hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Scholarly method
The scholarly method or scholarship is the body of principles and practices used by scholars and academics to make their claims about their subjects of expertise. These principles and practices aim to ensure the validity and trustworthiness of the claims, and to disseminate them to the scholarly community. It comprises the methods that systemically advance the teaching, research, and practice of a scholarly or academic field of study through rigorous inquiry. Scholarship is creative, can be documented, can be replicated, or elaborated, and that can be and is peer reviewed through various methods. The scholarly method includes the subcategories of the scientific method, with which scientists use to bolster their claims, and the historical method, with which historians use to verify their claims.

Academy
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek: Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of tertiary education. The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, founded c. 386 BC at Akademia, a sanctuary of Athena, the goddess of wisdom and skill, north of Athens, Greece. The Royal Spanish Academy defines an academy as a scientific, literary or artistic society established with public authority and as a teaching establishment, public or private, of a professional, artistic, technical or simply practical nature.
Mulline, Western Australia
Mulline is an abandoned town located in the Goldfields-Esperance region in Western Australia. It is found between Kalgoorlie and Leonora in the Shire of Menzies.

Gold was discovered in the area in the 1890s and following a gold rush to the area the number of miners in the area resulted in the townsite being gazetted in 1897. The name of town is derived from Mulline Rock, a feature located just outside town. The name of the town was recorded by the surveyor Brazier in 194 and is Aboriginal in origin, although the meaning of it is unknown.

The main mine in the town was the Lady Gladys, which operated between 1896 and 1911. Another mine that was operating in the area around the same time was the Off Chance mine. A state battery was constructed in the area in 1899. Land was set aside for a police station, but never built on. Two hotels existed in the town by 1910.

Goldfields–Esperance
31°S 123°E﻿ / ﻿31°S 123°E﻿ / -31; 123

The Goldfields–Esperance region is one of the nine regions of Western Australia. It is located in the south-eastern corner of Western Australia, and comprises the local government areas of Coolgardie, Dundas, Esperance, Kalgoorlie–Boulder, Laverton, Leonora, Menzies, Ngaanyatjarraku, Ravensthorpe and Wiluna.

It also incorporates the area along the Great Australian Bight to the South Australian border known as the Nullarbor Plain.
SEC13
Protein SEC13 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEC13 gene.

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the SEC13 family of WD-repeat proteins. It has similarity to the yeast SEC13 and SEC31 proteins, which are required for vesicle biogenesis from the endoplasmic reticulum during the transport of proteins.

SEC31
SEC31 is a protein which in yeast promotes the formation of COPII transport vesicles from the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER). The coat has two main functions, the physical deformation of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane into vesicles and the selection of cargo molecules.

Its human homologs are SEC31A and SEC31B.
Windsor Propeller
Windsor Propeller is an American manufacturer of propellers and accessories for hobby model aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Founded in 1978 in Windsor, Northern California by Fred Jamieson, the company is developing and manufacturing its products under the brand name Master Airscrew. The company is now headquartered in Rancho Cordova, California, selling its products worldwide.

Rancho Cordova, California
Rancho Cordova is a city in Sacramento County, California, United States. Incorporated in 2003, it is part of the Sacramento Metropolitan Area. The population was 79,332 at the 2020 census. In 2010 and 2019, Rancho Cordova received the All-America City Award.
Hamdan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan
Hamdan bin Mubarak al Nahyan (Arabic: حمدان بن مبارك آل نهيان; born 1959) is a member of the Al Nahyan family in the United Arab Emirates. He became the Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research in March, 2013, a post that his brother, Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan had held for 23 years.

House of Nahyan
The House of Nahyan (Arabic: آل نهيان, romanized: Āl Nuhayān) is the ruling royal family of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, and one of the six ruling families of the United Arab Emirates. The family is a branch of the House of Al Falahi (Āl Bū Falāḥ), a branch of the Bani Yas tribe. They are related to the House of Al Falasi from which the ruling family of Dubai, the Al Maktoum, descends.
Tunisian nationalism
Tunisian nationalism refers to the nationalism of Tunisians and Tunisian culture. Tunisian nationalism's origins stretch back to the 19th century; however, Tunisian nationalism became a significant political force after 1908 with the founding of the Young Tunisians movement, and the more significant Destour (Arabic for "Constitution") Party established after World War I. The Destour Party called for Tunisian autonomy within the French Empire and that France should not dominate Tunisia's politics and society. France responded by banning the Destour Party in 1933, resulting in the rise of a more radical nationalist party, the Neo-Destour Party being formed in 1934 led by Habib Bourguiba. The Neo-Destour Party demanded independence of Tunisia from France, though it respected French and Western culture and sought to maintain close links with France after independence was achieved.

Young Tunisians
The Young Tunisians (Arabic: حركة الشباب التونسى Ḥarakat ash-shabāb at-Tūnisi; French: Jeunes Tunisiens) was a Tunisian political party and political reform movement in the early 20th century. Its main goal was to advocate for reforms in the French protectorate in order to give more political autonomy and equal treatment to Tunisians.
Hsinchu Biomedical Science Park
The Hsinchu Biomedical Science Park (HBSP; traditional Chinese: 新竹生物醫學園區; simplified Chinese: 新竹生物医学园区; pinyin: Xīnzhú Shēngwù Yīxué Yuánqū) is an industrial park in Zhubei City, Hsinchu County, Taiwan which is part of the Hsinchu Science Park.

Hsinchu Science Park
The Xinzu Science Park (HSP; traditional Chinese: 新竹科學園區; simplified Chinese: 新竹科学园区; pinyin: Xīnzhú Kēxué Yuánqū; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sin-tek Kho-ha̍k Kang-gia̍p Hn̂g-khu) is a Republic of China national industrial park complex that originated as one campus straddled Hsinchu City, Hsinchu County, Chunan and Tongluo, later expanded to cover six campuses across Taiwan. It was established by the government of Taiwan on 15 December 1980. While the whole complex and the first campus share the same name, the name Hsinchu Science Park usually refers to the campus rather than the whole complex. With National Cinghua University and National Chotung University around.
European Algae Biomass Association
The European Algae Biomass Association (EABA) is a non-profit organization which gathers 200 academic and industrial stakeholders from the algae sector. Its goal is to promote mutual interchange and cooperation in the field of algal biomass production and use in numerous sectors (e.g., food, feed, cosmetics, agriculture). EABA organizes regular events such as webinars on a variety of topics and conferences. The organization was founded in September 2009 in Florence (Italy) during its inaugural conference at Villa La Pietra. As of 2022, EABA's President is Carlos Unamunzaga (Fitoplancton Marino S.L., Spain).

Algae fuel
Algae fuel, algal biofuel, or algal oil is an alternative to liquid fossil fuels that use algae as the source of energy-rich oils. Also, algae fuels are an alternative to commonly known biofuel sources, such as corn and sugarcane. When made from seaweed (macroalgae) it can be known as seaweed fuel or seaweed oil.  These fuels have no practical significance but remain an aspirational target in the biofuels research area.
South African Class GC 2-6-2+2-6-2
The South African Railways Class GC 2-6-2+2-6-2 of 1924 was an articulated steam locomotive.

In 1924 and 1925, the South African Railways placed six Class GC Garratt articulated steam locomotives with a 2-6-2+2-6-2 Double Prairie type wheel arrangement in branch line service.

Garratt locomotive
A Garratt locomotive is a type of three-part articulated steam locomotive invented by the engineer Herbert William Garratt. Its boiler, firebox, and cab are mounted on a centre frame or "bridge". The two other parts, one at each end, have a pivot to support the central frame; they consist of a steam engine unit – with driving wheels, trailing wheels, valve gear, and cylinders, and above it, fuel and/or water storage.

Articulation permits locomotives to negotiate curves that might restrict large rigid-framed locomotives. The design also provides more driving wheels per unit of locomotive weight, permitting operation on lightly engineered track. Garratt locomotives produced as much as twice the tractive effort of the largest conventional locomotives of railways that introduced them, reducing the need for multiple locomotives and crews.
2015 Detroit Tigers season
The 2015 Detroit Tigers season was the team's 115th season, and their 16th season at Comerica Park. This season saw the release of president and general manager Dave Dombrowski, who had been with the team since 2002. In a season plagued by injuries to star players Justin Verlander, Víctor Martínez, Miguel Cabrera, José Iglesias, and Aníbal Sánchez, the Tigers finished in last place in their division with a 74–87 record, had their first losing season since 2008, and failed to make the playoffs for the first time since 2010.

Dave Dombrowski
David Dombrowski (born July 27, 1956) is an American baseball executive who serves as the president of baseball operations for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB). Dombrowski also previously served as the general manager of the Montreal Expos, the general manager and president of the Florida Marlins and Detroit Tigers, and president of baseball operations for the Boston Red Sox. He has helped build four different franchises (Marlins, Tigers, Red Sox, Phillies) into pennant-winning teams, and he has won the World Series twice — with the Marlins in 1997 and the Red Sox in 2018.
HD 107146
HD 107146 is a star in the constellation Coma Berenices that is located about 90 light-years (28 pc) from Earth. The apparent magnitude of 7.028 makes this star too faint to be seen with the unaided eye.

The physical properties of this star are similar to the Sun, including the stellar classification G2V, making this a solar analog. The mass of this star is about 109% of the solar mass (M☉) and it has about 99% the radius of the Sun (R☉). It is a young star with an age between 80 and 200 Myr. The axis of rotation is estimated at 21+8−9 degrees to the line of sight and it completes a rotation in a relatively brief 3.5 days.

Solar analog
Solar-type stars, solar analogs (also analogues), and solar twins are stars that are particularly similar to the Sun. The stellar classification is a hierarchy with solar twin being most like the Sun followed by solar analog and then solar-type. Observations of these stars are important for understanding better the properties of the Sun in relation to other stars and the habitability of planets.
Set Your Goals (band)
Set Your Goals is an American punk rock band from San Francisco, California, formed in 2004. Their band name is derived from the CIV album of the same name.

The band consists of vocalists Jordan Brown and Matt Wilson, drummer Mike Ambrose, guitarists Audelio Flores Jr and Daniel Coddaire and bassist Joe Saucedo.

Parkway Drive
Parkway Drive are an Australian metalcore band from Byron Bay, New South Wales, formed in 2003. Parkway Drive have released seven studio albums, one EP, two DVDs, a split album and one book, titled Ten Years of Parkway Drive. The band's latest three albums have reached number 1 of the Australian ARIA Charts – Ire (2015), Reverence (2018), and Darker Still (2022).

The band's line-up has remained consistent since the addition of bassist Jia O'Connor in 2006, with Brett Versteeg having left in 2004 and Shaun Cash in 2006.

They are one of Australia's top-selling metalcore bands. Loudwire designated the band as being among modern metalcore's "Big Four", along with Bring Me the Horizon, Architects and Underoath.
Ryota Nakatsu
Ryota Nakatsu (中津良太, Nakatsu Ryōta) is a Japanese professional wrestler currently working as a freelancer and is best known for his tenure with the Japanese promotions DDT Pro Wrestling and Pro-Wrestling Basara.

KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship
The KO-D (King of DDT) 6-Man Tag Team Championship (Japanese: KO-D6人タッグ王座, Hepburn: KO-D Roku-nin Taggu Ōza) is a professional wrestling championship owned by the DDT Pro-Wrestling (DDT) promotion. The title is currently vacant.

The title was first announced during DDT's year-end event on December 23, 2012, becoming the promotion's fifth active title. The first champions were crowned on January 12, 2013. The title has also been defended in All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) as part of a relationship between DDT and AJPW. The championship is contested for by teams of three wrestlers. Like most professional wrestling championships, the title is won as a result of a scripted match.
Fredrik Lindström (biathlete)
Fredrik Lindström (born 24 July 1989) is a Swedish former biathlete from Bredbyn. He made his World Cup debut on 12 December 2008 in Hochfilzen, where he ended up in 47th place.

He represented Sweden at three Winter Olympics; 2010, 2014 and 2018. His best result is a victory in the men's relay in 2018. Lindström also won 2 medals individually in the World Championships: bronze in mass start in 2012 and bronze in the individual in 2013.

On 17 March 2019, he announced his retirement from biathlon following the 2018–2019 season.

International Biathlon Union
The International Biathlon Union (IBU; German: Internationale Biathlon-Union) is the IOC (International Olympic Committee) authorized  international governing body of biathlon. Its headquarters were in Salzburg, Austria, until May 2020, when the Federation moved to Anif, on the outskirts of the city. It was rocked by a corruption scandal that broke in 2018, concerning the Russians bribing its top two officials. In 2022 Russia and Belarus were suspended from all international biathlon competitions until further notice.
Intellifont
Intellifont is a scalable font technology developed by Tom Hawkins at Compugraphic in Wilmington, Massachusetts during the late 1980s, the patent for which was granted to Hawkins in 1987. Intellifont fonts were hinted on a Digital Equipment Corporation VAX mainframe computer using Ikarus software. In 1990, printer and computing system manufacturer Hewlett-Packard adopted Intellifont scaling as part of its PCL 5 printer control protocol, and Intellifont technology was shipped with HP LaserJet III and 4 printers. In 1991, Commodore released AmigaOS 2.04, which included a version of diskfont.library that contained the Bullet font scaling engine (which in Workbench 2.1 became a separate library called bullet.library), with native support for the format. Intellifont technology became part of Agfa-Gevaert's Universal Font Scaling Technology (UFST), which allows OEMs to produce printers capable of printing on either the Adobe systems PostScript or HP PCL language.

Font hinting
Font hinting, also known as instructing, is the use of mathematical instructions to adjust the display of an outline font so that it lines up with a rasterized grid. At low screen resolutions, hinting is critical for producing clear, legible text. It can be accompanied by antialiasing and (on liquid crystal displays) subpixel rendering for further clarity.
Raymond Chrétien
Raymond A. J. Chrétien CC AdE (born May 20, 1942) is a Canadian lawyer and diplomat.  He served as ambassador to the United States from 1994–2000. His uncle, Jean Chrétien, was the 20th prime minister from 1993 to 2003.

Université Laval
Université Laval is a public research university in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The university traces its roots to the Séminaire de Québec, founded by François de Montmorency-Laval in 1663, making it the oldest institution of higher education in Canada and the first North American institution to offer higher education in French. The university, which was founded in Old Québec, moved to a new campus in the 1950s in the suburban borough of Sainte-Foy–Sillery–Cap-Rouge. It is ranked among the top 10 Canadian universities in research funding and holds four Canada Excellence Research Chairs.
Timothy Brown (judge)
Timothy Brown Sr. (February 24, 1889 – December 31, 1977) was an American lawyer and jurist from Madison, Wisconsin. He was the 18th chief justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court (1962–1963), and served a total of 14 years on the court.  Before joining the court, he was executive legal counsel to governors Walter S. Goodland and Oscar Rennebohm, the latter appointed him to the Supreme Court.

Oscar Rennebohm
Oscar Rennebohm (May 25, 1889 – October 15, 1968) was an American politician and pharmacist who served as the 32nd governor of Wisconsin.  He previously served as lieutenant governor and assumed the office of governor in 1947 on the death of Governor Walter S. Goodland.
Clévilliers
Clévilliers (French pronunciation: [klevilje]) is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department and Centre-Val de Loire region of north-central France. It lies 13 km north-west of Chartres and some 80 km west-south-west of Paris.

The Vacheresses stream flows through the commune, which is bordered by Tremblay-les-Villages (north), Challet (east), Berchères-Saint-Germain (south-east), Briconville (south), and Mittainvilliers-Vérigny (south-west).

The eastern border of the Parc naturel régional du Perche, an area of outstanding natural beauty, lies less than 25 km west of Clévilliers

Mittainvilliers-Vérigny
Mittainvilliers-Vérigny (French pronunciation: [mitɛ̃vilje veʁiɲi]) is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department of northern France. The municipality was established on 1 January 2016 by merger of the former communes of Mittainvilliers and Vérigny.
Trimethyl ammonium compounds
Trimethyl ammonium compounds are a type of quaternary ammonium compound with three methyl groups at the nitrogen, with a more complicated carbon chain derivative at the fourth position.

Examples include:

Betaine

Bethanechol

Carnitine and its derivatives

Choline and its derivatives

Methacholine

Muscarine

Trimethylglycine

Benzyltrimethylammonium

Choline
Choline is a cation with the chemical formula [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+. Choline forms various salts, such as choline chloride and choline bitartrate. An essential nutrient for animals, it is a structural component of phospholipids and cell membranes.

Choline is used to synthesize acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in muscle control and numerous functions of the nervous system. Choline is involved in early development of the brain, gene expression, cell membrane signaling, and brain metabolism.

Although humans synthesize choline in the liver, the amount produced naturally is insufficient to meet cellular functions, requiring that some choline be obtained from foods or dietary supplements. Foods rich in choline include meats, poultry, eggs, and other animal-based products, cruciferous vegetables, beans, nuts, and whole grains. Choline is present in breast milk and is commonly added as an ingredient to baby foods.
Clapham railway station
Clapham is a railway station on the Bentham Line, which runs between Leeds and Morecambe via Skipton. The station, situated 48 miles (77 km) north-west of Leeds, serves the village of Clapham in North Yorkshire. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by Northern Trains.

Immediately to the east of the station, the line crosses the River Wenning on a tall, eight-span viaduct.

The station was formerly known in the national timetable as Clapham (Yorkshire), to distinguish it from Clapham (London). The latter was renamed Clapham High Street in 1989.

Morecambe railway station
Morecambe is a railway station on the Morecambe Branch Line, which runs between Lancaster and Heysham Port. The station, situated 4 miles (6 km) west of Lancaster, serves the town of Morecambe in Lancashire. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by Northern Trains.
Hunic superterrane
The Hunic superterrane is a terrane that is now attached to Europe and Asia. At the end of the Ordovician or beginning of the Silurian it separated from Gondwana and joined Laurasia at the beginning of the Carboniferous, at the time of the Variscan orogeny. Rather than being a single block, there were apparently two groups of blocks, the European Hunic terranes and the Asian Hunic terranes.

The collision with Laurasia (specifically, with the Kipchak arc) formed what is now known as Kazakhstania according to one geological model of the ancient Earth.

The Hunic terranes are named after the Huns, since they are found in the areas that the Huns occupied.

Terrane
In geology, a terrane (/təˈreɪn, ˈtɛreɪn/; in full, a tectonostratigraphic terrane) is a crust fragment formed on a tectonic plate (or broken off from it) and accreted or "sutured" to crust lying on another plate. The crustal block or fragment preserves its distinctive geologic history, which is different from the surrounding areas—hence the term "exotic" terrane. The suture zone between a terrane and the crust it attaches to is usually identifiable as a fault. A sedimentary deposit that buries the contact of the terrane with adjacent rock is called an overlap formation. An igneous intrusion that has intruded and obscured the contact of a terrane with adjacent rock is called a stitching pluton.

There is also an older usage of the term terrane, which described a series of related rock formations or an area with a preponderance of a particular rock or rock group.
Virginia State Route 120
State Route 120 (SR 120) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. Known as Glebe Road, the state highway runs 9.10 miles (14.65 km) from U.S. Route 1 (US 1) in Crystal City north to SR 123 at the Chain Bridge. SR 120 is a partial circumferential highway in Arlington County that connects the southeastern and northwestern corners of the county with several urban villages along its crescent-shaped path, including Ballston. The state highway also connects all of the major highways in Virginia that radiate from Washington, including Interstate 395, I-66, US 50, and US 29. SR 120 is a part of the National Highway System for its entire length.

U.S. Route 50 in Virginia
U.S. Route 50 (US 50) is a transcontinental highway which stretches from Ocean City, Maryland to West Sacramento, California. In the U.S. state of Virginia, US 50 extends 86 miles (138 km) from the border with Washington, D.C. at a Potomac River crossing at Rosslyn in Arlington County to the West Virginia state line near Gore in Frederick County.
War in Gotland (1524)
The War in Gotland (1524) also called the Gotland expedition (Swedish: Gotlandsexpeditionen) was a Swedish invasion of Gotland led by Berend von Melen against Gotland which was controlled by Søren Norby during the Swedish War of Liberation. The Swedes left the island in early October after peace was signed with Denmark at the Malmö Recess

Treaty of Malmö
The Treaty of Malmö (Swedish: Malmö recess), signed on 1 September 1524, ended the Swedish War of Liberation. King Frederick I of Denmark–Norway acknowledged Gustav Vasa as the king of Sweden, who in turn renounced claims to Scania and Blekinge.

The difficult question of the control of Gotland was deferred, to be refereed by a committee of representatives from various Hanseatic League cities. Swedish troops were to continue military occupation of Ranrike until the issue was resolved. By 1532, no agreement had been reached, and Ranrike was returned to Denmark–Norway in exchange for 1,200 guilders.