hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Scientific pluralism
Scientific pluralism is a position within the philosophy of science that rejects various proposed unities of scientific method and subject matter. Scientific pluralists hold that science is not unified in one or more of the following ways: the metaphysics of its subject matter, the epistemology of scientific knowledge, or the research methods and models that should be used. Some pluralists believe that pluralism is necessary due to the nature of science. Others say that since scientific disciplines already vary in practice, there is no reason to believe this variation is wrong until a specific unification is empirically proven. Finally, some hold that pluralism should be allowed for normative reasons, even if unity were possible in theory.

Patrick Suppes
Patrick Colonel Suppes (/ˈsuːpiːz/; March 17, 1922 – November 17, 2014) was an American philosopher who made significant contributions to philosophy of science, the theory of measurement, the foundations of quantum mechanics, decision theory, psychology and educational technology. He was the Lucie Stern Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Stanford University and until January 2010 was the Director of the Education Program for Gifted Youth also at Stanford.
Surameli
The House of Surameli (Georgian: სურამელი; pl. სურამელები, suramelebi) was a noble family in the medieval Kingdom of Georgia, with notable members from the 12th century to the 14th. At the height of their influence and prestige in the 13th century, the Surameli were hereditary eristavi ("duke") of Kartli and msakhurt-ukhutsesi ("Lord High Chamberlain") of Georgia.

Marie-Félicité Brosset
Marie-Félicité Brosset (24 January 1802 – 3 September 1880) was a French historian and scholar who worked mostly in the Russian Empire. He specialized in Georgian and Armenian studies.

Brosset's interest in the Caucasus developed while still in France. By the time he relocated to Saint Petersburg, of his 47 published works 36 were dedicated to Georgia, an interest he kept up throughout his career.
Serhii Kamyshev
Serhii Oleksiyovych Kamyshev (Ukrainian: Сергій Олексійович Камишев; 8 April 1956 – 14 February 2021) was a Ukrainian diplomat, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Ukraine to the People's Republic of China.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Міністерство закордонних справ України, romanized: Ministerstvo zakordonnych sprav Ukrainy, IPA: [min⁽ʲ⁾iˈstɛrstwo zɐkorˈdɔnːɪx ˈsprɑu̯ ʊkrɐˈjinɪ]) is the ministry of the Ukrainian government that oversees the foreign relations of Ukraine. The head of the ministry is the minister of foreign affairs.
WBDY (AM)
WBDY was an AM daytimer station on 1190 kHz at Bluefield, Virginia. WBDY's last format was sports talk. At the time it went silent, it was owned by Triad Broadcasting, which Adventure Communications' stations had merged into earlier.

Bluefield, Virginia
Bluefield  is a town in Tazewell County, Virginia, United States, located along the Bluestone River.  The population was 5,096 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Bluefield WV-VA micropolitan area which has a population of 106,363 in 2020.
Seattle head tax
The Seattle head tax, officially the employee hours tax (EHT), was a proposed head tax to be levied on large employers in Seattle, Washington, United States. The head tax was proposed in 2017 to fund homeless services and outreach and was set at a rate of $275 annually per employee, with hopes of raising up to $50 million annually.

The controversial head tax ordinance was passed by the Seattle City Council in May 2018 and was signed into law by Mayor Jenny Durkan, to be in effect for five years before consideration for renewal. The tax was criticized for targeting Amazon, the city's largest employer, and was opposed by the business community. A citizen referendum was planned by business groups and gathered enough signatures to qualify for an upcoming election, but the city council repealed the head tax less than a month later.

Seattle City Council
The Seattle City Council is the legislative body of the city of Seattle, Washington. The Council consists of nine members serving four-year terms, seven of which are elected by electoral districts and two of which are elected in citywide at-large positions; all elections are non-partisan. It has the responsibility of approving the city's budget, and passes all legislation related to the city's police, firefighting, parks, libraries, and electricity, water supply, solid waste, and drainage utilities.
The mayor of Seattle is not part of the council.
Floßbach (Eckbach)
The Floßbach, called the Landgraben in its upper course where, to distinguish it from other streams with the same name, it is also qualified by being referred to as the Grünstädter or Grünstadter Landgraben, is an 8.1-kilometre-long stream and an orographically left-hand headstream of the Eckbach in the northern part of the Anterior Palatinate in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The stream runs entirely on the territory of the town of Grünstadt and the two villages of Obersülzen und Dirmstein that belong to the collective municipality of Grünstadt-Land.

Obersülzen
Obersülzen is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Dürkheim district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It lies in the northwest of the Rhine-Neckar urban agglomeration.
Dartmouth–New Hampshire football rivalry
The Dartmouth–New Hampshire football rivalry, referred to as the Granite Bowl, is an American college football rivalry game played between the Dartmouth College Big Green and University of New Hampshire Wildcats. The two teams first met in 1901 and have played regularly since then. The longest gap between games was 22 years, between 1934 and 1956. Dartmouth was initially dominant, winning 17 of the first 19 games. Then New Hampshire won 18 of the next 19 games. New Hampshire leads the series 21–20–2, with the most recent game played in 2025.

Dartmouth Big Green football
The Dartmouth Big Green football team represents Dartmouth College in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) college football competition as a member of the Ivy League. The team possesses a storied tradition that includes a national championship, and holds a record 22 Ivy League Football Championships with 11 College Football Hall of Fame inductees.

After Dartmouth formally entered the Ivy League in 1956, head coach Bob Blackman led the 1962 team to the program's first undefeated season since the 1925 national championship team. Blackman also had his first All-American player in Donald McKinnon, class of 1963, who anchored a strong defense that allowed only six points in its first five games.
Milton Duncan McVicar
Milton Duncan McVicar (September 18, 1893 – February 3, 1938) was a farmer and politician in Ontario, Canada. He represented Lambton East in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1934 to 1938 as a Liberal.

The son of Peter McVicar and Annie Kerr, both natives of Scotland, he was born in Enniskillen, Ontario and was educated in Petrolia. McVicar was reeve for Enniskillen from 1925 to 1934, serving as warden for Lambton County in 1932. He was president of the local St. Andrew's Society and was also a Mason.

McVicar defeated Conservative incumbent Thomas Howard Fraleigh in 1934 to win a seat in the assembly; he was reelected in 1937. He died in office in 1938.

Thomas Howard Fraleigh
Thomas Howard Fraleigh (June 28, 1877 – January 29, 1946) was an Ontario farmer and political figure. He represented Lambton East in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1929 to 1934 as a Conservative member.

He was born in St. Marys, Ontario, the son of Sidney Fraleigh, and was educated there. In 1902, he married Winnifred Anderson. He belonged to the local Masonic lodge. Fraleigh grew flax and hemp near Forest, Ontario. Fraleigh also pioneered techniques to make more efficient use of pasture land when raising of livestock. Fraleigh coordinated Canadian flax production in World War I: flax was shipped to Ireland to produce linen for use in the manufacture of airplane wings. Fraleigh also experimented with the production of hemp for use in manufacturing fibres. The cultivation of hemp  was later banned in Canada because of its association with cannabis. He died at his home in Forest, Ontario, on January 29, 1946.
Kingthorpe
Kingthorpe is a hamlet in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. The hamlet is in the civil parish of Apley, and is 10 miles (16 km) east from the city of Lincoln and 9 miles (14 km) south from the market town of Market Rasen. It sits on the B1202 road from Wragby to Bardney, and 1 mile (1.6 km) to the east from the parish village of Apley.

Kingthorp is one of five 'villages' represented in the Bardney Group Parish Council.

The hamlet contains two Grade II listed late 18th-century brick farmhouses: Kingthorpe Farmhouse and Manor Farmhouse.

West Lindsey
West Lindsey is a local government district in Lincolnshire, England. Its council is based in Gainsborough, the district's largest town. The district also includes the towns of Caistor and Market Rasen, along with numerous villages and surrounding rural areas. The east of the district includes part of the Lincolnshire Wolds, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

The neighbouring districts are North Lincolnshire, North East Lincolnshire, East Lindsey, North Kesteven, Lincoln, Newark and Sherwood and Bassetlaw.
Raran, Iran
Raran (Persian: راران, also Romanized as Rārān; also known as Rādān and Rārān Qahāb) is a village in Jey Rural District, in the Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 2,032, in 554 families.

Jey Rural District
Jey Rural District (Persian: دهستان جي) is in the Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan province, Iran. The capital of the rural district was the village of Arghavaniyeh (ارغوانیه), also known as Aqrabani (آقاربانی).
BeBe Winans
Benjamin "BeBe" Winans (born September 17, 1962) is an American gospel and R&B singer from Detroit, Michigan. He is a member of the noted Winans family, most members of which are also gospel artists. Winans has released nine solo albums, seven with his sister CeCe as BeBe & CeCe Winans, and one with three Winans brothers.

Hezekiah Walker
Hezekiah Xzavier Walker Jr. (born December 24, 1962) is an American gospel music artist and the pastor of Love Fellowship Tabernacle in Brooklyn, New York. Walker has released several albums on Benson Records and Verity Records as Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir.
My First First Love
My First First Love (Korean: 첫사랑은 처음이라서) is a 2019 South Korean romance television series starring Ji Soo, Jung Chae-yeon and Jung Jin-young. The first season was released on Netflix on April 18, 2019. The second season was released on July 26, 2019.

The series is a reboot of the 2015 OnStyle drama My First Time, which was produced by the same production company. The latter's writer Jung Hyun-jung is credited as the series creator.

AStory
AStory (Korean: 에이스토리; RR: Eiseutori) is a South Korean drama production and marketing company based in Seoul. It was established in 2004 by Lee Sang-baek, a former producer for Mnet and SM Entertainment, together with his friends: drama writer Choi Wan-kyu and director You Chul-yong.
Shardak
The Shardak (Bashkir: Шарҙаҡ, Şarźaq) is a river in the Tatyshlinsky District of Bashkortostan, in Russia; it flows into the river Yug (Bashkir: Йоҡ, Yoq, a tributary of the Bystry Tanyp). It flows past the villages Old Shardak (Bashkir: Иҫке Шарҙаҡ ) and New Shardak (Bashkir: Яңы Шарҙаҡ, Yañı Şarźaq).

Bystry Tanyp
The Bystry Tanyp or Tanyp (Bashkir: Тере Танып, Етеҙ Танып, Tere Tanıp, Eteź Tanıp; Russian: Быстрый Танып), is a river in Bashkortostan and Perm Krai in Russia, a right tributary of the Belaya. The river is 345 kilometres (214 mi) long, and the area of its drainage basin is 7,560 square kilometres (2,920 sq mi). The Bystry Tanyp freezes up in the first half of November and remains icebound until April.
Abraham Abulafia
Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia (Hebrew: אברהם בן שמואל אבולעפיה) was the founder of the school of "Prophetic Kabbalah". He was born in Zaragoza, Kingdom of Aragon, in 1240, and is assumed to have died sometime after 1291 following a stay on the island of Comino in the Maltese archipelago.

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
Giovanni Pico dei conti della Mirandola e della Concordia (/ˈpiːkoʊ ˌdɛlə mɪˈrændələ, -ˈrɑːn-/ PEE-koh DEL-ə mirr-A(H)N-də-lə, Italian: [dʒoˈvanni ˈpiːko della miˈrandola]; Latin: Johannes Picus de Mirandula; 24 February 1463 – 17 November 1494), known as Pico della Mirandola, was an Italian Renaissance nobleman and philosopher. He is famed for the events of 1486, when, at the age of 23, he proposed to defend 900 theses on religion, philosophy, natural philosophy, and magic against all comers, for which he wrote the Oration on the Dignity of Man, which has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance", and a key text of Renaissance humanism and of what has been called the "Hermetic Reformation". He was the founder of the tradition of Christian Kabbalah, a key tenet of early modern Western esotericism. The 900 Theses was the first printed book to be universally banned by the Church. Pico is sometimes seen as a proto-Protestant, because his 900 theses anticipated many Protestant views.
Sulyman Age Abdulkareem
Sulyman Age Abdulkareem is a Nigerian academic and professor of chemical engineering who served as the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Ilorin from 2017 to 2022.

Abdulkareem  graduated from University of Detroit in the US in 1980, with BChE and MChE degrees in chemical engineering. In 1988 he was awarded a Ph.D. by the University of Louisville in the US. His areas of specialisation are heterogeneous catalysis and reaction engineering.

Abdulkareem has worked for the Nigerian Steel Development Company in Ajaokuta, Nigeria, and for 3M in Minnesota, US. He was a research engineer and assistant professor in the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals in Saudi Arabia.

Prior to his appointment at the University of Ilorin, Abdulkareem was Vice-Chancellor of Al-Hikmah University in Ilorin. He was appointed as new Vice-Chancellor of the University of Ilorin on 28 August 2017 and took up his role on 16 October 2017. He was preceded by Abdul Ganiyu Ambali.

Abdul Ganiyu Ambali
Abdul Ganiyu AmbaliListenⓘ  (born 29 November 1957) is a Nigerian academic, administrator and former vice chancellor of the University of Ilorin. Ambali was also former chairman of the Association of West African Universities (AWAU), and a recipient of one of Nigeria's highest honours, CON.
Triselenide
A triselenide is a compound or ion which contains three selenium atoms or ions. Some examples include:

Arsenic triselenide - As2Se3

Niobium triselenide - NbSe3

Antimony triselenide - Sb2Se3

Gallium(III) selenide - Ga2Se3

Arsenic triselenide
Arsenic triselenide is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula As2Se3.

Amorphous arsenic triselenide is used as a chalcogenide glass for infrared optics. When purified, it transmits light with wavelengths between ca. 0.7 and 19 μm.

In arsenic triselenide, arsenic is covalently bonded to selenium, where arsenic has a formal oxidation state of +3, and selenium −2.
Hassa bint Mohammed Al Nahyan
Sheikha Hassa bint Mohammed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan (Arabic: الشيخة حـصـة بـنت محمـد بن خليفة آل نهيـان; 17 June 1922 – 28 January 2018) was the first wife of the founder and the first President of the United Arab Emirates, the Emir of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan.

She was the mother of the former president of UAE and emir of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Khalifa II (7 September 1948 – 13 May 2022). Her father was Sheikh Mohammed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, who was a first cousin of her husband and also was a senior figure of the House of Al Nahyan, until his death in 1979. Her mother was Sheikha Hassa bint Saqr Al Nahyan, who was also another first cousin of Sheikh Zayed himself. Therefore, Sheikha Hassa bint Mohammed and her husband Sheikh Zayed were double first cousins once removed.

House of Nahyan
The House of Nahyan (Arabic: آل نهيان, romanized: Āl Nuhayān) is the ruling royal family of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, and one of the six ruling families of the United Arab Emirates. The family is a branch of the House of Al Falahi (Āl Bū Falāḥ), a branch of the Bani Yas tribe. They are related to the House of Al Falasi from which the ruling family of Dubai, the Al Maktoum, descends.
MLB Taiwan All-Star Series
The MLB Taiwan All-Star Series was an end-of-the-season tour of Taiwan made by an All-Star team from Major League Baseball (MLB) after 2011 MLB season, contested in a best-of format against the Chinese Taipei national baseball team.

The series featured many great players, such as Nori Aoki, Barry Bonds, Ken Griffey Jr., Chase Utley, Ryan Howard, Hideki Matsui, Ichiro Suzuki, Robinson Canó and Manny Ramírez.

In the beginning of all games the American and Republic of China national anthems are all played.

This series was similar set up compared with the long-standing MLB Japan All-Star Series.

Jim Small, vice president of MLB Asia appreciated the reception of Taiwan during the series and mentioned possible return in future.

MLB Japan All-Star Series
The MLB Japan All-Star Series is an irregular end-of-the-season tour of Japan made by an All-Star team from Major League Baseball (MLB) since 1986, contested in a best-of format against the All-Stars from Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) or recently as of 2014 their national team Samurai Japan (SJP).

The series has featured many great players, such as Nori Aoki, Barry Bonds, Ken Griffey Jr., Randy Johnson, Chase Utley, Ryan Howard, Hideki Matsui, Ichiro Suzuki, Shinnosuke Abe, David Ortiz, Sammy Sosa, Justin Morneau, Joe Mauer, David Wright, Jose Reyes, Jose Altuve, Robinson Canó and Manny Ramírez.

In the beginning of all games the American, Canadian and Japanese national anthems are all played. Games can end in a tie if it persists through 12 innings, just as in NPB rules.
Calendar riots in Riga
Calendar Riots in Riga were a series of uprisings by the citizens of Riga between 1584 and 1589 against the authority of the Riga Town Council and King Stephen Báthory, who had issued an order to adopt the Gregorian calendar. Citizens viewed the reform as an imposition of new restrictions, and opposition to the calendar became intertwined with a broader power struggle between the patricians (represented by the town council) and the guilds (representing burghers), as well as a new wave of Catholic persecution.

Daugava
The Daugava (/ˈdaʊɡəvə/ DOW-gə-və), also known as the Western Dvina or the Väina River, is a large river rising in the Valdai Hills of Russia that flows through Belarus and Latvia into the Gulf of Riga of the Baltic Sea. The Daugava rises close to the source of the Volga. It is 1,020 km (630 mi) in length, of which 352 km (219 mi) are in Latvia and 325 km (202 mi) in Russia. It is a westward-flowing river, tracing out a great south-bending curve as it passes through northern Belarus.

Latvia's capital, Riga, bridges the river's estuary four times. Built on both riverbanks, the city centre is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the river's mouth and is a significant port.
VPB-121
VPB-121 was a Patrol Bombing Squadron of the U.S. Navy. The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 19 (VP-19) on 1 October 1937, redesignated Patrol Squadron 43 (VP-43) on 1 July 1939, redesignated Patrol Squadron 81 (VP-81) on 1 July 1941, redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 121 (VPB-121) on 1 October 1944 and disestablished on 1 June 1946.

Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer
The Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer is an American World War II and Korean War era patrol bomber of the United States Navy derived from the Consolidated B-24 Liberator. The Navy had been using B-24s with only minor modifications as the PB4Y-1 Liberator, and along with maritime patrol Liberators used by RAF Coastal Command, this type of patrol plane was proven successful. A fully navalized design was desired, and Consolidated developed a dedicated long-range patrol bomber with tests begun in 1943, designated PB4Y-2 Privateer. The first version of the Privateer flew in September 1943 with production versions arriving in March 1944. In 1951, the type was redesignated P4Y-2 Privateer. A further designation change occurred in September 1962, when the remaining US Navy Privateers (all having previously been converted to drone configuration as P4Y-2K) were redesignated QP-4B.
Maddalena (opera)
Maddalena (Russian: Маддалена) is an opera in one act by the Russian composer Sergei Prokofiev, who also wrote the libretto based on a play of the same name by Magda Gustavovna Lieven-Orlov (under the pen name Baron Lieven). That play was in turn based on Oscar Wilde's play A Florentine Tragedy.

Rita McAllister
Margaret 'Rita' McAllister (born 6 March 1946) is a Scottish musicologist, composer and academic. She was the Director of Music at the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland and is a renowned authority on the works of Sergei Prokofiev.
Dagoudane Arrondissement
Dagoudane Arrondissement is an arrondissement of the Pikine Department in the Dakar Region of Senegal.

It is divided into 7 communes d'arrondissement: Dalifort, Djida Thiaroye Kao, Guinaw Rail Nord, Guinaw Rail Sud, Pikine Est, Pikine Ouest and Pikine Sud.

Dakar region
Dakar region (French: Région de Dakar) is the smallest and most populated region of Senegal, encompassing the capital city of the country, Dakar, and all its suburbs along the Cap Vert peninsula, Africa's most westerly point.
Hooks (grappling)
Hooks is a term in grappling martial arts that generally refers to the use of careful positioning of a practitioner’s feet and legs to control and manipulate the movement or position of their opponent.  One of the most common uses of hooks is in the back control position to prevent escape. However, a practitioner may alternatively use hooks to defend, sweep, or attack their opponent.

Thigh
In anatomy, the thigh is the area between the hip (pelvis) and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the lower limb.

The single bone in the thigh is called the femur. This bone is very thick and strong (due to the high proportion of bone tissue), and forms a ball and socket joint at the hip, and a modified hinge joint at the knee.
2019 Israeli Basketball League Cup
The 2019 Israeli Basketball League Cup, for sponsorships reasons the Winner League Cup, is the 14th edition of the pre-season tournament of the Israeli Basketball Premier League.

On September 28, 2019, Hapoel Jerusalem  have won the title for the fifth time after an 84–83 dramatic win over Maccabi Tel Aviv in the Final. Suleiman Braimoh was named the Tournament MVP.

Israeli Basketball League Cup
The Israeli Basketball League Cup is a pre-season professional basketball tournament that is contested between clubs. It has been held in Israel since 2006. It is held during the week before the start of the Israeli Premier League season.  The Israeli League Cup tournament is currently sponsored by Pais Lotto, and therefore it is officially known as the Chance Cup. Previously, the tournament was sponsored by the Toto Winner Organization, and it was known as the Winner Cup, from 2006 to 2009. In 2010, it had no sponsor, and therefore the tournament was named Basketball League Cup.