hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Biostatistics (journal)
Biostatistics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering biostatistics, that is, statistics for biological and medical research.

The journals that had cited Biostatistics the most by 2008 were Biometrics, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Biometrika, Statistics in Medicine, and Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B.

Scott Zeger and Peter Diggle were the founding editors of Biostatistics.

Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
The Journal of the Royal Statistical Society is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of statistics. It comprises three series and is published by Oxford University Press for the Royal Statistical Society.
Gysin homomorphism
In the field of mathematics known as algebraic topology, the Gysin sequence is a long exact sequence which relates the cohomology classes of the base space, the fiber and the total space of a sphere bundle.  The Gysin sequence is a useful tool for calculating the cohomology rings given the Euler class of the sphere bundle and vice versa.  It was introduced by Gysin (1942), and is generalized by the Serre spectral sequence.

Algebraic topology
Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism, though usually most classify up to homotopy equivalence.

Although algebraic topology primarily uses algebra to study topological problems, using topology to solve algebraic problems is sometimes also possible. Algebraic topology, for example, allows for a convenient proof that any subgroup of a free group is again a free group.
Copper Country
The Copper Country is an area in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in the United States, including Keweenaw County, Michigan, Houghton, Baraga and Ontonagon counties as well as part of Marquette County. The area is so named as copper mining was prevalent there from 1845 until the late 1960s, with one mine (the White Pine mine) continuing through 1995. The region includes Copper Island, Copper Harbor and Isle Royale. In its heyday in the latter half of the 19th century and the early 20th century, the area was the world's greatest producer of copper.

Porcupine Mountains
The Porcupine Mountains, or Porkies, are a group of small mountains spanning the northwestern Upper Peninsula of Michigan in Ontonagon and Gogebic counties, near the shore of Lake Superior. The Porcupine Mountains were named by the native Ojibwa people, supposedly because their silhouette had the shape of a crouching porcupine. They are home to the most extensive stand of old growth northern hardwood forest in North America west of the Adirondack Mountains, spanning at least 31,000 acres (13,000 ha). The area is popular among tourists, especially Lake of the Clouds in the heart of the mountains, and is part of Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park.

The Porcupine Mountains were the site of copper mining in the 19th century. One of these mines is the Nonesuch Mine, which operated sporadically from 1867 to 1912. Because of its copper mining history, the state park is a cooperating unit of Keweenaw National Historical Park.
Echinocereus scheeri
Echinocereus scheeri is a species of hedgehog cactus in the family Cactaceae, native to northern Mexico. With its dramatic offsets, it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Echinocereus
Echinocereus is a genus of ribbed, usually small to medium-sized, cylindrical shaped cacti, comprising about 70 species native to the southern United States and Mexico in very sunny, rocky places. Usually the flowers are large and the fruit edible.

The name comes from the Ancient Greek ἐχῖνος (echinos), meaning "sea urchin", and the Latin cereus meaning "candle". They are sometimes known as hedgehog cacti, a term also used for the Pediocactus and Echinopsis.
Buzy (band)
Buzy was a Japanese female pop music group, made up of members Nao Tōyama, Mayumi Niwa, Mao Miyazato, Yurisa Asama, Sachiko Iwanaga and Yumi Takeda. The group originally formed in 1998 as COLOR and consisted of Tōyama, Miyazato, Niwa, and Komugi Kadota, and released five singles and two albums between 1999 and 2001. As Buzy, they released their first single "Kujira" in 2004. They are well known for the song "Be Somewhere", used as the opening theme of the anime series Rockman EXE Stream, back in 2005. They also performed the opening theme song for Twin Spica, "Venus Say", a version of "Kujira" with different lyrics. The group's name stands for "Blend, Unique, Zipping, and You just wait." Many of their songs were written and composed by Porno Graffitti guitarist and lyricist Haruichi Shindō. Buzy disbanded in June 2006. Members Nao, Mayumi and Mao went on to form MANSAKU with former Boystyle members Kayoko and Yukina.

Porno Graffitti
Porno Graffitti (ポルノグラフィティ, Poruno Gurafiti), also known as Porno (ポルノ, Poruno), are a Japanese rock band from Onomichi (formerly Innoshima), Hiroshima Prefecture. The band got their name from the album Pornograffitti by the band Extreme. They currently record under the SME Records label and their agency is Amuse, Inc.
Court of Chancery (Ireland)
The Court of Chancery was a court which exercised equitable jurisdiction in Ireland until its abolition as part of the reform of the court system in 1877. It was the court in which the Lord Chancellor of Ireland presided. Its final sitting place was at the Four Courts in Dublin, which still stands.

Court of Appeal in Ireland
The Court of Appeal in Ireland was created by the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Supreme Court of Judicature Act (Ireland) 1877 as the final appellate court within Ireland, then under British rule. A last appeal from this court could be taken to the House of Lords in London.
Eurasia
Eurasia (/jʊəˈreɪʒə/ yoor-AY-zhə, also UK: /-ʃə/ -⁠shə) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. According to some models of the world, physio-graphically, Eurasia is a single continent. The concept of Europe and Asia as distinct continents dates back to antiquity, and is largely cultural, but their borders have historically been subject to change. For example, the ancient Greeks originally included Africa in Asia but classified Europe as separate land. Eurasia is connected to Africa at the Suez Canal, and the two are sometimes combined to describe the largest contiguous landmass on Earth, Afro-Eurasia.

Kuma–Manych Depression
The Kuma–Manych depression (Russian: Кумо–Манычская впадина, romanized: Kumo–Manychskaya vpadina)  is a geological depression in southwestern Russia that separates the Russian Plain to the north from Ciscaucasia to the south. It is named after the Kuma and Manych rivers.
Neonatal hypoglycemia
Neonatal hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar in newborn babies, occurs when an infant's blood glucose level is below normal. Diagnostic thresholds vary internationally. In the US, hypoglycemia is when the blood glucose level is below 30 mg/dL within the first 24 hours of life and below 45 mg/dL after, but international standards differ. The newborn's age, birth weight, metabolic needs, and wellness state substantially impact their blood glucose level. This is a treatable condition, but its treatment depends on the cause of the hypoglycemia. Though it is treatable, it can be fatal if gone undetected. Among metabolic problems in newborns, hypoglycemia is the most prevalent.

Neonatal hypoglycemia is hypothesized to occur in 1 to 3 births out of every 1,000 births, but the true number is not known since there is no international standard for measurement. It often occurs in premature and small babies and babies of diabetic mothers.

Hyperinsulinism
Hyperinsulinism refers to an above normal level of insulin in the blood of a person or animal. Normal insulin secretion and blood levels are closely related to the level of glucose in the blood, so that a given level of insulin can be normal for one blood glucose level but low or high for another. Hyperinsulinism can be associated with several types of medical problems, which can be roughly divided into two broad and largely non-overlapping categories: those tending toward reduced sensitivity to insulin and high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia), and those tending toward excessive insulin secretion and low glucose levels (hypoglycemia).
George Hill (minister)
George Hill FRSE (27 May 1750–19 November 1819) was a Minister of St Andrews. He was a joint founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1783 and Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1789, but an active member for much longer, where he succeeded William Robertson as leader of the Moderates. He was Principal of St Mary's College, St Andrews as well as Dean of the Chapel Royal and Dean of the Order of the Thistle.

Church Patronage (Scotland) Act 1711
The Church Patronage (Scotland) Act 1711 (10 Ann. c. 21) or Patronage Act or the Veto Act is an act of the Parliament of Great Britain. The long title of the act is An Act to restore the Patrons to their ancient Rights of presenting Ministers to the Churches vacant in that Part of Great Britain called Scotland. Its purpose was to allow the noble and other Patrons in Scotland to gain control over the Church of Scotland parish churches again, having lost that custom in the Glorious Revolution.
Hongyazi, Liaoning
Hongyazi (simplified Chinese: 红崖子; traditional Chinese: 紅崖子; pinyin: Hóngyázǐ) is a town in Xingcheng, Liaoning, China. As of 2020, it administers the following 19 villages:

Hongyazi Village

Tangtun Village (汤屯村)

Liangjiatun Village (梁家屯村)

Erdaobian Village (二道边村)

Sandaobian Village (三道边村)

Guchengzi Village (古城子村)

Zhoutun Village (周屯村)

Laofuma Village (老付马村)

Xi'ertaizi Village (西二台子村)

Jianjin Village (拣金村)

Bianhaozi Village (边壕子村)

Tuanshanzi Village (团山子村)

Dadonggou Village (大东沟村)

Laoshaoguo Village (老烧锅村)

Xinqi Village (新齐村)

Wujiatun Village (吴家屯村)

Dashantai Village (大山台村)

Xiaoshantai Village (小山台村)

Yingshu Village (英树村)

Xingcheng
Xingcheng (simplified Chinese: 兴城; traditional Chinese: 興城; pinyin: Xīngchéng), former name Ningyuan (宁远), is a county-level city under the administration of Huludao, in southwest Liaoning province, China, with a population of approximately 220,000 urban inhabitants, and is located on the Liaodong Bay, i.e. the northern coast of the Bohai Sea. The area is steeped in history, and contains one of the best preserved Ming Dynasty towns in China, as well as functioning as a laidback summer resort.
Thiosemicarbazide
Thiosemicarbazide is the chemical compound with the formula H2NC(S)NHNH2.  A white, odorless solid, it is related to thiourea (H2NC(S)NH2) by the insertion of an NH center.  They are commonly used as ligands for transition metals. Many thiosemicarbazides are known.  These feature an organic substituent in place of one or more H's of the parent molecule. 4-Methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide is a simple example.

According to X-ray crystallography, the CSN3 core of the molecule is almost planar as are the three H atoms nearest the thiocarbonyl group.   This can be explained by models of electron delocalisation.

Thioketone
In organic chemistry, thioketones (from Ancient Greek  θεῖον (theion) 'sulfur'; also known as thiones or thiocarbonyls) are organosulfur compounds related to conventional ketones in which the oxygen has been replaced by a sulfur. Instead of a structure of R2C=O, thioketones have the structure R2C=S, which is reflected by the prefix "thio-" in the name of the functional group. Thus the simplest thioketone is thioacetone, the sulfur analog of acetone. Unhindered alkylthioketones typically tend to form polymers or rings.
Princess Sophie of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Princess Sophie Friederike Karoline Luise of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (16 August 1778 – 9 July 1835) was a princess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, the sister of Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and King Leopold I of Belgium, and the maternal aunt of Queen Victoria. By marriage, she was the Countess of Mensdorff-Pouilly.

She was born in Coburg, the eldest child of Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld by his second wife, Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf.

Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf
Augusta of Reuss-Ebersdorf (German: Gräfin Augusta von Reuß zu Ebersdorf; 19 January 1757 – 16 November 1831), was by marriage the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She was the grandmother and godmother of both Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and her husband and cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro
The Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (Portuguese: Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro or UFTM) is a public university located in the city of Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil, formerly FMTM (Faculty of Medicine of the Triângulo Mineiro) and transformed into a university in 2005 by a federal government decree.

The courses currently taught are: Agronomy, Biomedicine, Biological Sciences, Field Education, Physical Education, Nursing, Physics, Physiotherapy, Geography, History, Linguistics, Mathematics, Medicine, Nutrition, Psychology, Chemistry, Social Work, Occupational Therapy, Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Food Engineering, Production Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical engineering.

Uberaba
Uberaba (Portuguese pronunciation: [ubeˈɾabɐ]) is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. It is located in the Brazilian Highlands at an elevation of 823 metres (2,700 ft) above sea level on the Uberaba River, and is situated 418 kilometres (260 mi) from the state capital, Belo Horizonte. The city was granted its status in 1856 and derives its name from the Tupi language, meaning "bright water". As of 2022, the population was 337,836 inhabitants, making it the 7th-most populous city in Minas Gerais.
Sedgwick family
The Sedgwick family is a predominantly American family originating in England. Members of the family and their descendants have been influential in politics, law, business, and the arts. The earliest known member of the Sedgwick family to have gone to the New World from England was Robert Sedgwick of Yorkshire, who arrived in 1636 in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, as part of the Great Migration. Sedgwick, Maine, was named in his honor. The Sedgwick Pie is the family's cemetery located in Stockbridge Cemetery, Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

Theodore Sedgwick
Theodore Sedgwick (May 9, 1746 – January 24, 1813) was an American attorney, politician, and jurist who served in elected state government and as a delegate to the Continental Congress, a U.S. representative, and a senator from Massachusetts. He served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate from June to December 1798. He also served as the fourth speaker of the United States House of Representatives. He was appointed to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in 1802 and served there for the rest of his life.
Williams Boag
Williams Boag, now known under the name WILLIAMS BOAG architects (WBa), is a Melbourne-based architectural practice that describes itself as a socially responsible design practice with a focus on modernist principles. Aesthetically Williams Boag's designs most closely resemble that of contemporary Scandinavian architecture. Williams Boag is a company with a single director, Peter Williams.

WILLIAMS BOAG architects has designed many buildings over 35 years of practice and have received numerous awards over 35 years of practice including significant Royal Australian Institute of Architects (RAIA) awards.

Daryl Jackson
Daryl Sanders Jackson AO (7 February 1937 – 21 February 2026) was an Australian architect and the owner of an international architecture firm, Jackson Architecture. Jackson also became an associate professor at University of Melbourne and Deakin University.
2025 Heilbronner Neckarcup
The 2025 Neckarcup 2.0 was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the 11th edition of the tournament which was part of the 2025 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Bad Rappenau, Heilbronn district, Germany between 2 and 8 June 2025.

2025 ATP Challenger Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour in 2025 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2025 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 217 tournaments with prize money ranging from $60,000 up to $250,000. It was the 48th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 17th under the name of Challenger Tour.
WLQK
WLQK (95.9 FM, "Lite Rock 95.9") is a radio station broadcasting an adult contemporary music format. Licensed to Livingston, Tennessee, United States, the station serves the Cookeville area. The station is currently owned by Stonecom.

Livingston, Tennessee
Livingston is a town in Overton County, Tennessee, United States, and serves as the county seat.  The population was 3,905 at the 2020 census and 4,058 at the 2010 census. The current mayor, Lori Elder Burnette , Livingston's first female mayor, began serving her mayoral position on August 29th, 2024.

Livingston is part of the Cookeville, Tennessee Micropolitan Statistical Area with a 2023 population of 148,226.
Medal for Participation in the Battle of Berlin
The Medal for Participation in the Battle of Berlin (Polish: Medal „Za udział w walkach o Berlin”) was a Polish commemorative medal awarded by the Polish People's Republic to commemorate Polish military personnel who took part in the Battle of Berlin.

Ministry of National Defence (Poland)
The Ministry of National Defence (Polish: Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej [mi.ɲisˈtɛr.stfɔ ɔˈbrɔ.nɘ na.rɔˈdɔ.vɛj], MON [ˈmɔn] ⓘ) is an office of government in Poland headed by the Minister of National Defence. 
It is responsible for the organisation and management of the Polish Armed Forces. During the Second Polish Republic and World War II it was called the Ministry of Military Affairs (Ministerstwo Spraw Wojskowych). Its budget for 2025 was 186,6 billion PLN.
Letters of Ayn Rand
Letters of Ayn Rand is a book derived from the letters of the Russian-born American writer and philosopher Ayn Rand. It was published in 1995, 13 years after Rand's death. It was edited by Michael Berliner with the approval of Rand's estate.

R. W. Bradford
Raymond William "Bill" Bradford (September 20, 1947 – December 8, 2005), who used R. W. Bradford as his pen name, was an American writer chiefly known for editing, publishing, and writing for the libertarian magazine Liberty.
Shiphtur
Danny Le, better known as Shiphtur (pronounced "shifter"), is a Canadian former professional League of Legends player. Shiphtur was the first esports player to be granted a P-1 athletic visa from the United States Department of State. On May 2, 2014, he joined Dignitas along with Darshan "ZionSpartan" Upadhyaya. On May 17, 2016, Apex Gaming acquired Dignitas' NA Challenger team including Shiphtur.

On September 26, 2016, Apex and Dignitas were acquired by the Philadelphia 76ers, and Shiphtur was released from the Apex Roster but not added to Dignitas.

Darshan Upadhyaya
Darshan Upadhyaya, better known mononymously as Darshan and as ZionSpartan, is a Canadian-born American League of Legends player who played professionally from 2012–2023. He is most known for his four-and-a-half-year tenure as Counter Logic Gaming's top laner from November 2014 to May 2019, a time during which CLG and ZionSpartan made both the 2015 World Championship and the 2016 World Championship.  ZionSpartan and CLG also won the 2015 NALCS Summer Split as well as the 2016 NALCS Spring Split.  From the start of his career to November 2015, Upadhyaya played under the screenname ZionSpartan; from November 2015–2019, he played under the screenname Darshan; in 2020 he resumed playing as ZionSpartan; and in 2021 he has returned to Darshan.

Darshan was elected the inaugural president of the LCS Players Association in 2018, a loose union-like advocacy organization that represents the interests of contracted players in the LCS, and held that that position until 2022 or 2023.
Mallinckrodt
Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals plc is an Irish-American manufacturer of specialty pharmaceuticals (namely, adrenocorticotropic hormone), generic drugs and imaging agents.
In 2017, it had 5,500 employees and sales of $3.2 billion, of which $2.9 billion was from the U.S. healthcare system.

On August 1, 2025, it was announced that the firm had merged its operations with those of Endo.

Tyco International
Tyco International was a security systems company incorporated in Ireland, with operational headquarters in Princeton, New Jersey, United States (Tyco International (US) Inc.). Tyco International was composed of two major business segments: security solutions and fire protection.

On January 25, 2016, Johnson Controls announced it would merge with Tyco, and all businesses of Tyco and Johnson Controls would be combined under Tyco International plc, to be renamed as Johnson Controls International plc. The merger was completed on September 9, 2016.
Art auction
An art auction or fine art auction is the sale of art works, in most cases in an auction house.

In England this dates from the latter part of the 17th century, when in most cases the names of the auctioneers were suppressed. In June 1693, John Evelyn mentions a "great auction of pictures (Lord Melfort's) in the Banqueting House, Whitehall", and the practice is frequently referred to by other contemporary and later writers.

Normally, an auction catalog, that lists the art works to be sold, is written and made available well before the auction date.

Some of the best known auction houses are Christie's and Sotheby's. The oldest auction house is Stockholm Auction House (Stockholms Auktionsverk). It was established in Sweden in 1674.

Joseph Gillott
Joseph Gillott (11 October 1799 – 5 January 1872) was an English pen-manufacturer and patron of the arts. He is mostly notable for being the founder of Joseph Gillott's, a dip pen manufacturing company based in Birmingham.
1992 P&G Taiwan Women's Open
The 1992 P&G Taiwan Women's Open was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Taipei City Courts in Taipei, Taiwan that was part of the Tier V category of the 1992 WTA Tour. It was the fifth edition of the tournament and was held from 25 September through 4 October 1992. Unseeded Shaun Stafford won the singles title and earned $18,000 first-prize money.

Taipei Women's Championships
The Taipei Women's Championships is a defunct WTA Tour-affiliated women's tennis tournament played from 1986 to 1989 and from 1992 to 1994. It was held in Taipei, Taiwan and played on indoor carpet courts from 1986 to 1988, and on outdoor hard courts in 1989 and from 1992 to 1994. The 1980s tours were sponsored partly by Virginia Slims, and the 1990s events were sponsored by Kraft Foods and Procter & Gamble, the latter of which were named P&G Taiwan Women's Open or Taiwan Open in short. Anne Minter and Shi-Ting Wang were the most successful players at the tournament, each winning the singles competition twice.