hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sterling submachine gun
The Sterling submachine gun is a British submachine gun (SMG). It was tested by the British Army in 1944–1945, but did not start to replace the Sten until 1953. A successful and reliable design, it remained standard issue in the British Army until 1994, when it began to be replaced by the L85A1, a bullpup assault rifle.

9×19mm Parabellum
The 9×19mm Parabellum (also known as 9mm Parabellum, 9mm Luger, 9mm NATO or simply 9mm) is a rimless, centerfire, tapered firearms cartridge.

Originally designed by Austrian firearm designer Georg Luger in 1901, it is widely considered the most popular handgun and submachine gun cartridge due to its low cost, adequate stopping power and extensive availability.

Since the cartridge was designed for the Luger semi-automatic pistol, it has been given the designation of 9mm Luger by the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) and the Commission internationale permanente pour l'épreuve des armes à feu portatives (CIP).

A 2007 US survey concluded that "about 60 percent of the firearms in use by police are 9mm [Parabellum]" and credited 9×19mm Parabellum pistol sales with making semiautomatic pistols more popular than revolvers.
Maasdam cheese
Maasdam cheese (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈmaːzdɑm]) is an Emmental-style Dutch cheese. Made from cow's milk, it is aged for at least four weeks. It ripens faster than other cheeses made in the Netherlands. Maasdam has internal voids, or holes from the ripening process, and a smooth, yellow rind. Sometimes, it is waxed like Gouda. The cheese was created to compete with Swiss Emmentaler cheeses by being less expensive and quicker to produce. In the process of making a cheese with the same general components as Swiss cheeses, the Dutch ended up with a cheese that is nutty and sweet, but softer than Emmental, due to a higher moisture content.

The style was introduced in 1984 by the Baars company as the trademarked Leerdammer cheese, although it is now made by other Dutch companies under the name Maasdammer. That name was selected to honor the village of Maasdam in the province of South Holland.

Eyes (cheese)
Eyes are the round holes that are a characteristic feature of some Swiss-type cheeses (e.g. Emmentaler cheese) and some Dutch-type cheeses. The eyes are formed by bubbles of carbon dioxide gas during the cheesemaking process. The gas is produced by various species of bacteria in the cheese.
1958 Portuguese Grand Prix
The 1958 Portuguese Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Circuito da Boavista, Oporto on 24 August 1958. It was race 9 of 11 in the 1958 World Championship of Drivers and race 8 of 10 in the 1958 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers.

Mike Hawthorn was initially disqualified for restarting his car against the direction of the circuit, losing seven points. However, Championship rival Stirling Moss had seen the incident which caused the disqualification and went to the judges to revert the decision since he felt Hawthorn had done nothing wrong. Eventually, Hawthorn was classified and retained his seven points.

Circuito da Boavista
Circuito da Boavista is a street circuit in Porto, Portugal, which was used twice for the Formula One Portuguese Grand Prix. The original course began at the harbor-front "Esplanada do Rio de Janeiro", continued on "Avenida da Boavista", (hence the circuit's name), and then twisted its way through small neighborhoods back to the start-finish line.

The first Grand Prix was held in 1958, and saw an act of sportsmanship by Stirling Moss. Moss came to the defense of his countryman and title rival Mike Hawthorn, who faced a penalty for having driven towards oncoming traffic after a spin. Moss persuaded the stewards not to disqualify Hawthorn, who retained his second place and 6 points. Hawthorn eventually won the drivers championship by 1 point over Moss.

The 1960 running was a race of attrition, with only four cars finishing within five laps of winner Jack Brabham. Accidents and mechanical problems ended the day early for future champions John Surtees, Phil Hill, Graham Hill and others.
David Bell (field hockey)
David Ian Bell,  OAM (born 11 March 1955 in Melbourne) is a retired field hockey player from Australia, who was part of the team that won the silver medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

He attended Aquinas College, Perth.

Bell was first selected for Western Australia in 1974 and was a member of the Australia that won a silver medal at 1976 Montreal Olympics. The Australian hockey team boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics. The Australian team finished fourth at the 1984 Summer Olympics. He captained the Australian team that won the 1986 Hockey World Cup.

He was the head coach of the Australia women's national field hockey team and the Australian Institute of Sport women's program  from 2001 to 2004. Major coaching results were:

2001: 3rd – Champions Trophy

2002: 4th – World Cup ; 4th – Champions Trophy ; 3rd – Commonwealth Games

2003: 1st – Champions Trophy

2004: 5th – Athens Olympics

Sport Australia Hall of Fame Awards
The Sport Australia Hall of Fame was established on 10 December 1985 to recognise the achievements of Australian sportsmen and sportswomen.  The inaugural induction included 120 members with Sir Don Bradman as the first inductee and Dawn Fraser the first female inductee. In 1989, the Hall of Fame was expanded to include associate members who have assisted in the development of sport in Australia. In 2012, there were 518 members. Each year the Hall of Fame inducts notable retired athletes, associate members and upgrades one member to 'legend' status.

The main award each year is the 'Don' Award but other awards include Team Sport Australia Award, Spirit of Sport Award and Hall of Fame Moments.

The National Sports Museum located at the Melbourne Cricket Ground houses the Sport Australia Hall of Fame.
Phaeographis tuberculifera
Phaeographis tuberculifera is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae, first described in 2001. This lichen features a pale greenish-brown thallus with a characteristically bumpy or warty surface, and is exclusively found growing on rock surfaces in northern Queensland, Australia. It is distinguished from related species by its warty appearance, its elongated black reproductive structures that are partially hidden within the lichen's main body, and its small, four-chambered spores. P. tuberculifera appears to be endemic to Australia, with its known distribution limited to its original collection site.

Graphidaceae
The Graphidaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Graphidales. The family contains nearly a hundred genera and more than 2000 species. Although the family has a cosmopolitan distribution, most Graphidaceae species occur in tropical regions, and typically grow on bark. These lichens are characterized by their crust-like growth form and typically partner with orange-pigmented Trentepohlia algae. Many species produce distinctive elongated, slit-like fruiting bodies, and some have unusually large ascospores that can begin germinating almost immediately upon release. The family originated approximately 176 million years ago and has diversified steadily since, with major bursts of new species arising alongside the spread of flowering plants and tropical rainforests.
Cetate, Bistrița-Năsăud
Cetate is a commune in Bistrița-Năsăud County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Orheiu Bistriței (Hungarian: Óvárhely; German: Burghalle), Petriș (Petres; Petersdorf), and the commune center, Satu Nou (Felsőszászújfalu; Oberneudorf). It also included three other villages until 2002, when they were split off to form Dumitrița Commune.

The commune is located in the central part of the county, 13 km (8 mi) east of the county seat, Bistrița. It lies in the historic region of Nösnerland, a region centered between the Bistrița and Mureș rivers.

Cetate is situated in a hilly area at the eastern edge of the Transylvanian Plateau. To the east of Satu Nou village are the Călimani Mountains, with Vulturul Peak dominating the area at 1,501 m (4,925 ft).

The route of the Via Transilvanica long-distance trail passes through the villages of Cetate, Petriș and Orheiu Bistriței.

Bistrița
Bistrița (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈbistritsa] ⓘ; German: Bistritz, archaic Nösen; Transylvanian Saxon: Bästerts; Hungarian: Beszterce) is the capital city of Bistrița-Năsăud County, in northern Transylvania, Romania. It is situated on the Bistrița River. The city has a population of 78,877 inhabitants as of 2021 and administers six villages: Ghinda (Windau; Vinda), Sărata (Salz; Sófalva), Sigmir (Schönbirk; Szépnyír), Slătinița (Pintak; Pinták), Unirea (until 1950 Aldorf; Wallendorf; Aldorf) and Viișoara (Heidendorf; Besenyő). There is a project for the creation of a metropolitan area that will contain the municipality of Bistrița and 3 surrounding localities (Șieu-Măgheruș, Budacu de Jos, and Livezile), whose combined population would be over 91,600 inhabitants.
Ashok Chaturvedi
Ashok Chaturvedi, IPS (1947 - September 18, 2011) was the chief of India's external intelligence agency the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) from 1 February 2007 to 31 January 2009. Chaturvedi succeeded P.K.H. Tharakan, a 1968 batch officer of the IPS Kerala cadre who retired on 31 January 2007.

Chaturvedi was part of the Indian Police Service (IPS) as a 1970 batch officer from the Madhya Pradesh cadre before joining R&AW's own service cadre the Research and Analysis Service (RAS). Chaturvedi, who was an analyst on Bangladesh and Nepal, had also served in the United Kingdom and Canada besides a stint in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Secretary of the Research and Analysis Wing
The Secretary of the Research and Analysis Wing (Sachev, Anusandhan evam Vishleshan Wing) is the seniormost non-elected official of the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), India's external intelligence agency. The post is generally held by a senior officer from the Indian Police Service (IPS). The Secretary R&AW reports directly to the Prime Minister of India and is responsible for all intelligence operations abroad.

The first secretary was R. N. Kao, who established the agency in 1968. As the head of R&AW, the secretary is responsible for intelligence collection, covert operations, and national security assessments.
Series (United States currency)
On banknotes of the United States dollar, the series refers to the year appearing on the obverse of a bill, indicating when the bill's design was adopted. The series year does not indicate the exact date a bill was printed; instead, the year indicates the first year that bills of the same design were originally made. For example, $2 bills bearing the series year of 1928 were printed until the early 1950s.

G. William Miller
George William Miller (March 9, 1925 – March 17, 2006) was an American businessman and investment banker who served as the 65th United States secretary of the treasury from 1979 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party, he also served as the 11th chairman of the Federal Reserve from 1978 to 1979. Miller was the first person to hold both of those posts.

President Jimmy Carter nominated him to succeed Arthur F. Burns as chairman of the Federal Reserve in 1978. Miller came from a corporate world, rather than from economics or finance, an unusual background for a central bank chairman. However, shortly after his appointment, Miller left the Board of Governors to take the position of treasury secretary in the Carter administration, when W. Michael Blumenthal resigned. New York Fed President Paul Volcker was chosen as his successor at the Fed.
Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries
Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries (China-CEE, China-CEEC, also 14+1; formerly 17+1 from 2019 to 2021 and 16+1 from 2021 to 2022) is an initiative by the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs to promote business and investment relations between China and 14 countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE, CEEC): Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Prior to their 2022 withdrawal, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were members of the initiative.

Central and Eastern Europe
Central and Eastern Europe is a geopolitical term encompassing the countries in Northeast Europe (primarily the Baltics), Central Europe (primarily the Visegrád Group), Eastern Europe, and Southeast Europe (primarily the Balkans), usually meaning former communist states from the Eastern Bloc and Warsaw Pact in Europe, as well as from former Yugoslavia. Scholarly literature often uses the abbreviations CEE or CEEC for this term. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) also uses the term "Central and Eastern European Countries" (CEECs) for a group comprising some of these countries. This term is sometimes used as an alternative to the term "Eastern Europe," for more neutral grouping.
1981 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes
The 1981 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes was a horse race held at Ascot Racecourse on Saturday 25 July 1981. It was the 31st running of the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes.

The winner was Aga Khan's Shergar, a three-year-old bay colt trained at Newmarket, Suffolk by Michael Stoute and ridden by Walter Swinburn. Shergar's victory was the first in the race for his owner, trainer and jockey.

King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes
The King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes is a Group 1 flat horse race in Great Britain open to horses aged three years or older. It is run at Ascot over a distance of 1 mile 3 furlongs and 211 yards (2,406 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in July.

It is Britain's most prestigious open-age flat race, and its roll of honour features some of the most highly acclaimed horses of the sport's recent history. The 1975 running, which involved a hard-fought battle to the finish between Grundy and Bustino, is frequently described as the "race of the century". Many of its winners subsequently compete in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, and a number go on to have a successful career at stud. The race is often informally referred to as the "King George".
Colonial Mutual
The Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society Limited, later Colonial Limited, and commonly known as Colonial Mutual, Colonial Mutual Life, and/or CML, was a diverse international financial services company headquartered in Melbourne, Australia. Colonial's core businesses were life and general insurance, retirement savings, banking and funds management. The company operated in the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Fiji for more than a century.

It was a mutual society for most of its history, and demutualised in 1997. In 1994, Colonial acquired the State Bank of New South Wales, including the bank's First State investment management business. Colonial was acquired by Commonwealth Bank in 2000. The Colonial name lives on in the Colonial First State, which was until 2021 a subsidiary of the Commonwealth Bank.

China Life Insurance Company
China Life Insurance Company Limited (short China Life,  Chinese: 中国人寿保险; pinyin: Zhōngguó rénshòu bǎoxiǎn) is a Beijing-headquartered China-incorporated company that provides life insurance and annuity products. China Life is ranked No. 94 on Fortune 2015 Global 500 Company list. and is China's largest life insurer by market share, as of April 2023. In 2023, the company was ranked 62nd in the Forbes Global 2000.
Cycling at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's team pursuit
The men's team pursuit event in cycling at the 1996 Summer Olympics competition consisted of matches between two teams of four cyclists.  The teams started at opposite ends of the track. They had 16 laps (4 kilometres) in which to catch the other cyclist. If neither was caught before one had gone 16 laps, the times for the distance (based on the third rider of the team to cross the line) were used to determine the victor.

Cycling at the 1996 Summer Olympics
The cycling competitions at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta consisted of three separate categories: road cycling, track cycling, and mountain biking. The road cycling events took place in downtown Atlanta, track cycling was carried out at the Stone Mountain velodrome in neighboring DeKalb County, and the mountain biking events were held at the Georgia International Horse Park in Conyers.
Hahnberg (Thuringian Highland)
The Hahnberg is a 685.3 m high (above sea level) slightly undulatory tableland located in the Thuringian Highland, Thuringia (Germany).

It is located close to the municipality of Lichte and the Leibis-Lichte Dam in the  Saalfeld-Rudolstadt district in the Thuringian Forest Nature Park. The section of the Rennsteig walkway between Neuhaus am Rennweg, Piesau, and Spechtsbrunn runs close to the Hahnberg plateau.

Thuringian Highland
The Thuringian Highland, Thuringian Highlands or Thuringian-Vogtlandian Slate Mountains (German: Thüringer Schiefergebirge [ˈtyːʁɪŋɐ ˈʃiːfɐɡəˌbɪʁɡə] ⓘ or Thüringisches Schiefergebirge [ˈtyːʁɪŋɪʃəs -], literally "Thuringian Slate Hills") is a low range of mountains in the German state of Thuringia.
Structural differential
The structural differential is a physical chart or three-dimensional model illustrating the abstracting processes of the human nervous system. In one form, it appears as a pegboard with tags. Created by Alfred Korzybski, and awarded a U.S. patent on May 26, 1925, it is used as a training device in general semantics. The device is intended to show that human "knowledge" of, or acquaintance with, anything is partial—not total.

Alfred Korzybski
Alfred Habdank Skarbek Korzybski (/kɔːrˈzɪbski, kəˈʒɪpski/ ⓘ kor-ZIB-skee, kə-ZHIP-skee; Polish: [ˈalfrɛt kɔˈʐɨpskʲi]; July 3, 1879 – March 1, 1950) was a Polish-American philosopher and independent scholar who developed a field called general semantics, which he viewed as both distinct from, and more encompassing than, the field of semantics. He argued that human knowledge of the world is limited both by the human nervous system and the languages humans have developed, and thus no one can have direct access to reality, given that the most we can know is that which is filtered through the brain's responses to reality. His best known dictum is "The map is not the territory". Many of his ideas were presented in his book Science and Sanity (1933).
United Nations Security Council Resolution 585
United Nations Security Council resolution 585, adopted unanimously on 13 June 1986, noted a report of the secretary-general that, due to the existing circumstances, the presence of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) would continue to be essential for a peaceful settlement. The council expressed its desire for all parties to support the ten-point agreement for the resumption of intercommunal talks, and asked the secretary-general to report back again before 30 November 1986, to follow the implementation of the resolution.

The council reaffirmed its previous resolutions, including Resolution 365 (1974), expressed its concern over the situation, urged the involved parties to work together toward peace and once more extended the stationing of the Force in Cyprus, established in Resolution 186 (1964), until 15 December 1986.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 186
United Nations Security Council Resolution 186, adopted unanimously on 4 March 1964 during the Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, calling on all member states to conform to their obligations under the Charter, asked the Government of Cyprus to take all additional measures necessary to stop violence and bloodshed and called on communities in Cyprus and their leaders to act with restraint.  The resolution then recommended the creation of a peace-keeping force in the interest of preserving international peace and to prevent a recurrence of fighting and that, in agreement with the Governments of Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom, a mediator would be appointed to try to promote a peaceful solution to the problem confronting Cyprus.
NGC 5790
NGC 5790 is a lenticular galaxy located 541 million light-years away in the Boötes constellation. It was discovered on 16 May 1884 by French astronomer Édouard Stephan. The galaxy is approximately 180,000 light-years across. NGC 5790 is a type 2 Seyfert galaxy according to the SIMBAD database.

Boötes
Boötes (/boʊˈoʊtiːz/ boh-OH-teez) is a constellation in the northern sky, located between 0° and +60° declination, and 13 and 16 hours of right ascension on the celestial sphere. The name comes from Latin: Boōtēs, which comes from Ancient Greek: Βοώτης, romanized: Boṓtēs 'herdsman' or 'plowman' (literally, 'ox-driver'; from βοῦς boûs 'cow').

One of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, Boötes is now one of the 88 modern constellations. It contains the fourth-brightest star in the night sky, the orange giant Arcturus. Epsilon Boötis, or Izar, is a colourful multiple star popular with amateur astronomers. Boötes is home to many other bright stars, including eight above the fourth magnitude and an additional 21 above the fifth magnitude, making a total of 29 stars easily visible to the naked eye.
Portuguese World Exhibition
The Portuguese World Exhibition (Portuguese: Exposição do Mundo Português) was held in Lisbon in 1940 to mark 800 years since the foundation of the country and 300 years since the restoration of independence from Spain.

The fair ran from 23 June to 2 December 1940, held on the Praça do Império, and was attended by 3 million people.

Praça do Império
The Praça do Império (Empire Square) is a city square and park situated adjacent to principal monuments and tourist attractions in the civil parish of Belém, municipality and Portuguese capital of Lisbon.
Kawanectes
Kawanectes (meaning "Kawas swimmer") is an extinct genus of elasmosaurid plesiosaur, a type of long-necked marine reptile, that lived in the marginal marine, probably estuarine, environment of Late Cretaceous Patagonia. The genus contains a single species, Kawanectes lafquenianum, described in 2016 by José P. O'Gorman.

Polycotylidae
Polycotylidae is a family of plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous. Polycotylids first appeared during the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous, before becoming abundant and widespread during the early Late Cretaceous. Several species survived into the final stage of the Cretaceous, the Maastrichtian around 66 million years ago. The possible latest surviving member Rarosaurus from the late Maastrichtian is more likely a crocodylomorph.

With their short necks and large elongated heads, they resemble the pliosaurs, but phylogenetic studies indicate that they are plesiosauroids, being most closely related to Leptocleididae and more distantly to Elasmosauridae. They have been found worldwide, with specimens reported from New Zealand, Australia, Japan, Morocco, the US, Canada, Eastern Europe, and South America.
Plymouth Hoe
Plymouth Hoe, referred to locally as The Hoe, is a large south-facing open public space in the English coastal city of Plymouth, Devon.

The Hoe is adjacent to and above the low limestone cliffs that form the seafront and commands views of Plymouth Sound, Drake's Island, and across the Hamoaze to Mount Edgcumbe in Cornwall. The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon word hoh, a sloping ridge shaped like an inverted foot and heel (a term that survives in a few other placenames, notably Sutton Hoo).

Drake's Island
Drake's Island is a 6.5-acre (2.6-hectare) island approximately 500 metres from land in Plymouth Sound, the stretch of water south of the city of Plymouth, Devon. The rocks which make up the island are volcanic tuff and lava, together with marine limestone of the Devonian period. For more than 400 years the island was fortified.