hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Thomas Lincoln
Thomas Lincoln Sr. (January 6, 1778 – January 17, 1851) was an American farmer and carpenter. His son Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States. Unlike some of his ancestors, Thomas could not write. He struggled to make a successful living for his family and faced difficult challenges in Kentucky real estate boundary and title disputes, the early death of his first wife, and the integration of his second wife's family into his own family, before making his final home in Illinois.

Michael Burlingame
Michael A. Burlingame is an American historian noted for his works on Abraham Lincoln. He is the Naomi B. Lynn Distinguished Chair in Lincoln Studies at the University of Illinois Springfield. Burlingame has written or edited twenty books about Lincoln.
Ivan Shpitsberg
Ivan Anatolievich Shpitsberg (Russian: Иван Анатольевич Шпицберг; 1880 — 1933), was a Russian and Soviet lawyer, journalist, writer, translator, organizer, and head of the scientific society and publishing house Atheist (Russian: "Атеист") (1921), and editor of the eponymous magazine.

J. M. Robertson
John Mackinnon Robertson PC (14 November 1856 – 5 January 1933) was a prolific Scottish journalist, advocate of rationalism and secularism, and Liberal Member of Parliament for Tyneside from 1906 to 1918.

Robertson was best known as an advocate of the Christ myth theory.
Mystery Bonita
Mystery Bonita (Japanese: (ミステリーボニータ, Hepburn: Misutarī Bonīta)) is a monthly Japanese shōjo magazine published by Akita Shoten on the sixth of each month. It was originally launched as a spin-off to the magazine Bonita, which was later merged with Mystery Bonita in 1996. Mystery Bonita was initially envisioned to serialize darker serials compared to its parent magazine, featuring horror and mystery works. After the merge the magazine continued to have a focus on publishing mystery and supernatural stories.

The magazine is known for publishing series from a variety of genres, as in addition to the prior genres it also publishes fantasy, historical, action, romance, and non-romance works.

Musashi Number 9
Musashi #9 (９番目のムサシ, Kyūbanme no Musashi) is a Japanese manga series by Miyuki Takahashi about a secret agent working for a mysterious world organization known only as "Ultimate Blue". #9 is their one of their top agents, a 16-year-old girl who goes by the code name "Musashi #9". Her aliases include Shinozuka Kou and Shinosaki Kei. The series starts as a collection of unconnected stories which feature #9 but focus mainly on the more ordinary people she comes into contact with in the course of saving the world.  Gradually, a thread is woven between these one-shot stories, in which Kou strikes up a relationship with the solitary and depressive Shingo Tachibana. Their lives become irrevocably intertwined in spite of her fairly drastic efforts (for his sake) to leave him behind. The series is relatively graphic with clear depictions of Musashi's activities, such as fighting and killing off bad guys.
2002 Speed World Challenge
The 2002 Speed World Challenge was the 13th running of the Sports Car Club of America's premier series. It began on March 15 and ran for eleven rounds. The name was changed from SpeedVision World Challenge due to the network changing its name from SpeedVision to Speed Channel.

GT World Challenge America
GT World Challenge America is a North American auto racing series launched in 1990 by the Sports Car Club of America. It has been managed by the SRO Motorsports Group since 2018, and has been sanctioned by the United States Auto Club since 2017.

The series functions as the highest level of SRO Motorsports America race weekends, supported by the Pirelli GT4 America, GT America, Toyota GR Cup North America, TC America, and McLaren Trophy America series. A GT World Challenge America race weekend consists of two 90 minute races held exclusively for GT3-class race cars, though it has been confirmed that the format will change to a single three hour race per weekend beginning in 2026.
Syzran Higher Military Aviation School
The Syzran Higher Military Aviation School (Russian: Сызранское высшее военное авиационное училище лётчиков, romanized: Syzranskoye vyssheye voyennoye aviatsionnoye uchilishche lyotchikov) is a military academy of the Russian Aerospace Forces, responsible for training airmen of the Russian Armed Forces. It is a branch of the Zhukovsky – Gagarin Air Force Academy.

Mil Mi-8
The Mil Mi-8 (Russian: Ми-8, NATO reporting name: Hip) is a family of medium twin-turbine helicopters, originally designed by the Soviet Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI) in the 1960s and introduced into the Soviet Air Force in 1968. Russian production of the aircraft model still continues as of 2024. In addition to its most common role as a transport helicopter, the Mi-8 is also used as an airborne command post, armed gunship, and reconnaissance platform.

The Mi-8 is the world's most-produced helicopter, with over 17,000 units used by over 50 countries. As of 2015, when combined with the related Mil Mi-17, the two helicopters are the third most common operational military aircraft in the world.
Elvira Bach
Elvira Bach (born 22 June 1951) is a postmodernist German painter known for her colourful images of women. A member of the Junge Wilde art movement, she lives and works in Berlin. She is the mother of two children, including basketball player Maodo Lô.

Documenta 7
documenta 7 was the seventh edition of documenta, a quinquennial contemporary art exhibition. It was held between 19 June and 28 October 1982 in Kassel, West Germany. The artistic director was Rudi Fuchs.
Capodrise
Capodrise (Campanian: Caputrìsë) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Caserta in the Italian region Campania, located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of Naples and about 3 kilometres (2 mi) southwest of Caserta.

Capodrise borders the following municipalities: Marcianise, Portico di Caserta, Recale, San Marco Evangelista, San Nicola la Strada. It forms a single conurbation together with Marcianise and Caserta itself.

San Nicola la Strada
San Nicola la Strada is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Caserta in the Italian region Campania, located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of Naples and about 2 kilometres (1 mi) south of Caserta.
John A. Lynch (ferryboat)
The John A. Lynch was a ferryboat built in 1925 in Mariners Harbor, Staten Island.  It was named after NJ politician John A. Lynch, Sr. by NYC Mayor Hylan as were 15 other ferryboats built at the same time.   It was renamed first as the Harlam, then the Major General William H. Hart in 1940 when it was sold to the Army and assigned to Governors Island.   In 1968 it was donated to the South Street Seaport Museum where it was used as a school ship until 1990.  It was traded to Captain's Cove Seaport, in Bridgeport, Connecticut in exchange for docking proposed for the H.M.S. Rose at South Street for the 1992 Columbus Quincentenary.  It was sold in about 2000 and was to be docked in New Jersey, but is currently half sunk and decaying at Port Reading, New Jersey.  It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 7, 1984.

South Street Seaport
The South Street Seaport is a historic area in the New York City borough of Manhattan, centered where Fulton Street meets the East River, within the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. The Seaport is a designated historic district. It is part of Manhattan Community Board 1 and is next to the East River to the southeast and the Two Bridges neighborhood to the northeast.

The district features some of the oldest buildings in Lower Manhattan, and includes the largest concentration of restored early 19th-century commercial buildings in the city. This includes renovated original mercantile buildings, renovated sailing ships, the former Fulton Fish Market, and modern tourist malls featuring food, shopping, and nightlife.
Adam Mokrysz
Adam Mokrysz (born July 25, 1979, in Cieszyn) is a Polish entrepreneur, investor and philanthropist. The son of Teresa and Kazimierz Mokrysz, the founders of Mokate. PhD of economics, CEO of the Mokate Group and Mokate S.A. Expert in the field of business in the FMCG industry. It actively supports the development of local communities and education. A chess fan and their popularization among children and teenagers.

Investor
An investor is a person or entity that allocates financial capital with the expectation of a future return (profit) or to gain an advantage (interest). Through this allocated capital the investor usually purchases some species of property. Types of investments include equity, debt, securities, real estate, infrastructure, currency, commodity, token, derivatives such as put and call options, futures, forwards, etc. This definition makes no distinction between the investors in the primary and secondary markets.  That is, someone who provides a business with capital and someone who buys a stock are both investors.  An investor who owns stock is a shareholder.
Gelfand representation
In mathematics, the Gelfand representation in functional analysis (named after I. M. Gelfand) is either of two things:

a way of representing commutative Banach algebras as algebras of continuous functions;

the fact that for commutative C*-algebras, this representation is an isometric isomorphism.

In the former case, one may regard the Gelfand representation as a far-reaching generalization of the Fourier transform of an integrable function. In the latter case, the Gelfand–Naimark representation theorem is one avenue in the development of spectral theory for normal operators, and generalizes the notion of diagonalizing a normal matrix.

Vanish at infinity
In mathematics, a function is said to vanish at infinity if its values approach 0 as the input grows without bounds. There are two different ways to define this with one definition applying to functions defined on normed vector spaces and the other applying to functions defined on locally compact spaces. 
Aside from this difference, both of these notions correspond to the intuitive notion of adding a point at infinity, and requiring the values of the function to get arbitrarily close to zero as one approaches it. This definition can be formalized in many cases by adding an (actual) point at infinity.
University of the Arctic
The University of the Arctic (UArctic) is an international cooperative network based in the Circumpolar Arctic region, consisting of universities, colleges, and other organizations with an interest in promoting education and research in the Arctic region.

UArctic was launched in 2001, endorsed by the Arctic Council and in conjunction with the tenth anniversary of the Rovaniemi Process and the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy.

Academic conference
An academic conference or scientific conference (also congress, symposium, workshop, or meeting) is an event for researchers (not necessarily academics) to present and discuss their scholarly work. Together with academic or scientific journals and preprint archives, conferences provide an important channel for exchange of information between researchers. Further benefits of participating in academic conferences include learning effects in terms of presentation skills and "academic habitus", receiving feedback from peers for one's own research, the possibility to engage in informal communication with peers about work opportunities and collaborations, and getting an overview of current research in one or more disciplines.

The first international academic conferences and congresses appeared in 19th century.
Sør-Trøndelag (newspaper)
Sør-Trøndelag is a local online and print newspaper published in Orkanger, Norway. It covers the municipalities of Orkland, Skaun, Heim, Rennebu, and Rindal. Published in tabloid format, the newspaper had a circulation of 6,805 in 2013. The newspaper is owned by Polaris Media. It has five weekly issues, on Mondays through Saturdays. The newspaper was founded in 1908 as Søndre Trondhjems Amtstidende.

Orkanger
Orkanger is a town and the administrative centre of Orkland Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The town sits at the end of the Orkdal Fjord, an arm of the Trondheimsfjord. Orkanger is the commercial centre of Orkland Municipality and it is the site of the Orkanger Church. It was established as a "town" in 2014.

Combined with the neighbouring suburban village of Fannrem, the conurbation constitutes one of the largest urban areas in Trøndelag county. The 6.26-square-kilometre (1,550-acre) town has a population (2018) of 8,204 and a population density of 1,311 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,400/sq mi).
Grey High School
Grey High School is a semi-private English-medium high school (grades 8 to 12) for boys situated in the suburb of Mill Park in Gqeberha in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. It is one of the top sporting schools in the country, with consistently strong academics and an extensive culture of musical performance, and is one of the oldest schools in South Africa.

Dale College Boys' High School
Dale College Boys' High School, (commonly referred to as Dale College), is a well-established public English medium high school for boys located in Qonce, a town in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. With a rich history, it holds the distinction of being one of the oldest schools in the country and is among the few prestigious high schools in the Eastern Cape.

Formerly established as The King William's Town Public School, it was founded in 1861. It was renamed to Dale College in 1877, in honor of Sir Langham Dale, then Superintendent-General of Cape Province.

Captain Cecil D'Arcy of the Frontier Light Horse, who won the Victoria Cross in the Anglo-Zulu War in 1879, was an Old Dalian.

Dale College has long-standing annual derby days for both summer and winter sports with traditional rivals such as Queens College, Grey College, Muir College, St Andrews College, and Selborne College that stretch back to at least the 1960s
Kitagawa–Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition
The Kitagawa–Oaxaca–Blinder (KOB) decomposition, or simply Kitagawa decomposition or Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition (/ˈblaɪndər wɑːˈhɑːkɑː/), is a statistical method that explains the difference in the means of a dependent variable between two groups by decomposing the gap into within-group and between-group differences in the effect of the explanatory variable.

The method was originally invented by sociologist and demographer Evelyn M. Kitagawa in 1955. Ronald Oaxaca introduced this method in economics in his doctoral thesis at Princeton University and eventually published in 1973. The decomposition technique is also named after Alan Blinder who proposed a similar approach in the same year. Oaxaca's original research question was the wage differential between two different groups of workers (male vs. female), but the method has since been applied to numerous other topics.

Dependent and independent variables
A variable is considered dependent if it depends on (or is hypothesized to depend on) an independent variable. Dependent variables are the outcome of the  test they depend, by some law or rule (e.g., by a mathematical function), on. Independent variables, on the other hand, are not seen as depending on any other variable in the scope of the experiment in question. Rather, they are controlled by the experimenter.
Haemaphysalis pospelovashtromae
Haemaphysalis pospelovashtromae, Pospelova-Shtrom’s USSR mountain haemaphysalid, is an ixodid tick native to Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and the Republic of Georgia that parasitizes cattle and goats.  The species epithet honors parasitologist Dr. Maria V. Pospelova-Shtrom.

H. pospelovashtromae is a moderately large haemaphysalid, the adult males averaging 2.7 mm in length and 1.4 mm in width, and unengorged adult females 3.4 mm in length and 2.8 mm in width.  When unengorged, they are of a yellowish color. The conscutum of the male is pear-shaped, and the scutum of the female is slightly longer than wide with the outline widest at the anterior third of the length and gradually converging to a moderately pointed posterior margin. The posterior margin of the idiosoma has 11 festoons.

Ixodes
Ixodes is a genus of hard-bodied ticks (family Ixodidae). It includes important disease vectors of animals and humans (tick-borne disease), and some species (notably Ixodes holocyclus) inject toxins that can cause paralysis. Some ticks in this genus may transmit the pathogenic bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi responsible for causing Lyme disease. Additional organisms that may be transmitted by Ixodes are parasites from the genus Babesia, which cause babesiosis, and bacteria from the related genus Anaplasma, which cause anaplasmosis.
Ishibe-juku
Ishibe-juku (石部宿) was the fifty-first of the fifty-three stations of the Tōkaidō highway connecting Edo with Kyoto in Edo period Japan. It was located in the present-day city of Konan, Shiga Prefecture, Japan.

Tōkaidō (road)
The Tōkaidō road (東海道, Tōkaidō; [to̞ːka̠ido̞ː]), which roughly means "eastern sea route," was the most important of the Five Routes of the Edo period in Japan, connecting Kyoto to the de facto capital of Japan at Edo (modern-day Tokyo). Unlike the inland and less heavily travelled Nakasendō, the Tōkaidō travelled along the sea coast of eastern Honshū, hence the route's name.

The Tōkaidō was first used in ancient times as a route from Kyoto to Hitachi Province (central Honshu) before the Edo period.
Crossmodal
Crossmodal perception or cross-modal perception is perception that involves interactions between two or more different sensory modalities. Examples include synesthesia, sensory substitution and the McGurk effect, in which vision and hearing interact in speech perception.

Crossmodal perception, crossmodal integration and cross modal plasticity of the human brain are increasingly studied in neuroscience to gain a better understanding of the large-scale and long-term properties of the brain. A related research theme is the study of multisensory perception and multisensory integration.

Stimulus modality
Stimulus modality, also called sensory modality, is one aspect of a stimulus or what is perceived after a stimulus. For example, the temperature modality  is registered after heat or cold stimulate a receptor. Some sensory modalities include: light, sound, temperature, taste, pressure, and smell. The type and location of the sensory receptor activated by the stimulus plays the primary role in coding the sensation. All sensory modalities work together to heighten stimuli sensation when necessary.
Meier and Comfort
Meier and Comfort (originally called Hawke and Comfort) was a real estate development firm active in the 1920s in the St. Louis suburbs of Clayton and Ladue, Missouri, United States.  The firm was the first to develop private place neighborhoods in Ladue, and their work was influential in establishing the architectural character of the city.

The partners of the firm were Norman B. Comfort and Gunther Meier.  Both men were World War I veterans with Major Comfort receiving distinction for his combat service in France.  While in Europe during the war, the men became interested in the native architecture and particularly with Tudor design.  As a result, the firm, who frequently partnered with architect Daniel H. Mullen, favored Tudor Revival designs.

Clayton, Missouri
Clayton is a city in and the county seat of St. Louis County, Missouri, United States, that borders the west side of the independent city of St. Louis. The population was 17,355 at the 2020 census. Organized in 1877, the city was named after Ralph Clayton, a citizen who donated the land for the St. Louis County courthouse.
1990–91 FIBA Korać Cup
The 1990–91 FIBA Korać Cup was the 20th edition of FIBA's Korać Cup basketball competition. The Italian Shampoo Clear Cantu defeated the Spanish Real Madrid Otaysa in the final. This was Shampoo Clear Cantu's fourth time winning the title.

FIBA Korać Cup
The FIBA Korać Cup was an annual basketball club competition held by FIBA Europe between the 1971–72 and 2001–02 seasons. It was the third-tier level club competition in European basketball, after the FIBA European Champions Cup (later renamed the EuroLeague) and the FIBA Cup Winners Cup (later renamed the FIBA Saporta Cup). The last Korać Cup season was held during the 2001–02 season.
Pars plana
The pars plana (also known as orbicularis ciliaris ) (Latin: flat portion) is part of the ciliary body in the uvea (or vascular tunic, the middle layer of the three layers that comprise the eye).

It is about 4 mm long, located near the junction of the iris and sclera, and is scalloped in appearance.

The pars plana may not have a function in the post-fetal period, making this a good site of entry for ophthalmic surgery of the posterior segment of eyeball; this surgery is known as pars plana vitrectomy.

Sclera
The sclera, also known as the white of the eye or, in older literature, as the tunica albuginea oculi, is the opaque, fibrous, protective outer layer of the eye containing mainly collagen and some crucial elastic fiber.

In the development of the embryo, the sclera is derived from the neural crest. In children, it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue. In the elderly, fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow. People with dark skin can have naturally darkened sclerae, the result of melanin pigmentation.

In humans, and some other vertebrates, the whole sclera is white or pale, contrasting with the coloured iris.
NGC 5331
NGC 5331 is a pair of two interacting spiral galaxies in the constellation Virgo. They were discovered by William Herschel on May 13, 1793.

One supernova, SN 2020abir (type Ia, mag. 17.3), was discovered in NGC 5331 on 1 December 2020.

Virgo (constellation)
Virgo is one of the constellations of the zodiac. The name means "maiden" in Latin and its traditional astrological symbol is . Between Leo to the west and Libra to the east, lying in the south, it is the second-largest constellation in the sky (after Hydra) and the largest constellation in the zodiac. The ecliptic intersects the celestial equator within this constellation and Pisces. Underlying these technical two definitions, the sun passes directly overhead of the equator, within this constellation, at the September equinox. Virgo can be easily found through its brightest star, Spica, (in Latin "grain headed").
Dan Kennedy (hurler, born 1925)
Daniel Kennedy (11 January 1925 – 6 February 1977) was an Irish hurler. At club level, he played with Thomastown, Dicksboro and Bennettsbridge and at inter-county level was a member of the Kilkenny senior hurling team from 1945 to 1954. Kennedy captained Kilkenny to the All-Ireland SHC title in 1947.

1950 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
The 1950 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship was the 56th staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board.

On 26 November 1950, Dicksboro won the championship after defeating Éire Óg by 4–06 to 1–05 in the final. It was Dicksboro's third championship title overall and their first since 1926.