hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
American Rocketry Challenge
The American Rocketry Challenge is an annual American model rocketry competition for students in grades six to 12 sponsored by the Aerospace Industries Association and the National Association of Rocketry.  Co-sponsors include NASA, United States Department of Defense, the American Association of Physics Teachers and the Civil Air Patrol. Previously known as the "Team America Rocketry Challenge," the name was changed following the 2019 event.

The event receives local and national media coverage and usually draws well-known representatives of the Defense Department, NASA, the FAA, and other government agencies. Past National Fly-Offs have been attended by United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin, Rocket Boys author Homer Hickam, former NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe, U.S. Senator Mike Enzi, and former NASA Administrator, Charles Bolden.

The 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016, and 2017 International Fly-Offs were won by the American winners of TARC.

October Sky (book)
October Sky  is the first memoir in a series of four, by American engineer Homer Hickam Jr. originally published in 1998 as Rocket Boys. Later editions were published under the title October Sky as a tie-in to the 1999 film adaptation.

It is a story of growing up in a mining town, and a boy's pursuit of amateur rocketry in a coal mining town. The book won the W.D. Weatherford Award in 1998, the year of its release. Today, it is one of the most often picked community/library reads in the United States. It is also studied in many school systems around the world. October Sky was followed by The Coalwood Way (2000), Sky of Stone (2002), and Carrying Albert Home (2015).

Rocket Boys was made into a film in 1999, titled October Sky (an anagram of "Rocket Boys"). The book was then re-published as October Sky shortly afterwards.
Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012
The Great Arctic Cyclone, or "Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012", was a powerful extratropical cyclone that was centered on the Arctic Ocean in early August 2012. Cyclones of this magnitude are rare in the Arctic summer, although common in the winter. The Great Arctic Cyclone was the strongest summer storm in the Arctic and the 13th-strongest storm observed at any time in the Arctic, since satellite observations began in 1979.

Although the Great Arctic Cyclone did not cause the record melting of sea ice which occurred in 2012, turbulence from the storm is believed to have contributed to melting of sea ice, due to mechanical ice breakup and the rise of warmer saltier water from below; however the main oceanic heat source, associated with inflowing Atlantic water, remained isolated from the turbulence.

Extratropical cyclone
Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones are low-pressure areas which, along with anticyclones, drive the weather over much of the mid-latitudes of the Earth. Extratropical cyclones are capable of producing a range of weather conditions from wind, cloudiness and mild showers to severe hail, thunderstorms, blizzards, and tornadoes. This type of cyclone is thus defined as a large scale (synoptic) low pressure weather system occurring in the middle latitudes of the Earth. In contrast with tropical cyclones, extratropical cyclones produce rapid changes in temperature and dew point along broad lines called weather fronts, which are present about the center of the cyclone.
Benjamin Cubitt
Benjamin Cubitt (1795 – 12 January 1848) was an English locomotive engineer. Born in Norfolk, he was the brother of William Cubitt who was a consultant to the Great Northern Railway. He was the first Locomotive Engineer of the GNR. He took up the position in 1846, after having served as the head of the joint committee of the Brighton, Croydon and Dover Railways.

William Cubitt
Sir William Cubitt FRS (bapt. 9 October 1785 – 13 October 1861) was an English civil engineer and millwright. Born in Norfolk, England, he was employed in many of the great engineering undertakings of his time. He invented a type of windmill sail and the prison treadwheel, and was employed as chief engineer, at Ransomes of Ipswich, before moving to London. He worked on canals, docks, and railways, including the South Eastern Railway and the Great Northern Railway. He was the chief engineer of Crystal Palace erected at Hyde Park in 1851.

He was president of the Institution of Civil Engineers between 1850 and 1851.
Dornogovi Province
Dornogovi (Mongolian: Дорноговь, East Gobi) is one of the 21 aimags (provinces) of Mongolia, located in the southeast of the country, bordering China's autonomous region of Inner Mongolia.

Dornogovi is located in the Gobi Desert, and frequent sand- and snow storms amplify the hard weather conditions of Mongolia. Temperatures can range from −40 °C (−40 °F) to 40 °C (104 °F) with ground temperatures as high as 60 °C or 140 °F.

Dornogovi has ample reserves of groundwater, but no lakes or rivers.

Provinces of Mongolia
Mongolia is divided into 21 provinces or aimags (аймгууд, aimguud) and one provincial municipality. Each aimag is subdivided into several districts.

The modern provinces have been established since 1921. The capital, Ulaanbaatar, is governed as an independent provincial municipality separate from Töv Province, inside which it is situated.
Chios Strait
The Chios Strait, (Turkish: Sakız Boğazı) or the Chios Channel as referred to by some sources, is a relatively narrow strait in the eastern Aegean Sea that separates the Greek island of Chios from the Anatolian mainland and from the Aegean Region of Turkey.

Çeşme
Çeşme, officially the Çeşme Municipality, is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey. Its area is 285 km2, and its population is 48,924 (2022). It sits at Turkey's westernmost end, on a promontory on the tip of the peninsula that also carries the same name and that extends inland to form a whole with the wider Urla-Karaburun-Çeşme Peninsula. It is a popular holiday resort and the district center, where two thirds of the district population is concentrated. Çeşme is located 85 km west of İzmir, the largest metropolitan center in Turkey's Aegean Region. There is a six-lane highway connecting the two cities (Otoyol 32). Çeşme district has two neighboring districts, Karaburun to the north and Urla to the east, both of which are also part of İzmir Province. The name "Çeşme" means "fountain" and possibly draws reference from the many Ottoman fountains that are scattered across the city.
Lankesteriana
Lankesteriana is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orchidaceae. It includes 22 species of orchids native to the tropical Americas, ranging from southern Mexico to Bolivia and southern Brazil.

The genus was described in 2014 by Adam P. Karremans to include Anathallis barbulata its close relatives. The genus is more closely related to some species of Trichosalpinx and Zootrophion than to Anathallis.

The genus name honors both the Lankester Botanical Garden of the University of Costa Rica, which celebrated its 40th anniversary the year the genus was named, and the scientific journal Lankesteriana, International Journal on Orchidology.

Zootrophion
Zootrophion (abbreviated Zo.) is a genus of 23 known species of orchid, native to Central America, South America and the West Indies. The stems have inflated, flattened sheaths. The flowers bear sepals that fuse at their tips to form box-like structures that resemble animal's heads, hence the generic name, which means "menagerie".
People's Commissariat for Communications
The People's Commissariat for Communications of the USSR (Russian: Народный комиссариат связи СССР) was the central state agency of the Soviet Union for communications in the period 1932 to 1946. The Commissariat administered the postal, telegraph and telephone services.

People's Commissariat
A People's Commissariat (Russian: народный комиссариат, romanized: narodnyy komissariat; narkomat) was a structure in the Soviet state from 1917–1946 which functioned as the central executive body in charge of managing a particular field of state activity or a separate sector of the national economy; analogue of the ministry. As a rule, a People's Commissariat was headed by a People's Commissar (Russian: народный комиссар; narkom), which was part of the government – the Council of People's Commissars of the appropriate level.

Commissariats were created as central organs of state administration when the Soviet Union was established in the territory of the former Russian Empire.

The number of People's Commissariats changed in accordance with the requirements of the current moment; overall it increased due to the separation of existing ones and the formation of new ones.
José Horácio Costa
José Horácio Costa was the second president (governor) of the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo. He was the legal substitute of the former governor, Afonso Cláudio de Freitas Rosa.  Both were appointed by the President of Brazil, Marshall Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca, as governor and vice-governor.

Afonso Cláudio (politician)
Afonso Cláudio de Freitas Rosa (August 2, 1859 – June 16, 1934), or simply Afonso Cláudio, as he was better known by the people, was, for a brief time, the first president (governor, actually) of the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo. He was inaugurated as governor on November 22, 1889, and remained on the function until January 7, 1890.
The Doctrine of Awakening
The Doctrine of Awakening is a book by Julius Evola, first published as La dottrina del risveglio in 1943, and translated into English by H. E. Musson in 1951. The book was based on translations from the Buddhist Pali Canon by Karl Eugen Neumann and Giuseppe De Lorenzo. Evola was not a practicing Buddhist, but the topic had personal significance to him, since a passage from the Majjhima Nikaya had dissuaded him from committing suicide in 1922. It was the first of Evola's works to be translated into English.

Kshatriya
Kshatriya (Sanskrit: क्षत्रिय, romanized: Kṣatriya) (from Sanskrit kṣatra, "rule, authority"; also called Rajanya) is one of the four varnas (social orders) of Hindu society and is associated with the warrior aristocracy. The Sanskrit term kṣatriyaḥ is used in the context of later Vedic society wherein members were organised into four classes: brahmin, kshatriya, vaishya, and shudra.
Coil car
Coil cars (also referred to as "steel coil cars" or "coil steel cars") are a specialized type of rolling stock designed for the transport of rolls of sheet metal (called "coils"), particularly steel. They are  considered a subtype of the gondola car, though they bear little resemblance to a typical gondola.

Gondola (rail)
In North American railroad terminology, a gondola car or gondola is typically an open-topped railroad car used for transporting loose bulk materials, although general freight was also carried in the pre-container era. Because of their low side walls, gondola cars are also suitable for the carriage of such high-density cargos as steel plates or coils, or of bulky items such as prefabricated sections of rail track. Gondola cars are distinct from hopper cars in that they do not have doors on their floor to empty cargo.
Phil Barnes
Philip Kenneth Barnes (born 2 March 1979) is an English former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

Barnes was active between 1996 and 2019, spending his first thirteen seasons in professional football in a career that began at Rotherham United, although he first made a name for himself as Blackpool. He notched up 141 league appearances during his spell with the Tangerines which earned him a move to Sheffield United, spending time on loan with Torquay United and Queens Park Rangers before joining Grimsby Town. He departed The Mariners in 2009 and moved into Non-League football, playing for Gainsborough Trinity, Alfreton Town, Harrogate Town, Buxton, Matlock Town and Handsworth Parramore. He retired from competitive football at the end of the 2018−19 season.

2001–02 Football League Trophy
The Football League Trophy 2001–02, known as the LDV Vans Trophy 2001–02 for sponsorship reasons, was the 21st staging of the Football League Trophy, a knock-out competition for English football clubs in Second, Third Division and the Conference. The winners were Blackpool and the runners-up were Cambridge United.

The competition began on 15 October 2001 and ended with the final on 24 March 2002 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff.

In the first round, there were two sections: North and South. In the following rounds each section gradually eliminates teams in knock-out fashion until each has a winning finalist. At this point, the two winning finalists face each other in the combined final for the honour of the trophy.
Alusine Fofanah (soccer)
Alusine Bakish Fofanah (born 21 November 1997) is a soccer player who plays as an attacking midfielder for Mt Druitt Town Rangers. He is the youngest ever player in the history of the A-League, making his debut for the Western Sydney Wanderers at just 15 years and 189 days. Born in Sierra Leone, he represented Australia at youth level.

2014 AFC Champions League
The 2014 AFC Champions League was the 33rd edition of the top-level Asian club football tournament organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC), and the 12th under the current AFC Champions League title. Guangzhou Evergrande were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Western Sydney Wanderers in the quarter-finals.

In the final, Western Sydney Wanderers of Australia defeated Al-Hilal of Saudi Arabia 1–0 on aggregate, to become the first Australian team to win the title, and in doing so qualified for the 2014 FIFA Club World Cup. The Australian club were making their debut in the competition, having won entry to the competition by winning the 2012–13 A-League Premiership in their first year of existence.
Sirishtnik
Sirishtnik (Bulgarian: Сирищник [ˈsiriʃtnik]) is a village in western Bulgaria, part of Kovachevtsi municipality, Pernik Province. It lies 25 km west of Pernik, at 42°34′N 22°49′E﻿ / ﻿42.567°N 22.817°E﻿ / 42.567; 22.817, 742 metres above sea level. As of 2005, it had a population of 268 and the mayor was Plamen Yanev. The village is situated on the banks of the Svetlya River, a tributary of the Struma.

Sirishtnik is the birthplace of former Bulgarian President Georgi Parvanov, who, while born there, grew up in the neighbouring village of Kosacha, from where his mother and father stem.

Kovachevtsi, Pernik Province
Kovachevtsi (Bulgarian: Ковачевци, pronounced [koˈvat͡ʃɛft͡si]; also transliterated Kovačevci) is a village in western Bulgaria, part of Pernik Province. It is the administrative centre of Kovachevtsi Municipality, which lies in the western part of Pernik Province.
Hokuriku-Shin'etsu proportional representation block
The Hokuriku-Shin'etsu proportional representation block (Hirei [daihyō] hokuriku shinetsu burokku (比例北陸信越ブロック)) is one of eleven proportional representation (PR) "blocks", multi-member constituencies for the House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan. It consists of the Hokuriku and Shin'etsu regions, and consists of the prefectures of Niigata, Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui, and Nagano. Following the introduction of proportional voting, Hokuriku-Shinetsu elected 13 representatives by PR in the 1996 general election, reduced to 11 in the election of 2000 when the total number of PR seats was reduced from 200 to 180, and 10 since a reapportionment in the 2024 election.

Shin'etsu region
Shin'etsu (信越地方, Shin'etsu Chihō, Japanese pronunciation: [ɕi(ꜜ)ɰ̃.e.tsɯ, ɕiɰ̃.e.tsɯ tɕiꜜ.hoː, -tɕi̥.hoꜜː]) is a geographical region of Japan.

The area encompasses the old provinces of Shinano and Echigo. Though the name is a combination of those two provinces, the region also contains Sado Island from Sado Province. It is located in the modern-day prefectures of Nagano and Niigata.
Leadership opinion polling for the next Israeli legislative election
In the run up to the 2026 Israeli legislative election, scheduled to be held by 27 October 2026, various organisations are conducting opinion polling to gauge voter preferences for prime minister and other political figures in Israel during the term of the twenty-fifth Knesset. This article lists the results of such polls.

Ministry of Defense (Israel)
The Ministry of Defense (Hebrew: משרד הביטחון, romanized: Misrad HaBitahon, lit. 'Ministry of Security', acronym: Hebrew: משהב"ט) of the government of Israel, is the governmental department responsible for defending the State of Israel from internal and external military threats. Its political head is the defense minister of Israel, and its offices are located in HaKirya, Tel Aviv.

The Ministry of Defense oversees most of the Israeli security forces, including the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), Israel Military Industries (IMI), and Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI).

The ministry was established when the British Mandate of Palestine ended, and the British Army departed Palestine and the State of Israel was formed. This ended the rag-tag militia units during British rule and gave way to the formal defense of the Jewish state.
Aira
Aira is a genus of Old World plants in the grass family, native to western and southern Europe, central and southwest Asia, plus Africa.

The common name, shared with the similar related genera Deschampsia and Koeleria, is hair-grass, from the very slender leaves and stems. The species typically occur on dry, sandy sites, and grow to 20–40 cm tall.

Several species are grown as ornamental plants for their very delicate airy seed heads, used in dried flower arrangements.

Species

formerly included

Many species now considered better suited to other genera: Agrostis, Antinoria, Arundinella, Arundo, Catabrosa, Colpodium, Corynephorus, Cyrtococcum, Deschampsia, Ehrharta, Eragrostis, Eriachne, Eustachys, Hierochloe, Koeleria, Molinia, Pentameris, Peyritschia, Poa, Puccinellia, Rostraria, Scolochloa, Sesleria, Sphenopholis, Sporobolus, Tricholaena, Trisetum etc.

Tricholaena
Tricholaena is a genus of Asian, African, and Italian plants in the grass family.

Species

Tricholaena capensis (Licht. ex Roem. & Schult.) Nees - Free State, Namibia, Cape Province

Tricholaena monachne (Trin.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb. - drier parts of Africa from Kenya to Cape Province; also Ghana, Togo, Madagascar, Réunion, Pakistan

Tricholaena teneriffae (L.f.) Link - drier parts of Africa from Morocco to Egypt to Tanzania; Canary Islands; Cape Verde, Arabian Peninsula, Middle East, India, Pakistan, Calabria, Sicily

Tricholaena vestita (Balf.f.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb. - Socotra

formerly included

see Brachiaria Digitaria Eriachne Melinis Miscanthus Paspalum Saccharum
Whitey McDonald
Robert Logan "Whitey" McDonald (11 August 1902 – 7 June 1956) was an association football (soccer) player who earned two caps for Ireland. He began his professional career in Canada, spent four seasons in the American Soccer League, then finished it in Scotland with Rangers.

Canada Soccer Hall of Fame
The Canada Soccer Hall of Fame honours people and institutions for their contributions to Canadian soccer. It was founded in 1997 by the Ontario Soccer Association and was originally located in Vaughan, Ontario. As of 2024, the Canada Soccer Hall of Fame has inducted 144 players, 13 managers/coaches, 10 officials, and 45 builders as honoured members. Additionally, the Canada Soccer Hall of Fame has recognized 18 teams of distinction and 21 organizations of distinction.

After the Canadian Soccer Association Alumni Association was founded in 1987, the Soccer Hall of Fame was founded by the Ontario Soccer Association in 1997 in Vaughan. The new Canada Soccer Hall of Fame was launched in May 2017 under the direction of the Canadian Soccer Association in Ottawa, Ontario. All previously-inducted members of The Soccer Hall of Fame as well as a catch-up class of 17 legends were named to the new Canada Soccer Hall of Fame.
Grandpa Graf's
Grandpa Graf's (also known as Graf's Root Beer, Graf's, or Gran'pa Graf's) is a carbonated soft drink that can presently be purchased in eastern and northern Wisconsin groceries.  The beverage is a root beer flavored drink that originated in 1873 from John Graf.

Root beer
Root beer is a North American beverage traditionally made using the root bark of the sassafras tree Sassafras albidum or the sarsaparilla vine Smilax ornata (also used to make a soft drink called sarsaparilla) as the primary flavor. It started out as a type of small beer that was brewed. Today, root beer is usually a sweet, carbonated soft drink that is generally non-alcoholic and caffeine-free. It usually has a thick and foamy head.

Since safrole, a key component of sassafras, was banned by the US Food and Drug Administration in 1960 due to its carcinogenicity, most commercial root beers have been flavored using artificial sassafras flavoring, but a few (e.g. Hansen's) used a safrole-free sassafras extract. There are many major root beer producers. A common use is to add vanilla ice cream to make a root beer float.
Brvi
Brvi (pronounced [bəɾˈʋiː]) is a settlement to the south of Bizeljsko in the Municipality of Brežice in eastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.

The foundations of a Roman building have been found in the area. A Roman aqueduct supplying water to the nearby settlement of Neviodunum ran through the area and older sources also state the discovery of Roman burials in the vicinity.

Bizeljsko
Bizeljsko (pronounced [biˈzeːlskɔ]; German: Wisell) is a settlement in the Municipality of Brežice in eastern Slovenia, close to the border with Croatia. It lies on the right bank of the Sotla River and in terms of its territory is the largest settlement in the Municipality of Brežice. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region. It includes the hamlets of Bošt, Nimnik, Gradišče (German: Gradischberg), Župjek, Spodnja Sušica (German: Untersuschitz), Zgornja Sušica (German: Obersuschitz), Janežičeva Gorca (German: Johannesberg), Vrhovnica, and Vitna Vas (Slovene: Vitna vas).
Mark Segal
Mark Allan Segal (born 1951) is an American social activist and author. He participated in the Stonewall riots and was one of the original founders of the Gay Liberation Front where he created its Gay Youth program. He was the founder and former president of the National Gay Newspaper Guild and founded the Philadelphia Gay News. He has won numerous journalism awards for his column "Mark my Works," including best column by The National Newspaper Association, Suburban Newspaper Association and The Society of Professional Journalists.

Frank Kameny
Franklin Edward Kameny (May 21, 1925 – October 11, 2011) was an American gay rights activist. He has been referred to as "one of the most significant figures" in the American gay rights movement.

During the Lavender scare, in 1957, Kameny was dismissed from his position as an astronomer in the U.S. Army's Army Map Service in Washington, D.C., because of his homosexuality, leading him to begin "a Herculean struggle with the American establishment" that would "spearhead a new period of militancy in the homosexual rights movement of the early 1960s".

Kameny formally appealed his firing by the U.S. Civil Service Commission. Although unsuccessful, the proceeding was notable as the first known civil rights claim based on sexual orientation pursued in a U.S. court.