hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Linguistic monogenesis and polygenesis
In historical or evolutionary linguistics, monogenesis and polygenesis are two different hypotheses about the phylogenetic origin of human languages. According to monogenesis, human language arose only once in a single community, and all current languages come from the first original tongue. On the other hand, according to polygenesis, human languages came into being in several communities independently, and current tongues derived from different sources.

Historical linguistics
Historical linguistics, also known as diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of how languages change over time. It seeks to understand the nature and causes of linguistic change and to trace the evolution of languages. Historical linguistics involves several key areas of study, including the reconstruction of ancestral languages, the classification of languages into families, (comparative linguistics) and the analysis of the cultural and social influences on language development.

This field is grounded in the uniformitarian principle, which posits that the processes of language change observed today were also at work in the past, unless there is clear evidence to suggest otherwise. Historical linguists aim to describe and explain changes in individual languages, explore the history of speech communities, and study the origins and meanings of words (etymology).
2020 Liège–Bastogne–Liège
The 2020 Liège–Bastogne–Liège was a Belgian road cycling one-day race that was originally scheduled for 26 April 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was rescheduled to 4 October, and it was the 106th edition of Liège–Bastogne–Liège and part of the 2020 UCI World Tour.

The race was won by Primož Roglič in a tumultuous sprint amongst a group of five riders, beating world champion Julian Alaphilippe, who already had put his hands in the air, in a photo finish. Alaphilippe, however, was later relegated to fifth place for hindering Marc Hirschi in the sprint. This moved Hirschi up into second, while 2020 Tour de France winner Tadej Pogačar was moved up into third.

2020 UCI World Tour
The 2020 UCI World Tour was a series of races that was scheduled to include thirty-six road cycling events throughout the 2020 cycling season. However, some of races were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The tour started with the opening stage of the Tour Down Under on 21 January, and concluded with the final stage of the Vuelta a España on 8 November.
Cadia Mine railway line
The Cadia Mine railway line is a closed and dismantled railway line in New South Wales, Australia. The 18.5 km (11.5 mile) long branch line started where it branched from the Main Western Railway line at Spring Hill and ended at Cadia. Its main role was to carry iron ore from the quarry at Cadia and for much of its life was privately operated.

Lithgow Blast Furnace
The Lithgow Blast Furnace is a heritage-listed former blast furnace and now park and visitor attraction at Inch Street, Lithgow, City of Lithgow, New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1906 to 1907 by William Sandford Limited. It is also known as Eskbank Ironworks Blast Furnace site; Industrial Archaeological Site. The property is owned by Lithgow City Council. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
Shanghai Metro AC08
The 02A02 (formerly known as AC08) is a class of electric multiple unit currently used on Line 2 of Shanghai Metro. It was introduced into service in 2008 with the west extension of Line 2. A total of 168 cars were built by Alstom and CSR Nanjing Puzhen.

In 2014, AC08 was renamed as 02A02.

Shanghai Metro
The Shanghai Metro (Chinese: 上海地铁; pinyin: Shànghǎi Dìtiě; Shanghainese: Zaon6he5 Di6thiq7) is a rapid transit system in Shanghai, operating urban and suburban transit services to 14 of its 16 municipal districts and to the neighboring township of Huaqiao, in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province.

Forming the vast majority of the broader, multi-operator Shanghai rail transit network, the Shanghai Metro system is the world's second longest metro system by route length, totaling 808 kilometres (502 mi) and the second largest system by number of stations, with 506 stations across 19 lines (408, if stations connected by transfers are counted as single stations). It also ranks first in the world by annual ridership, with 3.88 billion rides delivered in 2019. The last daily ridership record was set on 9 March 2024, at 13.39 million rides. Ridership routinely stands at over 10 million on an average workday, accounting for 73% of trips on public transport in the city.
David Ormaechea
Vicente David Gerardo Ormaechea y Zubiri (25 April 1887 – unknown) was a Spanish lawyer and sports leader who presided over the Spanish Football Federation between 1921 and 1923, and also a football Manager who co-directed two matches of the Spanish national team in 1923.

Real Sociedad Gimnástica Española
Real Sociedad Gimnástica Española (RSGE), also known as Gimnástica de Madrid, was a sports club based in Madrid, Spain. It was officially founded as an amateur gymnastics club on 2 March 1887 by Narciso Masferrer under the name "Sociedad Gimnástica Española".

The club's football section started activities in 1907, winning four Centro Championships (1910, 1911, 1912, 1914). In 1915 King of Spain, Alfonso XIII, granted the club Royal title, therefore the institution changed its name to "Real Sociedad Gimnástica Española". The football section was dissolved in 1928, and the whole club years later.

Apart from the sports mentioned above, Sociedad Gimnástica hosted a large list of activities such as athletics, basketball, boxing, fencing, field hockey, mountaineering, Olympic weightlifting, road bicycle racing, rowing, swimming, and wrestling.
HD 86081
HD 86081 is a yellow-hued star in the equatorial constellation of Sextans.
It has the proper name Bibhā, the Bengali form of a Sanskrit word meaning a bright beam of light. This name was suggested in the 2019 NameExoWorlds campaign.

With an apparent visual magnitude of 8.73, this star is too dim to be viewed with the naked eye but can be seen with a small telescope. It is located at a distance of approximately 340 light-years from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +31 km/s.

There is a low-mass companion star at a projected separation of 280±30 au.

Sextans
Sextans is a faint, minor constellation on the celestial equator which was introduced in 1687 by Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius. Its name is Latin for the astronomical sextant, an instrument that Hevelius made frequent use of in his observations.
Al-Aziz Billah
Abu Mansur Nizar (Arabic: أبو منصور نزار, romanized: Abū Manṣūr Nizār; 10 May 955 – 14 October 996), known by his regnal name as al-Aziz Billah (Arabic: العزيز بالله, romanized: al-ʿAzīz biʾllāh, lit. 'the Mighty One through God'), was the fifth caliph of the Fatimid dynasty, from 975 to his death in 996. His reign saw the capture of Damascus and the Fatimid expansion into the Levant, which brought al-Aziz into conflict with the Byzantine emperor Basil II over control of Aleppo. During the course of this expansion, al-Aziz took into his service large numbers of Turkic and Daylamite slave-soldiers, thereby breaking the near-monopoly on Fatimid military power held until then by the Kutama Berbers.

Hamdanid dynasty
The Hamdanid dynasty (Arabic: الحمدانيون, romanized: al-Ḥamdāniyyūn) was a Shia Muslim Arab dynasty  that ruled modern day Northern Mesopotamia and Syria (890–1004). They descended from the ancient Banu Taghlib tribe of Mesopotamia and Arabia.
Holy day of obligation
In the Catholic Church, holy days of obligation or days of precept are days on which Catholic Christians are expected to attend Mass, and engage in rest from work and recreation (i.e., they are to refrain from engaging in work or activities that hinder the worship owed to God), according to the third commandment.

The expectation is attached to the holy day, even if transferred to another date, as sometimes happens in the Roman Rite. However, in some countries a dispensation is granted in such circumstances.

Dispensation (Catholic canon law)
In the jurisprudence of the canon law of the Catholic Church, a dispensation is the exemption from the immediate obligation of the law in certain cases. Its object is to modify the hardship often caused by rigorous application of general laws to particular cases, and its essence is to preserve the law by suspending its operation in such cases.
Mattagami First Nation
Mattagami First Nation is an Anishnaabe First Nation band government - mainly Ojibwe, Oji-Cree and some Odawa - in the Canadian province of Ontario situated along the Mattagami River. The First Nation members of the community primarily live on the Mattagami 71 reserve in the Sudbury District near Gogama.  The on-reserve population is approximately 200 residents.

Mattagami First Nation is part of the Wabun Tribal Council, a political organization which is also part of the Nishnawbe-Aski Nation (NAN), representing the Treaty 9 area.  The current chief of the Mattagami First Nation is Jennifer Constant.

The reserve has its own elementary school, while high school students have the option to attend Keewaytinook Internet High school in the community or they are bused to Timmins.

Gogama
Gogama is a community in Northeastern Ontario, Canada, that is situated on Lake Minisinakwa, 580 kilometres (360 mi) north of Toronto, 191 kilometres (119 mi) north of Sudbury, and 114 kilometres (71 mi) south of Timmins.  In the 2021 Canadian census, a population of 310 people was recorded.  The community is counted as part of Sudbury, Unorganized, North Part in Canadian census data. It is not an incorporated municipality, but is administered by a local services board.

Recreational activities in the area include hunting and fishing.
Union Building (University of Texas at Austin)
The Union Building (also known the Texas Union Building or Student Union Building) is a building on the University of Texas at Austin campus, serving as a "college independent community center" or "living room" for students. Designed by Paul Cret, who also designed the Tower and Main Building, Goldsmith Hall and Texas Memorial Museum on the same campus, the Union was built in 1933 with funds provided by Texas Exes in a campaign led by Thomas Watt Gregory.

Once constructed, the Union was one of four buildings on campus intended for recreation and entertainment, the other three being Gregory Gymnasium for Men, the Women's Gymnasium and Hogg Memorial Auditorium. The building hosts a bowling alley and formal ballroom.

Main Building (University of Texas at Austin)
The Main Building (known colloquially as The Tower) is a structure at the center of the University of Texas at Austin campus in Downtown Austin, Texas, United States. The Main Building's 307-foot (94 m) tower has 27 floors.
Improved Order of Heptasophs
The Improved Order of Heptasophs was a fraternal order in the United States that existed from 1878-1917. It was distinguished from its parent organization, the Order of Heptasophs in that its main focus was on insurance.

Fraternal order
A fraternal order is a voluntary membership organisation structured as an order, typically featuring initiation rituals and elements derived from religious orders, chivalric traditions, guilds, or secret societies. While drawing on these historical models, fraternal orders generally serve secular purposes: functioning as social clubs, cultural organisations, and providers of mutual aid or charitable services. Many friendly societies, benefit societies, and mutual organisations are organised as fraternal orders.
Sicogon
Sicogón is an island in northern Iloilo, Western Visayas, Philippines, situated 9.95 kilometers (6.18 mi) off the northeast coast of Panay Island. It is composed of three barangays and falls under the jurisdiction of the municipality of Carles, Iloilo. According to the 2020 census, Sicogon has a population of 4,275 residents.

The island has a total land area of 11.6 square kilometers (4.5 sq mi) and is managed by Sicogon Island Tourism Estate Corp. (SITEC), a joint venture company of Ayala Land, Inc. and Sicogon Development Corp. (SIDECO). It currently operates three high-end hotels and resorts on the island: Balay Kogon, Huni Sicogon, and Hatch Sicogon.

Sicogon also offers various activities such as island hopping to nearby Islas de Gigantes, island tour, kayaking, paddleboarding, snorkeling, pontoon, hiking, etc.

Gigantes Islands
Islas de Gigantes (Spanish: Gigantes Islands lit: Giants' Islands) (variously Islas Gigantes, Higantes group, or Gigantes group) is an island chain within the larger Western Visayas archipelago in the Visayan Sea. It is part of the municipality of Carles in the northernmost part of Iloilo province, Philippines. The Gigantes Islands consist of about ten islands; the two largest are Gigantes Norte (North Gigantes) and Gigantes Sur (South Gigantes). According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 14,332 residents. There is also a lighthouse on Gigantes Norte.
NZR RM class (Vulcan)
The NZR RM class Vulcan railcars were operated by the New Zealand Government Railways (NZR) in the South Island of New Zealand. All New Zealand railcars are classified as RM (Rail Motor), and this class derived their nomenclature from the name of the manufacturer, the Vulcan Foundry of Britain.

New Zealand Railways Department
The New Zealand Railways Department, NZR or NZGR (New Zealand Government Railways) and often known as the "Railways", was a government department charged with owning and maintaining New Zealand's railway infrastructure and operating the railway system. The department was created in 1880 and was corporatised on 1 April 1982 into the New Zealand Railways Corporation. Originally, railway construction and operation took place under the auspices of the former provincial governments and some private railways, before all of the provincial operations came under the central Public Works Department. The role of operating the rail network was subsequently separated from that of the network's construction. From 1895 to 1993 there was a responsible Minister, the Minister of Railways. He was often also the Minister of Public Works.

Apart from four brief experiments with independent boards, NZR remained under direct ministerial control for most of its history.
Tamsyn Manou
Tamsyn Carolyn Lewis (born 20 July 1978) is an Australian media personality and former track and field athlete who won a total of eighteen Australian Championships across the 400 metres, 800 metres and 400 m hurdles. She first represented Australia in 1994, and won the 800 metres in the 2008 World Indoor Championships.

1998 Commonwealth Games
The 1998 Commonwealth Games (Malay: Sukan Komanwel 1998), officially known as the XVI Commonwealth Games (Malay: Sukan Komanwel ke-16), were a multi-sport event held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The 1998 Games were the first to be held in Asia, and the last Commonwealth Games of the 20th century. For the first time ever, the Games included team sports. Around 3,638 athletes from 70 Commonwealth member nations participated at the Games, which featured 214 events in 15 sports with 34 of them collected medals.
Navy Region Mid-Atlantic
Navy Region Mid-Atlantic is one of eleven current naval regions responsible to Commander, Navy Installations Command for the operation and management of Naval shore installations in Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine.

It is headquartered on Naval Station Norfolk, and is commanded by RADM Carl A. Lahti.

Lightship
A lightvessel, or lightship, is a ship that acts as a lighthouse in areas deemed unsuitable for proper lighthouse construction. Although some records exist of fire beacons being placed on ships in Roman times, the first modern lightship was invented by Robert Hamblin in 1734 and was located off the Nore sandbank at the mouth of the River Thames in London, England. Lightships have since been rendered obsolete by advancing lighthouse construction techniques, and by large automated navigation buoys (LANBY).
Brigitte Fouré
Brigitte Fouré (French pronunciation: [bʁiʒit fuʁe]; born 13 August 1955 in Amiens) is a French university lecturer and former government minister, a member of the Nouveau Centre and of Société en mouvement  ("Society on the Move")  She is also a lecturer in law at the University of Picardie Jules Verne.

Gilles de Robien
Vicomte Gilles de Robien (French pronunciation: [ʒil də ʁɔbjɛ̃]; born 10 April 1941) is a French politician and former government minister.

The son of Count Jean de Robien by his wife Éliane Le Mesre de Pas, he is descended from the noble Breton family de Robien.

In 1989, De Robien was elected Mayor of Amiens, being re-elected for two further terms. However, in the French municipal elections of 2008, he was defeated by Gilles Demailly of the French Socialist Party.

De Robien served as French Minister for Education from August 2005 to May 2007, and as a Deputy from 1996 to 2007.
2024 Reasi attack
The 2024 Reasi attack was a terrorist attack that occurred on 9 June 2024 in the Reasi district of the Jammu division of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Several unidentified Islamist terrorists opened fire on a passenger bus transporting Hindu pilgrims from the Shiv Khori cave to Katra, causing it to lose control and plummet into a deep gorge, followed by further firing at the crashed bus by the gunmen. Nine people were killed in the attack, and an additional 41 were injured.

The Resistance Front (TRF) initially claimed responsibility for the ambush but later denied involvement, while the Jammu and Kashmir Police believes that the ambush was carried out by the Lashkar-e-Taiba, of which the TRF is considered an offshoot.

Reasi district
Reasi district is an administrative district in the Jammu division of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir. The Reasi district is bordered by Udhampur district and Ramban district in the east, Jammu district in the south, Rajouri district in the west and by Kulgam district on the north. The Reasi and Rajouri tehsils formed a joint district called the "Reasi district" at the time of the princely state's accession to India in 1947. As part of the reorganisation, the two tehsils were separated and Reasi was merged with the Udhampur district. It again became a separate district in 2006.

Reasi is one of the oldest towns of the Jammu and Kashmir State. It was the seat of the erstwhile Bhimgarh State, said to have been established by Raja Bhim Dev sometime in the 8th century. It remained an independent principality till 1822, when Maharaja Gulab Singh the then Dogra Raja of Jammu hill region, under the Sikh Empire, consolidated the small states.
Pink Lady (1981 album)
Pink Lady (ピンク・レディー, Pinku Redī) is a three-record greatest hits album by Japanese duo Pink Lady. The album was released on March 21 1981, ten days before their farewell concert. It contains the duo's singles and B-sides from 1976 to 1981, as well as previously unreleased tracks. The original LP release featured a silver embossed sleeve and exclusive photos of the duo.

Sayonara Pink Lady
Sayonara Pink Lady at Kohrakuen Stadium (さよならピンク・レディー, Sayonara Pinku Redī) is the seventh and final live album by Japanese idol duo Pink Lady, released on December 5, 1981. Recorded live at Korakuen Stadium in Tokyo on March 31, 1981, the album featured the duo's last live performance before their disbandment that year.

The album has not been reissued since its release on CD on December 1, 1994.
Store Brækmoholmen
Store Brækmoholmen (English: Great Brækmo Island) is the largest island in Brækmoholmane, part of Thousand Islands, an island group south of Edgeøya. The island is named after Sivert Brækmo (1853-1930), a Norwegian sailor and fishermen who regularly visited Svalbard between 1876 and 1895.

Thousand Islands (Svalbard)
Thousand Islands (Norwegian: Tusenøyane) is a group of small islands south of Edgeøya. They form part of the Svalbard archipelago. The group consists of over forty islands and islets, including Brotskjer, Kulstadholmane, Utsira, Tufsen, Kong Ludvigøyane, Bölscheøya, Hornøya, Tiholmane, Meinickeøyane, Sletteøya, Schareholmane, Skråholmen, Brækmoholmane, Tareloppa, Vindholmen, and Menkeøyane.
Bino Realuyo
Bino A. Realuyo is a Filipino-American novelist, poet, community organizer and adult educator. He is the author of a novel, The Umbrella Country; a poetry collection, The Gods We Worship Live Next Door; and several stories; he is also editor of two anthologies.

Zyzzyva (magazine)
Zyzzyva is a triannual magazine of writers and artists. It places an emphasis on showcasing emerging voices and never before published writers in addition to the already established. Based in San Francisco, it began publishing in 1985. ZYZZYVA's slogan is "The Last Word," referring to "zyzzyva", the last word in the American Heritage Dictionary. A zyzzyva is an American weevil. The accent is on the first syllable.
Nu Ophiuchi
Nu Ophiuchi (ν Oph, ν Ophiuchi) is a star in the equatorial constellation of Ophiuchus. The apparent visual magnitude is +3.3, making it one of the brighter members of this constellation. Based upon parallax measurements made by the Hipparcos satellite, this star is located at a distance of about 150 light-years (46 parsecs).

Ophiuchus
Ophiuchus (/ˌɒfiˈjuːkəs/) is a large constellation straddling the celestial equator. Its name comes from the Ancient Greek ὀφιοῦχος (ophioûkhos), meaning "serpent-bearer", and it is commonly represented as a man grasping a snake. The serpent is represented by the constellation Serpens. Ophiuchus was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. An old alternative name for the constellation was Serpentarius.
Kuźniaki
Kuźniaki [kuʑˈɲaki] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Strawczyn, within Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) north-west of Strawczyn and 21 km (13 mi) north-west of the regional capital Kielce.

Strawczyn
Strawczyn [ˈstraft͡ʂɨn] is a village in Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Strawczyn. It lies approximately 16 km (10 mi) north-west of the regional capital Kielce.

Polish writer Stefan Żeromski was born here.
Jan Gies
Jan Augustus Gies (Dutch pronunciation: [jɑŋ ˈɣis]; 18 August 1905 – 26 January 1993) was a member of the Dutch Resistance who, with his wife, Miep, helped hide Anne Frank, her sister Margot, their parents Otto and Edith, the van Pels family, and Fritz Pfeffer from Nazi persecution during the occupation of the Netherlands by aiding them as they resided in the Secret Annex.

Edith Frank
Edith Frank (née Holländer; 16 January 1900 – 6 January 1945) was the mother of Holocaust diarist Anne Frank and her older sister Margot. After the family were discovered in hiding in Amsterdam during the German occupation, she was transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp, where she died of weakness and disease.
Quincy Cubs
The Quincy Cubs were a minor league baseball team located in Quincy, Illinois. The team played in the Midwest League, and were an affiliate of the Chicago Cubs. Their home stadium was Q Stadium. The franchise lasted from 1965 to 1973, when the Cubs relocated to Dubuque, Iowa as the Dubuque Packers.

Dubuque, Iowa minor league baseball
Minor league baseball teams have operated in the city of Dubuque, Iowa under a variety of names in various leagues, playing in 52 seasons between 1879 and 1976. Dubuque teams were an affiliate of the Houston Astros (1975–1976), Kansas City Royals (1968), Los Angeles Dodgers (1962*, 1967), Cleveland Indians (1961–1966), Pittsburgh Pirates (1959–1960) and Chicago White Sox (1954–1958).

The Midwest Dodgers (1962), who briefly gave Dubuque a second team in 1962, evolved into today's Fort Wayne TinCaps of the Midwest League.