hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kudzu in the United States
Kudzu is an invasive plant species in the United States, introduced from Asia with devastating environmental consequences, earning it the nickname "the vine that ate the South." It has been spreading rapidly in the Southern United States, "easily outpacing the use of herbicide, spraying, and mowing, as well increasing the costs of these controls by $6 million annually." Estimates of the vine's spread vary, from the United States Forest Service's 2015 estimate of 2,500 acres (1,000 ha; 10 km2) per year to the Department of Agriculture's 2009 estimate of as much as 150,000 acres (61,000 ha; 610 km2) annually. Proponents of the newer figure argue that the spread of kudzu has been overblown compared to greater threats such as Asian privet and invasive roses. They argue that kudzu's preference for edge habitats with high sun exposure (such as wooded roadsides) makes it appear more numerous than it actually is to casual observers.

Privet as an invasive plant
Privets are any of a number of shrubs or trees in the genus Ligustrum, many of which are invasive. The genus contains about 50 species native to the Old World and Australasia. Many members of the genus are grown as ornamental plants in parts of the world.

Several species of privet have become a nuisance in regions outside their ranges. In these conditions they are most commonly found wherever there is disturbed soil, soil that is physically perturbed from its natural state through fire or mechanical machinery, such as along fencerows, old fields, ditches, and forest margins. Privet grows particularly well in riparian forests, which are found throughout the Southeastern United States. Although tolerant of varying soil and light conditions, including a tolerance for shade, privet survives best in mesic soil with abundant sunlight.
Market information systems
Market information systems (otherwise known as market intelligence systems, market information services, or MIS, and not to be confused with management information systems) are information systems used in gathering, analyzing and disseminating information about prices and other information relevant to farmers, animal rearers, traders, processors and others involved in handling agricultural products. Market information systems play an important role in agro-industrialisation and food supply chains. With the advance of information and communication technologies for development (ICTs) in developing countries, the income- generation opportunities offered by market information systems have been sought by international development organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and businesses alike.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Dutch: Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken; BZ) is the Netherlands' ministry responsible for foreign relations, foreign policy, international development, international trade, diaspora and matters dealing with the European Union, NATO and the Benelux Union. The ministry was created in 1798, as the Department of Foreign Affairs of the Batavian Republic. In 1876, it became the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

The Minister of Foreign Affairs is the head of the ministry and a member of the cabinet of the Netherlands, the incumbent minister is Sjoerd Sjoerdsma. The minister without portfolio on the ministry is Sjoerd Sjoerdsma, who is responsible for foreign trade and development aid.
1996 West Virginia Senate election
The 1996 West Virginia Senate election was held on November 5, 1996, to determine which party would control the West Virginia Senate for the following two years in the 73rd West Virginia legislature. Half out of the 34 seats in the West Virginia Senate were up for election. Prior to the election, 26 seats were held by Democrats and 8 seats were held by Republicans. The general election saw Republicans flip a single seat, meaning that Democrats retained their majority in the State Senate.

West Virginia Senate
The West Virginia Senate is the upper house of the West Virginia Legislature.
There are seventeen senatorial districts. Each district has two senators who serve staggered four-year terms. Although the Democratic Party held a supermajority in the Senate as recently as 2015, Republicans now dominate in the chamber, and hold 32 seats to the Democrats' two seats.
Mike Davis (pool player)
Mike Davis (born January 13, 1975) is an American professional pool player. Davis was a part of the 2006 Mosconi Cup team representing the USA. The event would finish as a draw, with Davis also contributing three wins and three losses.

At the 2011 Dragon 14.1 Tournament, Davis reached the final, however, he lost to Thorsten Hohmann. The final was tight with scores tied at 23-all, before Hohmann ran 102 balls, and eventually won 200–123. On route to the final, Davis defeated Shaun Wilkie 200–133, Earl Herring 200–79, Mike Sigel 200–79, and Charlie Williams 200–166.

Mike Sigel
Michael Sigel (born July 11, 1953) is an American professional pool player nicknamed "Captain Hook."  He earned the nickname from his ability to hook his opponents with safety plays. Sigel was dominant during the 1980s in 9-Ball and Straight Pool and has a high run of 339 balls in Straight Pool. Mike Sigel is widely considered one of the greatest pool players of all time. In the year 2000, Sigel was voted "Greatest Living Player of the Century" by Billiards Digest Magazine.
Shelby American
Shelby American, Inc. is an American high performance automobile company founded by driver Carroll Shelby. The Shelby American name has been used by several legally distinct corporations founded by Shelby since his original shop in Venice, California, began operation in 1962. The current iteration is a wholly owned subsidiary of Carroll Shelby International, Inc. (Expert Market: CSBI), a holding company formed in 2003. Carroll Shelby International's other wholly owned subsidiary is Carroll Shelby Licensing, which licenses the name and trademarks associated with Shelby to other companies (including Shelby American). Shelby American was the first automobile manufacturer in the state of Nevada. Shelby American manufactures component automobiles, including replicas of the small-block and large-block AC Cobras, the Shelby GT350 and the GT500 Super Snake. Since 2005, Shelby American has released new models each year.

World Sportscar Championship
The World Sportscar Championship was the world endurance racing series run for sports car racing, sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), from 1953 to 1992. The championship evolved from a small collection of the most important sportscar, endurance, and road racing events in Europe and North America with dozens of gentleman drivers at the grid to a professional racing series where the world's largest automakers spent millions of dollars per year.

The official name of the series frequently changed throughout the years but was generally known as the World Sportscar Championship from its inception in 1953. Alongside the Formula One World Championship, it was one of the two major World Championships in circuit motor racing. The championship was revived in the 2012 season under the new name as the FIA World Endurance Championship.
FC Sevinch (women)
Football Club Sevinch Qarshi Women (Uzbek: Sevinch Futbol Klubi), is a professional women's football team based in Qarshi (Qashqadaryo Region), Uzbekistan. The team belongs to the Football Club Nasaf Qarshi. They compete in the Uzbekistan Women's League.

They won the 2023 Uzbekistan Women's football league title, which qualified them for playing in the AFC Women's Club Championship 2023 in November 2023.

FC Nasaf
Football Club Nasaf (Uzbek: "Nasaf" futbol klubi), commonly referred to as Nasaf Qarshi, is a professional football club based in Qarshi (Qashqadaryo Region), Uzbekistan. Founded in 1986, the club competes in the Uzbekistan Super League.
12th Canadian Ministry
The Twelfth Canadian Ministry was the first cabinet chaired by Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King.  It governed Canada from 29 December 1921 to 28 June 1926, including the 14th Canadian Parliament and most of the 15th.  The government was formed by the Liberal Party of Canada.  Mackenzie King was also Prime Minister in the Fourteenth and Sixteenth Canadian Ministries.

Lomer Gouin
Sir Jean Lomer Gouin PC KCMG (March 19, 1861 – March 28, 1929) was a Canadian politician. He served as 13th premier of Quebec, as a Cabinet minister in the federal government of Canada, and as the 15th lieutenant governor of Quebec.
Yamaha Stadium
Yamaha Stadium (ヤマハスタジアム, Yamaha Sutajiamu) is a football stadium located in Iwata City, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, owned by Yamaha Motors, next to whose plant it is located, and was purpose-designed for use with soccer and rugby union.

It is the home ground for the J2 League club Júbilo Iwata, and the rugby union team Shizuoka Blue Revs. The stadium has a seating capacity of 15,165 people.

The stadium is approximately 20 minutes away walking from Mikuriya Station on the Tokaido Main Line.

Iwata, Shizuoka
Iwata (磐田市, Iwata-shi) is a city located in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 May 2019, the city had an estimated population of 169,897 in 68,215 households  and a population density was 1,000 persons per km2. The total area of the city was 163.45 square kilometres (63.11 sq mi). Iwata is widely known as the headquarters of the Yamaha Motor Corporation. Iwata is also home to Júbilo Iwata, a J. League soccer team, as well as Yamaha Jubilo, a rugby team.
12th Gaudí Awards
The 12th Gaudí Awards, organised by the Catalan Film Academy, were presented on 19 January 2020 at CCIB's Auditorium in Barcelona. Directed by Jordi Prat and produced by Dagoll Dagom, the gala was hosted by Anna Moliner. The nominations were read by Anna Castillo and Oriol Pla on 5 December 2019 at La Pedrera's auditorium.

Catalan Film Academy
The Catalan Film Academy (Acadèmia del Cinema Català, in Catalan) is a non-profit organization located in Barcelona created to recognize Catalan film productions and professionals, with the objective of being a voice of the Catalan film industry. The Academy joins both creative and productive branches of filmmaking, artistically and scientifically, in the same way as the other film academies. It is a member of the European Film Academy's network of national film academies.

It annually holds the Gaudí Awards.
Booby Island Light
Booby Island Light is an active heritage-listed lighthouse located on Booby Island in the Shire of Torres, near the tip of Cape York Peninsula, west of Prince of Wales Island, within the Endeavour Strait, Queensland, Australia. It marks the western entrance to the navigation channel through the Torres Strait. It was the last of the major lights to be constructed along the Queensland coast.

Torres Strait
The Torres Strait (/ˈtɒrɪs/), also known as Zenadh Kes (pronounced [ˈzen̪ad̪ kes]), is a strait between Australia and the Melanesian island of New Guinea. It is  150 km (93 mi) wide at its narrowest extent. To the south is Cape York Peninsula, the northernmost extremity of the Australian mainland. To the north is the Western Province of Papua New Guinea. It is named after the Spanish navigator Luís Vaz de Torres, who sailed through the strait in 1606.
Elizabeth Rindskopf Parker
Elizabeth Rindskopf Parker is an attorney with experience in national security, education, and public service. She has served as the General Counsel of the National Security Agency, the Principal Deputy Legal Adviser at the U.S. Department of State, and as the 8th General Counsel of the Central Intelligence Agency.

General Counsel of the Central Intelligence Agency
The General Counsel of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) serves as the agency’s chief legal officer, responsible for overseeing all legal matters related to CIA operations, policies, and activities. The position ensures that the agency operates within U.S. law, executive orders, and applicable international legal frameworks while fulfilling its national security mission. This person also acts as the Chief of the Office of General Counsel (OGC), and oversees the staff of this office.
Fajã de Lopo Vaz
The Fajã de Lopo Vaz is a permanent debris field, built from the collapsing cliffs on the southern coast of the civil parish of Lajes, municipality of the same name, island of Flores, in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. It may have been one of the first points of settlement on the island, owing to its name, which is associated with one of the first settlers.

Lajes das Flores
Lajes das Flores (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈlaʒɨʒ ðɐʃ ˈfloɾɨʃ] ⓘ) is a municipality in the western part of the Azores; it includes the southern part of the island of Flores. To the north, where it is bordered by Santa Cruz das Flores. The population in 2021 was 1,408, in an area of 70.05 square kilometres (27.05 mi2). Its municipal seat is in the parish of the same name.
Learjet 23
The Learjet 23 (originally Lear Jet 23) is an American six-to-eight-seat (two crew and four to six passengers) twinjet, high-speed business jet manufactured by Learjet. Introduced in 1964, it was Learjet's first model and created a new market for fast and efficient small business aircraft. Production ended in 1966 after 101 aircraft had been delivered.

Twinjet
A twinjet or twin-engine jet is a jet aircraft powered by two engines. A twinjet is able to fly well enough to land with a single working engine, making it safer than a single-engine aircraft in the event of an engine failure. Fuel efficiency of a twinjet is better than that of aircraft with more engines. These considerations have led to the widespread use of aircraft of all types with twin engines, including airliners, fixed-wing military aircraft, and others.
Pääsküla (river)
The Pääsküla River is a river in Estonia in Harju County. The river is 11.6 km long, and its basin size is 41.2 km2. It discharges into the Vääna River.

The Pääsküla Stone Bridge (:et) was built over the river in the 1860s. The bridge has been designated a cultural heritage object of Estonia.

Harju County
Harju County (Estonian: Harju maakond or Harjumaa) is one of the fifteen counties of Estonia. It is located in northern Estonia, on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, and it borders Lääne-Viru County to the east, Järva County to the southeast, Rapla County to the south, and Lääne County to the southwest. The capital and largest city of Estonia, Tallinn, is located in Harju County. Harju is the largest county in Estonia in terms of population, as almost half (45%) of Estonia's population lives in Harju County.
Sodium tert-butoxide
Sodium tert-butoxide (or sodium t-butoxide) is a chemical compound with the formula (CH3)3CONa (abbr. NaOtBu). It is a strong, non-nucleophilic base.  It is flammable and moisture sensitive. It is sometimes written in the chemical literature as sodium t-butoxide.  It is similar in reactivity to the more common potassium tert-butoxide.

The compound can be produced by treating tert-butyl alcohol with sodium hydride.

Tert-Butyl alcohol
tert-Butyl alcohol is the simplest tertiary alcohol, with a formula of (CH3)3COH (sometimes represented as t-BuOH). Its isomers are 1-butanol, isobutanol, and 2-butanol. tert-Butyl alcohol is a colorless solid, which melts near room temperature and has a camphor-like odor. It is miscible with water, ethanol and diethyl ether.
Ma (surname)
Ma (simplified Chinese: 马; traditional Chinese: 馬; pinyin: Mǎ) is a Chinese family name. The surname literally means 'horse'. As of 2006, it ranks as the 14th most common Chinese surname in mainland China. In 2019 it was the 13th most common surname in mainland China. A 2013 study found it to be the 13th most common, shared by 17,200,000 people or 1.290% of the population, with the province with the most being Henan. It is the 52nd name on the Hundred Family Surnames poem.

From He (surname) adopted name "Ma" (馬), the first word of the district Ma Fu, as their surname. Other romanizations include Mah, Beh, and Mar.

Hui Muslims, Salars, Bonan and Dongxiang people commonly adopted Ma as the translation for their surname Mahmud / Muhammad.

During the Ming dynasty, the Zhengde Emperor had a Uyghur concubine with the surname Ma.

It is not to be confused with the less common surname Má (麻), which means 'hemp'.

He (surname)
He or Ho is the romanized transliteration of several Chinese family names. According to a 2012 survey, 14 million people had Hé (何) listed as their surname, making it the 17th most common surname in Mainland China, a spot it retained in 2019. Hé was listed as the 21st most common surname in the Hundred Family Surnames. A common alternative spelling of the surname is Ho, which is the Mandarin Wade–Giles romanization and the Cantonese romanization of the Chinese family names.

In the Korean language, the equivalent surname is Ha (하). In the Vietnamese language, the equivalent surname is Hà.

Other less common family names that are romanized as He include 河 (Pinyin: Hé), 佫 (Pinyin: Hè), 赫 (Pinyin: Hè), and 和.
Handball at the 1978 All-Africa Games
The handball events at the 1978 All-Africa Games were held in Algiers, Algeria from 13 to 28 July 1978. The competition included for the first time the women's tournament while the men's tournament is played for the third time.

Handball at the 1978 All-Africa Games – Women's tournament
The 1978 edition of the Women's Handball Tournament of the African Games was the 1st, organized by the African Handball Confederation and played under the auspices of the International Handball Federation, the handball sport governing body. The tournament was held in Algiers, Algeria, contested by 6 national teams and won by Algeria.
Frangiskos Mavrommatis
Frangiskos Mavrommatis (Greek: Φραγκίσκος Μαυρομμάτης, born 13 January 1870, date of death unknown) was a Greek sport shooter who competed at the 1906 Intercalated Games, the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics.

He was born in Chios.

Shooting at the 1906 Intercalated Games
At the 1906 Summer Olympics in Athens, sixteen events in shooting were contested.   Now called the Intercalated Games, the 1906 Games are no longer considered as an official Olympic Games by the International Olympic Committee.
Ursulaea
Ursulaea (named for Ursula Baensch, plant breeder and co-author of Blooming Bromeliads) is a genus in the plant family Bromeliaceae, subfamily Bromelioideae.  Some authorities treat Ursulaea as a synonym of Aechmea. There are two known species, both endemic to Mexico.

Aechmea
Aechmea is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bromeliaceae (subfamily Bromelioideae). The name comes from the Greek aichme, meaning "spear". Suggested pronunciations include EEK-me-ə and eek-MEE-ə. Aechmea comprises eight subgenera and around 250 species distributed from Mexico through South America and the Caribbean. Most of the species in this genus are epiphytes.
Benning Road station
Benning Road station is an island-platformed Washington Metro station in the Benning neighborhood of Northeast Washington, D.C., United States. The station was opened on November 22, 1980, and is operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA). Providing service for the Blue and Silver Lines, the station is located in a residential area near the intersection of Benning Road and East Capitol Street. It is the first station after the Blue and Silver Lines diverge from the Orange Line east of the Anacostia River, and also the last station in the District of Columbia going east.

Northeast (Washington, D.C.)
Northeast (NE or N.E.) is the northeastern quadrant of Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. It encompasses the area located north of East Capitol Street and east of North Capitol Street.
St James's Hotel and Club
The St James's Hotel and Club is a hotel at 7-8, Park Place, St. James's, London SW1A 1LP and is part of Pakistani multinational conglomerate Nishat Group, owned by Mian Mohammad Mansha.

The hotel has fifty rooms and ten suites, many of which have their own terraces, plus a penthouse with a private balcony.

St James's
St James's is a district of Westminster, and a central district in the City of Westminster, London, forming part of the West End. The area was once part of the northwestern gardens and parks of St. James's Palace and much of it is still owned by the Crown Estate.  During the Restoration in the 17th century, the area was developed as a residential location for the British aristocracy, and around the 19th century was the focus of the development of their gentlemen's clubs. Once part of the parish of St Martin in the Fields, much of it formed the parish of St James from 1685 to 1922. Since the Second World War the area has transitioned from residential to commercial use.

St James's is bounded to the north by Piccadilly and Mayfair, to the west by Green Park, to the south by The Mall and St. James's Park, and to the east by Haymarket.
Mekton
Mekton is a mecha game franchise published by R. Talsorian Games starting with a board game in 1984, and then several editions of the first mecha role-playing game in North America, the most recent being Mekton Zeta (メクトン Z).

The Space Gamer
The Space Gamer was a magazine dedicated to the subject of science fiction and fantasy board games and tabletop role-playing games. It quickly grew in importance and was an important and influential magazine in its subject matter from the late 1970s through the mid-1980s. The magazine is no longer published, but the rights holders maintain a web presence using its final title Space Gamer/Fantasy Gamer.
History of Newcastle Jets FC
The History of the Newcastle Jets FC starts at their inception in 2000 by businessman Con Constantine after the collapse of the city's previous football club the Newcastle Breakers. The Breakers were dissolved when Soccer Australia revoked its NSL licence at the conclusion of the 1999/2000 season. At the formation of Newcastle United the home ground was moved back to where Newcastle KB United played, now known as EnergyAustralia Stadium.

Edmundo Zura
Edmundo Salomón Zura de Jesús (born 12 January 1983 in Pimampiro, Imbabura), is an Ecuadorian professional footballer who plays for El Nacional. Zura is a centre forward who is known for his superb heading, powerful shooting and ruthless finishing.

Zura celebrates his goals by donning a blue Spider-Man style wrestling mask as a tribute to Otilino Tenorio who was killed in a car accident. His brother Rommel Zura is also a professional footballer and playing for Emelec.
1-Deoxysphingolipids
The 1-deoxysphingolipids (1-deoxySLs) are a recently identified class of atypical sphingolipids (SLs). They are produced via a non-canonical biosynthetic pathway, and their defining feature, the absence of a C1 hydroxyl group (C1-OH), prevents their further conversion into complex sphingolipids.

Under normal conditions, sphingolipids are synthesized through a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme serine-palmitoyltransferase (SPT), which condenses serine with palmitoyl-CoA. However, when SPT utilizes alternative amino acid substrates such as alanine or glycine instead of serine, it leads to the formation of 1-deoxySLs.

Unlike canonical sphingolipids, 1-deoxysphingolipids cannot be degraded via standard catabolic pathways. As a result, they accumulate to high levels and have been implicated in a range of neurological and metabolic disorders.

Hydroxy group
In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula −OH and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry, alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydroxy groups. Both the negatively charged anion HO−, called hydroxide, and the neutral radical HO·, known as the hydroxyl radical, consist of an unbonded hydroxy group.

According to IUPAC definitions, the term hydroxyl refers to the hydroxyl radical (·OH) only, while the functional group −OH is called a hydroxy group.