hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fredrikstad/Sarpsborg
Fredrikstad/Sarpsborg is an urban area in Norway consisting of the twin cities Sarpsborg and Fredrikstad, in addition to several smaller towns in between and on the outside of the core of the cities.

The development of the region has progressed so far that Fredrikstad/Sarpsborg now is considered one urban area. Fredrikstad/Sarpsborg is Norway's seventh largest urban area, with a population of 101,698 as of January 2009, of which 42,803 reside in Sarpsborg and 58,895 reside in Fredrikstad.

Sarpsborg
Sarpsborg (pronounced [ˈsɑ̀ʂbɔr] or [ˈsɑ̀rpsbɔrɡ]), historically Borg, is a city and municipality in Østfold county, Norway.  The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Sarpsborg.

Sarpsborg is part of the fifth largest urban area in Norway when paired with neighbouring Fredrikstad. As of 1 January 2018, according to Statistics Norway these two municipalities have a total population of 136,127 with  55,840 in Sarpsborg and 81,278 in Fredrikstad.

Statistics for 2021, say that the city has a population where 19% of the children belong to families that have "low-income in the long-term"; that is the highest level for a city (in Norway); the national level is 11.3%.
2008 Tennessee House of Representatives election
The 2008 Tennessee House of Representatives election was held on November 4, 2008, to elect 99 seats for the Tennessee House of Representatives. The elections coincided with the Presidential, U.S. Senate, U.S. House, and State Senate elections. The primary elections were held on August 7, 2008.

Republicans gained 4 seats, gaining a slim majority in the chamber. At this time, Republicans had last won the House chamber in 1968.

2008 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee
The 2008 congressional elections in Tennessee was held on November 4, 2008, to elect the 9 U.S. representatives from the state of Tennessee, one from each of the state's nine congressional districts.

Following the 2008 elections, no seats changed hands, leaving the Tennessee delegation at a 5-4 Democratic majority. As of 2026, this was the last time Democrats won a majority of congressional districts from Tennessee's House delegation, as well as the House popular vote.
Jins
In traditional Arabic music theory, a jins (Arabic: جنس, pl. أجناس, ajnās) is a set of three, four, or five stepwise pitches used to build an Arabic maqam, or melodic mode. They correspond to the English terms trichord, tetrachord, and pentachord. A maqam is made up of two or more ajnas.

Minor scale
A minor scale is a sequence of musical notes in which the third scale degree is a minor third above the tonic. The notes A–B–C–D–E–F–G form a prototypical minor scale.

There are three common types of minor scales: the natural minor scale, the melodic minor scale, and the harmonic minor scale. The Aeolian, Phrygian, and Dorian modes are also examples of minor scales.
History of Anatolia
The history of Anatolia (often referred to in historical sources as Asia Minor) can be roughly subdivided into: Prehistory of Anatolia (up to the end of the 3rd millennium BCE), Ancient Anatolia (including Hattian, Hittite and post-Hittite periods), Classical Anatolia (including Achaemenid, Hellenistic and Roman periods), Byzantine Anatolia (later overlapping, since the 11th century, with the gradual Seljuk and Ottoman conquest), Ottoman Anatolia (14th–20th centuries) and the Modern Anatolia, since the creation of the Republic of Turkey.

Lydia
Lydia (Ancient Greek: Λυδία, romanized: Ludía; Latin: Lȳdia) was an Iron Age kingdom situated in western Anatolia, in modern-day Turkey. Later, it became an important province of the Achaemenid Empire and then the Roman Empire. Its capital was Sardis.

At some point before 800 BCE, the Lydian people achieved some sort of political cohesion, and existed as an independent kingdom by the 600s BCE. At its greatest extent, during the 7th century BCE, it covered all of western Anatolia. In 546 BCE, it became a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire, known as Sparda in Old Persian. In 133 BCE, it became part of the Roman province of Asia.

Lydian coins, made of electrum, are among the oldest in existence, dated to around the 7th century BCE.
Kolmogorov's three-series theorem
In probability theory, Kolmogorov's three-series theorem, named after Andrey Kolmogorov, gives a criterion for the almost sure convergence of an infinite series of random variables in terms of the convergence of three different series involving properties of their probability distributions. Kolmogorov's three-series theorem, combined with Kronecker's lemma, can be used to give a relatively easy proof of the strong law of large numbers.

Kronecker's lemma
In mathematics, Kronecker's lemma (see, e.g., Shiryaev (1996, Lemma IV.3.2)) is a result about the relationship between convergence of infinite sums and convergence of sequences. The lemma is often used in the proofs of theorems concerning sums of independent random variables such as the strong Law of large numbers. The lemma is named after the German mathematician Leopold Kronecker.
Wilayi Independents
The Wilayi Independents (Persian: مستقلین ولایی) is a parliamentary group in the 10th legislature of the Islamic Republic of Iran, unofficially led by Ali Larijani. The faction was chaired by Kazem Jalali, who was succeeded by Gholam Ali Jafarzadeh.

Though a minority with an estimated 80 members, the group is believed to have an advantage in the parliament by shaping a minority influence situation.

10th legislature of the Islamic Republic of Iran
The 10th Islamic Consultative Assembly (Persian: دوره دهم مجلس شورای اسلامی) was the 34th Parliament of Iran that commenced on 28 May 2016 following the legislative elections on 26 February and 29 April 2016 and ended on 26 May 2020.

According to Anoushiravan Ehteshami, three things make this parliament noteworthy: return of the reformists to the parliamentary arena, a record of 17 seats held by female lawmakers and the fact that only 26% of the incumbent MPs were re-elected in the elections, making it a less experienced parliament.
Gōdo-juku
Gōdo-juku (河渡宿, Gōdo-juku) was the fifty-fourth of the sixty-nine stations of the Nakasendō connecting Edo with Kyoto in Edo period Japan. It is located in former Mino Province in what is now part of the city of Gifu, Gifu Prefecture, Japan.

Mino Province
Mino Province (美濃国, Mino no Kuni, Japanese pronunciation: [mʲiꜜ.no (no kɯ.ɲi), mʲi.noꜜ-]) was a province of Japan in the area of Japan that is today southern Gifu Prefecture. Mino was bordered by  Ōmi to the west, Echizen and Hida to the north, Shinano to the east, and Ise, Mikawa, and Owari to the south. Its abbreviated form name was Nōshū or Jōshū (濃州). Under the Engishiki classification system, Mino was ranked as one of the 13 "great countries" (大国) in terms of importance, and one of the "near countries" (近国) in terms of distance from the capital. The provincial capital and ichinomiya were located in what is now the town of Tarui.
2004 Hypo-Meeting
The 30th edition of the annual Hypo-Meeting took place on May 29 and May 30, 2004 in Götzis, Austria. The track and field competition, featuring a decathlon (men) and a heptathlon (women) event was part of the 2004 IAAF World Combined Events Challenge.

Hypo-Meeting
The Hypo-Meeting is an annual athletics competition that takes place in the Mösle stadium in Götzis in Vorarlberg (Austria) held in the spring (late May, early June). In its history, a total of three world records have been set: 1980 and 1982 by Daley Thompson (8648 and 8730 points), and 2001 by Roman Šebrle (9026 points).

Organised by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), it is one of the athletics meetings that make up the IAAF Combined Events Challenge. Male and female athletes compete in the decathlon or heptathlon, respectively, and points scored at the Hypo-Meeting count towards a yearly total for the parent competition.
SD Sengokuden Fuurinkazan Hen
SD Sengokuden Fuurinkazan Hen (SD戦国伝 風林火山編, lit. SD Warring States: The Wind, Forest, Fire and Mountain Chapter) is the second work of the Musha Gundam series.

This story continues forward 15 years from Musha Sichinin Shuu Hen where some of the characters are promoted. Running period, 1991.

Gundam (fictional robot)
The RX-78-2 Gundam (Japanese: RX-78-2 ガンダム, Hepburn: Āru Ekkusu Nanajū Hachi no Ni Gandamu) is a fictional piloted robot (mecha), introduced in 1979 in Yoshiyuki Tomino's and Sunrise's anime series Mobile Suit Gundam. In the series, it is a prototype weapon for the Earth Federation when it falls into the hands of Amuro Ray, the son of its designer in story (Tem Ray), who goes on to pilot it in the Earth Federation's war against the Principality of Zeon.

As the success of the series began the Gundam franchise, the robot's design was the first of many variations in subsequent works. The design appearing in Mobile Suit Gundam serves as the symbol of the Gundam franchise and sparked the creation of its multiple sequels and spinoffs; most future Gundams piloted by the protagonists use the RX-78-2's color scheme and general shape.
April 20 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
April 19 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - April 21

All fixed commemorations below are observed on May 3 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For April 20th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 7.

April 7 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
April 6 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - April 8

All fixed commemorations below are observed on April 20 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For April 7th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on March 25.
Aspergillus dorothicus
Aspergillus dorothicus is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus which has been isolated from soil from Tamil Nadu in India. Described by Varshney & A.K. Sarbhoy 1996, this species listed in Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.

Aspergillus
Aspergillus (/ˌæspərˈdʒɪləs/) is a genus consisting of several hundred mold species found in various climates worldwide.

Aspergillus was first catalogued in 1729 by the Italian priest and biologist Pier Antonio Micheli. Viewing the fungi under a microscope, Micheli was reminded of the shape of an aspergillum (holy water sprinkler), from Latin spargere (to sprinkle), and named the genus accordingly. Aspergillum is an asexual spore-forming structure common to all Aspergillus species; around one-third of species are also known to have a sexual stage. While some species of Aspergillus are known to cause fungal infections, others are of commercial importance.
Colona auriculata
Colona auriculata is a shrub species first described by Desfontaines, with its current name after Craib; the genus Colona is in the family Malvaceae and now placed in the subfamily Grewioideae.  No subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life.

The species is distributed in Indonesia and throughout Indochina; in Vietnam it is frequently found in the provinces of and between Dong Nai and Ba Ria - Vung Tau its common name is bồ an.  The roots are used in Cambodia to make antipyretic herbal medicines.

Grewioideae
Grewioideae is a subfamily of the family Malvaceae and was first described by Hochreutiner. The group is named after its type genus, Grewia, which is named for the English scientist Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712).  It contains a number of genera that were previously placed in the defunct family Tiliaceae.
Lagoon 47
The Lagoon 47 is a French sailboat that was designed by Van Peteghem/Lauriot-Prevost as a cruiser and first built in 1992.

The design was popular in the yacht charter business and was replaced in the company product line by the Lagoon 470 in 1998.

VPLP design
VPLP Design (Van Peteghem Lauriot-Prévost) is a French-based naval architectural firm founded by Marc Van Peteghem and Vincent Lauriot-Prévost, responsible for designing some of the world's most innovative racing boats. Their designs presently hold many of the World Speed Sailing records.
Qomeshah
Qomeshah (Persian: قمشه) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 519, divided between 104 families.

Dorudfaraman Rural District
Dorudfaraman Rural District (Persian: دهستان دورودفرامان) is in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Rahimabad. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Faraman.
GDesklets
gDesklets is a GNOME program which provides the architecture for small applets (desktop widgets) to be placed on top of the user's desktop.  It is comparable to other desktop widget programs.  The applets placed on the desktop are meant to be quick ways for the user to retrieve information and not get in the way of normal activity.

GNOME
GNOME (/ɡəˈnoʊm, ˈnoʊm/) is a free and open-source desktop environment for Linux and other Unix-like operating systems. It is distributed as the default desktop environment of many major Linux distributions, including Debian, Fedora Linux, Ubuntu, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and SUSE Linux Enterprise, and is the default in Oracle Solaris, a Unix operating system.

GNOME is developed by the GNOME Project, which is composed of both volunteers and paid contributors, the largest corporate contributor being Red Hat. It is an international project that aims to develop frameworks for software development, to program end-user applications based on these frameworks, and to coordinate efforts for the internationalization, localization, and accessibility of that software.

In 2023 and 2024, GNOME received €1,000,000 from Germany's Sovereign Tech Fund.
Crataegus brachyacantha
Crataegus brachyacantha is one of the "black-fruited" species of hawthorn, but it is only very distantly related to the other black-fruited species such as C. douglasii or C. nigra. The common names blueberry haw and blueberry hawthorn refer to the appearance of the fruit, which are almost blue, and does not refer to their taste. The species is rarely cultivated but has ornamental leaves, flowers, and foliage. It is native to Louisiana, and also occurs just across the border of neighbouring states.

Crataegus nigra
Crataegus nigra, the Hungarian thorn, Hungarian hawthorn or black hawthorn, is a black-fruited species of hawthorn native to the western balkan and the Pannonian Basin, spanning from Slovakia to Albania. The fruit, which is up to 10 mm across, can be consumed fresh or cooked.. This tree also grows in the forests of northern Iran in the provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran, and Golestan. This plant is the main food of pheasants in these regions. In Mazandaran, it is called Valik in the local language and in Gilan, it is called Marikh in the local language.

The tree grows up to 6 metres in height. Unlike most other species of hawthorn, it grows well in areas that are periodically flooded.
Maureen Reagan
Maureen Elizabeth Reagan (January 4, 1941 – August 8, 2001) was an American political activist and the first child of U.S. president Ronald Reagan and his first wife, actress Jane Wyman. Her younger brother was Michael Reagan and her half-siblings were Patti Davis and Ron Reagan, from her father's second marriage (to Nancy Reagan).

Abortion-rights movement
Abortion-rights movements, also self-styled as pro-choice movements, are movements that advocate for legal access to induced abortion services, including elective abortion. They seek to represent and support women who wish to terminate their pregnancy without fear of legal or social backlash.  These movements are in direct opposition to anti-abortion movements.

The issue of induced abortion remains divisive in public life, with recurring arguments to liberalize or restrict access to legal abortion services. Some abortion-rights supporters are divided as to the types of abortion services that should be available under different circumstances, including periods in the pregnancy such as late term abortions, in which access may or may not be restricted.
Muiden Castle
Muiden Castle (Dutch: Muiderslot, Dutch pronunciation: [ˌmœydərˈslɔt]) is a castle in the Netherlands, located at the mouth of the Vecht river, some 15 kilometers southeast of Amsterdam, in Muiden, where it flows into what used to be the Zuiderzee. It is one of the better known castles in the Netherlands and featured in many television shows set in the Middle Ages.

Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht
The Bishopric of Utrecht (Dutch: Sticht Utrecht; Latin: Episcopatus Ultraiectensis) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries, in the present-day Netherlands. From 1024 to 1528, as one of the prince-bishoprics of the Holy Roman Empire, it was ruled by the bishops of Utrecht.

The Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht is not to be confused with the Diocese of Utrecht, which covered a larger area. Over the areas outside the Prince-Bishopric, the bishop exercised only spiritual, not temporal, authority.

In 1528, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor secularized the Prince-Bishopric, depriving the bishop of its secular authority.
2024–25 HockeyAllsvenskan season
The 2024–25 HockeyAllsvenskan season was the 20th season of HockeyAllsvenskan, the second-highest professional ice hockey league in Sweden. The season consisted of 14 teams playing a regular season in which each team played each other team four times; twice at home and twice away. The regular season is followed by a series of promotion and relegation tournaments, with the teams finishing first through tenth participating in promotion playoffs, and those finishing thirteenth and fourteenth forced to requalify to avoid relegation to Hockeyettan.

For the 2024–25 season, there were three team movements. Brynäs IF was promoted to the SHL as reigning 2024 HockeyAllsvenskan champions. Västerviks IK lost for the second consecutive season in the play-out and were demoted to the Hockeyettan with Vimmerby HC promoted in their place.

Hockeyettan
Hockeyettan is the third tier of ice hockey in Sweden. As of the 2015–16 season, the league consists of 39 teams divided geographically into four groups. Hockeyettan operates a system of promotion and relegation with HockeyAllsvenskan and Division 2.

From 1944 to 1975, Division I was the highest league in the Swedish ice hockey system, but with the creation of Elitserien (now the SHL) in 1975, it became the second tier. Division I was further relegated to third-tier status in 1999 as HockeyAllsvenskan was spun off into a standalone league, but was frequently written as "Division 1" on the Internet, as it was pronounced "Division One". The league was renamed Hockeyettan for the 2014–15 season.

Hockeyettan is the lowest tier to be organized by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association; all men's tiers below Hockeyettan are organized regionally.
Pōhiva Tuʻiʻonetoa
Pōhiva Tu’i’onetoa (30 June 1951 – 18 March 2023) was a Tongan accountant and politician who served as the prime minister of Tonga from 2019 to 2021. Tu'i'onetoa succeeded Semisi Sika, who had served as acting prime minister, since the death of ʻAkilisi Pōhiva.

Prime Minister of Tonga
The prime minister of Tonga (historically referred to as the premier) is the head of government of Tonga. Tonga is a monarchy with the king, currently Tupou VI, former prime minister, as head of state. The current prime minister is Fatafehi Fakafānua, who has served since 18 December 2025. Fakafānua was elected by the Legislative Assembly following the 2025 general election.

The office of prime minister was established by the Constitution of 1875, whose article 51 stipulates that the prime minister and other ministers are appointed and dismissed by the king.

The prime minister is assisted by the deputy prime minister.
Minnesota Highway 371 Bridge
The Minnesota Highway 371 Bridge is a 4-lane bridge carrying Minnesota State Highway 371 over the Mississippi River in the town of Baxter.  It opened in 2000 as part of the Hwy. 371 bypass of Brainerd.

Minnesota State Highway 371
Minnesota State Highway 371 (MN 371) is a 107.411-mile-long (172.861 km) state highway in central and north-central Minnesota. The route connects Minnesota's northern lakes region with the central part of the state. It runs north–south from U.S. Highway 10 (US 10) in Little Falls to US 2 in Cass Lake. MN 371 has become a heavily traveled arterial route that was once a two-lane roadway over almost all of its length, but has been widened to four lanes across most of its southern half. Much of the traffic on the route is Twin Cities-based traffic heading to their cabins on one of the many northern lakes.
Kalba-Too
The Kalba-Too (or Kalbatoo, Kyrgyz: Калба-Тоо) is a mountain range in the north Tien-Shan, a northern branch of the Talas Ala-Too Range. It stretches for 29 km from south to north between the valleys of the rivers Beshtash and Kalba, left tributaries of the Talas. Its highest point is Atchykpas, elevation 4,146 m. The mountains are dissected by a dense net of short and shallow, but steep gulleys. The slopes have a weathering crust, the surface of which is sodded.

Talas Ala-Too
The Talas Ala-Too range (Kyrgyz: Талас Ала-Тоосу, romanized: Talas Ala-Toosu; Kazakh: Талас Алатауы, romanized: Talas Alatauy) is range of the Tian Shan mountains forming the southern and eastern border of Talas Region of Kyrgyzstan. Its western end extends into Kazakhstan, and its south-western end joins the Pskem Mountains and Ugam Range of Uzbekistan. Its eastern end joins the Kyrgyz Ala-Too mountains. To the north is the Talas River valley, and, to the south, Jalal-Abad Region. The highest point is Mount Manas (4484m) near the Uzbek border. There are four major passes along the range. Ötmök pass (closed in winter) is the road entrance from the east. The main road from Bishkek to Osh enters from the east over the Ala-Bel pass, passes through the Chychkan State Zoological Reserve and then turns south over another pass into Jalal-Abad province. The Kara-Buura Pass (road) and Terek pass (no major road) lead south into Jalal-Abad provinces.
Tsugaru Mountains
The Tsugaru Mountains (津軽山地, Tsugaru-sanchi) are a mountain range on the Tsugaru Peninsula of Aomori Prefecture, in Honshū, Japan. The range stretches 60 km (37 mi) south-southeast from Cape Tappi on the northern end of the peninsula to the western flank of the volcanic Hakkōda Mountains south of the city of Aomori. The highest point in the range is Mount Maruyakata, measuring 718 meters (2,356 ft).

It is made up of mountains ranging roughly between 200 and 700 meters (660 and 2,300 ft) in height. Some mountains in the range are Mount Bonju, Mount Maruyakata, Tongari-dake, and Mount Manogami.

Aomori
Aomori (青森, Aomori; IPA: [aoꜜmoɾi]), officially Aomori City (青森市, Aomori-shi), is the capital city of Aomori Prefecture, in the Tōhoku region of Japan. As of 1 August 2023, the city had an estimated population of 264,945 in 136,781 households, and a population density of 321 people per square kilometer spread over the city's total area of 824.61 km2 (318.38 sq mi). Aomori is one of Japan's 62 core cities and the core of the Aomori metropolitan area.