hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Taut submanifold
In mathematics, a (compact) taut submanifold N of a space form M is a compact submanifold with the property that for every  the distance function

is a perfect Morse function.

If N is not compact, one needs to consider the restriction of the  to any of their sublevel sets.

Morse theory
In mathematics, specifically in differential topology, Morse theory enables one to analyze the topology of a manifold by studying differentiable functions on that manifold. According to the basic insights of Marston Morse, a typical differentiable function on a manifold will reflect the topology quite directly. Morse theory allows one to find CW structures and handle decompositions on manifolds and to obtain substantial information about their homology.

Before Morse, Arthur Cayley and James Clerk Maxwell had developed some of the ideas of Morse theory in the context of topography. Morse originally applied his theory to geodesics (critical points of the energy functional on the space of paths). These techniques were used in Raoul Bott's proof of his periodicity theorem.

The analogue of Morse theory for complex manifolds is Picard–Lefschetz theory.
2011 African Badminton Championships
The 2011 African Badminton Championships is a continental badminton championships  organized by the Badminton Confederation of Africa. This championships were held in Marrakesh, Morocco between 4-12 May.

African Badminton Championships
The African Badminton Championships is a tournament organized by the Badminton Confederation of Africa (BCA) to crown the best badminton players in Africa. For the team event there is the African Badminton Cup of Nations. This is not to be confused with the All African Games, the multi sports event, held every four years where badminton is included since 2003.

This tournament started in 1979 where Kumasi, Ghana held the competition. Kenya emerged as the men's team champions while Tanzania clinched the women's team title at the first edition. The tournament was held biennially from 1980 to 2006. The 1986 edition of the championships, which was supposed to be held in Lusaka was postponed and later cancelled. Nigeria continued to host the tournament two years later.
223 East 25th Street
223 East 25th Street is a residential building located between Second and Third avenues in the Kips Bay neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. Designed by the architecture firm of Napoleon LeBrun & Sons, the building was completed in 1883 as a fire house for Engine Company 16 of the New York City Fire Department. The fire house was decommissioned in the late 1960s and the building was later sold by the city at an auction to the Ninth Church of Christ, Scientist. After being used as a church, the property was purchased by a developer in 2018 and converted into a multi-family residential building, obtaining Passive House certification.

Second Avenue (Manhattan)
Second Avenue is located on the East Side of the New York City borough of Manhattan extending from Houston Street at its south end to the Harlem River Drive at 128th Street at its north end. A one-way street, vehicular traffic on Second Avenue runs southbound (downtown) only, except for a one-block segment of the avenue in Harlem. South of Houston Street, the roadway continues as Chrystie Street south to Canal Street.

A bicycle lane runs in the leftmost lane of Second Avenue from 125th to Houston Streets. The section from 55th to 34th Streets closes a gap in the Manhattan Waterfront Greenway.

Second Avenue passes through a number of Manhattan neighborhoods including (from south to north) the Lower East Side, the East Village, Stuyvesant Square, Kips Bay, Tudor City, Turtle Bay, East Midtown, Lenox Hill, Yorkville and Spanish Harlem.
1930 South American Basketball Championship
The 1930 South American Basketball Championship was the first edition of this regional tournament, the first major international basketball tournament. It is the earliest competition recognized by the International Basketball Federation, founded in 1932.  It was held in Montevideo, Uruguay and won by the host nation.

South American Basketball Championship
The South American Basketball Championship, or FIBA South American Championship, was the main FIBA tournament for men's national teams from South America's region of FIBA Americas. The tournament was first played in 1930. The tournament often has been played biannually, but the last took place in 2016 as the 2018 edition in Osorno, Chile was cancelled. It has been largely supplanted by the FIBA AmeriCup.
2016 Canadian Direct Insurance BC Men's Curling Championship
The 2016 Canadian Direct Insurance BC Men's Curling Championship were held from February 10 to 14 at the Nelson Curling Club in Nelson, British Columbia. The winning Jim Cotter rink represented British Columbia at the 2016 Tim Hortons Brier in Ottawa.

Nelson, British Columbia
Nelson is a city in British Columbia, Canada. The city contains heritage buildings constructed during the regional silver rush of 1886. Along with Castlegar and Trail, Nelson is one of the three cities forming the commercial and population core of the West Kootenay region. The city is the seat of the Regional District of Central Kootenay. It is represented in the provincial legislature by the riding of Nelson-Creston, and in the Parliament of Canada by the riding of Columbia-Kootenay-Southern Rockies.
Nintendo gamebooks
Nintendo gamebooks are novels based on video games created by Nintendo. The gamebooks feature characters and settings from the Super Mario and The Legend of Zelda franchises, in two series, Nintendo Adventure Books and You Decide on the Adventure.

Gamebook
A gamebook is a work of printed fiction that allows the reader to participate in the story by making choices. The narrative branches along various paths, typically through the use of numbered paragraphs or pages. Each narrative typically does not follow paragraphs in a linear or ordered fashion. Gamebooks are sometimes called choose your own adventure books or CYOA (after the influential Choose Your Own Adventure series originally published by US company Bantam Books) or pick-a-paths. Gamebooks influenced hypertext fiction.

Production of new gamebooks in the West decreased dramatically during the 1990s as choice-based stories have moved away from print-based media, although the format may be experiencing a resurgence on mobile and ebook platforms. Such digital gamebooks are considered interactive fiction or visual novels.
2019 AMA National Motocross Championship
The 2019 AMA Motocross Championship season is the 47th AMA Motocross National Championship season, the premier motocross series in USA. Eli Tomac goes into the season as the defending champion in the 450 class, after taking his second 450 national title in 2018.

AMA Motocross Championship
The AMA Motocross Championship (commercially known as Pro Motocross Championship) is an American motorcycle racing series. The motocross race series was founded and sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) in 1972. The series is the major outdoor motocross series in the United States and is sanctioned by AMA Pro Racing and managed by MX Sports Pro Racing.

With respect to the MXGP holding the discipline's worldwide title, and the advent of the FIM Supercross World Championship resulting in the AMA Supercross Championship losing its world title status, the two series will form the SuperMotocross World Championship from 2023.
Bălți County (Moldova)
Bălți County was a county (Romanian: județ) in Moldova from 1998 to 2003, with the seat at Bălți. Its population in 2002 was 506,300.

While it officially produced household items like clothes irons and telephones, its "closed" departments were actually manufacturing high-tech sonar equipment for the Soviet submarine fleet.

Județ
A județ (pronounced [ʒuˈdets], plural județe [ʒuˈdetse]) is an administrative division in Romania, and was also used from 1940 to 1947 in the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic and from 1998 to 2003 in Moldova.

There are 41 județe in Romania, divided into municipii (municipalities), orașe (cities) and comune (communes). Each județ has a county seat (reședință de județ) which serves as its administrative capital; this designation usually belongs to the largest and most developed city in the respective county. The central government is represented by one prefect in every județ.

The capital, Bucharest, is not a județ, but a special municipality with identical functions, which also acts as the county seat of Ilfov.
2 41 polytope
In 8-dimensional geometry, the 241 is a uniform 8-polytope, constructed within the symmetry of the E8 group.

Its Coxeter symbol is 241, describing its bifurcating Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, with a single ring on the end of the 2-node sequences.

The rectified 241 is constructed by points at the mid-edges of the 241. The birectified 241 is constructed by points at the triangle face centers of the 241, and is the same as the rectified 142.

These polytopes are part of a family of 255 (28 − 1) convex uniform polytopes in 8-dimensions, made of uniform polytope facets, defined by all permutations of rings in this Coxeter-Dynkin diagram: .

7-simplex
In 7-dimensional geometry, a 7-simplex is a self-dual regular 7-polytope. It has 8 vertices, 28 edges, 56 triangle faces, 70 tetrahedral cells, 56 5-cell 5-faces, 28 5-simplex 6-faces, and 8 6-simplex 7-faces. Its dihedral angle is cos−1(1/7), or approximately 81.79°.
Huntington Desert Garden
The Huntington Desert Garden is part of The Huntington Library, Art Collections and Botanical Gardens in San Marino, California. The Desert Garden is one of the world's largest and oldest collections of cacti, succulents and other desert plants, collected from throughout the world. It contains plants from extreme environments, many of which were acquired by Henry E. Huntington and William Hertrich (the garden's first curator) in trips taken to several countries in North, Central and South America.

Sedum
Sedum is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Crassulaceae, members of which are commonly known as stonecrops. The genus has been described as containing up to 600 species, subsequently reduced to 400–500. They are leaf succulents found primarily in the Northern Hemisphere, but extending into the southern hemisphere in Africa and South America. The plants vary from annual and creeping herbs to shrubs. The plants have water-storing leaves. The flowers usually have five petals, seldom four or six. There are typically twice as many stamens as petals. Various species formerly classified as Sedum are now in the segregate genera Hylotelephium and Rhodiola.

Well-known European species of Sedum are Sedum acre, Sedum album, Sedum dasyphyllum, and Sedum hispanicum.
Fujiwara no Onshi
Fujiwara no Onshi  (藤原 穏子; 885 – February 9, 954) was an empress consort of Japan. The youngest daughter of Kampaku Fujiwara no Mototsune, she was the wife of Emperor Daigo and the mother of emperor Suzaku and Murakami.

Empress of Japan
The empress of Japan is the title given to the wife of the Emperor of Japan or a female ruler in her own right. The current empress consort is Empress Masako, who ascended the throne with her husband on 1 May 2019.
Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino
Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino (22 September 1832 – 23 March 1913), was a Romanian politician and lawyer, one of the leading Conservative Party policymakers. He was an aristocrat and member of the House of Cantacuzino.

Among Cantacuzino's political posts were that of Minister of Public Instruction, president of the Chamber of Deputies, and President of the Senate. He twice served as the Prime Minister of Romania: between 23 April 1899 and 19 July 1900, and between 4 January 1906 and 24 March 1907. He resigned from office after failing to put down the large-scale peasants' revolt. He was the 20th Romanian politician to serve as Prime Minister.

The wealthy Cantacuzino was born into the aristocratic Cantacuzino family, of Phanariote origins. He built the Cantacuzino Palace of Bucharest and the Cantacuzino Castle of Bușteni. He was the father of Grigore Gheorghe Cantacuzino and Mihail G. Cantacuzino, as well as the father-in-law of Alexandrina Pallady-Cantacuzino.

Prime Minister of Romania
The prime minister of Romania (Romanian: Prim-ministrul României), officially the prime minister of the Government of Romania (Romanian: Prim-ministrul Guvernului României), is the head of the Government of Romania. Initially, the office was styled President of the Council of Ministers (Romanian: Președintele Consiliului de Miniștri), when the term "Government" included more than the Cabinet, and the Cabinet was called the Council of Ministers (Romanian: Consiliul de Miniștri). The title was officially changed to Prime Minister by the 1965 Constitution of Romania during the communist regime.
Chūō Kōsoku Bus
Chūō Kōsoku Bus (中央高速バス, Chūō Kōsoku Basu) is a group of Japanese highway bus lines managed by Keio Bus. It connects Tokyo with the areas along the Chūō Expressway, especially Yamanashi Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture.

Fuji-Q Highland
Fuji-Q Highland (富士急ハイランド, Fujikyū Hairando; formerly the Fujikyu Highland) is an amusement park in Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi, Japan, owned and operated by the namesake Fuji Kyuko Co. It opened on 2 March 1968.

The park is near the base of Mount Fuji. It has a number of roller coasters, as well as two haunted attractions: the Haunted Hospital, the world's largest haunted attraction, and the Hopeless Fortress. Other attractions include Thomas Land, a children's area with a Thomas the Tank Engine theme, and attractions themed to Mobile Suit Gundam, Hamtaro and Neon Genesis Evangelion.

It was also the location of the former Do-Dodonpa (ド･ドドンパ) roller coaster, which once held the record for fastest acceleration of any roller coaster in the world.
Beheshtabad, Dalgan
Beheshtabad (Persian: بهشت اباد, also Romanized as Beheshtābād) is a village in Jolgeh-ye Chah Hashem Rural District, Jolgeh-ye Chah Hashem District, Dalgan County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 61, in 11 families.

Jolgeh-ye Chah Hashem Rural District
Jolgeh-ye Chah Hashem Rural District (Persian: دهستان جلگه چاه هاشم) is in Jolgeh-ye Chah Hashem District of Dalgan County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. It is administered from the city of Chegerdak.
2019 Four Days of Dunkirk
The 2019 Four Days of Dunkirk (French: Quatre Jours de Dunkerque 2019) was the 65th edition of the Four Days of Dunkirk cycling stage race. It started on 14 May in Dunkirk and ended on 19 May again in Dunkirk.

Four Days of Dunkirk
The Four Days of Dunkirk (French: Quatre Jours de Dunkerque) is road bicycle race around the Nord-Pas de Calais region of northern France.  Despite the name of the race, since the addition of an individual time trial in 1963, the race has been held over a 5 or 6 day period for most of its history. Since 2005, the race has been organised as a 2.HC event on the UCI Europe Tour. The race became part of the UCI ProSeries in 2020. Irish cyclist Sam Bennett won the most recent edition of the race.
Treaty of Addis Ababa
The Treaty of Addis Ababa, signed on 23 October 1896, formally ended the First Italo-Ethiopian War on terms mostly favourable to Ethiopia. This treaty superseded a secret agreement between Ethiopia and Italy negotiated days after the decisive Battle of Adwa in March of the same year, in which Ethiopian forces commanded by Menelik II defeated the Italians. The most important concession the Italians made was the abrogation of the Treaty of Wuchale and recognizing Ethiopia as an independent country.

Following the conclusion of this treaty and before the end of the next calendar year, the United Kingdom and France, which had colonial possessions bordering Ethiopia, also concluded treaties with Ethiopia which treated her as an equal. The treaty with France was signed in late January 1897, while the treaty with the United Kingdom was signed on 14 May 1897.

Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897
The Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897 (sometimes called the Rodd Treaty) was an agreement signed between the British and Ethiopian Empire, negotiated between diplomat Sir Rennell Rodd and Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia. The treaty primarily focused on border issues between the two empires in Somali inhabited regions that they had expanded into over the previous decade. Signed in May 1897, the agreement saw the British cede large tracts of Somali territory to Ethiopia, without the consent or knowledge of Somalis that were legally under their protection.

Ethiopia's legal claim to the Ogaden going into the 20th century rested on the treaty, which was rejected by the Somali Republic when it gained independence in 1960.
Sirkazhi railway station
Sirkazhi railway station (station code: SY) is an NSG–5 category Indian railway station in Tiruchirappalli railway division of Southern Railway zone. It is a railway station serving Sirkazhi, a municipal town and taluk headquarters, in Mayiladuthurai district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The station lies on the main line.

Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur main line
The Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur main line (via Villupuram, Cuddalore & kumbakonam) connects Chennai Egmore and Thanjavur Junction both in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur main line is part of Chennai–Viluppuram–Chidambaram-Mayiladuthurai–Kumbakonam–Thanjavur–Tiruchirappalli line. There are several branch lines (included here): Chengalpattu–Arakkonam links to Chennai Central–Bengaluru City line, Guntakal–Chennai Egmore section, Viluppuram–Puducherry, Cuddalore–Virudhachalam, Mayiladuthurai–Thiruvarur, and Peralam–Nagapattinam sectors. The line connects the Kaveri delta to Chennai.
Spring Hill Historic District (Sandwich, Massachusetts)
The Spring Hill Historic District of Sandwich, Massachusetts, is a rural and residential historic district reflecting the area's long history.  The district includes the Wing Fort House, one of the oldest wood-frame houses in North America, and the site of the first Quaker meeting in the New World.  It is also notable for its views, and for its cranberry bogs, some of which have been actively cultivated since the 19th century.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.

The main roads through the district are Main Street (Massachusetts Route 6A) and Spring Hill Road.  The district's boundaries run from roughly from Great Island Road and Main Street in the west, including properties along the two main roads and some adjacent streets, to Norse Pines Drive and Quaker Meetinghouse Road in the east.

Sandwich, Massachusetts
Sandwich is a town on Cape Cod in Massachusetts and is its oldest town. The town motto is Post tot Naufracia Portus, Latin for "after so many shipwrecks, a haven". The population was 20,259 at the 2020 census.
Psari, Trikolonoi, Arcadia
Psari (Greek: Ψάρι) is a village in the Municipality of Gortynia in Arcadia. From 1997 to 2010 it was part of the Municipality of Trikolonoi. It is located at an altitude of approximately 750 meters, at a distance of 17 kilometers from Megalopoli and 11 kilometers from Stemnitsa. It is a traditional settlement with stone-built houses on the outskirts of Mount Mainalo in the heart of mountainous Arcadia. The inhabitants of the village are engaged in agriculture and livestock farming. The village celebrates every year on the feast of the Zoodochos Pege, while cultural events are held during August. The climate is mountainous with cold winters and cool summers.

Arcadia (regional unit)
Arcadia (Greek: Αρκαδία, romanized: Arkadía Modern Greek: [ɐr.kɐˈði.ɐ]) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the administrative region of Peloponnese. It is in the central and eastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. It takes its name from the mythological figure Arcas. In Greek mythology, it was the home of the god Pan.
1982 BMW Championships
The 1982 BMW Championships was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts at Devonshire Park in Eastbourne in the United Kingdom that was part of the Toyota Series category of the 1982 WTA Tour. It was the ninth edition of the tournament and was held from 14 June through 19 June 1982. First-seeded Martina Navratilova won the singles title and earned $23,000 in first-prize money.

1982 WTA Tour
The 1982 WTA Tour was the 10th season since the foundation of the Women's Tennis Association. It commenced on 4 January 1982, and concluded on 19 December 1982, after 36 events. The WTA Tour was the elite tour for professional women's tennis organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). The tour consistent of two major circuits, the Avon Championships World Championship Series and the Toyota Series. It included the four Grand Slam tournaments and a series of other events. ITF tournaments were not part of the tour, although they awarded points for the WTA World Ranking.
Kick III
Kick III (stylized as KicK iii; pronounced "kick three") is the sixth studio album by Venezuelan record producer and singer Arca. The album was scheduled to be released on 3 December 2021, but released early on 1 December 2021, through XL Recordings as a continuation to her 2020 record Kick I, and is the third entry in the Kick quintet. Kick II, Kick III, Kick IIII and Kick IIIII were released the same week. Kick III is supported by lead single "Incendio" and "Electra Rex". The album received positive reviews from critics.

Deconstructed club
Deconstructed club, also known as post-club or deconstructed music, is an experimental style of electronic dance music characterized by a post-modernist approach and an abrasive or dystopian tone. It stands opposed to the tropes of mainstream club styles, often dispensing with four-on-the-floor beats and stable tempo while mixing eclectic or abrasive sources.
Current Contents
Current Contents is a rapid alerting service database from Clarivate, formerly the Institute for Scientific Information and Thomson Reuters. It is published online and in several different printed subject sections.

Institute for Scientific Information
The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) was an academic publishing service, founded by Eugene Garfield in Philadelphia in 1956. ISI offered scientometric and bibliographic database services. Its specialty was citation indexing and analysis, a field pioneered by Garfield.
Pole Creek Fire (2018)
The Pole Creek Fire was a lightning-caused fire in Juab, Sanpete, and Utah counties in central Utah in the Western United States. The fire is the largest in Utah in 2018. The fire was first reported on Thursday September 6, 2018. It merged with the Bald Mountain Fire on Monday September 17, 2018. The Bald Mountain Fire caused mandatory evacuation of two cities: Elk Ridge and Woodland Hills. The Pole Creek Fire triggered mandatory evacuations for the Covered Bridge Community of the Spanish Fork Canyon along with the Diamond Fork Canyon and Right Fork Hobble Creek Canyon areas.

Juab County, Utah
Juab County (/ˈdʒuːæb/ JOO-ab) is a county in western Utah, United States. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 11,786. Its county seat and largest city is Nephi. Juab County is part of the Provo–Orem, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Salt Lake City–Provo–Orem, Utah Combined Statistical Area.
Timeline of ITV Digital Channels
This is a timeline of the British company ITV Digital Channels and its predecessors Granada Sky Broadcasting and Carlton Communications, and digital channels of other ITV-related companies. The timeline does not include events related to ITV network's flagship channel (ITV1 / STV / UTV).

Granada Breeze
Granada Breeze was a lifestyle channel operated by Granada Sky Broadcasting, a joint venture between Granada Television and British Sky Broadcasting. The channel was launched as Granada Good Life on 1 October 1996.