hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tennessee State Route 38
State Route 38 (SR 38) is a north–south highway located entirely in Hamilton County in southern East Tennessee. The 2.96-mile (4.76 km) highway runs concurrently with U.S. Route 11 (US 11) for its entire length from the Georgia state line to the US 41/US 64/US 72 (SR 2) in west Chattanooga.

U.S. Route 41 in Tennessee
U.S. Route 41 (US 41) is a United States Numbered Highway that runs from Miami, Florida, to Copper Harbor, Michigan. In Tennessee, the highway is paralleled by Interstate 24 all the way from Georgia to Kentucky, and I-24 has largely supplanted US 41 as a major highway, especially for large and heavy vehicles, such as tractor-trailer trucks and buses.
RAF Oakhanger
RAF Oakhanger was a Royal Air Force station in Hampshire split over three operational sites; with accommodation in nearby Bordon. The main site and operations centre is located near the village of Oakhanger, the two other sites being nearby. The parent station for administrative purposes was RAF Odiham.

RAF Odiham
Royal Air Force Odiham or more simply RAF Odiham (IATA: ODH, ICAO: EGVO) is a Royal Air Force station situated a little to the south of the village of Odiham in Hampshire, England. It is the home of the Royal Air Force's heavy lift helicopter, the Boeing Chinook, and of The King's Helicopter Flight (TKHF). Its current station commander is Group Captain Sarah Moorehead.
M squared
In laser science, the parameter M2, also known as the beam propagation ratio or beam quality factor is a measure of laser beam quality. It represents the degree of variation of a beam from an ideal Gaussian beam. It is calculated from the ratio of the beam parameter product (BPP) of the beam to that of a Gaussian beam with the same wavelength. It relates the beam divergence of a laser beam to the minimum focussed spot size that can be achieved. For a single mode TEM00 (Gaussian) laser beam, M2 is exactly one. Unlike the beam parameter product, M2 is unitless and does not vary with wavelength.

The M2 value for a laser beam is widely used in the laser industry as a specification, and its method of measurement is regulated as an ISO standard.

Transverse mode
A transverse mode of electromagnetic radiation is a particular electromagnetic field pattern of the radiation in the plane perpendicular (i.e., transverse) to the radiation's propagation direction. Transverse modes occur in radio waves and microwaves confined to a waveguide, and also in light waves in an optical fiber and in a laser's optical resonator.

Transverse modes occur because of boundary conditions imposed on the wave by the waveguide. For example, a radio wave in a hollow metal waveguide must have zero tangential electric field amplitude at the walls of the waveguide, so the transverse pattern of the electric field of waves is restricted to those that fit between the walls. For this reason, the modes supported by a waveguide are quantized. The allowed modes can be found by solving Maxwell's equations for the boundary conditions of a given waveguide.
Tavernerio
Tavernerio (Comasco: Tavarnee [taʋarˈneː]) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Milan and about 6 kilometres (4 mi) east of Como.

Tavernerio borders the following municipalities: Albese con Cassano, Como, Faggeto Lario, Lipomo, Montorfano, Torno.

Montorfano
Montorfano (English: "orphan hill"; Brianzöö: Muntorfan [mũˈtɔrfã]) is a town and comune in the province of Como, part of Lombardy, in northern Italy. It is situated about 5 kilometres (3 mi) south of Como, which is at the southern tip of Lake Como, c. 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of Milan. It has about 2,500 inhabitants. The main attractions of Montorfano are its own very small lake and the Circolo Golf Villa d'Este, one of the main Italian golf courses which has hosted twelve Italian Opens.
Muafakat Nasional
Muafakat Nasional (MN, English: National Concord) was a Malaysian political coalition that was formed between the Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) and United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) against the then-ruling Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition which had come into power after the 2018 Malaysian general election (GE14). The political cooperation between the two largest Malay/Muslim-based parties was officialised with the signing of the Piagam Muafakat Nasional (National Cooperation Charter). The five-point charter was signed by PAS president Abdul Hadi Awang and UMNO president Ahmad Zahid Hamidi in the Himpunan Penyatuan Ummah (Ummah Unity Rally) held at Putra World Trade Centre (PWTC), Kuala Lumpur on 14 September 2019. Its main aim is to unite the Malay/Muslim community or Ummah for electoral purposes.

Islam in Malaysia
Islam in Malaysia is represented by the Shafi‘i school of Sunni jurisprudence. Islam was introduced to Malaysia by traders arriving from Persia, Arabia, China and the Indian subcontinent. It became firmly established in the 15th century. In the Constitution of Malaysia, Islam is granted the status of "religion of the Federation" to symbolize its importance to Malaysian society, while defining Malaysia constitutionally as a secular state. Therefore, other religions can be practiced legally, though freedom of religion is still limited in Malaysia.

Malaysia is a country whose most professed religion is Islam. As of 2024, there were approximately 22.4 million Muslim adherents, or 65% of the population.

Various Islamic holidays such as Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha and Mawlid have been declared national holidays alongside Christmas, Chinese New Year, and Deepavali.
Serranías de Ig'embe Integrated Management Natural Area
Serranías de Ig'embe Integrated Management Natural Area is a protected area in the Department of Chuquisaca, Luis Calvo Province, Bolivia. It is characterized by the mountainous landscape brought on by the Cordillera Oriental mountain range.
There are 7 communities of the Guaraní people, alongside an additional 7 villages.

Cordillera Oriental (Bolivia)
The Cordillera Oriental or Eastern Cordillera is a set of parallel mountain ranges of the Bolivian Andes, emplaced on the eastern and north eastern margin of the Andes. Large parts of Cordillera Oriental are forested and humid areas rich in agricultural and livestock products. Geologically, the Cordillera Oriental is formed by the Central Andean fold and thrust belt.

The Bolivian tin belt lies in the cordillera.
Bölge (İzmir Metro)
Bölge is an at-grade station on the M1 Line of the İzmir Metro in Bornova. It is located in the Kazımdirik neighborhood adjacent to Üniversite Avenue and just south of the D.300 state highway. The station is located next to the main campus of Yaşar University and is used mostly by students. Bölge opened on 22 May 2000 as part of the ten original stations on the İzmir Metro.

Bornova
Bornova is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey. Its area is 220 km2, and its population is 454,470 (2022). It is the third largest district in İzmir's metropolitan area and is almost fully urbanized at the rate of 98.6 percent, with correspondingly high levels of development in terms of industries and services. Bornova's center is situated at a distance of 8 km (5 mi) to the northeast of the traditional center of İzmir (Konak Square in Konak, İzmir) and 5 km (3 mi) from the coastline at the tip of the Gulf of İzmir to the west. Bornova district area is surrounded by the district areas of Yunusemre (Manisa Province) and Menemen to the north, Kemalpaşa to the east, Buca to the south, and Konak and Karşıyaka to the west, where the larger part of İzmir's urban area extends. Bornova is home to Ege University's main campus and associated hospital, one of the largest and foremost medical centers in western Turkey.
Castel del Giudice
Castel del Giudice is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Isernia in the Italian region of Molise, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northwest of Campobasso and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Isernia.

Castel del Giudice borders the following municipalities: Ateleta, Capracotta, Gamberale, San Pietro Avellana, Sant'Angelo del Pesco.

Campobasso
Campobasso (UK: /ˌkæmpoʊˈbæsoʊ/, Italian: [ˌkampoˈbasso] ⓘ; Campobassan: Cambuàsce [ˌkambuˈwaʃʃə]) is a city and comune in southern Italy, the capital of the region of Molise and of the province of Campobasso. It is located in the high basin of the Biferno river, surrounded by the Sannio and Matese mountains.

Campobasso is renowned for the craftsmanship of blades (including scissors and knives), a fact well documented since the 14th century. It is also famous for the production of pears and scamorza (cheese). The city is home to the University of Molise and the Archdiocese of Campobasso-Boiano.
Peter of Zittau
Peter of Zittau (Czech: Petr Žitavský;  c. 1275–1339) was a Bohemian churchman and historian. Born in Zittau, he entered the Cistercian monastery of Aula Regia (Zbraslav), founded by Wenceslaus II in 1292, and became the monastery's official historian. He is the primary author of the Chronicon Aulae Regiae. Esteemed by his colleagues, in 1316 Peter was elected the second abbot of Aula Regia. In this capacity he took part in the election of King John and staunchly opposed Henry of Carinthia. He later grew disenchanted with John, but wrote a lengthy lament for the passing of his wife, Elizabeth, the "true heiress of Bohemia" (vera heres Boemiae), in 1330.

John of Bohemia
John of Bohemia, also called the Blind or of Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: Jang de Blannen; German: Johann der Blinde; Czech: Jan Lucemburský; 10 August 1296 – 26 August 1346), was the Count of Luxembourg from 1313 and King of Bohemia from 1310 and titular King of Poland. He is well known for having died while fighting in the Battle of Crécy at age 50, after having been blind for a decade. In his home country of Luxembourg, he is considered a national hero. Comparatively, in the Czech Republic (anciently the Kingdom of Bohemia), Jan Lucemburský is often recognized for his role as the father of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, one of the more significant Kings of Bohemia and one of the leading Holy Roman Emperors.
Dark tourism
Dark tourism (also thanatourism, black tourism, morbid tourism, or grief tourism) has been defined as tourism involving travel to places historically associated with death and tragedy. More recently, it was suggested that the concept should also include reasons tourists visit that site, since the site's attributes alone may not make a visitor a "dark tourist". The main attraction to dark locations is their historical value rather than their associations with death and suffering. Holocaust tourism contains aspects of both dark tourism and heritage tourism.

Tragedy (event)
A tragedy is an event of great loss, usually of human life.  Such an event is said to be tragic. Traditionally, the event would require "some element of moral failure, some flaw in character, or some extraordinary combination of elements" to be tragic.

Not every death is considered a tragedy. Rather, it is a precise set of symptoms surrounding the loss that define it as such. There are a variety of factors that define a death as tragic.

An event in which a massive number of deaths occur may be seen as a tragedy. This can be re-enforced by media attention or other public outcry.

A tragedy does not necessarily involve massive death. The death of a single person, e.g., a public figure or a child, may be seen as a tragedy. The person need not necessarily have been famous before death.
The Temple News
The Temple News (TTN) is the editorially independent bi-weekly newspaper of Temple University.
It prints 2,000 copies to be distributed primarily on Temple's Main Campus every other Tuesday. A staff of 36, supported by more than 150 writers, is responsible for designing, reporting and editing the bi-weekly paper. Increasingly, TTN is supplementing its bi-weekly print product with breaking news and online-only content on its web site.

In 2023, the paper's efforts garnered nine Keystone Press Awards. The previous year, the paper's staff won 13 Keystones. In November 2008, the paper's web site, temple-news.com, was honored with the 2008 National Online Pacemaker Award, and has also won the print counterpart, a National Pacemaker Award, both awarded by the Associated Collegiate Press.

Philadelphia Daily News
Philadelphia Daily News is a tabloid newspaper that serves Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The newspaper is owned by The Philadelphia Inquirer, LLC, and is published as an edition of The Philadelphia Inquirer.

The Daily News began publishing on March 31, 1925, under founding editor Lee Ellmaker. By 1930, the newspaper's circulation exceeded 200,000, but by the 1950s the news paper was losing money. In 1954, the newspaper was sold to Matthew McCloskey and then sold again in 1957 to publisher Walter Annenberg.

In 1969, Annenberg sold the Daily News to Knight Ridder. In 2006 Knight Ridder sold the paper to a group of local investors, and it later became part of Philadelphia Media Network (PMN) with The Inquirer. PMN was donated to The Philadelphia Foundation in 2016, and the Daily News became an edition of The Inquirer in 2019. The Daily News has won three Pulitzer Prizes.
Valle de Lago
Valle de Lago is one of fifteen parishes (administrative divisions) in Somiedo, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is situated at an elevation of 1,250 m (4,100 ft) above sea level. It is 29.76 km2 (11.49 sq mi) in size, with a population of 121 (2008). The postal code is 33840.

Somiedo
Somiedo (Asturian: Somiedu) is a municipality in the Autonomous Community of the Principality of Asturias, Spain. It is bordered on the north by Belmonte de Miranda, on the east by Teverga, on the west by Tineo and Cangas del Narcea, and on the south by the province of León.

It is the second least densely populated municipality in Asturias.

All of the municipality forms part of Somiedo Natural Park, which has been declared a biosphere reserve by Unesco. Saliencia Lakes are located in Somiedo.
Nokia Talkman 320F
The Nokia Talkman 320F is a car phone which is discontinued. It was released in August 1984, after the release of Nokia Actionman and Nokia Actionman II. Its features are the same as the previous two versions. It has a storage memory of 184 contacts. It used the NMT 450 network. The phone is a heavy model Nokia weighing about 4.7 kg. Its monochrome LCD is suitable for displaying contacts. The battery gives a stand by backup up to 10 hours and a talk time up to 60 minutes.

Nokia Actionman
The Nokia Actionman is a mobile phone from Nokia which has been discontinued. It was launched in January 1984 and used the NMT 450 network. It has a monochromic LCD. The phone is meant to be kept in cars. It only supports calling features. Multimedia and messaging are not supported by the Actionman. It has 100 channels which can be changed via the numeric keypad.
OCP Group
OCP Group, formerly Office Chérifien des Phosphates, is a Moroccan state-owned phosphate rock miner, phosphoric acid manufacturer and fertilizer producer. Founded in 1920, the company has grown to become the world's largest producer of phosphate and phosphate-based products and it is one of the largest phosphate, fertilizer, chemicals, and mineral industrial companies in the world by revenue.

OCP has access to more than 70% of the world's phosphate rock reserves. Initially a mining company, OCP diversified in 1965 to become a phosphate processor, making it the world's largest fertilizer manufacturer. The company holds a 31% market share of the world phosphate product market.

The Group employs nearly 17,000 people in Morocco, along with staff in several international subsidiaries. In 2024, it generated revenues of US $9.76 billion.

Diammonium phosphate
Diammonium phosphate (DAP; IUPAC name diammonium hydrogen phosphate; chemical formula (NH4)2(HPO4)) is one of a series of water-soluble ammonium phosphate salts that can be produced when ammonia reacts with phosphoric acid.

Solid diammonium phosphate shows a dissociation pressure of ammonia as given by the following expression and equation:

(NH4)2HPO4(s)  ⇌  NH3(g) + (NH4)H2PO4(s)

At 100 °C, the dissociation pressure of diammonium phosphate is approximately 5 mmHg.

According to the diammonium phosphate MSDS from CF Industries, Inc., decomposition starts as low as 70 °C:  "Hazardous Decomposition Products: Gradually loses ammonia when exposed to air at room temperature. Decomposes to ammonia and monoammonium phosphate at around 70 °C (158 °F). At 155 °C (311 °F), DAP emits phosphorus oxides, nitrogen oxides and ammonia."
Purley railway station
Purley railway station is in the London Borough of Croydon on the Brighton Main Line, 13 miles 29 chains (21.50 km) measured from London Bridge (15 miles 13 chains (24.40 km) from Charing Cross), in London fare zone 6. It is a junction, with branches to Caterham and Tattenham Corner.

Bedford railway station
Bedford railway station (formerly Bedford Midland Road and historically referred to on some signage as Bedford Midland) is the larger of two railway stations in the town of Bedford, in Bedfordshire, England. It is on the Midland Main Line, which connects London St Pancras with the East Midlands, and is the terminus of the Marston Vale line between Bletchley and Bedford St Johns.
Lauchringen West station
Lauchringen West station (German: Bahnhof Lauchringen West) is a railway station in the town of Lauchringen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The station lies on the High Rhine Railway. The train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn. Because of the track layout at neighboring Lauchringen, this is the final stop on the High Rhine Railway for trains heading up the Wutach Valley Railway.

High Rhine Railway
The High Rhine Railway (German: Hochrheinbahn) is a Deutsche Bahn railway line from Basel Badischer Bahnhof in the city of Basel to Konstanz on Lake Constance. It was built by the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railways as part of the Baden Mainline, which follows the Rhine upstream from Mannheim Hauptbahnhof to Konstanz. The line derives its name from the High Rhine (Hochrhein), which it follows between Basel and Waldshut and on a short section in Schaffhausen.

The line crosses the Germany–Switzerland border three times and passes through Swiss territory two times within the canton of Basel-Stadt and whilst crossing the main part of the canton of Schaffhausen. The other sections of the line run through the German state of Baden-Württemberg. Schaffhausen station is congruemtly owned by Deutsche Bahn (DB) and SBB Infrastructure, while the line is operated throughout by DB, and parts by SBB GmbH and Thurbo.
Sri Lanka Freedom Party
The Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP; Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා නිදහස් පක්ෂය, romanised: Śrī Laṁkā Nidahas Pakṣaya; Tamil: இலங்கை சுதந்திரக் கட்சி, romanised: Ilaṅkai Cutantirak Kaṭci) is a centre-left political party in Sri Lanka. Founded by S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike in 1951, the party was one of Sri Lanka's two main parties from the 1950s to the 2010s, serving as the main rival of the centre-right United National Party. Following a split in the late 2010s and subsequent electoral losses, the influence of the party has since diminished.

The party is generally considered as having a democratic socialist or progressive economic agenda and is often associated with Sinhalese nationalist parties. The party follows a non-aligned foreign policy but has historically had close ties to socialist nations.

Nepotism
Nepotism is the act of granting an advantage, privilege, or position to relatives in an occupation or field. These fields can include business, politics, academia, entertainment, sports, religion or health care. In concept, it is similar to cronyism.

The term originated with the assignment of nephews, sons, or other relatives to important positions by Catholic popes and bishops. Nepotism has been criticized since ancient history by philosophers, including Aristotle, Valluvar, and Confucius, condemning it as both evil and unwise.
Royal Aero Club of New South Wales
The Royal Aero Club of New South Wales (RACNSW) is a legacy aviation organisation, aero club, and certified flight training operator. Established in 1920 as NSW Section of the Australian Aero Club, it is one of Australia's oldest aviation organisations preceding both Qantas and the Royal Australian Air Force.

In 2023, the club was revived under new leadership and has since been described as the Southern Hemisphere's largest volunteer-run flying school, focused on youth training and mentorship.

Civil Aviation Safety Authority
The Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) is an Australian statutory authority responsible for the regulation and safety oversight of Australia's civil aviation. CASA was formed on 6 July 1995 under the Civil Aviation Act 1988 when the Civil Aviation Authority was split into two separate government bodies: Airservices Australia and CASA.

CASA is an agency within the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts (DITRDCA). Directors are appointed by the minister.

CASA is responsible for monitoring civil air operations in Australia, issuing appropriate licences, enforcing safety requirements and protecting the environment from the effects of aircraft use. Air traffic control in Australian air space falls under the statutory mandated responsibility and role of Airservices Australia.
Seattle Housing Authority
Seattle Housing Authority is an independent public corporation in the city of Seattle, Washington, responsible for public housing for low-income, elderly, and disabled residents. SHA serves more than 25,500 people, just under a third of whom are children, through around 5,200 HUD units, 1,000 units for the elderly and disabled, and 800 additional units that receive local funding. SHA is also the local administrator for Section 8 housing. It is run by a seven-member Board of Commissioners appointed by the mayor.

One of SHA's most notable properties is Yesler Terrace, which at the time of its completion in 1941 was Washington's first public housing development and the first racially integrated public housing development in the United States.  Keeping with its efforts to diversify, the SHA created the Scattered Site program in 1978.  This program has currently established 800 small-scale public housing units in diverse neighborhoods throughout the city.

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is one of the executive departments of the U.S. federal government. It administers federal housing and urban development laws. It is headed by the secretary of housing and urban development, who reports directly to the president of the United States and is a member of the president's Cabinet.

Although its beginnings were in the House and Home Financing Agency, it was founded as a Cabinet department in 1965, as part of the "Great Society" program of President Lyndon B. Johnson, to develop and execute policies on housing and metropolises.
Loka, Šentjernej
Loka (pronounced [ˈloːka]) is a village west of Šentjernej in southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

Remains of a Roman villa rustica have been found close to the settlement.

Šentjernej
Šentjernej (pronounced [ʃɛnˈtjɛːɾnɛi̯] or [ʃənˈtjɛːɾnɛi̯]; in older sources also Šent Jernej, German: Sankt Bartlmä) is a small town in southeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Šentjernej. It lies in the center of the Šentjernej Plain (Slovene: Šentjernejsko polje), which is part of the larger Krka Flat (Slovene: Krška ravan). The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.