hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Affirmative action in the United States
In the United States, affirmative action consists of government-mandated, government-approved, and voluntary private programs granting special consideration to groups considered or classified as historically excluded, specifically racial minorities and women. These programs tend to focus on access to education and employment in order to redress the disadvantages associated with past and present discrimination. Another goal of affirmative action policies is to ensure that public institutions, such as universities, hospitals, and police forces, are more representative of the populations they serve.

As of 2024, affirmative action rhetoric has been increasingly replaced by emphasis on diversity, equity, and inclusion and nine states explicitly ban its use in the employment process.  The Supreme Court in 2023 explicitly rejected race-based affirmative action in college admissions in Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard.

Hopwood v. Texas
Hopwood v. Texas, 78 F.3d 932 (5th Cir. 1996), was the first successful legal challenge to a university's affirmative action policy in student admissions since Regents of the University of California v. Bakke. In Hopwood, four white plaintiffs who had been rejected from University of Texas at Austin's School of Law challenged the institution's admissions policy on equal protection grounds and prevailed. After seven years as a precedent in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, the Hopwood decision was abrogated by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2003.
Erasmus Matthews
Erasmus Matthews was a 17th-century Irish Anglican clergyman.

Matthews was ordained deacon on 13 September 1613; and priest on 26 February 1614. He held the Vicarages of Tawnagh and Aghanagh was collated Archdeacon of Elphin on 10 October 1615 and served throughout 1616 and 1617.

Archdeacon of Elphin
The Archdeacon of Elphin was a senior ecclesiastical officer within the Diocese of Elphin until 1854; and then within the Diocese of Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh

The archdeaconry can trace its history from Maolkeevin O'Seingin, the first known incumbent, who died in 1224 to the last discrete holder William Wolfe Wagner.
EXI Wireless
eXI Wireless is a Canadian business that develops and manufactures Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) wireless systems. eXI's RFID products include HALO, RoamAlert, and Assetrac. eXI Wireless was acquired by VeriChip Corporation in April 2004.

Microchip implant (human)
A human microchip implant is any electronic device implanted subcutaneously (subdermally) usually via an injection. Examples include an identifying integrated circuit RFID device encased in silicate glass which is implanted in the body of a human being. This type of subdermal implant usually contains a unique ID number that can be linked to information contained in an external database, such as identity document, criminal record, medical history, medications, address book, and other potential uses.
Miyu Yamashita
Miyu Yamashita (山下実優, Yamashita Miyū; born March 17, 1995) is a Japanese professional wrestler. She is signed to Tokyo Joshi Pro Wrestling, where she is a four-time Princess of Princess Champion and a two-time Princess Tag Team Champion. She also makes appearances for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and Ring of Honor (ROH).

Yamashita was trained by DDT Pro Wrestling's Kyohei Mikami, and made her debut in August 2013 as one of the first members of DDT's all female Tokyo Joshi Pro sister promotion. Yamashita was pushed as the top star of Tokyo Joshi Pro, and became the first ever Princess of Princess Champion on January 4, 2016. Yamashita has gone on to hold the title for a combined total of 1,239 days over the course of four title reigns, both records, and has come to be recognized as the promotion's ace.

Shine Championship
The Shine Championship is a women's professional wrestling championship in Shine Wrestling, a brand division of the World Wrestling Network. Championship reigns are determined by professional wrestling matches, in which competitors are involved in scripted rivalries. These narratives create feuds between the various competitors, which cast them as villains and heroines. Ivelisse has the most reigns at 4.
John E. Katsos
John E. Katsos is a Greek-American Professor of Management, Entrepreneurship, and Strategy at the American University of Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates. He also holds positions as a Visiting Lecturer at University College Cork in Ireland and as editor-in-chief of Society and Business Review (Emerald). He conducts research on how businesses can act sustainably and promote social value through crisis and conflict. Katsos, along with Timothy L. Fort, Jason Miklian, and Per Saxegaard were nominated for the 2024 Nobel Peace Prize for their work promoting business engagement in peace.

American University of Sharjah
The American University of Sharjah (AUS; Arabic: الجامعة الأميركية في الشارقة) is a private university in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. It was founded in 1997 by Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi, Supreme Council Member and Ruler of Sharjah. Located in University City in Sharjah, AUS has more than 5,000 students from more than 94 countries and a full-time faculty of more than 360 from 48 countries.

AUS offers 26 majors and 48 minors at the undergraduate level, as well as 16 master's degrees, and a PhD in Engineering Systems Management. The university is organized into three colleges and one school.

The university is licensed by the Commission for Academic Accreditation of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (UAE) in the United Arab Emirates. The American University of Sharjah is accredited in the United States by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.
Ainu folk music
Ainu music is the musical tradition of the Ainu people of northern Japan. Ainu people have no indigenous system of writing, and so have traditionally inherited the folklore and the laws of their culture orally, often through music.

The oral Ainu culture includes various genres, including upopo
, lighthearted ballads on daily affairs and rituals often accompanied by traditional Ainu instrumentation, and yukar (mimicry), a form of rhythmic epic poetry often supported by light percussion.

The contents of these ballads were historically an important source of understanding daily life as well as various traditions and habits of the Ainu people, and remain today an important part of the Ainu cultural identity and inheritance, as seen in efforts by performers such as Oki, the most famous contemporary performer of Ainu music.

The most useful English-language overview of Ainu music (with recordings and transcriptions) is by Chiba Nobuhiko.

Jew's harp
The Jew's harp, also known as jaw harp, juice harp, or mouth harp, is a lamellophone instrument, consisting of a flexible metal or bamboo tongue or reed attached to a frame. Despite the colloquial name, the Jew's harp most likely originated in China, with the earliest known Jew's harps dating back 4,000 years ago from Shaanxi. It has no relation to the Jewish people.

Jew's harps may be categorized as idioglot or heteroglot (whether or not the frame and the tine are one piece); by the shape of the frame (rod or plaque); by the number of tines, and whether the tines are plucked, joint-tapped, or string-pulled.
Schofields, New South Wales
Schofields is a suburb in Western Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Schofields is located 45 kilometres (28 mi) north-west of the Sydney central business district, in the Blacktown local government area. It is part of Greater Western Sydney's North West Growth Area.

Blacktown City Council
Blacktown City Council is a local government area in Western Sydney, situated on the Cumberland Plain, approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) west of the Sydney central business district, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Established in 1906 as the Blacktown Shire and becoming the Municipality of Blacktown in 1961 before gaining city status in 1979, the City occupies an area of 246.9 square kilometres (95.3 sq mi) and has a population of 410,419, making it the most populous local government area in Sydney. It is a member council of the Hawkesbury River County Council.

The Mayor of Blacktown City Council is Councillor Brad Bunting following the death of then-mayor Tony Bleasdale OAM, a member of the Australian Labor Party who died 3 May 2024.
History of the Jews in Lithuania
The history of the Jews in Lithuania spans the period from the 14th century to the present day. There is still a small community in the country, as well as an extensive Lithuanian Jewish diaspora in Israel, the United States, South Africa, and other countries.

Beth din
A beth din (Hebrew: בֵּית דִּין, romanized: Bēṯ Dīn, Beit Din, lit. 'house of judgment', [beːθ ˈdiːn], Ashkenazic: beis din, plural: batei din) is a rabbinical court of Judaism. A hearing held before a beth din is called a din Torah (Hebrew: דין תורה, romanized: din Torah, lit. 'Torah law', plural dinei Torah). A beth din can be found both in Israel and in many Jewish diaspora communities.

A ruling (Hebrew: פסק, romanized: psak) from a beth din is based upon Jewish law (Hebrew: הלכה, romanized: halakha), though other legal systems are occasionally incorporated. Because it is not part of secular legal systems, when a case overlaps with secular courts its judgment is not always recognized by such courts.
Oleg Romantsev
Oleg Ivanovich Romantsev (Russian: Олег Иванович Романцев; born 4 January 1954) is a Soviet/Russian former international footballer and coach who is currently an advisor for FC Pari Nizhny Novgorod. Romantsev was acclaimed for his success with Spartak Moscow, whom he led to a record eight domestic league titles, and his work with the Russian national team. He is considered by some observers to be the finest coach in the history of Russian football.

Russian Cup (football)
The Russian Cup (Russian: Кубок России) is a football competition held annually by the Football Union of Russia for professional  and some amateur (only after a special permission and licensing by Russian Football Union) football clubs.

The winner of the competition ordinarily got a spot in the UEFA Europa League first qualifying round. However, all Russian clubs, as well as the national team, have been barred from European competition due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
Battle of Ber (2023)
The battle of Ber took place between August 11 and 12, 2023, between the Malian Armed Forces and the Wagner Group against fighters of the Coordination of Azawad Movements (CMA) and Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM). The battle was the first major confrontation between the CMA and Malian forces since the signing of the Algiers Accords, and led to the breakdown of the accords by late 2023.

United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali
The United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (French: Mission multidimensionnelle intégrée des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation au Mali, MINUSMA) was a United Nations peacekeeping mission in Mali. MINUSMA was established on 25 April 2013 by United Nations Security Council Resolution 2100 to stabilise the country after the Tuareg rebellion of 2012, and was terminated over a decade later on 30 June 2023. Officially deployed on 1 July 2013, MINUSMA was the UN's deadliest peacekeeping mission. While UNIFIL, the mission in Lebanon, has lost more peacekeepers overall, by incident type the majority of those deaths at 135 are officially listed as "accidents." At 175 deaths by "malicious act," MINUSMA was officially the deadliest Peacekeeping mission of all time.

During MINUSMA's existence, there were two further international peace operations in Mali. These were the European Union missions EUCAP Sahel Mali and EUTM Mali.
Bacterial cell structure
A bacterium, despite its simplicity, contains a well-developed cell structure which is responsible for some of its unique biological structures and pathogenicity. Many structural features are unique to bacteria, and are not found among archaea or eukaryotes. Because of the simplicity of bacteria relative to larger organisms and the ease with which they can be manipulated experimentally, the cell structure of bacteria has been well studied, revealing many biochemical principles that have been subsequently applied to other organisms.

Bacterial outer membrane
The bacterial outer membrane is found in gram-negative bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria form two lipid bilayers in their cell envelopes - an inner membrane (IM) that encapsulates the cytoplasm, and an outer membrane (OM) that encapsulates the periplasm.

The composition of the outer membrane is distinct from that of the inner cytoplasmic cell membrane - among other things, the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of many gram-negative bacteria includes a complex lipopolysaccharide whose lipid portion acts as an endotoxin - and in some bacteria such as E. coli it is linked to the cell's peptidoglycan by Braun's lipoprotein.

Porins can be found in this layer.
Arkansas Highway 223
Arkansas Highway 223 (AR 223, Hwy. 223) is a north–south state highway in north Arkansas. The route of 29.92 miles (48.15 km) runs from Highway 56 in Calico Rock north across US Route 62/US Route 412 (US 62/US 412) to Missouri Supplemental Route E (SSR-E) at the Missouri state line.

U.S. Route 62 in Arkansas
U.S. Route 62 (US 62) is a U.S. highway running from El Paso, Texas northeast to Niagara Falls, New York. In the U.S. state of Arkansas, the route runs 329.9 miles from the Oklahoma border near Summers east to the Missouri border in St. Francis, serving the northern portion of the state. The route passes through several cities and towns, including Fayetteville, Springdale, Bentonville, Harrison, Mountain Home, Pocahontas, and also Piggott. US 62 runs concurrent with several highways in Arkansas including Interstate 49 and U.S. Route 71 between Fayetteville and Bentonville, U.S. Route 412 through much of the state, U.S. Route 65 in the Harrison area, and with U.S. Route 63 and U.S. Route 67 in northeast Arkansas.
Rapal
Rapal is a BBC Alba music television programme and radio show on BBC Radio nan Gàidheal recorded at BBC Scotland's Pacific Quay HQ. Rapal broadcast its first programme on the radio on 28 May 2001, presented by Niall Iain McDonald. It expanded to TV in 2007, and added Anndra Robasdan and Michelle NicDhomhnaill to the presenting team. In 2007, Rapal launched a contest for the best new Gaelic song, and in 2008 the show was added to the roster of programmes to be broadcast on the new Gaelic Digital TV channel, BBC Alba.

The Rapal TV show featured a strong selection of Scotland's up-and-coming acts, with presenter Vic Galloway showcasing a section featuring his favourites. Acts featured on Rapal included The Amazing Snakeheads, The Moon Kids and Frightened Rabbit.

As of 2021, The BBC Radio show is presented by Emma NicAonghais (now NicLaomainn) and Coinneach Mac a' Ghobhainn.

BBC Alba
BBC Alba is a Scottish Gaelic-language free-to-air public broadcast television channel jointly owned by the BBC and MG Alba. The channel was launched on 19 September 2008 and is on-air for up to seven hours a day. The name Alba is the Scottish Gaelic name for Scotland. The station is unique in that it is the first channel to be delivered under a BBC licence by a partnership and was also the first multi-genre channel to come entirely from Scotland with almost all of its programmes made in Scotland.

As of 2012, BBC Alba had an average viewership of 637,000 adults over the age of 16 in Scotland each week.
Frederick William Rowe
Frederick William Rowe (September 28, 1912 – June 20, 1994) was a Newfoundlander and Canadian politician. After serving in the Newfoundland House of Assembly for 20 years, he was appointed to the Canadian Senate.

Lewisporte
Lewisporte is a town in central Newfoundland, Canada, with a population of 3,288.  It is situated in Burnt Bay which opens on to the Bay of Exploits.  Lewisporte has a deep water port and related facilities that serve many communities in the region.
William R. Catton Jr.
William Robert Catton Jr. (January 15, 1926 – January 5, 2015) was an American sociologist known for his scholarly work in environmental sociology and human ecology. More broadly, Catton is known for his 1980 book, Overshoot: The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change, which is credited by younger generations of environmental scholars and activists as foundational for their own works in calling attention to humanity's role in expanding ecological overshoot to the global level.

Richard Heinberg
Richard William Heinberg (b. October 21, 1950) is an American journalist and educator who has written on energy, economic, and ecological issues, including oil depletion. He is the author of 14 books, and is the senior fellow at the Post Carbon Institute.
KHZK
KHZK (103.9 FM) was a radio station licensed to serve Kotzebue, Alaska.  The station was owned by Horizon Christian Fellowship.  It aired a religious radio format.

The station had been assigned these call letters by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) since March 29, 2006.

The station was started and operated by Keith and Kelly Kendall, from Julian, California.

The station's license was cancelled by the FCC on May 13, 2013.

Kotzebue, Alaska
Kotzebue (/ˈkɒtsəbjuː/ KOTS-ə-bew) or Qikiqtaġruk (/kɪkɪkˈtʌɡrʊk/ kik-ik-TUG-rook, Inupiaq: [qekeqtɑʁʐuk]) is a city in the Northwest Arctic Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska.  It is the borough's seat, by far its largest community and the economic and transportation hub of the subregion of Alaska encompassing the borough.  The population of the city was 3,102 as of the 2020 census, down from 3,201 in 2010.
Wall box
Wall boxes are a type of post box or letter box found in many countries including France, the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth of Nations, Crown dependencies and Ireland. They differ from pillar boxes in that, instead of being a free-standing structure, they are generally set into a wall (hence the name) or supported on a free-standing pole, girder or other stable structure.

In the UK, UK Dependent Territories, Colonies and former Colonies and in many former British Empire countries, wall boxes usually bear the initials of the reigning monarch at the time the box was made. The first UK wall boxes were erected in 1857 in Shrewsbury and Market Drayton.

Royal cypher
In modern heraldry, a royal cypher is a monogram or monogram-like device of a country's reigning sovereign, typically consisting of the initials of the monarch's name and title, sometimes interwoven and often surmounted by a crown. Such a cypher as used by an emperor or empress is called an imperial cypher.

Royal cyphers appear on some government buildings, are impressed upon royal and state documents, and are used by governmental departments.  They may also appear on other governmental structures built under a particular ruler.
2021 Puerto Rican congressional delegation election
A special election to elect shadow senators and shadow representatives from Puerto Rico was held on May 16, 2021. Voters chose two special delegates to the United States Senate and four special delegates to the United States House of Representatives. Their work is to demand that the US Congress respect and enforce the results of the 2020 status referendum, and admit Puerto Rico as the 51st state of the Union.

Puerto Rico State Commission on Elections
The Puerto Rico State Commission on Elections (Spanish: Comisión Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico, CEEPR or CEE-PUR) is the government agency of the executive branch of the government of Puerto Rico that oversees and manages elections in Puerto Rico as well as guaranteeing the right to vote to its citizens. The agency was created on December 20, 1977 by Act No. 4 of 1997.
Crater Peak (Colorado)
Crater Peak is the highest summit of Grand Mesa in the Rocky Mountains of North America.  The prominent 11,333-foot (3,454 m) peak is located on the drainage divide separating Grand Mesa National Forest and Gunnison National Forest, 12.3 miles (19.8 km) north-northwest (bearing 342°) of the Town of Paonia in Delta County, Colorado, United States.

Grand Mesa
The Grand Mesa is a large mesa in western Colorado in the United States.  It is the largest flat-topped mountain in the world.  It has an area of about 500 square miles (1,300 km2) and stretches for about 40 miles (60 km) east of Grand Junction between the Colorado River and the Gunnison River, its tributary to the south.  The north side of the mesa is drained largely by Plateau Creek, a smaller tributary of the Colorado. The west side is drained largely by Kannah Creek, which is received to the west by the lower Gunnison River.  The mesa rises about 6,000 feet (1,800 m) above the surrounding river valleys, including the Grand Valley to the west. It reaches an elevation of about 11,000 feet (3,400 m) above sea level. Much of the mesa is within Grand Mesa National Forest.  Over 300 lakes, including many reservoirs created and used for drinking and irrigation water, are scattered along the top of the formation.  The Grand Mesa is flat in some areas, but quite rugged in others.
Vroom & Dreesmann
Vroom & Dreesmann (V&D) was a Dutch chain of department stores founded in 1887.

In 2015, V&D operated 67 branches throughout the Netherlands, of which 64 department stores and 3 standalone locations of La Place, V&D's former subsidiary restaurant chain which had in-house and standalone restaurants throughout the country. The department stores' product range included clothing and shoes, jewelry, cosmetics, books, home-entertainment products, electric goods, stationery, cards and posters, furniture and homewares. Most branches also had a La Place in-house restaurant, a travel agent and an ATM. Larger branches also had a bakery.

's-Hertogenbosch
's-Hertogenbosch (Dutch: [ˌsɛrtoːɣə(m)ˈbɔs] ⓘ), colloquially known as Den Bosch (pronounced [dɛm ˈbɔs] ⓘ), is a city and municipality in the Netherlands with a population of 160,783. It is the capital of the province of North Brabant and its fourth largest city by population. The city is directly south of the Maas river and near the Waal.
American Tobacco Company, South Richmond Complex Historic District
The American Tobacco Company, South Richmond Complex Historic District encompasses a complex of tobacco storage, processing, and research facilities at 400-800 Jefferson Davis Highway in Richmond, Virginia.  Included in the 16-acre (6.5 ha) site are four large warehouses, processing buildings including a stemmery and a re-drying plant, and ancillary buildings and structures, including the American Tobacco Company's 1939 research laboratory.  The complex exhibits a historical range of trends in the processing and storage of tobacco.

The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.

American Tobacco Company
The American Tobacco Company was a tobacco company founded in 1890 by J. B. Duke through a merger between a number of U.S. tobacco manufacturers including Allen and Ginter, Goodwin & Company, and Kinney Brothers. The company was one of the original 12 members of the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1896. The American Tobacco Company dominated the industry by acquiring the Lucky Strike Company and over 200 other rival firms. Federal Antitrust action begun in 1907 broke the company into several major companies in 1911.

The American Tobacco Company restructured itself in 1969, forming a holding company called American Brands, Inc., which operated American Tobacco as a subsidiary. American Brands acquired a variety of non-tobacco businesses during the 1970s and 1980s and sold its tobacco operations to Brown & Williamson in 1994. American Brands subsequently renamed itself "Fortune Brands".