hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Landscape connectivity
In landscape ecology, landscape connectivity is, broadly, "the degree to which the landscape facilitates or impedes movement among resource patches". Alternatively, connectivity may be a continuous property of the landscape and independent of patches and paths. Connectivity includes both structural connectivity (the physical arrangements of disturbance and/or patches) and functional connectivity (the movement of individuals across contours of disturbance and/or among patches). Functional connectivity includes actual connectivity (requires observations of individual movements) and potential connectivity in which movement paths are estimated using the life-history data.

A similar but different concept proposed by Jacques Baudry, landscape connectedness, refers to structural links between elements of spatial structures of a landscape, which concerns the topology of landscape features and not ecological processes.

Habitat fragmentation
Habitat fragmentation describes the emergence of discontinuities (fragmentation) in an organism's preferred environment (habitat), causing population fragmentation and  ecosystem decay. Causes of habitat fragmentation include geological processes that slowly alter the layout of the physical environment (suspected of being one of the major causes of speciation), and human activity such as land conversion, which can alter the environment much faster and causes the population fluctuation of many species. More specifically, habitat fragmentation is a process by which large and contiguous habitats get divided into smaller, isolated patches of habitats.
Mixed Kočevje subdialects
Mixed Kočevje subdialects (Slovene: mešani kočevski govori) is a catch-all category for the Slovene dialects of heterogeneous origin now spoken in the Kočevje region, between Goteniška Gora in the west and the Kočevje Rog Plateau in the east, and spanning as far south as the border with Croatia border. The microdialects are very poorly studied, but they are very close to standard Slovene. The subdialects border the North White Carniolan dialect to the east, South White Carniolan dialect to the southwest, Kostel dialect to the south, Čabranka dialect to the west, and Lower Carniolan dialect to the north. The subdialects are derived from many different dialect bases, but they are currently listed as a special group of subdialects in the Lower Carnolan dialect group.

White Carniola
White Carniola (Slovene: Bela krajina; Croatian: Bela krajina; German: Weißkrain or Weiße Mark) is a traditional region in southeastern Slovenia on the border with Croatia. Due to its smallness, it is often considered a subunit of the broader Lower Carniola region, although with distinctive cultural, linguistic, and historical features.

Due to its proximity with Croatia, White Carniola shares many cultural and linguistic features with the neighboring Kajkavian Croatian areas. It is generally considered the Slovenian region with the closest cultural affinity with other South Slavic territories. It was part of Slavonia until the 12th century, after which it shared the historical fate with the Windic March and Lower Carniola to the north. During the 19th century, it was one of the regions with the highest emigration rate in the Slovene Lands, and the Austrian Empire in general. During World War II, it was an important center of anti-Fascist resistance in Slovenia.
White-flanked antwren
The white-flanked antwren (Myrmotherula axillaris) is a species of bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found from Honduras to Panama in Central America, in every mainland South American country except Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay, and on Trinidad.

Louis Pierre Vieillot
Louis Pierre Vieillot (French pronunciation: [lwi pjɛʁ vjɛjo]; 10 May 1748 in Yvetot – 24 August 1830 in Sotteville-lès-Rouen) was a French ornithologist.

Vieillot is the author of the first scientific descriptions and Linnaean names of a number of birds, including species he collected himself in the West Indies, as well as North American and South American species discovered but not formally named by Félix de Azara and his translator Sonnini de Manoncourt. He was among the first ornithologists to study changes in plumage and one of the first to study live birds. At least 88 of the genera erected by Vieillot are still in use.
Anil Samarasekera
Anil Parakrama Samarasekera is the current Serjeant-at-Arms of the Sri Lankan Parliament.

Samarasekera was educated at Royal College, Colombo. He joined the Sri Lanka Navy as a Cadet Officer receiving his training at the Naval and Maritime Academy and was commissioned as an Acting Sub Lieutenant, undergoing special training in India. During his naval career, he served as a naval instructor at the Kotelawala Defence Academy and the Naval and Maritime Academy. He was also seconded to the Sri Lanka Shipping Corporation. He left the navy with the rank of Lieutenant.

After leaving the navy, Samarasekera joined the parliamentary service in 1996 as the Assistant Serjeant-at-Arms. Later he was promoted to the post of Deputy Serjeant-at-Arms and underwent training at the House of Commons in 2003. In 2006, he succeeded Wijaya Palliyaguruge as the 5th Serjeant-at-Arms of the Sri Lankan Parliament.

Naval and Maritime Academy
Naval and Maritime Academy (NMA), Trincomalee, is the naval academy of the Sri Lanka Navy, and is located within SLN Dockyard, Trincomalee. It received university status in 2001 under the leadership of Commodore SR Samaratunga.
Working Group on Arbitrary Detention
The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (WGAD) is a body of independent human rights experts that investigate cases of arbitrary arrest and detention. Arbitrary arrest and detention is the imprisonment or detainment of an individual, by a State, without respect for due process. These actions may be in violation of international human rights law.

The Working Group was established by resolution in 1991 by the former UN Commission on Human Rights. It is one of the thematic special procedures overseen by the United Nations Human Rights Council, and is therefore a subsidiary body of the UN.

House arrest
House arrest (also called home confinement, or nowadays electronic monitoring) is a legal measure where a person is required to remain at their residence under supervision, typically as an alternative to imprisonment. The person is confined by the authorities to their residence. Travel is usually restricted and may require prior approval.

Since the introduction of electronic tagging, a person under house arrest may be monitored electronically, and their movements are typically tracked. House arrest is also used in some cases for individuals convicted of minor offenses. In certain situations, such as in authoritarian regimes, house arrest may be used to restrict the freedom of political dissidents against political governments, sometimes limiting or monitoring their communication with the outside world. If electronic communication is allowed, conversations may be monitored. There is much criticism of the effectiveness of house arrest.
Kosmos 8
Kosmos 8 (Russian: Космос 8 meaning Cosmos 8), also known as DS-K-8 No.1 and occasionally in the West as Sputnik 18 was a technology demonstration satellite which was launched by the Soviet Union in 1962. It was the eighth satellite to be designated under the Kosmos system, and the third spacecraft launched as part of the DS programme to successfully reach orbit, after Kosmos 1 and Kosmos 6. Its primary mission was to demonstrate the technologies of SIGINT for future Soviet military satellites.

Kosmos (satellite)
Kosmos (Russian: Космос, IPA: [ˈkosməs], meaning '(outer) space') is a designation given to many satellites operated by the Soviet Union and subsequently Russia. Kosmos 1, the first spacecraft to be given a Kosmos designation, was launched on 16 March 1962.
Llamayojcasa
Llamayojcasa (possibly from Quechua llama llama, -yuq a suffix, Llamayuq an archaeological site, q'asa mountain pass, "Llamayuq pass" or "mountain pass with llamas"), also known as Qochaqollur (possibly from Quechua for "lake star"), is a mountain in the eastern extensions of the Urubamba mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about 4,600 m (15,092 ft) high. It is located in the Cusco Region, Calca Province, Calca District. It lies southeast of Ccerayoc. This is where the archaeological site of Llamayuq is situated.

Ccerayoc
Ccerayoc (possibly from Quechua q'ira a species of wild lupin, Lupinus platiphyllus) is a 5,092-metre-high (16,706 ft) mountain in the Urubamba mountain range in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Cusco Region, Calca Province, in the districts Calca and Lares. It lies immediately east of Sahuasiray (Colque Cruz) and northeast of Condorhuachana.
Samadhi of Bhai Vasti Ram
The Samadhi of Bhai Vasti Ram is a historical cenotaph located adjacent to the northern ramparts of the Lahore Fort in Pakistan. The monument commemorates the life of Bhai Vasti Ram (1701–1802), a revered physician and spiritual figure whose influence spanned the turbulent rise of the Sikh Empire.

Cenotaph
A cenotaph is an empty grave, tomb or a monument erected in honor of a person or group of people whose remains are elsewhere or have been lost. It can also be the initial tomb for a person who has since been reinterred elsewhere. Although the majority of cenotaphs honor individuals, many noted cenotaphs are also dedicated to the memories of groups of individuals, such as the lost soldiers of a country or of an empire.
2018 La Flèche Wallonne
The 2018 La Flèche Wallonne was a road cycling one-day race that took place on 18 April 2018 in Belgium. It was the 82nd edition of the La Flèche Wallonne and the seventeenth event of the 2018 UCI World Tour.

During the third and final ascent of the Mur de Huy, Quick-Step Floors rider Julian Alaphilippe accelerated near the summit, overtaking race leader Jelle Vanendert (Lotto–Soudal) in the last 100 metres of the race and dropping him. Alejandro Valverde, who had won the last four editions for the Movistar Team, staged a late fight-back and almost caught Alaphilippe, but Alaphilippe was able to kick again in the final metres to increase his lead, to win by four seconds from Valverde. It was the biggest victory of Alaphilippe's career at that point, becoming the first French winner of the race since Laurent Jalabert in 1997.

1997 La Flèche Wallonne
The 1997 La Flèche Wallonne was the 61st edition of La Flèche Wallonne cycle race and was held on 16 April 1997. The race started in Spa and finished in Huy. The race was won by Laurent Jalabert of the ONCE team.
10th Battalion Combat Team (Philippines)
10th Battalion Combat Team, is a unit of the Philippine Army in 1950 who fought during Philippine Government Anti-Dissident campaign against Hukbalahap but it gained fame during  Korean War when it was sent to Korea as first contingent deployed of Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK) in 1950.

Conrado Yap
Conrado Dumlao Yap (January 22, 1921  –  April 23, 1951) was an officer in the Philippine Army who served during the Second World War and the Korean War.

He was a recipient of the Philippines' highest military award, the Medal of Valor, which he was posthumously awarded for his actions of valor and courage in the Battle of Yultong. Yap was one of the 1,367 Filipino troops composing the 10th Battalion Combat Team of the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK), first of the five Philippine Army Battalion Combat Team's contingent of United Nations Command forces that fought in the Korean War (1950–1953).

He was killed in action in the early morning hours of 23 April 1951 in the Battle of Yultong during a successful counterattack against Chinese forces that overran his hilltop position in territory which currently belongs to South Korea. Yap was posthumously the most decorated Filipino serviceman of the Korean War, receiving medals from the US, South Korea and the Philippines.
2005 Royal Air Force Hercules shootdown
On 30 January 2005 a Royal Air Force Lockheed C-130K Hercules C1, serial number XV179, callsign Hilton 22, was shot down in Iraq, probably by Sunni insurgents, killing all 10 personnel on board.  At the time, the incident was the largest single loss of life suffered by the British military during Operation Telic.

The Board of Inquiry report in December 2005 identified the lack of a fire-suppressant system as a contributory factor. In September 2006, the British Channel 4 News aired an article criticising the Ministry of Defence for having fitted only one C-130 Hercules with a foam fire-suppressant system. The RAF had ordered a retrofit of this system to all front-line C130 aircraft, a system which could well have prevented the loss of aircraft XV179 and its crew.

British involvement in the Iraq War
Operation Telic (Op TELIC) was the codename under which all of the United Kingdom's military operations in Iraq were conducted between the start of the invasion of Iraq on 19 March 2003 and the withdrawal of the last remaining British forces on 22 May 2011. The bulk of the mission ended on 30 April 2009 but around 150 troops, mainly from the Royal Navy, remained in Iraq until 22 May 2011 as part of the Iraqi Training and Advisory Mission. 46,000 troops were deployed at the onset of the invasion and the total cost of war stood at £9.24 billion in 2010.
Dodecadenia
Dodecadenia is a botanical genus of flowering plants in the family Lauraceae. It contains a single species, Dodecadenia grandiflora. It is present from central Asia, to Himalayas and India. It is present in tropical and subtropical montane rainforest, laurel forest, in the weed-tree forests in valleys, mixed forests of coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved trees, Tsuga forests; 2,000–2,600 metres (6,600–8,500 ft) in China in provinces of Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, and countries of Bhutan, India, Myanmar, and Nepal.

The genus was described by Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck and published in Plant Asiaticae Rariores 2: 63 in 1831. The type species is Dodecadenia grandiflora Nees.

Lauraceae
Lauraceae, or the laurels, is a plant family that includes the true laurel and its closest relatives. This family comprises about 2850 known species in about 45 genera worldwide. They are dicotyledons, and occur mainly in warm temperate and tropical regions, especially Southeast Asia and South America. Many are aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs, but some, such as Sassafras, are deciduous, or include both deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs, especially in tropical and temperate climates. The genus Cassytha is unique in the Lauraceae in that its members are parasitic vines. Many species within the laurel family are highly toxic; however, some, such as the avocado (Persea americana), are edible and widely consumed. Members of the laurel family have played a significant role in the spice trade, particularly genera like Cinnamomum, which produce aromatic oils used extensively in cooking, perfumery, and traditional medicine.
Mastuj Fort
The Mastuj Fort is a fortification in Mastuj city, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The fort is situated on a plateau at a confluence of the Yarkhun River and the Mastuj River near Shandur Pass.

The fort is believed to have been built by the Katoor Dynasty around 1780, rebuilt in 1830 and rebuilt again in the 1920s.

Katoor dynasty
The Katoor dynasty (also spelled Katur and Kator) was a dynasty, which along with its collateral branches ruled the sovereign and later princely state of Chitral and its neighbours in the eastern Hindu Kush region for over 450 years, from around 1570 until 1947. At the height its power under Mehtar Aman ul-Mulk the territory controlled by the dynasty extended from Asmar in the Kunar Valley to Sher Qilla in the Gilgit valley. The Mehtar of Chitral was an influential player in the power politics of the region as he acted as an intermediary between the rulers of Badakhshan, the Yousafzai Pashtuns, the Maharaja of Kashmir and later the Amir of Afghanistan.
Charles P. Mountford
Charles Pearcy "Monty" Mountford OBE (8 May 1890  –  16 November 1976) was an Australian anthropologist and photographer. He is known for his pioneering work on Indigenous Australians and his depictions and descriptions of their art. He also led the American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land.

Mountford's written works, along with those by contemporaries, foreshadowed subsequent scholarly investigations like T. G. H. Strehlow's Journey to Horseshoe Bend (1969) and iconic late-20th-century works such as Stephen Muecke, Krim Benterrak, and Paddy Roe's Reading the Country: Introduction to Nomadology (1984).

Mountford's final book, Nomads of the Australian Desert, was the subject of an important court case due to its inclusion of culturally restricted content.

Ted Strehlow
Theodor George Henry Strehlow (6 June 1908 – 3 October 1978) was an Australian anthropologist and linguist. He studied the Arrernte (Aranda, Arunta) Aboriginal Australians and their language in Central Australia.
2013 Russell Athletic Bowl
The 2013 Russell Athletic Bowl was an American college football bowl game that was played on December 28, 2013, at the Florida Citrus Bowl Stadium in Orlando, Florida.  It was one of the 2013–14 bowl games that concluded the 2013 FBS football season.  The 24th edition of the Russell Athletic Bowl, it featured the Miami Hurricanes of the Atlantic Coast Conference (which Louisville will join in 2014) against the Louisville Cardinals of the American Athletic Conference.  It began at 6:45 p.m. EST and aired on ESPN.  The game was sponsored by the Russell Athletic uniform company.  Louisville defeated Miami by a score of 36–9.

The Cardinals had a regular season record of 11–1 (7–1 American).  The Hurricanes finished their season at 9–3 (5–3 ACC).

Pop-Tarts Bowl
The Pop-Tarts Bowl is an annual college football bowl game that is played in Orlando, Florida, at Camping World Stadium. Originally commissioned as the Sunshine Classic, it has undergone many name changes due to sponsorship rights. It is currently named after the Pop-Tarts brand of toaster pastries, produced and distributed by Kellanova (formerly Kellogg's).

The bowl is operated by Florida Citrus Sports, a non-profit group which also organizes the Citrus Bowl and the Florida Classic. It was first played in 1990 in Miami Gardens, Florida, before moving to Orlando in 2001. The game has tie-ins with the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) and Big 12 Conference. In the College Football Playoff (CFP) era, the bowl seeks to match the top non-CFP selection from the ACC (inclusive of Notre Dame) against the second non-CFP selection from the Big 12.
Tom Murray (New Zealand rower)
Thomas James Murray (born 5 April 1994) is a New Zealand rower. Born and raised in Blenheim, he is a member of New Zealand's national rowing team and has competed in the eight and in the coxless pair. In the smaller boat, he has medalled in two World Rowing Championships; bronze in 2017 and silver in 2019. At the 2016 Rio Olympics, he competed with the eight and won gold in the same boat class at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. Murray has won four consecutive premier national titles in the coxless pair. He has been world champion in age group rowing events three times.

Rowing at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's eight
The men's eight competition at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro took place at the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon. It was held from 8 to 13 August. There were 7 boats (63 competitors) from 7 nations. The event was won by Great Britain, the nation's first victory in the men's eight since 2000 and fourth overall (second to the United States' 12 wins). Defending champions Germany finished with silver this time. The Netherlands earned bronze.
2018–19 Swiss Challenge League
The 2018–19 Swiss Challenge League (referred to as the Brack.ch Challenge League for sponsoring reasons) was the 16th season of the Swiss Challenge League, the second tier of competitive football in Switzerland, under its current name. The season started on 20 July 2018 and ended on 26 May 2019. The winter break was scheduled between 16 December 2018 and 1 February 2019.

Neuchâtel Xamax FCS
Neuchâtel Xamax Football Club Serrières (pronounced [nøʃɑtɛl ksamaks]) is a Swiss football club based in Neuchâtel. It was created in 1970 through a merger between FC Cantonal, founded in 1906 and Swiss champions of 1916, and FC Xamax founded in 1912. The name Xamax comes from legendary Swiss international player 'Xam' Max Abegglen, one of the founding members. Xamax Neuchâtel FCS obtained its current name after a merger with FC Serrières, another side from Neuchâtel, in May 2013.
Monkey bread
Monkey bread (also known by other names including plucking cake, pull-apart bread, and bubble bread) is a bread originating from Hungary that consists of soft pieces of baked dough that can be pulled apart to be eaten and does not need utensils. The bread is usually baked in a Bundt pan, with a hole in the center often filled with dips, jams, or preserves. A common version served at fairs and festivals, or eaten for breakfast or at midmorning, is a soft, sweet, sticky cinnamon bread.

Bread
Bread is a baked food product made from water, flour, and often yeast. It is a staple food across the world, particularly in Europe and the Middle East. Throughout recorded history and around the world, it has been an important part of many cultures' diets. It is one of the oldest human-made foods, having been of significance since the dawn of agriculture, and plays an essential role in both religious rituals and secular culture.

Bread may be leavened by naturally occurring microbes (e.g. sourdough), chemicals (e.g. baking soda), industrially produced yeast, or high-pressure aeration, which creates the gas bubbles that fluff up bread. Bread may also be unleavened. In many countries, mass-produced bread often contains additives to improve flavor, texture, color, shelf life, nutrition, and ease of production.
CSM Constanța (men's basketball)
Clubul Sportiv Municipal Constanța, commonly known as CSM Constanța, is a Romanian basketball club based in Constanța, which currently participates in the Liga Națională, the top-tier league in Romania. The team represents the men's basketball section of the CSM Constanța multi-sports club. The basketball team predates the multi-sports club (which was founded in 2021), being named Athletic Neptun Constanța before the merger in the summer of 2022. 
The club initially played in the second-tier Liga I. However, in 2018 the league was merged with the top-tier:  Liga Națională.

Liga Națională (men's basketball)
The Liga Națională de Baschet Masculin (LNBM) (English: National League) is the top-tier professional basketball league of Romania. The winner of the league each season is crowned the Romanian national champion. Founded in 1950, the league consists of 24 teams playing in three different divisions.  Currently, the clubs from the Liga Națională also participate in the European competitions, and can qualify for the Basketball Champions League or the FIBA Europe Cup based on their performance in the national league and cup competition. The most successful club in the league's history is Dinamo București, who has won a record 22 titles. Asesoft Ploieşti won the championship seven times in a row between 2004 and 2010, and again between 2012 and 2014. They became the only Romanian team to win a European title with their success in the FIBA EuroCup Challenge in 2005.