hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Charles Stark Draper Prize
The National Academy of Engineering awards the Charles Stark Draper Prize for Engineering, which is given for the advancement of engineering and the education of the public about engineering. It is one of three prizes that constitute the "Nobel Prizes of Engineering"—the others are the Academy's Russ and Gordon Prizes. The Draper Prize is awarded biennially and the winner of each of these prizes receives $500,000. The Draper Prize is named for Charles Stark Draper, the "father of inertial navigation", an MIT professor and founder of Draper Laboratory.

Gordon Prize
The Bernard M. Gordon Prize was started in 2001 by the United States National Academy of Engineering.  Its purpose is to recognize leaders in academia for the development of new educational approaches to engineering.  Each year, the Gordon Prize awards $500,000 to the grantee, of which the recipient may personally use $250,000, and his or her institution receives $250,000 for the ongoing support of academic development.  Although the Gordon Prize is relatively new, within engineering education, it is viewed by many to be the American equivalent of the Nobel Prize.
Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom
The Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom (Thai: อาณาจักรนครศรีธรรมราช RTGS: Anachak Nakhon Si Thammarat), Nagara Sri Dharmaraja or the Kingdom of Ligor, was one of the major constituent city states (mueang) of the Siamese kingdoms of Sukhothai and later Ayutthaya and controlled a sizeable part of the Malay Peninsula. Its capital was the eponymous city of Nakhon Si Thammarat in what is now Southern Thailand.

Phatthalung province
Phatthalung (Thai: พัทลุง, pronounced [pʰát̚.tʰā.lūŋ]) is one of the southern provinces (changwat) of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from north clockwise) Nakhon Si Thammarat, Songkhla, Satun, and Trang. Phatthalung is essentially a landlocked province, one of the only two in southern Thailand, the other being Yala.
Bedmond
Bedmond is a village in the civil parish of Abbots Langley, in the Three Rivers district of Hertfordshire, England. It is located around one mile (1.6 km) north of the larger village of Abbots Langley.

Bedmond is the probable birthplace of Nicholas Breakspear, later Pope Adrian IV, the only Englishman to ever be Pope, who is believed to have been born at Breakspear Farm c. 1100. The site where his home stood is marked by a plaque.

The Anglican Church of the Ascension in Bedmond is a rare example of a surviving "tin tabernacle", a pre-fabricated church building made from corrugated galvanised iron and one of only a few remaining in use for worship in the country. It was built in 1880 at a cost of £80, which was donated by the wife of the squire. It became a Grade-II listed building in 1978.

Three Rivers District
Three Rivers is a local government district in south-west Hertfordshire, England. Its council is based in Rickmansworth. The district borders Hertsmere, Watford, St Albans, Dacorum, Buckinghamshire, and the London boroughs of Hillingdon and Harrow.
Billy the Kid in Santa Fe
Billy the Kid in Santa Fe is a 1941 American Western film directed by Sam Newfield. This film is the sixth in the "Billy the Kid" film series, produced by PRC from 1940 to 1946, and the last to star Bob Steele. In the next film, Billy the Kid Wanted, Steele was replaced by Buster Crabbe.

Buster Crabbe
Clarence Linden "Buster" Crabbe II (/ˈkræb/; February 7, 1908 – April 23, 1983) was an American two-time Olympic swimmer and film and television actor. He won the 1932 Olympic gold medal for 400-metre freestyle swimming event, which launched his career on the silver screen and later television. He starred in a variety of popular feature films and movie serials released between 1933 and the 1950s, portraying the top three syndicated comic-strip heroes of the 1930s: Tarzan, Flash Gordon, and Buck Rogers.
Leslie Perri
Leslie Perri (April 27, 1920 – January 31, 1970) was the pen name of Doris Marie Claire "Doë" Baumgardt, an American science fiction fan, writer, and illustrator.  She was a member of the Futurians, the influential science fiction fan club.

Futurians
The Futurians were an influential group of science fiction fans, writers, and editors who helped shape the genre in the United States between 1938 and 1945. Based in New York City, the group included many individuals who would become major figures in science fiction, including Isaac Asimov, Frederik Pohl, Donald A. Wollheim, James Blish, Cyril M. Kornbluth, Damon Knight, and Judith Merril. Known for their left-wing political views and collective approach to professional development, the Futurians were, as Knight noted, "brilliant, eccentric and poor," yet from this group of never more than twenty members came seven of the field's most prominent names.
Plyska, Ternopil Oblast
Plyska (Ukrainian: Плиска) is a village in Ukraine, Ternopil Oblast, Kremenets Raion, Lanivtsi urban hromada. After the liquidation of the Lanivtsi Raion on 19 July 2020, the village became part of the Kremenets Raion.

Lanivtsi urban hromada
Lanivtsi urban territorial hromada (Ukrainian: Лановецька територіальна громада, romanized: Lanovetska miska terytorialna hromada) is a hromada in Ukraine, in Kremenets Raion of Ternopil Oblast. The administrative center is the city of Lanivtsi. Its population is 21,442 (2022 estimate) It was formed on 24 May 2017.
Mark Schatz
Mark L. Schatz (born April 23, 1955) is an American bassist, banjoist, mandolinist, guitarist, clogger, and hambone performer who has recorded on albums for and toured with artists including Bela Fleck, Nickel Creek, Jerry Douglas, Maura O'Connell, Tony Rice, John Hartford, Emmylou Harris, Linda Ronstadt, and Tim O'Brien.

Tim O'Brien (musician)
Timothy O'Brien (born March 16, 1954) is an American country and bluegrass musician. In addition to singing, he plays guitar, fiddle, mandolin, banjo, bouzouki and mandocello. He has released more than ten studio albums, in addition to charting a duet with Kathy Mattea entitled "The Battle Hymn of Love", a No. 9 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts in 1990. In November 2013 he was inducted into the West Virginia Music Hall of Fame.
Credible minimum deterrence
Credible minimum deterrence is the principle on which India's nuclear strategy is based.

It underlines no first use (NFU) with an assured second strike capability and falls under minimal deterrence, as opposed to mutually assured destruction. India's tentative nuclear doctrine was announced on August 17, 1999 by the secretary of the National Security Advisory Board, Brajesh Mishra.

Later, the draft was adopted with some modifications when the Nuclear Command Authority was announced on January 4, 2003. A significant modification was the dilution of the NFU principle to include nuclear retaliation to attacks by biological and chemical weapons.

Brajesh Mishra
Brajesh Chandra Mishra (29 September 1928 – 28 September 2012) was an Indian politician and diplomat from the Indian Foreign Service who is best known for serving as the first National Security Advisor of India from 1998 to 2004. He also served as the  principal secretary of then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. He received the Padma Vibhushan for his contributions.
Suberinic acid
Suberinic acids are a type of carboxylic acids naturally encountered in the bark of Betula tree species. Chemically, they predominantly have long (C18) chains with α- and ω- bifunctional saturated and unsaturated fatty acid ends. Their name originates from suberin, a major chemical biopolymer of tree bark.

Fatty acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have an unbranched chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28. Fatty acids are a major component of the lipids (up to 70% by weight) in some species such as microalgae but in some other organisms are not found in their standalone form, but instead exist as three main classes of esters: triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesteryl esters. In any of these forms, fatty acids are both important dietary sources of fuel for animals and important structural components for cells.
Aprilia RSV 1000 R
The Aprilia RSV 1000 R is a sport bike motorcycle made by Italian company Aprilia from 2004 through 2010. Along with the bike's redesign Aprilia renamed the RSV from RSV Mille to RSV 1000 R.  It is offered in three versions: RSV 1000 R (while the "R" designation on the RSV Mille signified the higher spec version) is the standard version, the higher spec version is the RSV 1000 R Factory, and Aprilia made a limited edition version called RSV 1000 R Nera.

Sport bike
A sport bike, sports motorcycle, or sports bike is a motorcycle designed and optimized for speed, acceleration, braking, and cornering on asphalt concrete race tracks and roads. They are mainly designed for performance at the expense of comfort, fuel economy, safety, noise reduction and storage in comparison with other motorcycles.

Sport bikes can be and are typically equipped with fairings and a windscreen to deflect wind from the rider to improve aerodynamics.
Mark 39 torpedo
The Mark 39 torpedo was the first homing torpedo in United States Navy service to use a trailing wire for mid-course guidance through the submarine's fire control system. In 1946, shortly after the Mark 37 Mod 0 had been prototyped, the wire guidance system was reverse-engineered from the G7ef(TX) "Spinne" following the arrival of technical documentation from Germany. This resulted in the development of a wire-guided prototype the same year. The Mark 39 was a Mark 27 Mod 4 torpedo converted for development of wire guidance techniques, which were eventually incorporated into the Mark 37 Mod 1 and the Mark 45. Due to this development, the Mark 39 was considered obsolete and the remaining inventory was scrapped.

Mark 37 torpedo
The Mark 37 torpedo is a torpedo with electrical propulsion, developed for the US Navy after World War II. It entered service with the US Navy in the early 1950s, with over 3,300 produced. It was phased out of service with the US Navy during the 1970s, and the stockpiles were sold to foreign navies.
Sijua meriani
Sijua meriani is a species of moth of the family Thyrididae. It is found in the Seychelles.

The head and thorax of this species are brown violet, the wings grey violet with brown transversal lines. The wingspan of this species is 16 mm.

Thyrididae
The Thyrididae comprise the family of picture-winged leaf moths. They are the only family in the superfamily Thyridoidea, which sometimes has been included in the Pyraloidea, but this is not supported by cladistic analysis.

Most species live in the tropics and subtropics. They are colourful and often day-flying moths. There are four subfamilies. Their biology is little known. Thyridid specimens are rare in museum collections.
Barwinek, Łódź Voivodeship
Barwinek [barˈvʲinɛk] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Kodrąb, within Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) north-east of Kodrąb, 17 km (11 mi) east of Radomsko, and 76 km (47 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

Kodrąb, Łódź Voivodeship
Kodrąb [ˈkɔdrɔmp] is a village in Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Kodrąb. It lies approximately 13 km (8 mi) east of Radomsko and 77 km (48 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.
Starksia splendens
Starksia splendens, the splendid shy blenny, is a species of labrisomid blenny which was described in 2018 from the Cayman Islands. It is one of the blackcheek shy blennies, in the Starksia lepicoelia species complex. This species complex is made up of a number of allopatric cryptic species in the Caribbean which are best separated using mtDNA and the extensive use of underwater photographs.

Starksia lepicoelia
Starksia lepicoelia, known commonly as the blackcheek blenny, is a species of labrisomid blenny native to the Caribbean Sea and adjacent Atlantic Ocean.  It inhabits coral reefs and can be found at depths of from 8 to 20 m (26 to 66 ft).  This species can reach a length of 3.4 cm (1.3 in) TL.
Softmod
A softmod (short for software modification) is a method of using software to modify the intended behavior of hardware, such as computer hardware, or video game consoles in a way that can overcome restrictions of the firmware, or install custom firmware.

Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4
Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4 is a 2002 skateboarding game developed by Neversoft and published by Activision under their Activision O2 label. The game was ported by different developers to various systems. It is the fourth installment in the Tony Hawk's series. The game was released in 2002 for the GameCube, PlayStation, PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Game Boy Advance. In 2003, it was released for Windows and Mac OS X by developer Beenox and publisher Aspyr. In 2004, a Tapwave Zodiac version was released. Another port of the Game Boy Advance version was also released as a launch title for the digiBLAST, a Linux-based handheld console for children released in 2005.

A remake of the game is included as part of Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3 + 4, released in 2025.
Trams in Florence
The Florence tramway network (Italian: Rete tranviaria di Firenze) is an important part of the public transport network of Florence, Italy. It consists of two operational light rail lines.

Florence, like many other Italian cities, closed down its old tramway network at the end of the 1950s, but restarted operating trams since 2010 to find a solution to the traffic jams within the city.  The first line in the present network was opened in 2010 to link the city center with the neighboring comune of Scandicci; the second line opened on 11 February 2019, linking the city center with Florence Airport.

The current network operator is GEST (Gestione Servizio tramviario), a subsidiary of the French RATP.

Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station
Firenze Santa Maria Novella (in English Florence Santa Maria Novella) or Stazione di Santa Maria Novella (IATA: ZMS) is the main railway station in Florence, Italy. The station is used by 59 million people every year and is one of the busiest in Italy.

It is at the northern end of the Florence–Rome high-speed railway line Direttissima, which was completed on 26 May 1992 and the southern end of the Bologna–Florence railway line, opened on 22 April 1934. 
A new high speed line to Bologna opened on 13 December 2009. The station is also used by regional trains on lines connecting to: Pisa, Livorno (Leopolda railway); Lucca, Viareggio (Viareggio–Florence railway); Bologna (Bologna–Florence railway) and Faenza (Faentina railway).
Johnny Kelly (hurler)
Johnny Kelly (born 1971) is an Irish hurling manager and former player who is the current manager of the Offaly senior hurling team. He previously managed a range of club sides, having played club hurling with Portumna.

2005–06 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship
The 2005–06 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship was the 36th staging of the All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship, the Gaelic Athletic Association's premier inter-county club hurling tournament. The championship ran from 15 October 2005 to 17 March 2006.

James Stephens of Kilkenny were the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Portumna in the All-Ireland semi-final. Calry/St Joseph's of Sligo, Celbridge of Kildare and Garryspillane of Limerick made their championship debuts.

The All-Ireland final was played at Croke Park in Dublin on 17 March 2006, between Portumna of Galway and Newtownshandrum of Cork, in what was a first championship meeting between the teams. Portumna won the match by 2–08 to 1–06 to claim a first title.

Eoin Larkin was the championship's top scorer with 2–27.
Hsu Chen-wei
Hsu Chen-wei (Chinese: 徐榛蔚; pinyin: Xú Zhēnwèi; Wade–Giles: Hsü2 Chên1-wei4; born 12 October 1968) is a Taiwanese politician who currently serves as magistrate of Hualien County since 25 December 2018. She was re-elected in 2022, with 64.7% of the vote, defeating Kolas Yotaka.

Kolas Yotaka
Kolas Yotaka (born 17 March 1974) is an Amis Taiwanese politician and journalist. From 2020 to 2022 and again in 2023, she served as spokesperson for the Office of the President under Tsai Ing-wen. Kolas previously served as spokesperson for the Executive Yuan in 2018, the first Taiwanese aboriginal to hold the position.

As a journalist, Kolas has worked as a reporter for Formosa Television and as a news anchor for the Taiwan Indigenous Television. Kolas went on to become the director for the Aboriginal People's Administration of the Taoyuan City Government. In 2016, she was elected as an at-large legislator and an aboriginal affairs representative of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP). In 2017, she was elected as a visiting scholar of the US Department of State's International Leadership Program.
Niko Springer
Niko Springer (born 11 July 2000) is a German darts player who competes in Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) events. Nicknamed "Meenzer Bub", he has held a PDC Tour Card since earning one through ranking second-place on the 2024 Development Tour. He won his first PDC ranking title at the 2025 Hungarian Darts Trophy on the European Tour. In 2024, Springer won three PDC Development Tours and four PDC Europe Next Gen titles.

2021 PDC Pro Tour
The 2021 PDC Pro Tour was a series of non-televised darts tournaments organised by the Professional Darts Corporation (PDC). Players Championships and European Tour events are the events that make up the Pro Tour. There were 32 PDC Pro Tour events held, 30 Players Championships and 2 European Tour events, and in a change to previous years, the Challenge and Development Tours were split with 12 UK and European editions each.
Clark Sheehan
Clark Sheehan (born April 7, 1969) is an American former professional racing cyclist. He currently works as a directeur sportif for UCI Women's WorldTeam Human Powered Health. He also held the same position with the corresponding men's team prior to its dissolution.

His son Riley is also a professional cyclist.

Riley Sheehan
Riley Sheehan (born June 16, 2000) is an American racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI ProTeam NSN Cycling Team. In 2023, Sheehan became the first American cyclist to win the classic Paris–Tours. In November 2023, it was announced he signed a three-year contract with Israel–Premier Tech starting in 2024.
Bilberry Hill
Bilberry Hill is one of the Lickey Hills in northern Worcestershire, England, 10.3 miles (16.6 kilometres) southwest of Birmingham and 24 miles (39 kilometres) northeast of Worcester. It stands above and to the west of the village of Cofton Hackett, and is part of the Lickey Hills Country Park.

The three hilltops comprising The Lickeys—Bilberry Hill, Rednal Hill and Cofton Hill—form the northern extremity of the Lickey Ridge, a formation of hard quartzite. Views over Birmingham and the surrounding countryside can be seen from the top of these hills.

The hill is named after the tracts of Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) bushes that cover the hill, between the pathways. Local people have been cropping the bushes of their fruit each autumn for hundreds of years to make jams, preserves or apple and bilberry pies.

Mudstone
Mudstone, a type of mudrock, is a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. Mudstone is distinguished from shale by its lack of fissility.

The term mudstone is also used to describe carbonate rocks (limestone or dolomite) that are composed predominantly of carbonate mud. However, in most contexts, the term refers to siliciclastic mudstone, composed mostly of silicate minerals.

The NASA Curiosity rover has found deposits of mudstone on Mars that contain organic substances such as propane, benzene and toluene.
Parham, West Sussex
Parham is a civil parish in the Horsham District of West Sussex, England. There was a village of Parham, around the parish church, but its few houses were destroyed in the early 19th century to create the landscaped park and gardens. The parish now consists of Parham Park and the farms and smaller settlements around it. The village is between Wiggonholt and Cootham, about 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Pulborough on the A283 road.

The parish covers 1,586 hectares (3,920 acres). The 2001 Census recorded 214 people living in 95 households, of whom 124 were economically active. At the 2011 Census the population was 224.

The civil parish includes the hamlets of Rackham, southwest of Parham Park, and Wiggonholt on the A283 to the north, which has a small parish church.

Horsham District
Horsham is a local government district in West Sussex, England. It is named after the town of Horsham, which is its largest settlement and where the council is based. The district also includes the surrounding rural area and contains many villages, the largest of which are Southwater and Billingshurst. The district includes part of the South Downs National Park and part of the designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty of High Weald. At the 2021 census the district had a population of 147,487.

The neighbouring districts are Crawley, Mid Sussex, Brighton and Hove, Adur, Arun, Chichester, Waverley and Mole Valley.
Stevie Salas
Stevie Salas (born November 17, 1964) is an American guitarist, author, television host, music director, record producer, film composer, and former advisor of contemporary music at the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian. Salas was born in Oceanside, California, United States.

He is of Mescalero Apache descent.

Bernard Fowler
Bernard Fowler (born January 2, 1960) is an American musician. He is known for a long association with The Rolling Stones, providing backing vocals since 1989 and on their studio recordings and live tours. Fowler has been a featured guest vocalist on the majority of solo albums released by the members of that band. He has released two solo albums,  and he has also been a regular featured singer on other musicians' recordings and tours. Fowler has toured and recorded with the bands Tackhead and Bad Dog and occasionally with Nicklebag and Little Axe.
Eendekuil
Eendekuil is a settlement in West Coast District Municipality in the Western Cape province of South Africa.

Situated 30 km (19 mi) north of Piketberg and 145 km (90 km) from Cape Town.The village was the terminus of the Cape Town railway until the end of the Anglo-Boer War, and it remains the railhead for the Citrusdal region, which lies on the other side of the Olifants River.

Piketberg
Piketberg (also sometimes spelt Piquetberg in the past) is a town in the Western Cape, South Africa, located about 80 km east of Saldanha Bay.  The original spelling of the name was "Piquetberg". The town is in the foothills of the Piketberg mountains, a range of low mountains formed from Table Mountain Sandstone.

The area around the mountains is conducive to the farming of wheat, while the area on top of the Piketberg Mountains range (called Piket-Bo-Berg), being cooler and generally frost-free, is suited to the farming of fruit and Rooibos Tea.  Piketberg has a large Dutch Reformed Church designed by the architect Carl Otto Hager in his trademark neo-Gothic style.