hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Aghion–Howitt model
Aghion–Howitt model (also known as the quality ladder model) is a three-sector economic model of endogenous growth theory under monopolistic competition that demonstrates the possibility of sustained economic growth driven by behavioral factors. In the model, technological change is the result of purposeful activity by economic agents investing in new technologies to earn profit. The model made a significant contribution to understanding how individual decisions affect economic growth rates, as well as the reasons why poor countries cannot catch up to rich ones. It showed that economic growth can be accompanied by a conflict of interest among different economic agents, and that protecting the interests of existing producers in the market can hinder technological change and economic growth. The theory was developed in 1990 by Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt and had earned its authors a Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2025.

Economic model
An economic model is a theoretical construct representing economic processes by a set of variables and a set of logical and/or quantitative relationships between them. The economic model is a simplified, often mathematical, framework designed to illustrate complex processes. Frequently, economic models posit structural parameters. A model may have various exogenous variables, and those variables may change to create various responses by economic variables. Methodological uses of models include investigation, theorizing, and fitting theories to the world.
Wuhan Business District station
Wuhan Business District Station (Chinese: 武汉商务区站) is a station of Line 3 and Line 7 of Wuhan Metro. It entered revenue service on December 28, 2015. It is located in Jianghan District. This station is an interchange station of Line 3, Line 7 and the under planning Line 10. It is near the Wuhan CBD.

Jianghan, Wuhan
Jianghan District (Chinese: 江汉区; pinyin: Jiānghàn Qū) forms part of the urban core of and is one of 13 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Wuhan, the capital of Hubei Province, China. The district is part of the historical Hankou.
Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act
The Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act, is an Act of Congress in the United States introduced in 1989 by Rep. John Conyers. The act aims to create a commission to examine the merits of introducing reparations to African-Americans for US slavery. The most recent sponsor of the act was Rep. Ayanna Pressley, on January 3, 2025, to the 119th Congress. The bill was previously also proposed by Sheila Jackson Lee in January 2023 before her death in 2024.

Ayanna Pressley
Ayanna Soyini Pressley (born February 3, 1974) is an American politician who has served as the U.S. representative for Massachusetts's 7th congressional district since 2019. This district includes the northern three quarters of Boston, most of Cambridge, parts of Milton, as well as all of Chelsea, Everett, Randolph, and Somerville.

Pressley served as an at-large member of the Boston City Council from 2010 through 2019. She was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 2018 after she defeated the ten-term incumbent Mike Capuano in the Democratic primary election for Massachusetts's 7th congressional district and ran unopposed in the general election. Pressley was the first black woman elected to the Boston City Council and the first black woman elected to Congress from Massachusetts. Pressley is a member of "The Squad", an informal group of progressive Congress members.
Titans East
Titans East is the name of several DC Comics superhero teams. The teams appear in the Teen Titans comic books and animated series. The comic book incarnation of Titans East first appeared in Teen Titans (vol. 3) #18 (2005) during the "Titans Tomorrow" storyline, which is set in the future. A present-day incarnation appeared in Teen Titans (vol. 3) #43 (2007), as a group of villains led by Deathstroke. Cyborg later assembled a new version of the team.

Rose Wilson
Rose Wilson is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. She was created by writer Marv Wolfman and artist Art Nichols, first appearing in a 1992 issue of Deathstroke the Terminator #15. She is usually portrayed as a Teen Titans enemy and later a reluctant member, struggling to win the approval of her father, Deathstroke, being his illegitimate daughter. She is also typically depicted as an apprentice to her father and later Nightwing for a time.

Rose Wilson would make several appearances in media such as Teen Titans Go!, DC Super Hero Girls, and a live adaptation debut in the second season of the DC Universe and HBO Max series Titans, played by Chelsea Zhang. Traits of the character were amalgamated into the character of Isabel Rochev/Ravager for the second season of Arrow, portrayed by Summer Glau.
ISO 3166-2:CF
ISO 3166-2:CF is the entry for the Central African Republic in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently for the Central African Republic, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for one commune, 14 prefectures and two economic prefectures. The commune Bangui is the capital of the country and has special status equal to the prefectures and economic prefectures.

Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is CF, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of the Central African Republic. The second part is either of the following:

two letters: prefectures and economic prefectures

three letters: commune

ISO 3166
ISO 3166 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, special areas of geographical interest, and their principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states). The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions.
Kazumi Urano
Kazumi Urano (浦野 一美, Urano Kazumi, born 23 October 1985) is a Japanese singer and tarento. She is represented by Production Ogi and is a former provisional member of the female idol group Watarirouka Hashiritai 7, and former member of AKB48 and SDN48.

Namida Surprise!
"Namida Surprise!" (涙サプライズ!, Namida Sapuraizu!) is the 12th major single by the Japanese idol group AKB48, released on June 24, 2009. The single peaked at number 2 in the Oricon weekly singles chart.

It is a Birthday song
FC Noah Jurmala
FC Noah Jurmala (until 2021 — FC Lokomotiv Daugavpils, until 2019 — LDZ Cargo/DFA) is a defunct Latvian football club. They were based in the Latvian town of Jūrmala near Rīga and, most recently before the club's termination, competed in the highest division of Latvian football (the Virslīga) and the Latvian Football Cup. On 23 June 2021, the club's administration announced their departure from the Latvian Higher League and the termination of the club, as the Latvian Football Federation and the Latvian authorities began an investigation into match fixing allegations and illicit financial activity at the club, leading to a number of suspensions and convictions.

Future League
The Future League (Latvian: Nākotnes Līga), prior to 2021 called the Latvian First League (Latvian: Latvijas Pirmā līga, 1. līga), is the second tier division of football in Latvia organised by the Latvian Football Federation since 1992.
Riccardo Calder
Riccardo Calder (born 26 January 1996) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender/midfielder for National League club Brackley Town. Calder is a product of the Aston Villa academy but did not break into their first team following loan spells at Dundee, Doncaster Rovers and Lincoln City. Calder represented England internationally at Under-17 level.

2012–13 NextGen Series
The 2012–13 NextGen Series was the second season of the NextGen Series. The tournament involved the under-19 teams from 24 European countries. The tournament was won by Aston Villa who overcame Chelsea in the final.
Presidency of Dina Boluarte
The presidency of Dina Boluarte began with her inauguration as the president of Peru on 7 December 2022, immediately following the removal of Pedro Castillo from office in the aftermath of his attempted self-coup. On 10 October 2025, Boluarte was impeached by Congress.

Ministry of Defence (Peru)
The Ministry of Defence (Spanish: Ministerio de Defensa, MINDEF) is the government ministry responsible for safeguarding national security on land, sea and air. It exercises command over the Peruvian Armed Forces composed of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force.
Gálvez (Vino de la Tierra)
Gálvez was a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha. Vino de la Tierra is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder.

The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Cuerva, Gálvez, Guadamur, Menasalbas, Mazarambroz, Polán, Pulgar, San Martín de Montalbán and Totanés, located in the province of Toledo, in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain.

It acquired its Vino de la Tierra status in 1988, but it is no longer listed.

Vino de la tierra
Vino de la tierra is a quality of Spanish wine that designates the rung below the mainstream quality wine classification of denominación de origen protegida (DOP). It is the equivalent of the French vin de pays. It represents a higher quality than table wine, and covers still wine, sparkling wine, and fortified wine. Since 2016 the classification is called indicación geográfica protegida (IGP), but wines can still use the traditional name of vino de la tierra. The labels of vino de la tierra wines are allowed to state the year of vintage and the grape varieties used in production.

In 2019 there were 42 registered vino de la tierra wines in Spain.
Merlin Hay, 24th Earl of Erroll
Merlin Sereld Victor Gilbert Hay, 24th Earl of Erroll (born 20 April 1948), is a crossbench member of the House of Lords, chief of the Scottish clan Hay, and hereditary Lord High Constable of Scotland.

Scottish clan chief
The Scottish Gaelic word clann means children. In early times, and possibly even today, Scottish clan members believed themselves to descend from a common ancestor, the founder of the clan, after whom the clan is named. The clan chief (ceannard cinnidh) is the representative of this founder, and represents the clan. In the Scottish clan system, a chief is greater than a chieftain (ceann-cinnidh), a designation applied to heads of branches of a clan. Scottish clans that no longer have a clan chief are referred to as armigerous clans.
Philactis
Philactis is a genus of Mexican plants in the tribe Heliantheae within the family Asteraceae.

Species

Philactis fayi A.M.Torres - Michoacán

Philactis nelsonii (Greenm.) S.F.Blake - Chiapas, Oaxaca

Philactis zinnioides Schrad. - Chiapas, Oaxaca, Michoacán, Hidalgo

formerly included

see Heliopsis

Philactis longipes A.Gray - Heliopsis longipes (A.Gray) S.F.Blake

Heliopsis longipes
Heliopsis longipes is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It has been found only in the states of Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo, and Querétaro in north-central Mexico.

Locally called chilcuague, Azteca gold root, and many other names, it was considered powerful medicine for the prehispanic populations of México.
Mirel Rădoi
Mirel Matei Rădoi (born 22 March 1981) is a Romanian professional football manager and former player.

A defensive midfielder or a centre-back, Rădoi began his playing career at Extensiv Craiova in 1999, before signing for Steaua București one year later. Following eight-and-a-half seasons in the capital, he spent his later career with Al-Hilal, Al-Ain, Al-Ahli and Al-Arabi. Internationally, Rădoi was capped 68 times by Romania, which he represented at the UEFA Euro 2008.

Rădoi's first stint as a head coach was Steaua București in 2015, where he stayed for six months. Three years later, he was appointed at the helm of the Romania under-21 national team, which he led to the semi-finals of the 2019 UEFA European Championship. This resulted in his promotion to the senior team in November 2019, but left after two years with less success.

UAE Pro League
The UAE Pro League (Arabic: دوري المحترفين الإماراتي), also known as the ADNOC Pro League for sponsorship reasons, is a professional association football league in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the highest level of the Emirati football league system.

The first team to win the title was Al Orouba (Sharjah), whilst Al Ain has the record with 14 league titles to their name. Fourteen clubs compete in the league that operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the First Division League.

The League was founded in 1973 as the UAE Football League. The first 1973–74 season was a "trial" championship but was declared official by the UAE FA in 2001. In February 2007, the Pro League Committee was formed, and became the organising body of the league.
South Island line
The South Island line (Chinese: 南港島綫) is a rapid transit line of Hong Kong's MTR metro system. This line connects the Hong Kong business district from Admiralty station to the Southern District of Hong Kong Island and the island of Ap Lei Chau, which was not served by any railway transport prior to the opening of the line. Approved by the Executive Council in 2007, the line commenced service on 28 December 2016. The rolling stock of the South Island line is purpose-built for driverless operation, with trains being remotely controlled from the Operations Control Centre in Tsing Yi.

It is one of two lines to have 5 stations, the other one being Airport Express. Additionally, it is one of the lines to have the least interchanges, along with the Disneyland Resort Line,  until the South Island Line (West) is approved to be made.

This line was known during planning and construction as the South Island line (East) to distinguish from South Island line (West), which is still being planned.

Airport Express (MTR)
The Airport Express (Chinese: 機場快綫) is one of the ten heavy rail lines of the Hong Kong MTR system (excluding the light rail network). It links the urban area with Hong Kong International Airport and the AsiaWorld–Expo exhibition and convention centre.

It is the only rail link to the airport. It runs parallel to the Tung Chung line, a rapid transit line, from Hong Kong station to just south of the channel between Lantau Island and Chek Lap Kok island, on which the airport was constructed. The line continues to the airport and terminates at AsiaWorld–Expo. The Tung Chung line terminates in the adjacent Tung Chung new town, with bus service to various areas at the airport, including the passenger terminals.

There is direct access to the Tung Chung Line via  Hong Kong,  Kowloon and  Tsing Yi stations, but access to the Tsuen Wan Line and the Island line must be reached via the pedestrian bridge to Central. The journey from Hong Kong station to the airport takes 24 minutes.
21st Brigade (United Kingdom)
21st Brigade (21st Bde) was an infantry formation of the British Army first organised in the Second Boer War, when it took part in Ian Hamilton's March from Bloemfontein to Pretoria. Reformed in World War I it served under the command of first 7th Division and then 30th Division, fighting in most of the major battles on the Western Front from the First Battle of Ypres to the Armistice. It was briefly re-raised in the Sudan early in World War II before being transferred to the Indian Army.

Essex Regiment
The Essex Regiment was a line infantry regiment of the British Army in existence from 1881 to 1958. The regiment served in many conflicts such as the Second Boer War and both World War I and World War II, serving with distinction in all three. It was formed in 1881 under the Childers Reforms by the amalgamation of the 44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot and the 56th (West Essex) Regiment of Foot.

In 1958, the Essex Regiment was amalgamated with the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment to form the 3rd East Anglian Regiment (16th/44th Foot). However, the existence was short-lived and, in 1964, was amalgamated again with the 1st East Anglian Regiment (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk), the 2nd East Anglian Regiment (Duchess of Gloucester's Own Royal Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire) and the Royal Leicestershire Regiment to form the Royal Anglian Regiment. The lineage of the Essex Regiment is continued by 'C' Company of the 1st Battalion of the Royal Anglian Regiment.
Lake Upemba
Lake Upemba (French: Lac Upemba; Dutch: Upembameer) is a lake in Bukama, Haut-Lomami Province, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It, and nearby Lake Kisale, is surrounded by the Upemba Depression in Upemba National Park. The nearest town is Nyonga, and the nearest hospital is located four hours away in Kikondja.

The floating islands in the lake, such Mitala Island, are also the site of an informal refugee settlement that resulted from the fighting between Mai-Mai rebels and government troops since 2006.

Haut-Lomami
Haut-Lomami (French for "Upper Lomami") is one of the 21 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning.  Haut-Lomami, Haut-Katanga, Lualaba, and Tanganyika provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Katanga province.  Haut-Lomami was formed from the Haut-Lomami district whose town of Kamina was elevated to capital city of the new province.
Chinese bronze inscriptions
Chinese bronze inscriptions, also referred to as bronze script or bronzeware script, comprise Chinese writing made in several styles on ritual bronzes mainly during the Late Shang dynasty (c. 1250 – c. 1046 BC) and Western Zhou dynasty (c. 1046 – 771 BC). Types of bronzes include zhong bells and ding tripodal cauldrons. Early inscriptions were almost always made with a stylus into a clay mold, from which the bronze itself was then cast. Additional inscriptions were often later engraved onto bronzes after casting. The bronze inscriptions are one of the earliest scripts in the Chinese family of scripts, preceded by the oracle bone script.

Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng
The Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng (Chinese: 曾侯乙墓; pinyin: Zēng Hóu Yǐ mù) is an archaeological site in Leigudun Community (擂鼓墩社區), Nanjiao Subdistrict (南郊街道), Zengdu District, Suizhou (during the Spring and Autumn period called Sui County), Hubei, China, dated sometime after 433 BC. The tomb contained the remains of Marquis Yi of Zeng (sometimes "Duke Yi"), and is one of a handful of ancient Chinese royal tombs to have been discovered intact and then excavated using modern archaeological methods. Zeng was a state during the Spring and Autumn period of China.  The tomb was made around 433 BC, either at the end of the Spring and Autumn period or the start of the Warring States period.  The tomb comes from the end of the thousand-year-long period of the burial of large sets of Chinese ritual bronzes in elite tombs, and is also unusual in containing large numbers of musical instruments, including the great set of bells for which it is most famous.
Biosphere3D
Biosphere3D is an open-source project that targets interactive landscape scenery rendering based on a virtual globe. The software system supports multiple scales but focuses primarily on the creation of realistic views from eye-level (First Person View) or near ground level.
The software is released under the MPL license and developed by Zuse Institute Berlin, Lenné3D and the open-source community for use on personal computers.

SketchUp
SketchUp is a proprietary 3D modeling software for creating and manipulating 3D models, aimed at architecture, interior design, set design, product design, and manufacturing.

SketchUp was founded by @Last Software in 2000, before the company was acquired by Google in 2006. Google subsequently sold Sketchup to Trimble Inc. in 2012. The software has a free web-based version and three paid subscriptions to gain access to applications for Windows and macOS.
Dick Steinborn
Richard Steinborn  (September 28, 1933 – April 18, 2020) was an American professional wrestler who was best known as Dick Steinborn in various territories including Georgia Championship Wrestling, and World Wrestling Council in Puerto Rico.

NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (Georgia version)
The Georgia version of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) Southern Heavyweight Championship was a secondary singles championship used in Georgia Championship Wrestling off-and-on from 1948 to 1972. The title is one of many versions of the NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship. Other versions have been used in Florida and the Tennessee cities of Knoxville and Memphis.
IC 1337
IC 1337 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Capricornus. The galaxy is located close to the celestial equator. It was discovered by Stéphane Javelle on July 22, 1892.

One supernova has been observed in IC 1337: SN 2019gwl (type II, mag. 19.15).

Intermediate spiral galaxy
An intermediate spiral galaxy is a galaxy that is in between the classifications of a barred spiral galaxy and an unbarred spiral galaxy. It is designated as SAB in the galaxy morphological classification system devised by Gerard de Vaucouleurs, and is also known as a weakly barred spiral galaxy. Subtypes are labeled as SAB0, SABa, SABb, or SABc, following a sequence analogous to the Hubble sequence for barred and unbarred spirals. The subtype (0, a, b, or c) is based on the relative prominence of the central bulge and how tightly wound the spiral arms are.
Social Histories of Medicine
Social Histories of Medicine is a book series from Manchester University Press which covers "all aspects of health, illness and medicine, from prehistory to the present, in every part of the world". It runs in collaboration with the Society for the Social History of Medicine and is the third series that the society has been associated with after Studies in the Social History of Medicine (1989-2009) and Studies for the Society for the Social History of Medicine. The editors of the current series are David Cantor and Keir Waddington.

Manchester University Press
Manchester University Press is the university press of the University of Manchester, England, and a publisher of academic books and journals. Manchester University Press has developed into an international publisher. It maintains its links with the University.
Electoral district of Corrimal
Corrimal was an electoral district for the Legislative Assembly in the Australian State of New South Wales from 1968 to 1988, named after the suburb of Corrimal. It was replaced by Keira. Its only member was Laurie Kelly, representing the Labor Party.

Electoral districts of New South Wales
The New South Wales Legislative Assembly is elected from single-member electorates called districts, returning 93 members since the 1999 election. Prior to 1927 some districts returned multiple members, including 1920-1927 when all districts returned three, four or five members. Parramatta is the only district to have continuously existed since the establishment of the Assembly in 1856.
2020 16 Hours of Hockenheimring
The 2020 Hankook 16 Hours of Hockenheimring was the 1st running of the 16 Hours of Hockenheimring. It is the fourth round of both the 2020 24H GT Series and the 2020 24H TCE Series, the third round of the Europe and Continent Series, and will be held from 5 to 6 September at the Hockenheimring. It was the first 24H Series event to take place in Germany. The race was won by Gijs Bessem, Harry Hilders and Marcel van Berlo.

2020 24H TCE Series
The 2020 24H Touring Car Endurance Series powered by Hankook was the fifth season of the Touring Car Endurance Series (TCES). Creventic was the organiser and promoter of the series. The races were contested with touring cars.