hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1868 Greenwich by-election
The 1868 Greenwich by-election was held on 21 December 1868.  The by-election was held due to the incumbent Liberal MP, William Ewart Gladstone, becoming the prime minister and First Lord of the Treasury.  It was retained by Gladstone, who was unopposed.

Greenwich (UK Parliament constituency)
Greenwich was a constituency in south-east London, which returned at first two, then (from 1885) one member (MP) to the House of Commons of the UK Parliament. It existed from 1832 to 1997. Elections used the first past the post system; when this elects more than one member, it is sometimes called plurality-at-large voting.
Leipoldtville
Leipoldtville is a town in Cederberg Local Municipality in the Western Cape province of South Africa.

It is located 40 km (25 mi) West-Southwest of Clanwilliam and 27 km (17 mi) Southeast of Lambert's Bay. The town is named after the Reverend C F Leipoldt, a Dutch Reformed minister in Clanwilliam from 1884 to 1910 and father of the Afrikaans poet C. Louis Leipoldt.

Clanwilliam, South Africa
Clanwilliam is a town in the Olifants River valley in the Western Cape, South Africa, about 200 kilometres (120 mi) north of Cape Town. It is located in, and the seat of, the Cederberg Local Municipality. As of 2011 Clanwilliam had a population of 7,674.
Peace River Formation
The Peace River Formation is a stratigraphic unit of middle Albian age in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin.

It takes the name from the Peace River, and was first described on the banks of the river, downstream from the Smoky River confluence to the mouth of the Notikewin River by McConnell in 1893.

Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
The Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) underlies 1.4 million square kilometres (540,000 sq mi) of Western Canada including southwestern Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan, Alberta, northeastern British Columbia and the southwest corner of the Northwest Territories. This vast sedimentary basin consists of a massive wedge of sedimentary rock extending from the Rocky Mountains in the west to the Canadian Shield in the east. This wedge is about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) thick under the Rocky Mountains, but thins to zero at its eastern margins. The WCSB contains one of the world's largest reserves of petroleum and natural gas and supplies much of the North American market, producing more than 450 million cubic metres (16 billion cubic feet) per day of gas in 2000. It also has huge reserves of coal. Of the provinces and territories within the WCSB, Alberta has most of the oil and gas reserves and almost all of the oil sands.
Kurdish Institute of Istanbul
Kurdish Institute of Istanbul (Kurdish: Enstîtuya Kurdî Ya Stenbolê, Turkish: İstanbul Kürt Enstitüsü), founded in 1992, was an organization focusing on Kurdish literature, language and culture. Kurdish and Turkish intellectuals such as Musa Anter, Yaşar Kaya, İsmail Beşikçi, Cemşid Bender, Feqî Huseyîn Sagniç, Abdurrahman Dürre, İbrahim Gürbüz and Süleyman İmamoğlu were among the founding members.

The institute's main research activities were in the fields of linguistics, folklore and history. It published a research journal titled Zend. The institute held courses in the languages Zazaki, Kurmanji and Sorani,and provided certificates of translation into/from Kurdish.

It has published a Kurdish-Turkish dictionary (Büyük Türkçe-Kürtçe sözlük / Ferhanga Mezın Tırkî Kurdî and Büyük Kürtçe-Türkçe Sözlük / Ferhanga Mazın Kurdî Turkî) prepared by Zana Farqînî in 2004. The institute has also re-published many of the classical works in Kurdish literature, including the works of Faqi Tayran.

Kurdish literature
Kurdish literature (Kurdish: وێژەی کوردی, romanized: Wêjeya kurdî or ئەدەبی کوردی) is literature written in the Kurdish languages. Literary Kurdish works have been written in each of the six main Kurdish languages: Zaza, Gorani, Kurmanji, Sorani, Laki and Southern Kurdish. Balül, a 9th-century poet and religious scholar of the Yarsani faith, is the first well-known poet who wrote in Gorani Kurdish. Ehmedê Xanî (1650–1707) is probably the most renowned of the old Kurdish poets. He wrote the romantic epic Mem û Zîn in Kurmanji, sometimes considered the Kurdish national epic. Sorani poetry developed mainly after the late 18th century.

Most written Kurdish literature was poetry until the 20th century, when prose genres began to be developed.
Minimum mean square error estimator
In statistics and signal processing, a minimum mean square error estimator (MMSE estimator) is an estimation method which minimizes the mean square error (MSE), which is a common measure of estimator quality, of the fitted values of a dependent variable. In the Bayesian setting, MMSE more specifically refers to estimation with quadratic loss function. In such case, the MMSE estimator is given by the posterior mean of the parameter to be estimated. Since the posterior mean is cumbersome to calculate, the form of the MMSE estimator is usually constrained to be within a certain class of functions. Linear MMSE estimators are a popular choice since they are easy to use, easy to calculate, and very versatile. It has given rise to many popular estimators such as the Wiener–Kolmogorov filter and Kalman filter.

Stochastic gradient descent
Stochastic gradient descent (often abbreviated SGD) is an iterative method for optimizing an objective function with suitable smoothness properties (e.g. differentiable or subdifferentiable). It can be regarded as a stochastic approximation of gradient descent optimization, since it replaces the actual gradient (calculated from the entire data set) by an estimate thereof (calculated from a randomly selected subset of the data). Especially in high-dimensional optimization problems this reduces the very high computational burden, achieving faster iterations in exchange for a lower convergence rate.

The basic idea behind stochastic approximation can be traced back to the Robbins–Monro algorithm of the 1950s. Today, stochastic gradient descent has become an important optimization method in machine learning.
Miss Fatima
Ghulam Fatima (c. July 1912 – ?, fl. c. 1990), frequently referred to as 'Miss Fatima', was a British-Indian female chess master.

Ghulam Fatima won the British Women's Chess Championship at Hastings in 1933. Her first formal competition was the 1932 British Women's Chess Championship in London in which she took 6th place (Edith Michell won). She was a member of the household of Sir Umar Hayat Khan. The British Men's Chess Champion in 1929, 1932, and 1933 was Mir Sultan Khan, a servant of Sir Umar Hayat Khan.
According to Edward Winter, "Miss Fatima was interviewed about Sultan Khan in the Bandung Limited television production The Sultan of Chess broadcast by Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on 19 September 1990. She mentioned that she had given some chess instruction to Queen Mary, the wife of George V."

Edith Michell
Edith Mary Ann Michell (née Tapsell) (26 July 1872 in Croydon, Surrey – 18 October 1951 in Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex) was an English female chess master.

At the beginning of her career, she twice won Redhill Chess Club championships in 1906 and 1909. More than two decades later, she became the three times winner of the British Women's Chess Championship in 1931 (jointly), 1932, and 1935.

She took 4th at Meran 1924 (unofficial European women's championship, Helene Cotton and Edith Holloway won). She tied for 4-5th at London 1927 (the 1st Women's World Chess Championship) and took 4th at Folkestone 1933 (the 4th Women's World Chess Championship), both won by Vera Menchik.

She was the wife of Reginald Pryce Michell.
Errors-in-variables model
In statistics, an errors-in-variables model or a measurement error model is a regression model that accounts for measurement errors in the independent variables. In contrast, standard regression models assume that those regressors have been measured exactly, or observed without error; as such, those models account only for errors in the dependent variables, or responses.

In the case when some regressors have been measured with errors, estimation based on the standard assumption leads to inconsistent estimates, meaning that the parameter estimates do not tend to the true values even in very large samples. For simple linear regression the effect is an underestimate of the coefficient, known as the attenuation bias. In non-linear models the direction of the bias is likely to be more complicated.

Susanne Schennach
Susanne Maria Schennach is an economist and professor at Brown University. She is an econometrician whose work focuses on measurement error.

Schennach has been an assistant editor at The Econometrics Journal, Econometric Theory, and Econometrica.
1949 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1949 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 59th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.

Holycross-Ballycahill were the defending champions.

Borris-Ileigh won the championship after a 4–06 to 2–01 defeat of Kickhams in the final. It was their first ever championship title.

1948 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1948 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 58th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.

Carrick Swans were the defending champions.

Holycross-Ballycahill won the championship after a 4–10 to 2–04 defeat of Lorrha in the final. It was their first ever championship title.
Harbour Esplanade
Harbour Esplanade is a waterfront street and thoroughfare in Docklands, an inner suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It runs roughly north–south from Navigation Drive in the south to Docklands Drive in the north. The road also forms the eastern boundary of the Victoria Harbour inlet and is adjacent to Victoria Dock.

The esplanade is a core element of the Docklands urban renewal precinct and is known for housing Docklands Stadium and several converted dock buildings that now serve as pubs and function spaces. Harbour Esplanade is also the location of office buildings and restaurants, whilst the Capital City Trail runs parallel along some of its length.

It has been described as Melbourne's waterfront boulevard and its future potential is compared to the successful Circular Quay in Sydney.

Esplanade
An esplanade or promenade is a long, open, level area, usually next to a river or large body of water, where people may walk. The historical definition of esplanade was a large, open, level area outside fortress or city walls to provide clear fields of fire for the fortress's guns. In modern usage, the space allows the area to be paved as a pedestrian walk; esplanades are often on sea fronts and allow walking whatever the state of the tide, without having to walk on the beach.
A Million Open Doors
A Million Open Doors (1992) is a science fiction novel by American writer John Barnes, the first book of his Thousand Cultures series.  The story is told from the perspective of a maturing adult from a parochial culture who encounters many obstacles in a different and even more parochial culture which causes him to become a fully engaged citizen in the Interstellar culture. A Million Open Doors is a study of the effects of globalization.

The novel was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1992 and the Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1994.

Teleportation in fiction
Teleportation is the theoretical transfer of matter or energy from one point to another without traversing the physical space between them. It is a common subject in science fiction and fantasy literature, film, video games, and television. In some situations, teleporting is presented as time traveling across space.

The use of matter transmitters in science fiction originated at least as early as the 19th century. An early example of scientific teleportation (as opposed to magical or spiritual teleportation) is found in the 1897 novel To Venus in Five Seconds by Fred T. Jane. Jane's protagonist is transported from a strange-machinery-containing gazebo on Earth to planet Venus.

A common fictional device for teleportation is a "wormhole". In video games, the instant teleportation of a player character may be referred to as a warp.
Gerald Meerschaert
Gerald Edward Meerschaert III (born December 18, 1987) is an American professional mixed martial artist who currently competes in the Middleweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), where he holds the record for most finishes in middleweight history with 12. A professional since 2007, he formerly competed for the Resurrection Fighting Alliance (RFA), Titan FC, and King of the Cage (KOTC).

Middleweight (MMA)
The middleweight division in mixed martial arts refers to different weight classes:

The UFC's middleweight division, which groups competitors within 171 to 185 lb (77.5 to 84 kg)

The Shooto's middleweight class, which refers to competitors between 155 and 170 lb (70.3 and 77.1 kg)

The ONE Championship's middleweight division follows the Pride FC model, with an upper limit of 93 kg (205 lb)

The Road FC's  middleweight division, with an upper limit of 185 lb (84 kg)
Koerner's septum
Koerner's septum is an anatomic boundary in the temporal bone formed by the petrosquamous suture between the petrous and squamosal portions of the mastoid air cells, at the anatomic level of the mastoid antrum. Along with the middle ear ossicles, it is usually eroded in middle ear cholesteatomas. Superiorly, this continues as the petrosquamous suture, a normal anatomic structure that can be mistaken for fractures on temporal bone CT.
It is surgically important as it may cause difficulty in locating the antrum and the deeper cells and thus may lead to incomplete removal of disease at mastoidectomy.

Mastoid cells
The mastoid cells (also called air cells of Lenoir or mastoid cells of Lenoir) are air-filled cavities within the mastoid process of the temporal bone of the cranium. The mastoid cells are a form of skeletal pneumaticity. Infection in these cells is called mastoiditis.

The term cells here refers to enclosed spaces, not cells as living, biological units.
Örup Castle
Örup Castle (Swedish: Örups slott) is a castle in Tomelilla Municipality, Scania, in southern Sweden. Located a few kilometers south of Tomelilla, together with Glimmingehus, Bollerup Castle and Tosterup Castle, the castles were built during the late Middle Ages. They were built as mighty defenses in an uncertain and dangerous time, when the Swedes and Danes fought over power and lords believed they must protect their own soil against both external enemies.

Tomelilla Municipality
Tomelilla Municipality (Swedish: Tomelilla kommun) is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. Its seat is located in the town Tomelilla.

The municipality was formed through a series of amalgamations taking place in 1952, 1969 and 1971. The number of pre-1952 units making up the present municipality is twenty.
2014 Chrono des Nations
The 2014 Chrono des Nations was a one-day time trial held at the end of the 2014 UCI Europe Tour and cycling season. The tour has an UCI rating of 1.1. The race was won by the Frenchman Sylvain Chavanel after the winner of the previous three editions, Tony Martin, decided not to enter the race.

Chrono des Nations
Chrono des Nations – Les Herbiers Vendée is a single-day individual time trial road bicycle race held annually in October in Les Herbiers, Vendée, France. Since 2005, the race is organized as a 1.1 event on the UCI Europe Tour.

It was originally called Chrono des Herbiers but in 2006 the race merged with the now defunct Grand Prix des Nations to create the currently called Chrono des Nations.
Staffhurst Wood
Staffhurst Wood is a 51-hectare (130-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest south of Oxted in Surrey. It is a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade 2.  An area of 38.1 hectares (94 acres) is a Local Nature Reserve, which is owned by Surrey County Council.

This common on Weald Clay has been wooded since the Anglo-Saxon period and past management has left many ancient trees. The canopy is mainly pedunculate oak and the older trees support a rich  lichen flora. The moth fauna is outstanding, with six uncommon species.

There is access from Staffhurst Wood Road.

A Nature Conservation Review
A Nature Conservation Review is a two-volume work by Derek Ratcliffe, published by Cambridge University Press in 1977. It set out to identify the most important places for nature conservation in Great Britain. It is often known by the initials NCR, and sites listed in it are termed "NCR sites".

The approach adopted by Ratcliffe was adapted and applied to the selection of sites important for geological conservation in the Geological Conservation Review. A Marine Nature Conservation Review has also been published.

Volume 1 set out the rationale and methods used, and gave descriptions of the major habitat types.

Volume 2 consisted entirely of a site inventory. Sites were grouped into six major habitat types:

Coastal sites - 135 sites

Woodlands - 234 sites

Lowland grasslands, heaths and scrub - 159 sites

Open waters - 99 sites

Peatlands - 116 sites

Upland grasslands and heaths - 101 sites
Canton of Esch-sur-Alzette
Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourgish: Esch-Uelzecht) is a canton in southwestern Luxembourg. It is both the second most populous and second most densely populated canton after the canton of Luxembourg. It borders Belgium & France.

Canton of Luxembourg
Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg) is a canton in the south of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Its name, like the name of the Grand Duchy itself, derives from the name of its principal city, Luxembourg (more commonly known as Luxembourg City). It is not to be confused with the former district of Luxembourg, one of three administrative units in Luxembourg abolished in October 2015.

It is the only canton, other than Mersch, that is entirely surrounded by other cantons and, therefore, has no international boundary.
Dyer & Blair Investment Bank
Dyer & Blair Investment Bank is a Kenyan investment firm that engages in regional investment banking, securities, investment management, and other financial services with both Individual and institutional clients. It is regulated by the Capital Markets Authority.

Nairobi Securities Exchange
The Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) was established  in 1954 as the Nairobi Stock Exchange, based in Nairobi the capital of Kenya. It was a voluntary association of stockbrokers in the European community registered under the Societies Act in British Kenya. The exchange had 66 listed companies in February 2021.
Pontyglasier
Pontyglasier (English: Bridge of the glacier - origin obscure), sometimes recorded as Pontyglazier, is a small village 1.3 miles (2 km) south of Eglwyswrw in Pembrokeshire, Wales, on an unclassified road 1 mile (1.6 km) east of Crosswell. It is a scattered rural settlement with few amenities.

Crosswell
Crosswell (Welsh: Ffynnon-groes) is a hamlet on the B4329 road in the community of Eglwyswrw, Pembrokeshire, Wales, in the parish of Meline. It is 7 miles (11 km) southwest of Cardigan, 17 miles (27 km) northeast of Haverfordwest and 11 miles (18 km) east of Fishguard.
2013 in science
A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2013, including the discovery of numerous Earthlike exoplanets, the development of viable lab-grown ears, teeth, livers and blood vessels, and the atmospheric entry of the most destructive meteor since 1908. The year also saw successful new treatments for diseases such as HIV, Usher syndrome and leukodystrophy, and a major expansion in the use and capabilities of technologies such as 3D printing and autonomous cars.

The United Nations designated 2013 the International Year of Water Cooperation.

Mars Science Laboratory
Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a robotic space probe mission to Mars launched by NASA on November 26, 2011, which successfully landed Curiosity, a Mars rover, in Gale Crater on August 6, 2012. The overall objectives include investigating Mars's habitability, studying its climate and geology, and collecting data for a human mission to Mars. The rover carries a variety of scientific instruments designed by an international team.
Taiwan spurdog
The Taiwan spurdog (Squalus formosus) is a species of shark in the genus Squalus. It was accidentally found in Taiwan's Tashi fish market by William Toby White and a colleague of the CSIRO in Hobart, Australia. They named it S. formosus ("Formosa" being a former name for Taiwan). It has also been recorded from the coast of Japan, near Kyushu and Shikoku.

Sharks now identified as Squalus formosus had earlier been classified as Squalus blainville, a species that is no longer considered to occur in Taiwan. Squalus formosus can be morphologically separated from the other three Squalus species found in Taiwanese waters (which are S. brevirostris, S. japonicus and S. mitsukurii); it is morphologically more similar to Squalus albifrons from eastern Australia than the other Taiwanese species. Similarly, genetic methods identify S. albifrons as the closest relative of S. formosus.

It is a medium-sized species of Squalus that can reach at least 81 cm (32 in) TL.

Longnose spurdog
Sharks portal

The longnose spurdog (Squalus blainville) is a dogfish shark of the genus Squalus, found over continental shelves in all oceans, at depths of between 15 and 800 metres.  They reach one metre in length.
2006 Peterborough municipal election
The 2006 Peterborough municipal election was held in the city of Peterborough, Ontario, Canada on November 13, 2006. All municipal elections in the province of Ontario are held on the same date; see 2006 Ontario municipal elections for elections in other cities.

The election chose the mayor and city councillors to sit on the Peterborough city council.

2000 Peterborough municipal election
The 2000 Peterborough municipal election was held in the city of Peterborough, Ontario, Canada on November 13, 2000, to choose the mayor and city councillors to sit on the Peterborough city council. Electors in Peterborough also voted for the city's representatives on the regional public and separate school boards.
T. Krishnanunni
T. Krishnanunni is a sound designer in India. He has received multiple National Film Awards and Kerala State Film Awards. He has worked with almost all the eminent film makers in Kerala, including Adoor Gopalakrishnan, G. Aravindan and Shaji N. Karun.

Chitranjali Studio
Chitranjali is a film production studio located in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. It was established in 1980s by the Kerala State Film Development Corporation (KSFDC).

The studio is located in the hilltop of Thiruvallam and is spread in 75 acres (300,000 m2). The studio has the second largest sound proof indoor floor in Asia with 12,000 sq ft (1,100 m2). The studio has four outdoor film units, film processing labs, dubbing studios, preview theatres etc.
There was a revamp proposal of Rs. 100 crore by the government. The proposal was part of the corporation's initiative to facilitate the growth of Malayalam cinema.