hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
RatSat
RatSat: 184  or DemoSat
is an aluminum mass simulator on the fourth flight of the Falcon 1 rocket, launched on 28 September 2008. Ratsat remained bolted to the second stage of the carrier rocket after reaching low Earth orbit. It is an aluminium alloy chamber in hexagonal prism shape with 1.5 m (5 ft) length.

The Falcon 1 launch that carried Ratsat to orbit was the first successful orbital launch of any privately funded and developed, liquid-propellant carrier rocket, the SpaceX Falcon 1, something only six nations had successfully accomplished previously.

The launch, identified as Falcon 1 Flight 4, was conducted by SpaceX, and also marked the first time the Falcon 1 rocket successfully achieved orbit, after three consecutive failures on the three previous launch attempts.

Eric Berger (journalist)
Eric Berger (born April 19, 1973) is an American journalist and meteorologist who is the senior space editor at Ars Technica and the editor of Space City Weather, a website covering weather in Houston.
Badal Bhattacharya
Badal Bhattacharya was an Indian politician. He was elected as MLA of Ashoknagar Vidhan Sabha Constituency in West Bengal Legislative Assembly in 1999. He was the first legislator of Bharatiya Janata Party in West Bengal Legislative Assembly. He died on 1 November 2014 at the age of 70.

West Bengal Legislative Assembly
The West Bengal Legislative Assembly is the unicameral legislature of the Indian state of West Bengal. It is located in the B. B. D. Bagh area of Kolkata, the capital of the state. Members of the Legislative assembly are directly elected by the people. The legislative assembly comprises 294 Members of Legislative Assembly, all directly elected from single-seat constituencies. Its term is five years, unless sooner dissolved.
Korean verbs
Verbs in the Korean language come in last place in a clause. Verbs are the most complex part of speech, and a properly conjugated verb may stand on its own as a complete sentence. This article uses the Yale romanization in bold to show morphology.

Interrogative
An interrogative clause  is a clause whose form is typically associated with question-like meanings. For instance, the English sentence "Is Hannah sick?" has interrogative syntax which distinguishes it from its declarative counterpart "Hannah is sick". Also, the additional question mark closing the statement assures that the reader is informed of the interrogative mood. Interrogative clauses may sometimes be embedded within a phrase, for example: "Paul knows who is sick", where the interrogative clause "who is sick" serves as complement of the embedding verb "know".

Languages vary in how they form interrogatives. When a language has a dedicated interrogative inflectional form, it is often referred to as interrogative grammatical mood. Interrogative mood or other interrogative forms may be denoted by the glossing abbreviation INT.
Massacre of Feodosia
The Massacre of Feodosia was a war crime by the Red Army against 160 wounded Wehrmacht POWs between December 29, 1941 and January 1, 1942. The massacre was notable for the relatively high number of victims and the "needless cruelty demonstrated" by the perpetrators, who froze victims into ice alive.

Alfred-Maurice de Zayas
Alfred-Maurice de Zayas (born 31 May 1947) is a Cuban-born American lawyer and writer, active in the field of human rights and international law. From 1 May 2012 to 30 April 2018, he served as the first UN Independent Expert on the Promotion of a Democratic and Equitable International Order, appointed by the United Nations Human Rights Council.
Gmina Dobre Miasto
Gmina Dobre Miasto is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Olsztyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the town of Dobre Miasto, which lies approximately 24 kilometres (15 mi) north of the regional capital Olsztyn.

The gmina covers an area of 258.7 square kilometres (99.9 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 15,920 (out of which the population of Dobre Miasto amounts to 10,489, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 5,431).

Dobre Miasto
Dobre Miasto (Polish: [ˈdɔbrɛ ˈmjastɔ]; German: Guttstadt [ˈɡʊt.ʃtat] ⓘ; literally Good Town) is a town in northern Poland, in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship with 9,857 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is situated in the northwestern part of the Masurian Lake District in the heart of the historical region of Warmia. It is also the seat of Dobre Miasto Commune which consists of the main town and 21 village administrative divisions, with a total population of 16,014.
Yitzhak Hatuel
Yitzhak (also "Itzhak") Hatuel (Hebrew: יצחק חטואל; born 15 September 1962) is an Israeli fencer. He competed in the individual foil event at the 1984 Summer Olympics at 21 years of age. In Round 1, he went 5-0, defeating Saul Mendoza of Bolivia, Jerome Ko of Hong Kong, Sergio Turiace of Argentina, Nobuyuki Azuma of Japan, and future gold medalist Philippe Omnès of France. In the quarter-finals, he went 2-2, defeating Bilal Rifaat of Egypt and Yu Yifeng of China. In the semi-finals, he went 3-2, defeating Bill Gosbee of Great Britain, Nobuyuki Azuma of Japan, and Mauro Numa of Italy -- who ended up winning the gold medal. In the finals, he went 0-2, losing to Numa and to Peter Lewison of the United States.

He is the brother of Israeli Olympic fencer Lydia Hatuel-Czuckermann (winner of 16 Israeli championships and participant in three Olympic Games), and uncle of Israeli Olympic fencer Delila Hatuel and Israeli fencer Maor Hatuel.

Philippe Omnès
Philippe Omnès (born 6 August 1960) is a French fencer and Olympic champion in the foil competition.

He won a gold medal in individual foil event at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.

He competed in the individual foil event at the Mediterranean Games winning a silver medal in 1991 and a bronze medal in 1993.
Medical necessity
Medical necessity is a health care policy doctrine in the United States related to medical care that may be justified as reasonable, necessary, and/or appropriate based on evidence-based clinical standards of care. In contrast, unnecessary health care lacks such justification.

Other countries may have medical doctrines or legal rules covering broadly similar grounds. The term clinical medical necessity is also used.

Standard of care
In tort law, the standard of care is the only degree of prudence and caution required of an individual who is under a duty of care.

The requirements of the standard are closely dependent on circumstances. Whether the standard of care has been breached is determined by the trier of fact, and is usually phrased in terms of the reasonable person; this is sometimes labeled as the "reasonable physician standard". It was famously described in Vaughn v. Menlove (1837) as whether the individual "proceed[ed] with such reasonable caution as a prudent man would have exercised under such circumstances".
Kota Baru Parahyangan
Kota Baru Parahyangan or KBP is a planned city located at Padalarang, West Bandung Regency in Indonesia. It was developed with the vision and spirit as a City Of Education. Total land area of the township is 1,250 hectares including land for 200 hectares of lakes.

West Bandung Regency
West Bandung Regency (Kabupaten Bandung Barat) is a landlocked regency of West Java Province of Indonesia. It was established on 2 January 2007, after having been formerly part of Bandung Regency.  The capital of this new regency is Ngamprah, an industrial district on the west side of Bandung. The entire regency is included within the Bandung Metropolitan Area.

The area of the regency is 1,290.06 km2 and the population was 1,506,448 at the 2010 Census and 1,788,336 at the 2020 Census. The official estimate as at mid 2024 was 1,902,857.
Pago Florentino
Pago Florentino is a Vino de Pago from Spain. This means that in addition to having a proven track record of consistent quality, the wines have to be both produced from estate-grown grapes and also have to be processed and aged in a winery (bodega) located on the estate.

This Vino de Pago is located in the municipality of Malagón, in the province of Ciudad Real (Castile-La Mancha, Spain), and acquired its status on 20 August 2009.

Province of Ciudad Real
The province of Ciudad Real (Spanish: [θjuˈðað reˈal] ⓘ) is a province in the southwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It is bordered by the provinces of Cuenca, Albacete, Jaén, Córdoba, Badajoz, and Toledo. It is partly located in the old natural region of La Mancha. Its capital is Ciudad Real. It is the third largest province by area in all of Spain, after Cáceres and Badajoz. The historic comarca Campo de Calatrava is located in the center of the province.
Oxfordhalvøya
Oxfordhalvøya is a peninsula in Wahlenbergfjorden at the southwestern side of Nordaustlandet, Svalbard. It is located between Bodleybukta and Etonbreen at the head of the fjord. The bay Kløverbladbukta cuts into the peninsula, and its highest point is Carfaxhaugen at 103 m.a.s.l. The river of Oxfordelva flows from the lake of Brånevatnet through Oxfordhalvøya, and debouches into Bodleybukta.

Wahlenbergfjorden
Wahlenbergfjorden, sometimes known in English as Waalenburg Bay, is a fjord on the southwest coast of the Arctic island of Nordaustlandet, in Norway's Svalbard archipelago. At 46 kilometres (29 mi) in length, and 15 km (9.3 mi) wide, it is the fifth longest fjord in the archipelago, and the longest on the island. The fjord separates Gustav V Land in the north from Gustav Adolf Land in the south, at geographical co-ordinates 79°40′N 20°00′E﻿ / ﻿79.667°N 20.000°E﻿ / 79.667; 20.000. Its mouth faces Spitsbergen across Hinlopen Strait, the strait separating the two islands.

The fjord is named for the Swedish naturalist Göran Wahlenberg (1780-1851) and has been known by this name since at least the early 1930s. The glacier of Wahlenbergbreen in Oscar II Land, Spitsbergen, is also named for him.
Kalimani
Kalimani (Persian: کالیمانی) is a village in, and the capital of, Shirin Su Rural District in Shirin Su District of Maneh County, North Khorasan province, Iran. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Khartut.

Central District (Maneh County)
The Central District of Maneh County (Persian: بخش مرکزی شهرستان مانه) is in North Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Mohammadabad. The previous capital of the district was the city of Pish Qaleh.
Leo Stoller
Leo D. Stoller (born June 5, 1946) is an American self-styled "intellectual property entrepreneur" based in suburban Chicago, Illinois. Stoller claimed rights to a large inventory of well-known trademarks and engaged in the assertive enforcement of those alleged trademark rights, threatening infringement action against people and companies who attempt to use similar marks.

Though he managed to obtain license payments in some circumstances through demand letters, Stoller lost some key challenges in federal court, and was sanctioned by United States regulators for filing thousands of motions.  A federal court labeled Stoller and his companies as "vexatious litigants" in 2005, and his bankruptcy filing from that year was converted to a liquidation in 2006 after the judge found Stoller's filing to have been made in bad faith. On August 8, 2007, the bankruptcy court approved the sale of Stoller's trademark assets to the Society for the Prevention of Trademark Abuse, LLC.

United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois
The United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (in case citations, N.D. Ill.)  is the federal trial court with jurisdiction over the northern counties of Illinois. It is one of the busiest federal trial courts in the United States, with famous cases including those of Al Capone and the Chicago Eight.

Appeals from the Northern District of Illinois are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

The United States attorney for the district, representing the United States in litigation in the court, is Andrew S. Boutros since April 7, 2025.
2017 XIXO Ladies Open Hódmezővásárhely
The 2017 XIXO Ladies Open Hódmezővásárhely was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the second edition of the tournament and part of the 2017 ITF Women's Circuit, offering a total of $60,000 in prize money. It took place in Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary, from 12–18 June 2017.

2017 ITF Women's Circuit
The 2017 International Tennis Federation (ITF) Women's Circuit is a second-tier tour for women's professional tennis. It is organized by the International Tennis Federation and is a tier below the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour. The ITF Women's Circuit includes tournaments with prize money ranging from $15,000 to $100,000.
Patricia Cafferata
Patricia Anne Cafferata (née Dillon; born November 24, 1940) is an American politician and lawyer.

Born in Albany, New York, she graduated from Lewis and Clark College with a degree in elementary education and received her J.D. degree from Southwestern University School of Law. She practiced law in Reno, Nevada. Her mother was Barbara Vucanovich who served in the United States House of Representatives from Nevada and her grandfather was General Thomas Farrell. In 1978, she was elected to the Nevada Assembly as a Republican. Then in 1982, Cafferata was elected Nevada State Treasurer. She served as district attorney in three Nevada counties. She has written several books and articles. Cafferata was the Republican nominee for Governor of Nevada in 1986, losing in a landslide to incumbent Richard Bryan.

Nevada State Treasurer
The Nevada state treasurer is an independent constitutional officer in the executive branch of government of the U.S. state of Nevada. The State Treasurer's Office is based in Carson City, Nevada. Twenty-three individuals have occupied the office of treasurer since statehood. The incumbent is Zach Conine, a Democrat. He was first elected in the 2018 election and is currently serving his second term in office.
Macau Standard Time
Macau Standard Time (abbreviation: MST; Portuguese: Hora Oficial de Macau; Chinese: 澳門標準時間; Jyutping: ou3 mun2 biu1 zeon2 si4 gaan1) is the time zone in Macau. It is 8 hours ahead of UTC (UTC+8) all year, and daylight saving time has not been applied since 1980. The Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau is the official timekeeper of the Macau Standard Time. It is indicated as Asia/Macau in the IANA time zone database.

Macau Standard Time is currently in the same time zone as China Standard Time, also known as Beijing Standard Time or simply Beijing Time used in mainland China, and Hong Kong Time in Hong Kong.

Time zone
A time zone is an area which observes a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. Time zones tend to follow the boundaries between countries and their subdivisions instead of strictly following longitude, because it is convenient for areas in frequent communication to keep the same time.

Each time zone is defined by a standard offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The offsets range from UTC−12:00 to UTC+14:00, and are usually a whole number of hours, but a few zones are offset by an additional 30 or 45 minutes, such as in India and Nepal. Some areas in a time zone may use a different offset for part of the year, typically one hour ahead during spring and summer, a practice known as daylight saving time (DST).
Junipero Serra County Park
Junipero Serra County Park (sometimes shortened to Junipero Serra Park) is a 103-acre (42 ha) park in the hills overlooking San Bruno and Millbrae, California, east of Interstate 280 and west of State Route 82 (El Camino Real). It is administered by San Mateo County as part of its parks system, and was named for Junípero Serra, a priest responsible for establishing several of the Spanish missions in California.

Millbrae, California
Millbrae is a city in northern San Mateo County, California, United States. To the northeast is San Francisco International Airport; San Bruno is to the northwest, and Burlingame is to the southeast. It is bordered by San Andreas Lake to the southwest. The population was 23,216 at the 2020 census. Millbrae has Sister City relationships with La Serena, Chile and Mosta, Malta, as well as a friendship city agreement with Hanyu, Japan, Taishan, China, Ramallah, Palestine, and Dongguan, China.
2021 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix – Singles
Ashleigh Barty defeated Aryna Sabalenka in the final, 3–6, 6–0, 6–3 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 2021 Stuttgart Open. It marked her 11th career Women's Tennis Association (WTA) singles title and her second on clay. She became the first reigning world No. 1 to win the title since Justine Henin in 2007.

Petra Kvitová was the defending champion from when the tournament was last held in 2019, but lost in the quarterfinals to Elina Svitolina.

2019 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix – Singles
Karolína Plíšková was the defending champion, but lost in the second round to Victoria Azarenka.

Petra Kvitová won the title, defeating Anett Kontaveit in the final, 6–3, 7–6(7–2).

Naomi Osaka retained the WTA no. 1 singles ranking by reaching the quarterfinals. Kvitová was also in contention for the top ranking at the beginning of the tournament.
Gear manufacturing
Gear manufacturing refers to the making of gears. Gears can be manufactured by a variety of processes, including casting, forging, extrusion, powder metallurgy, and blanking, shaping, grinding, and Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining. As a general rule, however, machining is applied to achieve the final dimensions, shape and surface finish in the gear. The initial operations that produce a semifinishing part ready for gear machining as referred to as blanking operations; the starting product in gear machining is called a gear blank. The manufacturing process has evolved with the technology given in production starting with most gears being produced by hand to now being produced by multiple methods.

Blanking and piercing
Blanking and piercing are shearing processes in which a punch and die are used to produce parts from coil or sheet stock. Blanking produces the outside features of the component, while piercing produces internal holes or shapes. The web is created after multiple components have been produced and is considered scrap material. The "slugs" produced by piercing internal features are also considered scrap. The terms "piercing" and "punching" can be used interchangeably.
Olympic tattoo
Olympic tattoos are a tradition among athletes who compete in the Olympic Games of tattooing the Olympic rings symbol. The practice dates back to at least the 1980s, when swimmer Chris Jacobs received a tattoo of the rings to commemorate his participation in the 1988 Summer Olympics. The Olympic tattoo has since become common practice among individuals who compete in the Games. Cited reasons for the tattoo usually include a signal of status as an Olympian, a personal reminder of success, and a show of camaraderie with teammates. While the tattoos are typically done by athletes who compete in the Games, others may sometimes obtain the artwork, such as parents of athletes.

Olympic symbols
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) uses icons, flags, and symbols to represent and enhance the Olympic Games. These symbols include those commonly used during Olympic competitions such as the flame, fanfare, and theme as well as those used both during and outside competition, such as the Olympic flag.

The Olympic flag was created in 1914 under the guidance of Baron de Coubertin of France. It was first hoisted in Alexandria, Egypt, in Old Shatby Stadium which is now located in Al Ittihad Alexandria Club , at the 1914 Pan-Egyptian Games. The five rings on the flag represent the inhabited continents of the world (the Americas were considered as one continent and Europe was treated as distinct from Asia). It contains the colours blue, black, red, yellow, and green, which are common on national flags globally.
2021 UCI Road World Championships – Mixed team relay
The Mixed team relay of the 2021 UCI Road World Championships was a cycling event that took place on 22 September 2021 between Knokke-Heist and Brugge, Belgium. It was the second time the event had been held, as it replaced the men's and women's team time trial from previous editions.

2021 UCI Road World Championships
The 2021 UCI Road World Championships was the 94th edition of the UCI Road World Championships, the annual world championships for road bicycle racing. It was held between 19 and 26 September 2021 in the Flanders region of Belgium. The region was chosen in light of the centenary of the world championships with the UCI opting for a return to one of the original founding countries.
65th New York State Legislature
The 65th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 4 to September 7, 1842, during the fourth year of William H. Seward's governorship, in Albany.

Seneca County, New York
Seneca County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 33,814. The primary county seat is Waterloo, moved there from the original county seat of Ovid in 1819. It became a two-shire county in 1822, which currently remains in effect and uses both locations as county seats although the majority of Seneca County administrative offices are located in Waterloo. Therefore, most political sources list only Waterloo as the county seat. The county's name comes from the Seneca Nation of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois), who occupied part of the region. The county is part of the Finger Lakes region of the state.

Seneca County comprises the Seneca Falls, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Rochester-Batavia-Seneca Falls, NY Combined Statistical Area.
2023 DC Defenders season
The 2023 DC Defenders season was the second season for the DC Defenders as a professional American football franchise. The Defenders played their home games at Audi Field and were led by head coach Reggie Barlow.

At the first home game security staff prevented fans building the "Beer Snake", a signature feature from the 2020 season, and fans started throwing lemons on the field. The league made the proper arrangements for the "Beer Snake" to be allowed during Defenders home games.

Earning their first playoff berth and clinching first place in the North Division, the Defenders eliminated the Seattle Sea Dragons in the North Division title game in the playoffs. With the win, the Defenders advanced to the XFL Championship Game where they faced the Arlington Renegades, losing by a score of 26-35.

Audi Field
Audi Field is a soccer-specific stadium in the Buzzard Point neighborhood of Washington, D.C. It is the home of D.C. United, DC Power FC, and Washington Spirit soccer teams, and the DC Defenders football team. The stadium has a capacity of 20,000. Previously, D.C. United had explored sites in the Washington metropolitan area. Following the failure of an initial stadium proposal in 2006, D.C. United made two additional stadium proposals that also failed to be built. In January 2011, the club explored using previously unused land at Buzzard Point to build a stadium; this was confirmed in July 2013, when Buzzard Point was announced as the stadium location. The ground-breaking ceremony occurred in February 2017, with construction completed in July 2018.