hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kenneth Feder
Kenneth L. "Kenny" Feder is an emeritus professor of archaeology at Central Connecticut State University and the author of several books on archaeology and criticism of pseudoarchaeology such as Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology. His book Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum was published in 2010. His book Ancient America: Fifty Archaeological Sites to See for Yourself was published in 2017. He is the founder and director of the Farmington River Archaeological Project.

Greenwood Publishing Group
Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. (GPG) was an educational and academic publisher (middle school through university level) that was part of ABC-Clio. Since 2021, ABC-Clio and its suite of imprints, including GPG, are collectively imprints of British publishing house Bloomsbury Publishing. The Greenwood name stopped being used for new books in 2023.

Established in 1967 as Greenwood Press, Inc., and based in Westport, Connecticut, GPG published reference works under its Greenwood Press imprint; and scholarly, professional, and general-interest books under its related imprint, Praeger Publishers (/ˈpreɪɡər/). Also part of GPG was Libraries Unlimited, which published professional works for librarians and teachers. Both of the latter became stand-alone imprints of ABC-Clio, in 2008–2009, after its purchase of GPG.
50th New York Engineer Regiment
The 50th New York Engineer Regiment was an engineer regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was initially raised as the 50th Volunteer Infantry, but was converted to an engineer regiment after it arrived in Washington DC. It served as an engineer unit for the Army of the Potomac (AoP) from the Peninsula Campaign through the Appomattox Campaign.

Army of the Potomac
The Army of the Potomac was the primary field army of the Union army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. It was created in July 1861 shortly after the First Battle of Bull Run and was disbanded in June 1865 following the surrender of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in April.
PacketFence
Free and open-source software portal

PacketFence is an open-source network access control (NAC) system that provides the following features: registration, detection of abnormal network activities, proactive vulnerability scans, isolation of problematic devices, remediation through a captive portal, 802.1X, wireless integration and User-Agent / DHCP fingerprinting.

The company that develops PacketFence, Inverse Inc. was acquired by Akamai Technologies on February 1, 2021.

PacketFence version 10 supports Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 and its derivatives, notably CentOS, and Debian Stretch. Inverse Inc. has also been releasing a version of PacketFence dubbed the "Zero Effort NAC", a standalone virtual appliance with a preconfigured PacketFence installation for easy NAC deployment.

PacketFence version 11 added support for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 and it's derivatives, notably CentOS, and Debian Bullseye.

Network access control
Network access control (NAC) is an approach to computer security that attempts to unify endpoint security technology (such as antivirus, host intrusion prevention, and vulnerability assessment), user or system authentication and network security enforcement.
Mayo, County Mayo
Mayo or Mayo Abbey (Irish: Maigh Eo, meaning 'plain of the yew trees') is a village in County Mayo, Ireland. Although the county bears its name, it is not the county seat, which is Castlebar. Mayo Abbey is a small historic village in south Mayo approximately 16 km to the south of Castlebar and 10 km north west of Claremorris. The village is in a civil parish of the same name.

Claremorris
Claremorris (/ˌkleɪrˈmɒrɪs/; Irish: Clár Chlainne Mhuiris) is a town in County Mayo in the west of Ireland, at the junction of the N17 and the N60 national routes. As of the 2017, it was the fastest growing town in the county, having seen a 31% increase in population between 2006 and 2011, and a 23% increase between 2002 and 2006. Between the 2016 census and the 2022 census, the population of Claremorris grew further, from 3,687 to 3,857 inhabitants.

The town sits at the bottom of a valley, all roads leading to the town follow hills, in particular the old Knock road (known as the Knock hill) and Courthouse road. Although low-lying, the town does not experience flooding. There is no major river through the town although there are two lakes in the town centre: Clare Lough where the 'Land of the Giants' amenity is located and Mayfield Lough. A small river flows between the two.
International Christian University – Kyiv
International Christian University – Kyiv (ICU-Kyiv) (Ukrainian: Міжнародний Християнський університет-Київ) was a private university in Kyiv, Ukraine. It was founded in 1992 by Kyiv National Economic University and International University Vienna. In summer 2013 ICU-Kyiv closed that year following the bankruptcy of its Austrian founder International University Vienna in 2011.

Kyiv National Economic University
The Kyiv National Economic University is a self-governing public university in Kyiv, Ukraine. The university was founded in 1906 as Higher economics courses.

It was ranked #3 by the Ukrainian national ranking of the universities conducted by Compass in 2012. According to one of the leading university rankings in the world (Eduniversal, 2015), KNEU occupied the second position among universities in Ukraine. In 2020, in the same ranking, it took the third place among Ukrainian universities.

In 2005, the university was named in honor of Vadym Hetman, a prominent Ukrainian banker, economist, and the founder of the National Bank of Ukraine.
Oberlin String Quartet
The  Oberlin String Quartet is a classical music ensemble associated with the Oberlin Conservatory of Music at Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio.

In 1955, violinist and Oberlin Conservatory faculty member Andor Toth formed the Oberlin String Quartet with violinist Matthew Raimondi, violist William Berman, and cellist John Frazer. In 1957, violinist John Dalley (second violinist in the Guarneri Quartet), and cellist Peter Howard  (for many years principal cellist in the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra) joined the Quartet.

The quartet disbanded after Andor Toth left the faculty in 1959.

Guarneri Quartet
The Guarneri Quartet was an American string quartet founded in 1964 at the Marlboro Music School and Festival.  It was admired for its rich, warm, complex tone and its bold, dramatic interpretations of the quartet literature, with a particular affinity for the works of Beethoven and Bartók. Through teaching at Harpur College (which became Binghamton University), University of Maryland, Curtis Institute of Music, and at Marlboro, the Guarneri players helped nurture interest in quartet playing for a generation of young musicians.  The group's extensive touring and recording activities, coupled with its outreach efforts to engage audiences, contributed to the rapid growth in the popularity of chamber music during the 1970s and 1980s. The quartet is notable for its longevity: the group performed for 45 years with only one personnel change, when cellist David Soyer retired in 2001 and was replaced by his student Peter Wiley. The Guarneri Quartet disbanded in 2009.
Zeta Aquarii
Zeta Aquarii is a triple star system, the central star of the "water jar" asterism in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. Its identifier is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from ζ Aquarii, and abbreviated Zet Aqr or ζ Aqr, respectively. The combined apparent visual magnitude of this system is 3.65, which is readily visible to the naked eye. Parallax measurements yield a distance estimate of around 95 light-years (29 parsecs) from Earth.

Wulff-Dieter Heintz
Wulff-Dieter Heintz (3 June 1930 – 10 June 2006) was a German astronomer who worked the latter part of his career in the United States. He was Professor Emeritus of Astronomy at Swarthmore College. He specialised in the characterisation of binary stars using astrometry.
Shining a Light: A Concert for Progress on Race in America
Shining a Light: A Concert for Progress on Race in America is a live benefit concert presented by A&E Networks and iHeartMedia, that aired on November 21, 2015 on six different television networks. The two-hour concert featured performances by Eric Church, Jamie Foxx, Sia, Rhiannon Giddens, Tori Kelly, John Legend, Miguel, Pink, Jill Scott, Ed Sheeran, Bruce Springsteen, Sting, Pharrell Williams, and Zac Brown Band.

Benefit concert
A benefit concert or charity concert is a type of musical benefit performance (e.g., concert, show, or gala) featuring musicians, comedians, or other performers that is held for a charitable purpose, often directed at a specific and immediate humanitarian crisis.

Benefit concerts can have both subjective and concrete objectives. Subjective objectives include raising awareness about an issue such as misery in Africa (such as Live 8) and uplifting a nation after a disaster (such as America: A Tribute to Heroes). Concrete objectives include raising funds (such as Live Aid) and influencing legislation (such as Live 8 or Farm Aid). The two largest benefit concerts of all time, in size, were the Live 8 and the Live Earth events, which both attracted billions of spectators. Scholars theorize that the observed increase on concert size since the Live Aid is happening because organizers strive to make their events as big as the tragedy at hand, thus hoping to gain legitimization that way.
Lucius Mantennius Sabinus
Lucius Mantennius Sabinus was a Roman eques who is known to have held imperial appointments during the reign of the Emperor Commodus. Sabinus was appointed prefect of the Roman province of Egypt by Pertinax to consolidate the latter's control over this vital source of grain for the city of Rome. His tenure ran from 192 to 194.

Sabinus' explicit connection to Pertinax and his supporters is not clear. However, Anthony Birley observes that "it was perhaps no coincidence that his [Sabinus'] wife came from Praeneste, where Pertinax's father-in-law Flavius Sulpicianus had estates."

Equites
The equites (/ˈɛkwɪtiːz/; lit. 'horse'  or 'cavalrymen', though sometimes referred to as "knights" in English) constituted the second of the property/social-based classes of ancient Rome, ranking below the senatorial class. A member of the equestrian order was known as an eques (Latin: [ˈɛ.kʷɛs]).
Local councils of Malta
Since June 30, 1993, Malta has been subdivided into 68 localities, governed by local councils, Maltese: kunsilli lokali, meaning municipalities or boroughs, and considered by the Maltese as the equivalent to basic villages or towns, where appropriate. These form the most basic type of local government and are subdivisions of the country's first-level regions.

According to the Local Councils Act (Chapter 363 of the Laws of Malta), Art. 3:

(1)  Every locality shall have a Council which shall have all such functions as are granted to it by this Act
...
(5) Each locality shall be referred to by the name as designated in the Second Schedule and any reference to that locality shall be by the name so designated.

Swieqi
Swieqi (Maltese: Is-Swieqi) is a town in the Eastern Region of Malta. It is a residential area just 15 minutes by bus from Sliema and within walking distance of Malta's nightlife and entertainment centres, Paceville and St. Julian's. As the town developed, residential estates took over farmland. The town's name means "water channels", a reminder of the region's past.

It has an estimated population of 14,452 as of 1 January 2019.
Chōja Yashiki Kanga ruins
Chōja Yashiki Kanga ruins (長者屋敷官衙遺跡, Chōja yashiki kanga iseki)  is an archaeological site with the ruins of a Heian period government administrative complex located in what is now the Nagazoe neighborhood of the city of Nakatsu, Ōita Prefecture, on the island of Kyushu, Japan. The ruins were designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 2010 with the area under protection expanded in 2017.

Nakatsu, Ōita
Nakatsu (中津市, Nakatsu-shi) is a city on the northern border of Ōita Prefecture in Kyushu, Japan. As of 31 October 2023, the city had an estimated population of 82,301 in 41222 households, and a population density of 96 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 491.53 km2 (189.78 sq mi).
Bandama Caldera
The Bandama Natural Monument is part of the Tafira Protected Landscape on the island of Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands, Spain. It is considered a point of geological interest, because of the Caldera de Bandama. This volcanic crater, which is geologically a maar rather than a caldera, reaches 569 m (1,867 ft) above sea level at the highest point on its rim, Pico de Bandama, and is about 1,000 m (3,300 ft) wide and 200 m (700 ft) deep. The crater was developed during the last heavy eruptions 2000 years ago. It is recorded as the most recent volcanic activity on Gran Canaria.

The bottom of the caldera contains volcanic ash of different colors, and some botanic species of Canary Islands origin. Inside the caldera can be found an endemic bush, Dama de Bandama (Parolinia glabriuscula), that grows nowhere else.

The Caldera de Bandama is located at the meeting point of three municipalities: Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Santa Brígida and Telde.

Maar
A maar is a broad, low-relief volcanic crater caused by a phreatomagmatic eruption (an explosion which occurs when groundwater comes into contact with hot lava or magma). A maar characteristically fills with water to form a relatively shallow crater lake, which may also be called a maar.

Maars generally range in size from 20 to 3,000 m (66 to 9,800 ft) across and from 5 to 200 m (20 to 700 ft) deep. Most maars fill with water to form natural lakes. Most maars have low rims composed of a mixture of loose fragments of volcanic rocks and rocks torn from the walls of the diatreme.
Makoni North
Makoni North is a constituency represented in the National Assembly of the Parliament of Zimbabwe, located in Makoni District in Manicaland Province. Its current MP since the 2023 general election is Joseph Muwombi of ZANU–PF.

Makoni District
Makoni District is a district in Manicaland Province of northeastern Zimbabwe.

The district's main town, Rusape, with an estimated population of 37,906 in 2022, is located approximately 170 kilometres (110 mi), by road, southeast of Harare, the capital and largest city of Zimbabwe .
Background of the Rafah offensive
Before the Rafah offensive, Israel conducted airstrikes and threatened to invade the city as part of its invasion of the Gaza Strip during the Gaza war which began with the Hamas-led attack on Israel on 7 October 2023. Intentions to invade were declared in February, meeting backlash from the international community because of the estimated 1.4 million refugees sheltering in the city.

Khan Yunis
31°20′40″N 34°18′11″E﻿ / ﻿31.34444°N 34.30306°E﻿ / 31.34444; 34.30306

Khan Yunis (Arabic: خان يونس, lit. 'khan (caravanserai) [of] Yunis'), also spelled Khan Younis or Khan Yunus, is a city in the southern Gaza Strip, Palestine, and serves as the capital of the Khan Yunis Governorate. It has been largely destroyed during the Gaza war.

Before the 14th century, Khan Yunis was a village known as "Salqah". A vast caravanserai, today known as Barquq Castle, was constructed there by the emir Yunis al-Nawruzi in 1387–88, an official of the Mamluk Empire to protect caravans, pilgrims, and travellers.

According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Khan Yunis had a population of 205,125 in 2017. Khan Yunis, which lies only four kilometres (2+1⁄2 miles) east of the Mediterranean Sea, has a semi-arid climate with temperature of 30 °C maximum in summer and 10 °C minimum in winter, with an annual rainfall of approximately 260 mm (10.2 in).
Phanogomphus minutus
Phanogomphus minutus, the cypress clubtail, is a species of clubtail dragonfly in the family Gomphidae. It is found in North America.

Phanogomphus was formerly considered to be a subgenus of Gomphus, but phylogenetic studies have resulted in its promotion to genus rank.

Gomphus (dragonfly)
Gomphus is a genus of clubtail dragonflies in the family Gomphidae.

As a result of phylogenetic studies, Gomphus subgenera Gomphurus, Hylogomphus, Phanogomphus, and Stenogomphurus were elevated in rank to genus in 2017. With the removal of their member species, Gomphus ended up with 11 of its previous 54 species, none of which are found in the Western Hemisphere.
Meichang
Meichang Town (simplified Chinese: 梅厂镇; traditional Chinese: 梅廠鎮; pinyin: Méichǎng Zhèn) is a town situated on the south side of Wuqing District, Tianjin, China. It borders Xuguantun Subdistrict and Caozili Town in the north, Shangmatai Town in the east, Dazhangzhuang Town in the south, as well as Xiazhuzhuang and Yangcun Subdistricts in the west. It has 35,033 inhabitants under its administration as of 2010.

Its name Meichang (Chinese: 梅厂; lit. 'Mei's Shack') came into existence during the Song dynasty, when a family with the surname Mei first settled in the region.

Dazhangzhuang, Tianjin
Dazhangzhuang Town (simplified Chinese: 大张庄镇; traditional Chinese: 大張莊鎮; pinyin: Dàzhāngzhuāng Zhèn) is a town situated inside of Beichen District, Tianjin, China. It shares a border with Meichang and Shangmatai Towns in its north, Xiditou Town in its east, Xiaodian Town in its south, as well as Shuangjie Town and Xiazhuzhuang Subdistrict in its west. It is home to 29,900 inhabitants in 2010.

The town got its name Dazhangzhuang (Chinese: 大张庄; lit. 'Great Zhang's Villa') from Dazhangzhuang village, the current administrative center of the town. The village can trace the origin of its name to its foundation during the Qing Dynasty, when the richest family in the settlement was the Zhang family.
Affordable Housing and Groceries Act
The Affordable Housing and Groceries Act, Bill C-56 (French: Loi sur le logement et l’épicerie à prix abordable) is a proposed legislation tabled in the House of Commons of Canada on 21 September 2023.
The legislation has two parts.  The first will temporarily remove the goods and services tax (GST) on new residential rental developments.
The second part consists of three competition-related changes.

Bill C-56's amendments will expand the role of the Minister of Industry, which is expected to politicize the competition policy enforcement process.
Critics of the bill note that competition policy is unlikely to be helpful in reducing price inflation in the grocery sector, as studies indicate it is a low-margin industry that has been hit by recent adverse macroeconomic shocks.  
The Business Council of Canada says there has been inadequate consultation to consider the proposed amendments' possibly wide-ranging consequences.

Competition Act
The Competition Act (French: Loi sur la concurrence) is a Canadian federal law governing competition in Canada. The Act contains both criminal and civil provisions aimed at preventing anti-competitive practices in the marketplace.

Along with the Competition Tribunal Act, the Competition Act forms the statutory basis of current federal competition policy in Canada.

The Act is enforced and administered by the Competition Bureau, and cases are adjudicated by the Competition Tribunal.
Young Pioneers of America
The Young Pioneers of America or Young Pioneers League of America was a children's organization affiliated with the Communist Party USA, under its various names, from 1922 to 1934. It began as the Junior Section of the Young Workers League of America, and was reorganized as the YPA in 1925, when the YWL became the Young Workers (Communist) League. The organization was disbanded in 1934, with its activities taken over by the Junior Section of the International Workers Order, a CPUSA mass organization.

Young Communist League USA
The Young Communist League USA (YCLUSA) is a communist youth organization in the United States and the youth wing of the Communist Party USA. The stated aim of the League is the development of its members into Communists, through studying socialism and through active participation in the struggles of the American working class. Although the name of the group changed a number of times during its existence, its origins trace back to 1920, shortly after the establishment of the first communist parties in the United States.

On November 14, 2015, the CPUSA's National Committee voted to suspend funding to the Young Communist League and the organization was subsequently dissolved.

In 2019, at the 31st party convention, the organization was re-established.
The Blue Flower
The Blue Flower is the final novel by the British author Penelope Fitzgerald, published in 1995. It is a fictional treatment of the early life and troubled relationships of Friedrich von Hardenberg who, under the pseudonym Novalis, became a foundational figure of German Romanticism.

First published in hardback by Flamingo, the novel became the first paperback title offered by Mariner Books, then a new imprint of Houghton Mifflin. Mariner Books went on to publish paperback editions of all of Penelope Fitzgerald's books. In 2012, The Observer named The Blue Flower one of "the ten best historical novels".

Hermione Lee
Dame Hermione Lee (born 29 February 1948) is a British biographer, literary critic and academic. She is a former President of Wolfson College, Oxford, and a former Goldsmiths' Professor of English Literature in the University of Oxford and Professorial Fellow of New College. She is a Fellow of the British Academy and of the Royal Society of Literature.
Agricultural biodiversity
Agricultural biodiversity or agrobiodiversity is a subset of general biodiversity pertaining to agriculture. It can be defined as "the variety and variability of animals, plants and micro-organisms at the genetic, species and ecosystem levels that sustain the ecosystem structures, functions and processes in and around production systems, and that provide food and non-food agricultural products." It is managed by farmers, pastoralists, fishers and forest dwellers, agrobiodiversity provides stability, adaptability and resilience and constitutes a key element of the livelihood strategies of rural communities throughout the world. Agrobiodiversity is central to sustainable food systems and sustainable diets. The use of agricultural biodiversity can contribute to food security, nutrition security, and livelihood security, and it is critical for climate adaptation and climate mitigation.

Vavilov center
A Vavilov centre or centre of origin is a geographical area where a group of organisms, either domesticated or wild, first developed its distinctive properties. Centers of origin were first identified in 1924 by Nikolai Vavilov. Vavilov posited that the center of origin for a species or genus is the same as its center of diversity, the geographic area where it has the highest genetic diversity, but this equivalence has been disputed by later scholars.
Fesoterodine
Fesoterodine (INN, used as the fumarate under the brand name Toviaz) is an antimuscarinic drug developed by Schwarz Pharma AG to treat overactive bladder syndrome (OAB). It was approved by the European Medicines Agency in April 2007, the US Food and Drug Administration on October 31, 2008  and Health Canada on February 9, 2012.

Fesoterodine is a prodrug. It is broken down into its active metabolite, desfesoterodine, by plasma esterases.

Prodrug
A prodrug is a pharmacologically inactive medication or compound that, after intake, is metabolized (i.e., converted within the body) into a pharmacologically active drug. Instead of administering a drug directly, a corresponding prodrug can be used to improve how the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME).

Prodrugs are often designed to improve bioavailability when a drug itself is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. A prodrug may be used to improve how selectively the drug interacts with cells or processes that are not its intended target.  This reduces adverse or unintended effects of a drug, especially important in treatments like chemotherapy, which can have severe unintended and undesirable side effects.