hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fulford, Staffordshire
Fulford is a village and civil parish about 5 miles (8 km) north east of Stone, in the Stafford district, in the county of Staffordshire, England. The parish includes the settlements of Crossgate, Leadendale, Meir Heath, Mossgate, Rough Close, Saverley Green, Stallington, Townend and part of Blythe Bridge. In 2011 the built-up area had a population of 650 and the parish had 5,931. The village is on one of the tributaries of the River Blythe. Fulford became a conservation area in 1978. The parish is one of the largest in the Stafford district. The parish touches Forsbrook, Hilderstone, Stone Rural, Barlaston and Draycott in the Moors. Fulford is the highest point in the Stafford district and varies between 650 feet (198 m) and 730 feet (223 m) above sea level.

Forsbrook
Forsbrook is a village in Staffordshire, around three miles southwest of Cheadle and situated on the edge of the Staffordshire Moorlands.

It is an old village and is mentioned in the Domesday Book, with the rather unflattering description as waste ground.

The village derives its name from the Old English Fotes-broc - a brook or ditch. . The brook flowed through the village square, where it was crossed by a wooden pedestrian bridge and a ford for horses and vehicles, until it was culverted in 1932.
Jimmy Turnbull
James McLachlan Turnbull (23 May 1882 – 19 September 1960) was a Scottish footballer who played as a forward, most notably for Manchester United, with whom he won the Football League and the FA Charity Shield in 1908 and the FA Cup in 1909. He was the first player to net a hat-trick in a Charity Shield game.

1908–09 FA Cup
The 1908–09 FA Cup was the 38th staging of the world's oldest association football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (more usually known as the FA Cup). Manchester United won the competition for the first time, beating Bristol City 1–0 in the final at Crystal Palace, through a goal from Sandy Turnbull.

Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played.
Australian Army other ranks rank insignia
Like the British Army, the Australian Army does not use the term 'enlisted' to describe its non-commissioned ranks. Instead, personnel who are not commissioned officers are referred to as other ranks. These are soldiers, non-commissioned officers (NCOs) and warrant officers (WOs). Warrant officers are appointed by a warrant which is signed by the Chief of the Army. The insignia for non-commissioned ranks are identical to the British Army up to the rank of warrant officer class two. Since 1976, WO1s and the WO in the Australian Army wear insignia using the Australian Coat of Arms.

Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army (Australia)
Regimental Sergeant Major - Army (RSM-A) is the most senior Warrant Officer in the Australian Army. It is a singular appointment – it is only held by one person at any time. RSM-A holds the unique rank of Warrant Officer (WO) which is senior to Warrant Officer Class One. The special insignia for the RSM-A is the Australian coat of arms with a wreath around it. The twelfth and current Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army is Kim Felmingham.

Based on the United States Army practice of appointing a Sergeant Major of the Army, the RSM-A is responsible to the Chief of Army (CA).

The appointment is the equivalent of the Warrant Officer of the Navy (WO-N) in the Royal Australian Navy, and the Warrant Officer of the Air Force (WOFF-AF) in the Royal Australian Air Force.

The post was created by the then Chief of Army, Lieutenant General Sir Phillip Bennett.
Svetlana Igumenova
Svetlana Igumenova (born 11 March 1988) is a Russian taekwondo practitioner.

She won a bronze medal in flyweight at the 2015 World Taekwondo Championships, after being defeated by Wu Jingyu in the semifinal. Her achievements at the European Taekwondo Championships include a bronze medal in 2014.

Wu Jingyu
Wu Jingyu (simplified Chinese: 吴静钰; traditional Chinese: 吳靜鈺; pinyin: Wú Jìngyù; born February 1, 1987) is a female Chinese Taekwondo practitioner who won gold medals at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics in the –49 kg class. She also won several medals at world championships and Asian Games.
Jirón Cotabambas
Jirón Cotabambas, formerly known as Jirón Independencia, is a street in the Damero de Pizarro, located in the historic centre of Lima, Peru. The street starts at its intersection with Jirón Apurímac, next to Javier Alzamora Valdez Building, and continues until it reaches Miguel Grau Avenue. It is best known for being the birthplace of the Club Alianza Lima.

Javier Alzamora Valdez Building
The Javier Alzamora Valdez Building (Spanish: Edificio Javier Alzamora Valdez) is located in the historic center of Lima, Peru. It stands at the intersection of Abancay and Colmena avenues, next to the University Park. Formerly the headquarters of the Ministry of Education, it's the main location of the Superior Court of Justice of Lima, part of the Judiciary of Peru.
Sandy Praeger
Sandy Praeger (born October 21, 1944) is a former American politician from the U.S. state of Kansas who served as the Kansas Insurance Commissioner from 2003 to 2015. Prior to her term as insurance commissioner, she was a member of the Kansas Senate and Kansas House of Representatives, and served as mayor of Lawrence, Kansas. Although she won her elections as a Republican, she disagreed with the more conservative faction in her party, eventually leading her to endorse a Democrat to succeed her as insurance commissioner.

Kansas Insurance Commissioner
The Kansas insurance commissioner (KIC), in full the Kansas state insurance commissioner, has the primary responsibility to the people whose personal lives are protected by insurance in the state of Kansas. It is an elected position and is currently held by Republican Vicki Schmidt.
Trumpet major
Trumpet major is an appointment in British Army cavalry regiments or the Royal Horse Artillery, held by a sergeant (or corporal of horse in the Household Cavalry) or a staff sergeant (or staff corporal in the Household Cavalry) or warrant officer class 2.  His job is to supervise the training and deployment of trumpeters who blow daily duty and ceremonial calls. Trumpet majors were first appointed to the establishment in 1811.

The trumpet was originally a signalling instrument, but it has become purely ceremonial since the invention of radio.

The insignia of appointment is four point-up chevrons worn on a wrist-strap whilst in shirt-sleeve order, or four large point-up chevrons worn on the uniform sleeve, surmounted by crossed trumpets. Staff sergeants (or staff corporals) have a small crown above the trumpets and warrant officers class 2 have a larger crown.

Staff corporal
Staff corporal (SCpl or S/Cpl) is the equivalent rank to staff sergeant in the Household Cavalry, ranking between corporal of horse and warrant officer class 2. They may hold an appointment such as squadron quartermaster corporal. A staff corporal wears four point-up rank chevrons on his cuff, surmounted by a crown. Staff corporals are in fact addressed as "Corporal-Major" by superiors and usually as "Sir" by subordinates, a holdover from the fact that the rank was originally called troop corporal-major.
Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
The Ochre Coloured Pottery culture (OCP) is a Bronze Age culture of the Indo-Gangetic Plain "generally dated 2000–1500 BCE," extending from eastern Punjab to northeastern Rajasthan and western Uttar Pradesh.

Artefacts of this culture show similarities with both the Late Harappan culture and the Vedic culture. Archaeologist Akinori Uesugi considers it as an archaeological continuity of the previous Harappan Bara style, while according to Parpola, the find of carts in this culture may reflect an Indo-Iranian migration into the India subcontinent, in contact with Late Harappans. The OCP marked the last stage of the North Indian Bronze Age and was succeeded by the Painted Grey Ware culture and then Northern Black polished ware.

Bronze Age India
The Bronze Age in the Indian subcontinent begins around 3000 BCE, and in the end gives rise to the Indus Valley Civilisation, which had its (mature) period between 2600 BCE and 1900 BCE. It continues into the Rigvedic period, the early part of the Vedic period. It is succeeded by the  Iron Age in India, beginning in around 1000 BCE.

South India, by contrast, remains in the Mesolithic stage until about 2500 BCE.

In the 2nd millennium BCE, there may have been cultural contact between North and South India, even though South India skips a Bronze Age proper and enters the Iron Age from the Chalcolithic stage directly.

In February 2006, a school teacher in the village of Sembian-Kandiyur in Tamil Nadu discovered a stone celt with an inscription estimated to be up to 3,500 years old. Indian epigraphist Iravatham Mahadevan postulated that the writing was in Indus script and called the find "the greatest archaeological discovery of a century in Tamil Nadu".
Ramathnal
Ramathnal also spelled as Ramathnala is a village in the Sindhanur taluk of Raichur district in the Indian state of Karnataka. Ramathnal is located near to Pothnal stream joining Tungabhadra river. Ramathnal lies on road connecting Pothnal-Balganur.

Pothnal
Pothnal is a village in the Manvi taluk of Raichur district in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is well connected by road and lies on Karnataka State Highway 23. Pothnal is 22 kilometres (14 mi) from Manvi and 24 kilometres (15 mi) from Sindhanur. It lies on the bank of a nala called Pothnal Nala.

A jatra is held at the Huchchabuddeshwara Temple every August. The nearest major railway station is in Raichur.

Pothnal has two NGOs: Vimukthi Charitable Trust and Navanirmana Trust.
The Big Fella
The Big Fella: Babe Ruth and the World He Created is a non-fiction book by sportswriter Jane Leavy. The book was published in 2018 by HarperCollins. The book covers the life and career of Babe Ruth, focusing on his creation of modern celebrity culture and his high standing in the game of baseball long after his death.

The book became a highly praised best-seller. It was nominated for the CASEY Award and won the Seymour Medal from the Society for American Baseball Research in 2019.

Casey Award
The Casey Award (stylized as CASEY) is an annual literary award that has been given to the best baseball book of the year since 1983. The award was created by Mike Shannon and W. J. Harrison, editors and co-founders of Spitball: The Literary Baseball Magazine because, up until then, there was no award given to authors and publishers of distinguished baseball literature; it is considered to be the most prestigious award that can be given to a baseball book.
Plan East
Plan East (Polish: Plan Wschód) was a Polish defensive military plan that was created in the 1920s and the 1930s in case of war against the Soviet Union. Unlike Plan West (Plan Zachód), it was being prepared during the whole interwar period, as the government of the Second Polish Republic treated the Soviet Union as the greatest potential military threat that was capable of initiating a full-scale war. However, only a few loose historical documents remain of the original plan today.

Military operation plan
A military operation plan (commonly called a war plan before World War II) is a formal plan for military armed forces, their military organizations and units to conduct operations, as drawn up by commanders within the combat operations process in achieving objectives before or during a conflict. Military plans are generally produced in accordance with the military doctrine of the troops involved. Because planning is a valuable exercise for senior military staff, in peacetime nations generally produce plans (of varying detail) even for very unlikely hypothetical scenarios.

Plan XVII and the Schlieffen Plan are examples of World War I military plans. The United States developed a famous color-coded set of war plans in the early 20th century; see United States color-coded war plans.

Military plans often have code names.
ABCG2
ATP-binding cassette super-family G member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ABCG2 gene. ABCG2 has also been designated as CDw338 (cluster of differentiation w338). ABCG2 is a translocation protein used to actively pump drugs and other compounds against their concentration gradient using the bonding and hydrolysis of ATP as the energy source.

ABCG2 forms into a homodimer to assume its active transport conformation. The dimer weighs approximately 144 kDa. The expression of this transport protein is highly conserved throughout the animal kingdom, pointing to its importance.

Substrate binding with compounds occurs in the large central cavity. ABCG2 can bind to a broad range of compounds but binds strongest to flat, polycyclic chemicals with lots of hydrophobic character.

Cluster of differentiation
The cluster of differentiation (also known as cluster of designation or classification determinant and often abbreviated as CD) is a protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules providing targets for immunophenotyping of cells. In terms of physiology, CD molecules can act in numerous ways, often acting as receptors or ligands important to the cell. A signal cascade is usually initiated, altering the behavior of the cell (see cell signaling). Some CD proteins do not play a role in cell signaling, but have other functions, such as cell adhesion. CD for humans is numbered up to 371 (as of 21 April 2016).
Surface Go 3
The Surface Go 3 is the third generation model of the Surface Go series of devices, introduced as the successor to the Surface Go 2 by Microsoft at their Surface Event on September 22, 2021. It was announced by the company alongside the Surface Laptop Studio, Surface Pro 8, Surface Duo 2 and many Surface accessories. The tablet has the same body, the same set of cameras and speakers, the same ports, and the same dimensions as its predecessor; the main enhancement is a range of more powerful processors. The tablet is powered by the Windows 11 operating system.

Surface Duo 2
The Surface Duo 2 is a discontinued dual-touchscreen Android smartphone manufactured by Microsoft that is part of the Surface product family. Announced during a hardware-oriented event on September 22, 2021, it is the successor to the original Surface Duo.
Penet remailer
The Penet remailer (anon.penet.fi) was a pseudonymous remailer operated by Johan "Julf" Helsingius of Finland from 1993 to 1996. Its initial creation stemmed from an argument in a Finnish newsgroup over whether people should be required to tie their real name to their online communications. Julf believed that people should not—indeed, could not—be required to do so. In his own words:

"Some people from a university network really argued about if everybody should put their proper name on the messages and everybody should be accountable, so you could actually verify that it is the person who is sending the messages. And I kept arguing that the Internet just doesn't work that way, and if somebody actually tries to enforce that, the Internet will always find a solution around it. And just to prove my point, I spent two days or something cooking up the first version of the server, just to prove a point."

Alt.religion.scientology
alt.religion.scientology, also known as a.r.s or ARS, was a Usenet newsgroup started in 1991 to discuss the controversial beliefs of Scientology and the activities of the Church of Scientology. The newsgroup became the focal point of an aggressive campaign known as Scientology versus the Internet, which took place online and in the courts.
2008 Oregon Ballot Measure 57
Oregon Ballot Measure 57 (2008) or Senate Bill (SB) 1087 was a legislatively referred state statute that increased term of imprisonment for persons convicted of specified drug and property crimes under certain circumstances. The measure enacted law which prohibits courts from imposing less than a presumptive sentence for persons convicted of specified drug and property crimes under certain circumstances, and requires the Department of Corrections to provide treatment to certain offenders and to administer grant program to provide supplemental funding to local governments for certain purposes.

Oregon Attorney General
The Oregon attorney general is a statutory officer within the executive branch of the state of Oregon, and serves as the chief legal officer of the state, heading its Department of Justice with its six operating divisions. The attorney general is chosen by statewide partisan election to serve a term of four years. The incumbent, Dan Rayfield, was sworn in on December 31, 2024, replacing Ellen Rosenblum, a Democrat who was re-elected in 2020 and resigned one week before the end of her term.
Androvax
Androvax, also known as androstenedione:human serum albumin conjugate, is an immunogen and vaccine against androstenedione that is used in veterinary medicine to increase the ovulation rate and number of lambs born to ewes. It is a conjugate of androstenedione and human serum albumin. The drug is marketed in New Zealand.

Androvax produces immunity against androstenedione, and the generation of antibodies against androstenedione decreases circulating levels of androstenedione. In addition, since androstenedione is the major precursor of estrogens, estrogen levels are decreased as well. This is thought to result in reduced negative feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and increased gonadotropin secretion, which in turn improves fertility and fecundity.

Androstenedione
Androstenedione, or 4-androstenedione (abbreviated as A4 or Δ4-dione), also known as androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, is an endogenous weak androgen steroid hormone and intermediate in the biosynthesis of estrone and of testosterone from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). It is closely related to androstenediol (androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol).
Hypostomus micromaculatus
Hypostomus micromaculatus is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the upper and middle Suriname River basin. The species reaches 18.5 cm (7.3 in) in standard length and is believed to be a facultative air-breather.

Hypostomus micromaculatus sometimes appears in the aquarium trade, where it is typically referred to as the smallspotted Suriname pleco.

Loricariidae
Loricariidae is the largest family of catfish (order Siluriformes), with over 90 genera and just over 680 species. Loricariids originate from freshwater habitats of Costa Rica, Panama, and tropical and subtropical South America. These fish are noted for the bony plates covering their bodies and their suckermouths. Several genera are sold as "plecos", notably the suckermouth catfish, Hypostomus plecostomus, and are popular as aquarium fish.
The Postcard (novel)
The Postcard (La Carte postale) is a 2021 novel by French writer Anne Berest. Berest's sixth novel, it was first published in French by Éditions Grasset on August 18, 2021. An English translation of the novel by Tina Kover was published in 2023 by Europa Editions.

Based in Berest's real-life experience, The Postcard follows the author/narrator as she investigates the origins of an anonymous postcard and rediscovers the history of her ancestors who died in Auschwitz. The novel won the American Choix Goncourt Prize.

Prix Goncourt
The Prix Goncourt (French: Le prix Goncourt [lə pʁi ɡɔ̃kuʁ], "The Goncourt Prize") is a prize in French literature, given by the académie Goncourt to the author of "the best and most imaginative prose work of the year". The prize carries a symbolic reward of only 10 euros, but results in considerable recognition and book sales for the winning author. Four other prizes are also awarded: prix Goncourt du Premier Roman (first novel), prix Goncourt de la Nouvelle (short story), prix Goncourt de la Poésie (poetry) and prix Goncourt de la Biographie (biography). Of the "big six" French literary awards, the Prix Goncourt is the best known and most prestigious. The other major literary prizes include the Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française, the Prix Femina, the Prix Renaudot, the Prix Interallié and the Prix Médicis.
Doppelganger (Marvel Comics)
The Doppelganger, also called the Spider-Doppelganger, is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It is a near-mindless duplicate of Spider-Man with a vicious, animal-like mind who primarily acts as a servant to other villains rather than having a full will of its own. Along with Peter Parker's agility, speed, and power to cling to walls, the Spider-Doppelganger possesses greater strength, six arms, talons, and organic web-spinnerets on each forearm that fire "razor-sharp" webbing.

The Infinity War
The Infinity War is a six-issue comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics in 1992. The series was written by Jim Starlin and penciled by Ron Lim, inked by Al Milgrom, colored by Ian Laughlin and Christie Scheele, and lettered by Jack Morelli.

The storyline is a direct sequel to the 1991 The Infinity Gauntlet and was followed by The Infinity Crusade in 1993.
Rinkeby Swedish
Rinkeby Swedish (Swedish: Rinkebysvenska [ˈrɪ̂ŋːkɛbyːˌsvɛnska]) is any of a number of varieties of Swedish spoken mainly in urban districts with a high proportion of immigrant residents which emerged as a linguistic phenomenon in the 1980s. Rinkeby in Stockholm is one such suburb, but the term Rinkeby Swedish may sometimes be used for similar varieties in other Swedish cities as well. A similar term is Rosengårdssvenska ("Rosengård Swedish") after the Rosengård district in Malmö. The one magazine in Sweden published in these varieties, Gringo, proposes miljonsvenska ("Million Swedish") based on the Million Programme.

Different varieties of Rinkeby Swedish exist which are based on the regional dialects, especially in the major urban centers of Stockholm (Svealand dialects), Malmö (Scanian) and Gothenburg (western Götaland dialects).

Svealand dialects
Svealand Swedish (Swedish: Sveamål) is one of the six major groupings of Swedish dialects, spoken in Svealand.

The Svealand Swedish dialects only have alveolar pronunciations of the rhotic, and no uvular pronunciations.

A major characteristic of Svealand Swedish is the coalescence of the alveolar trill with following dental and alveolar consonants—also over word-boundaries—that transforms them into retroflex consonants, which in some cases reduces the distinction between words (as for instance vana—varna, i.e. "habit"—"warn").  This feature is also found in East Norwegian, North Swedish and in some dialects of Scottish Gaelic.

/r/ + /l/ → [ɭ]

/r/ + /n/ → [ɳ]

/r/ + /s/ → [ʂ]

/r/ + /t/ → [ʈ]

A special development holds for rd:

/r/ + /d/ → [ɽ]

The standard variety of Swedish, that of the capital region of Stockholm–Uppsala, is part of the Svealand dialect group, though /r/ + /d/ → [ɖ] is employed instead of the more typical transformation to a flap.
Democratic Confederation of Free Trade Unions
The Democratic Confederation of Free Trade Unions (LIGA) in a national trade union center in Hungary. It was founded in 1989.

LIGA is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation and the European Trade Union Confederation.

International Trade Union Confederation
The International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC; French: Confédération syndicale international, CSI; German: Internationaler Gewerkschaftsbund, IGB; Spanish: Confederación Sindical Internacional, CSI) is the world's largest trade union federation.