hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nationalist Social Club-131
Nationalist Social Club-131, or NSC-131, is an American neo-Nazi organization; the numbers 131 are an alphanumeric code for "Anti-Communist Action". It was founded in 2019 in eastern Massachusetts by Chris Hood, who had previously tried other neo-fascist groups such as Patriot Front, the Proud Boys, and the Base. The group first attracted the attention of anti-extremism researchers during the George Floyd protests in mid-2020, which NSC-131 members hoped to leverage to increase their recruiting. Along with Patriot Front, NSC-131 is one of the most active white nationalist groups in New England as of 2022.

Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Portsmouth is a city in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. It had a population of 21,956 at the 2020 census. A historic seaport and popular summer tourist destination on the Piscataqua River bordering the state of Maine, Portsmouth was formerly the home of the Pease Air Force Base, since converted to Portsmouth International Airport at Pease.
Sharia in Nigeria
In Nigeria, Sharia has been instituted as a main body of civil and criminal law in twelve Muslim-majority states  since 1999, when then-Zamfara State governor Ahmad Sani Yerima began the push for the institution of Sharia at the state level of government.  A "declaration of full Sharia law" was made in the twelve states in that year, and the states created  Islamic legal institutions such as a Sharia Commission, and Zakat Commission, and a hisbah (a sort of an Islamic police).  According to some critics (Leo Igwe, chair of the board of trustees for the Humanist Association of Nigeria), the adoption of Sharia law violates Article 10 of the Nigerian constitution guaranteeing religious freedom. This has unintentionally led to the rise of Boko Haram.

Sokoto State
Sokoto Listenⓘ (Hausa: Jihar Sakkwato; Fula: 𞤤𞤫𞤴𞤣𞤭 𞤧𞤮𞥅𞤳𞤮𞥅𞤼𞤮𞥅, Leydi Sokoto) is one of the 36 states of Nigeria, located in the extreme northwest of the country. It is bounded by Republic of the Niger to the north and west for 363 km (226 miles), and the states of Zamfara to the east, and Kebbi to the south and west, partly across the Ka River. Its capital and largest city is the city of Sokoto. Sokoto is located near to the confluence of the Sokoto River and the Rima River. As of 2022 it has an estimated population of more than 6.3 million.

Being the seat of the former Sokoto Caliphate, the city is predominantly Muslim and an important seat of Islamic learning in Nigeria. The Sultan who heads the caliphate is effectively the spiritual leader of Nigerian Muslims.
2017 Open Castilla y León
The 2017 Open Castilla y León was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 32nd edition, for men, and 3rd edition, for women, of the tournament and part of the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour and the 2017 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place in El Espinar, Segovia, Spain, between 31 July – 6 August 2017.

2017 ITF Women's Circuit
The 2017 International Tennis Federation (ITF) Women's Circuit is a second-tier tour for women's professional tennis. It is organized by the International Tennis Federation and is a tier below the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour. The ITF Women's Circuit includes tournaments with prize money ranging from $15,000 to $100,000.
Arkel railway station
Arkel is a railway station, located in Arkel in the Netherlands. The station is located on the Qbuzz line between Dordrecht and Geldermalsen. It was opened on 1 December 1883, was closed on 15 May 1938 and was reopened on 10 June 1940. Originally, Arkel had two tracks, in the 1980s this was reduced to a single track. Train services are operated by Qbuzz. The station building is now in use as an office.

Dordrecht railway station
Dordrecht is a railway station in Dordrecht, Netherlands located on the Breda–Rotterdam railway and the Elst–Dordrecht railway. The station was opened on 1 January 1872, when the railway line between Rotterdam and Antwerp was opened.  On 16 July 1885, the railway line from Dordrecht to Gorinchem was opened. The neo-Renaissance railway station building is located to the south of the city centre. Dordrecht is now an important railway station on the Nederlandse Spoorwegen railway network. The services to Gorinchem and Geldermalsen are operated by Arriva.
Fox Hagg
Fox Hagg is a small (33.25 hectares (82.2 acres)) nature reserve in the Rivelin Valley area of Sheffield, England.  The Allen Sike flows along the north edge of the reserve and the River Rivelin flows through the reserve from Rivelin Dams to the west.  The Wyming Brook Nature Reserve borders Fox Hagg to the west. The site is managed by the Wildlife Trust for Sheffield and Rotherham.

Rivelin Dams
Rivelin Dams are a pair of water storage reservoirs situated in the upper part of the Rivelin Valley, 5 miles (8 km) west of Sheffield in South Yorkshire, England. The dams are owned by Yorkshire Water and provide water to 319,000 people as well as compensation water for the River Rivelin. They are named Upper and Lower and fall just within the eastern boundary of the Peak District.
Intellectual property protection of video games
The protection of intellectual property (IP) of video games through copyright, patents, and trademarks, shares similar issues with the copyrightability of software as a relatively new area of IP law. The video game industry itself is built on the nature of reusing game concepts from prior games to create new gameplay styles but bounded by illegally direct cloning of existing games, and has made defining intellectual property protections difficult since it is not a fixed medium.

Copyright Act of 1976
The Copyright Act of 1976 is a United States copyright law and remains the primary basis of copyright law in the United States, as amended by several later enacted copyright provisions. The Act spells out the basic rights of copyright holders, codified the doctrine of "fair use", and for most new copyrights adopted a unitary term based on the date of the author's death rather than the prior scheme of fixed initial and renewal terms. It became Public Law number 94-553 on October 19, 1976; most parts of the law went into effect on January 1, 1978.

U.S. Register of Copyrights Barbara Ringer and Congressman Robert Kastenmeier took central roles in drafting the statute.
Lemke (Marklohe)
Lemke is a hamlet which was formerly a municipality in the district of Nienburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is approximately 5 km northwest of Nienburg, and 30 km south of Verden, around the conjunction of Wohlenhauser Strasse and Sulinger Strasse, at roughly latitude 52.667 and 
longitude 9.150.

In 1974, it was incorporated into Marklohe. The arms of Lemke were: Vert, a trefoil slipped and in base a barrulet wavy or; they were granted on September 8, 1967.

Nienburg (district)
Nienburg (German: [ˈniːn.ˌbʊʁk] ⓘ) is a district (Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the districts of Diepholz, Verden, Heidekreis, Hanover and Schaumburg, and by the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (district of Minden-Lübbecke).
Our Lady and St Alphonsus Church
Our Lady and St Alphonsus Church or Our Blessed Lady and St Alphonsus Church is a Catholic parish church in Blackmore Park, near Hanley Swan, Malvern Hills District, Worcestershire, England. It was built from 1844 to 1846, before the
reestablishment of the Catholic dioceses. It was designed by Charles Hansom, with furnishings designed by Augustus Pugin, in the Gothic Revival style. It is located on Hanley Swan road to the north of Hanley Swan. It is a Grade II* listed building.

Malvern Hills District
Malvern Hills is a local government district in Worcestershire, England. Its council is based in Malvern, the district's largest town. The district also includes the towns of Tenbury Wells and Upton-upon-Severn and a large rural area covering much of the western side of the county, including numerous villages. The district is named after the Malvern Hills, which are a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

The neighbouring districts are Wyre Forest, Wychavon, Worcester, Tewkesbury, Forest of Dean, Herefordshire and Shropshire.  In the 2021 census the population of the Malvern Hills district was 79,973.

The current district was formed in 1998.  A previous Malvern Hills District, covering some of the same area, existed from 1974 to 1998, but had significantly different boundaries.
Rhytidiadelphus
Rhytidiadelphus is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Hylocomiaceae.

The genus was first described by Karl Gustav Limpricht in 1906.

The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.

Species:

Rhytidiadelphus japonicus T. Koponen, 1971

Rhytidiadelphus loreus Warnstorf, 1906

Rhytidiadelphus printzii Kaalaas, 1919

Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus Warnstorf, 1906

Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus Warnstorf, 1906

Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Rhytidiadelphus loreus, also commonly known as lanky moss and little shaggy moss,: 817  is a nonvascular "feather moss" species that is a key component of a healthy, thriving forest ecosystem. Lanky moss grows in North America, Canada and Europe. It is primarily a coastal species that grows in moist, coniferous and  deciduous forests, acidic grasslands and in the UK, heathy slopes on mountains. It grows on decaying logs, the forest floor and as an epiphyte on living trees. Its key functions in the ecosystem are water retention and temperature insulation.
Hicham Acheffay
Hicham Acheffay (born 10 August 2000) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a forward for Eerste Divisie club Den Bosch.

Acheffay began his youth career in Amsterdam, playing for various clubs including Zeeburgia and Ajax, before joining Vitesse's youth academy. He made his professional debut with Jong Utrecht in 2019 before signing with Grasshoppers in 2021. After stints with De Graafschap and PEC Zwolle, he joined Den Bosch in 2024.

Derde Divisie
The Derde Divisie (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdɛrdə diˈvizi]; English: Third Division), formerly known as Topklasse (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈtɔpklɑsə]; English: Top Class), is the fourth tier of football in the Netherlands, which had its inaugural season as a third tier in 2010–11 and as a fourth tier in 2016–17. The league is placed between the Tweede Divisie and the Vierde Divisie (formerly Hoofdklasse), the third and fifth tiers of Dutch football, respectively. The introduction of the then Topklasse resulted from discussions between the Royal Dutch Football Association, the Coöperatie Eerste Divisie (the clubs in the Eerste Divisie) and the Centraal Overleg Hoofdklassers (the clubs in the Hoofdklasse).
Listener fatigue
Listener fatigue (also known as listening fatigue or ear fatigue) is a phenomenon that occurs after prolonged exposure to an auditory stimulus. Symptoms include tiredness, discomfort, pain, and loss of sensitivity. Listener fatigue is not a clinically recognized state, but is a term used by many professionals. The cause for listener fatigue is still not yet fully understood it is thought to be an extension of the quantifiable psychological perception of sound. Common groups at risk of becoming victim to this phenomenon include avid listeners of music and others who listen or work with loud noise on a constant basis, such as musicians, construction workers and military personnel.

Sound
Sound is a phenomenon in which pressure disturbances propagate through a transmission medium. In the context of physics, it is characterised as a mechanical wave of pressure or related quantities (e.g. displacement), whereas in physiological-psychological contexts it refers to the reception of such waves and their perception by the brain. Though sensitivity to sound varies among all organisms, the human ear is sensitive to frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Examples of the significance and application of sound include music, medical imaging techniques, oral language and parts of science.
Genome evolution
Genome evolution is the process by which a genome changes in structure (sequence) or size over time. The study of genome evolution involves multiple fields such as structural analysis of the genome, the study of genomic parasites, gene and ancient genome duplications, polyploidy, and comparative genomics. Genome evolution is a constantly changing and evolving field due to the steadily growing number of sequenced genomes, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, available to the scientific community and the public at large.

Transposable element
A transposable element (TE), also   transposon, jumping gene, or mobile genetic element, is a DNA sequence that can change its position, or translocate, within a genome. TEs were first identified via genetic studies in maize by Barbara McClintock, a discovery for which she was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

TEs are very common in all types of organisms in nature, including in plants and animals. As of 2008, there were at least two classes of TEs: Class I TEs or retrotransposons, which generally function via reverse transcription; and Class II TEs or DNA transposons, which encode the protein transposase (and sometimes other proteins), which they require for insertion, excision, or other TE functions.
Novokhopyorsky Uyezd
Novokhopyorsky Uyezd (Новохопёрский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Voronezh Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the eastern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Novokhopyorsk.

Novokhopyorsk
Novokhopyorsk (Russian: Новохопёрск) is a town and the administrative center of Novokhopyorsky District in Voronezh Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Khopyor River, 270 kilometers (170 mi) southeast of Voronezh, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 5,948 (2021 Census); 6,849 (2010 Census); 7,640 (2002 Census); 8,048 (1989 Soviet census).
Brenna, Lombardy
Brenna is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Milan and about 11 kilometres (7 mi) southeast of Como. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,860 and an area of 4.9 square kilometres (1.9 sq mi).

Brenna borders the following municipalities: Alzate Brianza, Cantù, Carugo, Inverigo, Mariano Comense.

Mariano Comense
Mariano Comense (Brianzöö: Marian [maˈrjãː]) is a town and comune in the province of Como, Lombardy, Italy. It has c. 23,600 inhabitants and is one of the most important cities of the Brianza. It received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on February 29, 1996. It is served by Mariano Comense railway station.
Mater Hospital, North Sydney
The Mater Hospital is a 233-bed private hospital located in North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Originally founded in 1906 as a cottage hospital, and operated both as a public hospital and maternity hospital on an adjacent site in Wollstonecraft, New South Wales, between 1940 and 1982, the current hospital opened in 1990 and is now operated by St Vincent's Health.

Wollstonecraft, New South Wales
Wollstonecraft (UK: /ˈwʊlstənkrɑːft/ WUUL-stən-krahft, US: /-kræft/ -⁠kraft) is a harbourside suburb on the lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 4 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of North Sydney Council.
Scottish society
Scottish society is the group behaviour of Scots, how they organise themselves and make decisions. The social history of Scotland is a major field within the academic study of Scottish history.

Scottish society is based on Western society, and has made key contributions to the spread of Western culture throughout the world. It has been developing for many centuries, since Scotland started to emerge as a country in the Early Middle Ages.

Scots share many social and cultural characteristics, for example dialect, music, arts, social habits, cuisine and folklore. Scotland is an ethnically and racially diverse country as result of large-scale immigration from many different countries throughout its history.

Cotter (farmer)
Cotter, cottier, cottar, Kosatter or Kötter is a term for a peasant farmer. Cotters occupied cottages and cultivated small land lots. A cottar or cottier is also a term for a tenant who was renting land from a farmer or landlord.
New Wolfstein Castle
New Wolfstein Castle (German: Burg Neu-Wolfstein) is a ruined hill castle on a 238-metre-high hill above the town of Wolfstein in the county of Kusel in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Today the ruins are a cultural monument

Kusel (district)
Kusel (German pronunciation: [ˈkuːzl̩]) is a district (Kreis) in the south of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from north-west clockwise) Birkenfeld, Bad Kreuznach, Donnersbergkreis, Kaiserslautern, Saarpfalz and Sankt Wendel (the last two belonging to the state of Saarland).
Sintz Gas Engine Company
The Sintz Gas Engine Company was formed in about 1885 by Clark Sintz and others in Springfield, Ohio. It was a pioneering marine engine manufacturing business that expanded into other fields. After its sale in 1902 to the Michigan Yacht and Power Company, Sintz ceased to exist in 1903 as an entity.

Springfield, Ohio
Springfield is a city in Clark County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. It is located in southwestern Ohio along the Mad River, Buck Creek, and Beaver Creek, about 45 miles (72 km) west of Columbus and 25 miles (40 km) northeast of Dayton. The city had a total population of 58,662 at the 2020 census, while the Springfield metropolitan area had 136,001 residents.

Springfield is home to Wittenberg University, a liberal arts college, and Clark State College, a community college. The Little Miami Scenic Trail, a paved rail-trail that is nearly 80 miles (130 kilometers) long, extends from the Buck Creek Scenic Trail head in Springfield south to Newtown, Ohio. Buck Creek State Park and its Clarence J. Brown reservoir are located at the city limits.
Gosper curve
The Gosper curve, named after Bill Gosper, also known as the Peano-Gosper Curve and the flowsnake (a spoonerism of snowflake), is a space-filling curve whose limit set is rep-7.  It is a fractal curve similar in its construction to the dragon curve and the Hilbert curve.

The Gosper curve can also be used for efficient hierarchical hexagonal clustering and indexing.

Space-filling curve
In mathematical analysis, a space-filling curve is a curve whose range reaches every point in a higher dimensional region, typically the unit square (or more generally an n-dimensional unit hypercube). Because Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932) was the first to discover one, space-filling curves in the 2-dimensional plane are sometimes called Peano curves, but that phrase also refers to the Peano curve, the specific example of a space-filling curve found by Peano.

The closely related FASS curves (FASS is an acronym for "approximately space-Filling, self-Avoiding, Simple, and Self-similar" curves)
can be thought of as finite approximations of a certain type of space-filling curves.
Holy Ampulla
The Holy Ampulla or Holy Ampoule (Sainte Ampoule in French) was a glass vial which, from its first recorded use by Pope Innocent II for the anointing of Louis VII in 1131 to the coronation of Louis XVI in 1775, held the chrism or anointing oil for the coronation of the kings of France.

Saint Remigius
Remigius (French: Remy or Rémi; c. 437 – 13 January 533) was the Bishop of Reims and "Apostle of the Franks". On 25 December 496, he baptised Clovis I, King of the Franks. The baptism, leading to about 3000 additional converts, was an important event in the Christianization of the Franks. Because of Clovis's efforts, a large number of churches were established in the formerly pagan lands of the Frankish empire, establishing a Nicene Christianity for the first time in Germanic lands, most of whom had been converted to Arian Christianity.
Gujarati script
The Gujarati script (ગુજરાતી લિપિ Gujarātī lipi) is an abugida for the Gujarati language, Kutchi language, and various other languages. It is one of the official scripts of the Indian Republic. It is a variant of the Devanagari script differentiated by the loss of the Shirorekhā, the characteristic horizontal line running above the letters and by a number of modifications to some characters.

Gujarati numerical digits are also different from their Devanagari counterparts.

Elision
In linguistics, an elision or deletion is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a vowel, a consonant, or a whole syllable) in a word or phrase. However, these terms are also used to refer more narrowly to cases where two words are run together by the omission of a final sound. An example is the elision of word-final /t/ in English if it is preceded and followed by a consonant: "first light" is often pronounced "firs' light" (/fɜrs laɪt/). Many other terms are used to refer to specific cases where sounds are omitted.
Ruth Hall (microbiologist)
Ruth Milne Hall (born 6 August 1945) is an Australian microbiologist whose research on mobile genetic elements in bacteria has provided deep insight into the transfer and evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

She attended Hornsby Girls High School and graduated from the University of Sydney with a BSc(Hons) (1966) and MSc (1968) before taking up a scholarship to do a PhD course on bacterial genetics in the MRC Microbial Genetics Unit at the University of Edinburgh (awarded 1971).

American Society for Microbiology
The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), originally the Society of American Bacteriologists, is a professional organization for scientists who study viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa as well as other aspects of microbiology. It was founded in 1899. The Society publishes a variety of scientific journals, textbooks, and other educational materials related to microbiology and infectious diseases. ASM organizes annual meetings, as well as workshops and professional development opportunities for its members.
Kicking Up the Dust
Kicking Up the Dust is the sixth studio album by the English band Cast, released on 21 April 2017. Produced by Al Groves, it is their first and only album recorded with bassist Jay Lewis, replacing founding member Pete Wilkinson who left the band in 2014. It also marks the return to recording for drummer Keith O'Neill, who had rejoined with the other members when the band reunited in 2010 but was absent from sessions for previous album Troubled Times due to his work as a tour manager.

Troubled Times
Troubled Times is the fifth album by the English band Cast, released digitally on 2 November 2011. It is the first album they recorded since reuniting in 2010 for shows celebrating the 15th anniversary of their debut, All Change. It is also the last album recorded with founding bassist Pete Wilkinson, who left the band in 2014.
Strickland v. Sony
Strickland v. Sony was an American court case that focused on whether violent video games played a role in the 2003 shooting of three police employees in Fayette, Alabama. In August 2005,  attorney Jack Thompson filed the lawsuit against Sony. This case has been part of the debate over to what extent violent video games play a part in real-life violence.

Blank Rome
Blank Rome (formerly known as Blank Rome Comisky & McCauley) is a law firm with 16 offices and 800 attorneys and principals who provide legal and advocacy services to clients in the United States and around the world.

Founded in 1946, Blank Rome represents a broad range of clients across a spectrum of industries. The firm has 16 offices in the United States and expanded internationally in May 2011 by opening a Shanghai Representative Office in the People's Republic of China. In 2003, the firm established Blank Rome Government Relations LLC in Washington, D.C., a wholly owned subsidiary and government affairs firm that provides strategic lobbying, advocacy, and communications counsel.