hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mai'Adua
Mai'Adua city (or Birnin Mai'aduwa) is a city in Katsina state and a Local Government Area in Katsina State, Nigeria, sharing a border with the Republic of Niger. Its headquarters is in the city of Mai'Adua on the A2 highway.

It has an area of 528 km2 and a population of 201,178 at the 2006 census.

The postal code of the area is 824.

It has a very large historical urban and rural market operating on Sundays. The market is international serving as exchange point between Nigeria and Niger Republic. Livestock, including cattle, sheep, goats, camels, donkeys, and horses are the main commodities mainly from Niger, while grains such as maize, sorghum, millet, and soybean mainly come from Nigeria.

A2 highway (Nigeria)
The A2 highway (also known as Abuja–Kaduna–Kano highway) is a federal highway of Nigeria. It links the country’s western and northern states at its southern terminus to the southerly East-West road which leads up to Ikot-Ekpene and onwards to Calabar near the eastern border with Cameroon. It proceeds for 1,106km northwesterly though Warri to Benin City, thence northerly via Okene, Kaduna, Zaria, Kano and Daura to the border with the Republic of Niger in the north of the country, connecting with the N10 highway of Niger. In total, 7 states are traversed by the expressway system as well as the Federal Capital Territory where the nation’s capital, Abuja, is linked to the highway by the A234. It makes up a portion of the Trans-Saharan highway system. linking up to Algeria and the rest of the Northern Africa.
Longford Prize
The Longford Prize is an annual award presented in the United Kingdom to an organization, group, or individuals working in the field of social or penal reform. It was established in 2002 in honour of Lord Longford, a lifelong penal reform campaigner. It is sponsored by both The Independent and The Daily Telegraph, organised in association with the Prison Reform Trust, and is presented at the annual Longford Lecture.

The prize is usually awarded to someone who has made a difference by their initiative and resourcefulness in prisoners' lives. The prize is sponsored by the McGrath Charitable Trust.

Prison reform
Prison reform is the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons, improve the effectiveness of a penal system, reduce recidivism or implement alternatives to incarceration. It also focuses on ensuring the reinstatement of those whose lives are impacted by crimes.

In modern times, the idea of making living spaces safe and clean has extended from the civilian population to include prisons, based on ethical grounds. It is recognized that unsafe and unsanitary prisons violate constitutional prohibitions against cruel and unusual punishment. In recent times prison reform ideas include greater access to legal counsel and family, conjugal visits, proactive security against violence, and implementing house arrest with assistive technology.
Paolo Rolli
Paolo Antonio Rolli FRS (13 June 1687 – 20 March 1765) was an Italian Rococo librettist, poet and translator. Generally ranked second to Pietro Metastasio among early eighteenth-century Italian poets, Rolli was a member of several Italian academies and a fellow of the Royal Society (1729).

Giovanni Bononcini
Giovanni Bononcini (or Buononcini) (18 July 1670 – 9 July 1747) (sometimes cited also as Giovanni Battista Bononcini)  was an Italian Baroque composer, cellist, singer and teacher, one of a family of string players and composers. He was a rival to George Frederic Handel.
Rössing uranium mine
The Rössing uranium mine in Namibia is the longest-running and one of the largest open pit uranium mines in the world. It is located in the Namib Desert near the town of Arandis, 70 kilometres from the coastal town of Swakopmund. Discovered in 1928, the Rössing mine started operations in 1976. In 2005, it produced 3,711 tonnes of uranium oxide, becoming the fifth-largest uranium mine with 8 per cent of global output. Namibia is the world's fourth-largest exporter of uranium.

In the apartheid era, the mine was the focus of international criticism and protests by anti-apartheid and anti-nuclear groups, mainly in Europe. Reports that Rössing's uranium might be diverted to Iran, whose government owns 15% of the shares in the mine via its Iranian Foreign Investment Company, have been denied by the mine's management which maintains that the shareholding is entirely passive.

Open-pit mining
Open-pit mining, also known as open-cast or open-cut mining and in larger contexts mega-mining, is a surface mining technique that extracts rock or minerals from the earth.

Open-pit mines are used when deposits of commercially useful ore or rocks are found near the surface where the overburden is relatively thin. In contrast, deeper mineral deposits can be reached using underground mining.

This form of mining carries several risks to the health and safety of miners, and can have a significant negative impact on the environment.
Spezializtz
The Spezializtz are a German hip hop duo from Berlin, Germany, consisting of Oliver Harris and Dean Dawson.

The duo rose to fame through their first album G.B.Z-Oholika, especially the tracks "Kennst ja!" and "Afrokalypse", which featured Afrob, boosted their success. Although the album didn't have a noteworthy impact on the charts, the rappers toured through Germany, Austria and Switzerland, performing with DJ Tomekk among others.

In 1999, the Spezializtz released the single "Nutten" which featured Stuttgart's DJ Thomilla and Hausmarke, and in 2000 the single "T.W.I.N.L.K." ("Tut was Ihr nicht lassen könnt") was a chart hit and subsequently used for several commercials.

After a break, the duo celebrated their 10th anniversary in 2005, and plans for future performances and records were made. The Spezializtz performed at the Splash! festival 2006, toured Germany with Busta Rhymes in April 2007 and are planning to release the third GBZ-Oholika album.

DJ Tomekk
Tomasz Kuklicz (born 11 October 1975), known professionally as DJ Tomekk, is a Polish-born German-based hip hop DJ and record producer. Rappers who have featured in his songs include Ice-T, Fatman Scoop, Khia, Xzibit, Fler, Sido, Kurupt, Lil' Kim, KRS-One, Torch, Afrob, Flavor Flav, and GZA.

DJ Tomekk's debut album, Return of Hip Hop, was released in 2001, and was followed by Beat of Life Vol. 1 in 2003 and Numma Eyns ("Number One"; intentionally misspelled, in correct German "Nummer Eins") in 2005.
Protoblastenia
Protoblastenia is a genus of lichens in the family Psoraceae. It was originally circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1908 as a section of genus Blastenia. J. Steiner promoted it to generic status in 1911.

Blastenia
Blastenia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. The genus was established in 1852 by the Italian botanist Abramo Massalongo, who brought together several species that had previously been scattered across different genera. These lichens are characterised by their rust-brown to orange-red fruiting bodies and a thin, crusty growth that often breaks into small plate-like sections. The genus includes around 40 recognised species found primarily in the Mediterranean region and Macaronesia, though some species have spread to other parts of the world.
Puritama Hot Springs
Puritama Hot Springs (Spanish: Termas Baños de Puritama) is a series of eight large pools of geothermal spring water located at the bottom of a canyon in the Atacama Desert, in the Antofagasta Region in the north of Chile. It is located at an altitude of 3,475 meters above sea level, 30 km northeast of the town and commune of San Pedro de Atacama and 348 km northeast of Antofagasta, and is a popular tourist attraction.

The springs stretch over a length of about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) of the Puritama River, which has cut a winding valley. Travertine deposits have been reported from the area.

Salar de Atacama
Salar de Atacama, located 55 km (34 mi) south of San Pedro de Atacama, is the largest salt flat in Chile. It is surrounded by mountains and lacks drainage outlets. To the east, it is enclosed by the main chain of the Andes, while to the west lies a secondary mountain range called Cordillera de Domeyko. The landscape is dominated by imposing volcanoes such as Licancabur, Acamarachi, Aguas Calientes, and Láscar, the latter being one of Chile's most active volcanoes. These volcanoes are situated along the eastern side of the Salar de Atacama, forming a north–south trending line that separates it from smaller endorheic basins.

In recent decades, Salar de Atacama has become a significant hub for lithium extraction, as lithium is found in the brines of the salt flat.

The Likan Antay people are the indigenous inhabitants of Salar de Atacama and its surrounding areas.
Judgment of the Constitutional Court of Peru over the dissolution of Congress on 30 September 2019
The Judgment of the Constitutional Court of Peru over the dissolution of Congress on 30 September 2019 was court ruling determining that the actions of President of Peru Martín Vizcarra dissolving the Congress of Peru were legal within the laws outlined in the Constitution of Peru. The judgement would build upon previous rulings, determining that Congress could not regulate the motion of no confidence.

Cabinet of Peru
The Cabinet of Peru (also called the Presidential Cabinet of Peru or the Council of Ministers) is composed of all the Ministers of State. The cabinet is presided by the President of the Council of Ministers, a position likened to that of a prime minister. The Prime Minister presides over the meetings of the Council of Ministers, unless the President of the Republic is present.
Salvatore Bocchetti
Salvatore Bocchetti (Italian pronunciation: [salvaˈtoːre bokˈketti]; born 30 November 1986) is an Italian professional football coach and former player who is the head coach of Serie C Group C club Atalanta Under-23. He played as a centre-back as a player.

2008 Toulon Tournament
The 2008 Toulon Tournament was the 36th edition of the Toulon Tournament, and was held from 20 May to 29 May 2008. Tournament finished with the final between Italy and Chile at Stade Mayol in Toulon as Italy had the title after the final score of 1–0, scored by Pablo Osvaldo in the 70th minute.
Outstanding Theses from the Courtauld Institute of Art
Outstanding theses from the Courtauld Institute of Art is a book series published by Garland of New York between 1984 and 1986 that reprinted outstanding PhD theses from the Courtauld Institute of Art that would otherwise have remained unpublished. The series was one of three major thesis series published by Garland, the others being Outstanding Dissertations in the Fine Arts and Outstanding Theses in the Fine Arts from British Universities.

Courtauld Institute of Art
The Courtauld Institute of Art (/ˈkɔːrtəʊld/) is a self-governing college of the University of London specialising in the study of the history of art and conservation.

The art collection is known particularly for its French Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings, and is housed in the Courtauld Gallery. The Courtauld is based in Somerset House, in the Strand in London. In 2019, the Courtauld's teaching and research activities temporarily relocated to Vernon Square, London, while its Somerset House site underwent a major regeneration project.
Vinkenkade
Vinkenkade is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is located in the municipality of De Ronde Venen, about 5 km northeast of Vinkeveen. Vinkenkade consists of a single road, parallel to the A2 highway Amsterdam-Utrecht. The road is situated on a quay ("kade" in Dutch), which forms the northeast shore of the lake area Vinkeveensche Plassen.

It was first mentioned between 1839 and 1859 as "De Vinkenkade of Groenland", and means "quay with inferior peat". Vinkenkade is not a statistical entity, and the postal authorities have placed it under Vinkeveen. Vinkenkade has no place name signs, and consists of about 120 houses and about 310 holiday homes.

De Ronde Venen
De Ronde Venen (Dutch pronunciation: [də ˈrɔndə ˈveːnə(n)] ⓘ; lit. 'the round peat bogs') is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht. On 1 January 2011, the municipality of Abcoude was amalgamated into De Ronde Venen.
Nightmarch
Nightmarch (1925−1954) was an outstanding New Zealand bred Thoroughbred racehorse known as The Kiwi. He won the New Zealand Derby and Dunedin Cup as a three-year-old before going to Australia where he became the first horse to win both the Melbourne Cup and Cox Plate in the same year, as well as other Principal races.

He was by Night Raid, the sire of Phar Lap, out of the good racemare and broodmare, Marsa (1911) by Martian, a mare that traced to Manto. Marsa produced five foals, all of which raced and were winners.

Tie (draw)
A draw or tie occurs in a competitive sport when the results are identical or inconclusive. Ties or draws are possible in some, but not all, sports and games. Such an outcome, sometimes referred to as deadlock, can also occur in other areas of life such as politics, business, and wherever there are different factions regarding an issue.
Dancer in a Café
Dancer in a Café (also known as Danseuse au café or Au Café Concert and Danseuse) is an oil painting created in 1912 by the French artist and theorist Jean Metzinger. The work was created while Metzinger and Albert Gleizes, in preparation for the Salon de la Section d'Or, were publishing, Du "Cubisme", the first major defense of the Cubist movement, and it was first displayed (under the title Danseuse) at the 1912 Salon d'Automne in Paris. The work proved controversial within the Municipal Council of Paris, causing debate in the Chambre des Députés about the use of public funds to exhibit such 'barbaric' art, with the Cubists being defended by the Socialist deputy Marcel Sembat.

Dancer in a Café was first reproduced in a photograph published in an article entitled Au Salon d'Automne "Les Indépendants" in the French newspaper Excelsior, 2 Octobre 1912. The painting is now located at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo New York.

Divisionism
Divisionism, also called chromoluminarism, is the characteristic style in Neo-Impressionist painting defined by the separation of colors into individual dots or patches that interact optically.

By requiring the viewer to combine the colors optically instead of physically mixing pigments, Divisionists believed that they were achieving the maximum luminosity scientifically possible. Georges Seurat founded the style around 1884 as chromoluminarism, drawing from his understanding of the scientific theories of Michel Eugène Chevreul, Ogden Rood and Charles Blanc, among others. Divisionism developed along with another style, Pointillism, which is defined specifically by the use of dots of paint and does not necessarily focus on the separation of colors.
Ugaritic
Ugaritic (/ˌ(j)uːɡəˈrɪtɪk/ (Y)OOG-ə-RIT-ik) is an extinct Northwest Semitic language known through the Ugaritic texts discovered by French archaeologists in 1928 at Ugarit, including several major literary texts, notably the Baal cycle. The script is described as “a special alphabetic Cuneiform,” reflecting an idiom related to Canaanite and Hebrew languages.

Like Hebrew the short script of Ugarit has twenty-two characters: nearly identical to Hebrew in terms of their phonetic values (what they sound like) if not in terms of the visual elements or media of their inscription. Early samples of Hebrew are scratched on stone or potsherds whereas Ugaritic is punched on clay, like cuneiform.

A scholar of the period hailed Ugaritic as "the greatest literary discovery from antiquity since the deciphering of the Egyptian hieroglyphs and Mesopotamian cuneiform.”

Noun
In grammar, a noun is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, like living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas. A noun may serve as an object or subject within a phrase, clause, or sentence.

In linguistics, nouns constitute a lexical category (part of speech) defined according to how its members combine with members of other lexical categories. The syntactic occurrence of nouns differs among languages.

In English, prototypical nouns are common nouns or proper nouns that can occur with determiners, articles and attributive adjectives, and can function as the head of a noun phrase. According to traditional and popular classification, pronouns are distinct from nouns, but in much modern theory they are considered a subclass of nouns.  Every language has various linguistic and grammatical distinctions between nouns and verbs.
Sexual masochism disorder
According to some classification systems, sexual masochism disorder is the condition of experiencing recurring and intense sexual arousal in response to enduring extreme pain, suffering, or humiliation.  The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) of the American Psychiatric Association indicates that a person may have a masochistic sexual interest but that the diagnosis of sexual masochism disorder would only apply to individuals who also report psychosocial difficulties because of it.

While the diagnosis is in the current version of the DSM, the current version of the WHO's classification manual, ICD-11, has entirely removed masochism as a classification for a mental disorder.

Humiliation
Humiliation is the abasement of pride, which creates mortification or leads to a state of being humbled or reduced to lowliness or submission. It is an emotion felt by a person whose social status, either by force or willingly, has just decreased. It can be brought about through intimidation, physical or mental mistreatment or trickery, or by embarrassment if a person is revealed to have committed a socially or legally unacceptable act. Whereas humility can be sought alone as a means to de-emphasize the ego, humiliation must involve other person(s), though not necessarily directly or willingly.

Humiliation is currently an active research topic, and is now seen as an important – and complex – core dynamic in human relationships, having implications at intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional and international levels.
Setralit
Setralit is a technical natural fiber based on plant fibers whose property profile has been modified selectively in order to meet different industrial requirements. It was first manufactured in 1989 by Jean-Léon Spehner, an Alsatian engineer, and further developed by the German company ECCO Gleittechnik GmbH. The name “Setralit“ is derived from the French company Setral S.à.r.l. which is a subsidiary company of ECCO, where Spehner was employed at that time. Setralit was officially described first in 1990.

Retting
Retting is a textile process for separating the bast fibre in plants from the non-fibrous materials to create fibers that can be spun into yarn. The separation is primarily achieved through either a  microbial or chemical action degradating the cementing compounds that bind the bast fibres to other plant tissues, allowing the fibers to be isolated. Retting can be used to create fibers from plants such as flax, hemp, nettles, ramie, bamboo, and jute.
Ian Jacobs
Ian "Powerhouse" Jacobs is an Australian kickboxer and former 3 time World Kickboxing Champion.

He has had victories over other former World Champions, such as Gurkan Ozkan by Unanimous points decision, and 'Diamond' Dale Westerman by Knockout.

Ian Jacobs made a comeback to Kickboxing in November 2009, at Tarik Solak's A-1 8 man eliminator tournament.
In his 1st match, Ian set a new world record for the fastest KO in kickboxing history, breaking a record held for 17 years by Stan Longinidis, as Ian Jacobs knocked out The Headhunter in 6 seconds.
However, Ian Jacobs then lost to Baris Nezif in the Semi-final via Knockout.
Ian's only other 2 losses came from earlier in his career against Manson Gibson and Alex Tui.

Stan Longinidis
Stan "The Man" Longinidis (born 25 June 1965) is an Australian retired heavyweight kickboxer and 8-time world kickboxing champion. Born in Melbourne of Greek ethnicity, Longinidis is one of the few fighters to win world titles in four different styles of kickboxing competition: international rules, Oriental rules, full contact and Muay Thai. He holds notable victories over Branko Cikatić, Adam Watt, Peter Graham, Musashi and Dennis Alexio.

He is also an actor and motivational speaker.
Jul-gonu
Jul-gonu (Korean: 줄 고누) is a two-player abstract strategy board game from Korea.  It is one of many gonu games. The game has a relatively small board (4×4 square board), and yet offers a challenge at different levels. The game could be played on a larger board, however, it tends to be tiresome. Jul means "lines", and the lines of the board are often drawn on the ground. The game is also referred to as ne-jul-gonu (네 줄 고누; lit. four-line gonu), referring to the four lines in each direction.

The game bears resemblance to hasami shogi, dai hasami shogi, mak-yek, apit-sodok, rek, ming mang, gundru, seega, ludus latrunculorum, petteia, and Firdawsi's nard. It also bears resemblance to the tafl games, and to a lesser extent to agon, awithlaknakwe, bizingo, watermelon chess, reversi, Othello, wei-chi, baduk, and Go as all of these games exhibit custodian capture or some form of it (as in the case of wei-chi, baduk, and Go).

Agon (game)
Agon (or queen's guards or royal guards) is a strategy game invented by Anthony Peacock
of London, and first published in 1842.
It is a two-player game played on a 6×6×6 hexagonal gameboard, and is notable for being the oldest known board game played on a board of hexagonal cells.
Yashodhara Dasappa
Yashodhara Dasappa (1905-1980) was an Indian independence activist, Gandhian, social reformer and a Minister in the state of Karnataka. She was politically aligned with the Indian National Congress and served as a Minister in the Karnataka state governments headed by S. R. Kanthi (1962) and S. Nijalingappa (1969).

S. R. Kanthi
Shivalingappa Rudrappa Kanthi (21 December 1908 - 25 October 1969) was the Chief Minister of Karnataka (then, Mysore State) for a brief period in 1962. He hailed from Banajiga community a sub-sect of Lingayatism tradition in Hungund, Bagalkot district (formerly Bijapur district) in the northern part of Karnataka. A member of the Indian National Congress (INC), he served as the Speaker of Karnataka Legislative Assembly from 1956 to 1962. Kanti was Chief Minister of the State for a brief period of 96 days in 1962.  Later, as Education Minister in the S. Nijalingappa Cabinet he was instrumental in the establishment of Bangalore University and Kittur Rani Chennamma Sainik Schools.

His centenary celebrations were held in 2008. He belonged to Banajiga sub-sect of Lingayat community.
Crowd psychology
Crowd psychology (or mob psychology) is a subfield of social psychology which examines how the psychology of a group of people differs from the psychology of any one person within the group. The study of crowd psychology looks into the actions and thought processes of both the individual members of the crowd and of the crowd as a collective social entity. The behavior of a crowd is much influenced by deindividuation (seen as a person's loss of responsibility) and by the person's impression of the universality of behavior, both of which conditions increase in magnitude with size of the crowd. Notable theorists in crowd psychology include Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931), Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904), and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Many of these theories are today tested or used to simulate crowd behaviors in normal or emergency situations. One of the main focuses in these simulation works aims to prevent crowd crushes and stampedes.

Charles Mackay (author)
Charles Mackay (27 March 1814 – 24 December 1889) was a Scottish poet, journalist, author, anthologist, novelist, and songwriter, remembered mainly for his book Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds.