hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Adobe ColdFusion
Adobe ColdFusion is a commercial rapid web-application development computing platform created by J. J. Allaire in 1995. (The programming language used with that platform is also commonly called ColdFusion, though is more accurately known as CFML.) ColdFusion was originally designed to make it easier to connect simple HTML pages to a database. By version 2 (1996) it had become a full platform that included an IDE in addition to a full scripting language.

Jetty (web server)
Eclipse Jetty is a Java web server and Java Servlet container. While web servers are usually associated with serving documents to people, Jetty is now often used for machine to machine communications, usually within larger software frameworks. Jetty is developed as a free and open source project as part of the Eclipse Foundation.  The web server is used in products such as Apache ActiveMQ, Alfresco, Scalatra, Apache Geronimo, Apache Maven,  Apache Spark, Google App Engine, Eclipse, FUSE, iDempiere, Twitter's Streaming API and Zimbra. Jetty is also the server in open source projects such as Lift, Eucalyptus, OpenNMS, Red5, Hadoop and I2P. Jetty supports the latest Java Servlet API (with JSP support) as well as protocols HTTP/2 and WebSocket.
Individual Computers Catweasel
The Catweasel is a family of enhanced floppy-disk controllers from German company Individual Computers. These controllers are designed to allow more recent computers, such as PCs, to access a wide variety of older or non-native disk formats using standard floppy drives.

Amiga 1200
The Amiga 1200, or A1200 (code-named "Channel Z"), is a personal computer in the Amiga computer family released by Commodore International, aimed at the home computer market. It was launched on October 21, 1992, at a base price of £399 in the United Kingdom (equivalent to £1,040 in 2023) and $599 in the United States (equivalent to $1,340 in 2024).
Regional Council of Valparaíso
The Regional Council of the Valparaíso Region (Spanish: Consejo Regional de la Región de Valparaíso), commonly known as CORE Valparaíso, is the regional council of the Valparaíso Region in Chile. It serves as the normative, decision-making, and oversight body within the scope of the Regional Government of Valparaíso and is responsible for ensuring citizen participation at the regional level and exercising the powers conferred upon it by the relevant organic constitutional law. Its headquarters are located in the city of Valparaíso.

The council is composed of 28 councillors elected by direct universal suffrage from the region's provinces. Councillors serve four-year terms and may be re-elected for a maximum of two additional terms. Until 2021, the council elected a president from among its members by absolute majority; following a constitutional reform enacted in 2020, the presidency of the regional council is held by law by the Regional Governor.

Regional councils of Chile
Regional councils of Chile (Spanish: consejos regionales) are collegiate public bodies with normative, decision-making, and oversight functions within the regional governments of Chile. They operate in each of the Regions of Chile and, together with the regional governor, form the regional government structure.

Regional councils ensure citizen participation in regional administration and exercise powers established by the Organic Constitutional Law on Government and Regional Administration (Law No. 19,175).
Mamoiada
Mamoiada (Sardinian: Mamujada) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in the Italian region of Sardinia, located about 110 km (68 mi) north of Cagliari and about 12 km (7 mi) southwest of Nuoro. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,582 and an area of 49.0 square kilometres (18.9 sq mi).

The town is known for its traditional carnival costumes, including distinctive masks worn by the mamuthones and issohadores. The local museum houses some masks also from other part of Sardinia and Europe.

Mamoiada borders the following municipalities: Fonni, Gavoi, Nuoro, Ollolai, Orani, Orgosolo, Sarule.

Fonni
Fonni (Sardinian: Fonne) is a town and comune in Sardinia, in the province of Nuoro (Italy).

It is the highest town in Sardinia, and situated among fine scenery with some chestnut woods. Fonni is a winter sports centre with a ski lift to Monte Spada and Bruncu Spina.
Macedonia at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Macedonia participated at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, United States, held between 8 and 24 February 2002. The country's participation in the Games marked its second appearance at the Winter Olympics since its debut in the previous Games.

The Macedonian team consisted of two athletes who competed across three sports. Alpine skier Jana Nikolovska served as the country's flag-bearer during the opening ceremony. North Macedonia did not win any medal in the Games, and has not won a Winter Olympics medal as of these Games.

Macedonia at the 1998 Winter Olympics
The Republic of Macedonia (officially under the provisional appellation "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", short "FYR Macedonia") competed in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan.
Mcrypt
mcrypt is a replacement for the popular Unix crypt command. crypt was a file encryption tool that used an algorithm very close to the World War II Enigma cipher. Mcrypt provides the same functionality but uses several modern algorithms such as AES. Libmcrypt, Mcrypt's companion, is a library of code that contains the actual encryption functions and provides an easy method for use. The last update to libmcrypt was in 2007, despite years of unmerged patches. Maintained alternatives include ccrypt, libressl, and others.

Examples of mcrypt usage in a Linux command-line environment:

It implements numerous cryptographic algorithms, mostly block ciphers and stream ciphers, some of which fall under export restrictions in the United States. Algorithms include DES, Blowfish, ARCFOUR, Enigma, GOST, LOKI97, RC2, Serpent, Threeway, Twofish, WAKE, and XTEA.

LibreSSL
LibreSSL is an open-source implementation of the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol. The implementation is named after Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), the deprecated predecessor of TLS, for which support was removed in release 2.3.0. The OpenBSD project forked LibreSSL from OpenSSL 1.0.1g in April 2014 as a response to the Heartbleed security vulnerability, with the goals of modernizing the codebase, improving security, and applying development best practices.
Quintero
Quintero is a Chilean city and commune in Valparaíso Province, in the Valparaíso Region, 30 kilometers north of Valparaíso. The commune spans an area of 147.5 km2 (57 sq mi). It was the first port in the country, created during the expedition of Diego de Almagro. Fundición Ventanas and other heavy industries are located in the commune of Quintero.

Senate of Chile
33°02′52″S 71°36′21″W﻿ / ﻿33.04778°S 71.60583°W﻿ / -33.04778; -71.60583

The Senate of the Republic of Chile is the upper house of Chile's bicameral National Congress, as established in the current Constitution of Chile.
John IV of Dražice
John IV of Dražice (Czech: Jan IV. z Dražic; c. 1260 – 5 January 1343) was the penultimate Bishop of Prague, serving from 1301 to 1343. His successor, Arnošt of Pardubice, became the first Archbishop of Prague in 1343. John IV played a significant role in bringing the Luxembourg dynasty to the Bohemian throne and was a notable patron of architecture and the arts.

Arnošt of Pardubice
Arnošt of Pardubice (Czech: Arnošt z Pardubic, German: Ernst von Pardubitz; 25 March 1297 – 30 June 1364) was the first Archbishop of Prague (and the last bishop). He was also an advisor and diplomat to Emperor Charles IV.
Potassium erythorbate
Potassium erythorbate (C6H7KO6) is a food additive. Chemically, it is the potassium salt of erythorbic acid. As an antioxidant structurally related to vitamin C, it helps improve flavor stability and prevents the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines.

Erythorbic acid
Erythorbic acid (isoascorbic acid, D-araboascorbic acid) is a stereoisomer (C5 epimer) of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). It is synthesized by a reaction between methyl 2-keto-D-gluconate and sodium methoxide. It can also be synthesized from sucrose or by strains of Penicillium that have been selected for this feature. It is denoted by E number E315, and is widely used as an antioxidant in processed foods.
1994 Copenhagen Open
The 1994 Copenhagen Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Copenhagen, Denmark that was part of the World Series of the 1994 ATP Tour. It was the sixth edition of the tournament and was held from 28 February through 7 March 1994. Fourth-seeded Yevgeny Kafelnikov won the singles title.

1994 ATP Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organized by the ATP. The ATP Tour includes the Grand Slam tournaments (organized by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP Championship Series, Single-Week, the ATP Championship Series, the ATP World Series, the ATP World Team Cup, the Davis Cup (organized by the ITF), the ATP Tour World Championships and the Grand Slam Cup (organized by the ITF).
Maricunga Gold Belt
The Maricunga Gold Belt (Spanish: Cinturón aurífero de Maricunga) or Maricunga Metallogenic Belt is an area rich in gold veins in Atacama Region, Chile. It runs as trend from the vicinity of the Argentine border in a northwestern direction, but does not reach the Pacific Ocean. There is both gold and some silver of high sulphidation epithermal origin and gold with copper of porphyry type in the belt. The gold belt lies at the southern end of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes and different volcanic complexes are geographically associated with any of the two mineralization types.

Argentina–Chile border
The Argentina–Chile border is the longest international border of South America and the third longest in the world after the Canada–United States border and the Kazakhstan–Russia border. With a length of 5,308 kilometres (3,298 mi), it separates Argentina from Chile along the Andes and on the islands of Tierra del Fuego. However, there are some border disputes, particularly around the Southern Patagonian Ice Field. It is the largest border of the two countries, beating the Argentina–Paraguay and Chile–Bolivia, Argentina's and Chile's second largest borders, respectively.

Many crossings along the border are also mountain passes along the continental divide. In the far south and far north the border follows straight lines between summits or along parallels or meridians.
1933 in France
This article lists notable events, births and deaths from the year 1933 in France. Major occurrences include the founding of Air France via merger, and the Lagny-Pomponne rail accident, which killed 204 people.

Lagny-Pomponne rail accident
The Lagny-Pomponne rail accident occurred on 23 December 1933, between Pomponne and Lagny-sur-Marne (48°52′54″N 2°41′47″E﻿ / ﻿48.88167°N 2.69639°E﻿ / 48.88167; 2.69639), 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Paris, when the 4-8-2 locomotive of the express for Strasbourg crashed at 110 km/h (65 mph) into the rear of an auxiliary train bound for Nancy, which was stopped on the railway. The impact crushed and splintered the last five cars of the Nancy train, older wooden cars pressed into service for the holidays. Both trains were full of people going home to their families for Christmas. 204 people died and 120 were injured.

It is the second to worst railway disaster in French history, after the 1917 Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne derailment.
Francesca Happé
Francesca Gabrielle Elizabeth Happé (born 1967) is a British neuroscientist who is Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience and former Director of the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London. Her research concerns autism spectrum conditions, specifically the understanding social cognitive processes in these conditions.

Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)
The Medical Research Council (MRC) is a council of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology, responsible for co-coordinating and funding medical research in the United Kingdom.

The MRC focuses on high-impact research and has provided the financial support and scientific expertise behind a number of medical breakthroughs, including the development of penicillin and the discovery of the structure of DNA. Research funded by the MRC has produced 32 Nobel Prize winners to date.
Germaine Damar
Germaine Damar (born August 31, 1929) is a Luxembourgish actress and dancer. Sometimes she used the stage name Ria Poncelet. She started her career as an acrobat and played in nearly 30 German films, including three films in which she was the partner of Peter Alexander.

The Three from the Filling Station (1955 film)
The Three from the Filling Station (German: Die Drei von der Tankstelle) is a 1955 West German musical film directed by Hans Wolff and starring Adrian Hoven, Walter Müller and Walter Giller. It was shot at the Tempelhof Studios in West Berlin and on location around the city. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Kurt Herlth and Hans Kuhnert.

The film is a remake of the 1930 UFA film The Three from the Filling Station. It was one of a series of remakes made during the 1950s of major hits during the Weimar and Nazi eras. A separate French-language remake The Road to Paradise was released in 1956.
William Kirk (MP)
William Kirk (1795 – 20 December 1870) was an Irish linen-mill entrepreneur and Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. He was elected, with the endorsement of the Tenant Right League, as an independent for constituency of Newry in 1852, and again in 1857. He stood down as a candidate for re-election in 1859. In 1865 he entered the arena as a Liberal candidate for Armagh, but he failed to win the seat. His final appearance on the political stage was in 1868, when, returning to Newry as a Liberal, he successfully contested his old seat. Despite failing health, he continued to attend parliament, and maintained his support for tenant rights and for "mixed" (Catholic, Protestant) education.

Presbyterian Church in Ireland
The Presbyterian Church in Ireland (PCI; Irish: Eaglais Phreispitéireach in Éirinn; Ulster-Scots: Prisbytairin Kirk in Airlann) is the largest Presbyterian denomination in the Republic of Ireland, and the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland. Like most Christian churches in Ireland, it is organised on an all-island basis, in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The church has approximately 210,000 members.
Penstemon spectabilis
Penstemon spectabilis is a species of penstemon known by the common name showy penstemon or showy beardtongue. It is a perennial herb native to southern California and Baja California, where it grows in the chaparral, scrub, and woodlands of the coastal mountain ranges.

Penstemon
Penstemon /ˈpɛnstɪmən/, the beardtongues, is a large genus of roughly 280 species of flowering plants native to North America from northern Canada to Central America. It is the largest genus of flowering plants endemic to North America. As well as being the scientific name, penstemon is also widely used as a common name for all Penstemon species alongside beardtongues.

Formerly placed in the family Scrophulariaceae by the Cronquist system, new genetic research has placed it in the vastly expanded family Plantaginaceae. The total number of species is disagreed upon due to ongoing research into if some of the named species are actually subspecies or illegitimate concepts of previously described species.
Shen Si
Shen Si (Chinese: 申思; born 1 May 1973 in Shanghai) is a former Chinese international footballer who played as a left midfielder where he gained a reputation for his technical and free kick skills, which saw him become a runner-up in the 2004 Free Kick Masters. After representing Shanghai Shenhua and Shanghai International as a player he took up managing Pudong Zobon F.C. before being relieved of his position after it was revealed that he was involved in fixing a game in the 2003 Chinese Jia-A League season while he was a player. On October 15, 2010, he was detained by the police for his involvement in fixing a league game against Tianjin Teda on November 30, 2003 and was sentenced to six years imprisonment on June 13, 2012.

1995 Chinese Jia-A League
The 1995 Chinese Jia-A League season, also known as Marlboro Jia-A League for sponsorship reasons, was the second season of professional association football league and the 34th top-tier overall league season held in China. Starting on April 16 and ending on November 19, the league saw Shanghai Shenhua win the championship.
Tobacco Products Control Act, 1993
The Tobacco Products Control Act was introduced in South Africa in 1993, where smoking has been rated the second highest health concern, after HIV/AIDS.

This act has been amended several times during the past decade and today South Africa has some of the strictest tobacco control measures ever adopted by the government of a developing country. It is estimated that cigarette consumption has fallen dramatically since the early 1990s while the percentage of adult smokers in the country has dropped from 32 to 26.5 percent.

Nicotine marketing
Nicotine marketing is the marketing of nicotine-containing products or use. Traditionally, the tobacco industry markets cigarette smoking, but it is increasingly marketing other products, such as electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products. Products are marketed through social media, stealth marketing, mass media, and sponsorship (particularly of sporting events). Expenditures on nicotine marketing are in the tens of billions a year; in the US alone, spending was over US$1 million per hour in 2016; in 2003, per-capita marketing spending was $290 per adult smoker, or $45 per inhabitant. Nicotine marketing is increasingly regulated; some forms of nicotine advertising are banned in many countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a complete tobacco advertising ban.
S. Yizhar
Yizhar Smilansky (Hebrew: יִזְהָר סְמִילַנְסְקִי; 27 September 1916 – 21 August 2006), known by his pen name S. Yizhar (ס. יִזְהָר‎), was an Israeli writer and politician. Widely regarded as one of the preeminent figures in Israeli literature, he was awarded the Israel Prize in 1959 for fine literature. He was also awarded several other prizes of national distinction. In his political life, Yizhar served in the Knesset under Mapai almost continuously from 1949–1967.

Bialik Prize
The Bialik Prize is an annual literary award given by the municipality of Tel Aviv, Israel, for significant accomplishments in Hebrew literature. The prize is named in memory of Israel's national poet Hayyim Nahman Bialik. There are two separate prizes, one specifically for "Literature", which is in the field of fiction, and the other for "Jewish thought" (חכמת ישראל). The prize was established in January 1933, Bialik's 60th birthday.
Crystallographic defects in diamond
Imperfections in the crystal lattice of diamond are common. Such defects may be the result of lattice irregularities or extrinsic substitutional or interstitial impurities, introduced during or after the diamond growth. The defects affect the material properties of diamond and determine to which type a diamond is assigned; the most dramatic effects are on the diamond color and electrical conductivity, as explained by the electronic band structure.

The defects can be detected by different types of spectroscopy, including electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), luminescence induced by light (photoluminescence, PL) or electron beam (cathodoluminescence, CL), and absorption of light in the infrared (IR), visible and UV parts of the spectrum. The absorption spectrum is used not only to identify the defects, but also to estimate their concentration; it can also distinguish natural from synthetic or enhanced diamonds.

Valence and conduction bands
In solid-state physics, the valence band and conduction band are the bands closest to the Fermi level, and thus determine the electrical conductivity of the solid. In nonmetals, the valence band is the highest range of electron energies in which electrons are normally present at absolute zero temperature, while the conduction band is the lowest range of vacant electronic states. On a graph of the electronic band structure of a semiconducting material, the valence band is located below the Fermi level, while the conduction band is located above it.

The distinction between the valence and conduction bands is meaningless in metals, because conduction occurs in one or more partially filled bands that take on the properties of both the valence and conduction bands.
Sílvio (footballer, born 1987)
Sílvio Manuel de Azevedo Ferreira Sá Pereira (born 28 September 1987), known simply as Sílvio, is a Portuguese former professional footballer. A defender, he was equally at ease as a right or left-back.

He made 129 Primeira Liga appearances for Rio Ave, Braga, Benfica, Vitória de Setúbal and Vitória de Guimarães, winning several honours while playing infrequently for the third of those clubs. Abroad, he featured in La Liga for Atlético Madrid and Deportivo, and spent a season in England with Wolverhampton Wanderers.

Sílvio won eight caps for Portugal in three years, making his debut in 2010.

2013–14 Primeira Liga
The 2013–14 Primeira Liga (also known as Liga ZON Sagres for sponsorship reasons) was the 80th season of the Primeira Liga, the top professional league for Portuguese association football clubs. It began on 18 August 2013 and concluded on 11 May 2014. Sixteen teams contested the league, fourteen of which took part in the previous season and two of which were promoted from the Segunda Liga. On 20 April 2014, Benfica won the Primeira Liga for a record 33rd time with a 2–0 victory over Olhanense, with two matches to spare.
Kaiwaka
Kaiwaka, known as "the little town of lights", is a settlement in Northland, New Zealand. The Kaiwaka River runs from the east through the area and joins with the Wairau River to form the Otamatea River, which drains into the Kaipara Harbour. State Highway 1 passes through Kaiwaka. Kaiwaka is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Wellsford.

Kaiwaka was established in the 1850s during the kauri timber and gum trade. During the late 19th and early 20th century both the road and railway line north passed through the town.

Otamatea River (Northland)
The Otamatea River is a river in the Northland Region. A short and wide river, it flows southwest and could be considered an arm of the northern Kaipara Harbour. The Otamatea is formed by the confluence of the Wairau and Kaiwaka rivers and the North Auckland Line crosses at this point. Almost 300 metres (330 yd) wide at its origin, the river widens to 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) by its mouth opposite Tinopai. Several other broad tidal creeks flow into the Otamatea, including Raepare Creek, Awaroa Creek, Takahoa Creek and the Whakaki River on the left bank and the Arapaoa River on the right.
North Zhongshan Road station
North Zhongshan Road (Chinese: 中山北路; pinyin: Zhōngshān Běi Lù) is a station on Shanghai Metro Line 1. This station is part of the northern extension of that line from Shanghai Railway Station to Gongfu Xincun that opened on 28 December 2004. It is named after Zhongshan Road, the inner ring-road of Shanghai.

Line 1 (Shanghai Metro)
Line 1 is a north–south line of the Shanghai Metro. It runs from Fujin Road in the north, via Shanghai Railway Station to Xinzhuang in the south. The first line to open in the Shanghai Metro system, line 1 serves many important points in Shanghai, including People's Square and Xujiahui. Due to the large number of important locations served, this line is extremely busy, with a daily ridership of over 1,000,000 passengers. Generally, the line runs at grade beside the Shanghai–Hangzhou railway in the south, underground in the city center and elevated on the second deck of the North–South Elevated Road in the North. The line is colored red on system maps.