hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Walton v. Arizona
Walton v. Arizona, 497 U.S. 639 (1990), was a United States Supreme Court case that upheld two important aspects of  the capital sentencing scheme in Arizona—judicial sentencing and the aggravating factor "especially heinous, cruel, or depraved"—as not unconstitutionally vague. The Court overruled the first of these holdings in Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584 (2002). The second of the holdings was not overturned.

Mitigating factor
In criminal law, a mitigating factor, also known as an extenuating circumstance, is any information or evidence presented to the court regarding the defendant or the circumstances of the crime that might result in reduced charges or a lesser sentence. Unlike a legal defense, the presentation of mitigating factors will not result in the acquittal of a defendant. The opposite of a mitigating factor is an aggravating factor.
Arthur T. Benjamin
Arthur T. Benjamin (born March 19, 1961) is an American mathematician who specializes in combinatorics. Since 1989, he has been a professor of mathematics at Harvey Mudd College, where he is the Smallwood Family Professor of Mathematics.

He is known for mental math capabilities and "Mathemagics" performances in front of live audiences. His mathematical abilities have been highlighted in newspaper and magazine articles, at TED Talks and on the Colbert Report.

The Teaching Company
The Teaching Company, doing business as The Great Courses Plus and formerly Wondrium, is an educational media production company which produces courses, documentaries, and series. The company distributes their content globally through a mix of direct-to-consumer models, such as their streaming service Wondrium.com and TheGreatCourses.com, as well as distribution through third party platforms like the Apple TV app, Audible, Amazon Prime, and Roku.

The Teaching Company, founded by Tom Rollins in 1990, changed its name to The Great Courses and then to Wondrium before returning to The Great Courses. It is currently owned by Brentwood Associates PE and is headquartered in Chantilly which is west of Fairfax, Virginia.
Sulfate adenylyltransferase (ADP)
In enzymology, a sulfate adenylyltransferase (ADP) (EC 2.7.7.5) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

ADP + sulfate  phosphate + adenylyl sulfate

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ADP and sulfate, whereas its two products are phosphate and adenylyl sulfate.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing nucleotide groups (nucleotidyltransferases).  The systematic name of this enzyme class is ADP:sulfate adenylyltransferase. Other names in common use include ADP-sulfurylase, sulfate (adenosine diphosphate) adenylyltransferase, and adenosine diphosphate sulfurylase.  This enzyme participates in sulfur metabolism.

Nucleotidyltransferase
Nucleotidyltransferases are transferase enzymes of phosphorus-containing groups, e.g., substituents of nucleotidylic acids or simply nucleoside monophosphates. The general reaction of transferring a nucleoside monophosphate moiety from A to B, can be written as:

A-P-N + B  A + B-P-N

For example, in the case of polymerases, A is pyrophosphate and B is the nascent polynucleotide.
They are classified under EC number 2.7.7 and they can be categorised into:

Uridylyltransferases, which transfer uridylyl- groups

Adenylyltransferases, which transfer adenylyl- groups

Guanylyltransferases, which transfer guanylyl- groups

Cytitidylyltransferases, which transfer cytidylyl- groups

Thymidylyltransferases, which transfer thymidylyl- groups
Cheoah Bald salamander
The Cheoah Bald salamander (Plethodon cheoah) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae endemic to the state of North Carolina in the United States. Its natural habitat is temperate forests and it is threatened by habitat loss. It was formerly considered a variant of the red-cheeked salamander until it was found to be a distinct species.

Red-cheeked salamander
The red-cheeked salamander (Plethodon jordani), also known as the Jordan's salamander, Jordan's redcheek salamander, or Appalachian woodland salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to the Appalachian Mountains in the southeastern United States.
Rogers Middle School for the Creative and Performing Arts
Rogers Middle School for the Creative and Performing Arts (Rogers CAPA) was an arts magnet school located in Garfield, near East Liberty, and Highland Park neighborhoods of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Rogers CAPA offers students nine Arts majors:  Creative Writing, Dance, Drama, Instrumental, Multimedia, Piano, Stagecraft, Visual Arts, and Vocal.

Admission is by portfolio or audition. Academic courses include Communications, Computers, Health, Library, Mathematics, Physical Education, Science, Social Studies, and Spanish.

Rogers CAPA is one of ten middle schools in the Pittsburgh Public Schools. In 2005 it was ranked 111th of 500 middle schools in the state of Pennsylvania.

In June 2009, this building was closed and the program was merged into the Pittsburgh Creative and Performing Arts School.

East Liberty (Pittsburgh)
East Liberty is a neighborhood in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania's East End. It is bordered by Highland Park, Morningside, Stanton Heights, Garfield, Friendship, Shadyside and Larimer, and falls largely within Pittsburgh City Council District 9, with a few areas in District 8. One of the most notable features in the East Liberty skyline is the East Liberty Presbyterian Church, which is an area landmark.
Wentworth Mansion
The Wentworth Mansion is a hotel in Charleston, South Carolina, United States.

It was built in 1886 as a home for cotton merchant Francis Silas Rodgers and his family. The mansion is Second Empire in style.

The Rodgers Mansion was purchased in 1920 for US$100,000 by the Scottish Rite Cathedral Association of Charleston, a Masonic organization. In 1922 it constructed an auditorium which could accommodate the organization's 600 members on the property, connected by a corridor to the mansion; the auditorium was removed some time later.

It is a contributing property in the Charleston Historic District.

It was listed as a member of Historic Hotels of America by the National Trust for Historic Preservation since 2003.

Charleston Historic District
The Charleston Historic District, alternatively known as Charleston Old and Historic District, is a National Historic Landmark District in Charleston, South Carolina. The district, which covers most of the historic peninsular heart of the city, contains an unparalleled collection of 18th and 19th-century architecture, including many distinctive Charleston "single houses".  It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960.

As noted by the New York Preservation Archive Project, the Charleston Old and Historic District's creation in 1931 established "the first historic district protected by local legislation in the United States and inspired legal protection of historic sites in New York City."  It is legally set up in the city's regulations.  According to Charleston's interactive zoning map, the "Old District" runs south from east-west Fishburne and Line streets.  The National Historic Landmark-designated district is smaller, running south from Bee Street.
KK Jagodina
Košarkaški klub Jagodina (Serbian Cyrillic: Кошаркашки клуб Јагодина), commonly referred to as KK Jagodina, is a men's professional basketball club based in Jagodina, Serbia. The club currently participates in the First Regional Basketball League.

2012–13 Basketball League of Serbia
The 2012–13 Basketball League of Serbia season is the 7th season of the Basketball League of Serbia, the highest professional basketball league in Serbia. It is also 69th national championship played by Serbian clubs inclusive of nation's previous incarnations as Yugoslavia and Serbia & Montenegro.

The first half of the season consists of 14 teams and 182-game regular season (26 games for each of the 14 teams) began on Saturday, October 8, 2012 and will end on Sunday, March 16, 2013. The second half of the season consists of 3 teams from Adriatic League and the best 5 teams from first half of the season. The first half is called First League and  second is called Super League.
Kokkamangalam
Kokkamangalam also known as Gokkamangalam is a village in Alappuzha district of Kerala state, south India. It is situated in between Cochin and Kumarakom and on the western shore of Vembanad Lake, 5 km east of the town of Cherthala, which has the nearest railway station.

Cherthala
Cherthala is a suburb and satellite town of Kochi City located in the Alappuzha district of Kerala, India, along National Highway 66.

As per the 2011 Indian census, Cherthala has a population of 45,821 people, and a population density of 2,727/km2 (7,060/sq mi).
Kristo Siimer
Kristo Siimer (born 14 May 1999) is an Estonian biathlete who has competed in the Biathlon World Cup since 2019.

He represented Estonia at the 2022 and 2026 Olympic Games. His best result to date is 14th place in the individual race at the 2024 Biathlon World Championships in Nové Město na Moravě.

International Biathlon Union
The International Biathlon Union (IBU; German: Internationale Biathlon-Union) is the IOC (International Olympic Committee) authorized  international governing body of biathlon. Its headquarters were in Salzburg, Austria, until May 2020, when the Federation moved to Anif, on the outskirts of the city. It was rocked by a corruption scandal that broke in 2018, concerning the Russians bribing its top two officials. In 2022 Russia and Belarus were suspended from all international biathlon competitions until further notice.
Hans-Karl Stepp
Hans-Karl Stepp (2 September 1914 – 12 December 2006) was a German ground attack pilot and wing commander during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, a grade of the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II.

German Cross
The War Order of the German Cross (German: Der Kriegsorden Deutsches Kreuz), normally abbreviated to the German Cross or Deutsches Kreuz, was instituted by Adolf Hitler on 28 September 1941. It was awarded in two divisions: in gold for repeated acts of bravery or military leadership; and in silver for distinguished non-combat war service. The German Cross in Gold ranked higher than the Iron Cross First Class but below the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, while the German Cross in Silver ranked higher than the War Merit Cross First Class with Swords but below the Knight's Cross of the War Merit Cross with Swords.
Jadavpur
Jadavpur is a neighbourhood of Southern Kolkata in Kolkata district in West Bengal, India. It is one of the important junctions in South Kolkata. Jadavpur University and a number of research institutes of national and international importance are located here.

Sealdah South section
Sealdah South section consists of a set of four lines which connect Sealdah in Kolkata with its southern suburbs and with the entire South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India. It is a part of the Kolkata Suburban Railway and is under the jurisdiction of the Sealdah railway division of the Eastern Railway zone of Indian Railways.

It is linked to the Sealdah Main and North section via the Kankurgachi Chord line at Park Circus and via the Kolkata Circular Railway at Majerhat Junction.

It also connects to the Kolkata Dock System Railway (KDS Railway) at Majerhat and Brace Bridge respectively.
Lisandro López (footballer, born 1983)
Lisandro López (born 2 March 1983), sometimes known as simply Lisandro, is an Argentine former professional footballer. Primarily a striker, he was also capable of playing on the wings.

After starting out at Racing Club in 2003, he spent four years each with Porto in Portugal and Lyon in France, winning eight major titles between the two teams. He also played professionally in Qatar, Brazil and the United States, before returning to Argentina.

López won seven caps for the Argentina national team in four years, having made his debut in 2005.

2008–09 Taça de Portugal
2008–09 Taça de Portugal was the 86th season of Portuguese football knockout tournament. The competition started on August 30, 2008 with the first round and ended with the final held in on May 31, 2009. The defending champions were Sporting CP.
Beauty and the Boss (TV series)
Beauty and the Boss (Chinese: 愛美麗狂想曲; lit. Amelia's Rhapsody) is a Hong Kong television series created by television network TVB, with Marco Law serving as producer. It premiered exclusively on the myTV Super streaming service in December 2020 as the platform's original series, before airing on TVB Jade from 22 March 2021 to 30 April 2021 for 30 episodes. A romantic comedy at its core, the series stars Ali Lee, Moses Chan, Edwin Siu, Raymond Cho, Jeannie Chan, Harriet Yeung, and Zoie Tam, and chronicles the lives of colleagues and friends working at the fictional public relations company Skywise Strategy Group.

TVB Jade
TVB Jade (Chinese: 無綫電視翡翠台), or simply Jade, is a Hong Kong Cantonese-language free-to-air television channel owned and operated by Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB) as its flagship service, alongside its sister network, the English-language TVB Pearl. Broadcasting started on 19 November 1967. It is headquartered at TVB City at the Tseung Kwan O Industrial Estate in Tseung Kwan O, in the Sai Kung District. Primarily broadcasting entertainment programming, TVB Jade has historically been the most dominant television channel in the region in terms of viewership, with its closest competitor having been the now-defunct ATV Home.

Jade primarily broadcasts in the Cantonese language; it has also offered programs with alternative audio tracks in Mandarin, English, and other foreign languages. Some shows also offer subtitles in multiple languages.
Thein Tun Oo
Thein Tun Oo (Burmese: သိန်းထွန်းဦး, also spelt Thein Htun Oo; born 16 August 1966) is a Burmese politician who served as member of parliament in the Pyithu Hluttaw for Amarapura Township from 2011 to 2016. In the 2010 Myanmar general election, he contested the Amarapura Township constituency for a seat in the Pyithu Hluttaw MP, the country's lower house. He is a spokesman and Central committee member of the Union Solidarity and Development Party.

Amarapura District
Amarapura District (Burmese: အမရပူရ ခရိုင်) is the district of Mandalay Region, Myanmar. Partly included under Mandalay City Development Committee and Mandalay. Its principal town is Amarapura. Amarapura District has only one township. So, Amarapura District is also Amarapura Township.
Waxiang Chinese
Waxiang (simplified Chinese: 瓦乡话; traditional Chinese: 瓦鄉話; pinyin: Wǎxiānghuà; ɕioŋ˥tsa˧) is a divergent variety of Chinese, spoken by the Waxiang people, an unrecognized ethnic minority group in the northwestern part of Hunan province, China. Waxiang is a distinct language, and is very different from the surrounding Southwestern Mandarin, Xiang Chinese, and the Eastern Miao (Xong) languages.

Yongshun County
Yongshun County (simplified Chinese: 永顺县; traditional Chinese: 永順縣; pinyin: Yǒngshùn Xiàn) is a county of Hunan Province, China. It is under the administration of Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture.

Located on the western part of Hunan and the northeastern Xiangxi, the county is bordered to the northeast by Sangzhi County, to the east by Yongding District of Zhangjiajie City, to the southeast by Yuanling County, to the south by Guzhang County, to the southwest by Baojing County, and to the west by Longshan County. Yongshun County covers an area of 3,811.7 km2 (1,471.7 sq mi), and as of 2015, It had a registered population of 538,200 and a resident population of 448,500. The county has 12 towns  and 11 townships under its jurisdiction, and the county seat is Lingxi Town (灵溪镇).
Rick Byas
Richard Reese Byas Jr. (October 19, 1950) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive back in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Eastern Michigan Eagles and Wayne State Warriors. He was a 1987 inductee to the Wayne State University Athletic Hall of Fame.

Punt (gridiron football)
In gridiron football, a punt is a kick performed by dropping the ball from the hands and then kicking the ball before it hits the ground. The most common use of this tactic is to punt the ball downfield to the opposing team, usually on the final down, with the hope of maximizing the distance the opposing team must advance in order to score. The result of a typical punt, barring any penalties or extraordinary circumstances, is a first down for the receiving team. A punt is not to be confused with a drop kick, a kick after the ball hits the ground, now rare in both American and Canadian football.

The type of punt leads to different motion of the football. Alex Moffat invented the now-common spiral punt, as opposed to end-over-end.
2022–23 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group E
The 2022–23 Vijay Hazare Trophy is the twenty first season of the Vijay Hazare Trophy, a List A cricket tournament that is being played in India. It was contested by 38 teams, divided into five groups, with seven teams in Group E. The tournament was announced by the BCCI on 8 August 2022.

India national under-19 cricket team
The Indian men’s national Under-19 cricket team represents India in cricket at Under-19 level. The team has won six Under-19 World Cups and has the best win percentage in ODIs among all Under-19 national teams.

The team has won the Under-19 World Cup six times and finished runners-up four times. In 2000, they won it under the captaincy of Mohammad Kaif, in 2008, they won it under Virat Kohli's leadership, in 2012 under Unmukt Chand, in 2018 under Prithvi Shaw, and in 2022 under Yash Dhull. Ayush Mhatre led the team to their 6th title in 2026.

The team is currently captained by Ayush Mhatre, and coached by former India cricketer Hrishikesh Kanitkar.
Black River (Red Lake River tributary)
The Black River is a 33.7-mile-long (54.2 km) tributary of the Red Lake River of Minnesota in the United States.  Via the Red Lake River, the Red River of the North, Lake Winnipeg, and the Nelson River, it is part of the Hudson Bay watershed.

The Black River was so named on account of its peat-stained waters.

Nelson River
The Nelson River is a river of north-central North America, in the Canadian province of Manitoba. The river drains Lake Winnipeg and runs 644 kilometres (400 mi) before it ends in Hudson Bay near Port Nelson. Its full length (including the Saskatchewan River and Bow River) is 2,575 kilometres (1,600 mi), it has mean discharge of 2,370 cubic metres per second (84,000 cu ft/s), and has a drainage basin of 1,072,300 square kilometres (414,000 sq mi), of which 180,000 square kilometres (69,000 sq mi) is in the United States.
2010 North African Cup of Champions
The 2010 North African Cup of Champions was the third edition of the competition since its inception in 2008. The league champions from Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Tunisia will face off for the title.

Tunisian side Club Africain won the title after defeating MC Alger of Algeria 3-1 on aggregate in the final. It was the second time that the club won the competition.

North African Cup of Champions
The North African Cup of Champions was a tournament designed by the Union of North African Football (UNAF) that puts together the winners of the domestic leagues around North Africa. The tournament contains representatives from Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia.
2022 Iowa Amendment 1
2022 Iowa Amendment 1 was an amendment to the 1857 Constitution of Iowa that passed on November 8, 2022, via a statewide referendum concurrent with other elections across the state. This amendment adds a provision to the constitution of Iowa declaring that there is a fundamental individual right to keep and bear arms and establishes that any state laws regarding guns "shall be subject to strict scrutiny".

2022 Iowa elections
A general election was held in the U.S. state of Iowa on November 8, 2022. All of Iowa's executive officers were up for election, as well as a United States Senate seat, all four of Iowa's seats in the United States House of Representatives, 25 (half) of the seats in the Iowa Senate, and all 100 seats in the Iowa House of Representatives. Primary elections were held on June 7, 2022.

The Republican Party of Iowa had a very successful election. All three statewide incumbent Republicans (governor, secretary of agriculture, and secretary of state) won reelection by more than 18%, two of three statewide incumbent Democrats (28-year incumbent attorney general and 40-year incumbent treasurer) lost to Republican challengers, and the remaining incumbent Democrat (4-year incumbent auditor) won by less than 3,000 votes and 0.24%. Republicans also won all 4 of Iowa's U.S. House seats.
Michael Hoyt (politician)
Michael (Mike) Hoyt is an American politician from Vermont. He has been a Democratic member of the Vermont House of Representatives for the Windsor 4 District since 2025. He was appointed to replace Heather Surprenant by Governor Phil Scott. He is a Hartford select board member.

Phil Scott
Philip Brian Scott (born August 4, 1958) is an American politician, stock car racer, and businessman who has served since 2017 as the 82nd governor of Vermont. A member of the Republican Party, he was a representative for the Washington District in the Vermont Senate from 2001 to 2011 and the 81st lieutenant governor of Vermont from 2011 to 2017.

Scott was first elected governor of Vermont in the 2016 general election, and was reelected in 2018, 2020, 2022, and 2024. Scott's 2024 margin of victory is the largest in any Vermont gubernatorial election since 1946. As of 2025, Scott is the second-longest serving incumbent governor in the U.S.

One of the nation's most popular governors, Scott is often described as a moderate Republican or a liberal Republican. According to the Cook Partisan Voting Index, Vermont is the most Democratic-leaning U.S. state (D+17).
Paweł Kempka
Paweł Kempka (born 4 June 1886 in Brynów, died 29 October 1972 in Chorzów) was a Polish lawyer, national activist, and local government official. He was a co-creator of the legal system of the Silesian Voivodeship, MP to the Silesian Parliament representing the Polish Christian Democratic Party, and the first president of the Alliance of Democrats in Chorzów.

Wojciech Korfanty
Wojciech Korfanty (IPA: [ˈvɔjt͡ɕɛx kɔrˈfantɨ]; born Adalbert Korfanty; 20 April 1873 – 17 August 1939) was a Polish activist, journalist and politician, who served as a member of the German parliaments, the Reichstag and the Prussian Landtag, and later, in the Polish Sejm. Briefly, he also was a paramilitary leader, known for organizing the Polish Silesian Uprisings in Upper Silesia, which after World War I was contested by Germany and Poland. Korfanty fought to protect Poles from discrimination and the policies of Germanisation in Upper Silesia before the war and sought to join Silesia to Poland after Poland regained its independence. His assessment varies, while in Poland he is viewed as a freedom fighter, in Germany he was viewed as a nationalist and coup leader.
Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6
LIP6 is a joint research unit (UMR 7606) specialized in computer science. It is one of the largest computer science laboratories in France, with more than 150 permanent researchers and around 130 PHD candidates. It is associated with the CNRS, the French state research organization, and Sorbonne University.

LIP6's current name comes from the acronym of its historical name as the Computer Science Laboratory of Paris 6 (in French: Laboratoire d’Informatique de Paris 6). It was founded in January 1997 through the fusion of three smaller research laboratories.

Unité mixte de recherche
In France, a unité mixte de recherche (UMR), or joint research unit as translated into English, is an administrative type of research laboratory that is partially supported by CNRS and partially by other organizations or universities, in terms of funds, academic and non-academic staff, and other type of support.