hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2014 in Philippine television
The following is a list of events affecting Philippine television in 2014. Events listed include television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel launches, closures and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and carriage disputes.

Eat Bulaga!
Eat Bulaga! (transl. eat surprise!; stylized as Eat... Bulaga!) is a Philippine television variety show broadcast by Radio Philippines Network, ABS-CBN, GMA Network and TV5. Originally hosted by Tito Sotto, Vic Sotto, Joey de Leon, Chiqui Hollmann and Richie D'Horsie, it premiered on Radio Philippines Network on July 30, 1979, on the network's afternoon line up. The show moved to ABS-CBN on February 18, 1989, and later on GMA Network on January 28, 1995. By 2024, TV5 airs the show. It is the longest-running variety show in the Philippines. The show is currently produced by TVJ Productions, Inc. and hosted by Tito Sotto, Vic Sotto, Joey de Leon, Jose Manalo, Allan K., Wally Bayola, Paolo Ballesteros, Pauleen Luna, Ryan Agoncillo, Ryzza Mae Dizon, Maine Mendoza, Miles Ocampo, Carren Eistrup, Atasha Muhlach, R'Bonney Gabriel, Ian Red  and Julia Barretto.
Narihualá
Narihualá is an archaeological site in Peru. It is located in the Piura Region, Catacaos District a 17 km south of Piura. Is considered the capital of the Tallán Nation and is the most important architectural evidence of a great monument, both in its size and the prominent platforms of two pyramids.

Department of Piura
Piura (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpjuɾa])  is a department of Peru. Located on the country's northwestern coast, it is known for its tropical and dry beaches. It is the most populous department and region in Peru, its twelfth smallest department, and its fourth-most densely populated department, after Tumbes, La Libertad, and Lambayeque. It is administered by regional government. Its capital is Piura and its largest port cities, Paita and Talara, are also among the most important in Peru.
South Nitshill
South Nitshill (Scottish Gaelic: Cnoc nan Cnòthan a Deas) is a neighbourhood in the Scottish city of Glasgow. It is situated south of the River Clyde, in the south-west of the conurbation and within the Greater Pollok ward of the local authority area. All streets in the area have names beginning with 'W'.

It is bordered on three sides by other residential areas within Glasgow: to the south by Parkhouse and Southpark Village, to the north-east by Darnley and to the north (across a railway line) by Nitshill, an older settlement which was also developed for housing in the late 1950s. To the west are fields and the Levern Water separating the city from the town of Barrhead in East Renfrewshire. The closest railway station is Nitshill.

Southpark Village
Southpark Village is a housing estate in the Darnley area of the Scottish city of Glasgow. The northwestern area was built during the mid to late 1980s, but the southeastern part was built in the late 2010s. It is located on the south-western edge of the city, close to the towns of Barrhead and Newton Mearns in East Renfrewshire. Nearby areas within Glasgow itself are the rest of Darnley to the north, Deaconsbank to the east, and Parkhouse to the northwest, although Southpark is physically separated from all but the rest of Darnley by the Dams to Darnley Country Park and M77 motorway.
Nicolae Voinov
Nicolae Voinov (1834–May 29, 1899) was a Romanian politician.

Born in Focșani, Voinov was educated in his native country, following which he entered the magistracy. He first served as a prosecutor and then, from 1862 to 1864, presided over the Putna County tribunal. He wrote for Zimbru and Steaua Dunărei newspapers. Voinov was eventually attracted by politics, serving a number of terms as deputy and senator. From November 1883 to January 1885, he was Justice Minister in the National Liberal government of Ion C. Brătianu. He later joined the United Opposition and then the Constitutional Party of Petre P. Carp.

His adopted son was the biologist Dimitrie Voinov.

Ion C. Brătianu
Ion Constantin Brătianu (Romanian pronunciation: [iˈon brətiˈanu]; 2 June [O.S. 21 May] 1821 – 4 May [O.S. 22 April] 1891) was one of the major political figures of 19th-century Romania. He was the son of Dincă Brătianu and the younger brother of Dumitru Brătianu, as well as the father of Ion I. C. Brătianu, Dinu Brătianu and Vintilă Brătianu.
Michaelston-le-Pit and Leckwith
Michaelston-le-Pit and Leckwith is a community in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales. It is located immediately southwest of the city of Cardiff (bounded by the A4232 road) and to the north of the Vale of Glamorgan villages of Llandough and Dinas Powys. As its name suggests, the community includes the small villages of Michaelston-le-Pit and Leckwith. The community population comprises only just under 250 adults.

Michaelston-le-Pit and Leckwith have a community council comprising seven councillors and a clerk. For Vale of Glamorgan Council elections the community is part of the Dinas Powys ward.

Buildings of note in Michaelston-le-Pit and Leckwith include the Grade I listed St Michael's Church in Michaelston-le-Pit and the Old Leckwith Bridge (crossing the River Ely to Cardiff) which has a Grade II* heritage listing.

The population in 2011 was 309.

Llandough, Penarth
Llandough (/lænˈdɒk/; Welsh: Llandochau Fach [ɬan'doːχaɨ vaχ]) is a village, community and electoral ward in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales, approximately 2.3 miles (3.7 km) south west of Cardiff city centre, and approximately 1.3 miles (2 km) north west of Penarth.
Graham Maxwell
Arthur Graham Crowder Maxwell (18 July 1921 – 28 November 2010), often abbreviated as A. Graham Maxwell, was a Seventh-day Adventist theologian, and the emeritus professor of New Testament studies at Loma Linda University. In a 1985 survey of 55 religion teachers at North American Adventist colleges, Maxwell tied for fourth place among most influential Adventist authors.

Moral influence theory of atonement
The moral influence or moral example theory of atonement, developed or most notably propagated by Abelard (1079–1142), is an alternative to Anselm's satisfaction theory of atonement. Abelard focused on changing man's perception of God as not offended, harsh, and judgmental, but as loving. According to Abelard, "Jesus died as the demonstration of God's love", a demonstration which can change the hearts and minds of the sinners, turning them back to God.
Evil Empire speech
The "Evil Empire" speech was a speech by then-United States president Ronald Reagan to the National Association of Evangelicals on March 8, 1983, at the height of the Cold War and the Soviet–Afghan War. In that speech, Reagan referred to the Soviet Union as an "evil empire" and as "the focus of evil in the modern world". Reagan explicitly rejected the notion that the United States and the Soviet Union were equally responsible for the Cold War and the ongoing nuclear arms race between the two nations; rather, he asserted that the conflict was a battle between good and evil.

Lou Cannon
Louis Simeon Cannon (June 3, 1933 – December 19, 2025) was an American journalist, non-fiction author, and biographer who was state bureau chief for the San Jose Mercury News in the late 1960s, and later senior White House correspondent of The Washington Post during the presidency of Ronald Reagan. He was a prolific biographer of Ronald Reagan, having written five books about him. Cannon was a columnist and editorial advisor to State Net Capitol Journal, a weekly publication focused on state legislation and politics.
Tinagma giganteum
Tinagma giganteum is a moth in the family Douglasiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded in Alberta and Montana. The habitat consists of dry meadows.

The wingspan is 14–15 mm. The scales of the ground colour of the forewings are pale grey at their bases, shading into white and followed by a black tip. There is a broad blackish transverse fascia just before the middle of the wing, margined with white on the outer edge. It has a marginal row of nearly black scales. The hindwings are dark grey.

Douglasiidae
Douglasiidae is a small Lepidopteran family. It includes around 32 species of micromoth whose adults are collectively called Douglas moths, after British lepidopterist and hemipterist John William Douglas. The largest genus in the family is Tinagma. They are primarily found in the Palearctic realm, with some Nearctic species. The adults have a 6 to 15 mm wingspan, with a reduced hindwing venation and long fringes. The larvae are leaf miners or borers, primarily in stems and petioles, belonging to Boraginaceae, Labiatae, and Rosaceae.
2011 Open GDF Suez de Biarritz
The 2011 Open GDF Suez de Biarritz was a professional women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Biarritz, France from 4 to 10 July. It was part of the 2011 ITF Women's Circuit.  The singles championship was won by Pauline Parmentier and the doubles championship was won by Alexandra Panova and Urszula Radwańska.

Open de Biarritz
The ENGIE OPEN Biarritz (previously known as the Open GDF Suez de Biarritz) is a tournament for professional female tennis players played on outdoor clay courts. The event is classified as a $60,000 ITF Women's Circuit tournament and has been held in Biarritz, France, since 2003 (then a $25,000 category tournament). The 2024 Engie Open de Biarritz was upgraded to a $100,000 tournament.
Fireworks (Angra album)
Fireworks is the third studio album by the Brazilian power metal band Angra. It was released in 1998 on Lucretia Records. It was their last album to feature Andre Matos on vocals and Luís Mariutti on bass, and the last to feature drummer Ricardo Confessori until Aqua in 2010.

Aqua (Angra album)
Aqua is the seventh studio album by the Brazilian power metal band Angra. It was released on August 11, 2010 and August 17, 2010 in Japan and Brazil, respectively. It is their last recording to feature Edu Falaschi on lead vocals, and their only studio album on which drummer Ricardo Confessori returns.
Union (set theory)
In set theory, the union (denoted by ∪) of a collection of sets is the set of all elements in the collection. It is one of the fundamental operations through which sets can be combined and related to each other. 
A nullary union refers to a union of zero (⁠⁠) sets and it is by definition equal to the empty set.

For explanation of the symbols used in this article, refer to the table of mathematical symbols.

Element of a set
In mathematics, an element (or member) of a set is any one of the distinct objects that belong to that set. For example, given a set called A containing the first four positive integers (), one could say that "3 is an element of A", expressed notationally as .
1995 Constitution of Ethiopia
The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Amharic: የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ ሕገ መንግሥት, romanized: Ye-Ītyōṗṗyā Fēdēralawī Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpebilīk Ḥige Menigišit), also known as the 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia, is the supreme law of Ethiopia. The constitution came into force on 21 August 1995 after it was drawn up by the Constituent Assembly that was elected in June 1994. It was adopted by the Transitional Government of Ethiopia on 8 December 1994 and came into force following the general election held in May–June 1995.

Amhara Region
The Amhara Region (Amharic: አማራ ክልል, romanized: Åmara Kilil), officially the Amhara National Regional State (Amharic: የአማራ ብሔራዊ ክልላዊ መንግሥት, romanized: yeämara bıħérawi kılılawi mengıct), is a regional state in northern Ethiopia and the homeland of the Amhara, Awi, Argobba, and Qemant people. Its capital is Bahir Dar which is the seat of the Regional Government of Amhara. Amhara is the site of the largest inland body of water in Ethiopia, Lake Tana (which is the source of the Blue Nile), Grand Renaissance Dam and Semien Mountains National Park (which includes Ras Dashan, the highest point in Ethiopia). Amhara is bordered by Sudan to the west and northwest and by these regions of Ethiopia: Tigray to the north, Afar to the east, Benishangul-Gumuz to southwest, and Oromia to the south. Towns and cities in Amhara include: Dessie, Gonder, Debre Birhan, Debre Tabor, Kombolcha, Weldiya, Debre Markos, Seqota, Kobo, and Metema. The Regions name is said to mean “noble” or “highland”.
Khandakhadyaka
Khaṇḍakhādyaka (meaning "edible bite; morsel of food") is a Sanskrit-language astronomical treatise written by Indian mathematician and astronomer Brahmagupta in 665 CE. The treatise contains eight chapters covering such topics as the longitudes of the planets, diurnal rotation, lunar and solar eclipses, risings and settings, the moon's crescent and conjunctions of the planets. The treatise also includes an appendix which in some versions has only one chapter, and in other has three.

The treatise was written as a response to Aryabhata's Ardharatrikapaksa.

Ama-raja alias Ama-sharman (c. 1200) of Anandapura wrote a commentary titled Vasana-bhashya (IAST: Vāsanābhāṣya) on Khanda-khadyaka during the Chaulukya period. This work refers to earlier commentaries on Bhaskara's text, including those by Lalla (c. 748 CE), Prthudaka-svamin (c. 864), Utpala, and Someshvara (c. 1040). Khandakhadyaka was known to al-Biruni.

Utpala (astronomer)
Utpala, also known as Bhaṭṭotpala (Bhaṭṭa-Utpala) was an astronomer from Kashmir region of present-day India, who lived in the 9th or the 10th century. He wrote several Sanskrit-language texts on astrology and astronomy, the best-known being his commentaries on the works of the 6th-century astrologer-astronomer Varāhamihira.
1836 Delaware gubernatorial election
The 1836 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1836. Democratic Governor Caleb P. Bennett, elected in 1832 and died in office on May 9, 1836, and was succeeded by State Senate Speaker (and former Governor) Charles Polk Jr., a Whig. Former State House Speaker and State Treasurer Cornelius P. Comegys ran as the Whig nominee to succeed Polk and faced Democratic nominee Nehemiah Clark in the general election. Continuing the streak of closely fought elections, Comegys narrowly defeated Clark, winning 52% of the vote to Clark's 48%.

1832 Delaware gubernatorial election
The 1832 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1832. This was the first gubernatorial election held under the 1831 constitution, which moved the state's general elections to November and extended the Governor's three-year term to four years, but preserved the bar on governors from succeeding themselves. Incumbent National Republican Governor David Hazzard was barred from seeking a second term. New Castle County Treasurer Caleb P. Bennett ran as the Democratic candidate to succeed Hazzard, while former State Representative Arnold Naudain ran as the National Republican candidate. Bennett narrowly defeated Naudain, winning by a margin of just 54 votes.
Peniophora quercina
Peniophora quercina is a species of wood-decay fungus in the family Peniophoraceae. It produces fruit bodies that vary in appearance depending on whether they are wet or dry. The wet fruit bodies are waxy and lilac, and attached strongly to the wood on which they grow. When dry, the edges curl up and reveal the dark underside, while the surface becomes crusty and pink. P. quercina is the type species of the genus Peniophora, with the species being reclassified as a member of the genus upon the latter's creation by Mordecai Cubitt Cooke. P. quercina is found primarily in Europe, where it can be encountered all year. Though primarily growing upon dead wood, especially oak, it is also capable of growing upon still-living wood.

Peniophoraceae
The Peniophoraceae are a family of fungi in the order Russulales. Species of this family have a cosmopolitan distribution and are mostly saprobic, causing rots of standing and fallen wood. According to 2025 data the family contains 16 genera and 416 species.
Surigao del Norte's 1st congressional district
Surigao del Norte's 1st congressional district is one of the two congressional districts of the Philippines in the province of Surigao del Norte. It has been represented in the House of Representatives since 1987. The district encompasses the island chains off the northeast coast of mainland Surigao del Norte. Since the 2007 redistricting following the separation of Dinagat Islands, the district now comprises the Siargao and Bucas Grande municipalities of Burgos, Dapa, Del Carmen, General Luna, Pilar, San Benito, San Isidro, Santa Monica and Socorro. It also included Dinagat Islands until it was established as a distinct province in 2006. It is currently represented in the 19th Congress by Francisco Jose Matugas II of the Lakas–CMD.

Dinagat Islands
Dinagat Islands (Cebuano: Mga Pulo sa Dinagat; Surigaonon: Mga Puyo nan Dinagat; Kabalian: Mga Puyo san Dinagat; Waray: Mga Purô han Dinagat; Filipino: Mga Islang Dinagat), officially the Province of Dinagat Islands, is an island province in the Caraga region of the Philippines, located on the south side of Leyte Gulf. The island of Leyte is to its west, across Surigao Strait, and mainland Mindanao is to its south. Its main island, Dinagat, is about 60 kilometres (37 mi) from north to south. San Jose serves as its provincial capital while Basilisa is the most populous town in the province.
Comptaphyllium
Comptaphyllium is a genus of stick insect, belonging to the Phylliidae (leaf insects). It was initially described in 2019 as a subgenus of Phyllium, which is native to New Guinea and the Moluccan island of Obi.

Josef Redtenbacher (entomologist)
Josef Redtenbacher (27 March 1856 – 18 July 1926) was an Austrian entomologist and teacher. He specialized in the orders of Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets), Phasmatodea (stick and leaf insects), Mantodea (mantis) and Blattodea (cockroaches), which are classically summarized as Orthoptera, as well as in the earwigs (Dermaptera), which are not assigned to the Orthoptera, especially from Austria-Hungary and Germany.
Grill'd
Grill'd is an Australian restaurant chain specialising in hamburgers, founded in 2004 by Simon Crowe in Hawthorn, Melbourne. The company operates 172 locations across Australia and one international location in Seminyak, Bali, operating primarily as a company-owned business with some franchised locations.

The chain markets itself as a healthier alternative to traditional fast food, using grass-fed and free range beef and lamb since 2010, and RSPCA-approved chicken since 2016. Grill'd has expanded its menu to include plant-based alternatives and fried chicken products, while implementing community engagement programs such as its Local Matters initiative.

The company has faced controversies over labour practices, including allegations of underpaying staff through trainee programs and disputes over working conditions, resulting in legal action and industrial disputes.

Veggie burger
A veggie burger or meatless burger is a hamburger made with a patty that does not contain meat, or the patty of such a hamburger. The patty may be made from ingredients like beans (especially soybeans and tofu), nuts, grains, seeds, or fungi such as mushrooms or mycoprotein.

The essence of the veggie burger patty has existed in various Eurasian cuisines for millennia, including in the form of grilled or fried meatless discs, or as koftas, a commonplace item in Indian cuisine. These may be made of entirely vegetarian ingredients such as legumes or other plant-derived proteins.
Wayback Burgers
Wayback Burgers, previously known as Jake's Wayback Burgers, is an American fast casual restaurant chain based in Cheshire, Connecticut. Wayback serves typical hamburger restaurant foods such as hamburgers, hot dogs, chicken sandwiches, milkshakes and salads, and a variety of regional selections. Created in Newark, Delaware, Wayback began expansion in the late 2000s; in 2013, it was announced that the chain was expanding internationally to an additional 28 countries, with locations in the Middle East and North Africa slated to open in early 2014. The second international agreement signed is with Argentina.

As of October 2016, 133 locations were in operation worldwide.

Fast casual restaurant
A fast casual restaurant, found primarily in the United States, is a restaurant that does not offer full table service, but advertises higher quality food than fast-food restaurants. It is an intermediate concept between fast food and casual dining.
Ethnologue
Ethnologue: Languages of the World (stylized as Ethnoloɠue) is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world. It is the world's most comprehensive catalogue of languages. It was first issued in 1951 and is now published by SIL Global, an American evangelical Christian non-profit organization.

Paywall
A paywall is a method of restricting access to content, with a purchase or a paid subscription, especially news. Beginning in the mid-2010s, newspapers started implementing paywalls on their websites as a way to increase revenue after years of decline in paid print readership and advertising revenue, partly due to the use of ad blockers. In academics, research papers are often subject to a paywall and are available via academic libraries that subscribe.

Paywalls have also been used as a way of increasing the number of print subscribers; for example, some newspapers offer access to online content plus delivery of a Sunday print edition at a lower price than online access alone. Newspaper websites such as that of The Boston Globe and The New York Times use this tactic because it increases both their online revenue and their print circulation (which in turn provides more ad revenue).
Archidermapteron
Archidermapteron martynovi (Greek: archi=ancient, and dermaptera=skin-wing) is an extinct species of earwig, in the genus Archidermapteron, family Protodiplatyidae, the suborder Archidermaptera, the order Dermaptera, and is the only species in the genus Archidermapteron, which simply means "ancient member of the Dermaptera". It had long, segmented cerci unlike modern species of Dermaptera, but tegmina and hind wings that folded up into a "wing package" that are like modern earwigs. The only clear fossil of the species was found in Russia.

Turanovia
Turanovia incompleta is an extinct species of archidermapteran earwig. It is the only species in the genus Turanovia and family Turanoviidae. It is found in the Middle-Late Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian) Karabastau Formation of Kazakhstan.
Kirill Vyshinsky
Kirill Valeryevich Vyshinsky (Russian: Кирилл Валериевич Вышинский; Ukrainian: Кирило Валерійович Вишинський, romanized: Kyrylo Valeriiovych Vyshynskyi; 19 February 1967 – 23 August 2025) was a Ukrainian–Russian journalist. He was the director of RIA Novosti's Ukraine branch (2014–2018). In 2018, Vyshinsky was arrested in Ukraine on charges of treason. In September 2019 he was exchanged with Russia where he continued his journalistic career.

OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media
The OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media functions as a watchdog on media developments in all 57 participating member states of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). He or she provides early warning on violations of freedom of expression and promotes full compliance with OSCE principles and commitments regarding freedom of expression and press freedom.