hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of quaternions
Here as he walked by on the 16th of October 1843 Sir William Rowan Hamilton in a flash of genius discovered the fundamental formula for quaternion multiplicationi2 = j2 = k2 = ijk = −1& cut it on a stone of this bridge.

In mathematics, quaternions are a non-commutative number system that extends the complex numbers. Quaternions and their applications to rotations were first described in print by Olinde Rodrigues in all but name in 1840, but independently discovered by Irish mathematician Sir William Rowan Hamilton in 1843 and applied to mechanics in three-dimensional space. They find uses in both theoretical and applied mathematics, in particular for calculations involving three-dimensional rotations.

Versor
In mathematics, a versor is a quaternion whose norm is one, also known as a unit quaternion. Each versor has the form

where the condition  means that  is an algebraic imaginary unit. There is a sphere of imaginary units in the quaternions. Note that the expression for a versor is just Euler's formula for the imaginary unit  If  (when  is a right angle), then  and it is called a right versor.

The mapping  corresponds to 3-dimensional rotation, and has the angle  about the axis  in axis–angle representation.

The collection of versors, with quaternion multiplication, forms a group, and appears as a 3-sphere in the 4-dimensional quaternion algebra.
Ethylphenidate
Ethylphenidate (EPH) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and a close analog of methylphenidate.

Ethylphenidate acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor, meaning it effectively boosts the levels of the norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmitters in the brain, by binding to, and partially blocking the transporter proteins that normally remove those monoamines from the synaptic cleft.

Ethylphenidate, being almost identical to methylphenidate in both structure and pharmacodynamics, likely also doesn't solely act as a "classical" reuptake inhibitor but primarily as an inverse agonist at the dopamine transporter (DAT), inducing dopamine transporter reversal and subsequent dopamine release from the axon terminal into the synaptic cleft in a manner similar to but distinct from amphetamines.

Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor
A norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) is a type of drug that inhibits the reuptake of the monoamine neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine and thereby increases extracellular levels of these neurotransmitters and noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission. They work by competitively and/or noncompetitively inhibiting the norepinephrine transporter (NET) and dopamine transporter (DAT).

NDRIs are used clinically in the treatment of conditions including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and depression. Examples of well-known NDRIs include methylphenidate and bupropion.

A closely related type of drug is a norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (NDRA).
Georgia Governor's Mansion
The Governor's Mansion is the official home of the governor of the U.S. state of Georgia.  The mansion is located at 391 West Paces Ferry Road NW, in the Tuxedo Park neighborhood of the affluent Buckhead district of Atlanta.

Governor of Georgia
The governor of Georgia is the head of government of Georgia and the commander-in-chief of the state's National Guard, when not in federal service, and State Defense Force. The governor also has a duty to enforce state laws, the power to either veto or approve bills passed by the Georgia Legislature, and the power to convene the legislature into special session. The current governor is Republican Brian Kemp, who assumed office on January 14, 2019.
Babur-e Kord
Babur-e Kord (Persian: ببركرد, also Romanized as Bābūr-e Kord;babur or baber means Tiger in Persian also known as Qez Qal‘eh) is a village in Yowla Galdi Rural District, in the Central District of Showt County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 201, in 39 families.

Yowla Galdi Rural District
Yowla Galdi Rural District (Persian: دهستان يولاگلدئ) is in the Central District of Showt County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Azim Kandi. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Yowla Galdi, now a city.
Alexander Rasskazov
Alexander Andreyevich Rasskazov (Russian: Александр Андреевич Рассказов, 1832, Moscow, Imperial Russia, — 28 July 1902, Moscow) was a Russian stage actor, one of the stars of the Moscow's Maly Theatre of his time, best remembered for his comic and vaudevillian parts, and considered an heir to Sergey Vasilyev's artistic legacy as well as the classic set of parts associated with the latter. He left Maly due to poor health but soon made himself a name as theatre entrepreneur in the Russian province, mostly in Samara, Tula, Kaluga and Simbirsk.

Sergey Vasilyev (actor)
Sergey Vasilyevich Vasilyev (Russian: Сергей Васильевич Васильев; 19 September 1827 in Moscow, Imperial Russia – 17 June 1862 in Moscow, Imperial Russia) was a Russian stage actor, a mid-19th century star of the Moscow Maly Theatre.
2013 Tour du Haut Var
The 2013 Tour du Haut Var was the 45th edition of the Tour du Haut Var cycle race and was held on 16–17 February 2013. The race started in Le Cannet-des-Maures and finished in Draguignan. The race was won by Arthur Vichot.

Tour des Alpes-Maritimes
The Tour des Alpes-Maritimes, formerly known as the Tour du Haut Var, (English: Tour of the Haut Var) is an early-season two-day road bicycle race in the Var department region in the south of France. Until 2008 it was run as a one-day race, part of the UCI Europe Tour. In 2009, the race transformed to a 2.1 event, raced over two days. Dutchman Joop Zoetemelk and France's Arthur Vichot hold the record with three wins.

The Tour des Alpes-Maritimes is one of several stage races held in the hilly Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in February, alongside the Étoile de Bessèges, La Méditerranéenne and the Tour La Provence. These early-season races are competed mainly by French teams and are considered preparations for Paris–Nice, the first European World Tour event in March.
Neck gaiter
A neck gaiter, dickie or neck warmer is neckwear, or an enlarged collar of a garment, that is worn around the neck for warmth. It is usually a closed tube of fabric, often thick fleece, merino wool, synthetic wicking, or knit material, which is slipped on and off over the head (unlike a scarf, which is an open stretch of fabric wrapped around the neck) to cover the entire neck and conserve body heat. Some balaclavas are essentially a small hood attached to a neck gaiter. Like gaiters for the lower legs, a neck gaiter augments the protection offered by other garments.

Some longer neck gaiters can also be pulled up and cover the lower face as an improvised face veil to help keep out sand/dust, smoke and other airborne irritants from entering the mouth and nose, to prevent cold hives and/or frostbites by wind chills (especially on exposed nosetips), or to protect facial skin from harmful sunlight during prolonged outdoor activities (e.g. recreational fishing).

Collar (clothing)
In clothing, a collar (/kɒlər/) is the part of a shirt, dress, coat or blouse that fastens around or frames the neck.  Among clothing construction professionals, a collar is differentiated from other necklines such as revers and lapels, by being made from a separate piece of fabric, rather than a folded or cut part of the same piece of fabric used for the main body of the garment.

A collar may be permanently attached to the main body of the garment (e.g. by stitching) or detachable.
Mehr Ali
Mehr Ali (مہر علی) is a village located in Razar Tehsil, Swabi District in the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The road from Shewa Adda leading to Sher Darra passes through Mehr Ali.  The road ends at Sher Darra, a village about three kilometres at the north of Mehr Ali from where the Buner District starts.  It is surrounded by Barsati Nalahs from the east and west.  There are two roads; one of them leads from Rustam via Machi Mardan District, and another from Mehr Ali links to another road that leads to Swat valley.  It lies at the foot of the Himalayan range of mountains.

Shewa Adda
Shewa Adda is the headquarter city of Razar Tehsil, Swabi District. This is also called Razzar City. The second largest furniture market in Mardan Division is situated here in this city. Shewa Adda is commercial trade center and busy markets place with an educational and technical schools, colleges and institutions hub along with quality medical centres facilities. The tombs of Sufi Syed Mian Kareem Shah Tirimzai and Kargil, Nishan e Haider hero Kernal Sher Khan are situated In front of each other at razzar's capital's oldest graveyard in Shewa Adda. It's the political hub of NA-19 and PK-47 politics also. Along with sports activism mainly night tournaments of cricket, volleyball, football, badminton etc., this city plays a vital role in promoting healthy activities.
Oshan (marque)
Oshan (Chinese: 欧尚; pinyin: Ōushàng) was a passenger car brand under Changan Automobile. It was originally known as the Changan Commercial Vehicles, the division which focuses producing on micro vans and light trucks. The brand was renamed to Changan Oshan in April 2017 which marks it involvement in producing passenger vehicles.

The brand name "Oshan" was inspired by one of the Changan Commercial Vehicles' MPV model Oushang.

In 2024, after Changan Automobile recently announced a brand restructuring plan, Changan ended sales of the Oshan brand and merge the product line and sales channel into Changan brand.

Chana CX70
The Chana CX70, more recently the Oshan CX70 as Chana has developed a new brand, is a 7-seater, rear-wheel drive mid-size crossover produced by Changan Automobile. In most export markets, it is known as the Kaicene CX70.
Kompolt
Kompolt is a village in Heves county, Hungary beside of the Tarna River. As of 2022 census, it has a population of 1,890 (see Demographics). The village located 2 km far from the "Kál-Kápolna" railway station, what is on the (Nr. 80) Hatvan–Miskolc railway line; 2,8 km far from the main road 3 and 4,7 km far from the M3 motorway. The (Nr. 84) Kisterenye–Kál-Kápolna railway line going across the village, but they have no own railway stop.

Antal Grassalkovich
Count Antal I "Anton" Grassalkovich de Gyarak (Ürmény, 6 March 1694 – Gödöllő, 1 December 1771) was an Imperial Real Privy Councilor, president of the Royal Hungarian Court Chamber, Chief Justice of Hungary (1731–1748), and confidant of Empress Maria Theresia.
Density 21.5
Density 21.5 is a composition for solo flute written by Edgard Varèse in 1936 and revised in 1946. The piece was composed at the request of Georges Barrère for the premiere of his platinum flute, the density of platinum being close to 21.5 grams per cubic centimetre.

George Perle
George Perle (6 May 1915 – 23 January 2009) was an American composer and music theorist. As a composer, his music was largely atonal, using methods similar to the twelve-tone technique of the Second Viennese School. This serialist style, and atonality in general, was the subject of much of his theoretical writings. His 1962 book, Serial Composition and Atonality: An Introduction to the Music of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern remains a standard text for 20th-century classical music theory. Among Perle's awards was the 1986 Pulitzer Prize for Music for his Wind Quintet No. 4.
Complete First National Band Recordings
Complete First National Band Recordings (or simply Complete) is a compilation album by Michael Nesmith, released in 1993. It contains the three albums Nesmith recorded with the First National Band in 1970 and 1971 on a two-CD set. Magnetic South (minus "First National Rag") and Loose Salute are on the first CD, while Nevada Fighter is on the second CD.

Magnetic South was previously reissued in 1999 as 16 Original Classics with five bonus tracks. It was also reissued with Loose Salute on CD by BMG International in 2000. Both albums were remastered for this release. Complete does not include remastered tracks.

Despite being billed as the complete recordings of the First National Band, the 2-disc set does not include "First National Rag" from Magnetic South, "First National Dance" (a bonus track on Loose Salute) or "Rose City Chimes", the B-side to "Little Red Rider".

Nevada Fighter
Nevada Fighter is the third solo album by American singer-songwriter Michael Nesmith during his post-Monkees career. The album is also the third and final album with Nesmith backed by the First National Band. Released by RCA Records in 1971, the LP failed to chart in the top 200, reaching No. 218. The lead off single "Nevada Fighter" peaked at No. 70 on the Billboard charts and No. 67 in Canada.

John London and John Ware left the group in late November 1970. Two tracks were left to finish the album: "Here I Am" (recorded in early January 1971) and "Rainmaker" (recorded over two dates in January). Nesmith recruited James Burton, Joe Osborn and Ron Tutt to help finish the album — all three had worked with Nesmith during his days with The Monkees.

The track "Nevada Fighter" was originally recorded under the title "Apology." "Propinquity" was the third version of this song Nesmith recorded — he demoed it for The Monkees in 1966 and recorded a 1968 version for the group.
Stephen Ames
Stephen Michael Ames (born April 28, 1964) is a professional golfer formerly of the PGA Tour, who now plays on the PGA Tour Champions. The biggest win of his career was at The Players Championship in 2006. He holds dual citizenship of Trinidad and Tobago and Canada.

Korn Ferry Tour
The Korn Ferry Tour is the developmental tour for the U.S.-based PGA Tour, and features professional golfers who have either not yet reached the PGA Tour, or who have done so but then failed to win enough FedEx Cup points to stay at that level. Those who finish in the top 20 of the money list at year's end are given PGA Tour memberships for the next season. Since the 2013 season, the Korn Ferry Tour has been the primary pathway for those seeking to earn their PGA Tour card. Q-School, which had previously been the primary route for qualification to the PGA Tour, has been converted as an entryway to the Korn Ferry Tour.
Hydroxystenozole
Hydroxystenozole (INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name), also known as 17α-methylandrost-4-eno[3,2-c]pyrazol-17β-ol, is an orally active androgen/anabolic steroid (AAS) and a 17α-alkylated derivative of testosterone that was described in the literature in 1967 but was never marketed. It is closely related to stanozolol (17α-methyl-5α-androstano[3,2-c]pyrazol-17β-ol), differing from it only in hydrogenation (i.e., double bonds and their placement).

17α-Alkylated anabolic steroid
A 17α-alkylated anabolic steroid is a synthetic anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) that features an alkyl group, specifically a methyl or ethyl group, at the C17α position. Unlike many other AAS, 17α-alkylated AAS are orally active and do not require intramuscular injection. However, they uniquely possess a high potential for hepatotoxicity, which simultaneously limits their use. In addition, some have a high risk of gynecomastia due to uniquely high estrogenic activity, although this does not apply to 17α-alkylated AAS that are also 4,5α-reduced or 19-demethylated (i.e., that are also dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or nandrolone derivatives, respectively). The prototypical example of a 17α-alkylated AAS is methyltestosterone (17α-methyltestosterone).
Pooled Finance Development Fund Scheme
The Pooled Finance Development Fund Scheme (PFDF) has been set up by the Central Government of India. The main aim of the Government authorities is to provide credit enhancement facilities to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) based on their credit worthiness. This will enable them to access market borrowings through state-level pooled mechanism. PFDF is to ensure availability of resources to Urban Local Bodies in order to improve urban infrastructure and ultimately attain the goal of self-sustainability.

Municipal governance in India
In India, the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), also called municipalities, are self-government institutions responsible for the administration of cities, towns, and transitional areas within a state or Union Territory. The 74th amendment to the Constitution of India in 1992 provided constitutional framework for the establishment of Urban Local Bodies.

There are three types of Urban Local Bodies in India, which include municipal corporations governing large urban areas, municipal councils governing smaller urban areas, and nagar panchayats governing transitional areas from rural to urban. They are established by individual state governments and can differ in names, election method, or tier structure. The classification of these areas is at the discretion of the states, considering factors such as total population, population density, non-agricultural employment, annual revenue generation, among other criteria.
Kazuo Hatoyama
Kazuo Hatoyama (鳩山 和夫, Hatoyama Kazuo; 6 May 1856 – 3 October 1911) was a Japanese lawyer and politician who served as Speaker of the House of Representatives from 1896 to 1897. He was the patriarch of the prominent Hatoyama family, father of Prime Minister Ichiro Hatoyama, great-grandfather of Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama.

Hatoyama family
The Hatoyama family is a Japanese political family. Ichirō Hatoyama and Yukio Hatoyama served as a Prime Minister of Japan from 1954 to 1956 and from 2009 to 2010, respectively. Its members also include educators Haruko Hatoyama and Kaoru Hatoyama, and foreign minister Iichirō Hatoyama. It has been called "Japan's Kennedy family."
Heteroclinic orbit
In mathematics, in the phase portrait of a dynamical system, a heteroclinic orbit (sometimes called a heteroclinic connection) is a path in phase space which joins two different equilibrium points. If the equilibrium points at the start and end of the orbit are the same, the orbit is a homoclinic orbit.

Consider the continuous dynamical system described by the ordinary differential equation

Suppose there are equilibria at  Then a solution  is a heteroclinic orbit from  to  if both limits are satisfied:

This implies that the orbit is contained in the stable manifold of  and the unstable manifold of .

Phase space
The phase space of a physical system is the set of all possible physical states of the system when described by a given parameterization. Each possible state corresponds uniquely to a point in the phase space. For mechanical systems, the phase space usually consists of all possible values of the position and momentum parameters. It is the direct product of direct space and reciprocal space. The concept of phase space was developed in the late 19th century by Ludwig Boltzmann, Henri Poincaré, and Josiah Willard Gibbs.
Styhla
Styhla (Ukrainian: Стигла) is a village in Koropets settlement hromada, Chortkiv Raion, Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine.

Near the village there is a hydrological natural monument – the waterfall "Divochi sliozy".

Koropets settlement hromada
Koropets settlement hromada (Ukrainian: Коропецька селищна територіальна громада, romanized: Koropetska selyshchna terytorialna hromada is a hromada in Ukraine, in Chortkiv Raion of Ternopil Oblast. The administrative center is the urban-type settlement of Koropets. Its population is 5,872 (2022 estimate)
Friendship Force International
Friendship Force International (FFI) is a nonprofit organization with the mission of improving intercultural relations, cultural diplomacy, friendship, and intercultural competence via homestays. The organization operates in more than 60 countries and in 6 continents, with 15,000 active members and over 300 annual programs, called "Journeys".

The organization holds continuing fundraising campaigns and has a goal of increasing membership from 15,000 to 25,000 people.

Cultural diplomacy
Cultural diplomacy is a type of soft power that includes the "exchange of ideas, information, art, language and other aspects of culture among nations and their peoples in order to foster mutual understanding".  The purpose of cultural diplomacy is for the people of a foreign nation to develop an understanding of the nation's ideals and institutions in an effort to build broad support for economic and political objectives.  In essence "cultural diplomacy reveals the soul of a nation", which in turn creates influence. Public diplomacy has played an important role in advancing national security objectives.
Purcells Cove
Purcells Cove is a community within the Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia, Canada, on the west side of Halifax Harbour from the Northwest Arm to Fergusons Cove along Route 253.

The first three characters of the postal code in the area are B3P.

Purcells Cove has historically been an important location for the quarrying of granite, ironstone, and slate. In her book, Purcell's Cove: The Little Place that Helped Build Halifax City, Elsie Millington explains how important Purcells Cove was for the building of Halifax. Many buildings in downtown Halifax including the Citadel, the historic Halifax Town Clock, the walls of the Grand Parade, and the old post office used stone produced by quarries at Purcells Cove. The railroad in the granite quarry is thought to be the first constructed anywhere in Eastern Canada.

Purcells Cove is named after Bill Purcell who ferried people to and from Halifax in the 1940s.

Downtown Halifax
Downtown Halifax is the primary central business district of the Municipality of Halifax. Located on the central-eastern portion of the Halifax Peninsula, on Halifax Harbour. Along with Downtown Dartmouth, and other de facto central business districts within the Municipality (e.g. Cole Harbour, Lower Sackville, Spryfield), Downtown Halifax serves as the business, entertainment, and tourism hub of the region.
David Bushmich
David Gregorievich Bushmich (March 27, 1902 - 1995; pronounced Gregor-eh-vitch Bush-mitch) was a Soviet-Ukrainian ophthalmologist who invented the layered cornea transplantation technique. He also invented specialized tools for the technique of layered cornea transplantation.

Cornea
The cornea is the transparent front part of the eyeball which covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Along with the anterior chamber and lens, the cornea refracts light, accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. In humans, the refractive power of the cornea is approximately 43 dioptres. The cornea can be reshaped by surgical procedures such as LASIK.

While the cornea contributes most of the eye's focusing power, its focus is fixed. Accommodation (the refocusing of light to better view near objects) is accomplished by changing the geometry of the lens.  Medical terms related to the cornea often start with the prefix "kerat-" from the Greek word κέρας, horn.
Mariënberg
Mariënberg (Dutch Low Saxon: Mainbarg or Mainbarrug) is a village in the Dutch province of Overijssel. It is located in the municipality of Hardenberg, and lies on the westside of the Vecht river, between Hardenberg and Ommen.

Ommen
Ommen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɔmə(n)] ⓘ) is a municipality and a Hanseatic city in the eastern Netherlands. It is located in the Vecht valley of the Salland region in Overijssel. Historical records first name Ommen in the early 12th century and it was officially founded as a city in 1248. The municipality had a population of 18,295 in 2021 and covers an area of 182.01 km2 (70.27 sq mi).