hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Couch Beach, South Australia
Couch Beach (formerly Couch's Beach) is a locality in the Australian state of  South Australia located on the western side of Yorke Peninsula on the portion forming the south coast of Hardwicke Bay in Spencer Gulf about 130 kilometres (81 miles) west of the state capital of Adelaide.

Its boundaries were created in May 1999 for the “long established name” which was formerly Couch's Beach and which was derived from the Couch family who “owned the land for many years”  It is bounded on all sides by the adjoining locality of The Pines.

As of 2015, the majority land use within the locality is agriculture.  A secondary use concerns the strip of land overlooking the coastline with Spencer Gulf which is zoned for conservation.

Couch Beach is located within the federal division of Grey, the state electoral district of Narungga and the local government area of the Yorke Peninsula Council.

Spencer Gulf
The Spencer Gulf is the westernmost and larger of two large inlets (the other being Gulf St Vincent) on the southern coast of Australia, in the state of South Australia, facing the Great Australian Bight. It spans from the Cape Catastrophe and Eyre Peninsula in the west to Cape Spencer and Yorke Peninsula in the east.

The largest towns on the gulf are Port Lincoln, Whyalla, Port Pirie, and Port Augusta. Smaller towns on the gulf include Tumby Bay, Port Neill, Arno Bay, Cowell, Port Germein, Port Broughton, Wallaroo, Port Hughes, Port Victoria, Port Rickaby, Point Turton, and Corny Point.
ISO 3166-2:BN
ISO 3166-2:BN is the entry for Brunei in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently for Brunei, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for four districts.

Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is BN, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Brunei. The second part is two letters.

ISO 3166
ISO 3166 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, special areas of geographical interest, and their principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states). The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions.
Fieldsboro, New Jersey
Fieldsboro is a borough in Burlington County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 526, a decrease of 14 (−2.6%) from the 2010 census count of 540, which in turn reflected an increase of 18 (+3.4%) from the 522 counted in the 2000 census. The borough, and all of Burlington County, is a part of the Philadelphia-Reading-Camden combined statistical area and the Delaware Valley.

Fieldsboro was incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature as Fieldsborough on March 7, 1850, within portions of Mansfield Township. It separated from Bordentown Township as an independent municipality c. 1894. The borough was named for the Field family, prominent early settlers in the area.

Burlington Township, New Jersey
Burlington Township is a township in Burlington County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is a suburb of Philadelphia and is part of the South Jersey region of the state. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 23,983, its highest decennial count ever and an increase of 1,389 (+6.1%) from the 2010 census count of 22,594, which in turn reflected an increase of 2,300 (+11.3%) from the 20,294 counted in the 2000 census.  The township, and all of Burlington County, is a part of the Philadelphia-Reading-Camden combined statistical area and the Delaware Valley.
Hazelwood House, Glasgow
Hazelwood House is a B listed building in Glasgow. It was designed in the manner of the Arts and Crafts movement. Built in 1882, it is located in the suburb of Dumbreck adjacent to Bellahouston Park, and was one of the first buildings in Glasgow to enjoy a domestic electricity supply.

Dumbreck
Dumbreck (/dʌmˈbrɛk/; Scottish Gaelic: An Dùn Breac, lit. 'the Speckled Fort' or  Scottish Gaelic: Druim Breac, lit. 'Speckled Ridge') is an area in the city of Glasgow, Scotland. It is situated south of the River Clyde.

Dumbreck is a conservation area.

The district is served by Dumbreck railway station. The only church in Dumbreck is St Leo the Great RC church.
Spike protein
In virology, a spike protein or peplomer protein is a protein that forms a large structure known as a spike or peplomer projecting from the surface of an enveloped virus.: 29–33  The proteins are usually glycoproteins that form dimers or trimers.: 29–33

Membrane fusion protein
Membrane fusion proteins (not to be confused with chimeric or fusion proteins) are proteins that cause fusion of biological membranes. Membrane fusion is critical for many biological processes, especially in eukaryotic development and viral entry. Fusion proteins can originate from genes encoded by infectious enveloped viruses, ancient retroviruses integrated into the host genome, or solely by the host genome. Post-transcriptional modifications made to the fusion proteins by the host, namely addition and modification of glycans and acetyl groups, can drastically affect fusogenicity (the ability to fuse).
Zagajówek
Zagajówek [zaɡaˈjuvɛk] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Michałów, within Pińczów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) west of Michałów, 10 km (6 mi) south-west of Pińczów, and 47 km (29 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce.

Michałów, Pińczów County
Michałów [miˈxawuf] is a village in Pińczów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Michałów. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) south-west of Pińczów and 45 km (28 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce.

Michałów State Stud is the largest Arabian horse farm in Poland.
Coedydd Aber National Nature Reserve
53°13′52″N 4°01′30″W﻿ / ﻿53.231°N 4.025°W﻿ / 53.231; -4.025
Coedydd Aber National Nature Reserve lies tucked away in a steep valley on the northern flanks of the Carneddau mountains, roughly midway between Bangor and Llanfairfechan in Gwynedd, Wales.

Water cascades over a hard shelf of volcanic rock at the far end of the Aber valley, before plummeting 100m down the Aber Falls to flow swiftly along a torrential river channel to the sea.

The nearby village of Abergwyngregyn was an important centre for the Welsh princes in the 13th century, and the valley contains some remains from this period.

Aber Falls
Aber Falls (Welsh: Rhaeadr Fawr, lit. 'big waterfall') is a waterfall located about two miles (3 km) south of the village of Abergwyngregyn, Gwynedd, Wales.

The waterfall is formed as the Afon Goch plunges about 120 feet (37 m) over a sill of igneous rock in the foothills of the Carneddau range. Two tributaries merge; the enlarged stream is known as Afon Rhaeadr Fawr; from the road bridge, Bont Newydd ("New Bridge"), the name becomes Afon Aber.

There is a second waterfall a short distance west named Rhaeadr-bach or Rhaeadr Fach.
Robert Moore (priest)
Robert Henry Moore (8 June 1872 - 20 February 1964) was an Anglican priest in the last decade of the 19th century and the first three of the 20th.

Moore was educated at Trinity College, Dublin and ordained in 1897. After a curacy at St Luke's, Lower Falls, Belfast he went out to Australia. He served at Kanowna, Mount Morgans, Boulder and Fremantle. During World War I he served as a Chaplain in the AIF. When peace returned he became the Rector of Northam. He was also Archdeacon of Northam from 1921 until 1930; and the Dean of Perth from 1929 to 1947.

He died in 1964, aged 91. He was married twice: first in 1901 to Jane Josephine Watterson, who died in 1916, and, secondly, in 1921 to Margaret Riley, the daughter of the Archbishop of Perth, Charles Riley.

Royal Australian Army Chaplains' Department
The Royal Australian Army Chaplains' Department (RAAChD) is an all-officer corps of the Australian Army that provides ordained clergy to minister to the personnel of the Australian Army. RAAChD chaplains belong to either one of several Christian churches, or to the Jewish faith. As of 2012, there are 67 serving regular chaplains (commonly known as 'padres') in the full-time Australian Army and 83 chaplains in the Australian Army Reserve.

The Department was granted the privilege of the prefix 'Royal' by King George VI along with a number of other Australian Army corps in December 1948 in recognition of their service during the Second World War. Before that, the Department was titled the Australian Army Chaplains' Department.
Xuanduan
Xuanduan (Chinese: 玄端), also known as yuanduan (Chinese: 元端, for the naming taboo of Zhao Xuanlang, the prioclaimed ancestor by Song dynasty emperors, and Xuanye, Kangxi Emperor), is a form of Chinese court dress (and/or ritual garment) which was made of dark or black fabric. It is a form of yichang (i.e. a set of attire composed of upper and lower garment). It was worn since the Western Zhou dynasty. During the Ming dynasty, under the reign of Emperor Jiajing, the xuanduan became a model for the regulations reforms related to yanfu (casual or leisure clothing) worn by the emperor and officials.

Book of Rites
The Book of Rites, also known as the Liji (禮記), is a collection of texts that describe the social forms, administrative structures, and ceremonial rites of the Zhou dynasty, as interpreted during the Warring States period and the early Han dynasty. Together with the Rites of Zhou (Zhōulǐ, 周禮) and the Book of Etiquette and Rites (Yílǐ, 儀禮), it forms part of the "Three Li" (Sānlǐ, 三禮), which comprise the ritual (lǐ, 禮) component of the Five Classics—a foundational set of texts in the Confucian tradition. Each of the Five Classics is a compilation of works rather than a single text.

As a core Confucian text, the Book of Rites is also referred to as the Classic of Rites or Lijing (禮經). Some scholars suggest that Lijing was the original title before it was changed by the Han dynasty scholar Dai Sheng.
Particle-laden flow
Particle-laden flows refers to a class of two-phase fluid flow, in which one of the phases is continuously connected (referred to as the continuous or carrier phase) and the other phase is made up of small, immiscible, and typically dilute particles (referred to as the dispersed or particle phase). Fine aerosol particles in air is an example of a particle-laden flow; the aerosols are the dispersed phase, and the air is the carrier phase.

The modeling of two-phase flows has a tremendous variety of engineering and scientific applications: pollution dispersion in the atmosphere, fluidization in combustion processes, aerosol deposition in spray medication, along with many others.

Two-phase flow
In fluid mechanics, two-phase flow is a flow of gas and liquid — a particular example of multiphase flow.  Two-phase flow can occur in various forms, such as flows transitioning from pure liquid to vapor as a result of external heating, separated flows, and dispersed two-phase flows where one phase is present in the form of particles, droplets, or bubbles in a continuous carrier phase (i.e. gas or liquid).
Non-volcanic passive margins
Non-volcanic passive margins (NVPM) constitute one end member of the transitional crustal types that lie beneath passive continental margins; the other end member being volcanic passive margins (VPM).  Transitional crust welds continental crust to oceanic crust along the lines of continental break-up.  Both VPM and NVPM form during rifting, when a continent rifts to form a new ocean basin. NVPM are different from VPM because of a lack of volcanism. Instead of intrusive magmatic structures, the transitional crust is composed of stretched continental crust and exhumed upper mantle. NVPM are typically submerged and buried beneath thick sediments, so they must be studied using geophysical techniques or drilling.  NVPM have diagnostic seismic, gravity, and magnetic characteristics that can be used to distinguish them from VPM and for demarcating the transition between continental and oceanic crust.

Continental crust
Continental crust is the layer of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks that forms the geological continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves. This layer is sometimes called sial because its bulk composition is richer in aluminium silicates (Al-Si) and has a lower density compared to the oceanic crust, called sima which is richer in magnesium silicate (Mg-Si) minerals. Changes in seismic wave velocities have shown that at a certain depth (the Conrad discontinuity), there is a reasonably sharp contrast between the more felsic upper continental crust and the lower continental crust, which is more mafic in character.

Most continental crust is dry land above sea level. However, 94% of the Zealandia continental crust region is submerged beneath the Pacific Ocean, with New Zealand constituting 93% of the above-water portion.
Red forest duiker
The red forest duiker, Natal duiker, or Natal red duiker (Cephalophus natalensis) is a small antelope found in central to southern Africa. It is one of 22 extant species form the subfamily Cephalophinae. While the red forest duiker is very similar to the common duiker, it is smaller in size and has a distinguishing reddish coloring.  Additionally, the red forest duiker favors a denser bush habitat than the common duiker.  The Natal red duiker is more diurnal and less secretive than most forest duikers, so therefore it is easier for them to be observed.  In 1999, red forest duikers had an estimated wild population of 42,000 individuals.

Common duiker
The common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia), also known as the gray duiker or bush duiker, is a small antelope and the only member of the genus Sylvicapra. This species is found everywhere in Africa south of the Sahara, excluding the Horn of Africa and the rainforests of the central and western parts of the continent. Generally, they are found in habitats with sufficient vegetation cover to allow them to hide—savannah and hilly areas, including the fringes of human settlements.
What Satellite and Digital TV
What Satellite and Digital TV was a satellite, terrestrial, cable and broadband television magazine published monthly in the United Kingdom by MyHobbyStore. Although the magazine was primarily targeted for the UK market, it was also sold in Europe, Africa and the Middle East.

Satellite dish
A satellite dish is a dish-shaped type of parabolic antenna designed to receive or transmit information by radio waves to or from a communication satellite.  The term most commonly means a dish which receives direct-broadcast satellite television from a direct broadcast satellite in geostationary orbit.
On Gold Mountain
On Gold Mountain: The One-Hundred-Year Odyssey of My Chinese-American Family describes 100 years of author Lisa See's family history, providing a complex portrait of her family’s hard work, suffering, failures and successes as they moved from China to the United States.  Speaking of the Chinese side of her family, See has said: "Things were so fractured and wild at home ... But the weekends with my grandparents became the real center for me ... It was the side of the family I identified more with. It was fun, romantic, solid".

Carolyn See
Carolyn See (née Laws; January 13, 1934 – July 13, 2016) was a professor emerita of English at the University of California, Los Angeles, and the author of ten books, including the memoir, Dreaming: Hard Luck and Good Times in America, an advice book on writing, Making a Literary Life, and the novels There Will Never Be Another You, Golden Days, and The Handyman. See was also a book critic for The Washington Post for 27 years.
Marie Antoinette Gottesman
Marie Antoinette Gottesman (4 February 1881–1948) was a Hungarian socialite, opera singer, sister of Ervin Baktay, wife of Umrao Singh Sher-Gil and mother of the artist Amrita Sher-Gil and her sister Indira Sundaram.

Ervin Baktay
Ervin Baktay (1890–1963; born Ervin Gottesmann) was an author noted for popularizing Indian culture in Hungary.

Baktay had started his career as a painter and he encouraged his niece Amrita Sher-Gil to pursue art. He gave up painting to study eastern religions and art, and became a renowned Indologist.
Cocos Ridge
5°00′N 86°00′W﻿ / ﻿5.0°N 86.0°W﻿ / 5.0; -86.0

The Cocos Ridge is an aseismic ridge within the Cocos plate that runs northeastwards from just north of the Galápagos islands to the Middle America Trench offshore Panama. It records the effects of the Galápagos hotspot on the Cocos plate since the establishment of the Cocos–Nazca spreading centre during the break-up of the Farallon plate towards the end of the Oligocene epoch. It is the counterpart to the Carnegie Ridge, which developed on the Nazca plate.

Cocos Island is the only emergent part of the ridge. The volcanic activity that formed the island is much younger than the part of the ridge where it is located.

Cocos–Nazca spreading centre
The Cocos–Nazca spreading centre (CNSC, Cocos–Nazca spreading system) is the divergent boundary between the Cocos and Nazca plates. It extends from close to the East Pacific Rise northwest of the Galápagos Islands, to the southeastern end of the Middle America Trench offshore Panama. The western part of this boundary is formed by the west–east Galápagos spreading centre, with the eastern part formed of two short spreading segments and three large transform segments, including the Panama fracture zone.
Khoy
Khoy (Persian: خوی) is a city in the Central District of Khoy County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. Occupied since Median times, it shares a long history as an important Christian center.

Nor Shirakan
Nor Shirakan (Armenian: Նոր Շիրական), Parskahayk (Armenian: Պարսկահայք) or Persarmenia, was the seventh province of the ancient kingdom of Armenia, situated on the western shore of Lake Urmia, bordered on Adiabene and Atropatene, now in northwestern Iran.

Zarehavan was the centre of the province.

Persarmenia had nine cantons:

Zarevand/Zaravand (Զարեւանդ, Zarewand)

Her (Հեր)

Arna (Առնա, Aṙna or Ըռնա, Əṙna)

Zarehavan (Զարեհաւան, Zarehawan)

Tamber (Տամբեր, Tamber)

Trabi (Թրաբի, Tʿrabi)

Ayli (Այլի) or Kurichan (Կուռիճան, Kuṙičan)

Mari (Մարի)

Arisi (Արիսի)
Urfa biber
Urfa biber (also known as isot pepper, /ɪˈsoʊt/) is a spice prepared from landrace Capsicum annuum  in the Urfa region of Turkey. It is often described as having a smoky, raisin-like taste. Urfa biber is technically a red (chili) pepper, ripening to a dark maroon on the plant. The peppers go through a two-part process, where they are sun-dried during the day and wrapped tightly at night. The night process is called 'sweating', and works to infuse the dried flesh with the remaining moisture of the pepper. The result is an appearance ranging from deep purple to a dark, purplish black. Urfa biber is less spicy than many other chili peppers, but provides a more lasting build of heat.

The pungency of the urfa biber is 7,500 SHU on the Scoville scale.

The Urfa pepper is a protected geographic indication in Turkey, with the official name "Urfa isot pepper" (Urfa isot biberi).: 205

Scoville scale
The Scoville scale is a measurement of spiciness of chili peppers and other substances, recorded in Scoville heat units (SHU). It is based on the concentration of capsaicinoids, among which capsaicin is the predominant component.

The scale is named after its creator, American pharmacist Wilbur Scoville, whose 1912 method is known as the Scoville organoleptic test. The Scoville organoleptic test is a subjective assessment derived from the capsaicinoid sensitivity by people experienced with eating hot chilis.

An alternative method, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), can be used to analytically quantify the capsaicinoid content as an indicator of pungency.
Jeffrey C. Stewart
Jeffrey Conrad Stewart (born 1950 in Chicago) is an American Professor of Black Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. 
He won the 2018 National Book Award for Nonfiction and the 2019 Pulitzer Prize for Biography for his book The New Negro: The Life of Alain Locke, described as "a panoramic view of the personal trials and artistic triumphs of the father of the Harlem Renaissance and the movement he inspired".

Pulitzer Prize for Biography
The Pulitzer Prize for Biography is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. The award honors "a distinguished and appropriately documented biography by an American author." Award winners receive US$15,000.

From 1917 to 2022, this prize was known as the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography and was awarded to a distinguished biography, autobiography or memoir by an American author or co-authors, published during the preceding calendar year. It is one of the original Pulitzers. The program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year.
Mariveles Reef
Mariveles Reef (Malay: Terumbu Mantanani; Filipino: Bahura ng Mariveles; Vietnamese: đá Kỳ Vân; Mandarin Chinese: 南海礁; pinyin: Nánhǎi Jiāo), is located in the SW of Dangerous Ground in the Spratly Islands.  It is 59 kilometres (37 mi) slightly east of north from Swallow Reef and 35 nautical miles (65 km; 40 mi) southeast of Barque Canada Reef.

It dries at high tide enclosing two large lagoons in a figure of eight formation with a sand cay between them. This small cay, 1.5–2 m high, and some isolated rocks are just visible at high water.

It is one of the areas in the Spratly Islands occupied by Malaysia. The Royal Malaysian Navy has maintained an "offshore naval station" there called "Station Mike" since 1986. The atoll is also claimed by the People's Republic of China, Republic of China (Taiwan), the Philippines, and Vietnam.

Swallow Reef
Swallow Reef, also known as Malay: Pulau Layang-Layang; Vietnamese: Đá Hoa Lau; Mandarin Chinese: 燕子島; pinyin: Yànzi Dǎo; Celerio Reef (Filipino: Bahura ng Celerio), is an oceanic atoll of the Spratly Islands administered by Malaysia.

The Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) has maintained a presence on the reef since 1983, but as with all of the Spratly Islands, the ownership is disputed, and it is also claimed by the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Vietnam. The Philippines does not lay claim to Swallow Reef.
Acharya Institutes
Acharya Institutes  is a group of educational institutions located in Bangalore, India. The institutes were established in 1990 and offer a range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs in various fields.

Visvesvaraya Technological University
Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU) is a collegiate public state university in Belagavi, Karnataka established by the Government of Karnataka. It came into existence in the year 1998. The university is named after Sir M. Visvesvaraya, an Indian civil engineer, statesman and the 19th Diwan of Mysore.