hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dina Melicov
Dina Melicov  (1905–1969) was an American sculptor, and painter who studied at The Educational Alliance Art School. She graduated from Wadleigh High School for Girls, and studied with Solon Borglum. She married Samuel Gould.

Dina Melicov was a member of the Sculptors Guild and the National Association of Women Artists. She worked for the Federal Art Project. Her works include a 1942 statue of Dr. Joseph Priestley, sculpted of red mahogany, located at the Northumberland, Pennsylvania Post Office and Head of a Child for Public School 216 in New York City.

Her papers are held at the Archives of American Art (AAA), with the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.

Solon Borglum
Solon Hannibal de la Mothe Borglum (December 22, 1868 – January 31, 1922) was an American sculptor. He is most noted for his depiction of frontier life, and especially his experience with cowboys and native Americans.

He was awarded the Croix de Guerre by France for his work with Les Foyers du Soldat service clubs during World War I.
Gorenja Podgora
Gorenja Podgora (pronounced [ɡɔˈɾeːnja pɔdˈɡɔːɾa]; German: Oberberg) is a settlement in the hills southwest of Črnomelj in the White Carniola area of southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

Črnomelj
Črnomelj (pronounced [tʃəɾˈnòːməl] ⓘ; in older sources also Černomelj, German: Tschernembl) is a town in southeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Črnomelj. It lies on the left bank of the Lahinja and Dobličica rivers. The municipality is at the heart of the area of White Carniola, the southeastern part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. It includes the hamlets of Čardak, Kočevje, Kozji Plac, Loka, and Nova Loka.
Karakeçili (tribe)
The Karakeçili tribe belongs to the Kayı branch of the Bozok division of the Oghuz Turks and settled in the lands of present-day Turkey after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. Today, their population is concentrated across Central, Western, Eastern, and Southeastern Anatolia.

Southeastern Anatolia region
The Southeastern Anatolia region (Turkish: Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi) is a geographical region of Turkey. The most populous city in the region is Gaziantep. Other big cities are Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır, Mardin and Adıyaman.

It is bordered by the Mediterranean region to the west, the Eastern Anatolia region to the north, Syria (Rojava) to the south, and Iraq (Southern Kurdistan) to the southeast.
Maximum a posteriori estimation
An estimation procedure that is often claimed to be part of Bayesian statistics is the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate of an unknown quantity, that equals the mode of the posterior density with respect to some reference measure, typically the Lebesgue measure. The MAP can be used to obtain a point estimate of an unobserved quantity on the basis of empirical data. It is closely related to the method of maximum likelihood (ML) estimation, but employs an augmented optimization objective which incorporates a prior density over the quantity one wants to estimate.  MAP estimation is therefore a regularization of maximum likelihood estimation, so is not a well-defined statistic of the Bayesian posterior distribution.

Closed-form expression
In mathematics, a closed form expression or formula is one that is formed with constants, variables, and a set of functions considered as basic and connected by arithmetic operations (+, −, ×, /, and integer powers) and function composition. Commonly, the basic functions that are allowed in closed forms are nth root, exponential function, logarithm, and trigonometric functions. However, the set of basic functions depends on the context. For example, if one adds polynomial roots to the basic functions, the functions that have a closed form are called elementary functions.

The closed-form problem arises when new ways are introduced for specifying mathematical objects, such as limits, series, and integrals: given an object specified with such tools, a natural problem is to find, if possible, a closed-form expression of this object; that is, an expression of this object in terms of previous ways of specifying it.
Rudd government (2013)
The second Rudd government was the federal executive Government of Australia led by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd of the Australian Labor Party. It commenced on 27 June 2013 and ceased on 18 September 2013. Rudd had previously served a term as Prime Minister from 2007 to 2010 and been replaced by his deputy Julia Gillard, following an internal party spill. Rudd regained the Labor Party leadership by successfully re-challenging Gillard in a June 2013 party spill. On 5 August, Rudd called an election for 7 September 2013, which resulted in the defeat of his government by the Liberal/National Coalition led by Opposition Leader Tony Abbott.

March 2013 Australian Labor Party leadership spill
A leadership spill in the Australian Labor Party, the party of government in the Parliament of Australia, was held on 21 March 2013. Prime Minister Julia Gillard called a ballot for the Leadership and Deputy Leadership of the Labor Party for 4.30pm, following a press conference by former Labor Leader and Regional Minister Simon Crean over persistent leadership tensions. At the caucus meeting, no alternative candidates nominated for the positions, and so Gillard and Wayne Swan were re-elected unopposed.
Metadata registry
A metadata registry is a central location in an organization where metadata definitions are stored and maintained in a controlled method.

A metadata repository is the database where metadata is stored. The registry also adds relationships with related metadata types. A metadata engine collects, stores and analyzes information about data and metadata (data about data) in use within a domain.

EbXML
Electronic Business using eXtensible Markup Language, commonly known as e-business XML, or ebXML (pronounced ee-bee-ex-em-el) as it is typically referred to, is a family of XML based standards sponsored by OASIS and UN/CEFACT whose mission is to provide an open, XML-based infrastructure that enables the global use of electronic business information in an interoperable, secure, and consistent manner by all trading partners.

The ebXML architecture is a unique set of concepts; part theoretical and part implemented in the existing ebXML standards work.

The ebXML work stemmed from earlier work on ooEDI (object oriented EDI), UML / UMM, XML markup technologies and the X12 EDI "Future Vision" work sponsored by ANSI X12 EDI.

The melding of these components began in the original ebXML work and the theoretical discussion continues today.  Other work relates, such as the Object Management Group work and the OASIS BCM (Business-Centric Methodology) standard (2006).
Charles Williams Jr. House
The Charles Williams Jr. House, built in 1858, is a historic house in Somerville, Massachusetts. Charles Williams Jr. was a manufacturer of electrical telegraph instruments at 109 Court Street in Boston. Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson experimented with the telephone in Williams' shop, and it was there that they first heard indistinct sounds transmitted on June 2, 1875. The first permanent residential telephone service in the world was installed at this house in 1877, connecting Williams' home with his shop on Court Street in Boston. Williams had telephone Numbers 1 and 2 of the Bell Telephone Company.

Thomas A. Watson
Thomas Augustus Watson (January 18, 1854 – December 13, 1934) was an American inventor and assistant to Alexander Graham Bell in the invention of the telephone in 1876. Afterwards, he founded the Fore River Ship and Engine Building Company, which became a major shipyard during World War II.
What Will We Be
What Will We Be is Devendra Banhart's seventh studio album released on October 27, 2009, on Warner Bros. Records. The album was co-produced by Banhart and Paul Butler from A Band of Bees. Rejoining Banhart are old band mates Noah Georgeson, Greg Rogove, Luckey Remington, and Rodrigo Amarante, all of whom worked with him on his previous album, Smokey Rolls Down Thunder Canyon.

The composition "Maria Lionza" is an "evocation to the goddess."

Smokey Rolls Down Thunder Canyon
Smokey Rolls Down Thunder Canyon is a Devendra Banhart album released September 25, 2007. This album features more instrumentation than the previous records, as well as more genre experimentation. Smokey Rolls Down Thunder Canyon was recorded in Topanga Canyon in Southern California and is dedicated to Alice Coltrane, Malachi Ritscher and Elliott Smith.

The majority of the merchandise sold on the US tour for the album was made in collaboration with Banhart by Adam Tullie and Angeline Rivas, who design the clothing line Cavern Collection.

Smokey Rolls Down Thunder Canyon reached #19 on Rolling Stone's list of the Top 50 Albums of 2007. The song "Seahorse" is #69 on Rolling Stone's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007.
Bera, Count of Barcelona
Bera (Catalan: Berà) (died 844) was the first count of Barcelona from 801 until his deposition in 820. He was also the count of Razès and Conflent from 790, and the count of Girona and Besalú from 812 (or 813 or 817) until his deposition.  In 811, he was witness to the last will and testament of Charlemagne.

Count of Barcelona
The count of Barcelona (Catalan: comte de Barcelona, Spanish: conde de Barcelona, French: comte de Barcelone, Latin: comes Barcinonensis) was the ruler of the County of Barcelona and also, by extension and according with the Usages and Catalan constitutions, of the Principality of Catalonia as prince (sovereign) for much of Catalan history, from the 9th century until the 18th century. After 1162, with Alfonso II of Aragon and I of Barcelona, the title of count of Barcelona was united with that of king of Aragon, and after the 16th century, with that of king of Spain.
America Line
The America Line (German: Amerikalinie) is the official name of a railway line in northern Germany which is mainly of regional importance today. It runs in an east-west direction and links Stendal in Saxony-Anhalt with the Hanseatic city of Bremen.

Stendal
Stendal (German pronunciation: [ˈʃtɛndaːl] ⓘ), officially the Hanseatic City of Stendal (German: Hansestadt Stendal), is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is the capital of the Stendal District and the unofficial capital of the Altmark region.
Grądy, Wieruszów County
Grądy [ˈɡrɔndɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Galewice, within Wieruszów County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) north-west of Galewice, 11 km (7 mi) north-east of Wieruszów, and 98 km (61 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Galewice
Galewice [ɡalɛˈvit͡sɛ] is a village in central Poland in Wieruszów County, Łódź Voivodeship, established in the 15th century. It was first mentioned in 1458 in Judicial Chronicles. The origin of the name Galewice is ambiguous. It either comes from a word Gal, which means 'to serve' or it belonged to the first owners of the village, an aristocratic family of Galewski (coat of arms Wierusz). It is the seat of the administrative district of Gmina Galewice. It lies approximately 10 km (6 mi) north-east of Wieruszów and 97 km (60 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.
Revitalize American Manufacturing and Innovation Act of 2013
The Revitalize American Manufacturing and Innovation Act of 2013 (H.R. 2996) is a bill that would establish the Network for Manufacturing Innovation Program (NMIP) within the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Under the program, NIST would award grants to establish a network of centers of innovation to improve the competitiveness of domestic manufacturers.

The bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress.

Tom Reed (politician)
Thomas Willard Reed II (born November 18, 1971) is an American lobbyist, attorney, and politician from the state of New York. Reed served as the U.S. representative for New York's 23rd congressional district; the district is in New York's Southern Tier. A Republican, Reed first joined the U.S. House after winning a special election to replace Eric Massa in 2010. He previously served one term as mayor of Corning, New York.

In 2021, after being accused of sexual misconduct, Reed announced that he would not seek reelection to the House of Representatives, or seek any other office in 2022. On May 10, 2022, he resigned from the House about seven months before the end of his final term.
Mustapha Tabet
Mohamed Mustapha Tabet (Arabic: محمد مصطفى ثابت, 1939 – September 5, 1993), known by his nickname Hajj Hamid (Arabic: حاج حميد) or Hajj Tabet (Arabic: الحاج ثابت), was a Moroccan serial rapist and former police commissioner who was involved in the kidnapping, rapes and assaults of more than 518 girls and women in his Casablanca apartment from 1986 to 1993.

The case became one of the most egregious examples of police corruption and sexual abuse in the country, as Tabet used his status to dismiss and cover-up evidence of his crimes. He was eventually convicted and sentenced to death in March 1993, and was subsequently executed by firing squad in September. As of 2025, Tabet remains the last person to be executed in Morocco.

Police corruption
Police corruption is a form of police misconduct in which a law enforcement officer breaks their political contract and abuses their power for personal gain. Such a police officer is often referred to as a dirty cop. A corrupt officer may act alone or as part of a group. Corrupt acts include taking bribes, stealing from victims or suspects, and manipulating evidence to affect the outcome of legal proceedings (such as in a frameup). Police corruption challenges the human rights of citizens, and can undermine public trust in the police when uncovered or suspected.
Georgy Orbeliani
Prince Georgy Ilyich Orbeliani (Georgian: გიორგი ილიას ძე ორბელიანი; Russian: Гео́ргий Ильи́ч Орбелиа́ни; 1853–1924) was a general in the Imperial Russian Army during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905.

Order of Saint Vladimir
The Imperial Order of Saint Prince Vladimir (Russian: орден Святого Владимира) was an Imperial Russian order established on 3 October [O.S. 22 September] 1782 by Empress Catherine II in memory of the deeds of Saint Vladimir, the Grand Prince and the Baptizer of the Kievan Rus'.
Moon and Son
Moon and Son is a British television astrological crime drama, created and produced by Robert Banks Stewart, that broadcast on BBC One from January 4, 1992.

The series was Millicent Martin's first British role in fifteen years, and was considered to be a "rare misfire" for creator Banks Stewart (who described this series as "a light-hearted thriller"), whose previous series Bergerac and Lovejoy had enjoyed significant success on British television.

Despite reports that the BBC had already commissioned a second series prior to the first series being broadcast, only thirteen episodes were made and the series was swiftly axed due to poor ratings, despite airing in a primetime Saturday evening slot. To date, the series has only been repeated once on Satellite TV, and has never been released on DVD.

Bergerac (TV series)
Bergerac (/ˈbɜːʒəræk/ BUR-zhə-rak) is a British crime drama television series. Produced by the BBC in association with the Australian Seven Network, and first screened on BBC1, it ran from 18 October 1981 to 26 December 1991. Set in Jersey, it stars John Nettles as the title character Jim Bergerac. He is initially a detective sergeant in Le Bureau des Étrangers ("The Foreigners' Office", a fictional department dealing with non-Jersey residents), within the States of Jersey Police, but later leaves the force and becomes a private investigator.

Westward Studios' Bergerac reboot launched on U&Drama in February 2025.
95th Street (Manhattan)
95th Street runs from Riverside Drive, overlooking the Hudson River, to the East River, through the New York City borough of Manhattan. It traverses the neighborhoods of Upper West Side, Upper East Side, Carnegie Hill, and Yorkville; the street is interrupted by Central Park.

As an odd-numbered street, most of 95th Street handles westbound automotive traffic. However, it has eastbound traffic between Amsterdam Avenue and its western terminus, facilitating traffic exiting the Henry Hudson Parkway (NY 9A) at exit 11.

Yorkville, Manhattan
Yorkville is a neighborhood on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City, United States. Its southern boundary is East 79th Street, its northern East 96th Street, its western Third Avenue, and its eastern the East River. Yorkville is one of the most densely populated city subdivisions in the world, and the most dense of such in the U.S.

Yorkville is part of Manhattan Community District 8, and its primary ZIP Codes are 10028, 10075, and 10128. It is patrolled by the 19th Precinct of the New York City Police Department.
Lois Wilson (minister)
Lois Miriam Wilson CC OOnt (née Freeman; April 8, 1927 – September 13, 2024) was a minister of the United Church of Canada who served as the first female Moderator of the United Church (1980–1982), the first woman president of the Canadian Council of Churches (1976–1979), and the first woman president of the World Council of Churches (1983–1991). Wilson also served in the Canadian Senate for four years (1998–2002).

Moderator of the United Church of Canada
The Moderator of the United Church of Canada is the most senior elected official within the United Church of Canada. He or she may be a lay person or a member of the Order of Ministry and is elected to a three-year term by commissioners attending the church's triannual General Council. The current Moderator is Rev. Dr. Kimberly Heath, who was elected to the office at the 45th General Council in August 2025 and installed on August 11.
Glenbrook Tunnel (1913)
The Glenbrook Tunnel is a double-track railway tunnel located on the Main Western Line, near Glenbrook, in the City of Blue Mountains local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The property is owned by the Transport Asset Holding Entity. The railway tunnel is part of the Glenbrook 1913 double-track deviation, which replaced the Glenbrook 1892 single-track deviation across the Blue Mountains. The tunnel is 283 metres (928 ft) long and was officially opened on 11 May 1913.

Main Western railway line
The Main Western railway line (or Great Western Railway) is a major railway in New South Wales, Australia. It runs through the Blue Mountains, and Central West regions. It is 825 kilometres (513 mi) long, of which 484 kilometres (301 mi) is currently operational.
Beta Pictoris b
Beta Pictoris b (abbreviated as β Pic b) is an exoplanet orbiting the young debris disk, A-type main sequence star, Beta Pictoris located approximately 63 light-years (19.4 parsecs, or 6×1014 km) away from Earth in the constellation of Pictor. It has a mass of around 13 Jupiter masses and a radius that's around 46% larger than Jupiter's. It orbits at 9 AU from Beta Pictoris, which is about 3.5 times farther than the orbit of Beta Pictoris c. It orbits close to the plane of the debris disk orbiting the star, with a low eccentricity and a period of 20–21 years.

Methods of detecting exoplanets
Methods of detecting exoplanets usually rely on indirect strategies – that is, they do not directly image the planet but deduce its existence from another signal. Any planet is an extremely faint light source compared to its parent star. For example, a star like the Sun is about a billion times as bright as the reflected light from any of the planets orbiting it. In addition to the intrinsic difficulty of detecting such a faint light source, the glare from the parent star washes it out. For those reasons, very few of the exoplanets reported as of June 2025 have been detected directly, with even fewer being resolved from their host star.
130 departments of the First French Empire
This is a list of the 130 departments (French: départements), the conventional name for the administrative subdivisions of the First French Empire at the height of its territorial extent, circa 1811.

Several territories of European France were also ruled over directly by France but were not organised into departments, these being: Illyrian Provinces, and the Principality of Erfurt, and so these are not included in this list. Similarly, four additional French departments were also created in Catalonia (annexed from Spain in 1812); their juridical status remained incomplete until the French lost their grip on Spain in 1814. Those departments were: Bouches-de-l'Èbre, Montserrat, Sègre, and Ter.

Sègre (department)
Sègre (French: [sɛɡʁ]) was a department of the First French Empire in present-day Spain and Andorra. Named after the river Segre, it incorporated Andorra. Val d'Aran, which is in the north side of the Pyrenees, was instead incorporated to the department of Haute-Garonne.

Sègre was created on 26 January 1812 when Catalonia was annexed by the French Empire. 
Its subprefectures were Talarn, and Solsona. Its prefecture was Puigcerdà; the only prefect was Jean Louis Rieul de Viefville des Essarts, from February 1812 to 1813.

In March 1813, it was merged with the department of Ter into the department of Ter-et-Sègre.    This merger was established by decree but never published in the Bulletin des lois, nor endorsed by any senatorial decree, leaving its legal status uncertain.

In 1814, the French left the Iberian Peninsula, having occupied it since 1808. The departments disappeared.
Roussoellopsis
Roussoellopsis is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes and order Pleosporales, and family Roussoellaceae.

The genus was named after Marietta Hannon Rousseau (1850–1926), who was a Belgian mycologist and taxonomist.

The genus was circumscribed by Iwao Hino and Ken Katumoto in J. Jap. Bot. vol.40 on pages 85-86 in 1965.

Pleosporales
The Pleosporales is the largest order in the fungal class Dothideomycetes. By a 2008 estimate, it contained 23 families, 332 genera and more than 4700 species. The majority of species are saprobes on decaying plant material in fresh water, marine, or terrestrial environments, but several species are also associated with living plants as parasites, epiphytes or endophytes. The best studied species cause plant diseases on important agricultural crops e.g. Cochliobolus heterostrophus, causing southern corn leaf blight on maize, Phaeosphaeria nodorum (Stagonospora nodorum) causing glume blotch on wheat and Leptosphaeria maculans causing a stem canker (called blackleg) on cabbage crops (Brassica). Some species of Pleosporales occur on animal dung, and a small number occur as lichens  and rock-inhabiting fungi.
Mennica Legacy Tower
The Mennica Legacy Tower (Polish: [mɛnˈɲi.t͡sa]) is a complex of two office buildings in Warsaw, Poland, located at 18 Prosta Street, in the neighbourhood of Mirów, within the district of Wola. It includes a 140-metre-tall skyscraper mBank Tower (Polish: Wieża mBank) with 32 storeys, and a smaller  43-metre-tall office building with 9 storeys. It was completed in 2020.

Wola
Wola (Polish pronunciation: [ˈvɔla] ⓘ) is a district in western Warsaw, Poland. An industrial area with traditions reaching back to the early 19th century, it underwent a transformation into a major financial district, featuring various landmarks and some of the tallest office buildings in the city.