hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Radiative equilibrium
Radiative equilibrium is the condition where the total thermal radiation leaving an object is equal to the total thermal radiation entering it. It is one of the several requirements for thermodynamic equilibrium, but it can occur in the absence of thermodynamic equilibrium. There are various types of radiative equilibrium, which is itself a kind of dynamic equilibrium.

Photon gas
In physics, a photon gas is a gas-like collection of photons, which has many of the same properties of a conventional gas like hydrogen or neon – including pressure, temperature, and entropy. The most common example of a photon gas in equilibrium is the black-body radiation.

Photons are part of a family of particles known as bosons, particles that follow Bose–Einstein statistics and with integer spin. A gas of bosons with only one type of particle is uniquely described by three state functions such as the temperature, volume, and the number of particles. However, for a black body, the energy distribution is established by the interaction of the photons with matter, usually the walls of the container, and the number of photons is not conserved. As a result, the chemical potential of the black-body photon gas is zero at thermodynamic equilibrium. The number of state variables needed to describe a black-body state is thus reduced from three to two (e.g. temperature and volume).
Goose Island (Tasmania)
The Goose Island, part of the Badger Group within the Furneaux Group, is a 109-hectare (270-acre) unpopulated elongated granite island, located in Bass Strait, lying west of the Flinders and Cape Barren islands, Tasmania, south of Victoria, in south-eastern Australia.

The Goose Island Lighthouse is at the narrow southern end, and is a conservation area.  The island is also part of the Chalky, Big Green and Badger Island Groups Important Bird Area.

Cape Barren Island
Cape Barren Island, officially truwana / Cape Barren Island, is a 478-square-kilometre (185 sq mi) island in Bass Strait, off the north-east coast of Tasmania, Australia. It is the second-largest island of the Furneaux Group, with the larger Flinders Island to the north, and the smaller Clarke Island to the south. The highest point on the island is Mount Munro at 715 metres (2,346 ft). The name of the island derives from the cape on the south-eastern point of the island, which was named "Cape Barren"  by Tobias Furneaux in March 1773. Australia's only native goose, the Cape Barren goose, was first documented by European explorers on the island. The number of permanent residents is variously estimated around 65-80 (2021/2025), most of whom live in a settlement called "The Corner".
Alfredo Pacheco (politician)
Alfredo Pacheco Osoria (born 12 January 1959) is a Dominican Republic politician from the Modern Revolutionary Party who has been President of the Chamber of Deputies since 16 August 2020, and previously during 2003-2006.

Modern Revolutionary Party
The Modern Revolutionary Party (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Moderno or PRM) is a political party in the Dominican Republic. It emerged after a division within the Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD). It was recognized on September 9, 2014. The PRM is the legal heir of the Dominican Social Alliance.

The PRM came into power after winning the general election which was held on July 5, 2020. In addition to winning the most seats in both houses of the country's congress, PRM leader Luis Abinader was also elected President of the Dominican Republic and was successfully sworn into office on August 16, 2020.
Eureka (word)
Eureka (Ancient Greek: εὕρηκα, romanized: héurēka) is an interjection used to celebrate a discovery or invention. It is a transliteration of an exclamation attributed to Ancient Greek mathematician and inventor Archimedes.

Interjection
An interjection (/ˌɪntərˈdʒɛkʃən/) is a word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a spontaneous feeling, situation or reaction. It is a diverse category, with many different types, such as exclamations (ouch!, wow!), curses (damn!), greetings (hey, bye), response particles (okay, oh!, m-hm, huh?), hesitation markers (uh, er, um), and other words (stop, cool). Due to its diverse nature, the category of interjections partly overlaps with a few other categories like profanities, discourse markers, and fillers. The use and linguistic discussion of interjections can be traced historically through the Greek and Latin Modistae over many centuries.
Final Warning (band)
Final Warning was a Portland-based hardcore punk band active in the Pacific Northwest from 1982 to 1986. The band was notable for their anti-war political themes and as one of the early hardcore bands to incorporate heavy metal into their sound.

GBH (band)
GBH  (originally known as Charged GBH) are an English punk rock band which was formed in 1978 by vocalist Colin Abrahall, guitarist Colin "Jock" Blyth, bassist Sean McCarthy (replaced by Ross Lomas after two years) and drummer Andy "Wilf" Williams.
The Patrick Leigh Fermor Archive
The Patrick Leigh Fermor Archive is a collection of over 10,000 items of correspondence, literary manuscripts, articles and research papers, diaries, passports, sketches and photographs relating to Sir Patrick 'Paddy' Leigh Fermor (11 February 1915 – 10 June 2011), a British author, scholar, veteran, and adventurer. The bulk of the collection, the Papers of Patrick Leigh Fermor, was purchased by the National Library of Scotland (NLS) in 2012 from Fermor's estate, using funds donated by the John R. Murray Charitable Trust, and is housed at the Library's main building on George IV Bridge in Edinburgh, Scotland. It was made available to the general public in November 2014.

John Murray (publishing house)
John Murray is a Scottish publisher, known for the authors it has published in its long history including Jane Austen, Arthur Conan Doyle, Lord Byron, Charles Lyell, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Herman Melville, Edward Whymper, Thomas Robert Malthus, David Ricardo, and Charles Darwin. Since 2004, it has been owned by conglomerate Lagardère under the Hachette UK brand.
G.I. Joe: Retaliation (soundtrack)
G.I. Joe: Retaliation (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the film score to the 2013 film G.I. Joe: Retaliation directed by Jon M. Chu. Based on the G.I. Joe toy line. It is the second installment in the G.I. Joe film series and the sequel to G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra (2009). The film score is composed by Henry Jackman and released through Varèse Sarabande label digitally on March 19, 2013, followed by a physical release on April 9, 2013.

G.I. Joe (film series)
G.I. Joe is a series of American military science fiction action films based on the toy line of the same name. Development for the first film began in 2003, but when the United States launched the invasion of Iraq in March 2003, Hasbro suggested adapting the Transformers instead. In 2009, the first film was released, G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra. A second film, G.I. Joe: Retaliation, was released in 2013. A third film, centered on Snake Eyes titled Snake Eyes: G.I. Joe Origins, also serving as a reboot of the series, was released in 2021, and a fourth film, G.I. Joe: Ever Vigilant, is confirmed to be in active development. A crossover film with the Transformers is also being developed.
Giornale degli economisti e annali di economia
The Giornale degli economisti e Annali di economia, established in Padua in 1875, is an Italian academic journal of economics. It publishes research articles in English and Italian. The owner of the publication is Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi and it is published by Egea, the University's publishing house.

Bocconi University
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Bocconi University or Università Bocconi (formally known in Italian as Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi [universiˈta kommerˈtʃaːle luˈiːdʒi bokˈkoːni] – or simply Bocconi) is a non-profit private university located in Milan, Italy.

The university offers courses in social sciences, with programs in economics, management, finance, law, political science, data and computer science, and an increasing focus on artificial intelligence.

Bocconi is a founding member of CEMS – The Global Alliance in Management Education. Through its graduate business school, the SDA Bocconi School of Management, the university holds triple accreditation from AACSB, EQUIS, and AMBA. SDA Bocconi offers MBA, Executive MBA, DBA, executive education, professional development, and certification programs.
Sherwood railway station, Perth
Sherwood railway station is a suburban railway station in Armadale, a suburb of Perth, Western Australia. It is on the Armadale line which is part of the Transperth network, and is 28.6 kilometres (17.8 mi) southwest of Perth station and 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) north of Armadale station. The station opened in 1973 as Kingsley, but was renamed to Sherwood in 1989. It consists of two side platforms with a pedestrian level crossing. It is not fully accessible due to steep ramps, wide gaps at the pedestrian level crossing, and wide gaps between the platform and train. Services are operated by Transperth Train Operations, a division of the state government's Public Transport Authority. The station was temporarily closed for 18 months from November 2023 to allow upgrade works on the Armadale Line to take place. It reopened in October 2025.

City of Armadale
The City of Armadale is a local government area in the southeastern suburbs of the Western Australian capital city of Perth, about 28 kilometres (17.4 mi) southeast of Perth's central business district. The City covers an area of 560 square kilometres (216 sq mi), much of which is state forest rising into the Darling Scarp to the east, and had a population of almost 80,000 as at the 2016 Census. At the 2021 census, the population had risen to 94,184.
Gabsheim
Gabsheim is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Wörrstadt, whose seat is in the like-named municipality.

Alzey-Worms
Alzey-Worms (German pronunciation: [ˈaltsaɪˈvɔʁms]) is a district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the district Groß-Gerau (Hesse), the city of Worms and the districts of Bad Dürkheim, Donnersbergkreis, Bad Kreuznach and Mainz-Bingen.
Theenmura
Theenmura also spelled theen mura is the traditional banquet of Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India. It is a non-vegetarian form of festive main meal and significantly differs from the vegetarian banquet sadhya in dishes and course of serving. It is typically served in Christian festivals such as Christmas, Easter, Nalpiravi, Pindikuthi Perunnal, Dukrana and family celebrations of Christians such as marriage, baptism, first Communion and engagement.

A typical theenmura may include, but is not limited to, cake with wine, meat cutlet with challas (a kind of pickled onion salad), appam, parotta, mutton stew, fish mollee, boiled rice, Malabar matthi curry, and beef vindaloo.

Appam
An appam or aappam is a type of thin pancake in South Indian cuisine. It is made with fermented rice batter and coconut milk, traditionally cooked in an appachatti, a deep pan similar in shape to a wok. It is a popular dish in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala and in Sri Lanka. In Sri Lanka, they are typically known as hoppers. Appams are most frequently served for breakfast or dinner, often with a side dish such as a vegetable or egg curry.
Elma Lewis
Elma Ina Lewis (September 15, 1921 – January 1, 2004) was an American arts educator and the founder of The Elma Lewis School of Fine Arts and the National Center of Afro-American Artists. In 1981 she was one of the first recipients of the newly organized MacArthur Fellows Grant, in 1981, and in 1983 was awarded a Presidential Medal for the Arts by President Ronald Reagan.  She is also an honorary member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.

National Medal of Arts
The National Medal of Arts is an award and title created by the United States Congress in 1984, for the purpose of honoring artists and patrons of the arts. A prestigious American honor, it is the highest honor given to artists and arts patrons by the United States government. Nominations are submitted to the National Council on the Arts, the advisory committee of the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), who then submits its recommendations to the White House for the President of the United States to award.  The medal was designed for the NEA by sculptor Robert Graham.
The Riots
The Riots is a play created by Gillian Slovo from spoken evidence, which explains and evaluates the events that took place during the 2011 England riots. The play is written in the style of verbatim theatre using interviews from politicians, police, rioters and victims involved in the riots. The Riots first opened at the Tricycle Theatre in Kilburn on 22 November 2011, after previewing from 17 November 2011.

Documentary theatre
Documentary theatre is theatre that uses pre-existing documentary material (such as newspapers, government reports, interviews, journals, and correspondences) as source material for stories about real events and people, frequently without altering the text in performance. The genre typically includes or is referred to as verbatim theatre, investigative theatre, theatre of fact, theatre of witness, autobiographical theatre, and ethnodrama.
Valchan Peak
Valchan Peak (Bulgarian: Вълчанов връх, romanized: Valchanov vrah, IPA: [vɐɫˈt͡ʃanov ˈvrɤx]) is the sharp rocky peak in Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica rising to 2750 m on the side ridge that trends 15 km from Mount Bentley on the main crest of north-central Sentinel Range west-northwest to Mount Hubley.

The peak is named after the Bulgarian rebel leader Valchan Voyvoda (Valchan Pandurski, 1775–1863).

Ellsworth Mountains
The Ellsworth Mountains are the highest mountain ranges in Antarctica, forming a 350 km (217 mi) long and 48 km (30 mi) wide chain of mountains in a north to south configuration on the western margin of the Ronne Ice Shelf in Marie Byrd Land. They are bisected by Minnesota Glacier to form the Sentinel Range to the north and the Heritage Range to the south. The former is by far the higher and more spectacular with Mount Vinson (4,892 meters (16,050 ft)) constituting the highest point on the continent. The mountains are located within the Chilean Antarctic territorial claim but outside of the Argentinian and British ones.
Boettger's wall gecko
Boettger's wall gecko (Tarentola boettgeri), also commonly known as the Gran Canaria gecko, is a species of lizard in the family Phyllodactylidae. The species is native to the Canary Islands and the Savage Islands. There are three recognized subspecies.

Franz Steindachner
Franz Steindachner (11 November 1834 in Vienna – 10 December 1919 in Vienna) was an Austrian zoologist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist. He published over 200 papers on fishes and over 50 papers on reptiles and amphibians. Steindachner described hundreds of new species of fish and dozens of new amphibians and reptiles. At least seven species of reptile have been named after him.
The Abbot
The Abbot (1820) is a historical novel by Sir Walter Scott, one of the Waverley novels. A sequel to The Monastery, its action takes place in 1567 and 1568. It reaches its climax in the escape of Mary, Queen of Scots from Lochleven Castle leading to her defeat at the Battle of Langside and her final departure from Scotland.

James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray
James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (c. 1531 – 23 January 1570) was a member of the House of Stewart as the illegitimate son of James V of Scotland. At times a supporter of his half-sister Mary, Queen of Scots, he was the regent of Scotland for his half-nephew, the infant James VI, from 1567 until his assassination in 1570. He was the first head of government to be assassinated with a firearm.
Avoiuli
Avoiuli (from Raga avoi 'talk about' and uli 'draw' or 'paint') is a writing system used by the Turaga indigenous movement on Pentecost Island in Vanuatu. It was devised by Chief Viraleo Boborenvanua over a 14-year period, based on designs found in traditional sand drawings, and intended as a native alternative to the Latin alphabet. It is used mainly for writing in the area's native Raga language, although it can also be used for other languages including Apma, Bislama and English.

Apma language
Apma (or Abma or Central Raga) is the language of central Pentecost island in Vanuatu. Apma is an Oceanic language (a branch of the Austronesian language family). Within Vanuatu it sits between North Vanuatu and Central Vanuatu languages, and combines features of both groups.

With an estimated 7,800 native speakers (in the year 2000), Apma is the most widely spoken of Pentecost's native languages, and the fifth largest vernacular in Vanuatu as a whole. In recent times Apma has spread at the expense of other indigenous languages such as Sowa and Ske. Apma is increasingly mixed with words and expressions from Bislama, Vanuatu's national language.
Vatovia
Vatovia is a monotypic genus of Ethiopian jumping spiders containing the single species, Vatovia albosignata. It was first described by Lodovico di Caporiacco in 1940, and is found in Ethiopia. Its taxonomic relationships within the family Salticidae are uncertain.

Jumping spider
Jumping spiders are spiders in the family Salticidae, with almost 700 genera and around 7,000 described species, making it the largest family of spiders – comprising 13% of spider species. Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods — being capable of stereoptic color vision — and use sight in courtship, hunting, and navigation.

Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the anterior median pair (the two front middle eyes) being particularly large.
Do Ab-e Kalus
Do Ab-e Kalus (Persian: دواب كالوس, also Romanized as Do Āb-e Kālūs) is a village in Sarrud-e Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Boyer-Ahmad County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 53, in 9 families.

Sarrud-e Jonubi Rural District
Sarrud-e Jonubi Rural District (Persian: دهستان سررود جنوبي) is in the Central District of Boyer-Ahmad County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Aliabad-e Sartol. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Tall Khosrow.
AŞTİ (Ankara Metro)
AŞTİ is an underground station and the western terminus of the Ankaray line of the Ankara Metro in Çankaya. It is located on the east side of Mevlana Boulevard, across from the Ankara Intercity Bus Terminal (AŞTİ). AŞTİ station consists of two side platforms and opened on 30 August 1996, together with the Ankaray line. Connection to the bus terminal is available via a passageway underneath Mevlana Boulevard.

Tracks continue south of the station to the Söğütözü Maintenance Facility and further to Söğütözü station, which was completed in 2014 but without Ankaray service.

Mevlana Boulevard
Mevlana Boulevard (also known as Konya Boulevard) is a boulevard in Ankara, Turkey. It is named after Mevlana, who is also known as Rumi, the Islamic scholar who spent most of his life in what is now Turkey in the 13th century.
History of Philippine Airlines
Philippine Airlines (PAL) is the flag carrier of the Philippines, operating from its base at Ninoy Aquino International Airport. PAL is the oldest airline in Asia operating under its original name, having been founded in 1941.

Aircraft lease
Aircraft leases are leases used by airlines and other aircraft operators. Airlines lease aircraft from other airlines or leasing companies for two main reasons: to operate aircraft without the financial burden of buying them, as well as to provide temporary increase in capacity. The industry has two main leasing types: wet-leasing, which is normally used for short-term leasing, and dry-leasing which is more normal for longer-term leases. The industry also uses combinations of wet and dry. For example, when the aircraft is wet-leased to establish new services, then as the airline's flight or cabin crews become trained, they can be switched to a dry lease. In some markets, there may also be hybrid models, such as with crew provided by lessees.
Down by the Jetty
Down by the Jetty is the debut album by English rock band Dr. Feelgood, released in January 1975.

The band's Johnny Kidd & the Pirates-influenced originals ("Keep It Out of Sight") appear alongside covers material like "Bonie Moronie" and "Tequila".

The album was re-released as a double CD in 2006 (EMI 0946 363951 2 8).

Bihari brothers
The Bihari brothers, Lester, Jules, Saul and Joe, were American businessmen of Hungarian Jewish origin. They founded Modern Records in Los Angeles and its subsidiaries, such as Meteor Records, based in Memphis. They were significant figures in the transformation of black oriented rhythm and blues into rock and roll which appealed to more white audiences in the 1950s.
Marianna Madia
Maria Anna "Marianna" Madia (Italian pronunciation: [mariˈanna maˈdiːa]; born 5 September 1980) is an Italian politician of the Democratic Party and a member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies since 2008.

She was Minister of Public Administration and Simplification from 22 February 2014 to 1 June 2018 (Renzi Cabinet and Gentiloni Cabinet).

Gentiloni government
The Gentiloni government was the 64th government of the Italian Republic, in office from 12 December 2016 to 1 June 2018. The government was headed by Paolo Gentiloni, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Renzi government.

The government was formed after Matteo Renzi's resignation as Prime Minister, due to the result of the 2016 constitutional referendum. The new government preserved most of the ministers of the former Renzi government. It was led by the centre-left Democratic Party (PD), and it originally included the New Centre-Right (NCD) and the Centrists for Europe (CpE) as junior partners. It also included a few non-party independents. The NCD was later merged into Popular Alternative (AP).
Shashibhushan Raychaudhury
Shashibhushan Raychaudhuri (Bengali: শশীভূষণ রায়চৌধুরী) (8 January 1863 – 1922), also known as Shashida, was a patriotic educationist connected with the radical revolutionary activities that had their origins in Bengal. He was the pioneer in what came to be known as the night-school movement, for building up a self-reliant society.

Bagha Jatin
Bagha Jatin (lit. 'Tiger Jatin'; pronounced [ˈbaɡʰa ˈd͡ʒot̪in]) or Baghajatin, born Jatindranath Mukherjee (pronounced [ˈd͡ʒot̪ind̪roˌnatʰ ˈmukʰoˌpaddʰae̯]); 7 December 1879 – 10 September 1915) was an Indian independence activist.

He was one of the principal leaders of the Jugantar party that was the central association of revolutionary independence activists in Bengal.
Army of the Trans-Mississippi
The Trans-Mississippi Army was a field army of the Confederate States Army in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War. It was the last major Confederate command to surrender, submitting on May 26, 1865, exactly one month after General Johnston had surrendered in the eastern United States.

Sterling Price
Sterling Price (September 20, 1809 – September 29, 1867) was an American politician and military officer who was a senior officer of the Confederate States Army, fighting in both the Western and Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War. He rose to prominence during the Mexican–American War and served as governor of Missouri from 1853 to 1857. He is remembered today for his service in Arkansas (1862–1865) and for his defeat at the Battle of Westport on October 23, 1864.