hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Bevern (25 September 1718, Wolfenbüttel – 12 May 1788, Eisenach) was a field-marshal in the armies of the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch Republic, the elected Duke of Courland (1741). From 13 November 1750 to 1766 he was the Captain-General of the Netherlands, where he was known as the Duke of Brunswick or (to distinguish him from his eldest brother Charles, who succeeded to their father's title of Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg) Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Another brother was Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick who led the Allied Anglo-German army during the Seven Years' War.

General of the Artillery (Austria)
General of the Artillery (Feldzeugmeister) was a historical military rank in some German and Austro-Hungarian armies, specifically in artillery. It was commonly used in the 16th and 17th centuries, and survived until the beginning of the 20th century in some European countries. In the army of the Habsburg Empire, the rank of Feldzeugmeister was equivalent with lieutenant general.
History of France's military nuclear program
The history of France's military nuclear program recounts the path that led France to develop a military nuclear program after World War II. The establishment of the French Nuclear Deterrence Force was based on a French nuclear testing program that began on February 13, 1960, and ended on January 27, 1996.

In 2012, the Strategic Oceanic Force comprises four nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines equipped with strategic sea-to-surface ballistic missiles. The Strategic Air Force uses enhanced medium-range air-to-surface missiles with airborne warheads under Dassault Mirage 2000 aircraft at air base 125 Istres-Le Tubé. This missile is also used with Dassault Rafale aircraft at air base 113 Saint-Dizier-Robinson and on board the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle.

Pluton (missile)
The Pluton missile was a French nuclear-armed tactical ballistic missile (short-range ballistic missile, SRBM) system launched from a transporter erector launcher (TEL) platform mounted on an AMX-30 tank chassis. It was designed to provide the tactical part of French nuclear deterrence during the Cold War.
Alekhin (crater)
Alekhin is a lunar impact crater that is located on the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. It lies to the north of the crater Zeeman, and south-southeast of Fizeau. To the west lies Crommelin, and east-southeast is Doerfel.

The rim of Alekhin has been heavily eroded by subsequent impacts to the point where the edge is little more than a curving rise in the surface. The outer wall is completely overlain by the crater pair formed by crater Dawson across the northwest rim and Dawson D on the northern rim. The southern rim is somewhat more heavily marked by gouges and irregularities in the surface, compared to the northeast rim. On the floor are a number of tiny craterlets.

Fizeau (crater)
Fizeau is a prominent lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon, in the southern hemisphere. Nearby craters of note include Minkowski to the west-northwest, and Eijkman to the southwest.

The inner wall of the crater rim is multiply terraced in the northern half, while the southern rim has a shear inner surface leading down to slumped deposits on the crater floor. There is a small but prominent crater lying across the southwest rim, with an inner surface that forms terraced steps covering most of the interior. There are also smaller craterlets on the rim to the northeast and west-southwest.

The interior of Fizeau is relatively flat beyond the terraces, with only a few low rises in the northwest section of the crater and a central peak near the midpoint. Only a few tiny craterlets are located on the floor.
2023 Milano–Torino
The 2023 Milano–Torino was the 104th edition of the Milano–Torino cycling classic. It was held on 15 March 2023 as a category 1.Pro race on the 2023 UCI ProSeries calendar.

The race began in Rho, on the outskirts of Milan, and finished in Orbassano, on the outskirts of Turin

2023 UCI ProSeries
The 2023 UCI ProSeries was the fourth season of the UCI ProSeries, the second tier road cycling tour, below the UCI World Tour, but above the various regional UCI Continental Circuits.

The calendar consisted of 57 events, of which 33 were one-day races (1.Pro), and 24 were stage races (2.Pro). There were 49 events in Europe, six in Asia, one in the United States, and one in Argentina.
Palmophyllophyceae
The Palmophyllophyceae are a class of green algae consisting of the Palmophyllales and Prasinococcales.

It belongs to Prasinodermophyta, a group that – according to Li et al.'s phylogenetic analyses – is basal to the rest of the Viridiplantae (that is, the group of all green algae, from which land plants evolved, also known as "green plants").

Prasinococcus
Prasinococcus is a monotypic genus of green algae, containing the only species Prasinococcus capsulatus, in the monotypic family Prasinococcaceae. This unicellular algal species was discovered in 1990 in the West Pacific Ocean and has characteristic reproduction methods as well as an interesting and potentially exploitable morphology. This is the only species in the genus, though various strains exist, for example URI 266G is the Atlantic clone.
Uber Eats
Uber Eats is an online food ordering and delivery platform launched by the ride-hailing company Uber in August 2014. It is one of the largest global food delivery services, competing with companies such as DoorDash, Grubhub, Deliveroo and Just Eat Takeaway.com.

In December 2020, Uber acquired the U.S.-based food delivery service Postmates for $2.65 billion, integrating its operations into the Uber Eats platform. However, Postmates continues to operate as an independent brand, with a particularly strong presence in the Western United States.

Uber Eats has faced criticism over issues such as worker classification, pricing practices, including hidden fees, misleading subscription benefits and potential antitrust violations.

Online food ordering
Online food ordering is the process of ordering food, for delivery or pickup, from a website or other application. The product can be either ready-to-eat food (e.g., direct from a home-kitchen, restaurant, or a virtual restaurant) or food that has not been specially prepared for direct consumption (e.g., vegetables direct from a farm/garden, fruits, frozen meats. etc).

Ordering food through third-party delivery companies has emerged as a global industry, leading to a "delivery revolution." From 2018 to 2021, global revenues for the online food delivery sector rose from $90 billion to $294 billion.
Grange Hill series 14
The fourteenth series of the British television drama series Grange Hill began broadcasting on 8 January 1991, before ending on 15 March 1991 on BBC One. The series follows the lives of the staff and pupils of the eponymous school, an inner-city London comprehensive school. It consists of twenty episodes.

Grange Hill
Grange Hill is a British children's television drama series, originally produced by the BBC and portraying life in a typical comprehensive school. The show began its run on 8 February 1978 on BBC1, and was one of the longest-running programmes on British television when it ended on 15 September 2008 after 31 series. It was created by Phil Redmond, who is also responsible for the Channel 4 dramas Brookside and Hollyoaks; other notable production team members down the years have included producer Colin Cant and script editor Anthony Minghella.

The show was cancelled in 2008, having run every year for 30 years. It was felt by the BBC that the series had run its course.
Bruno Giordano
Bruno Giordano (Italian pronunciation: [ˈbruːno dʒorˈdaːno]; born 13 August 1956) is an Italian football manager and former player, who was deployed as a forward and is mostly remembered for winning the title of Serie A capocannoniere (top goalscorer) achieved with Lazio as well as for his successful time at Napoli. Giordano was a prolific striker with good technique and dribbling ability, and also possessed an accurate and powerful shot with either foot; due to his characteristics, he was regarded as the heir of Giorgio Chinaglia.

1986–87 Serie A
The 1986–87 Serie A season ended with Napoli doing the "domestic double", winning their first Scudetto and third Coppa Italia, spurred on by their talismanic captain Diego Maradona, who had also just played a key part in World Cup glory for his home country of Argentina.
Dras
Dras (also spelt Drass, ISO transliteration: Drās), also known locally as Himababs, Hembabs, or Humas, is a town and hill station in Kargil district of the union territory of Ladakh in India. It is on the NH 1 between Zoji La pass and Kargil town. A tourist hub for its high-altitude trekking routes and tourist sites, it is often called "The Gateway to Ladakh". The government's official spelling of the town's name is "Drass".

Zoji La
Zoji La (sometimes Zojila Pass) is a high mountain pass in the Himalayas. It is located in the Ganderbal district of Jammu and Kashmir and the Kargil district of Ladakh, both union territories of India. This pass connects the Kashmir Valley to its west with the Dras and Suru valleys to its northeast and the Indus valley further east. National Highway #1 between Srinagar and Leh in the western section of the Himalayan mountain range, traverses the pass. As of late 2022, an all-weather Zoji-la Tunnel is under construction to mitigate seasonal road blockages due to heavy snowfall.
National Company for Rail Transport
The National Rail Transportation Company (Arabic: الشركة الوطنية للنّقل بالسّكك الحديدية, French: Société Nationale des Transports Ferroviaires, abbreviated SNTF) is Algeria's national railway operator. The SNTF, a state-owned company, currently has a monopoly over Algeria's rail network of 3,973 km (2,469 mi), although it is currently utilising only 3,572 km (2,220 mi). Out of the total railway network, 2,888 km (1,795 mi) are 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge (283 km or 176 mi of these are electrified) and 1,085 km (674 mi) are 1,055 mm (3 ft 5+1⁄2 in) narrow gauge (as of 2008).

Ramdane Djamel
Ramdane Djamel is a town and commune in Skikda Province in north-eastern Algeria.

The town is home to football club WA Ramdane Djamel, which currently plays in the Ligue Nationale du Football Amateur. Ramdane Djamel is an important railway junction where the mainline Algiers–Skikda railway connects to the Ramdane Djamel–Annaba railway as well as to the Ramdane Djamel–Jijel railway.
Voivodeship road 116
Voivodeship road 116 (Polish: Droga wojewódzka nr 116, abbreviated DW 116) is a route in the Polish voivodeship roads network. The route links Nojewo with the cross road of the Voivodeship Road 184 and Voivodeship Road 186 near Dobrojewo.

Voivodeship road
According to classes and categories of public roads in Poland, a voivodeship road (Polish: droga wojewódzka) is a category of roads one step below national roads in importance. The roads are numbered from 100 to 993. Total length of voivodeship roads in Poland is 28,536 km (17,730 mi) of which 61.4 km (38 mi) are unpaved (2008).
2022 Sarangani local elections
Local elections were held in the Province of Sarangani on May 9, 2022, within the Philippine general election. Voters will select candidates for all local positions: a town mayor, vice mayor and town councilors, as well as members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan, the vice-governor, governor and a representative for the lone district of Sarangani.

2022 Philippine general election
The 2022 Philippine general election took place on May 9, 2022, for the executive and legislative branches of government at every level – national, provincial, and local – except for the barangay officials.

At the top of the ballot is the election for the successors to President Rodrigo Duterte and Vice President Leni Robredo. There were also elections for:

12 seats of the Senate

All 316 seats of the House of Representatives

All 81 governors and vice governors, and 782 seats of the provincial boards in all provinces

All 146 city mayors and vice mayors, and 1,650 seats of the city councils in all cities

All 1,488 municipal mayors and vice mayors, and 11,908 seats of the municipal councils in all municipalities

The first election of the Bangsamoro Parliament was scheduled to be held on the same date, but was rescheduled to 2025.

This is the first election in Davao de Oro under that name, as it was renamed from Compostela Valley in December 2019 after a successful plebiscite.
Limulunga District
Limulunga District is a district of Zambia, located in Western Province. The seat of the district is Limulunga. It was made independent from Mongu District in 2012 (2012). As of the 2022 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 61,102 people.

Mongu District
Mongu District is a district of Zambia with headquarters at Mongu. As of the 2022 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 197,816 people. More than a quarter of whom live in Mongu town; the remainder live on the floodplain or its edge.

It consists of two constituencies, namely Mongu Central and Nalikwanda.
The Richmond River Express Examiner
The Richmond River Express Examiner was a weekly newspaper published in Casino, New South Wales, Australia. It has been previously published as The Richmond River Express, The Kyogle Examiner,  The Rosolen Press, The Richmond River Express and Casino Kyogle Advertiser and The Richmond River Express and Tweed Advertiser.

Trove
Trove is an Australian online library database owned by the National Library of Australia in which it holds partnerships with source providers National and State Libraries Australia, an aggregator and service which includes full text documents, digital images, bibliographic and holdings data of items which are not available digitally, and a free faceted-search engine as a discovery tool.
Jack McCartan
John William McCartan (born August 5, 1935) is an American retired goaltender. He played for the American national team at the 1960 Winter Olympics, winning a gold medal. He later played 12 games in the National Hockey League with the New York Rangers during the 1959–60 and 1960–61 seasons, and 42 games with the Minnesota Fighting Saints of the World Hockey Association from 1972 to 1974. He was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1983, and into the International Ice Hockey Federation Hall of Fame in 1998.

United States Hockey Hall of Fame
The United States Hockey Hall of Fame was established in 1973 with the goal of preserving the history of ice hockey in the United States while recognizing the extraordinary contributions of select players, coaches, administrators, officials and teams. It is located in Eveleth, Minnesota, an iron mining town in northern Minnesota.
Leafcasting
Leafcasting is a method of strengthening paper so as to preserve it. Leafcasting fills in parts that may be missing in papers by the design of conservators or by age.  The process covers an existing sheet of damaged paper with replacement fiber, thus increasing its future usability. The process must be performed on a perfectly calibrated machine to avoid damaging the paper.  There are few institutions around the world that have the capabilities to perform leafcasting treatments.    As few institutions have the required equipment, leafcasting is not a popular form of paper strengthening.

Computerized leafcasting was first employed in the mid-1980s at the Folger Shakespeare Library.

Paper
Paper is a thin sheet of matted cellulose fibers. Largely derived from lignocellulose, paper is created from a pulp dissolved into a slurry that is drained and dried into sheets. Different types of paper are defined by constituent fiber, paper pulp, sizing, coating, paper size, paper density and grammage.

The papermaking process developed in East Asia at least as early as 105 CE by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although archaeological evidence exists of 2nd century BCE paper-like material in China. Before the industrialization of paper production, the most common paper was rag paper, made from discarded natural fiber textiles collected by ragpickers. The 1843 invention of wood pulp, coupled with the Second Industrial Revolution, made pulpwood paper the dominant variety to this day.
Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's long jump
The men's long jump was an athletics event at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. There were 54 competitors from 41 nations, with one athlete not starting. The maximum number of athletes per nation had been set at 3 since the 1930 Olympic Congress. The event was won by 21cm by Carl Lewis of the United States, the nation's fourth consecutive and 20th overall gold medal in the men's long jump. Lewis himself had won the four straight victories, becoming the third Olympian to win the same event four times in a row (after Al Oerter and Paul Elvstrøm, counting the latter's wins in the Firefly and Finn sailing classes as the same event) as well as the only man to win four long jump medals. It was the ninth and final Olympic gold of Lewis's career. James Beckford earned Jamaica's first medal in the event. Joe Greene matched his bronze from 1992, becoming the ninth two-medal winner in the event.

Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics
At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, 44 events in athletics were contested. There were a total number of 2053 participating athletes from 191 countries.

A total of two world records and 14 Olympic records were set during the competition.
Gondelsheim
Gondelsheim is a municipality in Northern Karlsruhe district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located on Bertha Benz Memorial Route 3 km northwest of Bretten and shares a direct border with that city.

Sights are the gothic-revival castle with the Old Tower and a replica of the Three Dancing Maidens fountain. The castle was inherited by Countess Louise von Langenstein und Gondelsheim, an illegitimate daughter of Louis I, Grand Duke of Baden, who in 1848 married the Swedish Count Carl Israel Wilhelm Douglas (1824–1898). Count Ludwig Wilhelm August von Langenstein and Gondelsheim had today's palace built in 1857. The Douglas family, living in Langenstein Castle, sold it in 2010.

Karlsruhe (district)
Karlsruhe is a Landkreis (district) in the northwest of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from north clockwise) Rhein-Neckar, Heilbronn,
Enz, Calw, Rastatt, Germersheim, Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis and the district-free city Speyer. The urban district Karlsruhe (Stadtkreis Karlsruhe), which contains the City of Karlsruhe, is located in the middle of the district, and partially cuts it into a northern and a southern part.
Federico Fernández (footballer)
Federico Fernández (Latin American Spanish: [feðeˈɾiko feɾˈnandes]; born 21 February 1989) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a centre-back.

Fernández began his career at Estudiantes de La Plata, where he reached the final of the Copa Sudamericana and won the Copa Libertadores, before moving to Napoli in 2011. He was used sparingly by the Serie A club, and spent time on loan at Getafe, before joining Swansea City in 2014. He joined English club Newcastle United in 2018.

Fernández made his full international debut in 2009 and had since earned over 30 international caps, scoring three goals. He was part of the Argentine squad which reached the 2014 FIFA World Cup final, where they lost 1-0 to Germany.

2009 Copa Libertadores
The 2009 Copa Libertadores de América (officially the 2009 Copa Santander Libertadores de América for sponsorship reasons) was the 50th edition of the Copa Libertadores de América, CONMEBOL's premier annual international club tournament.

The tournament was won by Argentine club Estudiantes de La Plata, who achieved their fourth Copa Libertadores title and first in 39 years. Since the inception of a preliminary round in 2004, they are the first club to start in that round and win the Copa Libertadores. Estudiantes earned a berth to play in 2010 Recopa Sudamericana and in the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup but lost both titles to LDU Quito and Barcelona respectively.
Independent High Electoral Commission
The Independent High Electoral Commission (IHEC) is Iraq's electoral commission. The electoral commission is headed by a nine-member board. Seven of those members are voting and must be Iraqi citizens. IHEC is currently headed by Judge Jalil Adnan Khalaf.

Council of Representatives of Iraq
The Council of Representatives is the de facto unicameral legislature of Iraq. According to the Constitution of Iraq, it is the lower house of the bicameral legislature of the country. The Federation Council is the unconvened de jure upper house.

As of 2020, the Council of Representatives comprises 329 seats and meets in Baghdad inside the Green Zone.
MAX-3LIN-EQN
MAX-3LIN-EQN is a problem in Computational complexity theory where the input is a system of linear equations (modulo 2).  Each equation contains at most 3 variables.  The problem is to find an assignment to the variables that satisfies the maximum number of equations.

This problem is closely related to the MAX-3SAT problem.  It is NP-hard to approximate MAX-3LIN-EQN with ratio (1/2 + δ) for any δ > 0.

NP-hardness
In computational complexity theory, a computational problem H is called NP-hard if, for  every problem L which can be solved in non-deterministic polynomial-time, there is a polynomial-time reduction from L to H. That is, assuming a solution for H takes 1 unit time, H's solution can be used to solve L in polynomial time. As a consequence, finding a polynomial time algorithm to solve a single NP-hard problem would give polynomial time algorithms for all the problems in the complexity class NP. As it is suspected, but unproven, that P≠NP, it is unlikely that any polynomial-time algorithms for NP-hard problems exist.

A simple example of an NP-hard problem is the subset sum problem.

Informally, if H is NP-hard, then it is at least as difficult to solve as the problems in NP. However, the opposite direction is not true: some problems are undecidable, and therefore even more difficult to solve than all problems in NP, but they are provably not NP-hard (unless P=NP).
I can't breathe
"I can't breathe" is a slogan of the Black Lives Matter movement in the United States. The phrase originates from the last words of Eric Garner, who was killed in 2014 after being put in a chokehold by a New York City police officer. A number of other Black Americans, such as Javier Ambler, Manuel Ellis, Elijah McClain, and George Floyd, have said the same phrase prior to dying during similar law-enforcement encounters. According to a 2020 report by The New York Times, the phrase has been used by over 70 people who died in police custody. The phrase is now used in widespread protest against police brutality and racial inequality in the United States.

Slogan
A slogan is a memorable motto or phrase used in a clan or a political, commercial, religious, or other context as a repetitive expression of an idea or purpose, with the goal of persuading members of the public or a more defined target group. The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as "a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising". A slogan usually has the attributes of being memorable, very concise and appealing to the audience.