hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
German Party (Yugoslavia)
The German Party (German: Partei der Deutschen) was a political party of Germans in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The party was formed in 1922 and participated in elections until it was banned following Yugoslav king Alexander I's dictatorship of 6 January 1929.

1923 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on 18 March 1923. The seats were divided up by the political borders which existed before the Kingdom's formation and distributed using the population statistics of 1910.

According to a TIME Magazine article published in the week following the election, the poll was marred by voter intimidation by the military police, suppression of the opposition and the disenfranchisement of ethnic minorities like the Hungarians and the Turks.

After the elections, an opposition Federalist Bloc was formed from the Croatian Republican Peasant Party, Slovenian People's Party and Yugoslav Muslim Organization.
Liouville field theory
In physics, Liouville field theory (or simply Liouville theory) is a two-dimensional conformal field theory whose classical equation of motion is a generalization of Liouville's equation.

Liouville theory is defined for all complex values of the central charge  of its Virasoro symmetry algebra, but it is unitary only if

and its classical limit is

Although it is an interacting theory with a continuous spectrum, Liouville theory has been solved. In particular, its three-point function on the sphere has been determined analytically.

Sphere
A sphere (from Ancient Greek σφαῖρα, sphaîra) is a surface analogous to the circle, a curve. In solid geometry, a sphere is the set of points that are all at the same distance r from a given point in three-dimensional space. That given point is the center of the sphere, and the distance r is the sphere's radius. The earliest known mentions of spheres appear in the work of the ancient Greek mathematicians.

The sphere is a fundamental surface in many fields of mathematics. Spheres and nearly-spherical shapes also appear in nature and industry. Bubbles such as soap bubbles take a spherical shape in equilibrium. The Earth is often approximated as a sphere in geography, and the celestial sphere is an important concept in astronomy. Manufactured items including pressure vessels and most curved mirrors and lenses are based on spheres. Spheres roll smoothly in any direction, so most balls used in sports and toys are spherical, as are ball bearings.
Tim Johnson (Illinois politician)
Timothy Vincent Johnson (July 23, 1946 – May 9, 2022) was an American politician and lawyer from Illinois. He was the U.S. representative for Illinois's 15th congressional district, serving from 2001 to 2013. He was a member of the Republican Party and did not run for re-election in 2012.

Urbana, Illinois
Urbana (/ɜːrˈbænə/ ur-BAN-ə) is a city in Champaign County, Illinois, United States, and its county seat. As of the 2020 census, Urbana had a population of 38,336. It is a principal city of the Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area, which had 236,000 residents in 2020. Urbana is notable for sharing the main campus of the University of Illinois with its twin city of Champaign.
Diarmuid Connolly
Diarmuid Connolly (born 7 July 1987) is an Irish Gaelic footballer. His league and championship career at senior level as a forward playing for the Dublin county team initially spanned 11 seasons from 2007 until 2018 when he left the panel after appearing in a league game against Mayo in February 2018.

In July 2019, Dublin senior football manager Jim Gavin confirmed in an interview with Dubs TV that Connolly was back training with the Dublin panel for the 2019 Championship. He went on to win sixth All Ireland title in September 2019.

In October 2020, Connolly announced his retirement from inter-county football.

Leinster Senior Club Football Championship
The Leinster Senior Club Football Championship is an annual Gaelic football tournament played on a knockout basis between the senior club championship winners of the competing counties in Leinster. The current holders of the Leinster title are Kilmacud Crokes from Dublin. Offaly side Gracefield were the first winners of the Leinster senior club football championship in the 1970–71 season. The most successful clubs are St. Vincent's, and Kilmacud Crokes from Dublin, and Portlaoise from Laois, who have won the Leinster championship on seven occasions. Carlow club Éire Óg won 5 championships in 7 years in the 1990s. Dublin clubs have won the Leinster championship twenty five times, which is more than triple any other county. The winner of this competition represents Leinster in the semi-finals of the All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship.
Blue Lagoon Local Nature Reserve
The Blue Lagoon Local Nature Reserve is a Local Nature Reserve in Bletchley, Milton Keynes in Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom. The Blue Lagoon is the only Local Nature Reserve in the City of Milton Keynes, covering 116 acres (47 ha). The diverse habitat, including shallow and deep water, grassland, scrubland and woodland, hosts an abundance of fauna and flora. The Blue Lagoon is also extensively used as a recreational facility.

Bletchley
Bletchley is a constituent town of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England, in the south-west of the city, split between the civil parishes of Bletchley and Fenny Stratford and West Bletchley, which In 2011 had a combined population of 37,114.

Bletchley is best known for Bletchley Park, the headquarters of Britain's World War II codebreaking organisation, and now a major tourist attraction. The National Museum of Computing is also located on the Park.
Uibes
Uibes (also ǀUibes and Uibis) is an unproclaimed settlement of about 500 people in the Hardap Region in southern central Namibia. It is situated on Hudup River 100 kilometres (62 mi) from Mariental on the gravel road between Gibeon and Maltahöhe and belongs to the Daweb electoral constituency.

Mariental, Namibia
Mariental is a town in south-central Namibia. It had 18,494  inhabitants in 2023. It is the administrative capital of the Hardap Region in an area which has long been a centre for the Nama people. It lies near the Hardap Dam, the second largest reservoir in Namibia.
Salvatore Bocchetti
Salvatore Bocchetti (Italian pronunciation: [salvaˈtoːre bokˈketti]; born 30 November 1986) is an Italian professional football coach and former player who is the head coach of Serie C Group C club Atalanta Under-23. He played as a centre-back as a player.

Hellas Verona FC
Hellas Verona Football Club, commonly referred to as simply Hellas Verona (Italian: [ˈɛllaz veˈroːna]), is an Italian professional football club based in Verona, Veneto, that currently plays in Serie A. The team won the Serie A championship in the 1984–85 season.

The club has been associated with politically far-right ultras since at least the 1970s, and has repeatedly had racist incidents occur in the stands over the decades, including an incident in 1996 in which an effigy representing Dutch player Maickel Ferrier was hung from the stadium railing with a banner reading "Negro, get out of here" by fans wearing Ku Klux Klan attire. The club was repeated fined in the 2010s and 2020s for fans in the stands racially abusing players on the pitch.

In January 2025, it was announced that the club had been acquired by American private equity Presidio Investors.
Ndora
Ndora is a village and commune/sector in Southern Province, south-western Rwanda, located roughly 10 kilometres east of the city of Butare. It is a farming community inhabited mainly by Hutu people. Pauline Nyiramasuhuko was born in Ndora in 1946.
Callixte Kalimanzira, head of the Ministry of Interior and Communal Development, met in Ndora on June 7, 1994 and warned the people that the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) were using small children who should also become targets. There is said to be an iron-smelting furnace in Ndora. A number of Hutu women in the village were widowed during the Rwandan genocide.

Butare
Butare (Kinyarwanda: [βú.tɑ́.ɾe]), also known as Huye and formerly known as Astrida, is a city with a population of 62,823 (2022 census) in the Southern Province of Rwanda and the capital of Huye district. It is the seventh largest town in Rwanda by population.
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Isle of Man)
The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Manx: Rheynn Eirinys, Eeastaght as Keylljyn) or DAFF is a former department of the Isle of Man Government.

In April 2010, the Department was broken up and most functions absorbed by Department of Environment, Food and Agriculture

Isle of Man Government
The Isle of Man Government (Manx: Reiltys Ellan Vannin) is the government of the Isle of Man. The formal head of the Isle of Man Government is the Lieutenant Governor, the personal representative of the Lord of Mann (currently Charles III). The executive head is the Chief Minister.

Douglas, the capital city in the Isle of Man, home to the seat of government, is where most Government offices and the parliament chambers (Tynwald) are located.

The Civil Service has more than 2,000 employees and the total number of public sector employees including civil servants, teachers, nurses, police, etc. was 7,413 full-time equivalent on 31 March 2019. This is just under 10% of the population of the Island and 21% of the working population. This does not include any military forces, as defence is the constitutional responsibility of the United Kingdom.
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (Ukrainian: Білгород-Дністровський, IPA: [ˈbilɦorod d⁽ʲ⁾n⁽ʲ⁾iˈstrɔu̯sʲkɪj]; Romanian: Cetatea Albă; Russian: Белгород-Днестровский, romanized: Belgorod-Dnestrovskiy), historically known as Aq Kirmān (Turkish: Akkerman) or by other names, is a port city in Odesa Oblast, southwestern Ukraine. It is situated on the right bank of the Dniester Estuary leading to the Black Sea, in the historical region of Budjak. It also serves as the administrative center of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion and is coterminous with Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. It is the location of a large freight seaport. Population: 47,727 (2022 estimate).

Greater Romania
Greater Romania (Romanian: România Mare) is the Kingdom of Romania during the interwar period, within its borders achieved after the Great Union; or the related pan-nationalist ideal of a nation state which would incorporate all Romanian-speakers.

In 1920, after the incorporation of Transylvania, Bukovina, Bessarabia and parts of Banat, Crișana, and Maramureș, the Romanian state reached its largest peacetime geographical extent (295,049 km2). Today, the concept serves as a guiding principle for the unification of Moldova and Romania.

The idea is comparable to other similar conceptions such as Greater Bulgaria, Megali Idea, Greater Yugoslavia, Greater Hungary and Greater Italy.
Samuel Nott
Samuel Nott (11 September 1788 – 1 June 1869) was one of the pioneers of American foreign missions. He was one of the first five foreign missionaries under American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to India, and established the Bombay Mission station, the first Americans overseas mission station in Bombay, then-headquarters of the Bombay Presidency of the British Raj.

He published several sermons and books, notably Sixteen Years' Preaching and Procedure at Wareham, Slavery and the Remedy, and many more.

Luther Rice
Luther Rice (March 25, 1783 – September 27, 1836) was an American Baptist minister who, after a thwarted mission to India, returned to America where he spent the remainder of his career raising funds for missions and advocating for the formation of a unified Baptist missionary-sending body, which culminated in establishment of the Baptist Triennial Convention (which later split with the formation of the Southern Baptist Convention).  He also raised funds to establish Columbian College (now George Washington University) in Washington, D.C.
Ghuwayr Abu Shusha
Ghuwayr Abu Shusha was a Palestinian Arab village in the Tiberias Subdistrict. It was depopulated during the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on April 21, 1948. It was located 8 km north of Tiberias, nearby Wadi Rubadiyya.

Tiberias Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine
Tiberias Subdistrict (Arabic: قضاء طبريا; Hebrew: נפת טבריה) was one of the subdistricts of Mandatory Palestine, and as of 1945 it was part of the Galilee District.

According to the 1947 partition plan, the district was to belong entirely to the Jewish state. After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, small areas south and east of the Sea of Galilee were conquered by the Syrian Army and became No Man's Land, while the whole of the sub-district became the modern Kineret sub-district Kinneret County in the North District
G. S. Venkataraman
Gopalasamudram Sitaraman Venkataraman (February 1, 1930 – October 3, 1998) was an Indian botanist, academic and the director of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi. He was also a director of the DBT Centre for Blue-Green Algae at Madurai Kamaraj University and a recipient of the VASVIK Industrial Research Award and Om Prakash Bhasin Award. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri in 1992.

Phycology
Phycology (from Ancient Greek  φῦκος (phûkos) 'seaweed' and  -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is the scientific study of algae.  Also known as algology, phycology is a branch of life science.

Algae are important as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. Most algae are eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms that live in a wet environment. They are distinguished from the higher plants by a lack of true roots, stems or leaves. They do not produce flowers. Many species are single-celled and microscopic (including phytoplankton and other microalgae); many others are multicellular to one degree or another, some of these growing to large size (for example, seaweeds such as kelp and Sargassum).

A number of microscopic algae also occur as symbionts in lichens.

Phycologists typically focus on either freshwater or ocean algae, and further within those areas, either diatoms or soft algae.
Delta Horologii
Delta Horologii (δ Horologii) is a binary star system in the constellation Horologium. It is visible to the naked eye with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.93. As of 2014, the pair had an angular separation of 0.20 arc seconds along a position angle of 24°. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 18.24 mas as seen from Earth, it is located 179 ± 4 light years from the Sun.

The primary, component A, is a magnitude 5.15 A-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of A9 V. At the estimated age of 768 million years, it is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 220 km/s, giving the star an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is 15% larger than the polar radius. The star has 1.4 times the mass of the Sun.

The secondary has an apparent magnitude of 7.29.

A-type main-sequence star
An A-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence (core hydrogen burning) star of spectral type A. The spectral luminosity class is V. These stars have spectra defined by strong hydrogen Balmer absorption lines. They measure between 1.7 and 2.1 solar masses (M☉), have surface temperatures between 7,600 and 10,000 K, and live for about a quarter of the lifetime of the Sun. Bright and nearby examples are Altair (A7), Sirius A (A1), and Vega (A0). A-type stars do not have convective zones and thus are not expected to harbor magnetic dynamos. As a consequence, because they do not have strong stellar winds; they lack a means to generate X-ray emission.
Cathartic
In medicine, a cathartic is a substance that accelerates defecation. This is similar to a laxative, which is a substance that eases defecation, usually by softening feces. It is possible for a substance to be both a laxative and a cathartic. However, agents such as psyllium seed husks increase the bulk of the feces.

Cathartics such as sorbitol, magnesium citrate, magnesium sulfate, or sodium sulfate were previously used as a form of gastrointestinal decontamination following poisoning via ingestion. They are no longer routinely recommended for poisonings.  High-dose cathartics may be an effective means of ridding the lower gastrointestinal tract of toxins; however, they carry a risk of electrolyte imbalances and dehydration.  Catharsis can be an effect of pesticide poisonings, such as with elemental sulfur.

Sorbitol
Sorbitol (/ˈsɔː(r)bɪtɒl/), less commonly known as glucitol (/ˈɡluːsɪtɒl/), is a sugar alcohol with a sweet taste which the human body metabolizes slowly. It can be obtained by reduction of glucose, which changes the converted aldehyde group (−CHO) to a primary alcohol group (−CH2OH). Most sorbitol is made from potato starch, but it is also found in nature, for example in apples, pears, peaches, and prunes. It is converted to fructose by sorbitol-6-phosphate 2-dehydrogenase. Sorbitol is an isomer of mannitol, another sugar alcohol; the two differ only in the orientation of the hydroxyl group on carbon 2. While similar, the two sugar alcohols have very different sources in nature, melting points, and uses.

As an over-the-counter drug, sorbitol is used as a laxative to treat constipation.
Peste Noire
Peste Noire are a French black metal band from La Chaise-Dieu. The band was formed in 2000, by "La sale Famine de Valfunde" (Ludovic Faure), also known simply as "Famine". Their music uses standard black metal elements mixed with traditional Gallic instrumentation, and influences from genres like punk and electronic music. The band is sometimes referred to as P.N. or K.P.N (Kommando Peste Noire).

The band is frequently grouped together with the French National Socialist black metal (NSBM) scene.

Horna
Horna (Finnish for "abyss" or "hell") is a Finnish black metal band formed Lappeenranta, Finland, in 1994. The band has appeared on over fifty releases including splits, demos, EPs and albums since 1995, which have been released through numerous record labels.
Swedish Hockey Association
The Swedish Hockey Association (Swedish: Svenska Landhockeyförbundet, SLHF) is the national hockey association in Sweden.

The Swedish Hockey Association was founded in 1973 as interest in field hockey in Sweden increased substantially following the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. SLHF and is a member of the Swedish Sports Confederation (Swedish: Riksidrottsförbundet, RF), the Swedish Olympic Committee (Swedish: Sveriges Olympiska Kommitté, SOK), the European Hockey Federation (EHF) and International Hockey Federation (FIH). Its headquarters are in Gothenburg.

Swedish Olympic Committee
The Swedish Olympic Committee (SOC; Swedish: Sveriges Olympiska Kommitté, SOK; IOC Code: SWE) is the Swedish National Olympic Committee (NOC). The Swedish Olympic Committee organize the Swedish participation in the Olympics, choose the participants and run a support program for Swedish elite athletes called "Topp och Talang".

Members of the committee are 38 sports federations, which elect the Executive Council composed of the president and eight members. The Athletes Committee has one representative and swedish IOC members also have an automatic chair.
The Jesters (R&B band)
The Jesters were a white soul/R&B  band in Athens, Georgia, United States, formed in 1964. They lasted 50 years. Among the acts they either toured with or opened for were Jerry Butler, Marvin Gaye, Patti LaBelle, The Marvellettes, The Platters and Jackie Wilson.

The Platters
The Platters are an American rhythm and blues vocal group formed in 1952. They are one of the most successful vocal bands of the early rock and roll era. Their distinctive sound bridges the pre-rock Tin Pan Alley tradition and the new burgeoning genre. The act has gone through multiple line-ups over the years, earning it the branding tag "Many Voices One Name", with the most successful incarnation comprising lead tenor Tony Williams, David Lynch, Paul Robi, naming member Herb Reed, and Zola Taylor. The Platters had 40 charting singles on the  Billboard Hot 100 between 1955 and 1967, including four number-one hits. In 1990, the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The group continues to perform around the world with "Herb Reed Enterprises" (an LLC set up by Reed in response to numerous fake Platters groups) owning the rights and trademark to the name.
GMP synthase
Guanosine monophosphate synthetase, (EC 6.3.5.2) also known as GMPS is an enzyme that converts xanthosine monophosphate to guanosine monophosphate.

In the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides, IMP is the branch point metabolite at which point the pathway diverges to the synthesis of either guanine or adenine nucleotides. In the guanine nucleotide pathway, there are 2 enzymes involved in converting IMP to GMP, namely IMP dehydrogenase (IMPD1), which catalyzes the oxidation of IMP to XMP, and GMP synthetase, which catalyzes the amination of XMP to GMP.

Ligase
In biochemistry, a ligase is an enzyme that can catalyze the joining (ligation) of two molecules by forming a new chemical bond. This is typically via hydrolysis of a small pendant chemical group on one of the molecules, typically resulting in the formation of new C-O, C-S, or C-N bonds. For example, DNA ligase can join two complementary fragments of nucleic acid by forming phosphodiester bonds, and repair single stranded breaks that arise in double stranded DNA during replication.

In general, a ligase catalyzes the following dehydration reaction, thus joining molecules A and B:

A-OH + B-H → A–B + H2O
J. H. Chajes
J. H. Chajes (/ˈhaɪɛs/ or /ˈhɑːjɛs/; Josef Hillel/Jeffrey Howard; Hebrew: יוסף (יוסי) חיות, Hebrew pronunciation: [joˌsef ˌjosi χaˈjut]; born June 11, 1965) is the Sir Isaac and Lady Edith Wolfson Professor of Jewish Thought in the Department of Jewish History at the University of Haifa. He is a Jewish cultural historian whose work has been devoted to the intersections of Kabbalah, magic, and science in the early modern period. In the last decade, he has become the leading scholar of visual Kabbalah, having founded The Ilanot Project and published the first major work on the previously unstudied genre of ilanot (scrolls featuring the arboreal diagram commonly known as the "Tree of life"). He is the author of Between Worlds: Dybbuks, Exorcists, and Early Modern Judaism and The Kabbalistic Tree. In 2013, he was elected to the Executive Board of the World Union for Jewish Studies, where he serves as Division Chair for rabbinic literature, Jewish law, and Jewish thought.

Dybbuk
In Jewish mythology, a dybbuk (/ˈdɪbək/; Yiddish: דיבוק, from the Hebrew verb דָּבַק‎ dāḇaq, meaning 'adhere' or 'cling') is a malicious possessing spirit believed to be the dislocated soul of a dead person. It supposedly leaves the host body once it has accomplished its goal, sometimes after being exorcised.
Secure file transfer program
sftp is a command-line interface client program to transfer files using the SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP), which runs inside the encrypted Secure Shell connection.

It provides an interactive interface similar to that of traditional command-line FTP clients.

One common implementation of sftp is part of the OpenSSH project. There are other command-line SFTP clients that use different names, such as lftp, PSFTP and PSCP (from PuTTY package) and WinSCP.

WinSCP
WinSCP (Windows Secure Copy) is a file manager, SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), WebDAV, Amazon S3, and secure copy protocol (SCP) client for Microsoft Windows. The WinSCP project has released its source code on GitHub under an open source license, while the program itself is distributed as proprietary freeware.