hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gilbert Stead
Gilbert Stead (3 February 1888 – 5 July 1979) was a British professor of physics and pioneer in the development of radiology as a recognized medical specialty.

Stead worked at the Cavendish Laboratory and graduated from Cambridge in 1913. During WWI he was at  HM Signals School in Portsmouth.  After the war, he returned to Cavendish Laboratory and taught.  Beginning in 1923 he also taught classes at Guy's Hospital where he brought his knowledge of radiology to the practice of medicine.  He relinquished his Cambridge professorship in 1938 when he became a governor at Guy's Hospital.  He retired from Guy's Hospital in 1953.

Stead wrote the text Elementary Physics, which, when it was published in 1924, was "hailed as a superb source of help to struggling radiology and medical students."  This text was continuously in print, published in updated editions, for over 50 years. In 1939, he wrote the book Notes in Practical Physics which was widely used in British schools.

Cavendish Laboratory
The Cavendish Laboratory is the Department of Physics at the University of Cambridge, and is part of the School of Physical Sciences. The laboratory was opened in 1874 on the New Museums Site as a laboratory for experimental physics and is named after the British chemist and physicist Henry Cavendish. The laboratory has had a huge influence on research in the disciplines of physics and biology.

The laboratory moved to a new site in West Cambridge in 1974.  In 2025 it moved again to the Ray Dolby Centre, still in West Cambridge.

As of 2019, 30 Cavendish researchers have won Nobel Prizes. Notable discoveries to have occurred at the Cavendish Laboratory include the discovery of the electron, neutron, and structure of DNA.
PIP2 domain
PIP2 domains (also called PIP2 clusters) are a type of cholesterol-independent lipid domain formed from phosphatidylinositol and positively charged proteins in the plasma membrane. They tend to inhibit GM1 lipid raft function.

Lipid raft
The plasma membranes of cells contain combinations of glycosphingolipids, cholesterol and protein receptors organized in glycolipoprotein lipid microdomains termed lipid rafts. Their existence in cellular membranes remains somewhat controversial. It has been proposed that they are specialized membrane microdomains which compartmentalize cellular processes by serving as organising centers for the assembly of signaling molecules, allowing a closer interaction of protein receptors and their effectors to promote kinetically favorable interactions necessary for the signal transduction. Lipid rafts influence membrane fluidity and membrane protein trafficking, thereby regulating neurotransmission and receptor trafficking. Lipid rafts are more ordered and tightly packed than the surrounding bilayer, but float freely within the membrane bilayer. Although more common in the cell membrane, lipid rafts have also been reported in other parts of the cell, such as the Golgi apparatus and lysosomes.
Microchannel (microtechnology)
Microchannel in microtechnology is a channel with a hydraulic diameter below 1 mm, usually 1–99 μm. Microchannels are used in fluid control (see Microfluidics), heat transfer (see Micro heat exchanger) and cell migration observation. They are more efficient than their 'macro' counterparts, because of a high surface-area to volume ratio yet pose a multitude of challenges due to their small size.

Microtechnology
Microtechnology is technology whose features have dimensions of the order of one micrometre (one millionth of a metre, or 10−6 metre, or 1μm). It focuses on physical and chemical processes as well as the production or manipulation of structures with one-micrometre magnitude.
The Most Lamentable Tragedy
The Most Lamentable Tragedy is the fourth studio album by New Jersey punk rock band Titus Andronicus, released on July 28, 2015, through Merge Records. It is a rock opera in five acts that follows "Our Hero", a man who is visited by his doppelganger and goes through considerable life experiences and dream sequences, all acting as a metaphor for manic depression.

Rock opera
A rock opera is a collection of rock music songs, especially a concept album, with lyrics that relate to a common story. The use of various character roles within the song lyrics is a common storytelling device. The success of rock opera has inspired similar works in other musical styles, such as rap opera.

Unlike classical opera, rock operas are typically not scripted for theatrical production, like a classical oratorio, though some have been adapted as rock musicals.
Myllymäki railway station
The Myllymäki railway station (Finnish: Myllymäen rautatieasema, Swedish: Myllymäki järnvägsstation) is located in the town of Ähtäri, Finland, in the village of Myllymäki. It is located along the Haapamäki–Seinäjoki railway, and its neighboring stations are Pihlajavesi in the south and Eläinpuisto-Zoo in the north.

The Finnish Heritage Agency has proclaimed the Myllymäki station as a built cultural environment of national significance.

Jyväskylä Central Station
Jyväskylä Central Station, also known as Jyväskylä Travel Center (Finnish: Jyväskylän matkakeskus) is a transportation hub located in the city of Jyväskylä, Finland. The station is the city's main train station as well its main long-distance bus terminal.
Mati O Manush
Mati O Manush (Bengali: মাটি ও মানুষ), originally called Amar Desh, was a pioneering television programme on Bangladesh Television. The programme started in the mid-1980s and focused on the agricultural sector of Bangladesh.

The show was hosted by Rezaul Karim Siddique. Rezaul Karim Siddique was involved in this program in January 1983. In 1985, the show's title was changed from Amar Desh to Mati O Manush. At that time, the producer, Alimuzzaman, picked Shykh Seraj as another anchor in this program. Seraj left in 1996. Dewan Siraz was made Siddique's co-anchor of this program until he left Bangladesh for overseas job.

Shykh Seraj started a new programme at Channel i named Hridoye Mati O Manush.

Mati O Manush is the most popular and oldest program of Bangladesh Television. Afterwards, most Bangladesh television channels produced a program about agriculture that was based on the Mati O Manush model. The program made agriculture a more prestigious profession in Bangladesh.

Hridoye Mati O Manush
Hridoye Mati O Manush (Bengali: হৃদয়ে মাটি ও মানুষ)  is an agricultural TV series produced, presented and directed by Shykh Seraj, a private television channel in Bangladesh, which started broadcasting weekly every Saturday from February 21, 2004, at 9:50 pm. The program collects and broadcasts various agricultural information from the country as well as from outside of the country (Bangladesh).
Bhauma-Kara dynasty
The Bhauma dynasty, also known as Kara dynasty, ruled in eastern India between 8th and 10th centuries. Their kingdom, called Toshala (IAST: Toṣala), included parts of present-day Odisha.

By the last quarter of the 8th century, the Bhauma-Karas had gained control of the former Shailodbhava territory. The early rulers of the dynasties followed Buddhism, and its later rulers followed Shaivism and Vaishnavism. The dynasty, whose rulers included seven women, was supplanted by the Bhanjas and the Somavamshis in the 10th century.

Udayagiri, Odisha
Udayagiri (Odia: ଉଦୟଗିରି) is the largest Buddhist complex in the Indian state of Odisha. It is composed of major stupas and monasteries (viharas). Together with the nearby complexes of Lalitgiri and Ratnagiri, it is part of the "Diamond Triangle" of the "Ratnagiri-Udayagiri-Lalitgiri" complex.  It used to be thought that one or all of these were the Pushpagiri Vihara known from ancient records, but this has now been convincingly located at a different site. Per epigraphical artifacts found at the site, Udayagiri's historical name was "Madhavapura Mahavihara." This Buddhist complex, preceded by the Ratnagiri and Lalitgiri sites, with their monasteries, is believed to have been active between the 7th and the 12th centuries.
Bai Suzhen
Bai Suzhen (Chinese: 白素貞), also known as Lady Bai (白娘子; 'Lady White'), is a one-thousand-year-old white snake spirit and the title character of the Legend of the White Snake, one of China's "four great folktales". The legend has been adapted into several Chinese operas, films, television series and other media. In some versions of the legend, Bai Suzhen becomes a goddess; her worshippers refer to her as Madam White Snake (白蛇娘娘).

Bai Suzhen is regarded as a symbol of true love and good-heartedness by the Chinese people.

Lingzhi (mushroom)
Lingzhi (Ganoderma sichuanense), also known as reishi, is a polypore fungus ("bracket fungus") native to East Asia belonging to the genus Ganoderma.

Its reddish brown, varnished, kidney-shaped cap with bands and peripherally inserted stem give it a distinct fan-like appearance.  When fresh, the lingzhi is soft, cork-like, and flat. It lacks gills on its underside, and instead releases its spores via fine pores (80–120 μm) in yellow colors.

In nature, it grows at the base and stumps of deciduous trees, especially maples.  Only two or three out of 10,000 such trees will have lingzhi growth, and therefore its wild form is rare.  Lingzhi may be cultivated on hardwood logs, sawdust, or woodchips.

The lingzhi mushroom is used in traditional Chinese medicine.
Jenn Suhr
Jennifer Lynn Suhr (née Stuczynski; born February 5, 1982) is an American former pole vaulter. She has been an Olympic and World champion, has been ranked #1 in the World, has been the #1 American pole vaulter since 2006, and has won a total of 17 US National Championships (7 Indoor, 10 Outdoor). She holds the world indoor pole vault record at 5.03 m (16 ft 6 in). She holds the American women's pole vault record indoors. In 2008, she won the U.S. Olympic trials, setting an American record of 4.92 m (16 ft 2 in) and won a silver medal in the Beijing Olympics. She won the gold medal at the London Olympics on August 6, 2012. Track & Field News named her American Female Athlete of the Year for 2008.

USA Indoor Track and Field Championships
The USA Indoor Track and Field Championships is an annual indoor track and field competition organized by USA Track & Field, which serves as the American national championships for the sport. In years which feature a World Indoor Championships in Athletics, the championships serve as a way of selecting the best athletes for those competitions.
High Abbotside
High Abbotside is a civil parish in the county of North Yorkshire, England. It is a rural parish on the north side of upper Wensleydale, and includes the settlements of Hardraw, Sedbusk and several hamlets.

Wensleydale
Wensleydale is a valley in North Yorkshire, England. It is one of the Yorkshire Dales, which are part of the Pennines. The dale is named after the village of Wensley, formerly the valley's market town. The principal river of the valley is the Ure, which is the source of the alternative name Yoredale. The majority of the dale is within the Yorkshire Dales National Park; the part below East Witton is within the national landscape of Nidderdale.

Addlebrough, at 481 metres (1,578 feet), dominates the landscape of the upper dale, and Penhill, at 526 metres (1,726 feet), is prominent in the lower dale. The dale lends its name to the Yoredale Group of Carboniferous rocks. The dale is famous for its cheese, with the main commercial production at Hawes.
Sørfjorden (Osterøy)
Sørfjorden is a 30-kilometre (19 mi) long fjord in Vestland county, Norway. The fjord flows around the west and south sides of the island of Osterøy, going through Osterøy Municipality, Bergen Municipality, and Vaksdal Municipality. The fjord begins at the village of Vaksdal where the Veafjorden flows into the Sørfjorden, it then heads west and then north before emptying into the Osterfjorden. The fjord flows past the following villages: Bruvik, Vaksdal, Hausvik, Garnes, Ytre Arna, Hylkje, Breistein, Valestrandfossen, Steinstø and Hamre.

Prior to the opening of Osterøy Bridge in 1997 there were two ferries crossing the fjord: Haus–Garnes and Valestrandfossen–Breistein, the first one was closed when the bridge opened and the second one is still in operation.

Looking northwest towards Garnes and Ytre Arna.

Looking north towards the Osterfjorden

Hamre, Osterøy
Hamre is a village in Osterøy Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The village of Hamre is located near the extreme western point on the island of Osterøy, across the Osterfjorden from the village of Knarvik. Hamre sits about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of the village of Valestrandsfossen.

The 0.21-square-kilometre (52-acre) village has a population (2025) of 216 and a population density of 1,029 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,670/sq mi).
Alberto A. Nido
Brigadier General Alberto A. Nido (1 March 1919 – 27 October 1991) is a former United States Air Force officer who during World War II served in the Royal Canadian Air Force, the British Royal Air Force and in the United States Army Air Forces. He was also the co-founder of the Puerto Rico Air National Guard.

Aviator badge
An aviator badge is an insignia used in most of the world's militaries to designate those who have received training and qualification in military aviation.  Also known as a pilot's badge, or pilot wings, the aviator badge was first conceived to recognize the training that military aviators receive, as well as provide a means to outwardly differentiate between military pilots and the “foot soldiers” of the regular ground forces.
Philippine epic poetry
Philippine epic poetry is the body of epic poetry in Philippine literature. Filipino epic poetry is considered to be the highest point of development for Philippine folk literature, encompassing narratives that recount the adventures of tribal heroes. These epics are transmitted through oral tradition using a select group of singers and chanters.: xi

A study revealed that the Philippine folk epics, like those found in Asia, are often about a quest for a wife as well as the various ordeals linked to the founding of a family, hamlet, tribe or a kingdom. The narratives would include voyages - on earth, sea, sky, and the underworld - to allow the hero or heroine to overcome the challenges faced. After their ordeals, the protagonists - through improvement of their personal qualities – would become ideals for their genders.

Philippine folk literature
Philippine folk literature refers to the traditional oral literature  of the Filipino people.  Thus, the scope of the field covers the ancient folk literature of the Philippines' various ethnic groups, as well as various pieces of folklore that have evolved since the Philippines became a single ethno-political unit.

While the difference between Philippine folk literature and Philippine mythology is a fine one,  this article distinguishes folk literature as the source from which Philippine mythology derives.

It is a subset of Philippine folklore, a larger field which also includes other aspects of culture including folk beliefs, customary law, material culture, among others
Sclerodactylon
Sclerodactylon is a genus of plants in the grass family, native to eastern Africa and to various islands in the Indian Ocean.

Species

The only known species is Sclerodactylon macrostachyum, native to Tanzania, Mozambique, Madagascar, Comoros, Aldabra, Seychelles, and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

formerly included

see Acrachne

Sclerodactylon micrandrum - Acrachne racemosa

Acrachne
Acrachne is a genus of Asian, African, and Australian plants in the grass family. Species in the genus are commonly known as goosegrass.

Species

Acrachne henrardiana (Bor.) S.M. Phillips – Tamil Nadu

Acrachne perrieri (A.Camus) S.M. Phillips – Madagascar

Acrachne racemosa (B.Heyne ex Roem. & Schult) Ohwi – tropical and southern Africa, tropical Asia, northern Australia

formerly included

See Eragrostis

Acrachne vatovae – Eragrostis vatovae
Arcteonais
Arcteonais is a genus of annelids belonging to the family Naididae.

The species of this genus are found in Eurasia and Northern America.

Species:

Arcteonais inconstans

Arcteonais lomondi (Martin, 1907)

Naididae
The Naididae (including the former family Tubificidae) are a family of clitellate oligochaete worms like the sludge worm, Tubifex tubifex. They are key components of the benthic communities of many freshwater and marine ecosystems. In freshwater aquaria they may be referred to as detritus worms.
Doratifera oxleyi
Doratifera oxleyi, the painted cup moth, is a moth of the family Limacodidae. The species was first described by Newman in 1855. An Australian moth, it is found in New South Wales and Victoria, as well as South Australia and Tasmania.

The wingspan is about 50 mm for females and 20 mm for males.

Females lay eggs in clusters of 40 and cover with body hairs from their abdomen. Eggs take 12 days to hatched.

The larvae feed on Eucalyptus species. Like most other members of the Limacodidae family, they are covered with poisonous hairs.

Limacodidae
The Limacodidae or Eucleidae  are a family of moths in the superfamily Zygaenoidea or the Cossoidea; the placement is in dispute. They are often called slug moths because their caterpillars bear a distinct resemblance to slugs.  They are also called cup moths because of the shape of their cocoons.

The larvae are often liberally covered in protective stinging hairs, and are mostly tropical, but occur worldwide, with about 1800 described species and probably many more as yet undescribed species.
Delos R. Johnson
Delos Rozelus Johnson (April 19, 1879 – December 1, 1955) was an American politician who served in the Louisiana House of Representatives and Louisiana State Senate as a member of the Democratic party. He also briefly served as the 30th lieutenant governor of Louisiana in 1924.

Franklinton, Louisiana
Franklinton is a town in, and the parish seat of Washington Parish, Louisiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, Franklinton had a population of 3,662. The elevation is an average of 155 feet (47 m) above sea level. Franklinton is located 61 miles (98 km) north of New Orleans.

A Franklinton physician, Jerry Thomas, represented Washington Parish in the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1988 to 1999. He was elected to the District 12 seat in the state senate, serving from 1999 to 2004. He had succeeded Phil Short of Covington, who resigned. Prior to his state service, Dr. Thomas was the Washington Parish coroner from 1980 to 1988.

Elected in 2015, Beth Mizell, a businesswoman from Franklinton, is the current District 12 state senator.
Dalaguete Church
San Guillermo de Aquitania Parish Church, commonly known as Dalaguete Church, is a Roman Catholic church located in Dalaguete, Cebu, Philippines. Dedicated to the French saint William of Gellone, also known as William of Aquitaine, it is under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Cebu. The church was constructed in 1802 and was completed in 1825.

National Historical Commission of the Philippines
The National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP; Filipino: Pambansang Komisyong Pangkasaysayan ng Pilipinas) is a government agency of the Philippines. Its mission is "the promotion of Philippine history and cultural heritage through research, dissemination, conservation, sites management and heraldry works." As such, it "aims to inculcate awareness and appreciation of the noble deeds and ideals of our heroes and other illustrious Filipinos, to instill pride in the Filipino people and to rekindle the Filipino spirit through the lessons of history."
Ratel's (professional wrestling)
Passion Ratel's (Japanese: 情熱RATEL'S, Hepburn: Jōnetsu Rateruzu), formerly knows as Ratel's, is a professional wrestling stable based in the Pro Wrestling Noah (Noah) promotion. As of 2025 the stable consists of Yo-Hey, Manabu Soya, Saxon Huxley and Daiki Inaba. During its first period of activity between 2017 and 2020, the stable was originally founded and led by Daisuke Harada.

GHC National Championship
The Global Honored Crown (GHC) National Championship (Japanese: GHCナショナル王座, Hepburn: GHC Nashonaru Ōza) is a professional wrestling championship in the Japanese promotion Pro Wrestling Noah. It was created on October 3, 2019 and inaugurated on November 2 when Takashi Sugiura defeated Michael Elgin. The title is defended exclusively in Japan. Rather than being another "heavyweight" championship, Noah classifies the title as an openweight title, with both heavyweight and junior heavyweight wrestlers being eligible to challenge for it.
Radical 199
Radical 199 or radical wheat (麥部) meaning "wheat" is one of the 6 Kangxi radicals (214 radicals in total) composed of 11 strokes.

In the Kangxi Dictionary, there are 131 characters (out of 49,030) to be found under this radical.

麦 (7 strokes), the simplified form of 麥, is the 149th indexing component in the Table of Indexing Chinese Character Components predominantly adopted by Simplified Chinese dictionaries published in mainland China, while the traditional form 麥 is listed as its associated indexing component. 麦 is also the simplified form used in Japanese.

Chinese character radicals
A radical (Chinese: 部首; pinyin: bùshǒu; lit. 'section header'), or indexing component, is a visually prominent component of a Chinese character under which the character is traditionally listed in a Chinese dictionary. The radical for a character is typically a semantic component, but it can also be another structural component or an artificially extracted portion of the character. In some cases, the original semantic or phonological connection has become obscure, owing to changes in the meaning or pronunciation of the character over time.

The use of the English term radical is based on an analogy between the structure of Chinese characters and the inflection of words in European languages. Radicals are also sometimes called classifiers, but this name is more commonly applied to the grammatical measure words in Chinese.
Phagun (Nepali calendar)
Phāgun (Nepali:फागुन) is the eleventh month in the Bikram Samwat, the official Nepali calendar. This month coincides with February 13 to March 13 of the Western calendar and is 29 days long.

Important Events during this month:

February 16: Phāgun 4, Maha Shivaratri

March 3 and 4: Phāgun 19 and 20, Phāgu Purnima

Vikram Samvat
Vikram Samvat (ISO: Vikrama Saṁvata; abbreviated VS), also known as the Vikrami or Bikrami calendar, is a Hindu calendar historically used in the Indian subcontinent and still also used in several Indian states and Nepal. It is a lunisolar calendar, using twelve lunar months each solar sidereal year. The year count of the Vikram Samvat calendar is usually 57 years ahead of the Gregorian calendar, except during January to March/April, when it is ahead by 56 years.

Vikram Samvat is an official calendar of Nepal where the first month is Baisakh and the last month is Chaitra. Unlike India where it is used only for religious dates (with first month starting with Chaitra), the solar version of Vikram Samvat is a civil calendar for general usage.