hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2013 World Rowing Championships
The 2013 World Rowing Championships were World Rowing Championships that were held from 25 August to 1 September 2013 at Tangeum Lake, Chungju in South Korea. The annual week-long rowing regatta was organized by FISA (the International Rowing Federation). In non-Olympic Games years the regatta is the highlight of the international rowing calendar.

World Rowing Championships
The World Rowing Championships is an international rowing regatta organized by FISA (the International Rowing Federation). It is a week-long event held at the end of the northern hemisphere summer and in non-Olympic years is the highlight of the international rowing calendar.
Roy Foulds
Robert Thompson Foulds (27 April 1906 – 28 February 1987) was an English international rugby union player.

Foulds was born in West Derby, Liverpool, and educated at King William's College on the Isle of Man. He joined Waterloo while still a schoolboy and was a member of their junior sides for several seasons before making the first XV in 1924–25, then progressing into the Lancashire representative team a season later.

A strong scrummager, Foulds was only the second Waterloo forward, after Joe Periton, to gain an England cap. He was capped twice during the 1929 Five Nations. His debut against Wales at Twickenham was as a front-rower and he was moved to the back-row for their match with Ireland at the same ground.

King William's College
King William's College (Manx: Colleish Ree Illiam) is a co-educational private school for pupils aged 3 to 18 near Castletown on the Isle of Man. It is a member of the International Baccalaureate and Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference organisations. The College operates at two sites: a main senior school campus on the shore of Castletown Bay, and a prep school (The Buchan School) in the Westhill part of Castletown. The College was originally for boys only, but became co-educational in the 1980s. It has roughly five hundred pupils.

The UK Department for Education categorises it as an Overseas British school.
NeXT Computer
NeXT Computer (also called the NeXT Computer System) is a workstation computer that was developed, marketed, and sold by NeXT Inc. It was introduced in October 1988 as the company's first and flagship product, at a price of US$6,500 (equivalent to $17,300 in 2024), aimed at the higher-education market. It was designed around the Motorola 68030 CPU and 68882 floating-point coprocessor, with a clock speed of 25 MHz. Its NeXTSTEP operating system is based on the Mach microkernel and BSD-derived Unix, with a proprietary GUI using a Display PostScript-based back end. According to the Science Museum Group, "The enclosure consists of a 1-foot (304.8 mm) die-cast magnesium cube-shaped black case, which led to the machine being informally referred to as 'The Cube'."

The NeXT Computer was renamed NeXTcube in a later upgrade. The NeXTstation, a more affordable version of the NeXTcube, was released in 1990.

Object-oriented programming
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on objects – software entities that encapsulate data and function(s). An OOP computer program consists of objects that interact with one another. An OOP language is one that provides object-oriented programming features, but as the set of features that contribute to OOP is contested, classifying a language as OOP – and the degree to which it supports OOP – is debatable. As paradigms are not mutually exclusive, a language can be multi-paradigm (i.e. categorized as more than only OOP).

Notable languages with OOP support include Ada, ActionScript, C++, Common Lisp, C#, Dart, Eiffel, Fortran 2003, Haxe, Java, JavaScript, Kotlin, Logo, MATLAB, Objective-C, Object Pascal, Perl, PHP, Python, R, Raku, Ruby, Scala, SIMSCRIPT, Simula, Smalltalk, Swift, Vala and Visual Basic (.NET).
2018 Thai League 3 Upper Region
2018 Thai League 3 Upper Region is the 2nd season of the Thai football league. It is a part of the Thai League 3 and the feeder league for the Thai League 2. A total of 14 teams will compete in the league this season, after Amnat United and Phayao withdrew before the season started.

Thai League 3
Thai League 3 (Thai: ไทยลีก 3), commonly known as the T3, is the third level of Thai football. It was started in 2017 First season. It is sponsored by BYD Auto and therefore officially known as the BYD Dolphin League III. In 2017, the League is divided in 2 regions and participated by 32 clubs 1st-4th clubs from 8 regions which are former members Regional League Division 2 and debutants in the season.
Sri Sri Aniruddhadeva Sports University
Sri Sri Aniruddhadeva Sports University is a public state university located at Chabua, Dibrugarh district, Assam. The university was established by The Assam Sri Sri Aniruddhadeva Sports University Act, 2018 which was passed by the Assam Legislative Assembly on 26 September 2018 and received the assent of the Governor of Assam on 10 December 2018. On 10 July 2020, Jai Prakash Verma took charge as the first vice-chancellor of the university. The university is currently functioning from Dibrugarh University Campus.

State university (India)
In India, state universities are run and funded by the state government of each of the states of India.

Following the adoption of the Constitution of India in 1950, education became a state responsibility. Following a constitutional change in 1976, it became a joint responsibility of the states and the central government.

As of 23 August 2022, the UGC lists 456 state universities.
Islam in Guyana
Islam is the third-largest religion in Guyana, after Christianity and Hinduism, respectively. According to the 2012 census, 6.77% of the country’s population is Muslim. Islam was first introduced to Guyana via enslaved people from West Africa, but was suppressed on plantations until Muslims from British India were brought to the country as indentured labour. The current president of Guyana, Irfaan Ali, is the country's first Muslim president.

The Islamic holidays of Eid al-Adha and Mawlid are national holidays in Guyana and Hosay (Ashura), Eid al-Fitr, Shab-e-Barat, Chaand Raat, Islamic New Year, and the month of Ramadan are also widely celebrated.

Latin American Muslims
Latin American Muslims are adherents of the Islamic faith with a Latin American background. A survey conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2010 found that Muslims make up 0.1% of all of Latin America's population.
Ciphertext-only attack
In cryptography, a ciphertext-only attack (COA) or known ciphertext attack is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker is assumed to have access only to a set of ciphertexts. While the attacker has no channel providing access to the plaintext prior to encryption, in all practical ciphertext-only attacks, the attacker still has some knowledge of the plaintext. For instance, the attacker might know the language in which the plaintext is written or the expected statistical distribution of characters in the plaintext. Standard protocol data and messages are commonly part of the plaintext in many deployed systems, and can usually be guessed or known efficiently as part of a ciphertext-only attack on these systems.

Traffic analysis
Traffic analysis is the process of intercepting and examining messages in order to deduce information from patterns in communication. It can be performed even when the messages are encrypted. In general, the greater the number of messages observed, the greater information be inferred. Traffic analysis can be performed in the context of military intelligence, counter-intelligence, or pattern-of-life analysis, and is also a concern in computer security.

Traffic analysis tasks may be supported by dedicated computer software programs. Advanced traffic analysis techniques which may include various forms of social network analysis.

Traffic analysis has historically been a vital technique in cryptanalysis, especially when the attempted crack depends on successfully seeding a known-plaintext attack, which often requires an inspired guess based on how specific the operational context might likely influence what an adversary communicates, which may be sufficient to establish a short crib.
Bettel, Luxembourg
Bettel (German pronunciation: [ˈbɛtl̩] ⓘ; Luxembourgish: Bëttel) is a village in the commune of Tandel, in north-eastern Luxembourg.  As of 2025, the village had a population of 389.

Until 1 January 2006, Bettel was part of the commune of Fouhren, which was merged with the commune of Bastendorf to form the modern commune of Tandel.

Bettel is situated on the river Our, just opposite the German border and the village of Roth an der Our.

Bastendorf
Bastendorf (German pronunciation: [ˈbastn̩ˌdɔʁf]; Luxembourgish: Baastenduerf) is a small town in the commune of Tandel, in north-eastern Luxembourg.  As of 2025, the town has a population of 661.

Bastendorf was a commune in the canton of Diekirch until 1 January 2006, when it was merged with the commune of Fouhren to form the new commune of Tandel, in Vianden.  The law creating Tandel was passed on 21 December 2004.
TNA Turning Point (2015)
The 2015 Turning Point (also known as Impact Wrestling: Turning Point) was a professional wrestling event produced by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). It took place at the Impact Zone in Orlando, Florida on July 28, 2015. It was the eleventh event under the Turning Point chronology. It was featured as a special edition of TNA's weekly broadcast of Impact Wrestling on Destination America on August 19, 2015.

Five professional wrestling matches were contested at the event. In the main event, Ethan Carter III successfully defended the World Heavyweight Championship against P. J. Black. On the undercard, Drew Galloway defeated Eli Drake in a no disqualification match, Gail Kim defeated The Dollhouse (Marti Bell and Jade) in a 2-on-1 Handicap Six Sides of Steel match and Mr. Anderson defeated Bram in an Open Mic Challenge.

TNA Turning Point
Turning Point is a professional wrestling TNA+ event, produced by American professional wrestling promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. The event was created in 2004 and was originally held annually in December, until the 2008 event where TNA changed its scheduled date to November. The 2004 event was the second TNA PPV to be produced annually. Since its inception, the event has been held exclusively in an indoor arena in Orlando, Florida, with all events taking place in the Impact Zone until 2019. Each event features talent from TNA competing in various professional wrestling match types. Since the inaugural event, eight championship matches have taken place in the main event.

TNA discontinued the majority of the monthly pay-per-views in 2013 in favor of new pre-recorded One Night Only events. Turning Point was held as a special episode of Impact Wrestling in 2013, 2015 and 2016 and, in 2019, was revived as an Impact Plus Monthly Special event.
Czech Nebraskan
Czech Nebraskans are residents of the state of Nebraska who are of Czech ancestry. As of the 2000 U.S. Census, Czech-Americans living in Nebraska make up 5.5% of the state's population, the largest percentage of any state. 3,295 Nebraskans can speak the Czech language.

Hrbková had estimated that of the 539,392 Bohemians counted in the 1910 Census, about one eighth lived in Nebraska.

Various fraternal orders, and thirteen Komensky educational clubs were established in Nebraska. The Sokol society had organizations in Crete and in Wilber.

A Czech language newspaper, the Pokrok Západu (Progress of the West), was founded in Omaha in 1871. Other Czech language newspapers in Nebraska included Přítel Lidu (People's Friend), Ozvěna Západu (Echo of the West), and Wilberské Listy.

A state organization for Czech Nebraskans, Nebraska Czechs Inc., was formed in 1963.

Wilber, Nebraska
Wilber is a city in and the county seat of Saline County, Nebraska, United States. As of the 2020 census, Wilber had a population of 1,937. It is the county seat of Saline County. Wilber is the official "Czech Capital of the USA" and hosts an annual Czech festival in August. Wilber's school is the Wilber-Clatonia High School.
Gettysburg: The Turning Point
Gettysburg: The Turning Point is a 1986 computer wargame by Strategic Simulations for the Atari 8-bit computers, Apple II, Commodore 64, Amiga, and IBM PC compatibles. An Atari ST version was announced but not released.

Computer wargame
A computer wargame is a wargame played on a digital device. Descended from board wargaming, it simulates military conflict at the tactical, operational or strategic level. Computer wargames are both sold commercially for recreational use and, in some cases, used for military purposes.
Valentin Rasputin
Valentin Grigoryevich Rasputin (/ræˈspjuːtɪn/; Russian: Валентин Григорьевич Распутин; 15 March 1937 – 14 March 2015) was a Soviet and Russian writer. He was born and lived much of his life in the Irkutsk Oblast in Eastern Siberia. Rasputin's works depict rootless urban characters and the fight for survival of centuries-old traditional rural ways of life, addressing complex questions of ethics and spiritual revival.

Northern river reversal
The Northern river reversal or  Siberian river reversal was an ambitious project to divert the flow of the Northern rivers in the Soviet Union, which "uselessly" drain into the Arctic Ocean, southwards towards the populated agricultural areas of Central Asia, which lack water.

Research and planning work on the project started in the 1930s and was carried out on a large scale in the 1960s through the early 1980s. The controversial project was abandoned in 1986, primarily for environmental reasons, without much actual construction work ever done.
2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays)
The 2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays) was a cavalry regiment of the British Army. It was first raised in 1685 by the Earl of Peterborough as the Earl of Peterborough's Regiment of Horse by merging four existing troops of horse.

Renamed several times, it was designated the Queen's Regiment of Dragoon Guards in 1746 as it evolved into a dragoon unit (dragoons described a force of highly mobile mounted infantry equipped with lighter, faster horses and carrying firearms) and later named the 2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays) in 1767 to reflect the custom of its soldiers riding only bay horses.

The regiment served as horse cavalry until 1937, when it was mechanised with light tanks. The regiment became part of the Royal Armoured Corps in 1939. After service in the First and Second World Wars, the regiment amalgamated with the 1st King's Dragoon Guards in 1959 to form the 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards.

Cavalry regiments of the British Army
There are 13 cavalry regiments of the British Army each with its own unique cap badge, regimental traditions, and history. Of the currently nine regular cavalry regiments, two serve as armoured regiments, three as armoured cavalry regiments, three as light cavalry, and one as a mounted ceremonial regiment. There are also four yeomanry regiments of the Army Reserve, of these, three serve as light cavalry and one as an armoured regiment. Each yeomanry light cavalry unit has been paired with a regular unit of the same role, the armoured yeomanry unit is paired with the two regular armoured units (and a further armoured unit which is not cavalry). All except the Household Cavalry are part of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps.
Bois-de-Liesse Nature Park
The Bois-de-Liesse Nature Park is a large nature park that spans several cities on the northwestern part of the Island of Montreal in Quebec, Canada.

Most of the western reach of the park is in Dollard-des-Ormeaux, with a small part in Dorval.  The rest of the park spans the Montreal boroughs of Ahuntsic-Cartierville, Pierrefonds-Roxboro and Saint-Laurent. Bertrand Brook runs through the park.

The park is named after the Côte-de-Liesse, a former municipality that existed in the area, before being divided into Dorval, Lachine and Saint-Laurent in 1957. The town was named for Liesse-Notre-Dame in France.

The park was established in 1984 and has an area of 158 hectares (390 acres). The reception center is located in Pitfield House, which was built between 1952 and 1954 according to plans by the architectural firm Archibald, Illsley and Templeton. It was acquired by the Montreal Urban Community in 1979.

Dollard-des-Ormeaux
Dollard-des-Ormeaux (French pronunciation: [dɔlaʁ dez‿ɔʁmo] ⓘ; commonly referred to as D.D.O. or simply Dollard) is a city and a predominantly English-speaking suburb of Montreal in southwestern Quebec, Canada. It is the most populous suburb on the Island of Montreal. The town was named after Adam Dollard des Ormeaux, the savior at the Battle of Long Sault.

The town was merged with the city of Montreal in 2002, and became part of the borough of Dollard-Des Ormeaux–Roxboro.  When residents were later offered the option, they chose to leave the city of Montreal, and the town was reinstated as a separate entity in 2006.
TASTE Holdings
TASTE Holdings is a South African management group with subsidiaries in the food and jewellery market. It is listed on the JSE with ticker symbol is of TAS, after it have been moved from the AltX board in June 2011.

JSE Limited
The JSE Limited (previously the JSE Securities Exchange and the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, and commonly referred to as the JSE) is a stock exchange in South Africa, and the largest in Africa by market capitalization. It has been located in Sandton, Gauteng, since it moved from Johannesburg CBD in 2000.

As of January 2026, the JSE had a market capitalization of R24.22 trillion (roughly €1.27 trillion / £1.1 trillion / $1.48 trillion), and a total of 431 listed companies. In the same month, the FTSE/JSE All-Share Index (ALSI) hit 100,000 points - the highest since its foundation.

The JSE accounts for around 60% of Africa's total equity market value, with large, liquid, globally-integrated companies across numerous economic sectors. In terms of market cap, it is larger than the next nine ranking African stock exchanges combined.
Keith Michael Fiels
Keith Michael Fiels (born 1949) is an American librarian. He was appointed Executive Director of the American Library Association in July 2002. In September 2016, he announced his retirement from the position. He retired on July 31, 2017. Fiels served as Executive Director longer than anyone else holding that title. Melvil Dewey (1879-1890, 1897-1898) and Carl Milam (1920-1948) served longer as the "Secretary" of the Association. David Clift served as Secretary from 1951-1958, and was the first Executive Director (1958-1972)

Melvil Dewey
Melville Louis Kossuth "Melvil" Dewey (December 10, 1851 – December 26, 1931) was an American librarian and educator who invented the Dewey Decimal system of library classification. He was a founder of the Lake Placid Club, a chief librarian at Columbia College, founder of what would later become the Columbia University School of Library Service, and a founding member of the American Library Association. Although Dewey's contributions to the modern library are widely recognized, his legacy is marred by his sexual harassment of female colleagues, as well as his racism and antisemitism.
Expedition of Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib
Expedition of Hamza ibn 'Abdul-Muttalib (Arabic: سرية حمزة بن عبد المطلب), also known as Sīf Al-Baḥr platoon (Arabic: سرية سِيفُ البَحْرِ), was the first expedition sent out by the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was sent in 1 AH of the Islamic calendar in the month of Ramadan (March 623 CE).

The raid, which was to intercept a caravan that belonged to Quraish, was undertaken by the Muhajirun (Muslim exiles in Medina) alone (none of the Ansar, Helpers of Madinah, participated in it).

Ansar (Islam)
The Ansar (Arabic: الأنصار, romanized: al-Anṣār, lit. 'The Helpers' or 'Those who bring victory'), also spelled Ansaar or Ansari, were the local inhabitants of Medina (mostly Muslims) who supported the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and his followers (the Muhajirun), when they fled from Mecca to Medina during the hijrah. The Ansar belonged to the Arabian tribes of Banu Khazraj and Banu Aws.
Collateral damage
"Collateral damage" is a term for any incidental and undesired death, injury or other damage inflicted, especially on civilians, as the result of an activity. Originally coined to describe military operations, it is now also used in non-military contexts to refer to negative unintended consequences of an action.

Critics of use of the term "collateral damage" see it as a euphemism that dehumanizes non-combatants killed or injured during combat, used to reduce the perceived culpability of military leadership in failing to prevent non-combatant casualties.

Collateral damage does not include civilian casualties caused by military operations that are intended to terrorize or kill enemy civilians (e.g., the Bombing of Dresden or Bombing of Hamburg in World War II and Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure openly described as "retaliatory" and intended to "make towns uninhabitable").

Euphemism
contraceptives

menstrual pads and tampons

adult diapers

A euphemism is the substitution of a potentially offensive or unpleasant word or expression with one that is more pleasant or inoffensive. Some euphemisms are humorous, while others use mild or neutral language to downplay certain concepts. They can often be used to soften profanity or discuss sensitive or taboo topics, such as disability, sex, bodily functions, pain, violence, illness, or death, in a more polite manner.
Saline River (Illinois)
The Saline River is a tributary of the Ohio River, approximately 27 miles (43 km) long, in the Southern Illinois region of the U.S. state of Illinois. The river drains a large section of southeast Illinois, with a drainage basin of 1,762 square miles (4,564 km2). The major tributaries include the South Fork, Middle Fork and North Fork, all lying within the Saline Valley. The once meandering swampy river was important among Native Americans and early settlers as a source of salt from numerous salt springs where it was commercially extracted in the early 19th century.

Franklin County, Illinois
Franklin County is a county in Southern Illinois. At the 2020 census, it had a population of 37,804. The largest city is West Frankfort and the county seat is Benton. Franklin County is located in the Metro Lakeland area of Southern Illinois.
Persecution in Lyon
The persecution in Lyon in AD 177 was an outbreak of persecution of Christians in Lugdunum, Roman Gaul (present-day Lyon, France), during the reign of Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180), recorded in a contemporary letter preserved in Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History, book 5, chapter 1, which was written 150 years later in Palestine. Gregory of Tours also describes the persecution in the 6th century in De Gloria martyrum.

Lugdunum
Lugdunum (also spelled Lugudunum, Latin: [ɫʊɡ(ʊ)ˈduːnʊ̃ː]; modern Lyon, France) was an important Roman city in Gaul, established on the current site of Lyon.

The Roman city was founded in 43 BC by Lucius Munatius Plancus, but continued an existing Gallic settlement with a likely population of several thousands. It served as the capital of the Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis and was an important city in the western half of the Roman Empire for centuries. Two emperors, Claudius and Caracalla, were born in Lugdunum. In the period AD 69–192 , the city's population may have numbered 50,000 to 100,000, and possibly up to 200,000 inhabitants.

The original Roman city was situated west of the confluence of the Rhône and Saône, on the Fourvière heights. By the late centuries of the empire much of the population was located in the Saône River valley at the foot of Fourvière.