hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Conjunctive grammar
Conjunctive grammars are a class of formal grammars
studied in formal language theory.
They extend the basic type of grammars,
the context-free grammars,
with a conjunction operation.
Besides explicit conjunction,
conjunctive grammars allow implicit disjunction
represented by multiple rules for a single nonterminal symbol,
which is the only logical connective expressible in context-free grammars.
Conjunction can be used, in particular,
to specify intersection of languages.
A further extension of conjunctive grammars
known as Boolean grammars
additionally allows explicit negation.

The rules of a conjunctive grammar are of the form

where  is a nonterminal and
, ..., 
are strings formed of symbols in  and  (finite sets of terminal and nonterminal symbols respectively).
Informally, such a rule asserts that 
every string  over 
that satisfies each of the syntactical conditions represented
by , ..., 
therefore satisfies the condition defined by .

Terminal and nonterminal symbols
In formal languages, terminal and nonterminal symbols are parts of the vocabulary under a formal grammar. Vocabulary is a finite, nonempty set of symbols. Terminal symbols are symbols that cannot be replaced by other symbols of the vocabulary. Nonterminal symbols are symbols that can be replaced by other symbols of the vocabulary by the production rules under the same formal grammar.

A formal grammar defines a formal language over the vocabulary of the grammar.

In the context of formal language, the term vocabulary is more commonly known as alphabet. Nonterminal symbols are also called syntactic variables.
Eastern Counties Rugby Union
The Eastern Counties Rugby Union (ECRU) is the governing body for the sport of rugby union in the counties of Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and Suffolk in England. Clubs in the old Huntingdonshire and the Soke of Peterborough are affiliated to the East Midlands Rugby Football Union. The union is the constituent body of the Rugby Football Union (RFU) for those counties. The ECRU administers and organises rugby union clubs and competitions in those three counties and administers the Eastern Counties county rugby representative teams.

East Midlands Rugby Football Union
The East Midlands Rugby Football Union (EMRFU) is a governing body for rugby union in part of The Midlands, England. The union is the constituent body of the Rugby Football Union for the counties of Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire and the Huntingdonshire and Peterborough districts of Cambridgeshire and administers and organises rugby union clubs and competitions in those areas.  It also administers the East Midlands county rugby representative teams.
Boubacar Alpha Bah
Boubacar Alpha Bah (known as Bill, born March 20, 1941) is a Malian economist and minister.

Bah studied economics in France at the University of Paris and the University of Caen Normandy. After returning to Mali in 1978, he worked in his own businesses and as a consultant for international development cooperation organizations. Bah has served as Mali's representative at the West African Central Bank BCEAO and the World Bank, as Deputy Minister in charge of private sector promotion from 1992 to 1992, as the mayor of Bamako's fifth district from 2009, and as the chairman of Mali's municipal association from 2010.

Bah is a former activist of the Malian Party of Labour and ADEMA. He was appointed as the Minister of Territorial Administration and Decentralization in Boubou Cissé's government in May 2019.

Boubou Cissé
Boubou Cissé (born 1974) is a Malian politician who served as Prime Minister of Mali from 2019 to 2020, before being removed from office as a result of the 2020 Malian coup d'état. Prior to his tenure as prime minister he was Minister of Industry and Mines and Minister of Economy and Finance.
Lionel Cox (priest)
Christianity portal

Lionel Edgar Cox (died 6 December 1945) was an English cleric, Archdeacon of Madras from 1910 to 1922.

Cox was educated at Durham University and  Dorchester Missionary College and was ordained in 1894. After a curacy in Kandy he served at Kalutara, Black Town, Vepery and Bangalore. He was also, from 1907 to 1918, Domestic Chaplain to Henry Whitehead, Bishop of Madras.

From 1922 to 1929, Cox was rector of Lyndon, Rutland.

Dorchester Missionary College
Christianity portal

Dorchester Missionary College, also known as the Dorchester College of St Peter and St Paul for Foreign Missions was a theological college in Dorchester, Oxfordshire. The college was established in 1878 to train Anglican clergy to serve in the Church of England overseas, and by 1903 was an associated theological college of Durham University. It closed in 1944 due to the recommendation by the Archbishops' commission to end missionary colleges.
ISO 3166-2:GM
ISO 3166-2:GM is the entry for the Gambia in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently for the Gambia, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for one city and five divisions. The city Banjul is the capital of the country and has special status equal to the divisions.

Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is GM, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of the Gambia. The second part is a letter. The code for Central River is from its former name, MacCarthy Island.

ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are two-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to represent countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. They are the most widely used of the country codes published by ISO (the others being alpha-3 and numeric), and are used most prominently for the Internet's country code top-level domains (with a few exceptions). They were first included as part of the ISO 3166 standard in its first edition in 1974.
Hirabah
In Islamic law, ḥirabah (Arabic: حرابة) is a legal category that comprises highway robbery (traditionally understood as aggravated robbery or grand larceny, unlike theft, which has a different punishment), rape, and terrorism. Ḥirābah means piracy or unlawful warfare. It comes from the triliteral root ḥrb, which means “to become angry and enraged”. The noun ḥarb (حَرْب, pl. ḥurūb حُروب) means 'war' or 'wars'.

Moharebeh (Persian: محاربه, also spelled muharebeh) is a Persian language term that is treated as interchangeable with ḥirabah in Arabic lexicons. The related term muḥārib  (Arabic: محارب, lit. 'perpetrator of muḥāribah') has been translated by English-language Iranian media as "enemy of God". In English-language media sources, moḥarebeh in Iran has been translated variously as "waging war against God," "war against God and the state," "enmity against God."

It is a capital crime in Saudi Arabia and Iran.

History of the judicial system of Iran
A nationwide judicial system in Iran was first implemented and established by Abdolhossein Teymourtash under Reza Shah, with further changes during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

After the 1979 Iranian Revolution overthrew the Pahlavi dynasty, the system was greatly altered. The legal code is now based on Islamic law or sharia, although many aspects of civil law have been retained, and it is integrated into a civil law legal system. According to the constitution of the Islamic Republic, the judiciary in Iran "is an independent power" with a Ministry of Justice, head of the Supreme Court, and also a separate appointed Head of the Judiciary.
Estonia Billie Jean King Cup team
The Estonia Billie Jean King Cup team represents Estonia in the Billie Jean King Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Estonian Tennis Association.

Estonia has competed in Fed Cup since 1992.

In 2022, Estonia competes in the Europe/Africa Zone Group I.

2010 Fed Cup World Group II
The World Group II was the second highest level of Fed Cup competition in 2010. Winning nations advanced to the World Group I play-offs, and losing nations were demoted to the World Group II play-offs.
François Croteau
François William Croteau (born January 29, 1972) is a former member of the Montreal City Council and the mayor of the Borough of Rosemont–La Petite–Patrie, an office to which he was first elected in 2009.

Croteau was born and raised in Terrebonne, Quebec. Université de Montréal. He also holds a Master of Business Administration from the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM). He was a session lecturer at UQAM, teaching courses on city management, and also earned a Doctorate in Urban Governance. He has also served as a political staff member of Nicolas Girard the Parti Québécois MNA for Gouin prior to being elected to city council.

On June 19, 2013, he declared himself a candidate for the job of interim mayor of Montreal after the resignation of Michael Applebaum. However, in the council session on June 25 to select the new interim mayor, Croteau withdrew his candidacy before the vote, supporting eventual winner Laurent Blanchard.

Nicolas Girard
Nicolas Girard (born June 5, 1972 in Montreal, Quebec) is a politician in Quebec, Canada, and former member of the National Assembly of Quebec. He was elected to the National Assembly in a by-election as a Parti Québécois member on September 20, 2004 in riding of Gouin in the Montreal region.
British declaration of war on Japan
The government of the United Kingdom declared war on the Empire of Japan on 8 December 1941, following the Japanese attacks on British Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong on the previous day, as well as in response to the bombing of the American fleet at Pearl Harbor.

Bombing of Singapore (1941)
The bombing of Singapore was an attack on 8 December 1941 by seventeen G3M Nell bombers of Mihoro Air Group (Mihoro Kaigun Kōkūtai), Imperial Japanese Navy, flying from Thu Dau Mot in southern Indochina. The attack began at around 0430, shortly after Japanese forces landed on Kota Bharu, Kelantan in northern Malaya. It was the first knowledge the Singapore population had that war had broken out in the Far East.
Joliet Iron and Steel Works
The Joliet Iron and Steel Works was once the second largest steel mill in the United States. Joliet Iron Works was initially run from 1869 to 1936. Joliet Steel Works eventually became unprofitable, and all operations were ceased by the early 1980s.

In the 1990s, the Forest Preserve District of Will County purchased the property containing the ruins of the ironworks to preserve a piece of history. The district operates the site as the Joliet Iron Works Historic Site.

Forest Preserve District of Will County
The Forest Preserve District of Will County was created by referendum on July 25, 1927, to preserve open spaces in Will County, Illinois, US. The first land acquisition was in 1930. As of December 2010, the District owns or manages 21,916 acres (8,869 ha) of land. Current Will County board members make up a board of commissioners, which oversees the affairs of the Forest Preserve District.
Pushmataha Area Council
The Pushmataha Area Council is part of the Boy Scouts of America.  It renders service to Scout units in ten counties of North Mississippi, providing skills training and character development to boys and girls between the ages of 5 and 18. The council also serves boys and girls between the ages of 14 and 21 through Venturing Crews and Explorer posts.

In 2007, 24 Eagle Scout ranks were earned in the Pushmataha Area Council, and 20 Scouts earned the God and Country Award.

Cub Scouts (Scouting America)
Cub Scouts is a Scouting America program available to children from kindergarten through fifth grade (or 5 to 10 years of age) and their families. Its membership is the largest of the five main Scouting America divisions (Cub Scouting, Scouts BSA, Venturing, Exploring and Sea Scouting). Cub Scouts is part of the worldwide Scouting movement and aims to promote character development, citizenship training, personal fitness, and leadership. Cub Scouts are organized into local packs where they complete requirements to advance in rank as well as engage in pack events such as the Pinewood Derby.
KFNB Nordstern
KNFB Nordstern  was one of the first passenger steam locomotives in the Austrian Empire. It was built by J. and G. Rennie Locomotive Works for the Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway (German: Kaiser Ferdinands-Nordbahn or KFNB) in 1839 and operated from Vienna to Břeclav. Nordstern was the only locomotive of its type supplied to the KFNB and corresponded to standard English designs of the period with a 2–2–2 wheel arrangement in whyte notation. The cylinders were located under the smoke chamber and propelled the cranked second axle.

The table gives values after renovation in 1843. The Nordstern was scrapped in 1865.

2-2-2
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-2-2 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, two powered driving wheels on one axle, and two trailing wheels on one axle. The wheel arrangement both provided more stability and enabled a larger firebox than the earlier 0-2-2 and 2-2-0 types. This wheel arrangement is sometimes described as a Single, although this name could be used to describe any kind of locomotive with a single pair of driving wheels.
Fatima bint Musa
Fatima bint Musa (Arabic: فَاطِمَة بِنْت مُوسَىٰ, romanized: Fāṭima bint Mūsā), circa 790–816 CE, commonly known as Fatima al-Ma'suma (Arabic: فَاطِمَة ٱلْمَعْصُومَة, romanized: Fāṭima al-Maʿṣūma, lit. 'Fatima, the immaculate'), was the daughter of Musa al-Kazim (d. 799) and sister of Ali al-Rida (d. 818), the seventh and eighth Imams in Twelver Shia. A young Fatima left her hometown of Medina in about 816 to visit her brother al-Rida in Merv, but fell ill along the way and died in Qom, located in modern-day Iran. She is revered for her piety in Twelver Shia and her shrine in Qom is a major destination for pilgrimage.

Qara Qoyunlu
The Qara Qoyunlu or Kara Koyunlu (Azerbaijani: Qaraqoyunlular, قاراقویونلولار‎; Persian: قره قویونلو), also known as the Black Sheep Turkomans, were a culturally Persianate, Muslim Turkoman monarchy that ruled over the territory comprising present-day Azerbaijan, Armenia, northwestern Iran, eastern Turkey, and northeastern Iraq from about 1374 to 1468.
Shiaba
Shiaba (Scottish Gaelic: Siaba) is a ruined township located on the southwestern peninsula of the Isle of Mull, Scotland. It lies about 8 km to the east of the village of Bunessan, beyond Loch Assapol and Scoor House. It was awarded the status of Scheduled monument in 1993 due to its significance as a source of information about 18th and 19th century rural life in Scotland.

Bunessan
Bunessan (Scottish Gaelic: Bun Easain), meaning "bottom of the waterfall", is a small village on the Ross of Mull, a peninsula in the south-west of the Isle of Mull, off the west coast of Scotland. The settlement is at OS grid reference NM382217, within the parish of Kilfinichen and Kilvickeon, and is situated on the A849, at the head of a cove at the southern end of Loch na Làthaich.
1992 Mizuno World Ladies
The 1992 Mizuno World Ladies was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Amagasaki Memorial Sports Centre in Osaka in Japan that was part of Tier IV of the 1992 WTA Tour. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from February 9 through February 9, 1992. Second-seeded Helena Suková won the singles title and earned $27,000 first-prize money.

1992 WTA Tour
The 1992 WTA Tour (officially titled 1992 Kraft General Foods World Tour after its sponsor) was the elite professional tennis circuit organized by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for the 1992 tennis season.

The WTA Tour is the elite tour for professional women's tennis organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). The WTA Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Tier I, Tier II, Tier III and Tier IV events. ITF tournaments are not part of the WTA Tour, although they award points for the WTA World Ranking.
Wind and fire wheels
Wind-and-fire wheels (simplified Chinese: 风火轮; traditional Chinese: 風火輪; pinyin: fēnghuǒlún) are melee weapons, wielded as a pair, and associated with Chinese martial arts, primarily baguazhang.

Each wheel is a flat metal ring approximately 38 cm (15 in) in diameter. One quarter-segment has a padded grip with a cross-guard; the other three segments have protruding flame-styled blades. With one wheel in each hand, the practitioner can slash, stab, parry, or disarm an opponent.

In the mythological story Fengshen Yanyi, the Immortal Taiyi gave Nezha a wind-wheel and a fire-wheel. These were stood on whilst chanting incantations, to serve as a magic vehicle.

Chinese martial arts
Chinese martial arts, commonly referred to with umbrella terms kung fu (/ˈkʌŋ ˈfuː/; Chinese: 功夫; pinyin: gōngfu; Jyutping: gung1 fu1; Cantonese Yale: gūng fū), kuoshu (Chinese: 國術; pinyin: guóshù; Jyutping: gwok3 seot6) or wushu (Chinese: 武術; pinyin: wǔshù; Jyutping: mou5 seot6), are multiple fighting styles that have developed over the centuries in Greater China. These fighting styles are often classified according to common traits, identified as "families" of martial arts. Examples of such traits include Shaolinquan  (少林拳) physical exercises involving Five Animals (五形) mimicry or training methods inspired by Old Chinese philosophies, religions and legends. Styles that focus on qi manipulation are called internal (内家拳; nèijiāquán), while others that concentrate on improving muscle and cardiovascular fitness are called external (外家拳; wàijiāquán). Geographical associations, as in northern (北拳; běiquán) and southern (南拳; nánquán), is another popular classification method.
National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa
Africa's first confirmed case of COVID-19 was announced in Egypt on 14 February 2020. 
Many preventive measures have been implemented in different countries in Africa, including travel restrictions, flight cancellations, event cancellations, school closures, and border closures. Other measures to contain and limit the spread of the virus has included curfews, lockdowns, and enforcing the wearing of face masks.
The virus has spread throughout the continent. Lesotho, the last African sovereign state to have remained free of the virus, reported a case on 13 May 2020.

Ghana Education Service
The Ghana Education Service (GES) is a government agency under the Ministry of Education responsible for implementing government policies that ensure that Ghanaians of school-going age irrespective of their ethnicity, gender, disability, religious and political dispositions receive quality formal education. The Ghana Education Service is governed by a fifteen-member council called the GES council.

The agency was established in 1974 by the National Redemption Council. It partners with organisations and is demarcated into various units to ensure the effective execution of its mandate to the Ghanaian society.
Florida State Road 123
State Road 123 (SR 123) is a 5.175-mile-long (8.328 km) north–south state highway that bypasses the stretch of State Road 85 through Niceville, Florida.  The highway is a more direct route to Fort Walton Beach from points north. With flyover ramps at both intersections of SR 85 now completed, the highway has been widened into a 4-lane divided highway.

Eglin Air Force Base
Eglin Air Force Base (IATA: VPS, ICAO: KVPS, FAA LID: VPS) is a United States Air Force (USAF) base in the western Florida panhandle, located about three miles (5 km) southwest of Valparaiso in Okaloosa County.

The host unit at Eglin is the 96th Test Wing (formerly the 96th Air Base Wing). The 96 TW is the test and evaluation center for Air Force air-delivered weapons, navigation and guidance systems, command and control systems, and Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) systems.

Eglin AFB was established 91 years ago in 1935 as the Valparaiso Bombing and Gunnery Base. It is named in honor of Lt. Col. Frederick I. Eglin (1891–1937), who was killed in a crash of his Northrop A-17 attack aircraft on a flight from Langley to Maxwell Field, Alabama.
KSJJ
KSJJ (102.9 FM) is a commercial country music radio station in Redmond, Oregon, broadcasting to the Bend, Oregon, area.

Syndicated programming includes After Midnite with Blair Garner hosted by Blair Garner from Premiere Radio Networks.

Redmond, Oregon
Redmond is a city in Deschutes County, Oregon, United States. The population was 33,274 at the 2020 census, and according to 2023 census estimates, the city is estimated to have a population of 37,009.

The city is on the eastern side of Oregon's Cascade Range, in the High Desert in Central Oregon. From Redmond there is access to recreational opportunities.  Redmond is a full-service municipality and one of the fastest-growing industrial and residential communities in Oregon.
Blaser R93
The Blaser R93 is a straight-pull action precision rifle offered in a multitude of calibers and barrel lengths manufactured by the German firearms manufacturer Blaser. Designed by Blasers' designer Mr. Meinhard Zeh in 1993, it had a number of features rare on modern hunting rifles, including a manual cocking system and a proprietary Blaser saddle scope mount for mounting the optic directly to the quick-change barrel.

In 2002, more than 100,000 complete Blaser R93 rifles had been produced. By 2017, more than 200,000 R93 rifles had been produced, but it is not clear whether the R93 Tactical variant is included in these numbers.

.22 long rifle
The .22 Long Rifle, also known as the .22 LR or 5.7×15mmR, is a long-established variety of .22 caliber rimfire ammunition originating from the United States. It is used in a wide range of firearms including rifles, pistols, revolvers and submachine guns.  It is a well-established small game round, but is not typically used for hunting larger game as it lacks the necessary stopping power.

In terms of quantities sold, the .22 Long Rifle is by far the most common ammunition that is currently manufactured and sold in the world. Common uses include hunting and shooting sports. Ammunition produced in .22 Long Rifle is effective at short ranges, has little recoil, and is inexpensive to purchase, making it ideal for plinking and marksmanship training.
You'anmen Subdistrict
You'anmen Subdistrict (Chinese: 右安门街道; pinyin: Yòu'ānmén Jiēdào) is one of the 25 subdistricts of Fengtai District, Beijing, China. It is located on the eastern part of Fengtai, south of Baizhifang and Taoranting Subdistricts, west of Yongdingmenwai Subdistrict, north of Xiluoyuan Subdistrict, and east of Nanyuan, Lugouqiao and Taipingqiao Townships. The subdistrict is home to a population of 73,499 as of 2020.

The subdistrict got its name You'anmen (Chinese: 右安门; lit. 'Right Peace Gate') from the former city gate of Beijing's outer city wall that used to stand in the region.

Fengtai, Beijing
Fengtai District (Chinese: 丰台区; pinyin: Fēngtái Qū) is a district of the city of Beijing. It lies mostly to the southwest of the city center, extending into the city's southwestern suburbs beyond the Sixth Ring Road, but also to the south and, to a smaller extent, the southeast, where it has borders with Chaoyang and Dongcheng.
River Park, Florida
River Park is a census-designated place (CDP) in St. Lucie County, Florida, United States. The population was 5,222 at the 2010 census, at which time it was listed as Port St. Lucie-River Park. It is part of the Port St. Lucie Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Port St. Lucie, Florida
Port St. Lucie is a city in St. Lucie County, Florida, United States. It is the most-populous municipality in the county and the sixth-most populous city in Florida, with a population of 204,851 at the 2020 census. It is located 125 miles (201 km) southeast of Orlando and 113 miles (182 km) north of Miami. It is a principal city in the Port St. Lucie metropolitan statistical area, which includes St. Lucie and Martin Counties, and as of 2021 had an estimated population of 502,521. Port St. Lucie is also a principal city in the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Port St. Lucie combined statistical area, which had an estimated population of 6,841,100 as of 2021.