hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Artin–Rees lemma
In mathematics, the Artin–Rees lemma is a basic result about modules over a Noetherian ring, along with results such as the Hilbert basis theorem. It was proved in the 1950s in independent works by the mathematicians Emil Artin and David Rees; a special case was known to Oscar Zariski prior to their work.

An intuitive characterization of the lemma involves the notion that a submodule N of a module M over some ring A with specified ideal I holds a priori two topologies: one induced by the topology on M, and the other when considered with the I-adic topology over A. Then Artin-Rees dictates that these topologies actually coincide, at least when A is Noetherian and M finitely-generated.

One consequence of the lemma is the Krull intersection theorem. The result is also used to prove the exactness property of completion. The lemma also plays a key role in the study of ℓ-adic sheaves.

Module (mathematics)
In mathematics, a module is a generalization of the notion of vector space in which the field of scalars is replaced by a (not necessarily commutative) ring. The concept of a module also generalizes the notion of an abelian group, since the abelian groups are exactly the modules over the ring of integers.

Like a vector space, a module is an additive abelian group, and scalar multiplication is distributive over the operations of addition between elements of the ring or module and is compatible with the ring multiplication.

Modules are very closely related to the representation theory of groups. They are also one of the central notions of commutative algebra and homological algebra, and are used widely in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology.
Fauldhouse railway station
Fauldhouse railway station is a railway station serving Fauldhouse in West Lothian, Scotland. It is located on the Shotts Line, 23¼ miles (37 km) west of Edinburgh Waverley towards Glasgow Central.

The station is almost at the halfway point of the Shotts Line between Glasgow and Edinburgh. The station is located on the south-western edge of the village of Fauldhouse.

Edinburgh Waverley railway station
Edinburgh Waverley (also known simply as Edinburgh; Scottish Gaelic: Waverley Dhùn Èideann) is the principal railway station serving Edinburgh, Scotland. It is the second busiest station in Scotland, after Glasgow Central. The station serves as the northern terminus of the East Coast Main Line, 393 miles 13 chains (393.16 miles; 632.7 kilometres) from London King's Cross, although some trains operated by London North Eastern Railway continue to other Scottish destinations beyond Edinburgh.
Penn State Nittany Lions women's ice hockey
Penn State Nittany Lions women's ice hockey is a college ice hockey program that has represented Penn State University in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I since the 2012–13 season. The Nittany Lions were members of College Hockey America (CHA) from their first season through the 2023–24 season, after which CHA merged with the Atlantic Hockey Association to form Atlantic Hockey America.

The program was preceded by a club team that competed at the American Collegiate Hockey Association (ACHA) Division 1 level, primarily as a member of Eastern Collegiate Women's Hockey League (ECWHL). Penn State plays its home games at Pegula Ice Arena in University Park, Pennsylvania.

RIT Tigers women's ice hockey
The RIT Tigers women's ice hockey team is one of two college ice hockey teams representing Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) in the Atlantic Hockey America (AHA) conference of NCAA Division I. The team plays in suburban Rochester, New York at the Gene Polisseni Center. RIT alumna and former Tigers captain Celeste Brown has served as the Bruce B. Bates Women's Hockey Coach since July 2020.

The Tigers moved to NCAA Division I women's ice hockey as a member of College Hockey America (CHA) for the 2012–13 season, after many years at Division III as part of the ECAC West conference. The team's conference affiliation was transferred to Atlantic Hockey America following the merger of CHA and Atlantic Hockey in April 2024.
President's House (Naval War College)
The President's House (also known as Quarters AA) is the home of the President of the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. The house is a wooden, three-story building in Colonial Revival style located on a hill on Coaster's Harbor Island, overlooking Coaster's Harbor, Dewey Field, and Narragansett Bay.

The house was built in 1896 by local Newport, Rhode Island, architect and builder Creighton Withers at the cost of $16,226.  Built originally as "Quarters B" for the commandant of the Naval Training Station, Newport, the first president of the Naval War College to occupy it was Rear Admiral French Ensor Chadwick, in June 1903.

Every Naval War College president except for Charles Stillman Sperry (1903–1906) has lived in the house since that time. Among the most famous residents of the house have been Admirals William Sims, Raymond A. Spruance, Stansfield Turner, and James Stockdale.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

Charles Stillman Sperry
Rear Admiral Charles Stillman Sperry (September 3, 1847 – February 1, 1911) was an officer in the United States Navy.

Born in Brooklyn, New York, Sperry graduated from the Naval Academy in 1866. In November 1898, he became commanding officer of USS Yorktown (PG-1) and later served as senior officer of the Southern Squadron on the Asiatic Station and as President of the Naval War College.

As a rear admiral, he served in the United States delegation to the Geneva Convention and the Second Hague Conference, and as Commander in Chief, Battle Fleet, he led the Great White Fleet during the major portion of its historic cruise around the world in 1908 and 1909.

Sperry retired September 3, 1909, but subsequently was recalled to active duty for special service. He died February 1, 1911, in Washington, D.C. The destroyer USS Charles S. Sperry (DD-697) was named for him.
Prix Vermeille
The Prix Vermeille is a Group 1 flat horse race in France open to thoroughbred fillies and mares aged three years or older. It is run at Longchamp over a distance of 2,400 metres (about 1½ miles), and it is scheduled to take place each year in September.

Longchamp Racecourse
The Longchamp Racecourse (French: Hippodrome de Longchamp, pronounced [ipɔdʁom də lɔ̃ʃɑ̃]) is a 57-hectare (140-acre) horse-racing facility located on the Route des Tribunes at the Bois de Boulogne in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, France. It is used for flat racing and is noted for its variety of interlaced tracks and a famous hill that provides a real challenge to competing thoroughbreds. It has several racetracks varying from 1,000 to 4,000 metres in length, with 46 different starting posts.

The course is home to more than half of the group one races held in France, and it has a capacity of 50,000. The highlight of the calendar is the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. Held on the first weekend in October, the event attracts the best horses from around the world.

The leather fashion goods company Longchamp got its name from the facility.
Sunshine Coast University Hospital
The Sunshine Coast University Hospital (SCUH) is a tertiary teaching hospital located in Birtinya, a suburb of Kawana Waters, Queensland. It is operated by the Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service (SCHHS), part of the Queensland Health network. The hospital has 728 beds, and has a catchment containing roughly 450,000 people on the Sunshine Coast and Gympie. It provides clinical placements to nursing and medical students from multiple institutions, including the University of the Sunshine Coast, Griffith University and TAFE Queensland (nursing).

The Sunshine Coast University Hospital is located close to the Sunshine Coast University Private Hospital  operated by Ramsay Health Care and the Sunshine Coast Health Institute.

Kawana Waters, Queensland
Kawana Waters is an urban centre on the Sunshine Coast in Queensland, Australia, between Caloundra and Maroochydore along the Coral Sea coast. It was originally the estate development name and has passed into common usage, but it is not officially a town nor a locality. The official suburbs (listed below) are connected by the Nicklin Way arterial road. It is sometimes abbreviated to Kawana, which is a suburb of Rockhampton.

Many shopping and sporting facilities, including Kawana Shoppingworld are located in the Kawana Waters estate area.
2009 Hong Kong Sevens
The Hong Kong Sevens, referred to as the Cathay Pacific Credit Suisse Hong Kong Sevens for sponsorship reasons is the 5th stop on the IRB Sevens World Series. The 2009 event was played between the 27–29 March, and was won by Fiji. Unlike the 7 other tournaments, Hong Kong contains 24 teams to compete.

Hong Kong Sevens
The Hong Kong Sevens (Chinese: 香港國際七人欖球賽) is a rugby sevens tournament held annually in Hong Kong on a weekend in late March or early April. Considered the premier tournament on the World Rugby Sevens Series competition, the Hong Kong Sevens is currently the fifth tournament on the World Series calendar (following the Canada Sevens). The tournament spans three days, beginning on a Friday and concluding on Sunday. The tournament is organised each year by the Hong Kong Rugby Union (HKRU). Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the tournament was cancelled in 2020 and 2021. The latest Hong Kong Rugby Sevens was held from 28 to 30 March 2025 at Kai Tak Stadium.
Kashmar
Kashmar (/kæʃˈmɑːr/; Persian: کاشمر [kʰɒːʃˈmæɹ]) is a city in the Central District of Kashmar County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. Kashmar is near the river Shesh Taraz in the western part of the province, and south of the province's capital Mashhad, in Iran, from east to Bardaskan, west to Torbat-e Heydarieh, north to Nishapur, south to Gonabad. Until two centuries ago, this city was named Torshiz (ترشیز).

Quzhd, Kashmar
Quzhd (Persian: قوژد) is a village in, and the capital of Bala Velayat Rural District of the Central District of Kashmar County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Qaleh-ye Bala.
Kerala Film Critics Association Awards 2017
The 41st Kerala Film Critics Association Awards, honouring the best Malayalam films released in 2017, were announced in April 2018. The awards were distributed at an event held in Kayamkulam on 15 October 2019.

Kerala Film Critics Association Awards
The Kerala Film Critics Association Awards are presented annually by the Kerala Film Critics Association to honour both artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the Malayalam language film industry of India. The awards were instituted in 1977.
Gutiérrez Brothers' rebellion
The 1872 Peruvian coup d'état, known in Peruvian historiography as the Gutiérrez Brothers' rebellion (Spanish: Rebelión de los coroneles Gutiérrez), was a coup d'état headed by General Tomás Gutiérrez, then Minister of War, and his three brothers against then president José Balta, shortly before Manuel Pardo of the Civilista Party was to take office as the country's first civilian president. The coup was initially successful, although a violent crowd headed by brothers Baltazar and José La Torre ultimately murdered three of the Gutiérrez brothers.

Peruvian Army
The Peruvian Army (Spanish: Ejército del Perú, abbreviated EP) is the branch of the Peruvian Armed Forces tasked with safeguarding the independence, sovereignty and integrity of national territory on land through military force. Additional missions include assistance in safeguarding internal security, conducting disaster relief operations and participating in international peacekeeping operations. It celebrates the anniversary of the Battle of Ayacucho (1824) on December 9.
Senza pietà (song)
"Senza pietà" (transl. "Mercilessly", lit. "Without mercy") is a 1999 song composed by Claudio Guidetti with lyrics by Alberto Salerno, performed by Italian singer Anna Oxa. The song won the Sanremo Music Festival 1999, reaching number 4 on the Italian charts and becoming a radio hit.

The lyrics were inspired by the war imagery portrayed in The Tartar Steppe by Dino Buzzati.

Dino Buzzati
Dino Buzzati-Traverso (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdiːno butˈtsaːti]; 16 October 1906 – 28 January 1972) was an Italian novelist, short story writer, painter and poet, as well as a journalist for Corriere della Sera. His worldwide fame is mostly due to his novel The Tartar Steppe, although he is also known for his well-received collections of short stories.
Hamilton Valley, New South Wales
Hamilton Valley is a suburb of the city of Albury, New South Wales, located north-west of the Albury Central Business District and west of Lavington. At the 2016 census, Hamilton Valley had a population of 566, although the area covered in the Census includes Splitters Creek and does not include some parts of Hamilton Valley. As a result, the population was probably closer to 450.

Hamilton Valley lies in a valley that broadly separates the Nail Can Hill and Black Ranges. It is surrounded by Table Top/Ettamogah to the north, Lavington to the east, Splitters Creek to the west and Glenroy to the south.

Albury
Albury (/ˈɔːlbəri/ ALL-bree; Wiradjuri: Bungambrawatha) is a major regional city located in the Murray region of New South Wales, Australia. It is part of the twin city of Albury-Wodonga, situated on the Hume Highway and the northern side of the Murray River. Albury is the seat of local government for the council area which also bears the city's name – the City of Albury. It is on the Victoria–New South Wales border.

Albury has an urban population of 53,677 and is separated from its twin city in Victoria, Wodonga, by the Murray River. Together, the two cities form an urban area with a population of 97,793 in 2021. It is 554 kilometres (344 mi) from the state capital Sydney and 326 kilometres (203 mi) from the Victorian capital Melbourne.

Said to be named after a village in England, United Kingdom, Albury developed as a major transport link between New South Wales and Victoria and was proclaimed a city in 1946.
Tax protester constitutional arguments
Tax protesters in the United States advance a number of constitutional arguments asserting that the imposition, assessment and collection of the federal income tax violates the United States Constitution. These kinds of arguments, though related to, are distinguished from statutory and administrative arguments, which presuppose the constitutionality of the income tax, as well as from general conspiracy arguments, which are based upon the proposition that the three branches of the federal government are involved together in a deliberate, on-going campaign of deception for the purpose of defrauding individuals or entities of their wealth or profits.  Although constitutional challenges to U.S. tax laws are frequently directed towards the validity and effect of the Sixteenth Amendment, assertions that the income tax violates various other provisions of the Constitution have been made as well.

Internal Revenue Code
The Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (IRC), is the domestic portion of federal statutory tax law in the United States. It is codified in statute as Title 26 of the United States Code. The IRC is organized topically into subtitles and sections, covering federal income tax in the United States, payroll taxes, estate taxes, gift taxes, and excise taxes; as well as procedure and administration. The Code's implementing federal agency is the Internal Revenue Service.
Dhunni
Dhunni is a village in Kharian Tehsil, Gujrat District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is part of Kharian Tehsil.

As shown in old land registration office documents, the village name is derived from the Punjabi word Dhooni, which literally means to blow fire. There are two other villages named Dhunni. The first is Dhunni at Hafizabad and other is Dhunni Kalan at Mandi Bahauddin. Dhunni is the place of the shrine of Pir of Hujra Shah Muqeem named Pir Imam Ali Shah and Pir Mubarak Ali Shah. Also known as Dam Meeram Lal Pak Bahawal Sher Qalandar.

Kharian Tehsil
Kharian Tehsil (Punjabi and Urdu: تحصیل کھاریاں) is a tehsil (sub-district) located in Gujrat District, Punjab, Pakistan. The town lies between the Chenab and Jhelum rivers and in the north the foothills of the Pir Panjal mountains.
Marvellous
Marvellous is a 90-minute British drama television film first broadcast on BBC Two on 25 September 2014. Directed by Julian Farino and written by Peter Bowker, it is about the life of Neil Baldwin from Westlands, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire.

In the 1990s Baldwin, now an honorary graduate of Keele University, was appointed as Stoke City Football Club's kit-man by its manager Lou Macari.

Baldwin's autobiography, Marvellous: Neil Baldwin – My Story, was published in hardback in 2015. In 2022 his story was told on stage, in a play, also called Marvellous, performed at the New Vic Theatre in Newcastle-under-Lyme and at @sohoplace in London's West End.

Westlands, Staffordshire
Westlands, more commonly known as "The Westlands", is a suburban area and ward in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire.

The boundaries of The Westlands were defined in the early 1940s

The design was based on 'model village' developments in the 1890s from George Cadbury. Cadbury was responsible for the Birmingham based Bournville, built around his factory.

The designs in Bournville became a blueprint for many model villages in Britain as they recognised the benefits of open space within town planning.

Newcastle Borough Council hired S.A. Wilmot who was an architect for Bournville Garden City to come up with plans that formed the basis for The Westlands.

This map shows the plans for the estate and existing boundaries for what is considered 'The Westlands'. The documents related to the area can be found at The Brampton Museum in Newcastle under Lyme.
Jan Zaleski
Jan Zaleski (born 8 March 1869 in Kalwaria near Augustów (modern-day Lithuania), in the Russian Empire; died 22 August 1932 in Warsaw, Republic of Poland) was a Polish biochemist who made significant contributions to the understanding of blood chemistry.

Internetowa encyklopedia PWN
Internetowa encyklopedia PWN (Polish for Internet PWN Encyclopedia) is a free online Polish-language encyclopedia published by Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. It contains some 80,000 entries and 5,000 illustrations.
Pakistan military exercises
Military exercises are conducted by the Pakistan Armed Forces to increase combat readiness, and to identify problems in logistics, training, and current military doctrine. They also test the ability of units to work together. Lastly, they act as a visible expression of military might, which acts as a deterrent to potential enemy action. An important component of each exercise is the after-action assessment. Since 1989 the four branches services have increasingly begun coordinated exercises.

Turkish Naval Forces
The Turkish Naval Forces (Turkish: Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri), or Turkish Navy (Turkish: Türk Donanması), is the naval warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces.

The modern naval traditions and customs of the Turkish Navy can be traced back to 10 July 1920, when it was established as the Directorate of Naval Affairs during the Turkish War of Independence led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Since July 1949, the service has been officially known as the Turkish Naval Forces.

In 2008, the Turkish Navy had a reported active personnel strength of 48,600; this figure included an Amphibious Marines Brigade as well as several Special Forces and Commando detachments. As of early 2021, the navy operates a wide variety of ships and 60 maritime aircraft.
Mycoplasma incognitus
Mycoplasma incognitus is a human invasive Mycoplasma type bacteria, as well as a disease agent that can cause a variety of different diseases. M. incognitus is an immunomodulatory agent, which means that it can weaken the immune response by decreasing the ability of the immune system to produce antibodies. This mycoplasma is highly contagious, and can be passed from person to person via bodily fluids, such as sweat and blood. Since M. incognitus is a mycoplasma, it does not have a cell wall, which means that it is naturally immune to many different antibiotics, such as penicillin or other antibiotics that target the cell wall. This new mycoplasma, however, was later determined to be a close form of Mycoplasma fermentans, although it does differ.

Mycoplasma fermentans
Mycoplasma fermentans is a very small bacterium in the class Mollicutes. Like other mycoplasmas M. fermentans is characterized by the absence of a peptidoglycan cell wall and resulting resistance to many antibacterial agents. It is a possible human pathogen with roles suggested in many illness such as respiratory, genital, and rheumatoid diseases among others. Investigations have focused on a possible link to it being a cofactor in HIV infection as well as fibromyalgia, Gulf War syndrome and Chronic fatigue syndrome, however the belief that M. fermentans is pathogenic in such conditions has largely been disregarded after the failure of several large scale studies to find a link. Due to its incredibly small size it is difficult to determine the full extent of its role in human diseases, while M. fermentans has been implicated in a myriad of diseases, research at the current point has not conclusively proven its pathogenicity in humans outside of opportunistic infections.
Emmanuel Tjibaou
Emmanuel Tjibaou (French pronunciation: [emanɥɛl tʃibau]) is a French politician of the Caledonian Union who was elected member of the National Assembly for New Caledonia's 2nd constituency in 2024. He is the son of Jean-Marie and Marie-Claude Tjibaou.

Tjibaou became the first pro-independence New Caledonian candidate to win a seat since 1986, with his victory being linked to the aftermath of the civil unrest across the archipelago earlier in 2024.

Caledonian Union
The Caledonian Union (French: Union calédonienne, UC) is a pro-independence and the oldest political party in New Caledonia. In the latest legislative elections of May 10, 2009, the party won around 11.65% of the popular vote, and 9 out of 54 seats in the Territorial Congress.
Jeanne Atherden
Jeanne Atherden is a Bermudian politician who formerly served as a Cabinet Minister from 2014 until 2017 and later as the leader of One Bermuda Alliance (OBA) and Leader of the Opposition in the House of Assembly of Bermuda from November 2017 until September 2018.

Leader of the Opposition (Bermuda)
The Leader of the Opposition (officially the Leader of His Majesty's Opposition in Bermuda or Leader of Her Majesty's Opposition in Bermuda when the monarch is female) is the leader of the largest political party in the House of Assembly that is not in government. The Leader of the Opposition is seen as an alternate Premier-in-waiting and leads Bermuda's Opposition and Shadow Cabinet.

The current holder of the post of Leader of the Opposition is Jarion Richardson.
Gmina Kowala
Gmina Kowala is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Kowala, which lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) south-west of Radom and 100 km (62 mi) south of Warsaw.

The gmina covers an area of 74.71 square kilometres (28.8 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 10,631.

Radom County
Radom County (Polish: powiat radomski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Radom, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains three towns: Pionki, 22 km (14 mi) north-east of Radom, Iłża, 27 km (17 mi) south of Radom, and Skaryszew, 12 km (7 mi) south-east of Radom.

The county covers an area of 1,529.75 square kilometres (590.6 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 152,190, out of which the population of Pionki is 18,269, that of Iłża is 4,733, that of Skaryszew is 4,371, and the rural population is 124,817.