hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
New York City school boycott
The New York City school boycott, also referred to as Freedom Day, was a large-scale boycott and protest against segregation in the New York City public school system which took place on February 3, 1964. Students and teachers walked out to highlight the deplorable conditions at public schools in the city, and demonstrators held rallies demanding school integration.
It has been described as the largest civil rights protest of the 1960s, involving nearly half a million participants.

School integration in the United States
In the United States, school integration (also known as desegregation) is the process of ending race-based segregation within American public, and private schools. Racial segregation in schools existed throughout most of American history and remains an issue in contemporary education. During the civil rights movement school integration became a priority, but since then de facto segregation has again become prevalent.

School segregation declined rapidly during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Segregation appears to have increased since 1990. The disparity in the average poverty rate in the schools whites attend and blacks attend is the single most important factor in the educational achievement gap between white and black students.
Axiom of constructibility
The axiom of constructibility is a possible axiom for set theory in mathematics that asserts that every set is constructible. The axiom is usually written as V = L, where V represents the von Neumann universe of all well-founded sets, and L represents the constructible sets. In Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZF), the property of being constructible is expressible as a single formula , and every set is in V, so the axiom can be written in the language of ZF in the form .

The axiom of constructibility, first investigated by Kurt Gödel, is inconsistent with the proposition that zero sharp exists and stronger large cardinal axioms (see list of large cardinal properties). Generalizations of this axiom are explored in inner model theory.

Measurable cardinal
In mathematics, specifically in set theory, a measurable cardinal is a certain kind of large cardinal number. In order to define the concept, one introduces a two-valued measure on a cardinal , or more generally on any set. For a cardinal , it can be described as a subdivision of all of its subsets into large and small sets such that  itself is large, the empty set and all singletons  with  are small, complements of small sets are large and vice versa. The intersection of fewer than  large sets is again large.

It turns out that uncountable cardinals endowed with a two-valued measure are large cardinals whose existence cannot be proved from ZFC.

The concept of a measurable cardinal was introduced by Stanisław Ulam in 1930.
Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres
The men's 100 metres was an event at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. There were a total number of 81 participating athletes from 66 nations, with ten qualifying heats (three qualified plus two fastest losers). Each nation was limited to 3 athletes per rules in force since the 1930 Olympic Congress.

The gold medal was won by Great Britain's Linford Christie, who had originally won the bronze medal in 1988 but was elevated to silver following the disqualification of original gold medalist Ben Johnson for using stanozolol. Silver went to Namibia's Frankie Fredericks, who also finished second in the 200 metres in Barcelona, while Dennis Mitchell of the United States of America won the bronze. Namibia had never competed in the men's 100 metres before, so Fredericks's medal was that nation's first in the event; it was also the first medal by an African country in the event since 1908 (when Reggie Walker of South Africa won gold).

Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics
At the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, 43 events in athletics were contested, 24 events by men and 19 by women. The competition ran from July 31, 1992, to August 9, 1992. Fourteen world record-holders (eight men and six women) were among the contenders. Thirty former Olympic champions competed, and a total number of 1725 athletes from 156 countries.
Piano Sonata No. 22 (Beethoven)
Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 22 in F major, Op. 54, was written in 1804. It is contemporary to the first sketches of the Symphony No. 5 in C minor. It is one of Beethoven's lesser known sonatas, overshadowed by its widely known neighbours, the Waldstein and the Appassionata.

F major
F major is a major scale based on F, with the pitches F, G, A, B♭, C, D, and E. Its key signature has one flat. Its relative minor is D minor and its parallel minor is F minor.

The F major scale is:

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The F harmonic major and melodic major scales are:

F major is the home key of the English horn, the basset horn, the horn in F, the trumpet in F and the bass Wagner tuba. Thus, music in F major for these transposing instruments is written in C major. These instruments sound a perfect fifth lower than written, with the exception of the trumpet in F which sounds a fourth higher.
Palo Duro Canyon
Palo Duro Canyon is a canyon system of the Caprock Escarpment located in the Texas Panhandle near the cities of Amarillo and Canyon. The second largest canyon system in the United States, it is roughly 25–40 mi (40–64 km) long and has an average width of 6 mi (9.7 km), but reaches a width of 20 mi (32 km) at places. Its depth is around 800 ft (240 m), but in some locations, valley bottom to surrounding hills increases to 1,000 ft (300 m). Palo Duro Canyon (from the Spanish meaning "hard stick") has been named "The Grand Canyon of Texas" both for its size and for its dramatic geological features, including the multicolored layers of rock and steep mesa walls, which are similar to those in the Grand Canyon. It is part of Palo Duro Canyon State Park. The State Park had 442,242 visitors in 2022.

Cross-bedding
In geology, cross-bedding, also known as cross-stratification, is layering within a stratum and at an angle to the main bedding plane. The sedimentary structures which result are roughly horizontal units composed of inclined layers. The original depositional layering is tilted, such tilting not being the result of post-depositional deformation. Cross-beds or "sets" are the groups of inclined layers, which are known as cross-strata.

Cross-bedding forms during deposition on the inclined surfaces of bedforms such as ripples and dunes; it indicates that the depositional environment contained a flowing medium (typically water or wind). Examples of these bedforms are ripples, dunes, antidunes, sand waves, hummocks, bars, and delta slopes. Environments in which water movement is fast enough and deep enough to develop large-scale bed forms fall into three natural groupings: rivers, tide-dominated coastal and marine settings.
Chilean Rugby Federation
The Chilean Rugby Federation (Spanish: Federación de Rugby de Chile) is the governing body for rugby union in Chile.  The Federation is responsible for the various national teams representing Chile in international competitions.  The Federation is a member of several international organizations, such as World Rugby, and Sudamérica Rugby (the regional governing body for rugby in South America).  The Federation is led by President Francisco Davanzo Pumarino. The Federation includes over 18,000 players.

The Chilean Rugby Federation was founded 4 May 1953. The Federation joined the IRB (World Rugby) in 1991.

Chile national rugby sevens team
The Chile national rugby sevens team is a minor national sevens side. They have made three appearances at the Rugby World Cup Sevens; they also compete in the Pan American Games, and have featured in the World Rugby Sevens Series.
2011 Santos Brasil Tennis Open
The 2011 Santos Brasil Tennis Open was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the first edition of the tournament which was part of the 2011 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Santos, Brazil between 18 and 24 April 2011.

2011 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). The 2011 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 15 top tier Tretorn SERIE+ tournaments, and approximately 150 regular series tournaments, with prize money ranging from $35,000 up to $150,000.
Andy Harris (mountain guide)
Andrew Michael Harris NZBS (29 September 1964 – 11 May 1996), known as Andy Harris, was a New Zealand mountain guide who died in the 1996 Mount Everest disaster. Harris was one of the guides for the Adventure Consultants' 1996 Everest expedition, led by Rob Hall. It was Harris' first attempt to summit Mount Everest, though he had extensive climbing experience in New Zealand.

Mountain guide
A mountain guide is a specially trained and experienced professional mountaineer who is certified by local authorities or mountain guide associations. They are considered to be high-level experts in mountaineering, and are hired to instruct or lead individuals or small groups who require this advanced expertise. This professional class of guides arose in the middle of the 19th century when alpine climbing became recognized as a sport.
1979 UC Davis Aggies football team
The 1979 UC Davis Aggies football team represented the University of California, Davis as a member of the Far Western Conference (FWC) during the 1979 NCAA Division II football season. Led by tenth-year head coach Jim Sochor, UC Davis finished the season with an overall record of 6–3–1 and a mark of 5–0 in conference play, winning the FWC title for the ninth consecutive season. 1979 was the tenth consecutive winning season for the Aggies. With the 5–0 conference record, they stretched their conference winning streak to 33 games dating back to the 1973 season. The team outscored its opponents 217 to 155 for the season. The Aggies played home games at Toomey Field in Davis, California.

After the season, Cal Poly Pomona, who beat UC Davis in a non-conference game, had to forfeit all their victories because the team had used ineligible players during the season. With the forfeit, the Aggies' overall record improve to 7–2–1.

1973 UC Davis Aggies football team
The 1973 UC Davis Aggies football team represented the University of California, Davis as a member of the Far Western Conference (FWC) during the 1973 NCAA Division II football season. Led by fourth-year head coach Jim Sochor, UC Davis compiled an overall record of 7–3 with a mark of 4–1 in conference play, sharing the FWC title with Chico State and finishing at champions for the third consecutive season. 1973 was the fourth consecutive winning season for the Aggies. The team outscored its opponents 217 to 153 for the season. The Aggies played home games at Toomey Field in Davis, California.
1982 Individual Long Track World Championship
The 1982 Individual Long Track World Championship was the 12th edition of the FIM speedway Individual Long Track World Championship. The event was held on 19 September 1982 at the Korskro Motor Center in Esbjerg in Denmark.

The world title was won by Karl Maier of West Germany for the second time.

FIM Long Track World Championship
This is the complete list of Individual Long Track World Championship medalists from 1971. Also included are the medalists from 1957 to 1970 when the championship was known as the European Individual Long Track Championship.
Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications
The Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications is a diamond open access peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the subject of graph algorithms and graph drawing. The journal was established in 1997 and the current co-editors-in-chief are Emilio Di Giacomo (University of Perugia) and Martin Nöllenburg (TU Wien). It is published by Brown University and is a member of the Free Journal Network. It is abstracted and indexed by Scopus and MathSciNet.

Graph drawing
Graph drawing is an area of mathematics and computer science combining methods from geometric graph theory and information visualization to derive two-dimensional (or, sometimes, three-dimensional) depictions of graphs arising from applications such as social network analysis, cartography, linguistics, and bioinformatics.

A drawing of a graph or network diagram is a pictorial representation of the vertices and edges of a graph. This drawing should not be confused with the graph itself: very different layouts can correspond to the same graph.  In the abstract, all that matters is which pairs of vertices are connected by edges.  In the concrete, however, the arrangement of these vertices and edges within a drawing affects its understandability, usability, fabrication cost, and aesthetics. The problem gets worse if the graph changes over time by adding and deleting edges (dynamic graph drawing) and the goal is to preserve the user's mental map.
Nisan-years
Nisan-years is an ancient calendar system used around Mesopotamia. Its beginning was from the prehistorical era. Ever since Mesopotamia had historical writings, even before the First Babylonian dynasty of Hammurabi, its calendar used the Nisan-years.

Nisan-years is a lunisolar calendar system, in which the lunar years and the solar years are synchronized by adding in an intercalary month in seven of nineteen years (called the Metonic cycle). Since a tropical year is 365.2422 days, and a synodic month is averaged 29.53059 days, in nineteen years the solar and the lunar calendars will only differ by about two hours, or 1 part in 80,000.

Nisan-years begin in the Spring season. Technically, its New Year's Day is the day after the New Moon closest to (within fifteen days before or after) the Spring equinox, when the day and the night is of equal length, typically March 20 in the Gregorian Calendar). It begins the first month, named Nisanu/Nisan/Abib.

Lunisolar calendar
A lunisolar calendar is a calendar in many cultures, that combines monthly lunar cycles with the solar year. As with all calendars which divide the year into months, there is an additional requirement that the year have a whole number of months (Moon cycles). The majority of years have twelve months but every second or third year is an embolismic year, which adds a thirteenth intercalary, embolismic, or leap month.

In contrast to purely lunar calendars such as the Islamic calendar, lunisolar calendars have additional intercalation rules that reset them periodically into a rough agreement with the solar year and thus with the seasons.
Matching (graph theory)
In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, a matching or independent edge set in an undirected graph is a set of edges without common vertices. In other words, a subset of the edges is a matching if each vertex appears in at most one edge of that matching.

Finding a largest matching in a bipartite graph can be treated as a network flow problem.  Finding a largest matching in a general graph is much more difficult; it can be done using Edmonds' blossom algorithm.

Jack Edmonds
Jack R. Edmonds (born April 5, 1934) is an American-born and educated computer scientist and mathematician who lived and worked in Canada for much of his life. He has made fundamental contributions to the fields of combinatorial optimization, polyhedral combinatorics, discrete mathematics and the theory of computing. He was the recipient of the 1985 John von Neumann Theory Prize.
Emfraz
Enfraz or Infraz (Amharic: እንፍራዝ, romanized: infrāz), also called Guba'e (Ge'ez: ጉባኤ, romanized: gūbā'ē, lit. 'assembly'), or Guzara (Amharic: ጉዛራ)  is a historic town and district in northern Ethiopia. Located in the mountainous area overlooking the northeast shore of Lake Tana in the North Gondar Zone of the Amhara Region, it sits at a latitude and longitude of 12°15′30″N 37°37′45″E﻿ / ﻿12.25833°N 37.62917°E﻿ / 12.25833; 37.62917.

Enfranz is located on the all-weather asphalt road which connects Bahir Dar to Gondar. With improvements to this road and the advent of electrical service, since 2005 Enfranz has become an important market center for fish from Lake Tana.

Bahir Dar
Bahir Dar (Amharic: ባሕር ዳር, lit. 'sea shore') is the capital city of Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Bahir Dar is one of the leading tourist destinations in Ethiopia, with a variety of attractions in the nearby Lake Tana and Blue Nile river. The city is known for its wide avenues lined with palm trees and a variety of colorful flowers. In 2002, it was awarded the UNESCO Cities for Peace Prize for addressing the challenges of rapid urbanization.
Tazacorte
Tazacorte is a town and a municipality on the island of La Palma, Province of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. It is near the coast, in the western part of the island. The population of the municipality is 4,600 (2018) and the area is 11.37 km2. The average elevation is 60 m. Tazacorte is 2 km southwest of Los Llanos de Aridane and 17 km west of the island capital Santa Cruz de La Palma. The inhabitants are known as Bagañetes.

Farmlands, producing almost exclusively bananas, occupy as much as 85% of the land area of Tazacorte.  The widespread use, and occasional continued misuse, of insecticides has led to significant concern, as cancer rates for residents is higher than national statistics.

Los Llanos de Aridane
Los Llanos de Aridane is a municipality of the Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. It is located in the west of the island of La Palma, in the Aridane Valley. With 20,930 inhabitants (2013) it is the most populous municipality of La Palma.
Periyar and the eradication of caste
Periyar E. V. Ramasamy (17 September 1879 – 24 December 1973), also known as Ramaswami, EVR, Thanthai Periyar was a Dravidian social reformer and politician from India, who founded the Self-Respect Movement and Dravidar Kazhagam. On the caste system in India, Periyar dealt harshly with the practice of discrimination and its subordination of the different levels it created in society. He attacked those who used the system to take advantage of the masses through exploitation and subjugation.

Dravidar Kazhagam
Dravidar Kazhagam is a social movement founded by Periyar. Its original goals were to eradicate the ills of the existing caste and class system including untouchability and on a grander scale to obtain a "Dravida Nadu" (Dravidian Nation) from the Madras Presidency. Dravidar Kazhagam would in turn give birth to many other political parties, including Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and later the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.
2011–12 S.L. Benfica season
The 2011–12 season was Sport Lisboa e Benfica's 108th season in existence and the club's 78th consecutive season in the top flight of Portuguese football. It involved Benfica competing in the Primeira Liga, Taça de Portugal, Taça da Liga and the UEFA Champions League. Benfica qualified for the Champions League by finishing second in the previous Primeira Liga.

In Jesus' third season at the helm of the club, he tried to implement a more balanced system, with Axel Witsel replacing Pablo Aimar as a more central midfielder, with Aimar pushed as to second striker role, to give more defensive support than Javier Saviola. Nicolás Gaitán was moved to the right, with Bruno César and Nolito alternating on the left. Rodrigo eventually gained his space in the starting eleven, replacing Aimar.

This season, Benfica placed first in their UEFA Champions League group, later reaching the competition's quarter-finals, and won their fourth Taça da Liga by defeating Gil Vicente.

2011–12 Taça da Liga
The 2011–12 Taça da Liga was the fifth edition of the Portuguese Taça da Liga. The first matches were played on 31 July 2011. The final was played on 14 April 2012, with Benfica defeating Gil Vicente 2–1 to win their fourth consecutive Taça da Liga.
Balapitiya Electoral District
Balapitiya electoral district was an electoral district of Sri Lanka between March 1960 and February 1989. The district was named after the town of Balapitiya in Galle District, Southern Province. The 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka introduced the proportional representation electoral system for electing members of Parliament. The existing 160 mainly single-member electoral districts were replaced with 22 multi-member electoral districts. Balapitiya electoral district was replaced by the Galle multi-member electoral district at the 1989 general elections.

Galle Electoral District
Galle Electoral District is one of the 22 multi-member electoral districts of Sri Lanka created by the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka. The district is conterminous with the administrative district of Galle in the Southern province. The district currently elects 10 of the 225 members of the Sri Lankan Parliament and had 761,815 registered electors in 2010. The district is Sri Lanka's Electorate Number 07.
Gebang
Gebang (Indonesian: Candi Gebang; Javanese: ꦕꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦒꦼꦧꦁ, romanized: Candhi Gebang) is an 8th-century Hindu temple located on the outskirts of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The temple is located at Gebang hamlet, Wedomartani village, Ngemplak, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta. The temple was built during the Mataram kingdom.

There are no assuring historical backgrounds or inscription records concerning the temple. However the high proportion of the temple feet indicates that the temple was built in the old period of Kingdom of Mataram, c. 730 to 800.

Sleman Regency
Sleman Regency (Indonesian pronunciation: [səˈleman]; ) is an Indonesian regency (Indonesian: Kabupaten) on the island of Java.  It is located in the north of the Yogyakarta Special Administrative Region, Indonesia, and has an area of  574.82 square kilometres (221.94 sq mi), with a population of 1,093,110 at the 2010 Census and 1,125,804 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 1,157,292 - comprising 573,760 males and 583,540 females. Its capital is the town of Sleman. The current regent is Harda Kiswaya.
AS4
AS4 (Applicability Statement 4) is an open standard for the secure and payload-agnostic exchange of Business-to-business documents using Web services. Secure document exchange is governed by aspects of WS-Security, including XML Encryption and XML Digital Signatures. Payload agnosticism refers to the document type (e.g. purchase order, invoice, etc.) not being tied to any defined SOAP action or operation.

It is a Conformance Profile of the OASIS ebMS 3.0 specification.

AS4 became an OASIS standard in 2013 and an ISO standard in 2020. The majority of the AS4 profiling points constraining the ebMS 3.0 specification are based upon the functional requirements of the AS2 specification.  By scaling back ebMS 3.0 using AS2 as a blueprint, AS4 provides an entry-level on-ramp for Web services B2B by simplifying the complexities of Web services.

XML Signature
XML Signature (also called XMLDSig, XML-DSig, XML-Sig) defines an XML syntax for digital signatures and is defined in the W3C recommendation XML Signature Syntax and Processing. Functionally, it has much in common with PKCS #7 but is more extensible and geared towards signing XML documents. It is used by various Web technologies such as SOAP, SAML, and others.

XML signatures can be used to sign data–a resource–of any type, typically XML documents, but anything that is accessible via a URL can be signed. An XML signature used to sign a resource outside its containing XML document is called a detached signature; if it is used to sign some part of its containing document, it is called an enveloped signature; if it contains the signed data within itself it is called an enveloping signature.