hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Native American self-determination
Native American self-determination refers to the social movements, legislation and beliefs by which the Native American tribes in the United States exercise self-governance and decision-making on issues that affect their own people.

National Congress of American Indians
The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) is an American Indian and Alaska Native rights organization. It was founded in 1944 to represent the tribes and resist U.S. federal government pressure for termination of tribal rights and assimilation of their people. These were in contradiction of their treaty rights and status as sovereign entities. The organization continues to be an association of federally recognized and state-recognized Indian tribes.
China Aviation Museum
The China Aviation Museum (Chinese: 中国航空博物馆; pinyin: Zhōngguó Hángkōng Bówùguǎn) is an aviation museum located in Beijing, China. It is affiliated with the People's Liberation Army Air Force and co-sponsored by the Aviation Industry Corporation of China. The museum is a national first-class museum accredited by the National Cultural Heritage Administration.

The China Aviation Museum was first opened to the public on 11 November 1989, to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the founding of the People's Liberation Army Air Force. Part of the museum is located inside a cave in the side of Datangshan Mountain. The cavern was originally part of the tunnels and underground bunker system of Shahezhen Airbase, and is 586 metres (1,923 feet) long by 11 metres (36 feet) high by 40 metres (130 feet) wide.

Aviation museum
An aviation museum, air museum, or air and space museum is a museum exhibiting the history and artifacts of aviation. In addition to actual, replica or accurate reproduction aircraft, exhibits can include photographs, maps, models, dioramas, clothing and equipment used by aviators.
Tadiran Telecom
Tadiran Telecom (TTL) L.P.,  is a privately held Israeli Unified Communications and Collaboration (UC&C) company, providing UC&C systems globally. TTL is owned by Afcon Industries, which in turn is controlled by the Shlomo Group (TASE:SHLD), an Israeli corporation.

TTL's corporate headquarters are located in Petah Tikva (Israel), with regional offices located in Georgia (Atlanta), Beijing (China), and New Delhi (India).

The primary product offered by TTL is the Aeonix UC&C system.

Shlomo Group
Shlomo Group is one of the largest investments and holdings groups in Israel, consists of automotive, real estate, telecom, insurance, shipyards and logistics sectors. The group was founded in 1974 by Shlomo Shmeltzer. The group's consolidated turnover is amounted to ILS 7 billion, as of 2017. Today the company is headed by Asi Shmeltzer, the son of Shlomo Shmeltzer who was the company's founder, while his wife Atalia Shmeltzer acts as the group's owner.
Minister for Agriculture (Victoria)
The Minister for Agriculture is a minister within the Executive Council of Victoria tasked with the responsibility of overseeing the Victorian Government's agriculture initiatives. The minister is supported by the Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action's Agriculture Victoria.

The current minister is Ros Spence since October 2023.

Ros Spence
Rosalind Louise Spence (born 16 December 1970) is an Australian politician. She has been a Labor Party member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly since November 2014, representing Yuroke from 2014 to 2022, then Kalkallo from 2022 onwards.
Rebound (character)
Rebound is a  fictional comic book character created by Jim Valentino. She first appeared in Jim Valentino's ShadowHawk #7 (November, 2005) where ShadowHawk meets a mysterious red haired girl who has the power to deflect anything thrown at her.

Jim Valentino
Jim Valentino (born October 28, 1952) is an American writer, penciler, editor and publisher of comic books, best known for his 1990–1992 work on Guardians of the Galaxy for Marvel Comics, and for co-founding Image Comics, a company publishing creator-owned comics.

At Image Comics, Valentino produced books such as the superhero vigilante series  ShadowHawk, and the 1997 semi-autobiographical black and white book A Touch of Silver. Valentino also served as publisher of Image from 1999 to 2003, during which he oversaw the diversification of Image's publication through his discovery of creators such as Robert Kirkman, who co-created the critically and commercially successful comic book The Walking Dead.
Aspergillus novofumigatus
Aspergillus novofumigatus is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Fumigati section. Several fungi from this section produce heat-resistant ascospores, and the isolates from this section are frequently obtained from locations where natural fires have previously occurred. The species was first described in 2006. It was isolated from soil from the Galapagos Islands. It has been shown to produce aszonalenin, cycloechinuline, fiscalins, helvolic acid, neosartorin, palitantin, terrein, and territrem B.

In 2014, the genome of A. novofumigatus was sequenced as a part of the Aspergillus whole-genome sequencing project - a project dedicated to performing whole-genome sequencing of all members of the genus Aspergillus. The genome assembly size was 32.44 Mbp.

Aspergillus
Aspergillus (/ˌæspərˈdʒɪləs/) is a genus consisting of several hundred mold species found in various climates worldwide.

Aspergillus was first catalogued in 1729 by the Italian priest and biologist Pier Antonio Micheli. Viewing the fungi under a microscope, Micheli was reminded of the shape of an aspergillum (holy water sprinkler), from Latin spargere (to sprinkle), and named the genus accordingly. Aspergillum is an asexual spore-forming structure common to all Aspergillus species; around one-third of species are also known to have a sexual stage. While some species of Aspergillus are known to cause fungal infections, others are of commercial importance.
Mining industry of Algeria
Hydrocarbons are the leading sector in Algeria's mineral industry, which includes diverse but modest production of metals and industrial minerals. In 2006, helium production in Algeria accounted for about 13% of total world output. Hydrocarbons produced in Algeria accounted for about 2.9% of total world natural gas output and about 2.2% of total world crude oil output in 2006. Algeria held about 21% of total world identified resources of helium, 2.5% of total world natural gas reserves, and about 1% of total world crude oil reserves.

In 2019, the country was the 17th largest world producer of gypsum, and the 19th largest world producer of phosphate.

Hassi R'Mel
Hassi R'Mel (Arabic: حاسي الرمل, Berber language: Ḥasi Eṛṛmel) is a town in Algeria located near the 18th largest gas field worldwide. Hassi R'Mel is located in Laghouat Province 60 kilometres (37 mi) northwest of Ghardaïa. It is the capital of Hassi R'Mel District. Hassi R'Mel has an airport.

Hassi R'Mel is a hub for natural gas and oil pipelines running to coastal cities of Arzew, Algiers, and Skikda. The National Centre For Dispatching Gas is also the starting point for the Maghreb-Europe, Trans-Mediterranean, Medgaz and Galsi gas export pipelines supplying Southern Europe. The town is the planned final destination of the Trans-Saharan gas pipeline.

Hassi R'Mel is also home to an integrated solar combined cycle power station, the first of its kind in Algeria.
First African Baptist Church (Savannah, Georgia)
First African Baptist Church, located in Savannah, Georgia, claims to be derived from the first black Baptist congregation in North America. While it was not officially organized until 1788, it grew from members who founded a congregation in 1773. Its claim of "first" is contested by the Silver Bluff Baptist Church, Aiken County, South Carolina (1773), and the First Baptist Church of Petersburg, Virginia, whose congregation officially organized in 1774.

First African Baptist Church operates a museum which displays memorabilia dating back to the 18th century.

First Baptist Church (Petersburg, Virginia)
First Baptist Church (est. 1774) was the first Baptist church in Petersburg, Virginia; one of the first African-American Baptist congregations in the United States, and one of the oldest black churches in the nation.  It established one of the first local schools for black children in the nation.

Its congregation was active during the 20th century Civil Rights Movement. Today it has the largest community outreach program in the city.
Fifth column
A fifth column (or internal enemy) is a group of people who undermine a larger group or nation from within, usually in favor of an enemy group or another nation. The activities of a fifth column can be overt or clandestine. Forces gathered in secret can mobilize openly to assist an external attack. The term is also applied to organized actions by military personnel. Clandestine fifth column activities can involve acts of sabotage, disinformation, espionage or terrorism executed within defense lines by secret sympathizers with an external force.

Gonzalo Queipo de Llano
Gonzalo Queipo de Llano y Sierra (5 February 1875 – 9 March 1951) was a Spanish Army general. He distinguished himself quickly in his career, fighting in Cuba and Morocco, later becoming outspoken about military and political figures which led to his imprisonment, removal from posts and involvement in plots against Spanish governments. He was a Nationalist military leader during the Spanish Civil War under Francisco Franco, gaining the soubriquet "El general de la radio" ("radio" or "broadcasting general" in English media) for his threats and explicitness on air. Under his control of southern Spain, tens of thousands of Spaniards perished as part of the Nationalists' White Terror. In his post-war roles he was effectively sidelined by Franco.
M11 (Istanbul Metro)
Line M11, officially referred to as the M11 Gayrettepe–Istanbul Airport–Halkalı Metro Line (Turkish: Gayrettepe–İstanbul Havalimanı–Halkalı Metro Hattı), is a line of the Istanbul Metro. As of March 2024, it is operational between Gayrettepe and Arnavutköy Hastane via Istanbul Airport. The line is currently 51.5 km (32.0 mi) long, making it the longest line in the Istanbul Metro. The M11 is entirely underground, making it the second longest continuous subway tunnel in Europe, behind the Moscow Metro's Bolshaya Koltsevaya line.

Arnavutköy (district)
Arnavutköy (meaning "Albanian village" in Turkish Turkish pronunciation: [aɾ.na.ʋut.k̟ʰøj]) is a municipality and district of Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 453 km2, and its population is 326,452 (2022). It is located on the European side of Istanbul and borders the Black Sea. Istanbul Airport is in the district. The mayor is Mustafa Candaroğlu of the AK Party. Arnavutköy borders Çatalca to the west, Büyükçekmece to the southwest, Esenyurt and Başakşehir to the south, and Eyüp to the east. Karaburun is a seaside resort on the Black Sea.

In 2008 the district Arnavutköy was created from parts of the districts Çatalca and Gaziosmanpaşa. The urban part of the new district, 29 neighbourhoods, was established as a  municipality. At the 2013 Turkish local government reorganisation, the rural part of the district was integrated into the municipality, the villages becoming neighbourhoods.
Russell Brock, Baron Brock
Russell Claude Brock, Baron Brock (24 October 1903 – 3 September 1980) was a British chest and heart surgeon and one of the pioneers of modern open-heart surgery. His achievements were recognised by a knighthood in 1954, a life peerage in 1965, and a host of other awards.

Guy's Hospital
Guy's Hospital is an NHS hospital founded by philanthropist Thomas Guy in 1721, located in the borough of Southwark in central London. It is part of Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and one of the institutions that comprise the King's Health Partners, an academic health science centre. It is the large teaching hospital of GKT School of Medical Education.

The hospital's Tower Wing (originally known as Guy's Tower) was, when built in 1974, the tallest hospital building in the world, standing at 148.65 metres (487.7 ft) with 34 floors. The tower was overtaken as the world's tallest healthcare-related building by The Belaire in New York City in 1988. As of June 2019, the Tower Wing, which remains one of the tallest buildings in London, is the world's sixth-tallest hospital building.
FC Horsens
FC Horsens, founded 31 October 1987 as a merger between Dagnæs IF and B 1940, is a Danish football club, based in southern Horsens. They are currently playing in the Series 2 of the DBU Jutland, the seventh tier of Danish football but have also played in the Denmark Series (fourth tier) as well as the Qualification Series. FC Horsens competed in the 2005 and 2006 Danish Cup tournaments.

At youth level, the club is a part of the AC Horsens superstructure. However at senior level, it is an independent club. One of FC Horsens most notably former players is the present AC Horsens goalkeeper Søren Jochumsen.

Horsens
Horsens (Danish pronunciation: [ˈhɒːsn̩s]) is a city on the east coast of the Jutland region of Denmark. It is the seat of the Horsens municipality. The city's population is 64,418 (1 January 2025) and the municipality's population is 97,921 (as of 1 January 2025), making it the 7th largest city in Denmark.

Horsens is best known for its culture and entertainment events. Horsens New Theatre is a cultural centre which holds over 200 events annually. It has managed to draw major names such as Madonna, One Direction, Paul McCartney and The Rolling Stones.
Franz Dunshirn
Franz Dunshirn was an Austrian Scout leader who served as the President of the Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Österreichs, the Austrian Scout and Guide association.

In 1988, Dunshirn was awarded the 190th Bronze Wolf, the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting. He was also a recipient of the Silver World Award.

Bronze Wolf Award
The World Organization of the Scout Movement's Bronze Wolf Award is presented by it for outstanding international service by an individual to the Scout Movement.

The award consists of a bronze wolf pendant hung on a dark green ribbon bordered by two narrow stripes of yellow.

The World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) has awarded just over 400 Bronze Wolf Awards since it inaugurated its award in 1935. WOSM has restricted the number of recipients in order to maintain the award's significance. Currently, the award is limited to approximately one recipient for every two million members worldwide.
Continental IO-520
The Continental IO-520 is a six-cylinder, horizontally opposed aircraft engine produced by Teledyne Continental Motors. First run in 1963 as a development of the IO-346, it has been produced in versions incorporating fuel injection (IO-520), turbo-charging (TSIO-520), and gearing (GTSIO-520).

Continental Aerospace Technologies
Continental Aerospace Technologies is an aircraft engine manufacturer located at the Brookley Aeroplex in Mobile, Alabama, United States. It was originally spun off from automobile engine manufacturer Continental Motors Company in 1929 and owned by Teledyne Technologies from 1969 until December 2010. The company is now part of Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC), which is a Government of the People's Republic of China state-owned aerospace company headquartered in Beijing.

Although Continental is most well known for its engines for light aircraft, it was also contracted to produce the air-cooled V-12 AV-1790-5B gasoline engine for the U.S. Army's M47 Patton tank and the diesel AVDS-1790-2A and its derivatives for the M48, M60 Patton, and Merkava main battle tanks. The company also produced engines for various independent manufacturers of automobiles, tractors, and stationary equipment (pumps, generators, and machinery drives) from the 1920s to the 1960s.
Yurok language
Yurok (also Chillula, Mita, Pekwan, Rikwa, Sugon, Weitspek, Weitspekan) is an Algic language. It is the traditional language of the Yurok people of Del Norte County and Humboldt County on the far north coast of California, most of whom now speak English. The last known native speaker, Archie Thompson, died in 2013. As of 2022, Yurok language classes were taught to high school students, and other revitalization efforts were expected to increase the population of speakers.

The standard reference on the Yurok language grammar is by R. H. Robins (1958).

Ejective consonant
In phonetics, ejective consonants are usually voiceless consonants that are pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with aspirated, voiced and tenuis consonants. Some languages have glottalized sonorants with creaky voice that pattern with ejectives phonologically, and other languages have ejectives that pattern with implosives, which has led to phonologists positing a phonological class of glottalic consonants, which includes ejectives.
Haines Falls, New York
Haines Falls is a hamlet (and census-designated place) located east of Tannersville in the Town of Hunter, in Greene County, New York, United States.  Haines Falls is located at 42°11′45″N 74°5′49″W﻿ / ﻿42.19583°N 74.09694°W﻿ / 42.19583; -74.09694. The town's original name was "Haines Corners".

The hamlet of Haines Falls was always a mountain resort town, unlike Hunter and Palenville which had tanneries. Haines Falls is at the head of Kaaterskill Clove and is the former site of the Catskill Mountain House, Kaaterskill Hotel, and Laurel House which sat atop the famous Kaaterskill Falls. In 1825, Thomas Cole, founder of the Hudson River School of landscape painters, did his first Catskill mountain paintings in Haines Falls: Lake with Dead Trees at South Lake and the Kaaterskill Falls.

Major highways in Haines Falls include State Route 23A, Clum Hill Road, North Lake Road, and County Route 25. Horseshoe Bend is the location of many vehicle accidents and hikers who tumble off the falls.

Catskill Mountain House
The Catskill Mountain House, which opened in 1824, was a famous hotel near Palenville, New York, and in the Catskill Mountains overlooking the Hudson River Valley.  In its prime, from the 1850s to the turn of the century, it was visited by three U.S. presidents (U.S. Grant, Chester A. Arthur, and Theodore Roosevelt) and the power elite of the day.
Eucalyptus livida
Eucalyptus livida, commonly known as wandoo mallee, is a species of mallee or small tree that is endemic to Western Australia. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of eleven or more, creamy white flowers and barrel-shaped fruit.

Mallee (habit)
Mallee are trees or shrubs, mainly certain species of eucalypts, which grow with multiple stems springing from an underground lignotuber or xylopodium, usually to a height of no more than 10 m (33 ft). The term is widely used for trees with this  growth habit across southern Australia, in the states of Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales and Victoria, and has given rise to other uses of the term, including the ecosystems where such trees predominate, specific geographic areas within some of the states and as part of various species' names.
DNS hijacking
DNS hijacking, DNS poisoning, or DNS redirection is the practice of subverting the resolution of Domain Name System (DNS) queries. This can be achieved by malware that overrides a computer's TCP/IP configuration to point at a rogue DNS server under the control of an attacker, or through modifying the behaviour of a trusted DNS server so that it does not comply with internet standards.

These modifications may be made for malicious purposes such as phishing, for self-serving purposes by Internet service providers (ISPs), by the Great Firewall of China and public/router-based online DNS server providers to direct users' web traffic to the ISP's own web servers where advertisements can be served, statistics collected, or other purposes of the ISP; and by DNS service providers to block access to selected domains as a form of censorship.

Name server
A name server is a computer application that implements a network service for providing responses to queries against a directory service. It translates an often humanly meaningful, text-based identifier to a system-internal, often numeric identification or addressing component. This service is performed by the server in response to a service protocol request.

An example of a name server is the server component of the Domain Name System (DNS), the core namespaces of the Internet. The most important function of DNS servers is the translation (resolution) of human-memorable domain names and hostnames into the corresponding numeric Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, which can be routed in the Internet.
Pudtol
Pudtol, officially the Municipality of Pudtol,  (Ilocano: Ili ti Pudtol; Tagalog: Bayan ng Pudtol), is a  municipality in the province of Apayao, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 15,676 people.

Santa Marcela, Apayao
Santa Marcela, officially the Municipality of Santa Marcela (Ilocano: Ili ti Santa Marcela; Tagalog: Bayan ng Santa Marcela), is a  municipality in the province of Apayao, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 14,049 people.
Citizens Cemetery
Citizens Cemetery is located on Hamar Street in Beaufort, South Carolina, United States. Sited adjacent to Beaufort National Cemetery, Citizens Cemetery is the "garden" referred to in the title of John Berendt's 1994 novel Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. In the subsequent movie, directed by Clint Eastwood, Bonaventure Cemetery in Savannah, Georgia, was used to represent "the colored cemetery down the road", as described by Kevin Spacey's character, Jim Williams.

Minerva, the root doctor in Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil (portrayed by Irma P. Hall in the movie), is based on Valerie Boles. Boles's common-law partner Percy Washington (1890–1973) is interred in Citizens Cemetery. Also a root doctor, he was known as Dr. Eagle (renamed Dr. Buzzard in the book and movie). Boles and Washington lived at 1408 Congress Street in Beaufort, two blocks east of the cemetery. After Washington's death in 1973, his widow married Edward Boles.

Beaufort National Cemetery
Beaufort National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery in Beaufort, South Carolina. Managed by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses 44.1 acres (17.8 ha), and as of 2024, had over 28,725 interments.
Bed of nails
A bed of nails is an oblong piece of wood, the size of a bed, with nails pointing upwards out of it. While it appears at first glance that anyone lying on such a "bed" would be injured by the nails, if the nails are numerous enough, the weight is distributed among them so that the pressure exerted by each nail is not enough to puncture the person's skin.

Nail (fastener)
In woodworking and construction, a nail is a small object made of metal (or wood, called a tree nail or "trunnel") which is used as a fastener, as a peg to hang something, or sometimes as a decoration. Usually, nails have a sharp point on one end and a flattened head on the other, but headless nails are available. Nails are made in a great variety of forms for specialized purposes. The most common is a wire nail. Other types of nails include pins, tacks, brads, spikes, and cleats.

Nails are typically driven into the workpiece by a hammer or nail gun. A nail holds materials together by friction in the axial direction and shear strength laterally. The point of the nail is also sometimes bent over or clinched after driving to prevent pulling out.