hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Doomsday conjecture
In algebraic topology, the doomsday conjecture was a conjecture about Ext groups over the Steenrod algebra made by Joel Cohen, named by Michael Barratt, published by Milgram (1971, conjecture 73) and disproved by Mahowald (1977). Minami (1995) stated a modified version called the new doomsday conjecture.

The original doomsday conjecture was that for any prime p and positive integer s there are only a finite number of permanent cycles in

Mahowald (1977) found an infinite number of permanent cycles for p = s = 2, disproving the conjecture.  Minami's new doomsday conjecture is a weaker form stating (in the case p = 2) that there are no nontrivial permanent cycles in the image of (Sq0)n for n sufficiently large depending on s.

Algebraic topology
Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism, though usually most classify up to homotopy equivalence.

Although algebraic topology primarily uses algebra to study topological problems, using topology to solve algebraic problems is sometimes also possible. Algebraic topology, for example, allows for a convenient proof that any subgroup of a free group is again a free group.
Marvin Compper
Marvin Compper (born 14 June 1985) is a German football manager and a former player who played as a centre back. He is an assistant coach for Swiss club St. Gallen. He won one cap for the Germany national team.

Borussia Mönchengladbach II
Borussia Mönchengladbach II is a German association football club from the town of Mönchengladbach, North Rhine-Westphalia. It is the reserve team of Borussia Mönchengladbach.

The team's greatest success has been promotion to the tier four Regionalliga West where it won a league championship in 2014–15. It has also taken part in the first round of the DFB-Pokal, the German Cup, on one occasion, courtesy of a Lower Rhine Cup win.
Henry McBride (art critic)
Henry McBride (July 25, 1867 – March 31, 1962) was an American art critic known for his support of modern artists, both European and American, in the first half of the twentieth century. As a writer during the 1920s for the newspaper The New York Sun and the avant-garde magazine The Dial, McBride became one of the most influential supporters of modern art in his time. He also wrote for Creative Art (1928-1932) and Art News (1950-1959). Living to be ninety-five, McBride was born in the era of Winslow Homer and the Hudson River School and lived to see the rise of Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, and the New York School.

Alfred Stieglitz
Alfred Stieglitz HonFRPS (/ˈstiːɡlɪts/; January 1, 1864 – July 13, 1946) was an American photographer and modern art promoter who was instrumental over his 50-year career in making photography an accepted art form. In addition to his photography, Stieglitz was known for the New York art galleries that he ran in the early part of the 20th century, where he introduced many avant-garde European artists to the U.S. He was married to painter Georgia O'Keeffe.
Bruce Botelho
Bruce M. Botelho (born October 6, 1948) is an American attorney and politician in the U.S. state of Alaska. He served as the mayor of Juneau from 1988 to 1991 and from 2003 to 2012. Born and raised in Juneau, where his father was a top official of the Alaska Highway Patrol, Botelho has pursued concurrent careers in law and politics, largely with success. He also previously served a term as mayor from 1988 to 1991, defeating former Alaska Secretary of State Robert W. Ward in the election. He spent most of his professional career as an employee of the Alaska Department of Law. He rose to the top position in the department in 1994, when Governor Walter Hickel appointed him to be the Alaska Attorney General. Retained by Hickel's successor, Tony Knowles, Botelho served as Attorney General for nearly nine years before retiring from state service.

Alaska Attorney General
The Alaska Attorney General is the chief legal advisor to the government of the State of Alaska and to its governor. The Attorney General is appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Alaska Legislature. The position has existed since the early days of the Territory of Alaska, though it was an elected rather than an appointed position prior to statehood. The Attorney General also serves as the Commissioner of the Alaska Department of Law, and is the only commissioner of a principal department of Alaska state government not referred to as "Commissioner" in normal usage.
Cap Blanc Lighthouse
The Cap Blanc Lighthouse (also known as the Ras Nouadhibou Lighthouse) is an active  lighthouse located on Ras Nouadhibou (French: Cap Blanc) in Mauritania.  Constructed in 1910, it is today located only a few feet from Mauritania's border with Western Sahara.  In recent years the lighthouse has been incorporated as the rear range light of a pair of leading lights. A modern fiberglass light structure forms the front of the range.  The lighthouse serves as a landfall light for the port of Nouadhibou. A few kilometers northeast near Cansado is the Pointe de Cansado lighthouse, built in 1913.

Cansado
Cansado (Arabic: كانصادو) is a coastal town in north-western Mauritania on the Ras Nouadhibou peninsula.  It is located in the Nouadhibou Department in the Dakhlet Nouadhibou region.

It was built from scratch in the early 1960s for the staff administering the port and railhead for the iron ore mining company MIFERMA (Societe Anonyme des Mines de Fer de Mauritanie) as part of their iron mine development project at Zouérate.

Nearby towns and villages include Uad Guenifa (3.9 nmi (7.2 km; 4.5 mi)), La Batterie (2.1 nmi (3.9 km; 2.4 mi)), Nouadhibou (3.5 nmi (6.5 km; 4.0 mi)), Bir Gandus (54 nmi (100 km; 62 mi)), Tanoudert (59.6 nmi (110.4 km; 68.6 mi)) and Iouik (72 nmi (133 km; 83 mi)).
Nova União (mixed martial arts)
22°56′11″S 43°10′39″W﻿ / ﻿22.936352°S 43.177546°W﻿ / -22.936352; -43.177546﻿ (Nova União)

Nova União (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈnɔvɐ uniˈɐ̃w]) is a Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) academy and mixed martial arts team located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is one of the top professional MMA training camps.  Their BJJ black belts have participated in BJJ, submission grappling and MMA competitions all over the world.

B.J. Penn's victory at the Mundials marked the first time a non-Brazilian native won gold in the black belt category. Since 2008 Nova União has become a familiar name in the mixed martial arts scene as a result of stabling the former #1 ranked featherweight fighter in the world, José Aldo, as well as Renan Barão, the former UFC Bantamweight champion, and another top ten ranked featherweight in Marlon Sandro.

Bellator MMA
Bellator MMA (formerly Bellator Fighting Championships) was an American mixed martial arts promotion founded in 2008 by Bjorn Rebney and operated until 2025. The promotion takes its name from bellātor, the Latin word for "warrior". Bellator's first event was in 2009, and the promotion held 313 "numbered" events.

Bellator was considered the second largest MMA promotion in the United States, and one of the largest combat sport promotions in the world. Paramount Global (formerly Viacom) purchased majority ownership of Bellator from Rebney in 2011, with Paramount's television networks serving as the promotion's media broadcasters in the United States. On November 20, 2023, after then-broadcast home Showtime announced the discontinuation of its sports division, Bellator MMA was acquired by the Professional Fighters League (PFL).
Broughton Gifford Halt railway station
Broughton Gifford Halt was a small railway station serving Broughton Gifford in Wiltshire, England, opened in 1905 for the newly introduced steam railcar service between Chippenham and Trowbridge.

The halt was southeast of the village at the Mill Lane bridge, near the road between Melksham and Bradford-on-Avon; it was closed in 1955 but the line remains open.

Chippenham railway station
Chippenham railway station is on the Great Western Main Line (GWML) in South West England, serving the town of Chippenham, Wiltshire. It is 93 miles 76 chains (93.95 mi; 151.2 km) down the line from the zero point at London Paddington and is situated between Swindon and Bath Spa on the GWML. The Wessex Main Line diverges from the GWML to the southwest of Chippenham and runs to Trowbridge via Melksham.

The station is managed by Great Western Railway, which also operates all the trains that call. Only two platforms remain in use; the platform by the main entrance is now disused.
History of institutions in Mesopotamia
The history of institutions in Mesopotamia concerns the origin and evolution of institutions (economic, social or political) in the Mesopotamian civilization. Its history spans from the emergence of civilization and the existence of written records that allow History to be made until the fall of the Chaldean or Neo-Babylonian Empire, the last Mesopotamian empire.

The origin of the institutions belonging to civilization – basically the social differentiation inherent to the division of labour and its organization on an urban scale, the construction of power in the primitive States and the establishment of institutionalized religions with temples and clergy — occurred in Mesopotamia and Egypt from the 4th millennium B.C. onwards.

Lugal-zage-si
Lugal-Zage-Si (LUGAL.ZAG.GE.SI 𒈗𒍠𒄀𒋛; frequently spelled Lugalzaggesi, sometimes Lugalzagesi or "Lugal-Zaggisi") of Umma (died c. 2334 BC) was the last Sumerian king before the conquest of Sumer by Sargon of Akkad and the rise of the Akkadian Empire, and was considered as the only king of the third dynasty of Uruk, according to the Sumerian King List. Initially, as king of Umma, he led the final victory of Umma in the generation-long conflict with the city-state Lagash for the fertile plain of Gu-Edin. Following up on this success, he then united Sumer briefly as a single kingdom.
1920–21 Montreal Canadiens season
The 1920–21 Montreal Canadiens season was the team's 12th season and fourth as a member of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Canadiens, for the second season in a row, did not qualify for the playoffs, finishing third in the first half and second in the second half of the season.

The team saw some turnover from the previous season's team. Harry Cameron, Billy Coutu, Jack Coughlin, Howard McNamara and Don Smith were gone. In their place was Billy Bell, Dave Campbell, Jack McDonald, Harry Mummery, Dave Ritchie and  Cully Wilson. Coutu was traded to the new Hamilton Tigers for Mummery. Cameron returned to Toronto and picked up Wilson. McDonald and Ritchie were picked up as free agents while Campbell was a new professional from the Laval University ranks and would only play in three games.

Billy Coutu
Wilfrid Arthur Coutu (March 1, 1892 – February 25, 1977), nicknamed "Wild Beaver", was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played ten seasons in the National Hockey League for the Montreal Canadiens, the Hamilton Tigers, and the Boston Bruins. Known for his fiery temper, Coutu was once given 42 penalty minutes in a 1923 playoff game against the Ottawa Senators, still a record to this day. He is the only player ever to have been banned from the NHL for life, as a result of his attack on a referee in 1927.

While a member of the Montreal Canadiens, Coutu was one of the players hospitalized during the cancelled 1919 Stanley Cup series, won the Stanley Cup in the 1923–24 NHL season, and was captain of the team in the 1925–26 NHL season. After his eviction from the NHL, Coutu played a total of four years in the Canadian-American Hockey League (C-AHL) and American Hockey Association (AHA), then coached the C-AHL's Providence Reds.
Todd Hammel
Todd Layne Hammel (born December 7, 1966) is a former professional arena football player who played for 10 teams since his Arena Football League (AFL) career began in 1992. He is the great-grandson of Oklahoma Indian Chief Quana Parker and a member of the Comanche tribe. He is a distant relative of QB Sam Bradford.

Cleveland Gladiators
The Cleveland Gladiators were an arena football team based in Cleveland, Ohio, and members of the Arena Football League (AFL). The Gladiators played their home games at Quicken Loans Arena, which they shared with the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association and the Cleveland Monsters of the American Hockey League. The franchise was originally based in East Rutherford, New Jersey, and then later in Las Vegas, Nevada, before relocating to Cleveland for the 2008 AFL season. The Gladiators qualified for the playoffs eight times in their history, reaching the ArenaBowl in 2014.

The Gladiators announced that they would not play the 2018 and 2019 seasons due to renovations on Quicken Loans Arena that required it to close during the NBA offseason and were granted a two-season hiatus. Before the team could return in 2020, the league filed for bankruptcy and ceased operations.
Comité Territorial Olympique et Sportif de Nouvelle-Calédonie
The Comité Territorial Olympique et Sportif de Nouvelle-Calédonie (CTOS) is a National Olympic Committee. The committee is an associate member of the Oceania National Olympic Committees. It represents New Caledonia in sporting events such as the Pacific Games and the Pacific Mini Games. However, the association does not participate in the Olympic Games.

Oceania National Olympic Committees
The Oceania National Olympic Committees (ONOC) is an international organization that congregates the 17 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) of Oceania.

It often assembles with other continental NOCs in the form of the Association of National Olympic Committees (ANOC).
John Pepper
József Pogány, known in English as John Pepper or Joseph Pogany, (November 8, 1886 – February 8, 1938) was a Hungarian Communist politician. He later served as a functionary in the Communist International (Comintern) in Moscow, before being cashiered in 1929. Later as an official in the Soviet government, Pepper ran afoul of the secret police and was executed during the Great Terror of 1937–38.

C. E. Ruthenberg
Charles Emil Ruthenberg (July 9, 1882 – March 1, 1927) was an American Marxist politician who was the founder and first head of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA). He is one of five Americans to be buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.
Marvel Peak
Marvel Peak is a 2,650-metre (8,690-foot) mountain summit located in the southern tip of Banff National Park, in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta, Canada. Marvel Peak is situated in the Blue Range, three kilometres from the Continental Divide, and not visible from any road. Marvel Peak's nearest higher peak is Wonder Peak, 3.29 km (2.04 mi) to the north-northwest.

Wonder Peak
Wonder Peak is located on the border of Alberta and British Columbia in the Canadian Rockies. Situated on the Continental Divide, it also straddles the shared boundary of Banff National Park with Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park. It was named in 1913 by Arthur O. Wheeler and Conrad Kain.
Holy Week in Popayán
The Holy Week in Popayán, Cauca (Colombia), is the celebration of the Passion and death of Jesus Christ through daily processions continuously performed since the sixteenth century between Friday of Sorrows nights and Holy Saturday. The processions take place in the ancient streets of the "White City". Religious images of Spanish, Andalusian, Quito, Italian and Payanes arranged on a wooden platform with four front and four back "barrotes" (bars) are carried in the shoulders of the "Cargueros". These images are representations of different episodes recounted in the Gospels on the Passion, Crucifixion and Death of Jesus Christ. Each performance is a "paso" (step). The steps are taken through the streets, a distance of a cross-shaped layout since the time of the Conquest, passing by the main churches and temples of the city.

On September 30, 2009 it was declared a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by the UNESCO committee.

Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption, Popayán
The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption  (Spanish: Catedral Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción) also called Popayán Cathedral It is a Catholic cathedral dedicated to the Virgin Mary under the title of Our Lady of the Assumption of Popayán.
Warm Leatherette (album)
Warm Leatherette is the fourth studio album by Jamaican singer Grace Jones, released on 9 May 1980 by Island Records. The album features contributions from the reggae production duo Sly and Robbie and is a departure from Jones's earlier disco sound, moving towards a new wave-reggae direction.

Jean-Paul Goude
Jean-Paul Goude (born in Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis 8 December 1938) is a French graphic designer, illustrator, photographer, advertising film director and event designer. He worked as art director at Esquire magazine in New York City during the 1970s, and choreographed the 1989 Bicentennial Parade in Paris to mark the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution. In addition, over the last three decades, he has created campaigns and illustrations for brands including Perrier, Citroën, Kodak, Chanel, Kenzo, Shiseido, Cacharel, H&M, Galeries Lafayette and Desigual.
Museum of Political Repression Victims
The Museum of Political Repression Victims is a museum in Baku, Azerbaijan. It is located in the building where the branches of the main repressive bodies of the Soviet state, namely the Emergency Commission, the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs and Committee for State Security were located. There were detention cells in the basement of the building, questioning rooms, and places where inmates were shot who sentenced for death

The museum's exposition tells about the saddest years of Azerbaijan's history, the repressive policy of the USSR in 1920–1950, which resulted in the political repression of hundred of thousands of public figures and statesmen, delegates of art, culture, science and ordinary citizens.

Political repression in the Soviet Union
Throughout the history of the Soviet Union, tens of millions of people suffered political repression, which was an instrument of the state since the October Revolution. It culminated during the Stalin era, then declined, but it continued to exist during the "Khrushchev Thaw", followed by increased persecution of Soviet dissidents during the Brezhnev era, and it did not cease to exist until late in Mikhail Gorbachev's rule when it was ended in keeping with his policies of glasnost and perestroika.
Tukroo
Tukroo is a village, situated between Keegam and Shopian which is 12 km (7.5 mi) away from Pulwama district, 10 km (6.2 mi) from Shopian district, and 44.5 km (27.7 mi) from state summer capital Srinagar. Its district headquarters are located in Shopian district in Indian administered state of Jammu and Kashmir. This village is 11 km (6.8 mi) away from Mughal Road which intersects the mountains of Pir Panjal Range.

Shopian district
Shopian district (Urdu pronunciation: [ʃoːpɪjɑ̃ː]), known as Shupyan (Kashmiri pronunciation: [ʃupʲjan]) in Kashmiri, is an administrative district of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region. It is a hill district with its administrative headquarters in Shopian town. As it is situated on the historical road commonly known as Mughal Road, most of its area is occupied by forests. Shopian district comes under the Pir Panjal Range which makes it very cold in winter. After partition of India, it was a tehsil of Pulwama district. In March, 2007, the district status was granted by the Government of India. The economy of the district depends on agriculture, particularly apple growing.

Shopian district is called "the apple bowl of Kashmir".
Ngao River
The Ngao River (Thai: แม่น้ำงาว, RTGS: Maenam Ngao, pronounced [mɛ̂ː.náːm ŋāːw]; Northern Thai: ᨶᩣᩴ᩶ᩯᨾ᩵ᨦᩣ᩠ᩅ, pronounced [náːm mɛ̂ː.ŋāːw]) is a river of Thailand with its source in the Phi Pan Nam Range. It is a tributary of the Yom River, part of the Chao Phraya River basin.

The Ngao  in this basin should not be confused with the Ngao River that is a tributary of the Yuam River (แม่น้ำยวม), part of the Salween basin, located to the west.

Yuam River
The Yuam River (Thai: แม่น้ำยวม; Northern Thai: น้ำแม่ยวม) is a river in northwestern Thailand, part of the Salween watershed. It originates in the mountains of the Thanon Thong Chai Range, Khun Yuam District, Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand. The river flows in a north–south direction and then in Sop Moei District it bends westwards and then northwestwards, forming a stretch of the Thai/Burmese border shortly before it joins the left bank of the Moei River, shortly before its confluence with the Salween.

The Ngao River, which unlike most rivers in Thailand flows northwards, is one of the Yuam's main tributaries.
Aspen parkland
Aspen parkland refers to a very large area of transitional biome between prairie and boreal forest in two sections, namely the Peace River Country of northwestern Alberta crossing the border into British Columbia, and a much larger area stretching from central Alberta, all across central Saskatchewan to south central Manitoba and continuing into small parts of the US states of Minnesota and North Dakota. Aspen parkland consists of groves of aspen, poplar and spruce, interspersed with areas of prairie grasslands, also intersected by large stream and river valleys lined with aspen-spruce forests and dense shrubbery. This is the largest boreal-grassland transition zone in the world and is a zone of constant competition and tension as prairie and woodlands struggle to overtake each other within the parkland.

This article focuses on this biome in North America. Similar biomes also exist in Russia north of the steppes (forest steppe).

Prairies Ecozone
The Prairies Ecozone is a Canadian terrestrial ecozone which spans the southern areas of the Prairie provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. It is a productive agricultural area, and is commonly referred to as "Canada's breadbasket". Farmland covers about 94% of the land, and is the dominant domestic economic activity of the zone, as well as an important factor in Canadian foreign trade. Natural gas and oil are abundant in the area.  The corresponding Level II ecoregion of the US Environmental Protection Agency is the Great Plains Ecoregion.
Camidanlumab tesirine
Camidanlumab tesirine (Cami-T or ADCT-301) is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of a human antibody that binds to the protein CD25, conjugated to a pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer toxin. 
The experimental drug, developed by ADC Therapeutics is being tested in clinical trials for the treatment of B-cell Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and for the treatment of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Antibody–drug conjugate
Antibody–drug conjugates or ADCs are a class of bioconjugates and immunoconjugates. ADCs are composed of an antibody linked to a cytotoxic (anticancer) "payload" or drug.

Among treatment options for cancer, chemotherapy is most widely used. Its main limitation is low target specificity. Unlike chemotherapy, ADCs target tumor cells while sparing healthy cells. As of 2019, some 56 pharmaceutical companies were developing ADCs.

ADCs combine the targeting properties of monoclonal antibodies with the cancer-killing capabilities of cytotoxic drugs, designed to discriminate between healthy and diseased tissue.