hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pseudo-ring
In mathematics, and more specifically in abstract algebra, a pseudo-ring is one of the following variants of a ring:

A rng, i.e., a structure satisfying all the axioms of a ring except for the existence of a multiplicative identity.

A set R with two binary operations + and ⋅ such that (R, +) is an abelian group with identity 0, and a(b + c) + a0 = ab + ac and (b + c)a + 0a = ba + ca for all a, b, c in R.

An abelian group (A, +) equipped with a subgroup B and a multiplication B × A → A making B a ring and A a B-module.

None of these definitions are equivalent, so it is best to avoid the term "pseudo-ring" or to clarify which meaning is intended.

Additive identity
In mathematics, the additive identity of a set that is equipped with the operation of addition is an element which, when added to any element x in the set, yields x. One of the most familiar additive identities is the number 0 from elementary mathematics, but additive identities occur in other mathematical structures where addition is defined, such as in groups and rings.
2018 FIBA Under-18 Americas Championship
The 2018 FIBA Under-18 Americas Championship was an international under-18 basketball tournament that was held from 10 to 16 June 2018 in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. The eleventh edition of the biennial competition, this is also the qualifying tournament for FIBA Americas in the 2019 FIBA Under-19 Basketball World Cup in Greece.

FIBA Under-18 AmeriCup
The FIBA U18 AmeriCup, previously known as the FIBA Under-18 Americas Championship, is the Americas basketball championship for men's under-18 national teams that takes place every two years in the FIBA Americas zone. The top four finishers qualify for the FIBA Under-19 Basketball World Cup.
HMS Kent (F78)
HMS Kent is a Type 23 Duke-class frigate of the Royal Navy, and the twelfth ship to bear the name, although formally she is named after the dukedom rather than the county. Sponsored by Princess Alexandra, The Hon. Lady Ogilvy (daughter of the late Prince George, Duke of Kent), Kent was launched on 28 May 1998 and commissioned on 8 June 2000 under the command of then Commander John Clink. She was the first ship to enter Royal Navy service in the 21st century and the first Royal Navy warship with a female Executive Officer, Lt Cdr Vanessa Jane Spiller, appointed in April 2001.

Kent's lineage boasts sixteen Battle Honours from the three given to the first Kent of 46 guns built in 1653, to the five awarded to the ninth and tenth Kents of World War I and World War II.

Commander Fleet Operational Standards and Training
Fleet Operational Standards and Training (FOST) is a Royal Navy training organisation. FOST is the training organisation responsible for ensuring that Royal Navy and Royal Fleet Auxiliary vessels are fit to join the operational fleet.

Commander Fleet Operational Standards and Training Headquarters (COM FOST HQ) is the HQ from where FOST is run, and this is headed up by a Commodore.
Ronald Scott-Miller
Ronald Scott-Miller (1 November 1904 – 10 March 1992) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. He was member of parliament (MP) for the King's Lynn constituency in Norfolk from 1951 until he retired from the House of Commons at the 1959 general election.

He was educated at Aldro, Eastbourne and Uppingham School.

Uppingham School
Uppingham School is a public school (English fee-charging boarding and day school for pupils 13–18) in Uppingham, Rutland, England, founded in 1584 by Robert Johnson, the Archdeacon of Leicester, who also established Oakham School. The headmaster, Richard Maloney, belongs to the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference and the school to the Rugby Group of British independent schools. Edward Thring was the school's best-known headmaster (in 1853–1887). His curriculum changes were adopted in other English public schools. John Wolfenden, headmaster from 1934 to 1944, chaired the Wolfenden Committee, whose report recommending the decriminalisation of homosexuality appeared in 1957. Uppingham has a musical tradition based on work by Paul David and Robert Sterndale Bennett. It has the biggest playing-field area of any school in England, in three separate areas of the town: Leicester to the west, Middle to the south, and Upper to the east.
La Jarochita
La Jarochita (Spanish for "The Girl from Veracruz" or "The Little Woman from Veracruz") is the ring name of a Mexican luchadora enmascarada, or female masked professional wrestler. She works for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) where she works as a técnica (fan-favorite character, or Face). She previously worked for Lucha Libre AAA Wrestling where she won the 2012 Quién Pinta Para La Corona ("Who is looking for the crown") talent search. Her legal name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are out of the public eye.

Wrestling mask
A wrestling mask is a fabric-based mask that some professional wrestlers wear as part of their in-ring persona or gimmick. Professional wrestlers have been using masks as far back as 1915 and they are still widely used today, especially in Mexican lucha libre.
Kongwak
Kongwak  is a town in Victoria, Australia. It is located on the Korumburra to Wonthaggi Road southeast of Melbourne, in the South Gippsland Shire. At the 2016 census, Kongwak had a population of 197.

The town in conjunction with neighbouring township Inverloch has an Australian Rules football team competing in the Alberton Football League.

The Kongwak Market is held every Sunday with collectables, retro, vintage and second hand items, plants, and books.

South Gippsland Shire
The South Gippsland Shire is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the south-eastern part of the state. It covers an area of 3,296 square kilometres (1,273 sq mi) and, in June 2018, had a population of 29,576. It includes the towns of Leongatha, Korumburra, Foster, Poowong, Mirboo North and Meeniyan.

The Shire is governed and administered by the South Gippsland Shire Council; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Leongatha, it also has a service centre located in Mirboo North. The Shire is named after the Gippsland region, in which the LGA occupies the southernmost portion, including Wilsons Promontory at the southern tip of the Australian continent.
Arthur Tovmasyan
Arthur Tovmasyan (Armenian: Արթուր Թովմասյան; born 2 December 1962) is an Artsakhi politician who was the President of the National Assembly of the breakaway state of the Republic of Artsakh from 21 May 2020 to 7 August 2023.

President of the National Assembly of Artsakh
The president of the National Assembly of the Republic of Artsakh (Armenian: Ազգային ժողովի նախագահ, Azgayin zhoghovi naxagah) is the speaker of the House in the Parliament of Artsakh.

Until 1995, the post was called Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. From January 1992 to December 1994, until Robert Kocharyan was elected as the president of Artsakh, the chairman was de facto the head of state of the republic.

Following an Azerbaijani offensive on 19 September 2023, Artsakh agreed to dissolve itself by 1 January 2024, as de jure. In December 2023, this decision was subsequently declared not valid by the Artsakh president.

The speaker is Davit Ishkhanyan of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation.
Forward head posture
Forward head posture (FHP) is an excessively kyphotic (hunched) thoracic spine. It is clinically recognized as a form of repetitive strain injury. The posture can occur in dentists, surgeons, and hairdressers, or people who spend time on electronic devices. It is one of the most common postural issues. There is a correlation between forward head posture and neck pain in adults, but not adolescents.

Having both forward head posture and rounded shoulders is known as upper crossed syndrome.

Longissimus
The longissimus (Latin: the longest one) is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis muscles. It is the longest subdivision of the erector spinae muscles that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae.
Frønningen
Frønningen is a village in Lærdal Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the far northwestern corner of the municipality, east of where the Aurlandsfjorden empties into the main Sognefjorden. Frønningen only had 17 inhabitants in 2001, and there is no outside road connection. The only access to Frønningen is by a ferry that goes between the three villages of Kaupanger, Frønningen, and Gudvangen.

Local painters such as Knut Rumohr have become nationally known, and today Frønningen has a gallery with his art.

Gudvangen
Gudvangen is a village in Aurland Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is a popular tourist destination and is located at the end of the Nærøyfjord where the Nærøydalselvi river empties into the fjord. The European route E16 highway passes by the village. Heading southwest on the highway leads to Voss Municipality while heading northeast the E16 enters the Gudvanga Tunnel on its way to the villages of Flåm, Undredal, and Aurlandsvangen. The nearby village of Bakka lies about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the north. The Kjelfossen waterfall is located just to the southeast of the village.
JDS Hayabusa
JDS Hayabusa (PC-308) was a submarine chaser of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) in the mid-1950s. She was later converted to an accommodation ship and redesignated as ASY-91. She was the third vessel to inherit the name after the Imperial Japanese Navy's Hayabusa-class torpedo boat Hayabusa and Ōtori-class torpedo boat Hayabusa.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (三菱重工業株式会社, Mitsubishi Jūkōgyō Kabushiki-kaisha; MHI) is a Japanese multinational engineering, electrical equipment and electronics corporation headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. MHI is one of the core companies of the Mitsubishi Group and its automobile division is the predecessor of Mitsubishi Motors.

MHI's products include aerospace and automotive components, air conditioners, elevators, forklift trucks, hydraulic equipment, printing machines, missiles, tanks, power systems, ships, aircraft, railway systems, and space launch vehicles. Through its defense-related activities, it is the world's 23rd-largest defense contractor measured by 2011 defense revenues and the largest based in Japan.
Rufford Charters
The Rufford Charters  were grants of land and grants of Regalian rights over land, which created an extra-parochial liberty, known as the Liberty of Rufford in the County of Nottinghamshire in England. It is defined as an area in which regalian rights were exercised by the Cistercian monks of Rufford Abbey.

Charter
A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified. It is implicit that the granter retains superiority (or sovereignty), and that the recipient admits a limited (or inferior) status within the relationship, and it is within that sense that charters were historically granted, and it is that sense which is retained in modern usage of the term. In early medieval Britain, charters transferred land from donors to recipients.

The word entered the English language from the Old French charte, via Latin charta, and ultimately from Greek χάρτης (khartes, meaning "layer of papyrus"). It has come to be synonymous with a document that sets out a grant of rights or privileges.
HMS Folkestone (L22)
HMS Folkestone was a Hastings-class sloop of the Royal Navy that saw action in World War II. She was built by Swan Hunter and Wigham Richardson Ltd. of Wallsend-on-Tyne, laid down on 21 May 1929 and launched on 12 February 1930. She was commissioned on 25 June 1930 under the pennant number L22/U22.

She was sold on 22 May 1947 and broken up in November that year by Ward, of Milford Haven.

Hastings-class sloop
The Hastings class, also known as the Folkestone class, was a class of sloop which were built for the Royal Navy and the Royal Indian Navy in the interwar period.  In total five ships were built, and went on to see service in the Second World War.
Hans Thybo
Hans Thybo (born 19 February 1954) is a Danish geophysicist and geologist. He is President of International Lithosphere Program since 2017 and currently employed by the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS).

Thousand Talents Plan
The Thousand Talents Plan or Thousand Talents Program (TTP), or Overseas High-Level Talent Recruitment Programs is a program by the government of the People's Republic of China to recruit experts in science and technology from abroad, principally but not exclusively from overseas Chinese communities. The original program was replaced by another program called Qiming, administered by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.

Law enforcement and counterintelligence agencies in the United States, Australia, Canada, and other countries have raised concerns about the program as a vector for intellectual property theft and espionage.
Mali Breg
Mali Breg (pronounced [ˈmaːli ˈbɾeːk]) is a settlement in the Municipality of Slovenske Konjice in eastern Slovenia. It lies on the Dravinja River north of Loče. The municipality is part of the traditional region of Styria and is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.

Loče, Slovenske Konjice
Loče (pronounced [ˈloːtʃɛ]; German: Heiligengeist in Loče) is a settlement in the Municipality of Slovenske Konjice in eastern Slovenia. It lies on the left bank of the Dravinja River. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
2014 World Rowing Championships
The 2014 World Rowing Championships were the 44th edition of the World Rowing Championships and were held from 24 to 31 August 2014 at Bosbaan, Amsterdam in the Netherlands, the second occasion on which the event had been held in Amsterdam, or the Netherlands.

The annual week-long rowing regatta is organised by FISA (the International Rowing Federation and in non-Olympic Games years such as 2014 he regatta is the highlight of the international rowing calendar, where all classes of boats compete.

The 2014 championships were notable for the number of world best times set on days seven & eight of competition. New Zealand rowers Eric Murray and Hamish Bond achieved a rare double in the coxed and coxless pairs.

World Rowing Championships
The World Rowing Championships is an international rowing regatta organized by FISA (the International Rowing Federation). It is a week-long event held at the end of the northern hemisphere summer and in non-Olympic years is the highlight of the international rowing calendar.
Aybak
Izz al-Din Aybak (Arabic: عز الدين أيبك) (epithet: al-Malik al-Muʕizz ʕizz ad-Dīn ʔaybak (al-Jāšankīr) at-Turkumāniyy aṣ-Ṣāliḥiyy, Arabic: الملك المعز عز الدين أيبك (الجاشنكير) التركماني الصالحي) was the first of the Mamluk sultans of Egypt in the Turkic Bahri line. He ruled from 1250 until his death in 1257.

As-Salih Ayyub
Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub (Arabic: الصالح نجم الدين أيوب; 5 November 1205 – 22 November 1249), Kunya: Abu al-Futuh (Arabic: أبو الفتوح), also known as al-Malik al-Salih, was the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt from 1240 to 1249.
Backyard
A backyard, or back yard (known in the United Kingdom as a back garden or just garden), is a yard at the back of a house, common in suburban developments in the Western world.

It is typically a residential garden located at the rear of a property, on the other side of the house from the front yard. While Western gardens are almost universally based on plants, the "garden" (which etymologically may imply a shorthand of botanical garden) may use plants sparsely or not at all. Hence, the terms yard and garden are for the context of this article interchangeable in most cases.

Outhouse
An outhouse — known variously across the English-speaking world otherwise as bog, dunny, long-drop, or privy — is a small structure, separate from a house or main building, which covers a toilet. This is typically either a pit latrine or a bucket toilet, but other forms of dry (non-flushing) toilets may be encountered. The term may also be used to denote the toilet itself, not just the structure.

Outhouses were in use in cities of developed countries (e.g. Australia) well into the second half of the twentieth century. They are still common in rural areas and also in cities of developing countries. Outhouses that are covering pit latrines in densely populated areas can cause groundwater pollution.
Sh 2-9
Sh 2-9, also known as Gum 65, is combination emission and reflection nebula in the Scorpius constellation, surrounding the multiple star system Sigma Scorpii. Sigma Scorpii is 1° to the northwest of Messier 4, and the nebula can be easily seen with small telescopes.

Sharpless 9 is a red emission nebula that surrounds the star Sigma Scorpii. It is thought the star Sigma Scorpii, a variable giant star, is ionizing this region. It is also recorded as reflection nebula C130.

This region is noted as both an emission and reflection nebula, although sometimes only one aspect is noted.

The magnitude 1.1 Antares is 2° to the southeast of this nebula.

One of strongest 2.3 GHz sources in the region coincides with Sharpless 9.

There is a radio source on the edge, and it has been proposed that this is because there is a collision between this nebula and the dark nebula Kh 527.

Sigma Scorpii
Sigma Scorpii (or σ Scorpii, abbreviated Sigma Sco or σ Sco), is a multiple star system in the constellation of Scorpius, located near the red supergiant Antares, which outshines it. This system has a combined apparent visual magnitude of +2.88, making it one of the brighter members of the constellation. Based upon parallax measurements made during the Hipparcos mission, the distance to Sigma Scorpii is roughly 696 light-years (214 parsecs). North et al. (2007) computed a more accurate estimate of 568+75−59 light years (174+23−18 parsecs).

The system consists of a spectroscopic binary with components designated Sigma Scorpii Aa1 (officially named Alniyat /ælˈnaɪjæt/, the traditional name for the entire star system) and a Beta Cephei variable) and Aa2; a third component (designated Sigma Scorpii Ab) at 0.4 arcseconds from the spectroscopic pair, and a fourth component (Sigma Scorpii B) at about 20 arcseconds.
Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom
The Samsung Galaxy S4 Zoom is a phone with camera hybrid with a 10x optical zoom (24–240 mm 35 mm equivalent) with f/3.1-6.3 lens with built-in optical image stabilizer and a standard xenon flash. It was introduced in July 2013.

The phone uses a Pega-Dual +XMM6262 SoC featuring a 1.5 GHz dualcore CPU. There is a base model, SM-C101, and a variant featuring LTE 4G, SM-C105.

Samsung Galaxy Note II
The Samsung Galaxy Note II (unofficially known as the Samsung Galaxy Note 2) is an Android phablet smartphone developed, marketed and manufactured by Samsung Electronics. Unveiled on August 29, 2012 and released in October 2012, the Galaxy Note II is a successor to the original Galaxy Note, incorporating improved stylus functionality, a larger 5.5-inch (140 mm) screen, and an updated hardware and casing design based on that of the Galaxy S III.

The Note II was released to positive critical reception for its improvements over the original Galaxy Note, and sold over 5 million units within only its first two months of availability. Samsung announced a successor to the Galaxy Note II, the Galaxy Note 3, on September 4, 2013.
Nandi Awards of 2011
Nandi Awards for the year 2011 announced by Andhra Pradesh Government on 13 October 2012. Nandamuri Balakrishna starrer Sri Rama Rajyam won the best film award followed by Nagarjuna’s Rajanna and Srikanth’s Virodhi. Mahesh Babu won Best actor Award for his  performance in the super hit film Dookudu. Akkineni Nagarjuna won the special jury award for his performance in Rajanna and Nayantara won the best actress award for her performance in Sri Ramarajyam.

Nandi Awards
The Nandi Awards were annual awards presented by the Government of Andhra Pradesh to recognise excellence in Telugu cinema, theatre, and television, as well as lifetime achievements in Indian cinema. The awards were named after the monolithic sculpture of the sacred bull in Hinduism, Nandi, at Lepakshi, a cultural and historical symbol of the Telugu people.

The Nandi Awards were categorised into four levels: Swarnam (Gold), Rajatam (Silver), Kamsyam (Bronze), and Raagi (Copper). In addition to film and television awards, the government also presented the Nandi Natakotsavam Awards to honour outstanding contributions in social, mythological, and poetic dramas in Telugu theatre.
Buxus 'Green Velvet'
Buxus 'Green Velvet'  or Green Velvet Boxwood is a hybrid boxwood cultivar. Its parent species are B. sempervirens × B. microphylla var. koreana. It is a broad, compact shrub that grows to 3 to 4 feet (0.91 to 1.22 m) tall and 3 to 4 feet (0.91 to 1.22 m) wide. The leaves are evergreen, glossy and borne oppositely. It has small pale green flowers. If not pruned this shrub will develop a natural rounded shape. Buxus Green Velvet is a hybrid between  Buxus sempervirens and buxus microphylla var. Koreana.

Buxus microphylla
Buxus microphylla, the Japanese box or littleleaf box, is a species of flowering plant in the box family 
found in Japan and Taiwan. It is a dwarf evergreen shrub or small tree growing to 1 m (3.3 ft) tall and wide.
Stanford Cardinal
The Stanford Cardinal are the athletic teams that represent Stanford University. Stanford's program has won 137 NCAA team championships, the most of any university. Stanford has won at least one NCAA team championship each academic year for 49 consecutive years, starting in 1976–77 and continuing through 2024–25. Through July 2025, Stanford athletes have won 565 individual NCAA titles.

Stanford has won 26 of the 31 NACDA Directors' Cups, awarded annually to the most successful overall college sports program in the nation, including 25 consecutive Cups from 1994–95 through 2018–19. 177 Stanford-affiliated athletes have won a total of 335 Summer Olympic medals (162 gold, 93 silver, 80 bronze), including 39 medals at the 2024 Paris games.

Stanford's teams compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I (Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) for college football) level as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC).

NCAA men's volleyball tournament
The NCAA men's volleyball tournament, officially titled the NCAA national collegiate men's volleyball championship, is an annual competition that determines the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) championship in American college men's volleyball. It had been the only NCAA championship in the sport from 1970 until 2012, when the NCAA launched a Division III championship.

Unlike most NCAA sports, men's volleyball uses a modified version of the National Collegiate championship format, which means Division I and Division II teams compete against each other in the same tournament.

In the past, schools from the Pacific Coast region have dominated this sport, in particular UCLA with coach Al Scates leading the program to 19 NCAA titles (more than any other coach).