hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chivay obsidian source
The Chivay obsidian source (15.6423° S, 71.5355° W, 4972 masl) is the geological origin of a chemically distinct type of obsidian that is found throughout the south-central Andean highlands including southern Peru and western Bolivia. Obsidian of this type is also known as the Cotallalli type or the Titicaca Basin type.

Studies have shown that up to 90% of artifacts from the Lake Titicaca Basin were made using obsidian from this source.  These chemical characterization studies were performed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) techniques.

Obsidian from the Chivay source is found in large and homogeneous nodules in a high altitude volcanic crater approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to the east of the town of Chivay in the Colca Valley (Caylloma, Arequipa, Peru).

Obsidian
Obsidian (/əbˈsɪdi.ən, ɒb-/ əb-SID-ee-ən ob-) is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed when lava extruded from a volcano cools rapidly with minimal crystal growth. It is an igneous rock. Produced from felsic lava, obsidian is rich in the lighter elements such as silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, and potassium. It is commonly found within the margins of rhyolitic lava flows known as obsidian flows. These flows have a high content of silica, giving them a high viscosity. The high viscosity inhibits the diffusion of atoms through the lava, which inhibits the first step (nucleation) in the formation of mineral crystals. Together with rapid cooling, this results in a natural glass forming from the lava.

Obsidian is hard, brittle, and amorphous; it therefore fractures with sharp edges. In the past, it was used to manufacture cutting and piercing tools, and it has been used experimentally as surgical scalpel blades.
Populus pruinosa
Populus pruinosa is a species of flowering plant in the family Salicaceae, native to Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Xinjiang in China. A halophytic tree usually 10 m (33 ft) tall, but occasionally reaching 20 m (66 ft), it is often found growing in basins. Its bark is grayish-yellow, its branchlets and young sprouts are densely tomentulose and gray in color, and its leaves are tomentulose and grayish-blue. The genome of this species has been sequenced revealing that duplicated genes and the expansion of certain gene families in Populus pruinosa contributed to adaptation to extreme desert environments characterized by high salinity and drought.

Halophyte
A halophyte is a salt-tolerant plant that grows in soil or waters of high salinity, coming into contact with saline water through its roots or by salt spray, such as in saline semi-deserts, mangrove swamps, marshes and sloughs, and seashores. The word derives from Ancient Greek ἅλας (halas) 'salt' and φυτόν (phyton) 'plant'. Halophytes have different anatomy, physiology and biochemistry than glycophytes. An example of a halophyte is the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass). Relatively few plant species are halophytes—perhaps only 2% of all plant species.

The large majority of plant species are glycophytes, which are not salt-tolerant and are damaged fairly easily by high salinity.
Scilla Lighthouse
Scilla Lighthouse (Italian: Faro di Scilla) is an active lighthouse in Calabria just opposite of Capo Peloro Lighthouse which is on the Sicilian coast; both lighthouses direct the ships from the north into the Strait of Messina. The lighthouse is settled on the seaward side terrace of the Castello Ruffo di Scilla, in the town of Scilla on the Tyrrhenian Sea.

Capo Peloro Lighthouse
Capo Peloro Lighthouse (Italian: Faro di Capo Peloro) is an active lighthouse located in Punta del Faro on the Strait of Messina, the most north-eastern promontory of Sicily, settled in the Province of Messina, the place closest to Calabria.
Nemanja Nikolić (footballer, born 1987)
Nemanja Nikolić (Serbian Cyrillic: Немања Николић, pronounced [němaɲa nǐkolitɕ]; Hungarian: Nikolics Nemanja; born 31 December 1987) is a former professional footballer who played as a striker.

Nikolić is a former Hungary national team international; he has made 43 appearances and scored 8 goals for the senior team. As a Serbian Hungarian from Vojvodina, Nikolić was also eligible to represent Serbia, his country of birth, but he never received a call-up to the team.

Hungarians in Serbia
Hungarians are a recognized ethnic minority in Serbia. According to data from the 2022 census, the population of ethnic Hungarians in Serbia is 184,442, constituting 2.7% of the total population; they are the second-largest ethnic group in the country after Serbs and the largest ethnic minority group. The vast majority of them live in the province of Vojvodina, where they make up 10.5% of population.

Overwhelming majority of Hungarians in Serbia are Catholics, while some 5% are Protestant (mostly Calvinist).
Square root of a 2 by 2 matrix
A square root of a 2×2 matrix M is another 2×2 matrix R such that M = R2, where R2 stands for the matrix product of R with itself.  In general, there can be zero, two, four, or even an infinitude of square-root matrices. In many cases, such a matrix R can be obtained by an explicit formula.

Square roots that are not the all-zeros matrix come in pairs: if R is a square root of M, then −R is also a square root of M, since (−R)(−R) = (−1)(−1)(RR) = R2 = M.A 2×2 matrix with two distinct nonzero eigenvalues has four square roots. A positive-definite matrix has precisely one positive-definite square root.

Zero matrix
In mathematics, particularly linear algebra, a zero matrix or null matrix is a matrix all of whose entries are zero. It also serves as the additive identity of the additive group of  matrices, and is denoted by the symbol  or  followed by subscripts corresponding to the dimension of the matrix as the context sees fit. Some examples of zero matrices are
Pen-y-clawdd Farmhouse, Raglan
Pen-y-clawdd Farmhouse, Raglan, Monmouthshire is a gentry house dating from the early 17th century. Owned by the Bradburys, High Sheriffs of Monmouthshire, and later by the Williams family and then the Prichards of Penallt, it remains a privately owned farmhouse. The building is Grade II* listed.

Cyril Fox
Sir Cyril Fred Fox FSA FBA MRIA (16 December 1882 – 15 January 1967) was an English archaeologist and museum director.

Fox became keeper of archaeology at the National Museum of Wales, and subsequently served as director from 1926 to 1948. Many of his most notable achievements were collaborative. With his second wife, Aileen Fox, he surveyed and excavated several prehistoric monuments in Wales. With Iorwerth Peate, he established the Welsh Folk Museum at St Fagans, and with Lord Raglan, he authored a definitive history of vernacular architecture, Monmouthshire Houses.
Machlolophus
Machlolophus is a genus of birds in the tit family. The species were formerly placed with many others in the genus Parus but were moved to Machlolophus based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis published in 2013 that showed that the members formed a distinct clade.

The name Machlolophus was introduced by the German ornithologist Jean Cabanis in 1850. The word is derived from the classical Greek makhlos meaning luxuriant, and lophos meaning crest.

The following species, all from Asia, have been placed in the genus:

Parus
Parus is a genus of Old World birds in the tit family Paridae. It was formerly a large genus containing most of the 50 odd species in the family Paridae. The genus was split into several resurrected genera following the publication of a detailed molecular phylogenetic analysis in 2013. The genus name, Parus, is the Latin word for "tit".
Ian Grob
Ian Grob (born 24 August 1952) is a former English racing driver. He raced in a number of events, including European Formula 2 and Le Mans 24 Hours. He retired from international motor sport after his last race, 1980 24 Hours of Daytona.

BMW M1
The BMW M1 (model code E26) is a mid-engined sports car produced by German automotive manufacturer BMW from 1978 until 1981.

In the late 1970s, Italian automobile manufacturer Lamborghini entered into an agreement with BMW to build a production racing car in sufficient quantity for homologation, but conflicts arose that prompted BMW to produce the car themselves.  The resulting car was sold to the public, from 1978 until 1981, as the BMW M1.

It was the first mid-engine BMW automobile to be mass-produced; the second was the i8 plug-in hybrid sports car.
Glamorgan County Cricket Club in 2022
The 2022 season was Glamorgan County Cricket Club's 135th year in existence and their 101st as a first-class cricket county. They finished third in the Second Division of the County Championship, nine points behind second-placed Middlesex; they also finished fourth in Group B of the Royal London One-Day Cup, a point off the quarter-final qualification places, and sixth in the South Group of the 2022 T20 Blast, six points off the quarter-final places. It was the team's third season with Matthew Maynard as head coach and their first with David Lloyd as captain. The team's overseas players were Australians Marnus Labuschagne and Michael Neser, and South African Colin Ingram, while Shubman Gill and Ajaz Patel were brought in during the season. Glamorgan played two 50-over matches at The Gnoll in Neath, their first matches there for 27 years, but for the third season in a row, they did not play any matches at Penrhyn Avenue in Rhos-on-Sea.

Matthew Maynard
Matthew Peter Maynard, MBE (born 21 March 1966) is an English cricket coach and former cricketer. He played in four Tests and fourteen ODIs for England.

Maynard was a batsman (and, later in his career, wicketkeeper) known for his aggressive and dashing strokeplay. His first-class career with Glamorgan, saw him achieve a batting average of 42.53, take 372 catches and make seven stumpings with the gloves, earned him several caps for England, but he was never able to translate his county form into Test success. He was named a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1998. He was the second batsman for Glamorgan to score a century on debut in a first-class match.
Tyler Jolly
Tyler Jolly (born 29 July 1999) is a Scottish boxer, who is the current BBBoC Celtic Welterweight Champion. He competed at the 2022 Commonwealth Games in the boxing competition, winning the bronze medal in the men's welterweight event. He previously competed at the 2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships in the welterweight event, winning no medal.

Welterweight
Welterweight is a weight class in combat sports. Originally the term welterweight was used only in boxing, but other combat sports like muay Thai, taekwondo, and mixed martial arts also use it for their own weight division system to classify the opponents. If used, welterweight is typically between lightweight and middleweight.
Etenraku
Etenraku (越天楽, literally music brought from heaven) is a Japanese gagaku melody and dance. It is usually played with a hichiriki or ryūteki, and is accompanied by other traditional instruments such as the shō, koto and kakko.

Hichiriki
The hichiriki (篳篥) is a double reed Japanese fue (flute) used as one of two main melodic instruments in gagaku music. It is one of the "sacred" instruments and is often heard at Shinto weddings in Japan. Its sound is often described as haunting.

The hichiriki is derived from the Chinese guan, which was imported into Japan during the Tang dynasty. According to scholars, the hichiriki emerged after the 12th century when the popularity of the Chinese melodies in Japan called tōgaku waned.
1990 SCCA Escort World Challenge
The 1990 SCCA Escort World Challenge season was the inaugural season of the Sports Car Club of America's World Challenge series under the sprint race format, after changing its name from the Escort Endurance Championship while keeping the corporate sponsor of Escort radar detectors. The series would also have to share attention with the SCCA's main series, Trans Am. This would be the only season to feature only two classes until 1997, between which the series would use three to five classes per season. Peter Cunningham got his first win, finishing first at Laguna Seca Raceway in a Honda CRX. This would begin a longtime relationship between Cunningham and Honda, as well as his longtime career in the series, in which he is now the best-performing driver by number of wins.

GT World Challenge America
GT World Challenge America is a North American auto racing series launched in 1990 by the Sports Car Club of America. It has been managed by the SRO Motorsports Group since 2018, and has been sanctioned by the United States Auto Club since 2017.

The series functions as the highest level of SRO Motorsports America race weekends, supported by the Pirelli GT4 America, GT America, Toyota GR Cup North America, TC America, and McLaren Trophy America series. A GT World Challenge America race weekend consists of two 90 minute races held exclusively for GT3-class race cars, though it has been confirmed that the format will change to a single three hour race per weekend beginning in 2026.
2025 Norwegian Football Cup
The 2025 Norwegian Football Cup was the 119th season of the Norwegian annual knock-out football tournament. It started on 26 March 2025. The final was played on 6 December 2025. The winners will be played in the qualifying play-off match against the winner of 2025–26 Norwegian Football Cup for the place in 2026–27 Europa League play-off round. However, this qualifying play-off match will be cancelled if Viking or Bodø/Glimt ends up winning the 2025–26 Norwegian Football Cup. If so, then the winner of this tournament will enter the 2026–27 Europa League play-off round.

2026–27 UEFA Europa League
The 2026–27 UEFA Europa League is the 56th season of Europe's secondary club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 18th season since it was renamed from the UEFA Cup to the UEFA Europa League.
God the Father in Western art
For about a thousand years, in obedience to interpretations of specific Bible passages, pictorial depictions of God the Father had been avoided by Christian artists. At first only the Hand of God, often emerging from a cloud, was portrayed. Gradually, portrayals of the head and later the whole figure were depicted, and by the time of the Renaissance artistic representations of God the Father were freely used in the Western Church.

God the Father can be seen in some late Byzantine Cretan School icons, and ones from the borders of the Catholic and Orthodox worlds, under Western influence, but after the Russian Orthodox Church came down firmly against depicting the Father in 1667, he can hardly be seen in Russian art. Protestants generally disapprove of the depiction of God the Father, and originally did so strongly.

The Creation of Adam
The Creation of Adam (Italian: Creazione di Adamo), also known as The Creation of Man,: plate 54  is a fresco painting by Italian artist Michelangelo, which forms part of the Sistine Chapel's ceiling, painted 1508-1512. It illustrates the Biblical creation narrative from the Book of Genesis in which God gives life to Adam, the first man. The fresco is part of a complex  scheme and is chronologically the fourth in the series of panels depicting episodes from Genesis.

The painting has been reproduced in countless imitations and parodies. Michelangelo's Creation of Adam is one of the most replicated religious paintings of all time.
Utøykaia
60°1′22.9832″N 10°15′46.3972″E﻿ / ﻿60.023050889°N 10.262888111°E﻿ / 60.023050889; 10.262888111

Utøykaia or Utøya-kaia, also called «Thorbjørnkaia», is a ferry landing in Tyrifjorden. The ferry landing on the main land is located approximately 600 metres (2,000 ft) from the ferry landing at Utøya. The pier is located about 450 meters south of the pier at Utvika Camping. The sign "Utøya" on the main road points to Utøykaia.

MS Thorbjørn is normally moored at the pier. During the Labour Youth League's annual summer camp, the vessel shuttles between Utøya and Utøykaia.

It was from here Anders Behring Breivik dressed in a police uniform got over to the Island during the 2011 Norway attacks.

Tyrifjorden
Tyrifjorden (Lake Tyri) is a lake in Norway. It lies 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Oslo and is the nation's fifth largest lake with an area of 138.56 km2. It has a volume of 13 km3, is 295 meters deep at its deepest, and lies 63 meters above sea level. The lake's primary source is the Begna river, which discharges into Tyrifjorden at Hønefoss where the river forms the waterfall of Hønefossen. Its primary outlet is at Vikersund near the lake's southwest corner, where Tyrifjorden discharges into the Drammenselva river.
Touchstone (horse)
Touchstone (1831–1861) was a British bred Thoroughbred racehorse and a leading sire in Great Britain and Ireland on four occasions. He was owned and bred by Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster, who bought him for the low price, at the time, of 600 guineas at the insistence of his chief stud groom Mr. Thomas Nutting.

St Leger Stakes
The St Leger Stakes is a Group 1 flat horse race in Great Britain open to three-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. It is run at Doncaster over a distance of 1 mile, 6 furlongs and 115 yards (2,921 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in September.

Established in 1776, the St Leger is the oldest of Britain's five Classic races. It is the last of the five to be run each year, and its distance is longer than any of the other four.

The St Leger is the final leg of the English Triple Crown, which begins with the 2000 Guineas and continues with the Derby. It also completes the Fillies Triple Crown, following on from the 1000 Guineas and The Oaks. The St Leger has rarely featured Triple Crown contenders in recent decades, with the only one in recent years being the 2012 2,000 Guineas and Derby winner Camelot, who finished second in the St Leger.
2-8-8-0
In the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, a 2-8-8-0 is a locomotive with a two-wheel leading truck, two sets of eight driving wheels, and no trailing truck.

Whyte notation
The Whyte notation is a classification method for steam locomotives, and some internal combustion locomotives and electric locomotives, by wheel arrangement. It was devised by Frederick Methvan Whyte, and came into use in the early twentieth century following a December 1900 editorial in American Engineer and Railroad Journal.

The notation was adopted and remains in use in North America and the United Kingdom to describe the wheel arrangements of steam locomotives, but for modern locomotives, multiple units and trams it has been supplanted by the UIC system in Europe and by the AAR system (essentially a simplification of the UIC system) in North America. However, geared steam locomotives do not use the notation. They are classified by their model and their number of trucks.
Implant (body modification)
In body modification, an implant is a device that is placed under the human skin for decorative purposes.  Such implants may be subdermal or transdermal.  In the context of body modification, some may consider injections of silicone and other substances a type of implant as well.

Some types of implants may be performed by doctors or other medical professionals, while others are performed by body modification artists.

Steve Haworth
Steve Haworth is a body modification artist based in Phoenix, Arizona. He is partially responsible for the modern / western popularization of subdermal and transdermal implants, such as the "Metal Mohawk".
Berkeley SETI Research Center
The Berkeley SETI Research Center (BSRC) conducts experiments searching for optical and  electromagnetic transmissions from intelligent extraterrestrial civilizations. The center  is based at the University of California, Berkeley.

The Berkeley SETI Research Center has several SETI searches operating at various wavelengths, from radio, through infrared, to visible light. These include SERENDIP, SEVENDIP, NIROSETI, Breakthrough Listen, and SETI@home. The research center is also involved in the development of new telescopes and instrumentation.

The Berkeley SETI Research Center is independent of, but collaborates with, researchers at the SETI Institute. No unambiguous signals from extraterrestrial intelligence have been found.

SETI Institute
The SETI Institute is a not-for-profit research organization incorporated in 1984 whose mission is to explore, understand, and explain the origin and nature of life in the universe, and to use this knowledge to inspire and guide present and future generations, sharing knowledge with the public, the press, and the government. SETI stands for the "search for extraterrestrial intelligence".

The institute consists of three primary centers: The Carl Sagan Center, devoted to the study of life in the universe; the Center for Education, focused on astronomy, astrobiology and space science for students and educators; and the Center for Public Outreach, which produced a general science radio show and podcast, "Big Picture Science", until 2025 when the show became independent, and "SETI Talks", its weekly colloquium series.
Ranendra Baraili
Ranendra Baraili is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the CPN (Maoist Centre) Party. He is currently serving as a member of the 2nd Federal Parliament of Nepal. In the 2022 Nepalese general election he was elected as a proportional representative from the Dalit people category.

2nd Federal Parliament of Nepal
The Second Federal Parliament of Nepal, was elected by the 2022 general elections on 20 November 2022. The elections elected 275 Members of Parliament (MPs), 165 for each constituency and 110 through the party list, to the House of Representatives. The parliament convened for the first time on 9 January 2023 and was dissolved on 12 September 2025 following the 2025 Gen Z protests.
Calpurnia (band)
Calpurnia was a Canadian indie rock band formed in 2017, originating from Vancouver. The band consisted of Finn Wolfhard (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), Malcolm Craig (drums), Ayla Tesler-Mabe (lead guitar, vocals) and Jack Anderson (bass, vocals).

The band released their debut single, "City Boy", on 7 March 2018. They announced their debut EP, Scout, alongside the release of the second single, "Louie", on 12 April 2018. On 18 May 2018, they released their third single, "Greyhound", as their first single on vinyl. Scout was released on 15 June 2018. On 8 November 2019, the band announced on their official Instagram page that they were parting ways.

Where Is My Mind?
"Where Is My Mind?" is a song by American alternative rock band Pixies, originally released as the seventh track on their 1988 debut album, Surfer Rosa.

After receiving initial success upon release, the song saw renewed popularity after being featured in the 1999 film Fight Club. It has become the band's signature song and has inspired a multitude of covers while several arrangements of the song have been used in various film, television, and video game soundtracks. The song was ranked at No. 493 on Rolling Stone magazine's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time 2021 list.
Garrett D. Kinney
Garrett Deforest Kinney (May 21, 1869 – August 7, 1933) was an American politician and businessman.

Born in Rensselaer County, New York, Kinney moved with his parents to Peoria, Illinois in 1874. Kinney went to the Peoria Public Schools and to Cornell University. He was involved in the manufacturing business and was also involved with banking. He was president of Culter & Proctor Stove Company and Metal Barrel Corporation. He was involved with the Republican. Kinney served as Illinois State Treasurer from 1927 to 1929. Kinney died in Peoria, Illinois on August 7, 1933, after shooting himself on June 23, 1933. Kinney was being investigated for taking Illinois state monies while director of Illinois State Finances under Governor Louis Lincoln Emmerson.

Illinois Treasurer
The Treasurer of Illinois is a constitutional officer in the executive branch of government of the U.S. state of Illinois. Seventy-four individuals have occupied the office of Treasurer since statehood. The incumbent is Mike Frerichs, a Democrat. A former Champaign County auditor and state senator, Frerichs was first elected to lead the state treasury in 2014 following a close race with Republican candidate Tom Cross.