hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Adaptor hypothesis
The adaptor hypothesis is a theoretical scheme in molecular biology to explain how information encoded in the nucleic acid sequences of messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the amino acids that make up proteins during the process of translation. It was formulated by Francis Crick in 1955 in an informal publication of the RNA Tie Club, and later elaborated in 1957 along with the central dogma of molecular biology and the sequence hypothesis. It was formally published as an article "On protein synthesis" in 1958. The name "adaptor hypothesis" was given by Sydney Brenner.

Crick postulated that there must exist a small molecule to precisely recognise and bind the mRNA sequences while amino acids are being synthesised. The hypothetical adaptor molecule was later established to be a hitherto unknown nucleic acid, transfer RNA (tRNA).

Ribosome
A ribosome (/ˈraɪbəzoʊm, -soʊm/) is a ribonucleoprotein particle found in all cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, responsible for the synthesis of proteins. A ribosome functions as a molecular machine in the translation of strands of messenger RNA (mRNA) and production of a protein. A ribosome links amino acids together in the order specified by the codons of mRNA molecules to form polypeptide chains. A ribosome is made up of a large and a small subunit, each consisting of one or more ribosomal RNA molecules and many ribosomal proteins. The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus.

Ribosome biogenesis is the process of making ribosomes. This is an energy-consuming, dynamic process, requiring the synthesis of around 200 proteins in the processing of ribosomal RNAs and assembling them with ribosomal proteins to make the ribosomes subunits.
Glasgow Clinical Trials Unit
The Glasgow Clinical Trials Unit (CTU) is a collaborative research establishment in Glasgow, Scotland. It comprises the Glasgow Clinical Research Facility, the Robertson Centre for Biostatistics and Greater Glasgow and Clyde NHS R&D division.

NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde
NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde is an NHS board in West Central Scotland, created from the amalgamation of NHS Greater Glasgow and part of NHS Argyll and Clyde on 1 April 2006.

It is the largest health board in both Scotland, and the UK, which consists of the council areas of Glasgow City, East Dunbartonshire, East Renfrewshire, Inverclyde, Renfrewshire and West Dunbartonshire.
Dinsho
Dinsho (also called Gurie) is a village in south-central Ethiopia. Located in the Bale Zone of the Oromia Region in the heart of the Bale Mountains, this village has a latitude and longitude of 7°05′N 39°45′E﻿ / ﻿7.083°N 39.750°E﻿ / 7.083; 39.750 and an elevation of 3,207 meters. It is the administrative center of Dinsho woreda.

Bale Zone
Bale Zone (Oromo: Godina Baalee) is a zone in Oromia Region of Ethiopia. 
Bale is bordered on the south by the Ganale Dorya River which separates it from Guji Zone, on the west by the Shashamane, on the north by Arsi Zone, on the northeast by the Shebelle River which separates it from West Hararghe Zone and East Hararghe Zone, and on the east by the Somali Region.
Pieter Jelles Troelstra
Pieter Jelles Troelstra (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈpitər ˈjɛləs ˈtrulstraː]; 20 April 1860 – 12 May 1930) was a Dutch lawyer, journalist and politician active in the socialist workers' movement. He is most remembered for his fight for universal suffrage and his failed call for revolution at the end of World War I.

West Frisian language
West Frisian (Westerlauwersk Frysk; Dutch: Westerlauwers Fries), or simply Frisian (Frysk [frisk]; Dutch: Fries [fris]), is a West Germanic language spoken mostly in the province of Friesland (Fryslân) in the north of the Netherlands, mostly by those of Frisian ancestry. It is the most widely spoken of the Frisian languages.

In the study of the evolution of English, West Frisian is notable as being the most closely related foreign tongue to the various dialects of Old English spoken across the Heptarchy, these being part of the Anglo-Frisian branch of the West Germanic family.
Bus Verts du Calvados
Bus Verts du Calvados is a network of interurban buses in the département of Calvados, France. The network is operated on behalf of the Conseil Général du Calvados by Keolis Calvados, a subsidiary of the French Keolis transport group.

Keolis Calvados is the old Courriers Normands company which operated buses in and around Caen after the closure of the Tramways Electriques de Caen in 1935.

Common lines of interest for tourists to the area include the #BV01, running from Caen Gare SNCF to Ouistreham, the #30 connecting Caen to Bayeux, and the #70, which is the most convenient public route to Omaha Beach and Point du Hoc. Tourists are advised to check the schedules closely, as the buses run very infrequently, necessitating careful planning.

Calvados (department)
Calvados (UK: /ˈkælvədɒs/, US: /-doʊs, ˌkælvəˈdoʊs, ˌkɑːlvəˈ-/; French: [kalvados] ⓘ) is a department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. It takes its name from a cluster of rocks off the Normandy coast. In 2019, it had a population of 694,905.
Fertility clinic
Fertility clinics are medical clinics that assist couples, and sometimes individuals, who want to become parents but for medical reasons have been unable to achieve this goal via the natural course. Clinics apply a number of diagnosis tests and sometimes very advanced medical treatments to achieve conceptions and pregnancies.

Egg donation
Egg donation (also referred to as "oocyte donation") is the process by which a woman donates eggs to enable another woman to conceive as part of an assisted reproduction treatment or for biomedical research. For assisted reproduction purposes, egg donation typically involves in vitro fertilization technology, with the eggs being fertilized in the laboratory; more rarely, unfertilized eggs may be frozen and stored for later use. Egg donation is a third-party reproduction as part of assisted reproductive technology.

In the United States, the American Society for Reproductive Medicine has issued guidelines for these procedures, and the Food and Drug Administration has a number of guidelines as well. There are boards in countries outside of the US which have the same regulations. However, egg donation agencies in the U.S. can choose whether to abide by the society's regulations or not.
Iain M. Duguid
Iain M. Duguid is a British Reformed theologian, Old Testament scholar, and ordained teaching elder in the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church. Since 2014 he has served as Professor of Old Testament at Westminster Theological Seminary, Philadelphia.

Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church
The Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church (ARPC) is a theologically conservative denomination in North America. The ARPC was formed by the merger of the Associate Presbytery (seceder) with the Reformed Presbytery (covenanter) in 1782. It is one of the oldest conservative denominations in the United States.
PDE-constrained optimization
PDE-constrained optimization is a subset of mathematical optimization where at least one of the constraints may be expressed as a partial differential equation. Typical domains where these problems arise include aerodynamics, computational fluid dynamics, image segmentation, and inverse problems. A standard formulation of PDE-constrained optimization encountered in a number of disciplines is given by:where  is the control variable and  is the squared Euclidean norm and is not a norm itself. Closed-form solutions are generally unavailable for PDE-constrained optimization problems, necessitating the development of numerical methods.

Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.

In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics.
Musannaf
Musannaf hadīth collections are defined by their arrangement of content according to topic and constitute a major category within the class of all such works.  Etymologically, musannaf is the passive particle of the Arabic verb sannafa, meaning to arrange by chapter, and so has the literal meaning of something that is sectionally arranged.  Though the designation can thus apply to any text so ordered, and indeed has been used with respect to such distinct genres as fiqh (i.e. Islamic jurisprudence), in practice it is most typically applied to compilations of ahadīth.

Numerous hadīth collections are of the musannaf variety, including the Six Books (i.e. the six canonical collections of hadith in Sunni Islam).  A less typical format is the musnad compilation, where content is arranged according to the original transmitter of the report, typically a companion of Muhammad.

Hadith terminology
Hadith terminology (Arabic: مصطلح الحديث, romanized: muṣṭalaḥu l-ḥadīth) is the body of terminology in Islam which specifies the acceptability of the sayings (hadith) attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad by other early Islamic figures of significance such as the companions and followers/successors. Individual terms distinguish between those hadith considered rightfully attributed to their source or detail the faults of those of dubious provenance. Formally, it has been defined by Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani as: "knowledge of the principles by which the condition of the narrator and the narrated are determined." This page comprises the primary terminology used within hadith sciences.
Gmina Osjaków
Gmina Osjaków is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Wieluń County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Osjaków, which lies approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) north-east of Wieluń and 73 km (45 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

The gmina covers an area of 100.74 square kilometres (38.9 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,780.

Wieluń County
Wieluń County (Polish: powiat wieluński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on 1 January 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Wieluń, which lies 88 kilometres (55 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

The county covers an area of 927.69 square kilometres (358.2 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 78,260, out of which the population of Wieluń is 24,347 and the rural population is 53,913.
Penrose–Lucas argument
The Penrose–Lucas argument is a logical argument partially based on Kurt Gödel's first incompleteness theorem. In 1931, Gödel proved that every effectively generated theory capable of proving basic arithmetic either fails to be consistent or fails to be complete. John Lucas and Roger Penrose postulate that this incompleteness does not apply to humans, and conclude that humans can have mathematical insights that Turing machines can't. Penrose and Stuart Hameroff proposed a quantum explanation, and used it to provide the basis of their theory of consciousness: orchestrated objective reduction. The argument is rejected by most scholars.

Stuart J. Russell
Stuart Jonathan Russell OBE FRS (born 1962) is a British computer scientist known for his contributions to artificial intelligence (AI). He is a professor of computer science at the University of California, Berkeley and was from 2008 to 2011 an adjunct professor of neurological surgery at the University of California, San Francisco. He holds the Smith-Zadeh Chair in Engineering at University of California, Berkeley. He founded and leads the Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence (CHAI) at UC Berkeley and the International Association for Safe and Ethical Artificial Intelligence (IASEAI). Russell is the co-author with Peter Norvig of the authoritative textbook of the field of AI: Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach used in more than 1,500 universities in 135 countries.
Herrmannsacker
Herrmannsacker (German pronunciation: [ˈhɛʁmansˌʔakɐ]) is a village and a former municipality in the district of Nordhausen, in Thuringia, Germany. Since July 2018, it is part of the municipality Harztor.

Nordhausen (district)
Nordhausen is a Kreis (district) in the north of Thuringia, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise): Harz and Mansfeld-Südharz in Saxony-Anhalt; Kyffhäuserkreis and Eichsfeld in Thuringia; and Göttingen and Goslar in Lower Saxony.
Wyoming Highway 253
Wyoming Highway 253 (WYO 253), Hat Six Road, is a 10.90-mile (17.54 km) state highway in eastern Natrona County, Wyoming, United States, that connects Natrona County Road 606 (CR 606), southeast of Casper, with U.S. Route 20 / U.S. Route 26 / U.S. Route 87 (US 20 / US 26 / US 87) and Wyoming Highway 256 (WYO 256) in Evansville.

U.S. Route 87 in Wyoming
U.S. Route 87 (US 87) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that travels Port Lavaca, Texas, north to Havre, Montana. In the state of Wyoming, it extends approximately 364 miles (586 km) from the Colorado state line south of Cheyenne to the Montana state line northwest of Ranchester. The majority of US 87 is concurrent with Interstate 25 and Interstate 90.
2018 Thindown Challenger Biella
The 2018 Thindown Challenger Biella was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It was part of the 2018 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Biella, Italy between 17 and 23 September 2018.

2018 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour, in 2018, was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2018 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 159 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $50,000 up to $150,000. It was the 41st edition of challenger tournaments cycle, and 10th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Nithsdale Amateur Rowing Club
Nithsdale Amateur Rowing Club (stylised as Nithsdale ARC) is a rowing club on the River Nith, based at Nith Avenue, Dumfries, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. The club was founded in 1865 and continues to be active to the present day. The club is affiliated to Scottish Rowing.

The club hosts an annual Regatta in June and enjoys close ties with other amateur Rowing organisations such as: Strathclyde Park Rowing Club, Stirling Rowing Club and the now defunct Crichton University campus boat club.

Strathclyde Park Rowing Club
Strathclyde Park Rowing Club (SPRC) is a rowing club which was founded in 2000 by Iain Somerside, Karen & Peter Barton and Tom Hewitt.  It is the only 'open' club based at the international rowing course at Strathclyde Country Park, Motherwell, North Lanarkshire.

Development of the club has been greatly assisted by the Scottish Rowing Centre (SRC).

SPRC is affiliated to Scottish Rowing, the Scottish Governing Body of the sport, Hamilton Sports Council and Motherwell District Sports Council.
1939 college football rankings
Various selection methods comprised 1939 college football rankings, including the AP Poll. Unlike most sports, college football's governing body, the NCAA, did not itself bestow a national championship.

Williamson System
The Williamson System was a mathematical system used to rank college football teams. The system was created by Paul B. Williamson, a geologist and member of the Sugar Bowl committee.

The NCAA college football records book includes the Williamson System as a "major selector" of national championships for the years 1932-1963.

Paul Williamson died in 1955. His son Mitch Williamson subsequently took up his father's syndicated column for the 1955–1963 seasons.
Medeshamstede
Medeshamstede (/miːdsˈhæmstɛd/) was the name of Peterborough in the Anglo-Saxon period. It was the site of a monastery founded around the middle of the 7th century, which was an important feature in the kingdom of Mercia from the outset. Little is known of its founder and first abbot, Sexwulf, though he was himself an important figure, and later became bishop of Mercia. Medeshamstede soon acquired a string of daughter churches, and was a centre for an Anglo-Saxon sculptural style.

Nothing is known of Medeshamstede's history from the later 9th century, when it is reported in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle of 864 to have been destroyed by Vikings and the Abbot and Monks murdered by them, until the later 10th century, when it was restored as a Benedictine abbey by Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester, during a period of monastic reform. Through aspects of this restoration, Medeshamstede soon came to be known as "Peterborough Abbey".

Guthlac of Crowland
Saint Guthlac of Crowland (Old English: Gūðlāc; Latin: Guthlacus; 674‍–‍714 AD) was a Christian hermit and saint from Lincolnshire in England. He is particularly venerated in the Fens of eastern England.
Present
The present is the period of time that is occurring right now. The present is in contrast to the past, the period of time that has already occurred; and the future, the period of time that has yet to occur.

It is sometimes represented as a hyperplane in space-time, typically called "now", although modern physics demonstrates that such a hyperplane cannot be defined uniquely for observers in relative motion. The present may also be viewed as a duration.

Arrow of time
The arrow of time, also called time's arrow, is the concept positing the "one-way direction" or "asymmetry" of time. It was developed in 1927 by the British astrophysicist Arthur Eddington, and is an unsolved general physics question. This direction, according to Eddington, could be determined by studying the organization of atoms, molecules, and bodies, and might be drawn upon a four-dimensional relativistic map of the world ("a solid block of paper").

The arrow of time paradox was originally recognized in the 1800s for gases (and other substances) as a discrepancy between microscopic and macroscopic description of thermodynamics / statistical physics. At the microscopic level physical processes are believed to be either entirely or mostly time-symmetric: if the direction of time were to reverse, the theoretical statements that describe them would remain true. Yet at the macroscopic level it often appears that this is not the case: there is an obvious direction (or flow) of time.
Pitlochry Station Bookshop
Pitlochry Station Bookshop is located at Pitlochry railway station, a Grade A listed station in Pitlochry, Perth and Kinross, Scotland. The station was first opened in 1863 at the same time as the railway line from Perth to Inverness. It won the ‘Station of the Year (Medium)’ award in 2019 at the National Rail Awards in London.

Pitlochry railway station
Pitlochry railway station is a railway station serving the town of Pitlochry in Perth and Kinross, Scotland. It is managed by ScotRail and is located on the Highland main line, 28 miles 21 chains (45.5 km) from Perth, between Dunkeld & Birnam and Blair Atholl.
Bent metallocene
In organometallic chemistry, bent metallocenes are a subset of metallocenes. In bent metallocenes, the ring systems coordinated to the metal are not parallel, but are tilted at an angle.  A common example of a bent metallocene is Cp2TiCl2.  Several reagents and much research is based on bent metallocenes.

Schwartz's reagent
Schwartz's reagent is the common name for the organozirconium compound with the formula (C5H5)2ZrHCl, sometimes called zirconocene hydrochloride or zirconocene chloride hydride, and is named after Jeffrey Schwartz, a chemistry professor at Princeton University. This metallocene is used in organic synthesis for various transformations of alkenes and alkynes.
Françoise Dürr
Françoise Dürr (born 25 December 1942; sometimes referred to by English writers as Frankie Durr) is a retired French tennis player. She won 50 singles titles and over 60 doubles titles.

Durr played with an unorthodox backhand, which she played with an Eastern forehand grip and her index finger extended up the handle. She is also noted for having an unorthodox serve that "might not have registered on a radar gun" according to her official Tennis Hall of Fame biography.

According to Lance Tingay, Bud Collins, and the Women's Tennis Association, Dürr was ranked in the world top ten from 1965 through 1967, from 1970 through 1972, and from 1974 through 1976, reaching a career high of world No. 3 in those rankings in 1967. She finished second to Billie Jean King in prize money earnings in 1971.

Dürr reached a total of 27 Grand Slam finals – one in singles, 18 in women's doubles, and eight in mixed doubles. She won twelve of them.

Lance Tingay
Lance Tingay (15 July 1915 – 10 March 1990) was a British sports journalist, historian, and author of several tennis books. For many years his annual ranking of top tennis players was "the only one that counted" before ATP rankings were introduced in 1973.
Martha Clarke
Martha Clarke (born June 3, 1944) is an American theater director and choreographer noted for her multidisciplinary approach to theatre, dance, and opera productions. Her best-known original work is The Garden of Earthly Delights (1984, re-imagined 2008), an exploration in theatre, dance, music and flying of the famous painting of the same name by Hieronymus Bosch. The production was honored with a Drama Desk Award for Unique Theatrical Experience, an Obie Award for Richard Peaslee's original score, and a Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award for choreography.

In 1990, Clarke received a MacArthur Award, better known as the Genius Grant.

Signature Theatre Company
Signature Theatre Company is a nonprofit Off Broadway theatre company located on West 42nd Street in New York City. It was founded in 1991 by James Houghton and is now led by Artistic Director Emily Shooltz. Signature is known for their season-long focus on one artist's work. It has been located in the Pershing Square Signature Center since 2012.
Black Hill (Herefordshire)
The Black Hill (also known as Crib y Garth) is a hill (elevation 2100 feet or 640m) in the Black Mountains in Herefordshire, England at grid reference SO275348.  It rises just west of the village of Craswall, near the border with Wales. The southern part of the ridge leading to the summit is a rocky knife-edge giving excellent views to either side. The northern part crosses a peat bog on gently sloping land at the edge of the east facing escarpment. The lower part is very similar to the main ridge of the Skirrid mountain near Abergavenny, owing to their similar underlying geology. 
The Black Hill is known locally as the 'Cat's Back,' as viewed from Herefordshire it looks like a crouching cat about to pounce.

Black Mountains, United Kingdom
The Black Mountains (Welsh: Y Mynydd Du or Y Mynyddoedd Duon) is a group of hills on the England–Wales border. The larger Welsh part is located in south-east Powys and north-west Monmouthshire, and the smaller English part in western Herefordshire. The range lies approximately within a triangle defined by Abergavenny in the south-east, Hay-on-Wye in the north, and Llangors in the west; Talgarth and Crickhowell are also nearby.

The Welsh part of the Black Mountains is the easternmost of the four ranges of hills that comprise the Brecon Beacons National Park; it should not be confused with the westernmost, the similarly-named Black Mountain. The Black Mountains contain a peak called the Black Mountain, which is the highest point in southern England. The Gospel Pass road is the highest public road in Wales.