hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Empty type
In type theory, an empty type or absurd type, typically denoted  is a type with no terms. Such a type may be defined as the nullary coproduct (i.e. disjoint sum of no types). It may also be defined as the polymorphic type

For any type , the type  is defined as . As the notation suggests, by the Curry–Howard correspondence, a term of type  is a false proposition, and a term of type  is a disproof of proposition P.

A type theory need not contain an empty type. Where it exists, an empty type is not generally unique. For instance,  is also uninhabited for any inhabited type .

If a type system contains an empty type, the bottom type must be uninhabited too, so no distinction is drawn between them and both are denoted .

Curry–Howard correspondence
In programming language theory and proof theory, the Curry–Howard correspondence is a direct relationship between computer programs and mathematical proofs. It is also known as the Curry–Howard isomorphism or equivalence, or the proofs-as-programs and propositions- or formulae-as-types interpretation.

It is a generalization of a syntactic analogy between systems of formal logic and computational calculi that was first discovered by the American mathematician Haskell Curry and the logician William Alvin Howard. It is the link between logic and computation that is usually attributed to Curry and Howard, although the idea is related to the operational interpretation of intuitionistic logic given in various formulations by L. E. J. Brouwer, Arend Heyting and Andrey Kolmogorov (see Brouwer–Heyting–Kolmogorov interpretation) and Stephen Kleene (see Realizability). The relationship has been extended to include category theory as the three-way Curry–Howard–Lambek correspondence.
2015 Conference USA softball tournament
The 2015 Conference USA (C-USA) softball tournament was held at Felsberg Field at FIU Softball Field in Miami, Florida, from May 7 through May 9, 2015. The tournament winner will earn the Conference USA automatic bid to the 2015 NCAA Division I softball tournament. All games will be televised. The quarterfinals and semifinals will be shown on the C-USA Digital Network while the championship will be broadcast on CBS Sports Network. Ben Holden and Tammy Blackburn will call the championship.

2015 NCAA Division I softball tournament
The 2015 NCAA Division I softball tournament was held from May 14 through June 3, 2015 as the final part of the 2015 NCAA Division I softball season. The 64 NCAA Division I college softball teams were selected out of an eligible 293 teams on May 10, 2015. Thirty-two teams were awarded an automatic bid as champions of their conference, and thirty-two teams were selected at-large by the NCAA Division I softball selection committee. The tournament culminated with eight teams playing in the 2015 Women's College World Series at ASA Hall of Fame Stadium in Oklahoma City.
International Ideographs Core
International Ideographs Core (IICore) is a subset of up to ten thousand CJK Unified Ideographs characters,  which can be implemented on devices with limited memories and capability that make it not feasible to implement the full ISO 10646/Unicode standard.

CJK Unified Ideographs
The Chinese, Japanese and Korean (also known as CJK) scripts share a common background, collectively known as CJK characters. During the process called Han unification, the common (shared) characters were identified and named CJK Unified Ideographs. As of Unicode 17.0, Unicode defines a total of 101,996 characters.

The term ideographs is a misnomer, as the Chinese script is not ideographic but rather logographic, but was chosen for being more common in English.

Until the early 20th century, Vietnam also used Chinese characters (Chữ Nôm), so sometimes the abbreviation CJKV is used.
Terror in Rome
Terror in Rome (Italian: I violenti di Roma bene), also known as Violence for Kicks, is a 1976 Italian "poliziottesco" film.  written and directed  by Sergio Grieco and Massimo Felisatti, credited as Segri & Ferrara. It is loosely inspired by the Circeo massacre, in which three young men abducted, and then raped and tortured, two young women over a two-day period.

Poliziotteschi
Poliziotteschi (Italian: [polittsjotˈteski]; sg.: poliziottesco) constitute a subgenre of crime and action films that emerged in Italy in the late 1960s and reached the height of their popularity in the 1970s. They are also known as polizieschi all'italiana,  Italo-crime, spaghetti crime films, or simply Italian crime films. Influenced primarily by both 1970s French crime films and gritty 1960s and 1970s American cop films and vigilante films (among other influences), poliziotteschi films were made amidst an atmosphere of socio-political turmoil in Italy known as Years of Lead and amidst increasing Italian crime rates. The films generally featured graphic and brutal violence, organized crime, car chases, vigilantism, heists, gunfights, and corruption up to the highest levels. The protagonists were generally tough working class loners, willing to act outside a corrupt or overly bureaucratic system.
Reparameterization trick
The reparameterization trick (aka "reparameterization gradient estimator") is a technique used in statistical machine learning, particularly in variational inference, variational autoencoders, and stochastic optimization. It allows for the efficient computation of gradients through random variables, enabling the optimization of parametric probability models using stochastic gradient descent, and the variance reduction of estimators.

It was developed in the 1980s in operations research, under the name of "pathwise gradients", or "stochastic gradients". Its use in variational inference was proposed in 2013.

Statistical learning theory
Statistical learning theory is a framework for machine learning drawing from the fields of statistics and functional analysis. Statistical learning theory deals with the statistical inference problem of finding a predictive function based on data. Statistical learning theory has led to successful applications in fields such as computer vision, speech recognition, and bioinformatics.
2018 Rugby League European Championship B
The 2018 Rugby League European Championship B (also known as Euro B) was ninth edition of the Rugby League European Championship B and acted as the second phase of European qualifying to the 2021 Rugby League World Cup. The series involved three teams in pool play and took place in October 2018. The two highest ranked teams, Russia and Spain, advanced to the European play-off.  In August 2019, Russia withdrew from the play-off tournament and were replaced by Serbia.

Rugby League European Championship B
The European Championship B (formerly the European Shield), is a rugby league football competition. The competition is organised by the European Rugby League and is the second tier of the European Championship competition. It was first held in 2006 as the Central Europe Development Tri-Nations.
Bibliography of the Holocaust
This is a selected bibliography and other resources for The Holocaust, including prominent primary sources, historical studies, notable survivor accounts and autobiographies, as well as other documentation that helps to establish the event horizon of the Nazi genocide.

The Holocaust literature is extensive: The Bibliography on Holocaust Literature (edited by Abraham Edelheit and Hershel Edelheit) in its 1993 update listed around 20,000 items, including books, journal articles, pamphlets, newspaper stories and dissertations. Documentation by organizations such as Yad Vashem (including précis of individual fates) enters into the millions.

Conversely, in a 1989 publication, Abraham Foxman, the national director of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) from 1987 to 2015, estimated that there were 200 books denying the Holocaust. The number of works devoted to the history of the Holocaust, and to the literature of denialism has grown since that time.

Primo Levi
Primo Michele Levi (Italian: [ˈpriːmo ˈlɛːvi]; 31 July 1919 – 11 April 1987) was a Jewish Italian chemist, partisan, Holocaust survivor and writer. He was the author of several books, collections of short stories, essays, poems and one novel. His best-known works include: If This Is a Man (Se questo è un uomo, 1947, published as Survival in Auschwitz in the United States), his account of the year he spent as a prisoner in the Auschwitz concentration camp in Nazi-occupied Poland; and The Periodic Table (1975), a collection of mostly autobiographical short stories, each named after a chemical element which plays a role in each story, which the Royal Institution named the best science book ever written.

Levi died in 1987 from injuries sustained in a fall from a third-storey apartment landing. His death was officially ruled a suicide, although that has been disputed by some of his friends and associates and attributed to an accident.
1996 SEABA Championship
The 2nd Southeast Asia Basketball Association Championship was held from 24 November to 1 December in Surabaya, Indonesia. Matches were held at the Kertajaya Stadium which has a 5,000 seating capacity. Cambodia participated for the first time at the tournament.

Southeast Asia Basketball Association
The Southeast Asia Basketball Association (SEABA) is a subzone of FIBA Asia consisting of countries from Southeast Asia. The ASEAN Basketball League (ABL), a professional league, is the top level of club competition run by the SEABA.
Shōbōji Kofun
The Shōbōji Kofun (正法寺古墳)  is a Kofun period burial mound, located in the Kira neighborhood of the city of Nishio, Aichi in the Tōkai region of Japan. The tumulus was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1936, with the area under protection extended in 2004.

Kira, Aichi
Kira (吉良町, Kira-chō) was a town located in Hazu District, Aichi Prefecture, Japan.

As of May 1, 2004, the town had an estimated population of 22,280 and a population density of 619.2 persons per km2. Its total area was 35.98 km2.

Kira was a coastal settlement in southern Aichi Prefecture, on Mikawa Bay. The town economy was based on commercial fishing and seasonal tourism. The town was founded in 1906, and expanded in March 1955 by merging with adjacent Yokosuka Village.

On April 1, 2011, Kira, along with the towns of Hazu and Isshiki (all from Hazu District), was merged into the expanded city of Nishio. Hazu District was dissolved as a result of this merger.
Ion Ioanid
Ion Ioanid (28 March 1926 – 12 October 2003) was a Romanian dissident and writer. Ioanid was a political prisoner of the communist-led regime after World War II, who spent 12 years in prison and labor camps. He is best known for taking part in the 1953 Cavnic lead mine labor camp escape and for his book "Give us each day our daily prison" (Închisoarea noastră cea de toate zilele), a reference to the verse from the Christian Lord's Prayer. The book is a comprehensive recollection of his time spent in detention. He is considered a Romanian Solzhenitsyn, as his description of the communist detention regime in Romania is the most detailed one submitted by one of its victims.

Forced labour
Forced labour, or unfree labour, is any work relation, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, or violence, including death or other forms of extreme hardship to either themselves or members of their families.

Unfree labour includes all forms of slavery, penal labour, and the corresponding institutions, such as debt slavery, serfdom, corvée and labour camps.
Nagoya cuisine
Nagoya cuisine (名古屋めし, Nagoya meshi) is a Japanese regional cuisine of the city of Nagoya and surrounding region in Central Japan. Due to differences in culture, historical contact between other regions, climate, vegetables, and other ingredients, Nagoya cuisine has unique features. Although many dishes derived from local tradition, Nagoya cuisine has also been inspired by foreign cuisines such as Taiwanese cuisine and Italian cuisine. Nagoya cuisine is often seasoned with hatchō miso, mame miso, or tamari, a type of soy sauce mainly produced in the Chūbu region. These condiments give strong taste to Nagoya cuisine.

Nagoya kōchin is a traditional ingredient of Nagoya cuisine. Shrimp (especially fried shrimp, "ebi fry") is another specialty. Dishes inspired by foreign food, including various local spaghetti dishes and "Taiwanese" noodles, have become an increasingly significant part of Nagoya cuisine.

Japanese regional cuisine
Japanese cuisine has a vast array of regional specialities known as kyōdo ryōri (郷土料理) in Japanese, many of them originating from dishes prepared using local ingredients and traditional recipes.

While "local" ingredients are now available nationwide, and some originally regional dishes such as okonomiyaki and Edo-style sushi have spread throughout Japan and are no longer considered as such, many regional specialities survive to this day, with some new ones still being created.

Regionality is also apparent in many dishes which are served throughout Japan such as ozōni soup. For example, the dashi-based broth for serving udon noodles is heavy on dark soy sauce, similar to soba broth, in eastern Japan, while in western Japan the broth relies more on the complex dashi-flavouring, with a hint of light soy sauce.
Liep
Liep was first a suburb of and then a quarter of Königsberg, Germany, located east of the city center. Its territory is now part of the Leningradsky District of Kaliningrad, Russia.

Liep was a medieval fishing village which developed into an estate. Ca. 1327 the Teutonic Knights granted the vicinity to the town of Löbenicht. Documented in 1338 as Lipa, in 1340 as Lypus, and in 1446 as Lieppe, its name was of Old Prussian origin (lipa) and referred to linden trees.

Königsberger Zellstoffabrik A.G., a pulp mill, was built in Liep in 1895 and rapidly expanded in 1897, 1904, and 1906. Liep was incorporated into the city of Königsberg in 1927. Liep was neighbored by the Pregel to the south, Sackheim to the west, Kalthof to the northwest, and Lauth to the northeast.

Löbenicht
Löbenicht (Polish: Lipnik; Lithuanian: Lyvenikė) was a quarter of central Königsberg, Prussia. During the Middle Ages it was the weakest of the three towns that composed the city of Königsberg, the others being Altstadt and Kneiphof. Its territory is now part of the Leningradsky District of Kaliningrad, Russia.
2025 British Academy Television Craft Awards
The 26th Annual British Academy Television Craft Awards are scheduled to take place on 27 April 2025 at The Brewery in London, presented by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) to recognize technical achievements in British television of 2024.

The nominees were announced on 27 March 2025 alongside the nominations for the 2025 British Academy Television Awards. The category for Best Children's Craft Team was added, increasing the number of competitive awards to twenty-three. Baby Reindeer and Rivals led the nominations with four each, followed by Storyville, Slow Horses and Mr Bates vs The Post Office, all with three. The most awarded programmes were Baby Reindeer, Slow Horses and Rivals, all with two craft awards each.

Slow Horses
Slow Horses is a British spy thriller television series based on the Slough House series of novels by Mick Herron, created for television by Will Smith. It follows an MI5 unit where disgraced or failed agents are consigned, under the supervision of Jackson Lamb (Gary Oldman). It also stars Jack Lowden, Kristin Scott Thomas, Jonathan Pryce, Saskia Reeves, Rosalind Eleazar, Christopher Chung and Aimee-Ffion Edwards.

The series premiered on Apple TV+ on 1 April 2022 to highly positive reviews. The first five series have adapted the novels Slow Horses, Dead Lions, Real Tigers, Spook Street, and London Rules, respectively. Slow Horses has been renewed for a sixth and seventh series, based on the novels Joe Country and Slough House (series 6) and Bad Actors (series 7).
2005 Kurdistan Region independence referendum
An informal independence referendum for Kurdistan Region was held on 30 January 2005, with final results showing the vast majority of votes, 98.98 per cent, cast in favour of independence. Conducted by the Kurdistan Referendum Movement alongside the Iraqi parliamentary elections and Kurdistan Region elections of 2005, the referendum asked the people of Kurdistan Region whether they favoured remaining a part of Iraq or were in favour of an independent Kurdistan.

Independence referendum
An independence referendum is a type of referendum in which the residents of a territory decide whether the territory should become an independent sovereign state. An independence referendum that results in a vote for independence does not always ultimately result in independence.
TNA Turning Point (2015)
The 2015 Turning Point (also known as Impact Wrestling: Turning Point) was a professional wrestling event produced by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). It took place at the Impact Zone in Orlando, Florida on July 28, 2015. It was the eleventh event under the Turning Point chronology. It was featured as a special edition of TNA's weekly broadcast of Impact Wrestling on Destination America on August 19, 2015.

Five professional wrestling matches were contested at the event. In the main event, Ethan Carter III successfully defended the World Heavyweight Championship against P. J. Black. On the undercard, Drew Galloway defeated Eli Drake in a no disqualification match, Gail Kim defeated The Dollhouse (Marti Bell and Jade) in a 2-on-1 Handicap Six Sides of Steel match and Mr. Anderson defeated Bram in an Open Mic Challenge.

Professional wrestling throws
Professional wrestling throws are the application of professional wrestling techniques that involve lifting the opponent up and throwing or slamming them down. They are sometimes also called "power" maneuvers, as they are meant to emphasize a wrestler's strength. Many of these moves are used as finishers by various wrestlers, who refer to them by several different names that reflect their gimmick. Moves are listed under general categories whenever possible.
Braum
Braum is a surname. It is an Americanized form of the German surname Brahm, as well as an Ashkenazi Jewish surname which may have originated as a variant of Braun. The 2010 United States census found 250 people with the surname Braum, making it the 76,768th-most-common name in the country. This represented a decrease from 279 (66,274th-most-common) in the 2000 Census. In both censuses, roughly nine-tenths of the bearers of the surname identified as White.

People and fictional characters with the name include:

Bill Braum, founder of American restaurant chain Braum's

Bohuslav Braum (born 1956), Czech weightlifter

Daniel M. Braum, 1966 recipient of the American Society of Industrial Engineers' Gilbreth Medal

Eduarda Braum (born 2001), Brazilian beauty pageant titleholder

Braum, the Heart of Freljord, League of Legends character voiced by JB Blanc

Braun
Braun is a surname, originating from the German word for the color brown.

In German, Braun is pronounced [bʁaʊn] – except for the "r", equal to the English word "brown". In English, it is often pronounced like "brawn".

Notable people with the name include:
Metropolitan Borough of St Marylebone
The Metropolitan Borough of St Marylebone was a metropolitan borough of the County of London from 1900 to 1965.  It was based directly on the previously existing civil parish of St Marylebone, Middlesex, which was incorporated into the Metropolitan Board of Works area in 1855, retaining a parish vestry, and then became part of the County of London in 1889.

Its area was that part of the current City of Westminster which is north of Oxford Street, and east of Maida Vale and Edgware Road.  It included the areas Marylebone, Regent's Park, St John's Wood, and Lisson Grove, along with the western part of the district of Fitzrovia.

In 1965 it was abolished and its former area was amalgamated with that of the Metropolitan Borough of Paddington and the Metropolitan Borough of Westminster to form the City of Westminster.

Metropolitan boroughs of the County of London
Metropolitan boroughs were subdivisions of the County of London from 1900 to 1965. The 28 boroughs were created by the London Government Act 1899. In 1965 they were abolished and replaced by larger London boroughs within the new area of Greater London.

The City of London, indicated no. 1 on the map, was not a metropolitan borough. It predated the metropolitan boroughs and is still in existence.
Scutellaria brittonii
Scutellaria brittonii, also known at Britton's skullcap, is a flowering perennial native to Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Nebraska, and Kansas in the United States. It is classified under the genus Scutellaria and is also part of the mint family, Lamiaceae. It grows on dry mountain slopes and in full sun.

Scutellaria
Scutellaria is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. They are known commonly as skullcaps. The generic name is derived from the Latin scutella, meaning "a small dish, tray or platter", or "little dish", referring to the shape of the calyx. The common name alludes to the resemblance of the same structure to "miniature medieval helmets". The genus has a subcosmopolitan distribution, with species occurring nearly worldwide, mainly in temperate regions.
Joel Ssenyonyi
Joel Besekezi Ssenyonyi (born 20 December 1986) is an Ugandan journalist, lawyer and politician. He is the member of parliament for the Nakawa West constituency in Kampala and the leader of opposition in the Ugandan Parliament, a position that was previously held by Mathias Mpuga. He also serves as the Spokesperson of the National Unity Platform.

National Unity Platform
The National Unity Platform (NUP, Swahili: Jukwaa la Umoja wa Kitaifa), formerly the National Unity, Reconciliation and Development Party (NURP), is a political party in Uganda led by Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu (also known as Bobi Wine). The NURP was led by Moses Nkonge Kibalama from December 2004 until July 2020. On 14 July 2020, Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu assumed leadership of the party and was declared the party flag-bearer for the 2021 presidential elections.
Israel national badminton team
The Israel national badminton team (Hebrew: נבחרת ישראל בבדמינטון) represents Israel in international badminton team competitions. The Israel Badminton Association controls the national team and the players' ability to join tournaments.

Israel participated in the 2019 Sudirman Cup and were placed into Group 3B, along with Canada, Germany and Singapore. The team faced the United States in the knockout stage and lost the tie 1-3. The team finished in 20th place. The men's and women's team participated in the European Men's and Women's Team Badminton Championships.

Israel also participates in para-badminton. Its national players Amir Levi and Nina Gorodetzky are world number one in the mixed doubles WH1-WH2 discipline.

Singapore national badminton team
The Singapore national badminton team is a badminton team that represents Singapore in international badminton competitions. The national team is organised by the Singapore Badminton Association (SBA), the top governing body for badminton in the country.