hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sharmarke Ali Saleh
Sharmarke Ali Saleh (Somali: Sharma'arke Cali Saalax; c. 1775 – May 25, 1861) was a leading 19th century Somali ruler, captain, and merchant. He was given the nickname "African Rothschild" due to his immense wealth. He was one of the richest men living on the African continent at that time and also the 'political boss of the Somali coast', a title which is a testament to his political influence in the region. He served as the governor of Zeila between 1841-1861 and ruled Berbera between 1845-1852.

For a time was known as the richest man along the Somali coast. His descendants would go on to become the traditional leaders of the Musa Arreh sub-clan of the Habr Yunis clan.

Afar people
The Afar (Afar: Qafár), also known as the Danakil, Adali and Odali, are a Cushitic ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa. They primarily live in the Afar Region of Ethiopia and in northern Djibouti, as well as the entire southern coast of Eritrea. The Afar speak the Afar language, which is part of the East Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family. Afars are the only inhabitants of the Horn of Africa whose traditional territories border both the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.
Pendro
Pendro (Kurdish: پێندرۆ, romanized: Pêndro, Arabic: بيندرو) is a village in the Erbil Governorate of Kurdistan Region in Iraq. It is close to the border with Turkey and approximately 15–18 km to the north of Barzan. It is in the territory of the Muzuri tribe and Mount Butin is about 4 km northeast of Pendro. The area of Pendro covers over 10 km2 (4 sq mi). The terrain is highly mountainous, lying within the Zagros; less than 10% of the Pendro is below 1,225 m (4,019 ft), and its highest point is 2,534 m (8,314 ft).

Ahmed Barzani
Ahmed Mohammad Barzani (1896 – 11 January 1969) (Kurdish: ئه‌حمه‌د محه‌ممه‌د بارزانی, romanized: Ehmed Mihemed Barzanî), also known as Khudan (Kurdish: خودان, romanized: Xodan), was a Kurdish leader of the Barzani tribe. The first of the major Barzani revolts took place in 1931 after Sheikh Ahmed Barzani, one of the most prominent Kurdish leaders in Iraqi Kurdistan, succeeded in defeating a number of other Kurdish tribes as well as regular Iraqi troops. He was the head of the Barzani tribe in Kurdistan. Sheikh Ahmed is considered to be the architect of Barzani rule in Iraqi Kurdistan. He was a Kurdish nationalist who brought many different Kurdish tribes under his command and expanded the Barzan region. Along with his younger brother Mustafa Barzani, he fought against the Iraqi government in the 1920s and 1930s.
Polianthes tuberosa
Polianthes tuberosa, the tuberose, is a perennial plant in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae, extracts of which are used as a note in perfumery. Now widely grown as an ornamental plant, the species is native to Mexico.

Agavoideae
Agavoideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, order Asparagales. It has previously been treated as a separate family, Agavaceae, and by 2020, several sources had restored the taxonomic status of Agavaceae as an independent family.

The group includes many well-known desert and dry-zone types, such as the agaves and yuccas (including the Joshua tree). About 640 species are placed in around 23 genera; they are widespread in the tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions of the world.
René Hardy
René Hardy (31 October 1911 – 12 April 1987) was a member of the French Resistance during World War II. Hardy was born in Mortrée, Orne. In spite of having rendered dedicated and valuable service as a member of the resistance group, Combat (French Resistance), he was still suspected of being instrumental in the arrest of Jean Moulin, General Charles Delestraint and other members of the resistance. Despite later being acquitted in 2 separate trials, those suspicions  never went away.

Charles Delestraint
Charles Delestraint (also called Vidal) (March 12, 1879 — April 19, 1945) was a French general, hero of the French Resistance and the first commander of the Armée secrète during World War II. He was a Companion of the Liberation. Delestraint was killed by the Gestapo in 1945.
Diganta Television
Diganta Television (Bengali: দিগন্ত টেলিভিশন; lit. 'horizon television') was a Bangladeshi Bengali-language privately owned satellite and cable news television channel owned by Diganta Media Corporation Ltd, which also owns the daily newspaper Daily Naya Diganta. The channel officially began broadcasting on 28 August 2008, and was shut down along with Islamic TV on 6 May 2013. Diganta Television was headquartered in the Purana Paltan area of Dhaka.

Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Bangladesh)
The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Bengali: তথ্য ও সম্প্রচার মন্ত্রণালয়) (abbreviated as MoIB) is a branch of the Government of Bangladesh and is the apex body for formulation and administration of the rules and regulations and laws relating to information, broadcasting, the press and films in Bangladesh. It is responsible for releasing government information, media galleries, public domain and government unclassified non-scientific data to the public and international communities.
Picture line-up generation equipment
For televisions the picture line-up generation equipment (PLUGE or pluge) is a greyscale test pattern used in order to adjust the black level and contrast of the picture monitor. Various PLUGE patterns can be generated, the most common consisting of three vertical bars of super-black, normal black, and near-black and two rectangles of mid-gray and white (sometimes these are measured in IRE). These three PLUGE pulses are included in the SMPTE color bars (at the bottom and near the right) used for NTSC, PAL, and SÉCAM.

PAL
Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a colour encoding system for analogue television. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being NTSC and SECAM. In most countries it was broadcast at 625 lines, 50 fields (25 frames) per second, and associated with CCIR analogue broadcast television systems B, D, G, H, I and K. The articles on analogue broadcast television systems further describe frame rates, image resolution, and audio modulation.

PAL was developed by Walter Bruch at Telefunken in Hanover, West Germany, with important input from Gerhard Mahler. The format was patented by Telefunken in December 1962, citing Bruch as inventor, and unveiled to members of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) on 3 January 1963. When asked why the system was named "PAL" and not "Bruch", the inventor answered that a "Bruch system" would probably not have sold very well ("Bruch" is the German word for "breakage").
Venezuela Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Act of 2014
The Venezuela Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Act of 2014 (S. 2142) is a United States law used to impose targeted sanctions on certain individuals in Venezuela that were responsible for violations of human rights of antigovernment protesters during the 2014 Venezuelan protests. The law is also used to strengthen civil society in Venezuela, and for other purposes.

The ACT was extended in 2016 to expire on 31 December 2019.

2014 Venezuelan protests
In 2014, a series of protests, political demonstrations, and civil insurrection began in Venezuela due to the country's high levels of urban violence, inflation, and chronic shortages of basic goods attributed to economic policies such as strict price controls. Mass protesting began in earnest in February following the attempted rape of a student on a university campus in San Cristóbal.  Subsequent arrests and killings of student protesters spurred their expansion to neighboring cities and the involvement of opposition leaders. The year's early months were characterized by large demonstrations and violent clashes between protesters and government forces that resulted in nearly 4,000 arrests and 43 deaths, both supporters and opponents of the government as well as security personnel.
Thalita de Jong
Thalita de Jong (born 6 November 1993) is a Dutch racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Women's WorldTeam Human Powered Health. In 2016, de Jong won the elite women's title at the Dutch National Cyclo-cross Championships, the UEC European Cyclo-cross Championships and the UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships.

2013 UCI Road World Championships – Women's team time trial
The Women's team time trial of the 2013 UCI Road World Championships took place on 22 September 2013 in the region of Tuscany, Italy.

The course of the race was 42.79 km (26.6 mi) from the town of Pistoia to the Nelson Mandela Forum in Florence.
Europium acetylacetonate
Europium acetylacetonate is a coordination complex with formula Eu(C5H7O2)3. Although this anhydrous acetylacetonate complex is widely discussed, some sources suggest that it is really the dihydrate Eu(C5H7O2)3(H2O)2.

Upon attempted dehydration by heating under vacuum, the dihydrate converts to the oxo-cluster Eu4O(C5H7O2)10.  This behavior is also observed for gadolinium acetylacetonate, yttrium acetylacetonate, lanthanum acetylacetonate, and erbium acetylacetonate.

The electronic structure of the Eu3+ core gives the complex an unusual charge-transfer band absent in other lanthanide acetylacetonates. The photoluminescent emission lines occur near 465 (blue), 525 (green), and 579 nm (yellow), and are unusually sharp, especially the yellow doublet. Doping a blend of polyacrylate and polycarbonate with europium acetylacetonate enhances photoluminescence over a broad range of ultraviolet wavelengths. EuFOD is a substituted derivative.

Erbium acetylacetonate
Erbium acetylacetonate is a coordination compound with the formula Er(C5H7O2)3. This anhydrous acetylacetonate complex is often discussed but unlikely to exist per se.  The 8-coordinated dihydrate Er(C5H7O2)3(H2O)2 is a more plausible formula based on the behavior of other lanthanide acetylacetonates.  The dihydrate has been characterized by X-ray crystallography.

Upon heating under vacuum, the dihydrate converts to the oxo-cluster Er4O(C5H7O2)10.  This behavior, which is also observed for other lanthanide acetylacetonates, further illustrates the implausibility of six-coordinate Er(C5H7O2)3.
Partial cleavage stimulation factor domain
The partial cleavage stimulation factor domain, or partial CstF domain, is a protein domain that occurs in proteins from apicomplexan parasites.

Currently (as of 2012), little is known about the function of this domain. However, it is homologous to the amino-terminal part of the cleavage stimulation factor, which is thought to be involved with mRNA maturation in mammals. Proteins with this domain have been detected in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum nucleus.

Protein domain
In molecular biology, a protein domain is a region of a protein's polypeptide chain that is self-stabilizing and that folds independently from the rest. Each domain forms a compact folded three-dimensional structure. Many proteins consist of several domains, and a domain may appear in a variety of different proteins. Molecular evolution uses domains as building blocks and these may be recombined in different arrangements to create proteins with different functions. In general, domains vary in length from between about 50 amino acids up to 250 amino acids in length. The shortest domains, such as zinc fingers, are stabilized by metal ions or disulfide bridges. Domains often form functional units, such as the calcium-binding EF hand domain of calmodulin. Because they are independently stable, domains can be "swapped" by genetic engineering between one protein and another to make chimeric proteins.
Weierstrass–Mandelbrot function
The Weierstrass–Mandelbrot function (often abbreviated W-M function and sometimes referred to as Weierstrass–Mandelbrot Noise) is a generalization of the classical Weierstrass function, extended to higher dimensions to model natural fractal phenomena. It is frequently used in terrain generation, particularly in simulated environments for robotics and autonomous vehicle testing. Unlike its 1D counterpart, the W-M function in multiple dimensions displays directionality, anisotropy, and multifractality, making it suitable for simulations of physically realistic surfaces.

Procedural generation
In computing, procedural generation is a method of creating data algorithmically as opposed to manually, typically through a combination of human-generated content and algorithms coupled with computer-generated randomness and processing power. In computer graphics, it is commonly used to create textures and 3D models. In video games, it is used to automatically create large amounts of content in a game. Depending on the implementation, advantages of procedural generation can include smaller file sizes, larger amounts of content, and randomness for less predictable gameplay.
Waltheria
Waltheria is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. It is sometimes placed in Sterculiaceae. It includes 61 species native to the tropical and subtropical Americas, West Africa, Madagascar, Peninsular Malaysia, northern Australia, and the central Pacific. The name honours German botanist Augustin Friedrich Walther (1688–1746).

Malva
Malva is a genus of herbaceous or woody, annual, biennial, and perennial plants in the family Malvaceae.  It is one of several closely related genera in the family to bear the common English name mallow. The genus is widespread throughout the temperate, subtropical and tropical regions of Africa, Asia and Europe.

The leaves are alternate, palmately lobed. The flowers are from 0.5–5 cm diameter, with five pink, lilac, purple or white petals.
Ilka Pálmay
Ilka Pálmay (often erroneously written Ilka von Pálmay; 21 September 1859 – 17 February 1945), born Ilona Petráss, was a Hungarian-born singer and actress. Pálmay began her stage career in Hungary by 1880, and by the early 1890s, she was creating leading roles in opera and  operetta at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna. She was married to Austrian Count Eugen Kinsky in the early 1890s.

In 1895, Pálmay began to perform in London, and in 1896 she created the leading role of Julia in Gilbert and Sullivan's The Grand Duke.  In 1897, Palmay returned to Hungary and spent most of the rest of her long and successful career in Hungary and Austria.  She continued to perform until 1928.

Robert Planquette
Jean Robert Planquette (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ ʁɔbɛʁ plɑ̃kɛt]; 31 July 1848 – 28 January 1903) was a French composer of songs and operettas.

Several of Planquette's operettas were extraordinarily successful in Britain, especially Les cloches de Corneville (1878), the length of whose initial London run broke all records for any piece of musical theatre up to that time.  Rip Van Winkle (1882) also earned international fame.
Marco Zwyssig
Marco Zwyssig (born 24 October 1971) is a Swiss former professional footballer who played as a centre-back. He is best remembered for his time at FC St. Gallen and FC Basel. He also played for the Switzerland national football team. Following his retirement from active football Zwyssig works partly independently, partly as a course leader and lecturer in adult education.

2004–05 Swiss Super League
The 2004–05 Swiss Super League was the 108th season of top-tier football in Switzerland. The competition was officially named AXPO Super League due to sponsoring purposes. It began on 17 July 2004 and has ended on 29 May 2005. This second season as Swiss Super League.
Ephraim McDowell House
The Dr. Ephraim McDowell House, also known as McDowell House, was a home of medical doctor Ephraim McDowell.

The home was declared a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1966 for its role as the site of the world's first ovariotomy, performed without anesthesia by Dr. McDowell in 1809.

Centre College
Centre College, formally Centre College of Kentucky, is a private liberal arts college in Danville, Kentucky, United States. Chartered by the Kentucky General Assembly in 1819, the college is a member of the Associated Colleges of the South and the Association of Presbyterian Colleges and Universities. It has an enrollment of about 1,400 students.
Dutch National Track Championships – Women's omnium
The Dutch National Track Championships – Women's omnium is the Dutch national championship omnium event held annually at the Dutch National Track Championships. The event was first introduced in 1977. After 1989 the event wasn't held for 21 years. Because the omnium discipline was introduced at the 2012 Summer Olympics, the Dutch national omnium championship was recontinued in 2010.

Dutch National Track Championships
The Dutch National Track Championships are the set of Dutch national championship events for the various disciplines and distances in track cycling. They are organized by the KNWU. There are competitions of various track cycling disciplines in age, gender and disability categories. Women's events are shorter than men's. Championships are open to all licensed riders.

The winner of a national championship discipline receives a gold medal and a national jersey. Silver and bronze medals are awarded to the second and third place contestants. National champions wear their national jersey until the following year's championship, but they may wear it only in the type of event in which they won it. Former champions can wear rainbow cuffs to their everyday jerseys.
Jungangno station (Daejeon Metro)
Jungangno Station (Korean: 중앙로역; Hanja: 中央路驛) is a station of Daejeon Metro Line 1 in Eunhang-dong, Jung District, Daejeon, South Korea.

This structure is the same as that of the metropolitan area train line 1 in Lee Moon-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul. In other words, it is the same as that of the island-style platform. As a result, it looks like a mixed type, but it is a two-sided two-wire type. Platform safety screen doors have been installed. It is located between Daejeon Station and Jung-gu Office Station of Daejeon Urban Railway Line 1. It is 4.0 kilometres (2.5 mi) away from Panam. It is connected with Daejeon station which is a train station, and there are many passengers with convenient transportation.

Jung District, Daejeon
Jung District (Korean: 중구; RR: Jung-gu) is a gu in southern central Daejeon, South Korea. The population is 227,108 as of 2022. It consists of 17 branches including Sunhwa-dong, Mokdong, Jungchon-dong, Daeheung-dong, Munchang-dong, Seokgyodong, Daesa-dong, Bussa-dong, Sanseong-dong, Yongdu-dong, Yudong-dong, Taepyeong 1 ~ 2 dong, Yucheon 1 ~ 2 dong and Culture 1 ~ 2 dong. The location of the ward office is in Daeheung-dong, Jung-gu.
Tenney Mountain Ski Resort
Tenney Mountain Ski Resort is a ski area in Plymouth, New Hampshire, located on Tenney Mountain. It closed in 2010 after operating for 45 years, but reopened for ski operations in March 2018.  It closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 and did not operate during the 2020–21 or 2021–22 seasons, while allowing backcountry access. It reopened in February 2023.

Plymouth, New Hampshire
Plymouth is a New England town in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States, in the White Mountains Region. It has a unique role as the economic, medical, commercial, and cultural center for the predominantly rural Plymouth, NH Labor Market Area. Plymouth is located at the confluence of the Pemigewasset and Baker rivers and sits at the foot of the White Mountains. The town's population was 6,682 at the 2020 census. It is home to Plymouth State University, Speare Memorial Hospital, and Plymouth Regional High School.

The town's main center, where 4,730 people resided at the 2020 census (three-quarters of whom are college student age), is defined as the Plymouth census-designated place (CDP), and is located along U.S. Route 3, south of the confluence of the Baker and Pemigewasset rivers.

Plymouth State University, in the center of town, has a total undergraduate population of 3,336 students and a total graduate population of 503 students as of the 2023/2024 academic year.
Bergens Sparebank
Bergens Sparebank was a Norwegian savings bank based in Bergen. It was established in 1823, making it the second-oldest savings bank in Norway and the oldest in Bergen. It merged with 25 savings banks in 1982 to become Sparebanken Vest.

Savings banks in Norway
Sparebank is a type of Norwegian savings bank without external owners. The Norwegian sparebanks are a separate type of juridical entity that differ from commercial banks and are more similar to cooperative banks.  As of 2022, there were a total of 123 savings banks in Norway.
Failure Magazine
Failure Magazine is an online magazine which features stories about failure. The magazine was established in 2000 by Jason Zasky and his cousin. It is headquartered in New York City. The magazine turned its first profit in 2005. The magazine features a column called, "This day in failure".

Failure
Failure is the social concept of not meeting a desirable or intended objective, and is usually viewed as the opposite of success. The criteria for failure depends on context, and may be relative to a particular observer or belief system. One person might consider a failure what another person considers a success, particularly in cases of direct competition or a zero-sum game. Similarly, the degree of success or failure in a situation may be differently viewed by distinct observers or participants, such that a situation that one considers to be a failure, another might consider to be a success, a qualified success or a neutral situation.

It may also be difficult or impossible to ascertain whether a situation meets criteria for failure or success due to ambiguous or ill-defined definition of those criteria. Finding useful and effective criteria or heuristics to judge the success or failure of a situation may itself be a significant task.
Hrisseh
Hrisseh is a traditional Lebanese porridge consisting primarily of wheat and chicken or meat. It is cooked during two major Lebanese religious occasions. Within the Lebanese Shia community, hrisseh is prepared during the commemoration of Ashoura, while the Lebanese Christian community prepares it on the day of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary.

Porridge
Porridge is a type of semi-solid food made by soaking, poaching or boiling, in milk or water, ground, crushed or chopped starchy plants, typically grain. Gruel is a thinner version of porridge, and congee is a savoury variation of porridge of Asian origin.

Porridge is often cooked with added flavourings such as sugar, honey, fruits or syrup to sweeten the cereal, or it can be mixed with spices, meat or vegetables to make a savoury dish. It is usually served hot in a bowl or a pot, depending on its consistency. Oat porridge, known as oatmeal in North America, is one of the most common types; while rice porridge is more common in Asia.
Pichl-Kainisch
Pichl-Kainisch is a former municipality in the Salzkammergut in the Liezen (district) Austrian state of Styria. Since the 2015 Styria municipal structural reform, it is part of the municipality Bad Mitterndorf.

Bad Mitterndorf
Bad Mitterndorf (German: [baːt ˈmiteʁnˌdɔʁf]) is a town in Salzkammergut in the Austrian state of Styria.

Situated between Salzburg and Graz, it is a popular winter sports resort and also as a location for walking and cycling in the summer. Bad Mitterndorf is the site of two health spas with thermal baths, an outdoor swimming pool and other health amenities, cafés and leisure areas. The town hosts a children's club during the holidays. Bad Mitterndorf is also the location of one of the world's five ski flying hills, Kulm. The town is well placed for excursions to Hallstatt, Altaussee and its May narcissus festival, Bad Ischl and the Kaiservilla, and to Salzburg, 95 km away.