hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Master of Science in Organizational Leadership
The Master of Science in Organizational Leadership (MSOL) is a multidisciplinary master's degree in leadership studies.

It is an alternative to, not a substitute for, the traditional Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree. The MSOL degree is multidisciplinary and focuses more on people and organization issues, and relatively less on business topics such as finance, accounting and marketing. For example, the MSOL will offer courses in psychology and philosophy as well as courses in business and management. Also, The MSOL degree is intended for those who are already established in a career, while, in contrast, those who are preparing to enter the world of work or change careers often seek an MBA degree.

The MSOL degree is similar to the Master of Science in Leadership (MSL) degree and the Masters of Organizational Leadership (MAOL).

An example of required core courses for the MSOL degree from National University (California)

Leadership studies
Leadership studies is a multidisciplinary academic field of study that focuses on leadership in organizational contexts and in human life. Leadership studies has origins in the social sciences (e.g., sociology, anthropology, psychology), in humanities (e.g., history and philosophy), as well as in professional and applied fields of study (e.g., management and education). The field of leadership studies is closely linked to the field of organizational studies.

As an academic area of inquiry, the study of leadership has been of interest to scholars from a wide variety of disciplinary backgrounds. Today, there are numerous academic programs (spanning several academic colleges and departments) related to the study of leadership. Leadership degree programs generally relate to: aspects of leadership, leadership studies, and organizational leadership (although there are a number of leadership-oriented concentrations in other academic areas).
Jan E. Tighe
Jan Elizabeth Tighe (born September 16, 1962) is a retired United States Navy vice admiral who served as Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Information Warfare and 66th Director of Naval Intelligence from July 15, 2016, to July 2018. Prior to that, Tighe served as the Commander of the Tenth Fleet and Fleet Cyber Command. She became an independent director of Goldman Sachs in December 2018.

Director of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy
The Director of Naval Intelligence (DNI) serves as the head of Naval intelligence on the staff of the Chief of Naval Operations.  The Director of Naval Intelligence also serves as Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Information Warfare (N2/N6) on the staff of the Chief of Naval Operations. The Director of Naval Intelligence is not to be confused with the Office of Naval Intelligence, a Navy Echelon III command that serves as the U.S. Navy's Service Intelligence Center and supports the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and the Director of Naval Intelligence via the Information Warfare Community.
Kirrweiler, Kusel
Kirrweiler (German pronunciation: [ˈkɪʁvaɪlɐ]) is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Lauterecken-Wolfstein.

Kusel (district)
Kusel (German pronunciation: [ˈkuːzl̩]) is a district (Kreis) in the south of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from north-west clockwise) Birkenfeld, Bad Kreuznach, Donnersbergkreis, Kaiserslautern, Saarpfalz and Sankt Wendel (the last two belonging to the state of Saarland).
Varrentrapp reaction
The Varrentrapp reaction, also named Varrentrapp degradation, is a name reaction in the organic chemistry. It is named after Franz Varrentrapp, who described this reaction in 1840.  The reaction entails the degradation of an unsaturated carboxylic acid into a saturated acid with two fewer carbon atoms and acetic acid.  The fragmentation is induced by action of molten alkali.

Potassium hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula KOH, and is commonly called caustic potash.

Along with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), KOH is a prototypical strong base. It has many industrial and niche applications, most of which utilize its caustic nature and its reactivity toward acids. About 2.5 million tonnes were produced in 2023. KOH is noteworthy as the precursor to most soft and liquid soaps, as well as numerous potassium-containing chemicals.  It is a white solid that is dangerously corrosive.
Drummondville
Drummondville (Canadian French: [dʁɔmɔndvil] ⓘ) is a city in the Centre-du-Québec region of Quebec, located east of Montreal on the Saint-François River. The population as of the Canada 2021 Census was 79,258. The mayor of Drummondville is Jean-François Houle.

Drummondville is the seat of Drummond Regional County Municipality, and of the judicial district of Drummond.

Victoriaville
Victoriaville (French pronunciation: [viktɔʁjavil]) is a town in south-central Quebec, Canada, on the Nicolet River. Victoriaville is the seat of Arthabaska Regional County Municipality and a part of the Centre-du-Québec (Bois-Francs) region. It is formed by the 1993 merger of Arthabaska, Saint-Victoire-d'Arthabaska and Victoriaville, the name of the last being used for the merged town.
Cryptopone odax
Cryptopone odax is a species of ponerine ant native to Australia. They were originally placed in their own genus Iroponera, however molecular analysis by Fisher et al. in 2025 places them within the genus Cryptopone.

Its workers are orange-colored and small in size (2.6 mm). Queens and males of this species remain unknown. Little is known about their biology, but their small eyes indicate a subterranean lifestyle.

Ponerinae
Ponerinae, the ponerine ants, is a subfamily of poneromorph ants containing about 1,600 species in 54 extant genera, including Dinoponera gigantea - one of the world's largest species of ant. Mated workers have replaced the queen as the functional egg-layers in several species of ponerine ants. In such queenless species, the reproductive status of workers can only be determined through ovarian dissections.
Golsinda
Golsinda is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:

Golsinda basicornis Gahan, 1894

Golsinda basigranosa Breuning, 1938

Golsinda corallina Pascoe, 1857

Golsinda malaysiaca Yamasako & Makihara, 2011

Golsinda malaysiaca
Golsinda malaysiaca is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was first scientifically documented by Yamasako and Hiroshi Makihara in 2011. The Golsinda malaysiaca is known to be found in tropical forest areas around Malaysia.
66 Aquarii
66 Aquarii is a single star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. 66 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation though the star also bears the Bayer designation of g1 Aquarii. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.673. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 7.53 milliarcseconds, the distance to this star is about 430 light-years (130 parsecs).

This is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K3 III. It has expanded to 37 times the radius of the Sun and is radiating 434 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of 4,170 K. This gives it the orange-hued glow of a K-type star. It is a suspected variable star that ranges in magnitude between 4.66 and 4.71.

Aquarius (constellation)
Aquarius is an equatorial constellation of the zodiac, between Capricornus and Pisces. Its name is Latin for "water-carrier" or "cup-carrier", and its traditional astrological symbol is  (♒︎), a representation of water. Aquarius is one of the oldest of the recognized constellations along the zodiac (the Sun's apparent path). It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is found in a region often called the Sea due to its profusion of constellations with watery associations such as Cetus the whale, Pisces the fish, and Eridanus the river.

At apparent magnitude 2.9, Beta Aquarii is the brightest star in the constellation.
Discourse grammar
Discourse Grammar (DG) is a grammatical framework that grew out of the analysis of spoken and written linguistic discourse on the one hand, and of work on parenthetical expressions, including Simon C. Dik's study of extra-clausal constituents, on the other. Initiated by Gunther Kaltenböck, Bernd Heine and Tania Kuteva, the framework is based on the distinction between two organizing principles of grammar where one concerns the structure of sentences and the other the linguistic organization beyond the sentence.

In accordance with the perspective adopted in this framework, linguistic units such as formulae of social exchange, interjections, discourse markers and other prefabricated expressions, which tend to be assigned a more marginal status in many models of mainstream linguistics, are interpreted as playing an important role in structuring linguistic discourse.

Grammatical Framework (programming language)
Grammatical Framework (GF) is a programming language for writing grammars of natural languages. GF is capable of parsing and generating texts in several languages simultaneously while working from a language-independent representation of meaning. Grammars written in GF can be compiled into a platform independent format and then used from different programming languages including C and Java, C#, Python and Haskell. A companion to GF is the GF Resource Grammar Library, a reusable library for dealing with the morphology and syntax of a growing number of natural languages.

Both GF itself and the GF Resource Grammar Library are open-source. Typologically, GF is a functional programming language. Mathematically, it is a type-theoretic formal system (a logical framework to be precise) based on Martin-Löf's intuitionistic type theory, with additional judgments tailored specifically to the domain of linguistics.
Audio Lossless Coding
MPEG-4 Audio Lossless Coding, also known as MPEG-4 ALS, is an extension to the MPEG-4 Part 3 audio standard to allow lossless audio compression. The extension was finalized in December 2005 and published as ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005/Amd 2:2006 in 2006. The latest description of MPEG-4 ALS was published as subpart 11 of the MPEG-4 Audio standard (ISO/IEC 14496-3:2019) (5th edition) in December 2019.

MPEG-4 ALS combines a short-term predictor and a long term predictor. The short-term predictor is similar to FLAC in its operation – it is a quantized LPC predictor with a losslessly coded residual using Golomb Rice Coding or Block Gilbert Moore Coding (BGMC). The long term predictor is modeled by 5 long-term weighted residues, each with its own lag (delay). The lag can be hundreds of samples. This predictor improves the compression for sounds with rich harmonics (containing multiples of a single fundamental frequency, locked in phase) present in many musical instruments and human voice.

FLAC
FLAC (/flæk/; Free Lossless Audio Codec) is an audio coding format for lossless compression of digital audio, developed by the Xiph.Org Foundation, and is also the name of the free software project producing the FLAC tools, the reference software package that includes a codec implementation. Digital audio compressed by FLAC's algorithm can typically be reduced to between 50 and 70 percent of its original size and decompresses to an identical copy of the original audio data.

FLAC is an open format with royalty-free licensing and a reference implementation which is free software. FLAC supports metadata tagging, album cover art, and fast seeking.
2022 Hyderabad gang rape
In May 2022, the gang rape  of a 17-year-old girl in Road no. 44, Jubilee Hills,  Hyderabad, sparked outrage across Telangana and India.  The minor girl returning home after attending a get-together at Amnesia pub was gang-raped by six persons, including five minors in Jubilee Hills area of the State capital. All the accused were arrested by police from their separate hideouts.

Jubilee Hills
Jubilee Hills is an affluent suburban neighbourhood in the western part of Hyderabad, Telangana. It is one of the most expensive commercial and residential locations in India with prime land prices fetching up to ₹360,000 per square metre (₹300,000/sq yd) [US$4,842.1/m2 or US$4,048.6/sq yd]. A 2.4-hectare (6-acre) tract of land in the city was sold for nearly ₹3.34 billion (equivalent to ₹11 billion or US$130 million in 2023) in 2005. Rental prices on Road Numbers 36 and 37 range from ₹1,100–₹2,200 per square metre (₹100–₹200/sq ft) [$14.5–$29.1/m2 or $1.35–$2.7/sq ft], among the top commercial rental locales in India.

This suburb is between the wealthy commercial district of Banjara Hills and is located within two kilometres of Hyderabad's IT hub of HITEC City.

To its southeast is the Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park, the erstwhile Chiran Palace, which is one of the largest urban national parks in India covering an area of 1.58 km2 (0.61 sq mi).
Dunn House (Hampton, Arkansas)
The Dunn House in Hampton, Arkansas is an early 20th vernacular farmhouse.  The 1+1⁄2-story L-shaped wood-frame house was built in 1909 for the Dunn family, which continues to own the property.  It features a center gable dormer on the front facade, which includes a small eyebrow window, and a porch extending the width of the front supported by 18 Doric columns.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

Hampton, Arkansas
Hampton is a town in Calhoun County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 1,181 according to the 2020 United States census. The town is the county seat of Calhoun County.

Hampton is part of the Camden Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Lonesome Lake Peak
Lonesome Lake Peak, also known as Lonesome Peak, at 11,302 feet (3,445 m) above sea level is a peak in the White Cloud Mountains of Idaho. The peak is located in Sawtooth National Recreation Area in Custer County. The peak is located 2.07 mi (3.33 km) south-southeast of D. O. Lee Peak, its line parent. It is the 68th highest peak in Idaho and rises above the west side of Lonesome Lake, the uppermost of the Boulder Chain Lakes.

Lonesome Lake (Idaho)
Lonesome Lake is an alpine lake in Custer County, Idaho, United States, located in the White Cloud Mountains in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area.  The lake is accessed from Sawtooth National Forest trail 683.

Lonesome Lake is northwest of Merriam Peak and located in the lower section of the Boulder Chain Lakes Basin.  It is the highest elevation named lake in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area.
Cyclone Oscar
Severe Tropical Cyclone Oscar was one of the worst tropical cyclones to affect Fiji. The system was first noted as a shallow depression on 23 February, while it was located to the north of Fiji's capital Suva. The system subsequently developed further as it moved westwards and was named Oscar the next day. Oscar subsequently intensified as it moved westwards and gradually developed further on 27 February. The system subsequently turned and started to move south-eastwards towards Fiji.

Mamanuca Islands
The Mamanuca Islands (Fijian: [mamaˈnuða]) of Fiji are a volcanic archipelago lying to the west of Nadi and to the south of the Yasawa Islands.  The group, a popular tourist destination, consists of about 20 islands, but about seven of these are covered by the Pacific Ocean at high tide.

The islands offer crystal clear waters, palm fringed sandy beaches and live coral reefs. There are islands, villages, resorts to visit, snorkel and swim.

The coastal/marine ecosystem and recreation value of the archipelago contribute to its national significance as outlined in Fiji's Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan.

Since 2016, the islands have been the filming location of the television series Survivor. One of the islands, Monuriki, was made famous as the anonymous island that featured in the 2000 Robert Zemeckis film Cast Away, starring Tom Hanks.
Sela pri Jugorju
Sela pri Jugorju (pronounced [ˈseːla pɾi ˈjuːɡɔɾju]; German: Sela bei Jugorje) is a small settlement west of Jugorje in the Municipality of Metlika in the White Carniola area of southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. It includes the hamlet of Luža (German: Lacken).

Jugorje pri Metliki
Jugorje pri Metliki (pronounced [ˈjuːɡɔɾjɛ pɾi mɛˈtliːki]) is a small settlement in the Municipality of Metlika in the White Carniola area of southeastern Slovenia. The entire area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
USS PC-1119
USS PC-1119 was a PC-461-class submarine chaser built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later renamed Greencastle (PC-1119), after Greencastle, Indiana and Greencastle, Pennsylvania, but never saw active service under that name.

United States Navy reserve fleets
The United States Navy maintains a number of its ships as part of a reserve fleet, often called the "Mothball Fleet". While the details of the maintenance activity have changed several times, the basics are constant: keep the ships afloat and sufficiently working as to be reactivated quickly in an emergency.

In some cases (for instance, at the outset of the Korean War), many ships were successfully reactivated at a considerable savings in time and money. The usual fate of ships in the reserve fleet, though, is to become too old and obsolete to be of any use, at which point they are sold for scrapping or are scuttled in weapons tests.

In rare cases, the general public may intercede for ships from the reserve fleet that are about to be scrapped – usually asking for the Navy to donate them for use as museum ships, memorials, or artificial reefs.
K*bot World Championships
K*bots are moving models made from K'Nex Construction kits, built to participate in specific events run by the K*bot World Championships (USA) and K*bots UK (UK). Events are open to children aged 7–16 years and focus on competitive design and engineering challenges. The K*bot World Championships are an annual event in which students from around the World compete to be crowned World Champion across four distinct categories, called divisions, which are explained in detail below.

K*bots events are currently run in the United States and the United Kingdom. Students come together for an event lasting anywhere from two to five days, during which they are guided through a range of simple engineering concepts in a workshop environment, with all students building one or more K*bots for competitive demonstration on the final day. The K*bot World Championships are the ultimate destination for successful builders, at which students compete against each other in each of the divisions.

Seeding (sports)
In sport, seeding is the practice of separating the most skilled competitors from each other in the early rounds of a tournament. Players or teams are "planted" into the bracket in such a manner that the best do not meet until later in the competition, usually based on ranking from the regular season. The term was first used in tennis, and is based on the notion of scattering the top players' names across the bracket in the way that a farmer scatters seeds.

Sometimes the remaining competitors in a single-elimination tournament will be "re-seeded" so that the highest surviving seed is made to play the lowest surviving seed in the next round, the second-highest plays the second-lowest, etc.  This may be done after each round, or only at selected intervals.
Metal halides
Metal halides are compounds between metals and halogens. Some, such as sodium chloride are ionic, while others are covalently bonded. A few metal halides are discrete molecules, such as uranium hexafluoride, but most adopt polymeric structures, such as palladium chloride.

Sodium chloride crystal structure

Discrete UF6 molecules

Infinite chains of one form of palladium chloride

Iron(II) chloride
Iron(II) chloride, also known as ferrous chloride, is the chemical compound of formula FeCl2.  It is a paramagnetic solid with a high melting point.  The compound is white, but typical samples are often off-white.  FeCl2 crystallizes from water as the greenish tetrahydrate, which is the form that is most commonly encountered in commerce and the laboratory. There is also a dihydrate. The compound is highly soluble in water, giving pale green solutions.
Riad Ahmadov
Riad Fikret oglu Ahmadov (Azerbaijani: Riad Fikrət oğlu Əhmədov, December 20, 1956 – January 25, 1992) was awarded the decoration Hero of Azerbaijan for his part in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. Riad Ahmadov was a KGB-trained military officer who led a Special Intelligence unit in the Nagorno-Karabakh battles. Announced as missing in action in the Azeri Dashalty Operation on January 25, 1992 and he was awarded National Hero of Azerbaijan by decree of the President of Azerbaijan Republic No. 833 of June 7, 1992.

Missing in action
Missing in action (MIA) is a casualty classification assigned to combatants, military chaplains, combat medics, and prisoners of war who are reported missing during wartime or ceasefire. They may have been killed, wounded, captured, executed, or deserted. If deceased, neither their remains nor their grave have been positively identified. Becoming MIA has been an occupational risk for as long as there has been warfare.
Blacks Harbour, New Brunswick
Blacks Harbour is a community in the rural community of Eastern Charlotte, New Brunswick, Canada. It held village status prior to 2023. It is on a harbour of the same name opening onto the Bay of Fundy. It is 15 kilometres southeast of the town of St. George, 3 kilometres west of Beaver Harbour and 56 kilometres east from the town of St. Stephen on Route 176.

Beaver Harbour, New Brunswick
Beaver Harbour is a community on the Fundy shore of New Brunswick, Canada.

Most of the community forms the Local service district of Beaver Harbour, which was established in 1971. It is also a census subdivision of Census Canada. Since the formation of the LSD, the community has expanded past the original boundaries into the LSD of the parish of Pennfield.

In 1866 it had about 30 resident families, and grew to a population of 150 by 1871, the 500 in 1898. As of 2021, the population was 291.

It is the site of the Lighthouse Point Light, originally built in 1875 and subsequently rebuilt. It is a fiberglass tapered cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern.
Harry Watrous
Harry Willson Watrous (17 September 1857 – 10 May 1940) was an American visual artist who received an academic education in France. His paintings included genre scenes, stylized figural works, landscapes, nocturnes, portraits, religious subjects, and still lifes. His 1913 painting The Drop Sinister, What Shall We Do with It? has been called the first known portrait of an American interracial family. He is perhaps best known for his enigmatic paintings of sophisticated women, often darkly dressed and seen in profile.

Portland Museum of Art
The Portland Museum of Art, or PMA, is the largest and oldest public art institution in Maine. Founded as the Portland Society of Art in 1882. It is located in the downtown area known as The Arts District in Portland, Maine.