hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Log wind profile
The log wind profile is a semi-empirical relationship commonly used to describe the vertical distribution of horizontal mean wind speed within the lowest portion of the planetary boundary layer (PBL).
The logarithmic profile of wind speeds is generally limited to the lowest 100 m of the atmosphere (i.e., the surface layer of the atmospheric boundary layer). The rest of the atmosphere is composed of the remaining part of the PBL (up to around 1 km) and the troposphere or free atmosphere.  In the free atmosphere, geostrophic wind relationships should be used, instead.

Outline of air pollution dispersion
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to air pollution dispersion:
In environmental science, air pollution dispersion is the distribution of air pollution into the atmosphere. Air pollution is the introduction of particulates, biological molecules, or other harmful materials into Earth's atmosphere, causing disease, death to humans, damage to other living organisms such as food crops, and the natural or built environment. Air pollution may come from anthropogenic or natural sources. Dispersion refers to what happens to the pollution during and after its introduction; understanding this may help in identifying and controlling it.

Air pollution dispersion has become the focus of environmental conservationists and governmental environmental protection agencies (local, state, province and national) of many countries (which have adopted and used much of the terminology of this field in their laws and regulations) regarding air pollution control.
Kirimiri
Kîrîmîri Forest Is an area dominated by tree vegetation in the Mukuuri locality of Runyenjes, Embu, in the country of Kenya.  It is recognised as an Ecologically Sensitive Site in Africa by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. There are a variety of rare indigenous and medicinal trees that continue to face the threat of deforestation. The Kîrîmîri Forest center lies at a latitude of -0.41667 and longitude of 37.55 and it has an elevation of 1520 meters above sea level. The predominant languages spoken are Kiembu, Swahili, and English. The Hill is culturally famous as a hideout for Mau Mau fighters including Embu's most venerated fighter General Kubu Kubu. Several schools have been built near the reserve. They include the Muragari Primary and Secondary Schools and Kubu Kubu Memorial School.

Embu, Kenya
Embu is the largest town in Embu County located approximately 125 kilometres (78 mi) northeast of Nairobi towards Mount Kenya. With a population of 64,979 its the 36th largest urban center in Kenya and the 11th largest in Mount Kenya region . Its a major economic hub in the mount kenya region. Embu served as the provincial capital of the former Eastern Province and currently serves as the headquarters of Embu County in Kenya.It provides an avenue for trade, tourism and highway transit between the national capital and the Northern Frontier.
Floyd Landis doping case
The Floyd Landis doping case was a doping scandal that featured Floyd Landis, the initial winner of the 2006 Tour de France. After a meltdown in Stage 16, where he had lost ten minutes, Landis came back in Stage 17, riding solo and passing his whole team. However, a urine sample taken from Landis immediately after his Stage 17 win twice tested positive for banned synthetic testosterone as well as a ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone nearly three times the limit allowed by World Anti-Doping Agency rules. The International Cycling Union stripped him of his 2006 Tour title. Second place finisher Óscar Pereiro was officially declared the winner. The only previous Tour de France winner to be disqualified at the time was the 1904 Tour's winner, Maurice Garin; however, in the following years Alberto Contador and Lance Armstrong would have tour wins revoked.

Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry
Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is a specialization of mass spectrometry, in which mass spectrometric methods are used to measure the relative abundance of isotopes in a given sample.

This technique has two different applications in the earth and environmental sciences. The analysis of 'stable isotopes' is normally concerned with measuring isotopic variations arising from mass-dependent isotopic fractionation in natural systems. On the other hand, radiogenic isotope analysis involves measuring the abundances of decay-products of natural radioactivity, and is used in most long-lived radiometric dating methods.
John Charlesworth (abolitionist)
John Charlesworth (1782–1864) was an English abolitionist and Anglican clergyman. He was a friend of Thomas Clarkson, and for many years lived in Flowton, Suffolk, not far from him.

John was the son of John Charlesworth (1752–1821), Rector of Ossington, Nottinghamshire. His brother was Edward Parker Charlesworth, a prominent physician and early psychiatrist. His daughter was Maria Louisa Charlesworth.

Thomas Clarkson
Thomas Clarkson (28 March 1760 – 26 September 1846) was an English abolitionist, and a leading campaigner against the slave trade in the British Empire. He helped found the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade (also known as the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade) and helped achieve passage of the Slave Trade Act 1807, which ended British trade in slaves.

He became a pacifist in 1816 and, with his brother, John, was one of the twelve founders of the Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace.

In his later years Clarkson campaigned for the abolition of slavery worldwide. In 1840 he was the key speaker at the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society's first convention in London, which campaigned to end slavery in other countries.
Udon Thani
Udon Thani (Thai: อุดรธานี, pronounced [ʔù.dɔ̄ːn tʰāː.nīː]) is a city in Isan (Northeast Thailand), the capital of Udon Thani Province and the sixth largest city in Thailand. The city municipality (thesaban nakhon / city proper) had a population of 130,531 people as of 2019, while Udon Thani's urban area, Mueang Udon Thani, has a population of approximately 400,000. 
Udon Thani is one of four major cities in Isan, the others being Nakhon Ratchasima, Ubon Ratchathani, and Khon Kaen. Together they are known as the "big four of Isan".

Udon Thani International Airport
Udon Thani International Airport (IATA: UTH, ICAO: VTUD) is in the Nong Khon Kwang subdistrict, Mueang Udon Thani district, Udon Thani province in northeastern Thailand.  It is approximately 450 kilometres (280 mi) northeast of Bangkok.  It currently has domestic flights to and from Bangkok (Suvarnabhumi and Don Mueang), Chiang Mai (on Nok Air), Hat Yai (on Thai Lion Air),  Phuket (on Thai AirAsia), Rayong (on Thai AirAsia), and Ubon Ratchathani (on Nok Air). In 2006, the airport had 677,411 passenger movements and 1,558 MT cargo movements. In 2013, the airport handled 1,325,305 passengers. In 2015, it handled 2,213,689 passengers and 3,678 tonnes of freight. It has been managed by the Department of Airports (DOA).

Udon Thani Airport is the DOA's moneymaker, with profits reaching 100 million baht a year. This airport was scheduled to be transferred to Airports of Thailand PCL (AOT) in the first half of 2023.
USS Warbler (AM-53)
USS Warbler (AM-53) (Minesweeper No. 53) was a Lapwing-class minesweeper laid down on 24 April 1919 by the Philadelphia Navy Yard; launched on 30 July 1919; sponsored by Miss Alice Kempff, the daughter of Capt. C. S. Kempff, the Captain of the Yard; and commissioned on 22 December 1919.

After brief service with the Train of the Atlantic Fleet, Warbler was decommissioned on 16 June 1920 and simultaneously transferred, on loan, to the United States Shipping Board. The ship operated with a civilian crew under the aegis of Merritt, Chapman, and Scott, a New York-based salvage firm. On 13 September 1941, the Navy reclassified Warbler a salvage vessel and designated her ARS-11

Lapwing-class minesweeper
The Lapwing-class minesweeper, often called the Bird class, was an early "AM-type" oceangoing minesweeper of the United States Navy. Seven ships of the class were commissioned during World War I, and served well into the 1950s. A number were refitted to serve as ocean-going tugs, salvage vessels, seaplane tenders, or submarine rescue ships.

The propulsion system consisted of 2 Babcock & Wilcox 200psi boilers and a 1,400shp Harlan and Hollingsworth triple expansion reciprocating steam engine.
Brasserie Julien
Brasserie Julien was a brasserie-style French cuisine restaurant located at 1422 Third Avenue  (between East 80th Street and East 81st Street) on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City, as well as a jazz club. The establishment closed at the end of 2012.

Upper East Side
The Upper East Side (sometimes abbreviated UES) is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. It is bounded approximately by 96th Street to the north, the East River to the east, 59th Street to the south, and Central Park and Fifth Avenue to the west. The neighborhood area incorporates several smaller neighborhoods, including Lenox Hill, Carnegie Hill, and Yorkville. Once known as the Silk Stocking District, it has long been the wealthiest neighborhood in New York City.

The Upper East Side is part of Manhattan Community District 8, and its primary ZIP Codes are 10021, 10028, 10065, 10075, and 10128. It is patrolled by the 19th Precinct of the New York City Police Department.
2024 LIV Golf League
The 2024 LIV Golf League was the third season of LIV Golf following the inaugural LIV Golf Invitational Series. The season consisted of thirteen 54-hole tournaments, featuring 48 players and no cut, with a team championship event at the season end.

2022 LIV Golf Invitational Series
The 2022 LIV Golf Invitational Series was the inaugural season of LIV Golf. The season consisted of seven 54-hole tournaments, featuring 48 players and no cut, with a team championship event at the season end.
2025 Cassis Open Provence
The 2025 Cassis Open Provence was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the seventh edition of the tournament which was part of the 2025 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Cassis, France between 1 and 7 September 2025.

2025 ATP Challenger Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour in 2025 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2025 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 217 tournaments with prize money ranging from $60,000 up to $250,000. It was the 48th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 17th under the name of Challenger Tour.
El Mongol
Raul Molina (April 7, 1930 – October 6, 2016) was a Mexican-born professional wrestler better known by his ring name of El Mongol. He was most famous in the Georgia territory during the late 1960s and early '70s.

NWA Americas Heavyweight Championship
The NWA Americas Heavyweight Championship was the top singles championship in the National Wrestling Alliance's Los Angeles territory, known officially as NWA Hollywood Wrestling, from 1968 until the promotion closed in 1982. The title was first established in 1967 as a secondary championship in NWA Hollywood's predecessor, Worldwide Wrestling Associates. Although the name of the title implies that it was defended throughout North, Central and South America, it was rarely defended outside of Southern California. As a result, the title was essentially a regional title rather than a national one. A number of NWA affiliated promoters at various points over the years have used their own regional versions or variations of "national" championships for the purpose of giving crowds the idea that the company was larger than it actually was, or that the company was the biggest or most successful within the ranks of the National Wrestling Alliance.
Tamara Stocks
Tamara Stocks Lee (born January 29, 1979), née Tamara Stocks, is an American former college and professional basketball player who was a forward and center in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) for a single season in 2001.  Stocks played college basketball for the University of Florida, and thereafter, played professionally for the Washington Mystics of the WNBA. She currently serves as public relations coordinator for B'Ball 101, LLC, an Atlanta-based player/athlete development company, and its non-profit, the Saved By The Ball Foundation, Inc..

Women's Basketball Coaches Association
The Women's Basketball Coaches Association is an association of coaches of women's basketball teams at all levels.

The organization was formed in 1981, with the goal of addressing the needs of women's basketball coaches.

The mission of the WBCA is:

...to promote women's basketball by unifying coaches at all levels to develop a reputable identity for the sport of women's basketball and to foster and promote the development of the game in all of its aspects as a sport for women and girls

The WBCA provides education for coaches, and promotes the coaching profession with awards for coaches and players. While many of the awards are related to basketball activities, the WBCA recognizes the need for academic as well as athletic excellence and recognizes academic excellence with their Academic Top 25 Team Honor Roll.
II-17 road (Bulgaria)
Republican Road II-17 (Bulgarian: Републикански път II-17) is a 2nd class road in Bulgaria, running entirely through the territory of Botevgrad Municipality of Sofia Province. With a length of 6 km, it is the shortest second class road in the country, a little shorter than the 6.5 km II-80 road. It has four lanes through most of its length.

The road starts at Km 188.7 of the first class I-1 road north of the town of Botevgrad and bypasses the town from the northeast and east, serving as its ring road. Some 3.5 km from its starting point, it forms a junction at Km 4.6 of the first class I-3 road and after another 2.5 km it reaches Km 47.0 of the Hemus motorway.

I-3 road (Bulgaria)
Republican road I-3 (Bulgarian: Републикански път I-3) is a first class road in northern Bulgaria. It runs between I-5 road near the town of Byala, and I-1 road, at Botevgrad. The total length of the road is 203 km (126 mi) and is part of the European route E83. The road passes through the provinces of Ruse, Veliko Tarnovo, Pleven, Lovech and Sofia.
Kwong Fook Tsz
Kwong Fook Tsz (廣福祠; 'temple of common benevolence'), originally called Kwong Fook I Tsz (廣福義祠), also known as Pak Shing Temple or Bak Sing Tsz (百姓祠; 'temple for all folks') is a religious building located at No. 40 Tai Ping Shan Street, Sheung Wan, Hong Kong. It is managed by the Tung Wah Group of Hospitals.

Its deities for worship have been Kshitigarbha Buddha (地藏王), the guardian of the earth who can alleviate people's sufferings, and Tsai Kung (濟公; Ji Gong), commonly known as the Buddha for all requests.

Sheung Wan
Sheung Wan (Chinese: 上環) is an area in Hong Kong, located in the north-west of Hong Kong Island, between Central and Sai Ying Pun. Administratively, it is part of the Central and Western District. The name can be variously interpreted as Upper District (occupying relatively high ground compared to Central and Wan Chai), or Gateway District (perhaps a reference to the location where the British first entered and occupied Hong Kong).
Holy cow (expression)
"Holy cow!" (and other similar terms), an exclamation of surprise used mostly in the United States, Canada, Australia, and England, is a minced oath or euphemism. The expression dates to at latest 1905. Its earliest known appearance was in a tongue-in-cheek letter to the editor of the Minneapolis Journal: "A lover of the cow writes to this column to protest against a certain variety of Hindu oath having to do with the vain use of the name of the milk producer. There is the profane exclamations, 'holy cow!' and, 'By the stomach of the eternal cow!'" The phrase appears to have been adopted as a means to avoid using obscene or indecent language and may have been based on a general awareness of the holiness of cows in some religious traditions, particularly Hinduism. Hence, it is seen as offensive to some whose cultural and religious traditions are upheld.

It may also have been adapted from a Gaelic phrase, holy cathu, meaning "holy sorrow."

Minced oath
A minced oath is a euphemistic expression formed by deliberately changing the spelling of, or replacing, part of a profane, blasphemous, or taboo word or phrase to remove the original term's objectionable characteristics. Also, a new term can be created from scratch.  The goal is to create a new term that expresses the same emotions but does not carry the same offensive denotative meaning.  An example is "gosh" for "God", or fudge for fuck.

Many languages have such expressions. In the English language, nearly all profanities have minced variants.
Lauvknubben
Lauvknubben or Skårvangen is a mountain in Lom Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 1,748-metre (5,735 ft) tall mountain is located inside the Reinheimen National Park, about 19 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of the village of Vågåmo and about 17 kilometres (11 mi) northeast of the village of Fossbergom. The mountain is surrounded by several other notable mountains including Kjølen, Søre Kjølhaugen, and Knatthøin to the north; Ryggehøe, Skardtind, Rundkollan, and Storbrettingskollen to the northwest; and Gjerdinghøe to the east.

Knatthøin
Knatthøin is a mountain in Lesja Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 1,883-metre (6,178 ft) tall mountain lies inside Reinheimen National Park, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south of the village of Lesja. The mountain is surrounded by several other mountains including Søre Kjølhaugen which is about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the northwest, Kjølen which is about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) to the northwest, and Skardtind which is about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) to the west.
Ehsan Bayat
Ehsanollah "Ehsan" Bayat (Pashto/Dari: احسان الله بیات, born July 15, 1963) is an Afghan American business entrepreneur who is the founder and chairman of Bayat Group, Afghanistan's largest private company.

Afghans
Afghans are the citizens and nationals of Afghanistan. Afghans comprise various ethnic groups, of which Tajiks, Pushtuns, Hazaras, and Uzbeks are the largest.

The two main languages spoken among the Afghan people are Dari (a variety of Persian) and Pashto. Historically, the ethnonym "Afghan" used to refer to Pashtuns, but later came to refer to all ethnicities in Afghanistan after the 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan proposed by King Mohammad Zahir Shah.
2013 Internazionali di Tennis Castel del Monte
The 2013 Internazionali di Tennis Castel del Monte was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the first edition of the tournament which was part of the 2013 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Andria, Italy between 18 and 24 November 2013.

Internazionali di Tennis Castel del Monte
The Internazionali di Tennis Castel del Monte was a tennis tournament held in Andria, Italy from 2013 to 2018, and in 2022. The event is part of the ATP Challenger Tour and was played on indoor carpet courts.
Powertype (UML)
In the Unified Modeling Language 1.x, powertype is a keyword for a specific UML stereotype, and  applies to a class or dependency.  Powertype shows a classifier whose instances (objects) are children of the given parent.

In UML 2.x, a powertype is a metaclass whose instances are subclasses of a given class. The stereotype has been removed and the powertype is now indicated by typing the generalization set.

In the UML Superstructure 2.4.1 Specification Document the following definition is given:

The notion of power type was inspired by the notion of power set. A power set is defined as a set whose instances are subsets. In essence, then, a power type is a class whose instances are subclasses.

In UML 2.5.1,
the formal definition of powertypes in terms of power sets (or sets of subsets) are no longer given.
Instead, powertypes are illustrated through various examples.

Dependency (UML)
In the Unified Modeling Language (UML), a Dependency
is "a Relationship that signifies that a single model Element or a set of model Elements requires other model Elements for their specification or implementation."
"This means that the complete semantics of the client Element(s) are either semantically or structurally dependent on the definition of the supplier Element(s)."
Two or more elements in this relationship are called tuples.

In UML, this is indicated by a dashed line pointing from the dependent (or client) to the independent (or supplier) element. The arrow representing a Dependency specifies the direction of a relationship, not the direction of a process.
1977 Swedish Open
The 1977 Swedish Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts held in Båstad, Sweden. It was a Two Star category tournament and part of the Grand Prix circuit. It was the 30th edition of the tournament and was held from 3 July through 10 July 1977. Second-seeded Corrado Barazzutti won the singles title.

Swedish Open
The Nordea Open  (sponsored by Nordea) is a professional tennis tournament held in Båstad, Sweden. It is played on outdoor clay courts in July.
The men's event is an ATP Tour 250 tournament. The women's event was an International tournament and successor to the Nordic Light Open in Stockholm, and from 2019 onwards is a WTA 125 series-level tournament.
Ionikos Nikaias
Ionikos Nikaias (full name Athlitikos Omilos Ionikos Nikaias, A.O. Ionikos Nikaias / Greek: Α.Ο. Ιωνικός Νικαίας) is a Greek multi-sports club that is based in the suburban town of Nikaia within the Piraeus agglomeration. It was founded in 1965, and it has teams in football, basketball, and water polo. The club's name derives from Ionia, the birthplace of many residents of Nikaia, which came to Nikaia as refugees after the Asia Minor Disaster. The club's colours are blue and white.

Piraeus Football Clubs Association
Piraeus Football Clubs Association (Greek: Ένωση Ποδοσφαιρικών Σωματείων Πειραιά) was founded in 1925 after the termination of Greece Football Clubs Association. It was the second largest football association in Greece and was officially recognized by FIFA alongside E.P.S. Athens, as the Hellenic Football Federation had not been established at the time. After the establishment of Alpha Ethniki it became the Piraeus Football Clubs Association for amateurs.
Arunachal languages
Arunachal languages are various languages in Arunachal Pradesh, India traditionally classified as Sino-Tibetan languages, but that may be language isolates and independent language families according to some scholars. Blench (2011) proposed four language isolates (Hruso, Miji, Miju, and Puroik) and three independent families (Mishmic, Kamengic, and Siangic). However, this is disputed by Anderson (2014) and others, who consider them to be primary branches of Sino-Tibetan rather than as isolates or independent language phyla.

Puroik language
The Puroik language (previously called Sulung, a derogatory term, by other tribes) is a set of language varieties spoken by the Puroik people of Arunachal Pradesh in India and of Lhünzê County, Tibet, in China.

Besides their own language, the Puroik also use Nishi, Hindi, and Assamese. Literacy is very low, at about 2%. Those who are literate use either the Bengali-Assamese script, Devanagari or the Latin alphabet to write Puroik.
Thomas Rodborne
Thomas Rodborne DD (also Rodeborne, Rodebourne, Rodbourne, Rudbourne, or Rodburn, died 1442) was an English medieval churchman and university chancellor.

Rodborne was a fellow of The Queen's College, Oxford, where he taught Henry V mathematics. He became a proctor in 1402 and was the warden of Merton College, Oxford, from 1416 to 1417. He was chancellor of the University of Oxford during 1420. He became Archdeacon of Sudbury. From 1433 until his death in 1442, he was Bishop of St David's in Wales.

Archdeacon of Sudbury
The Archdeacon of Sudbury is a senior cleric in the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich.

The archdeacon is responsible for the disciplinary supervision of the clergy in its five rural deaneries; Clare, Ixworth, Lavenham, Sudbury and Thingoe.