hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Weak gravity conjecture
In theoretical physics, the weak gravity conjecture (WGC) is a conjecture regarding the strength gravity can have in a theory of quantum gravity relative to the gauge forces in that theory. It roughly states that gravity should be the weakest force in any consistent theory of quantum gravity. It was first proposed by Nima Arkani-Hamed, Luboš Motl, Alberto Nicolis, and Cumrun Vafa in 2007.

Gravity when compared to a U(1) gauge group interaction like electromagnetism, the mildest version of the weak gravity conjecture implies that there exist an object with electric charge q and mass m such that

where  is the charge-to-mass ratio of an arbitrary large black hole.

The conjecture was originally motivated by the fact that black holes should be able to decay. This insensitivity of black hole evaporation to its electric charge suggests that black holes can violate global symmetries and violate global charge conservation.

Conjecture
In mathematics, a conjecture is a proposition that is proffered on a tentative basis without proof. Some conjectures, such as the Riemann hypothesis or Fermat's conjecture (now a theorem, proven in 1995 by Andrew Wiles), have shaped much of mathematical history as new areas of mathematics are developed in order to prove them.
Sant Tukaram Nagar metro station
Sant Tukaram Nagar is an elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the Purple Line of Pune Metro in Pimpri Chinchwad, India. The station was opened on 6 March 2022 and was the first to be completed. From March 2022 to July 2023, the Purple Line operated between PCMC Bhavan and Phugewadi, but from 1 August 2023 the section between Phugewadi and Civil Court metro station came into use, so trains ran from PCMC Bhavan to Civil Court. On 29 September 2024, the launch of Pune Metro Phase I was completed and the Purple Line was fully operational from PCMC to Swargate.

District Court Pune metro station
District Court Pune (formerly known as "Civil Court Metro Station") is a metro station that facilitates cross-platform interchange between the Aqua Line and the Purple Line in Pune, India. The station was opened on 1 August 2023 as an extension of Pune Metro Phase I. This station will also serve as a future interchange for Line 3 of the Pune Metro. The platform on the Purple Line is one of the deepest in India at a depth of 33 m (108 ft.). The architectural design of the station's roof permits natural sunlight to penetrate directly to the underground platforms.
Tommy Afonso
Tomás António Afonso (born 20 March 1960), also known as Jr. Nelson, is a Portuguese singer, theatre actor, composer, and playwright based in Southall, England. He is known for his work in tiatr productions, having initially earned fame as a member of the Trio Kings, a musical trio. The son of singer Nelson Afonso, he is involved in promoting amateur tiatrists in the UK.

Goans
Goans (Romi Konkani: Goenkar, Portuguese: Goeses) is the demonym used to describe the people native to Goa, India, formerly part of Portuguese India (Estado Português da Índia). They form an ethno-linguistic group resulting from the assimilation of Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Indo-Portuguese, Austro-Asiatic ethnic and/or linguistic ancestries. They speak different dialects of the Konkani language, collectively known as Goan Konkani. "Goanese", although sometimes used, is an incorrect term for Goans.
Colona thorelii
Colona thorelii is a species small tree, in the family Malvaceae and now placed in the subfamily Grewioideae; it is named after the French botanist Clovis Thorel.  No subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life.

The species is distributed in southern China (S. & SE. Yunnan), Indo-China (including Vietnam) and Peninsula Malaysia.

Grewioideae
Grewioideae is a subfamily of the family Malvaceae and was first described by Hochreutiner. The group is named after its type genus, Grewia, which is named for the English scientist Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712).  It contains a number of genera that were previously placed in the defunct family Tiliaceae.
Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2025)
The following is a timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2023–present) in 2025.

This timeline is a dynamic and fluid list, and as such may never satisfy criteria of completeness. Moreover, some events may only be fully understood and/or discovered in retrospect.

Northern State (Sudan)
Northern State (Arabic: الولاية الشمالية Aš Šamāliya) is one of the 18 wilayat (states) of Sudan. It has an area of 348,765 km2 and an estimated population of 936,255. Northern Sudan was known in ancient times as Nubia. Jebel Uweinat is a mountain range in the area of the Egyptian-Libyan-Sudanese border. The state has been part of historical Sudanese kingdoms and countries such as the Mahdist State and the Kingdom of Kush. The state is bordering Egypt to the North, River Nile State to the east, Khartoum State to the southeast, North Kordofan to the south, and North Darfur and Libya to the west. The disputed Wadi Halfa Salient is located on the border of the state and Egypt.
Monte Musinè
Monte Musinè or simply Musinè (in Piedmontese mont Musinè) is a mountain in the Graian Alps in the Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, north Italy.  Musinè is well known for the high cross on its peak, as well as for being the mountain closest to Turin. It is visible from the Piedmontese plateau and from the mountains in the provinces of Biella and Vercelli.

Metropolitan City of Turin
The Metropolitan City of Turin (Italian: città metropolitana di Torino; Piedmontese: sità metropolitan-a 'd Turin) is a metropolitan city in the Piedmont region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Turin. It replaced the province of Turin and comprises 312 comuni (sg.: comune). It was created by the reform of local authorities (Law 142/1990) and established by the Law 56/2014. It has been officially operating since 1 January 2015. With a population of 2,204,276, it is the 4th most populous metropolitan city in Italy.

The Metropolitan City of Turin is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor (sindaco metropolitano) and by the Metropolitan Council (consiglio metropolitano). Since 27 October 2021, Stefano Lo Russo has served as the mayor of the capital city, succeeding Chiara Appendino. The largest metropolitan city of Italy, it is the only one to border a foreign state, France.
Kurseli
Kurseli is a large village in Hariyawan block of Hardoi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located north of the city of Hardoi, to the west of the main road to Pihani. Kurseli hosts a market on Mondays and Thursdays,
 and the main staple foods are wheat and rice. It has several schools and one clinic, along with five practitioners of traditional medicine. The village lands extend a long way to the south, and include a chain of jhils that ultimately drain into the Sai river. As of 2011, the population of Kurseli is 10,404, in 1,936 households.

Hariyawan
Hariyawan is a village and corresponding community development block in Hardoi district of Uttar Pradesh, India. It hosts a market on Wednesdays and Sundays. The main staple foods here are wheat and rice. As of 2011, its population is 2,997, in 508 households.
Keigo Ōuchi
Keigo Ōuchi (大内 啓伍, Ōuchi Keigo; 23 January 1930 – 9 March 2016) was a Japanese politician who served as chairman of the Democratic Socialist Party from 1990 to 1994.

He led the Democratic Socialist Party into the 1993 Japanese general election. He was Minister of Health and Welfare in the Hosokawa Cabinet and Hata Cabinet. When his party merged into the New Frontier Party in 1994, Ōuchi declined to join. He instead formed the Liberal League with other independents. He joined the Liberal Democratic Party the following year.

Ōuchi died of pneumonia in Tokyo on 9 March 2016, at the age of 86.

Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare
The Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare (厚生労働大臣, Kousei-Rodou Daijin) is a member of the Cabinet of Japan and is the leader and chief executive of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. The minister is nominated by the Prime Minister of Japan and is appointed by the Emperor of Japan.

Minister Kenichiro Ueno took office on 21 October 2025.
Printer point
In photography, a printer point is a unit of relative exposure, in printing a negative, equal to a 1/12 of a stop or 0.025 Log(base 10) unit (one-fortieth of a decade) of exposure ratio.

This numbering scheme is used in photographic printing and photographic filters. Printer points were also used to specify color timing for photochemical film processing, particularly for motion pictures shot on film.

Increasing or decreasing the light by twelve points increases or decreases the exposure by a factor of two.  Such adjustments are used for darkness and color adjustment in photographic enlargers, for example.  A one-stop change in the exposure of a negative may require only an adjustment of about 6 to 8 printer points in printing, depending on the gamma of the film.

Gamma correction
Gamma correction or gamma is a nonlinear operation used to encode and decode luminance in video or images.

Gamma correction is, in the simplest cases, defined by the following power-law expression:

where the non-negative real input value  is raised to the power  and multiplied by the constant A to get the output value . In the common case of A = 1, inputs and outputs are typically in the range 0–1.

A gamma value  is sometimes called an encoding gamma, and the process of encoding with this compressive power-law nonlinearity is called gamma compression; conversely, a gamma value  is called a decoding gamma, and the application of the expansive power-law nonlinearity is called gamma expansion.
Manyberries
Manyberries is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within the County of Forty Mile No. 8. It is located approximately 85 km (53 mi) south of Medicine Hat, at the eastern end of Highway 61 (the Red Coat Trail).

County of Forty Mile No. 8
The County of Forty Mile No. 8 is a municipal district in south eastern Alberta, Canada. It is located in Census Division 1, southwest of Medicine Hat. Its municipal office is located in the Village of Foremost.

The County of Forty Mile is filled with several ghost towns such as Nemiskam, Orion, Conquerville, Altorado, Conrad, and the partially abandoned Etzikom.
Isoaulactinia
Isoaulactinia is a genus of cnidarians belonging to the family Actiniidae.

The species of this genus are found in Central America.

Species:

Isoaulactinia hespervolita Daly, 2004

Isoaulactinia stelloides (McMurrich, 1889)

Actiniidae
Actiniidae is the largest family of sea anemones, to which most common, temperate, shore species belong. Most members of this family do not participate in symbioses with fishes. Three exceptions are the bubble-tip anemone (with anemonefish and certain cardinalfish), snakelocks anemone (with Incognito goby) and Urticina piscivora (with painted greenling).

The systematics of Actiniidae is often quite difficult. The problem with identification of genera within this family is that most species are readily distinguishable when alive but when fixated lose their color and some other features. Arrangement of tentacles is important in defining genera for Actiniaria families. There may be one tentacle per space between mesenteries or there may be more than one tentacle between each two mesenteries. Members of the family Actiniidae have one tentacle per space.
1882 Yale Bulldogs football team
The 1882 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1882 college football season. The team compiled an 8–0 record, shut out seven of eight opponents, and outscored all opponents, 51 to 1.  The team was retroactively named as the national champion by the Billingsley Report, National Championship Foundation, and Parke H. Davis.

Henry Twombly, the team's quarterback, became a lawyer who participated in the incorporation of General Electric and Otis Elevator Company. Ray Tompkins was the team captain of the 1882 and 1883 teams. He became the president of the Chemung Canal Trust Company. Halfback Wyllys Terry went on to set a college football record in 1884 with a 115-yard run against Wesleyan. Rusher Louis K. Hull was also captain of the rowing team and was credited with winning more athletic letters than any Yale student. Back Benjamin Wisner Bacon became a noted theologian and leader of the Yale Divinity School.

Henry Twombly
Henry Bancroft "Deac" Twombly (November 10, 1862 – February 28, 1955) was an American college football player and lawyer. He is known for inventing quarterback signals. He played quarterback for the Yale Bulldogs football team of Yale University from 1881 to 1883. He helped lead Yale to a 21–0–1 record over three seasons. All three of those Yale teams were later recognized as national champions. Walter Camp played in the same backfield on the 1881 Yale Bulldogs football team.

Twombly graduated from Yale in 1884 and from Harvard Law School in 1886. During this legal career, Twombly was a senior partner of Putney, Twombly, Hall & Skidmore located at the City Investing Building in Manhattan. He participated the incorporation of General Electric and the Otis Elevator Company. Twombly died on February 28, 1955, at his home in Summit, New Jersey. At the time of his death, he was last living man who played football at Yale with Camp.
Bahya ben Asher
Bahya ben Asher ibn Halawa (בחיי בן אשר אבן חלואה‎‎, 1255–1340) was a rabbi and scholar of Judaism, best known as a commentator on the Hebrew Bible. 
He is one of two scholars now referred to as Rabbeinu Behaye, the other being philosopher Bahya ibn Paquda.

Nachmanides
Moses ben Nachman (Hebrew: מֹשֶׁה בֶּן־נָחְמָן Mōše ben-Nāḥmān, "Moses son of Nachman"; 1194–1270), commonly known as Nachmanides (/nækˈmænɪdiːz/; Greek: Ναχμανίδης Nakhmanídēs), and also referred to by the acronym Ramban (/ˌrɑːmˈbɑːn/; רמב״ן‎) and by the contemporary nickname Bonastruc ça Porta (Catalan: [ˌbɔnəsˈtɾuk sə ˈpɔrtə]; literally "Mazel Tov near the Gate", see astruc), was a leading medieval Jewish scholar, Catalan rabbi, philosopher, physician, kabbalist, and biblical commentator. He was raised, studied, and lived for most of his life in Girona, Catalonia. He is also considered to be an important figure in the re-establishment of the Jewish community in Jerusalem following its destruction by the Crusaders in 1099.
1950 Oklahoma gubernatorial election
The 1950 Oklahoma gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1950, and was a race for Governor of Oklahoma. Democrat Johnston Murray defeated Republican Jo O. Ferguson. Phil Ferguson unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination.

Cleveland County, Oklahoma
Cleveland County is a county in the central part of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The population was 295,528 at the 2020 United States census, making it the third-most populous county in Oklahoma. Its county seat is Norman. The county was named for U.S. President Grover Cleveland. Cleveland County is part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan statistical area.
Yunfu
Yunfu (simplified Chinese: 云浮; traditional Chinese: 雲浮; pinyin: Yúnfú), formerly romanized as Wanfow, and historically known as Dong'an (simplified Chinese: 东安; traditional Chinese: 東安; pinyin: Dōng'ān), which was formerly romanized as Tong On, from 1578 to 1913, is a prefecture-level city in western Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. It borders Zhaoqing to the north, Foshan to the east, Jiangmen to the southeast, Yangjiang to the south, Maoming to the southwest, and the autonomous region of Guangxi to the west. The city spans an area of 7,786.64 square kilometres (3,006.44 mi2), and has a population of 2,383,400 according to a 2021 publication by the city government.

Jiangmen
Jiangmen (Chinese: 江门), alternately romanized in Cantonese as Kongmoon, is a prefecture-level city in Guangdong Province in southern China. It consists of three urban districts (Pengjiang, Jianghai, Xinhui), Heshan, and the more rural Siyi (Xinhui, Taishan, Kaiping, and Enping), which is the ancestral homeland (侨乡, qiao'xiang) of approximately 4 million overseas Chinese.  As of the 2020 census, Jiangmen had a total population of about 4,798,090. Its urban region, consisting of Pengjiang, Jianghai, and Heshan, had 2,657,062 inhabitants.
Music of Spain
The musical traditions of Spain have played an important role in the development of both western classical and Latin American music. Spanish music includes many different traditional styles from across the country, among which flamenco and classical guitar are probably the best-known abroad. Music from the north-west regions is heavily reliant on bagpipes, the jota is widespread in the centre and north of the country, and flamenco originated in the south.

Spanish music played a notable part in the early developments of western classical music from the 15th through the early 17th century. The breadth of musical innovation can be seen in composers like Tomás Luis de Victoria, styles like the zarzuela of Spanish opera, the ballet of Manuel de Falla, and the classical guitar music of Francisco Tárrega. Nowadays, in Spain as elsewhere, various styles of commercial popular music are dominant.

Nova Cançó
The Nova Cançó (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈnɔβə kənˈso], meaning in English "The New Song") was an artistic movement that promoted Catalan music in Francoist Spain. The movement sought to normalize use of the Catalan language in popular music and denounced the injustices in Francoist Spain. The Grup de Folk, which emerged in the same period, also promoted a new form of popular music in Catalan, drawing inspiration from contemporary American and British music.
Gitman Bros
Gitman Bros is a men's shirt and necktie manufacturer. It is one of the few remaining made in America clothing companies. Currently owned by  Individualized Apparel Group, Gitman Bros is sold in 30 countries.

Shirt
A shirt is a cloth garment for the upper body (from the neck to the waist).

Originally an undergarment worn exclusively by men, it has become, in American English, a catch-all term for a broad variety of upper-body garments and undergarments. In British English, a shirt is more specifically a garment with a collar, sleeves with cuffs, and a full vertical opening with buttons or snaps (North Americans would call that a "dress shirt", a specific type of collared shirt). A shirt can also be worn with a necktie under the shirt collar.
Ruc language
Rục is a Vietic language spoken by the Ruc people of Tuyên Hóa district, Quảng Bình province, Vietnam. Rục literally means 'underground spring', and is a critically endangered language spoken by a small ethnic group that practiced a hunter-gatherer lifestyle until the late 20th century.

Affix
In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. The main two categories are derivational and inflectional affixes. Derivational affixes,  such as un-, -ation, anti-, pre- etc., introduce a semantic change to the word they are attached to. Inflectional affixes introduce a syntactic change, such as singular into plural (e.g. -(e)s), or present simple tense into present continuous or past tense by  adding -ing, -ed to an English word. All of them are bound morphemes by definition; prefixes and suffixes may be separable affixes.
Blidinje plateau
Blidinje plateau (Croatian: Blidinjska visoravan) is a karst plateau in Bosnia and Herzegovina, situated at the heart of Dinaric Alps, between major mountains of the range, Čvrsnica, Čabulja and Vran, with characteristic karstic features such as Dugo Polje field, Blidinje Lake, Grabovica and Drežnica valleys, and others. It represents important natural, hydrogeological reservation in karst of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with significant cultural and historical heritage, and Dinarides in general.

Jablanica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Jablanica (Serbian Cyrillic: Јабланица) is a town and municipality located in the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated on the Neretva river and Jablanica lake.
Le Duc des Lombards
Le Duc des Lombards is one of the main jazz clubs in Paris, France. It was founded in 1984 and is in the rue des Lombards, which hosts several other famous jazz clubs including Le Baiser Salé and the Sunset/Sunside. The Duc des Lombards club is located on the corner of rue des Lombards and boulevard de Sébastopol, and was renovated in 2007–08.

Le Baiser Salé
Le Baiser Salé (French for "The Salty Kiss") is a jazz club in Paris, at 58, rue des Lombards, that opened in 1983. It was founded by the Gibson brothers.

Musicians such as, Richard Bona, Angélique Kidjo, Monica Passos, Ultramarine, Les Étoiles, Sylvain Luc, Rido Bayonne, Leni Stern, Thierry Eliez, Etienne Mbappé, Mario Canonge, Nguyen Le, Nina Gat and others have played at Le Baiser Salé.
Davide Lewton Brain
Davide Lewton Brain (born 23 December 1998) is a Monégasque figure skater who competes in men's singles. He is a multiple-time Monégasque national champion and has represented Monaco at the European and World Figure Skating Championships. He was the first alternate for the men's singles event at the 2026 Winter Olympic Games.

In 2024, Lewton Brain became the first Monégasque figure skater to qualify for the World Championships.

Dragon Trophy
The Dragon Trophy is an annual international figure skating competition which is generally held in February in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Medals may be awarded in men's singles and women's singles at the senior, junior, and novice levels.
Chinese Dating with the Parents
Zhong Guo Shi Xiang Qin (Chinese: 中国式相亲; lit. 'Chinese Style Blind Date', known in English as Chinese Dating with the Parents) is a Chinese companion dating show. It is made and broadcast on Dragon Television in China and is currently hosted by Zhang Guoli and Chen Chen. The program was first broadcast and released on 24 December 2016 (Christmas Eve 2016) on Saturday nights at 20:30, and was originally hosted by Jin Xing.

Dragon Television
Shanghai Dragon Television or Dragon TV (Chinese: 东方卫视; pinyin: Dōngfāng Wèishì; lit. 'Eastern satellite channel'), commonly nicknamed the Tomato Channel (蕃茄台) based on its logo, is a provincial satellite TV station. It launched in October 1998 as "Shanghai Television" but changed its name to Dragon Television on October 23, 2003. Currently, Dragon TV's signal covers most of Mainland China and worldwide. From September 28, 2009, the channel used standard high-definition broadcast.
Obturator nerve
The obturator nerve in human anatomy arises from the ventral divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves in the lumbar plexus; the branch from the third is the largest, while that from the second is often very small.

External obturator muscle
The external obturator muscle or obturator externus muscle (/ˌɒbtjʊəˈreɪtər ɪkˈstɜːrnəs/; OE) is a flat, triangular muscle, which covers the outer surface of the anterior wall of the pelvis.

It is sometimes considered part of the medial compartment of thigh, and sometimes considered part of the gluteal region.

It is also considered to be part of the short external rotators of the hip, along with the gemellus superior and inferior, piriformis, and quadratus femoris.