The A52 is a major road in the East Midlands, England. It runs east from a junction with the A53 at Newcastle-under-Lyme near Stoke-on-Trent via Ashbourne, Derby, Stapleford, Nottingham, West Bridgford, Bingham, Grantham, Boston and Skegness to the east Lincolnshire coast at Mablethorpe. It is approximately 147 miles (237 km) long.
NGC 3052
NGC 3052 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation of Hydra. Its velocity concerning the cosmic microwave background is 4122 ± 24 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 60.79 ± 4.27 Mpc (~198 million light-years). However, 19 nonredshift measurements give a much closer distance of 42.563 ± 6.434 Mpc (139 million light-years). The galaxy was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 7 February 1785.

The SIMBAD database lists NGC 3052 as a Seyfert I Galaxy, i.e. it has a quasar-like nuclei with very high surface brightnesses whose spectra reveal strong, high-ionisation emission lines, but unlike quasars, the host galaxy is clearly detectable.

One supernova has been observed in NGC 3052: SN 2024chx (Type II, mag. 18.2315) was discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility on 12 February 2024.

Hydra (constellation)
Hydra is the largest of the 88 modern constellations, measuring 1303 square degrees, and also the longest at over 100 degrees. Its southern end borders Libra and Centaurus and its northern end borders Cancer. It was included among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy. Commonly represented as a water snake, it straddles the celestial equator.
1910s in air cargo
This is a list of air cargo, airmail and airlift related events as well as a summary from the decade 1910–1919 (references to be found via the main Wikipedia links where not explicitly referenced here):

Farman III
The Farman III, also known as the Henry Farman 1909 biplane, was an early French aircraft designed and built by Henry Farman in 1909. Its design was widely imitated, so much so that aircraft of similar layout were generally referred to as being of the "Farman" type.
Croatian Republic Football League
Croatian Republic Football League (Croatian: Hrvatska republička nogometna liga) was the highest football league in Croatia within the Yugoslav football system. During the time of SFR Yugoslavia, it was third level league for most of the time and the winner was usually promoted to Yugoslav Second League.

Yugoslav football league system
The Yugoslav football league system refers to the system of interconnected leagues in association football which was in place during the existence of Yugoslavia and organized by the Football Association of Yugoslavia (FSJ).

The exact formats and numbers of levels changed several times, the last time in 1988, when the four inter-republic groups were introduced at third level. The groups were called that way because unlike the fourth tier groups they did not correspond territorially to Yugoslavia's six federal republics.
Yisroel Shapira
Rabbi Yisroel Szapira of Grodzhisk was a Hasidic rebbe in Poland. His father, Chayim Meir Yechiel, was the son of the Grodzhisk Rebbe, Elimelech Szapira. When his grandfather died, some of the Chassidim chose Yisroel as the new Rebbe, others chose to wait for the young son who would eventually become the Piasezner Rebbe.

Kalonymus Kalman Shapira
Kalonimus Kalman Szapiro (English: Kalonymus Kalman Shapira or Klonimus Kalmish Szapiro) (20 May 1889 – 3 November 1943) was the Grand Rabbi of Piaseczno, Poland, who authored a number of works and was murdered by the Nazis during the Holocaust. He is best remembered for a series of homilies on parshah (weekly Torah portions) that were delivered almost every Shabbat during the time he spent with his students in the Warsaw ghetto between the years 1939 and 1942. Shortly after the final entry in this series of meditations, the entire community in the ghetto (between 80-90% of the population) was sent to the gas chambers in Treblinka. This work is collected under the title Esh Kodesh (often translated 'Holy Fire').
Norbert Rózsa
Norbert Rózsa (born 9 February 1972) is a former breaststroker from Hungary, who competed at three consecutive Olympics, beginning with the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. He won two silver medals, in the 100 m and 200 m breaststroke, and became Olympic champion in Atlanta, Georgia, in the 200 m breaststroke.

He was elected Hungarian Sportsman of the Year in 1994 for winning two gold medals at that year's World Aquatics Championships.

After retirement from sport he was battling depression. In May 2007, he was hospitalized after a suicide attempt. He recovered from depression in about a year time and later he became interested in working as a graphic designer.

Hungarian Order of Merit
The Hungarian Order of Merit (Hungarian: Magyar Érdemrend) is the fourth highest State Order of Hungary.  Founded in 1991, the order is a revival of an original order founded in 1946 and abolished in 1949. Its origins, however, can be traced to the Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary which existed from 1922 until 1946.

In 2011 its official name changed from Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary to Hungarian Order of Merit in accordance with the new Hungarian Constitution. It is awarded in either civilian or military divisions.

Since 2011, the Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen is the highest State honour of Hungary.
Museum Anthropology Review
Museum Anthropology Review is a peer-reviewed gold open access academic journal focusing on research in material culture studies, museum-based scholarship, and the study of museums in society. In addition to anthropology, it covers the fields of folklore, art history, and museum studies. It was established in 2007 and is published for the Mathers Museum of World Cultures by the Indiana University Bloomington Libraries as part of its IUScholarWorks program using Open Journal Systems. The journal is edited by Jason Baird Jackson.

Museology
Museology (also called museum studies or museum science) is the study of museums. It explores the history of museums and their role in society, as well as the activities they engage in, including curating, preservation, public programming, and education.
FC Botoșani
Asociația Fotbal Club Botoșani  (Romanian pronunciation: [botoˈʃanʲ]), commonly known as FC Botoșani or simply Botoșani, is a Romanian professional football club based in the city of Botoșani, Botoșani County, that competes in the Liga I, the top tier of Romanian football.

After several predecessor clubs and years of instability for the football scene in Botoșani, the club managed to materialise in 2001. In 2013, FC Botoșani became the first team from its county to ever be promoted to the top tier of the Romanian league system. It recorded its first European appearance in the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League season.

Botoșănenii play in predominantly white home kits, while their away equipment is generally blue. Their home ground is the 7,782-seater Botoșani Municipal Stadium.

Liga III
The Liga 3, most often spelled as Liga III, is the third level of the Romanian football league system. It was founded in 1936 and was called Divizia C until 2006. An exception was the seasons 1992–93 to 1996–97, in which the league was called Divizia B. Its name was changed from Divizia C to Liga III before the start of the 2006–07 season.
2011–12 Premiership Rugby
The 2011–12 Aviva Premiership was the 25th season of the top flight English domestic rugby union competition and the second one to be sponsored by Aviva. The reigning champions entering the season were Saracens, who had claimed their first title after defeating Leicester Tigers in the 2011 final. Worcester Warriors had been promoted as champions from the 2010–11 RFU Championship at the first attempt.

2010–11 Premiership Rugby
The 2010–11 Aviva Premiership was the 24th season of the top flight English domestic rugby union competition and the first one to be sponsored by Aviva. The reigning champions entering the season were Leicester Tigers, who had claimed their ninth title after defeating Saracens in the 2010 final. Exeter Chiefs had been promoted as champions from the 2009–10 RFU Championship, their first promotion to the top flight.
Demographic statistics
Demographic statistics are measures of the characteristics of, or changes to, a population. Records of births, deaths, marriages, immigration and emigration and a regular census of population provide information that is key to making sound decisions about national policy.

A useful summary of such data is the population pyramid. It provides data about the sex and age distribution of the population in an accessible graphical format.

Another summary is called the life table. For a cohort of persons born in the same year, it traces and projects their life experiences from birth to death. For a given cohort, the proportion expected to survive each year (or decade in an abridged life table) is presented in tabular or graphical form.

The ratio of males to females by age indicates the consequences of differing mortality rates on the sexes. Thus, while values above one are common for newborns, the ratio dwindles until it is well below one for the older population.

Intercensal estimate
In demographics, an intercensal estimate is an estimate of population between official census dates with both of the census counts being known.  Some nations produce regular intercensal estimates while others do not. Intercensal estimates can be less or more informative than official census figures, depending on methodology, completeness, accuracy (as they can have significant undercounts or overestimates) and date of data, and can be released by nations, subnational entities, or other organizations including those not affiliated with governments.  They differ from population projections as they are from past dates, although intercensal estimates can be used to form population projections.
Borge Municipality (Nordland)
Borge is a former municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The 193-square-kilometre (75 sq mi) municipality existed from 1838 until 1963. It was located on the northern part of the island of Vestvågøya in what is now Vestvågøy Municipality. The administrative centre of the municipality was the village of Bøstad where Borge Church is located. Other villages in the municipality included Borg, Knutstad, and Tangstad.

Prior to its dissolution in 1963, the 193-square-kilometre (75 sq mi) municipality was the 379th largest by area out of the 705 municipalities in Norway. Borge Municipality was the 208th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of about 4,082. The municipality's population density was 21.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (55/sq mi) and its population had decreased by 10.4% over the previous 10-year period.

Tangstad
Tangstad is a village in Vestvågøy Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The village is located on the northwestern side of the island of Vestvågøya, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) west of the village of Bøstad and about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north of the town of Leknes.
Chelsea Studios
40°44′48″N 73°59′43″W﻿ / ﻿40.746607°N 73.995205°W﻿ / 40.746607; -73.995205

Chelsea Studios, also known as Chelsea Television Studios, is an American television studio and sound stage located at 221 West 26th Street between Seventh and Eighth Avenues in Chelsea, Manhattan, New York City.

Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)
Eighth Avenue is a major north–south avenue on the west side of Manhattan in New York City, carrying northbound traffic below 59th Street. It is one of the original avenues of the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 to run the length of Manhattan, though today the name changes twice: At 59th Street/Columbus Circle, it becomes Central Park West, where it forms the western boundary of Central Park, and north of 110th Street/Frederick Douglass Circle, it is known as Frederick Douglass Boulevard before merging onto Harlem River Drive north of 155th Street.
ESO 415-G26
ESO 415-G26 is a peculiar lenticular galaxy located in the constellation of Fornax. The redshift of the object is (z) 0.015 and it was first documented by B.A. Vorontsov-Vel'Yaminov in the Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies in 1968, where it was designated as MCG-05-07-001. This galaxy has also been classified as a polar ring galaxy.

Peculiar galaxy
A peculiar galaxy is a galaxy of unusual size, shape, or composition. Between five and ten percent of known galaxies are categorized as peculiar. Astronomers have identified two types of peculiar galaxies: interacting galaxies and active galactic nuclei (AGN).

When two galaxies come close to each other, their mutual gravitational forces can cause them to acquire highly irregular shapes. The terms 'peculiar galaxy' and 'interacting galaxy' have now become synonymous because the majority of peculiar galaxies attribute their forms to such gravitational forces.
Liang Jingkun
Liang Jingkun (Chinese: 梁靖崑; pinyin: Liáng Jìngkūn; born 20 October 1996) is a Chinese professional table tennis player. He is a four-time bronze medalist in men's singles at the World Table Tennis Championships.

World Table Tennis (ITTF)
World Table Tennis, stylized as WTT, is an organization created by the ITTF in 2019 that runs commercialized table tennis tournaments. Its inaugural tournament was held in November 2020 in Macao. It is distinguished from the predecessor ITTF World Tour by various rules changes and big prize money for commercialized purposes. The head of its council is Liu Guoliang, a former Olympic gold medalist and former head coach of China. The WTT is headquartered in Singapore, with other offices in China, Europe, and the US.