hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Grade (ring theory)
In commutative and homological algebra, the grade of a finitely generated module  over a Noetherian ring  is a cohomological invariant defined by vanishing of Ext-modules

For an ideal  the grade is defined via the quotient ring viewed as a module over

The grade is used to define perfect ideals. In general we have the inequality

where the projective dimension is another cohomological invariant.

The grade is tightly related to the depth, since

Under the same conditions on  and  as above, one also defines the -grade of  as

This notion is tied to the existence of maximal -sequences contained in  of length .

Ext functor
In mathematics, the Ext functors are the derived functors of the Hom functor. Along with the Tor functor, Ext is one of the core concepts of homological algebra, in which ideas from algebraic topology are used to define invariants of algebraic structures. The cohomology of groups, Lie algebras, and associative algebras can all be defined in terms of Ext. The name comes from the fact that the first Ext group Ext1 classifies extensions of one module by another.

In the special case of abelian groups, Ext was introduced by Reinhold Baer in 1934. It was named by Samuel Eilenberg and Saunders MacLane in 1942, and applied to topology (the universal coefficient theorem for cohomology). For modules over any ring, Ext was defined by Henri Cartan and Eilenberg in 1956.
Indomania
Indomania or Indophilia refer to the special interest that India, Indians and their cultures and traditions have generated across the world, more specifically among the cultures and civilisations of the Indian subcontinent, as well those of the Arab and Western world. The initial British interest in governing their newly absorbed territories awoke the interest in India, in particular its culture and ancient history. Later the people with interests in Indian aspects came to be known as Indologists and their subject as Indology. The opposite of Indomania is Indophobia.

Al-Masudi
al-Masʿūdī (full name Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī al-Masʿūdī, أبو الحسن علي بن الحسين بن علي المسعودي), c. 896–956, was a historian, geographer and traveler. He is sometimes referred to as the "Herodotus of the Arabs". A polymath and prolific author of over twenty works on theology, history (Islamic and universal), geography, natural science and philosophy, his celebrated magnum opus The Meadows of Gold (Murūj al-Dhahab) combines universal history with scientific geography, social commentary and biography.
Gurkha Memorial, London
The Memorial to the Brigade of Gurkhas on Horse Guards Avenue, Whitehall, London, was unveiled by Queen Elizabeth II on 3 December 1997. This was the first memorial to Gurkha soldiers in the United Kingdom, and was occasioned by transfer of their headquarters and training  centre from Hong Kong to London in 1997. The sculptor was Philip Jackson, working from a statue of 1924 by Richard Reginald Goulden in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, and the plinth was designed by Cecil Denny Highton.

Two casts of Goulden's sculpture had previously been erected in locations in Nepal as World War I memorials to the Gurkhas, the first at Kunraghat in 1928 and the second at Birpur in 1930. The memorial in London is more than one and a half times the size of this model, so Jackson worked the figure up in his own style and from a living model, Captain Khemkumar Limbu. One of several inscriptions on the plinth is a quotation from Sir Ralph Lilley Turner, a former officer in the 3rd Gurkha Rifles.

3rd Gorkha Rifles
The 3rd Gorkha Rifles or Third Gorkha Rifles, abbreviated as 3 GR is an Indian Army infantry regiment. It was originally a Gurkha regiment of the British Indian Army formed in 1815. This regiment recruit mainly Magars and Gurung  tribes. They were present at a number of actions and wars including the siege of Delhi in 1857 to the First and Second World Wars. After the Partition of India in 1947 the regiment was one of the six Gorkha regiments transferred to the Indian Army as part of the Tripartite Agreement signed between India, Nepal and Britain at the time of Indian independence. Prior to independence, the regiment was known as the 3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles. In 1950 the regiment's title was changed to 3rd Gorkha Rifles. Since 1947 the regiment has participated in a number of conflicts including the 1947 and 1971 wars against Pakistan.
Julian Moynahan
Julian Lane Moynahan (March 21, 1925 – March 21, 2014) was an American academic, librarian, literary critic, poet, and novelist. Much of Moynahan's academic work was focussed on D. H. Lawrence and Vladimir Nabokov. He was active as a book reviewer for leading publications on both sides of the Atlantic and was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1983.

Dmitri Nabokov
Dmitri Vladimirovich Nabokov (Russian: Дми́трий Влади́мирович Набо́ков; May 10, 1934 – February 22, 2012) was an American opera singer and translator. Born in Berlin, he was the only child of Russian parents: author Vladimir Nabokov and his wife Véra; they emigrated to the United States from France in 1940. He later was naturalized. In his later years, Nabokov translated many of his father's works into other languages, and served as the executor of his father's literary estate.
Suri Sadar Hospital
Suri Sadar Hospital is a district hospital situated at  Suri, the District Headquarters of Birbhum district, India. It is also one of the three super-specialty hospitals built in Birbhum district. Apart from people of  Suri, people of neighbouring villages and towns (such as,  Rajnagar,  Mohammad Bazar, Purandarpur, Sainthia etc.) and even the people of neighbouring state Jharkhand also depend on this hospital.

The total number of beds in this hospital is 520. During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, a coronavirus testing laboratory was established at the Suri Sadar Hospital.

Suri, Birbhum
Suri (/ˈsʊəri/) (also spelt as Siuri) is a city and a municipality in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the headquarters of the Birbhum district. This city was established during the British Period (1876), makes it one of the oldest municipalities in the State.Suri is a rapidly growing municipality, makes it one the best suitable choices for living among the district people.Suri is the second largest and 2nd most Populous city in Birbhum District after Bolpur.Suri is the most densely populated city in the district. Located at the banks of Mayurakshi River and exactly in the centre of the district make this city an Political,cultural,commercial hub. Suri holds the record of biggest Kali Puja in the district and one of the largest Visarjan of West Bengal. This city is famous for its Murabba Sweet, which is originally came to Suri from Lucknow.
Greya variata
Greya variata is a moth of the family Prodoxidae. It is found in herb-rich meadows and along forest edges in the central Rocky Mountains at the border between the United States and Canada.

The wingspan is 11–13 mm. The forewings have a dark brown base and two pale tan-coloured patches. The hindwings are slightly lighter and have no pattern.

The larvae possibly feed on Osmorhiza occidentalis.

Prodoxidae
The Prodoxidae are a family of moths, generally small in size and undistinguished in appearance. They include species of moderate pest status, like the currant shoot borer, and others of considerable ecological and evolutionary interest, such as various species of "yucca moths".
Vitanovo Reserve
Vitanovo (Bulgarian: Витаново) is a nature reserve in the Strandzha mountains of south-eastern Bulgaria. Vitanovo is one of the five reserves situated in Strandzha Nature Park. It lies in south-eastern Bulgaria near the border with Turkey. The reserve encompasses an area of 1112.4 ha or 11.124 km2. The reserve can only be accessed with a special permission, issued by the Ministry of Environment and Water of Bulgaria, for conducting research or for specialized tourism under strict rules and routes.

The nearest village is Brashlyan in the Municipality of Malko Tarnovo.

Within the territory of the reserve there are 462 species of plants: 421 herbaceous, 26 relict and 9 Balkan endemic species. The reserve is characterized by forests of Fagus orientalis, Carpinus betulus, Quercus frainetto, Quercus cerris and different species of oak.

Among the natural landmarks in Vitanovo are karst springs and caves, the most studied of which is the Bratanova Cave.

Strandzha
Strandzha (Bulgarian: Странджа, also transliterated as Strandja, pronounced [ˈstrand͡ʒɐ]; Turkish: Istranca [ɯstɾand͡ʒa], or Yıldız [jɯɫdɯz]) is a mountain massif in southeastern Bulgaria and East Thrace, the European part of Turkey. It is in the southeastern part of the Balkans between the plains of Thrace to the west, the lowlands near Burgas to the north, and the Black Sea to the east. Its highest peak is Mahya Dağı (Bulgarian: Махиада, Mahiada) (1,031 m or 3,383 ft) in Turkey, while the highest point on Bulgarian territory is Golyamo Gradishte (Bulgarian: Голямо Градище) (710 m or 2,329 ft). The total area is approximately 10,000 km2 (3,861 sq mi).
Shimajigawa Dam
The Shimajigawa Dam is a concrete gravity dam on the Shimaji River 13 km (8 mi) north of Shūnan in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. The dam was completed in 1980 and was the first dam to be completely constructed with the roller-compacted concrete method. The dam creates Takase Lake.

Shūnan
Shūnan (周南市, Shūnan-shi) is a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 May 2023, the city had an estimated population of 137,019 in 6828 households and a population density of 210 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 656.29 square kilometres (253.39 sq mi).
Pagham Harbour
Pagham Harbour is a 629-hectare (1,550-acre) biological and geological Site of Special Scientific Interest on the western outskirts of Bognor Regis in West Sussex. It is a Geological Conservation Review site, a Nature Conservation Review site, a Ramsar site, a Special Protection Area and a Marine Conservation Zone. An area of 599.1 hectares (1,480 acres) is a RSPB Local Nature Reserve.

Land owners of the harbour include the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, the Crown Estate and the Church Commissioners.

The harbour forms an area of saltmarsh and shallow lagoons. It is not an estuary, as no major streams enter the harbour with the only freshwater inflow a few small streams draining surrounding fields.

A Nature Conservation Review
A Nature Conservation Review is a two-volume work by Derek Ratcliffe, published by Cambridge University Press in 1977. It set out to identify the most important places for nature conservation in Great Britain. It is often known by the initials NCR, and sites listed in it are termed "NCR sites".

The approach adopted by Ratcliffe was adapted and applied to the selection of sites important for geological conservation in the Geological Conservation Review. A Marine Nature Conservation Review has also been published.

Volume 1 set out the rationale and methods used, and gave descriptions of the major habitat types.

Volume 2 consisted entirely of a site inventory. Sites were grouped into six major habitat types:

Coastal sites - 135 sites

Woodlands - 234 sites

Lowland grasslands, heaths and scrub - 159 sites

Open waters - 99 sites

Peatlands - 116 sites

Upland grasslands and heaths - 101 sites
Falzarego Pass
The Falzarego Pass (Italian: Passo di Falzarego, Ladin: Jou de Fauzare) (el. 2,105 m) is a high mountain pass in the province of Belluno in Italy.

It mainly connects the territory of Agordo and Cortina d'Ampezzo. From the pass, starts also SP24 (Strada provinciale del Passo di Valparola) directed northbound to Val Badia passing below Sass de Stria and through Valparola Pass.

A gondola rises to the Lagazuoi (2,762 m), which was the object of heavy combat and mine warfare in World War I. The tunnel that the Italians built under the Austro-Hungarian lines is open to the public.

Lagazuoi
Lagazuoi is a mountain in the Dolomites of northern Italy, lying at an elevation of 2,835 metres (9,301 ft), about 18 kilometres (11 mi) southwest by road from Cortina d'Ampezzo in the Veneto Region. The mountain is part of the Ampezzo Dolomites Natural Park.

It is accessible by cable car and contains the Rifugio Lagazuoi, a mountain refuge situated beyond the northwest corner of Cima del Lago.

The mountain range is well known for its wartime tunnels and First World War mine warfare.  The extensive tunnels were built by the Italian troops trying to wrest control from Austro-Hungarian troops who also built tunnels.  The tunnels are now open as a de facto museum.
Mohamed Aboutrika
Mohamed Aboutrika (Arabic: محمد محمد محمد أبو تريكة; born 7 November 1978) is an Egyptian retired professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder and a forward. He was voted first place in the African Footballer of the Year award in 2008, and was one of five nominees for the 2006 award, and one of the ten nominated for the 2013 award. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest African  and Arab players of all time.

Aboutrika won the African Cup of Nations in 2006 with the Egyptian national team. He also scored the winning goal to help Egypt win the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations. He helped his club Al Ahly to win the bronze medal in the FIFA Club World Cup in 2006.

Off the pitch, he has been noted for both various humanitarian efforts as well as his philanthropy in Egypt.

Egypt Cup
The Egypt Cup (also known as the Egyptian FA Cup and formerly as the King Farouk Cup) is the main knockout football cup competition in Egypt. It is the oldest club competition in Africa. The first team to win the trophy was Zamalek in 1922. Al Ahly hold the record of total number of titles with a total of 39 titles, Zamalek also holds the record of being the only club to win the title for 4 consecutive years twice; from 1957 to 1960 and 2013 up to 2016.
Margit Müller
Margit Meissner née Müller (born 31 October 1952) is a retired German field hockey player.

Müller played for VfL Wolfsburg and Eintracht Braunschweig. With Braunschweig, she won eight German championship titles. She also played 100 games in total for the German national team.

With West Germany, Müller won the 1976 Women's Hockey World Cup. She was also called up to the West German squad for the 1980 Summer Olympics. However, due to the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott, the West German team ultimately didn't enter the tournament.

In 1974, Müller was awarded the Silbernes Lorbeerblatt. In 1988, she was inducted into the hall of fame of the Lower Saxon Institute of Sports History.

Silbernes Lorbeerblatt
Silbernes Lorbeerblatt (German pronunciation: [ˈzɪlbɐnəs ˈlɔʁbeːɐ̯ˌblat], lit. 'Silver Laurel Leaf'), the highest sports award in Germany, was endowed on 23 June 1950 by the German President Theodor Heuss. It is awarded to athletes and teams of exemplary character that have won medals at Olympic and Paralympic Games, won important international titles like the
football World Cup, or placed several times at international championships.

To be honored with Silbernes Lorbeerblatt, an athlete or a team has to be nominated by the president of the German Olympic Sports Confederation to the German President. The request will be reviewed by the Office of the German President and the Federal Ministry of the Interior as this agency is responsible for sport in Germany. The President and the Minister of the Interior both sign the application, following article 58 of the Grundgesetz.
Tarzan and the Huntress
Tarzan and the Huntress is a 1947 American adventure film starring Johnny Weissmuller in his eleventh outing as Tarzan.  Brenda Joyce makes the third of five appearances as Jane and Johnny Sheffield marks his eighth and final appearance as Boy. Patricia Morison and Barton MacLane co-star.  The film was produced by Sol Lesser and Kurt Neumann, written by Jerry Gruskin and Rowland Leigh (based on characters created by Edgar Rice Burroughs) and directed by Kurt Neumann.  It was released on April 5, 1947. Notable for featuring one of only a handful of screenplays co-written by UK author Leslie Charteris, creator of the pulp fiction character Simon Templar (a.k.a., The Saint).; it was the last screenplay for a Hollywood film credited to Charteris.

Kurt Neumann (director)
Kurt Neumann (5 April 1908 – 21 August 1958) was a German film director, screenwriter, and producer who spent much of his career in the United States. He was a prolific director of genre films from the 1930s through the 1950s, totaling over 60 feature film credits during that time. He was the principal director of the Tarzan films for many years, and specialized in science fiction films in his later career.
Wahkohtowin
Wahkohtowin is a Cree word which denotes the interconnected nature of relationships, communities, and natural systems. Its literal meaning is "kinship", but it is often used to refer to Cree law, or Cree codes of conduct.

Cree language
Cree (/kriː/ KREE; also known as Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi) is a dialect continuum of Algonquian languages spoken by approximately 86,475 people across Canada in 2021, from the Northwest Territories to Alberta to Labrador. If considered one language, it is the aboriginal language with the highest number of speakers in Canada. The only region where Cree has any official status is in the Northwest Territories, alongside eight other aboriginal languages. There, Cree is spoken mainly in Fort Smith and Hay River.
Serguei Kouchnerov
Serguei Kouchnerov (Siarhiej Kušniaroŭ, Belarusian: Сяргей Кушняроў, born 22 June 1960 in Rahachow, Byelorussian SSR) is a Belarusian-Ukrainian artist, animator, director, story artist and screenwriter. He started his career as an animator and director in Kiev, Ukraine. In 1992, he was hired by Walt Disney Feature Animation as a character animator and came to the United States of America, where he currently lives and works at Illumination Entertainment.

Kievnauchfilm
The Kievnauchfilm (Russian: Киевнаучфильм) or KyivNaukFilm (Ukrainian: Київнаукфільм), and sometimes translated as lit. Kyiv Science Film, was a film studio in the Soviet Union located in Kiev, Ukrainian SSR and Ukraine. Although it was created in 1941 to produce popular science films, it eventually became best known for its animated films, and remained active in Ukrainian animation for decades.
Hepatic porphyria
Hepatic porphyrias is a form of porphyria in which toxic porphyrin molecules build up in the liver. Hepatic porphyrias can result from a number of different enzyme deficiencies.

Examples include (in order of synthesis pathway):

Acute intermittent porphyria

Porphyria cutanea tarda and Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria

Hereditary coproporphyria

Variegate porphyria

Variegate porphyria
Variegate porphyria, also known by several other names, is an autosomal dominant porphyria that can have acute (severe but usually not long-lasting) symptoms along with symptoms that affect the skin. The disorder results from low levels of the enzyme responsible for the seventh step in heme production. Heme is a vital molecule for all of the body's organs. It is a component of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in the blood.
Opel Tigra
The Opel Tigra name has been applied to two different cars engineered and produced by the German automaker Opel, both based on different iterations of the Corsa supermini, the first built in Spain, the second in France. The first Tigra was a small 2+2 coupé, produced from 1994 to 2000. The later compact hard topped convertible roadster model was introduced in May 2004.

The Tigra was sold in the United Kingdom as the Vauxhall Tigra, in Australia as the Holden Tigra, and in Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico as the Chevrolet Tigra.

Roadster (car)
A roadster (also spider, spyder) is an open two-seat car with emphasis on sporting appearance or character. Initially an American term for a two-seat car with no weather protection, its usage has spread internationally and has evolved to include two-seat convertibles.

The roadster was also a style of racing car driven in United States Auto Club (USAC) Championship Racing, including the Indianapolis 500, in the 1950s and 1960s. This type of racing car was superseded by rear-mid-engine cars.
Mas-Ud Didi Dramani
Mas-Ud Didi Dramani (born 3 March 1966) is a football coach and a retired Ghana international football player. He is the Head coach of the Asante Kotoko. Didi is also a senior Confederation of African Football (CAF) instructor and assessor of coaches. He is also the formal Head coach of the Ghana National under 17 team where he qualify for the FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup in Azerbaijan and won a bronze medal.

2012 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup
The 2012 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup was the third edition of the women's football tournament, and was held in Azerbaijan from 22 September to 13 October, following a decision by the executive committee on 19 March 2010. Defending champions South Korea failed to qualify for the tournament. France won the title after defeating North Korea 1–1 (7–6 after pen.).
Alandi
Alandi (Marathi pronunciation: [aːɭən̪d̪iː]) is a town and a municipal council in the Pune district in the state of Maharashtra, India. The town is popular as a place of pilgrimage and for being the resting place of the 13th century Marathi saint Sant Dnyaneshwar.

Shinde
Shinde (pronunciation: [ʃin̪d̪e]) is a clan of the Maratha clan system and claim descent from the Nāgavaṃśī  dynasty. variations of the name include Scindia and Sindhia, Sindia. It is found largely in Maharashtra (India), but it also appears in Indian states bordering Maharashtra like Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Goa, Telangana and Chhattisgarh.

The Scindia dynasty was founded by Ranoji Scindia, a personal guard who started as a "bodyguard" of Bajirao I Peshwa. He was the son of Jankojirao Scindia, the hereditary Patils of Kanherkhed, a village in Satara District, Maharashtra.
Wilhelm von Humboldt Memorial, Berlin
The Wilhelm von Humboldt Memorial to the left of the Humboldt University main building on Unter den Linden avenue in Berlin's Mitte district commemorates the Prussian polymath and education reformer Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835). Created in 1882 by Paul Otto in neo-baroque style, the marble statue is a masterpiece of the Berlin school of sculpture.

Unter den Linden
Unter den Linden (German: [ˈʊntɐ deːn ˈlɪndn̩] ⓘ, "under the linden trees") is a boulevard in the central Mitte district of Berlin, Germany. Running from the Berlin Palace to the Brandenburg Gate, it is named after the linden trees (known as lime in the UK and Ireland and basswood in North America, not related to citrus lime) that line the grassed pedestrian mall on the median and the two broad carriageways. The avenue links numerous Berlin sights, landmarks and rivers for sightseeing.
Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018
Sweden was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 with the song "Dance You Off", written by Marco Borrero, Louis Schoorl, K Nita, and Benjamin Ingrosso, and performed by Ingrosso himself. The Swedish participating broadcaster, Sveriges Television (SVT), organised the national final Melodifestivalen 2018 in order to select its entry for the contest. After a six-week-long competition consisting of four heats, a Second Chance round and a final, "Dance You Off" performed by Benjamin Ingrosso emerged as the winner after achieving the highest score following the combination of votes from eleven international jury groups and a public vote.

Mariette Hansson
Mariette Hansson (born 23 January 1983), sometimes credited as MaryJet or simply Mariette, is a Swedish singer and songwriter. Hansson participated in Sikta mot stjärnorna (Swedish pre-selection for European Soundmix Show) in 1999 imitating singer Amanda Marshall. She participated in Idol 2009 which was broadcast on TV4 and finished fourth. A year later, Hansson was announced as "homo of the year" at the QX Gaygala in Stockholm.