hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cliftonite
Cliftonite is a natural form of graphite that occurs as small octahedral inclusions in iron-containing meteorites. It typically accompanies kamacite, and more rarely schreibersite, cohenite or plessite.

Cliftonite was first considered to be a new form of carbon, then a pseudomorph of graphite after diamond, and finally reassigned to a pseudomorph of graphite after kamacite. Cliftonite is typically observed in minerals that experienced high pressures. It can also be synthesized by annealing an Fe-Ni-C alloy at ambient pressure for several hundred hours. The annealing is carried out in two stages: first a mixture of cohenite and kamacite is formed in air at ca. 950 °C; it is then partly converted to cliftonite in vacuum at ca. 550 °C.

The Campo del Cielo region of Argentina is noted for a crater field containing a group of distinctive iron meteorites.

Cohenite
Cohenite is a naturally occurring iron carbide mineral with the chemical structure (Fe, Ni, Co)3C. This forms a hard, shiny, silver mineral which was named by E. Weinschenk in 1889 after the German mineralogist Emil Cohen, who first described and analysed material from the Magura meteorite found near Slanica, Žilina Region, Slovakia. Cohenite is found in rod-like crystals in iron meteorites.

On Earth cohenite is stable only in rocks which formed in a strongly reducing environment and contain native iron deposits. Such conditions existed in some places where molten magmas invaded coal deposits, e.g. on Disko Island in Greenland, or at the Bühl near Kassel in Germany.

Associated minerals include native iron, schreibersite, troilite and wüstite.

Similar iron carbides occur also in technical iron alloys and are called cementite.
1994 National A-Division Football Championship
The 1994 National A-Division Football Championship, known as 1994 National Lifebuoy A-Division Football Championship due to sponsorship reasons, was the 42nd edition of the National Football Championship, Pakistan's premier domestic football competition. The league phase was held at Tehmas Khan Stadium, Peshawar from 16 April till 2 May 1994, and the Championship Final was held at Government Islamia College Ground, Faisalabad on 15 May 1994.

National Football Championship (Pakistan)
The National Football Championship, known as National A-Division Football Championship between 1992 and 1994, was the men's highest level football competition from 1948 to 2003. Founded by the Pakistan Football Federation (PFF) in 1948, it was usually held as a knockout representative tournament, with teams fielded by provincial and divisional associations alongside departmental teams. Between 1992 and 1994, the competition briefly adopted a revamped league format, before reverting to knockouts. It was replaced by the Pakistan Premier League in 2004 as part of efforts to professionalise domestic football.

Karachi based Pakistan Airlines is the most successful team, winning the competition nine times.
CD11
In cell biology, CD11 is the α (alpha) component of various integrins, especially ones in which the β (beta) component is CD18 (β2) and mediate leukocyte adhesion.  For example,

LFA1 (CD11a/CD18) short representation of Lymphocyte Function-associated Antigen 1, also called αLβ2 integrin

Mac1 (CD11b/CD18) present on macrophages that is also called Macrophage-1 antigen (CR3) and αMβ2 integrin.

CD11c/CD18 also called complement receptor 4 (CR4) and αXβ2 integrin.

Integrin alpha L
Integrin, alpha L (antigen CD11A (p180), lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1; alpha polypeptide), also known as ITGAL, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGAL gene. CD11a functions in the immune system. It is involved in cellular adhesion and costimulatory signaling. It is the target of the drug efalizumab.
Leafcutter John
Leafcutter John is the recording name of John Burton, a UK-based musician and artist. He makes frequent use of Max/MSP in his compositions. Much of Burton's style is based in computer music and use of samples of everyday sounds. However, he also has roots as a folk musician, and this influence is apparent in his more recent work.

Qwartz Electronic Music Awards
The Qwartz Electronic Music Awards recognize new and electronic music with awards and grants in music and technologies categories. An annual event takes place in Paris. The Qwartz Awards are presided by the pioneer Pierre Henry.
Besides the awards, Qwartz organizes an International New and Electronic Music Market, concerts, parties and conferences.
The Qwartz Awards recognize all aspects of contemporary art : music, audiovisual works and graphics, instruments, technological innovations, festivals, medias and new media arts. Pierre Henry, Derrick May, Laurie Anderson, Mathhew Herbert, Björk, Wolfgang Voigt, Otavio Henrique Soares Brandao, Ake Parmerud, Henri Pousseur, Can, Klaus Schulze, Lionel Marchetti in particular have already been awarded with a Qwartz d'Honneur.
Rizhao Polytechnic
Rizhao Polytechnic (simplified Chinese: 日照职业技术学院; traditional Chinese: 日照職業技術學院; pinyin: Rìzhào Zhíyè Jìshù Xuéyuàn), colloquially known as Rizhi (日职),  is a public institution for tertiary education in Rizhao, Shandong province, China, specializing in engineering and technical majors. The college has around 14,000 students and 900 teachers and is located north of the University City in Donggang District.

Donggang, Rizhao
Donggang District (simplified Chinese: 东港区; traditional Chinese: 東港區; pinyin: Dōnggǎng Qū; lit. 'east harbor') is the main urban district of the city of Rizhao, Shandong province, China. It has an area of 1,636.4 km2 (631.8 sq mi) and around 865,000  inhabitants (according to the 2010 census). All the main government agencies of the city, as well as the Port of Rizhao, are located in this district.
Patna–Purna Express
The 17609 / 17610 Patna–Purna Express is an express train belonging to South Central Railway zone that runs between Patna Junction and Purna Junction in India. It is currently being operated with 17609/17610 train numbers on a weekly basis.

South Central Railway zone
The South Central Railway  (abbreviated SCR) is one of the 19 zones of Indian Railways. The jurisdiction of the zone is spread over the states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, Karnataka. It has three divisions under its administration, which include Secunderabad, Hyderabad and Nanded. Secunderabad, Telangana is the Zonal headquarter.
Douangchay Phichit
Lieutenant general Douangchay Phichit (Lao: ດວງໃຈ ພິຈິດ; 5 April 1944 – 17 May 2014) was a Laotian politician from Attapeu and a Politburo member of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (from the 7th Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party until his death). He served as the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of National Defense.

On 17 May 2014, Phichit and his wife, Lieutenant Colonel Mrs Thanda Phichit, died when the plane he was traveling on crashed in northern Laos.

Deputy Prime Minister of Laos
The deputy prime minister of the Lao People's Democratic Republic is the deputy chief executive and the rank below the prime minister. The office of deputy prime minister was officially created as a ministerial portfolio on 2 December 1975. A deputy prime minister is appointed on the orders of the sitting prime minister.
Upper Waikato Stream Fault
The Upper Waikato Stream Fault is an eastern Taupō rift-bounding north–south striking normal fault in the Ruapehu Graben,  a seismically active area of the central North Island of New Zealand to the west of Mount Ruapehu. While its own whole fault rupture potential is Mw6.5, such a rupture could be part of a Mw 7.1 multi-fault rupture.

Mount Ruapehu
Mount Ruapehu (Māori: [ˈɾʉaˌpɛhʉ]; English /ˈruːəˌpeɪhuː/) is an active stratovolcano at the southern end of the Taupō Volcanic Zone and North Island volcanic plateau in New Zealand. It is 23 km (14 mi) northeast of Ohakune and 23 km (14 mi) southwest of the southern shore of Lake Taupō, within Tongariro National Park. The North Island's major ski resorts and only glaciers are on its slopes.

Ruapehu, the largest active volcano in New Zealand, has the highest point in the North Island and has three major peaks: Tahurangi (2,797 m), Te Heuheu (2,755 m) and Paretetaitonga (2,751 m). The deep, active crater is between the peaks and fills with water between major eruptions, being known as Crater Lake (Māori: Te Wai ā-moe). The name Ruapehu means "pit of noise" or "exploding pit" in Māori.
Frazer Nash
Frazer Nash was a brand of British sports car manufactured from 1922 first by Frazer Nash Limited founded by engineer Archibald Frazer-Nash. On its financial collapse in 1927 a new company, AFN Limited, was incorporated. Control of AFN passed to Harold John Aldington in 1929.

Until the Second World War AFN continued to produce a small number of sports cars badged Frazer Nash incorporating a unique multi-chain transmission. It continued after the war making another 85 sports cars before ending manufacture in 1957. The post-war cars had conventional transmissions.

UK agents for BMW arranged coachwork and made modifications, including badging the cars "Frazer Nash BMW".

Control of AFN Limited, UK agents for Porsche, passed from the Aldington family to Porsche in 1987.

Formula Two
Formula Two (F2) is a type of open-wheel formula racing category first codified in 1948. It was replaced in 1985 by Formula 3000, but revived by the FIA from 2009 to 2012 in the form of the FIA Formula Two Championship. The name returned again in 2017 when the former GP2 Series became known as the FIA Formula 2 Championship.
Villa Verde
Villa Verde, Bàini in Sardinian language, is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northwest of Cagliari and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) southeast of Oristano.

Villa Verde borders the following municipalities: Ales, Palmas Arborea, Pau, Usellus, Villaurbana.

Ales, Sardinia
Ales (Sardinian: Abas) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in the autonomous region of Sardinia in Italy. It lies on the eastern slopes of Mount Arci. It has a population of 1,249.

This area is the only Sardinian source of obsidian.
Inosine pranobex
Inosine pranobex (BAN; also known as inosine acedoben dimepranol (INN), methisoprinol, inosiplex or Isoprinosine) is an antiviral drug that is a combination of inosine and dimepranol acedoben (a salt of acetamidobenzoic acid and dimethylaminoisopropanol) in a ratio of 1 to 3. It is used primarily in European countries, especially as a treatment for acute viral infections, such as the common cold.

Herpes simplex virus
Herpes simplex virus 1  and 2  (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are two members of the human Herpesviridae family, a set of viruses that produce viral infections in the majority of humans. Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 are very common and contagious. They can be spread when an infected person begins shedding the virus.

As of 2016, about 67% of the world population under the age of 50 had HSV-1. Because it can be transmitted through any intimate contact, it is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections.
The Hunt (2016 film)
The Hunt (Korean: 사냥; RR: Sanyang) is a 2016 South Korean action thriller film directed by Lee Woo-cheol, written by Cheon Jin-woo, and starring Cho Jin-woong and Ahn Sung-ki. The film was launched by Lotte Entertainment, South Korea's second largest film conglomerate, in March 2016. It was produced by Kim Han-min, the director of The Admiral: Roaring Currents, the biggest film ever at the Korean box office. Most of the filming for The Hunt took place in a mountainous region of Paju in Gyeonggi Province, which contains military bases; the crew had to obtain permissions from more than 10 military units prior to filming. Because of the emphasis on hunting and guns, the actors also had to finish a basic firearms course and practice at shooting ranges.

The Admiral: Roaring Currents
The Admiral: Roaring Currents (Korean: 명량), or simply The Admiral, is a 2014 South Korean epic historical action-war film directed and co-written by Kim Han-min. Based on the historical Battle of Myeongryang, it stars an ensemble cast led by Choi Min-sik as the Korean naval commander Yi Sun-sin. The film was released theatrically in South Korea on July 30, 2014.

The film recorded 10 million admissions only 12 days after its premiere and set a record in South Korea for achieving such a high number of viewers in the shortest amount of time. The movie also surpassed Avatar's record of 13 million viewers to become the most-watched and highest-grossing film of all time in South Korea with 17.6 million admissions and a worldwide gross of US$138.3 million.

A prequel, Hansan: Rising Dragon, was released in 2022 and a sequel, Noryang: Deadly Sea, was released in 2023.
Eata of Hexham
Eata (died 26 October 686), also known as Eata of Lindisfarne, was Bishop of Hexham from 678 until 681, and of then Bishop of Lindisfarne from before 681 until 685.  He then was translated back to Hexham where he served until his death in 685 or 686. He was the first native of Northumbria to occupy the bishopric of Lindisfarne.

Bishop of Hexham
The Bishop of Hexham was an episcopal title which took its name after the market town of Hexham in Northumberland, England. The title was first used by the Anglo-Saxons in the 7th and 9th centuries, and then by the Roman Catholic Church since the 19th century.
Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress
The Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented by the Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role.

Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association
The Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association (DFWFCA) is an organization of over 20 print, radio/TV and internet journalists from Dallas–Fort Worth-based publications. In December of each year, the DFWFCA meets to vote on their Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards for films released in the same calendar year.

In December 2006, the Miami Herald described the association as "one of the most reliable bellwethers of the Academy Award for Best Picture."
Alfred I. Tauber
Alfred I. Tauber (born 1947) is an American philosopher and historian of science, who, from 1993 to 2010, served as director of the Boston University Center for Philosophy and History of Science at Boston University.

Tauber has published extensively on 19th and 20th century biomedicine, the development of modern immunology, the doctor-patient relationship, and contemporary science studies. He is the 2008 recipient of the Science Medal from the University of Bologna in Bologna, Italy, and Doctor of Philosophy honoris causa from the University of Haifa in Haifa, Israel, in 2011. Since 2013, he has been chairman of the board of governors of the University of Haifa.

American philosophy
American philosophy is the activity, corpus, and tradition of philosophers affiliated with the United States. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes that while it lacks a "core of defining features, American Philosophy can nevertheless be seen as both reflecting and shaping collective American identity over the history of the nation". The philosophy of the Founding Fathers of the United States is largely seen as an extension of the European Enlightenment. A small number of philosophies are known as American in origin, namely pragmatism and transcendentalism, with their most prominent proponents being the philosophers William James and Ralph Waldo Emerson respectively.
Theiddat
Theiddat (Pali: Siddhattha, Burmese: သိဒ္ဓတ်, pronounced [θeiʔdaʔ]; 1375/76–1408) was the heir-presumptive of Ava from 1400 to 1406 during the reign of King Minkhaung I of Ava. Theiddat was the key figure in securing his elder brother Minkhaung I's claim on the throne of Ava. In the early days of Minkhaung's reign, Theiddat personally led an army to put down a major rebellion. After Minkhaung named his eldest son Minye Kyawswa heir apparent in 1406, Theiddat felt betrayed, and fled south in 1407 and joined the service of King Razadarit of Hanthawaddy Pegu, which was amidst fighting the Forty Years' War (1385–1424) with Ava.

It turned out that Theiddat could not betray his brother. In 1408, Theiddat, who was with a special group of Hanthawaddy forces who were waiting to ambush Minkhaung, gave a warning to his brother at a critical moment, allowing him to escape. Theiddat was duly executed by Razadarit for his warning.

Kingdom of Ava
The Ava Kingdom (Burmese: အင်းဝပြည်, pronounced [ʔɪ́ɰ̃wa̰ kʰɪʔ]; INN-wa pyi) also known as Inwa Kingdom or Kingdom of Ava was the dominant kingdom that ruled upper Burma (Myanmar) from 1365 to 1555. Founded in 1365, the kingdom was the successor state to the petty kingdoms of Myinsaing, Pinya and Sagaing that had ruled central Burma since the collapse of the Pagan Kingdom in the late 13th century.

Like the small kingdoms that preceded it, Ava may have been led by Bamarised Shan kings who claimed descent from the kings of Pagan. Scholars debate that the Shan ethnicity of Avan kings comes from mistranslation, particularly from a record of the Avan kings' ancestors ruling a Shan village in central Burma prior to their rise or prominence.
Open peer review
Open peer review is the various possible modifications of the traditional scholarly peer review process. The three most common modifications to which the term is applied are:

Open identities: Authors and reviewers are aware of each other's identity.

Open reports: Review reports are published alongside the relevant article (rather than being kept confidential).

Open participation: The wider community (and not just invited reviewers) are able to contribute to the review process.

These modifications are supposed to address various perceived shortcomings of the traditional scholarly peer review process, in particular its lack of transparency, lack of incentives, wastefulness, bullying and harassment.

ReScience C
ReScience C is a scientific journal established in 2015 by Nicolas Rougier and Konrad Hinsen with the aim of publishing researchers' attempts to replicate computations made by other authors, using independently written, free and open-source software (FOSS), with an open process of peer review. The journal states that requiring the replication software to be free and open-source ensures the reproducibility of the original research.
Peter Crolla
Peter Crolla is a British Formula One engineer. Since 2025, he has been serving as the Race Team Manager of the Cadillac F1 Team; he previously served as the team manager of Haas F1 Team as well as team leader of McLaren.

Haas F1 Team
Haas Formula LLC, competing as TGR Haas F1 Team, is an American-licensed Formula One (F1) racing team established by NASCAR Cup Series team owner Gene Haas in April 2014. The team made its debut in the 2016 season. The team principal is Ayao Komatsu, who replaced Guenther Steiner who served in the role from the team's inception until his resignation in January 2024.

Haas is headquartered in Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States, 31 mi (50 km) from Charlotte, alongside sister team and NASCAR entrant Haas Factory Team, although the two teams are separate entities. The team also established a forward base in Banbury, England, to turn cars around between races during the European part of the calendar.  The team maintains a design office in Maranello, which is also home to Scuderia Ferrari's headquarters.
2004 Southern Conference baseball tournament
The 2004 Southern Conference baseball tournament was held at Joseph P. Riley Jr. Park in Charleston, South Carolina, from May 26 through 30. Third seeded The Citadel won the tournament and earned the Southern Conference's automatic bid to the 2004 NCAA Division I baseball tournament. It was the Bulldogs seventh SoCon tournament win.

The top eight baseball programs in the conference participated in the double-elimination tournament. Furman, Wofford, and Appalachian State were not in the field. College of Charleston claimed its first top seed by winning its first regular season championship.

Southern Conference baseball tournament
The Southern Conference baseball tournament is the conference championship tournament in baseball for the Southern Conference. The winner of the tournament receives the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Division I baseball tournament.  The event is scheduled for the Wedneaday through Sunday before Memorial Day each year, five days prior to the NCAA Regionals.
Factor-critical graph
In graph theory, a mathematical discipline, a factor-critical graph (or hypomatchable graph) is a graph with an odd number of vertices in which deleting one vertex in every possible way results in a graph with a perfect matching, a way of grouping the remaining vertices into adjacent pairs.

A matching of all but one vertex of a graph is called a near-perfect matching. So equivalently, a factor-critical graph is a graph in which there are near-perfect matchings that avoid every possible vertex.

Vertex connectivity
In graph theory, a connected graph G is said to be k-vertex-connected (or k-connected) if it has more than k vertices and remains connected whenever fewer than k vertices are removed.

The vertex-connectivity, or just connectivity, of a graph is the largest k for which the graph is k-vertex-connected.
Sphagnurus
Sphagnurus is a parasitic mushroom genus in the family Lyophyllaceae that creates conspicuous dead patches on peat moss (Sphagnum) in bogs. The genus contains one species known to inhabit Eurasia and North America. Phylogenetically the genus is closest to, but is isolated from species now classified in the genus Sagaranella Prior to molecular analyses, the most recent classification put it in the genus Tephrocybe, but that genus is allied to Termitomyces.

Sphagnurus paluster, the single species in the genus is pale grey and has a mycenoid stature (i.e. has a conical pileus, a narrow elongated stipe and lacks an annulus or volva). Its basidiospores are nonamyloid and smooth. It lacks cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia. Clamp connections are present.

Sphagnurus paluster
Fungi portal

Sphagnurus paluster is a species of fungus in the family Lyophyllaceae which parasitizes Sphagnum moss.  It was first described by Charles Horton Peck in 1872.  It is commonly called the sphagnum greyling due to it being found in peat bogs and to its cap turning grey as it ages and dries.
Rank (graph theory)
In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, the rank of an undirected graph has two unrelated definitions.  Let n equal the number of vertices of the graph.

In the matrix theory of graphs the rank r of an undirected graph is defined as the rank of its adjacency matrix.

Analogously, the nullity of the graph is the nullity of its adjacency matrix, which equals n − r.

In the matroid theory of graphs the rank of an undirected graph is defined as the number n − c, where c is the number of connected components of the graph. Equivalently, the rank of a graph is the rank of the oriented incidence matrix associated with the graph.

Analogously, the nullity of the graph is the nullity of its oriented incidence matrix, given by the formula m − n + c, where n and c are as above and m is the number of edges in the graph. The nullity is equal to the first Betti number of the graph. The sum of the rank and the nullity is the number of edges.

Incidence matrix
In mathematics, an incidence matrix is a logical matrix that shows the relationship between two classes of objects, usually called an incidence relation. If the first class is X and the second is Y, the matrix has one row for each element of X and one column for each mapping from X to Y. The entry in row x and column y is 1 if the vertex x is part of (called incident in this context) the mapping that corresponds to y, and 0 if it is not. There are variations; see below.