hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dadestan-i Denig
Dādestān ī Dēnīg (Middle Persian pronunciation: [daːdestaːn iː deːniːɡ] "Religious Judgments") or Pursišn-Nāmag ([puɾsiʃnaːmaɡ] "Book of Questions") is a 9th-century Middle Persian work written by Manuščihr, who was high priest of the Persian Zoroastrian community of Pārs and Kermān, son of Juvānjam and brother of Zādspram. The work consists of an introduction and ninety-two questions along with Manuščihr's answers. His questions varies from religious to social, ethical, legal, philosophical, cosmological, etc. The style of his work is abstruse, dense, and is heavily influenced by New Persian.

Middle Persian
Middle Persian, also known by its endonym Pārsīk or Pārsīg  (Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪, Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫀𐫡𐫘𐫏𐫐‎, Avestan script: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬯𐬍𐬐) in its later form, is a Western Middle Iranian language which became the literary language of the Sasanian Empire. For some time after the Sasanian collapse, Middle Persian continued to function as a prestige language. It descended from Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenid Empire and is the linguistic ancestor of Modern Persian, the official language of Iran (also known as Persia), Afghanistan (Dari) and Tajikistan (Tajik).
Star height problem
The star height problem in formal language theory is the question whether all regular languages can be expressed using regular expressions of limited star height, i.e. with a limited nesting depth of Kleene stars. Specifically, is a nesting depth of one always sufficient? If not, is there an algorithm to determine how many are required? The problem was first introduced by Eggan in 1963.

Regular language
In theoretical computer science and formal language theory, a regular language (also called a rational language) is a formal language that can be defined by a regular expression, in the strict sense in theoretical computer science (as opposed to many modern regular expression engines, which are augmented with features that allow the recognition of non-regular languages).

Alternatively, a regular language can be defined as a language recognised by a finite automaton. The equivalence of regular expressions and finite automata is known as Kleene's theorem (after American mathematician Stephen Cole Kleene). In the Chomsky hierarchy, regular languages are the languages generated by Type-3 grammars.
Florida's 2nd congressional district
Florida's 2nd congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida. The district consists of the eastern part of the Florida Panhandle along with much of the Big Bend region along the Emerald Coast. It straddles both the Eastern and Central time zones. It includes Tallahassee, the state capital, and Panama City. With 49% of its residents living in rural areas, it is the least urbanized district in the state, and the voters are generally conservative. The district is represented by Republican Neal Dunn of Panama City.

Gulf County, Florida
Gulf County is a county located in the panhandle of the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2020 census, the population was 14,192. Its county seat is Port St. Joe. Gulf County is included in the Panama City, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area.
C. Forrest Faison III
Clinton Forrest Faison III (born May 24, 1958) is a retired vice admiral (VADM) in the United States Navy. He served as an officer in the Medical Corps and as the 38th Surgeon General of the United States Navy, and is currently the interim Provost of Northeast Ohio Medical University.

Vice admiral (United States)
Vice admiral (abbreviated as VADM) is a three-star commissioned officer rank in the United States Navy, the United States Coast Guard, the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps, and the United States Maritime Service, with the pay grade of O-9. Vice admiral ranks above rear admiral and below admiral. Vice admiral is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant general in the other uniformed services.
Aylø
Elomaina Mafeni (born 30 September 1994), known professionally as Aylø, is a Nigerian neo-soul, and alternative R&B singer, songwriter, and music producer. He came into the music scene with an acclaimed mixtape album Insert Project Name, with lead track "wys?", featuring Cruel Santino. The accompanying music video for "wys?", was released on 26 May 2018, in collaboration with Samsung Nigeria, and HelaBase.

Soulection
Soulection is a Los Angeles-based music collective that serves as a platform and community for artists, musicians, and fans from across the world. DJ Joe Kay and artists Guillame '96' Bonte and Andre Power collaborated to establish the brand in 2011. Today, Soulection exists as an Apple Music 1 radio show on Beats1 Radio, an independent music label, festival, world-touring concert and clothing line. The brand defines itself as uniting a "borderless, genre-bending musical movement".
Nippon Sharyo
Nippon Sharyo, Ltd.  (日本車輌製造株式会社, Nippon Sharyō Seizō kabushiki gaisha; literally "Japan Rolling Stock Manufacture Company" and formerly known outside Japan as Nippon Sharyo Seizo Kaisha, Ltd.), formed in 1896, is a major rolling stock, heavy equipment, generator, special purpose vehicle and bridge manufacturer based in Nagoya, Japan. In 1996, it abbreviated its name to "日本車両" Nippon Sharyō. Its shortest abbreviation is Nissha "日車". It was a listed company on Nikkei 225 until 2004. It is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and Nagoya Stock Exchange as ticker 7102. In 2008, Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) became the majority shareholder (50.1%) of the financially struggling Nippon Sharyo making the firm a "consolidated subsidiary" of JR Central. In July 2012 Nippon Sharyo USA started production in their new facility in Rochelle, Illinois. The facility closed at the end of October 2018 due to a lack of orders.

JNR Class C56
The Class C56 is a type of 2-6-0 steam locomotive designed by Hideo Shima and operated by the Japanese Government Railways (JGR) from 1935 to 1939, and later by its post-war successor Japanese National Railways (JNR).

A total of 164 locomotives were built between 1935 and 1939. During the Second World War, locomotives numbered C56 1 to C56 90 and C56 161 to C56 164 were sent to Southeast Asia, where some remained in service until the 1980s. The last C56 was retired in 1974, though several have been preserved and remain operational for heritage purposes.
Shawinigan
Shawinigan (English: /ʃəˈwɪnɪɡən/; French: [ʃawiniɡan] ⓘ) is a city located on the Saint-Maurice River in the Mauricie area in Quebec, Canada. It had a population of 49,620 as of the 2021 Canadian census.

Shawinigan is also a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality (TE) and census division (CD) of Quebec, coextensive with the city of Shawinigan. Its geographical code is 36. Shawinigan is the seat of the judicial district of Saint-Maurice.

The name Shawinigan has had numerous spellings over time: Chaouinigane, Oshaouinigane, Assaouinigane, Achawénégan, Chawinigame, Shawenigane, Chaouénigane. It may mean "south portage", "portage of beeches", "angular portage", or "summit" or "crest". Before 1958, the city was known as Shawinigan Falls.

Shawinigan is the birthplace of former Prime Minister of Canada Jean Chrétien.

Resolute Forest Products
Resolute Forest Products (French: Produits forestiers Résolu), formerly known as AbitibiBowater Inc., is a Canada-based pulp and paper company. Headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, the company was formed in 2007 by the merger of Bowater and Abitibi-Consolidated. At that time, the merged company was the third largest pulp and paper company in North America, and the eighth largest in the world.

On 1 July 2012, the company's name was changed to Resolute Forest Products Inc. In 2023, the company was acquired by the Paper Excellence Group through its subsidiary, Domtar.
HMS Penelope (97)
HMS Penelope was an Arethusa-class light cruiser of the Royal Navy. She was built by Harland & Wolff (Belfast, Northern Ireland); her keel was laid down on 30 May 1934. She was launched on 15 October 1935, and commissioned 13 November 1936. She was torpedoed and sunk by the German U-boat U-410 near Naples with great loss of life on 18 February 1944. On wartime service with Force K, she was holed so many times by bomb fragments that she acquired the nickname "HMS Pepperpot".

Arethusa-class cruiser (1934)
The Arethusa class was a class of four light cruisers built for the Royal Navy between 1933 and 1937 and that served in World War II. It had been intended to construct six ships, but the last pair, Polyphemus and Minotaur, were ordered in 1934 as the 9,100-ton Town-class Southampton and Newcastle.
Nausithoe (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Nausithoe (Ancient Greek: Ναυσιθόη means 'swift ships') was the Nereid of swift ships and one of the 50 marine-nymph daughters of the 'Old Man of the Sea' Nereus and the Oceanid Doris.

Nereids
In Greek mythology, the Nereids or Nereides (/ˈnɪəriɪdz/ NEER-ee-idz; Ancient Greek: Νηρηΐδες, romanized: Nērēḯdes; sg. Νηρηΐς, Nērēḯs, also Νημερτές) are sea nymphs (female spirits of sea waters), the 50 daughters of the 'Old Man of the Sea' Nereus and the Oceanid Doris, sisters to their brother Nerites. They often accompany Poseidon, the god of the sea, and can be friendly and helpful to sailors (such as the Argonauts in their search for the Golden Fleece).
Bidouze
The Bidouze (French pronunciation: [biduz]; Basque: Biduze) is a left tributary of the Adour, in the French Basque Country (Pyrénées-Atlantiques), in the Southwest of France. It is 82.2 km (51.1 mi) long.

Larceveau-Arros-Cibits
Larceveau-Arros-Cibits (Basque: Larzabale-Arroze-Zibitze; Occitan: Larcerebel) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.

It is located in the former province of Lower Navarre.
Takapu Valley
Takapu Valley, one of the northern suburbs of Wellington, New Zealand, is a rural area. The only road, Takapu Road, which runs by the Takapu Stream, goes down past Grenada North to the intersection with the Johnsonville-Porirua Motorway, and to Tawa where most facilities are. There is a supermarket and the Takapu Road railway station near the motorway intersection, but neither is in the valley itself.

Grenada North
Grenada North is a small suburb in northern Wellington, New Zealand. It is 5 km south of Porirua's city centre, and 13 km north of Wellington's city centre. Its western boundary is formed by State Highway 1 (SH 1N) and Takapu Road. The suburb itself was named after Grenada in the Caribbean, and most streets are named after Caribbean islands.

The Caribbean Avenue Reserve can be accessed from Caribbean Drive.
Robin Koval
Robin Koval (born May 25, 1955) is a New York Times best-selling author and former CEO and president of Truth Initiative 
, a nonprofit tobacco control organization best known for its Truth youth smoking prevention campaign. Koval also co-founded The Kaplan Thaler Group and later served as the CEO of Publicis Kaplan Thaler (now Publicis New York), New York’s fifth largest advertising agency through November 2013.

Linda Kaplan Thaler
Linda Kaplan Thaler (January, 1951) is an American advertiser and author. She is currently the CEO & President of Kaplan Thaler Productions. As an advertiser she helped create advertising campaigns that are well known in American culture including the Aflac duck and the “Yes, Yes, Yes” campaign for Clairol Herbal Essence. She has authored and composed jingles, including “I Don’t Wanna Grow Up, I’m a Toys "R" Us Kid,” and “Kodak Moments". She is a motivational speaker at businesses and colleges.
Józef Berger
Józef Berger (14 March 1901 – 11 June 1962) was a Polish Lutheran pastor, theologian and politician from the region of Trans-Olza, Czechoslovakia. He was a member of the Polish People's Party, a political party active amongst middle-class Lutherans of the Polish minority in interbellum Czechoslovakia.

Český Těšín
Český Těšín (Czech: [ˈtʃɛskiː ˈcɛʃiːn] ⓘ; Polish: Czeski Cieszyn; German: Tschechisch-Teschen) is a town in Karviná District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 23,000 inhabitants.

Český Těšín lies on the west bank of the Olza river, in the heart of the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia. Until the 1920 division of the region between Poland and Czechoslovakia it was just a western suburb of the town of Teschen, which after the division fell to Poland as Cieszyn. The combined population of the Czech and Polish parts of the town is around 57,000 (23,500 in Český Těšín, 33,500 in Cieszyn).

The historic centre in Český Těšín is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument zone.
Giannoulis Larentzakis
Giannoulis Larentzakis (Greek: Γιαννούλης Λαρεντζάκης, born 22 September 1993) is a Greek professional basketball player and the vice–captain for Olympiacos of the Greek Basketball League and the EuroLeague. Nicknamed the "Cobra", he is 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) tall and plays at the shooting guard and small forward positions. Larentzakis has been a member of the senior Greek national basketball team since 2017.

2017–18 Greek Basketball Cup
The 2017–18 Greek Basketball Cup was the 43rd edition of Greece's top-tier level professional national domestic basketball cup competition. The previous winners of the cup were Panathinaikos Superfoods. The cup competition started on 13 September 2017, and ended 17 February 2018. AEK won the competition.
Aleksandr Hudilainen
Aleksandr Petrovich Hudilainen (Russian: Александр Петрович Худилайнен, finnicized as Aleksanteri Petrovitš Hutilainen, born May 2, 1956) is a Russian politician. He was the third Head of the Republic of Karelia, a federal subject of Russia. He came into power after Andrey Nelidov left office in 2012. He resigned on February 15, 2017 and was succeeded by Artur Parfenchikov.

He is president of the sport federation of skiing and snowboarding of the Leningrad oblast.

Hudilainen is of Ingrian Finnish heritage. He is fluent in Finnish.

Head of the Republic of Karelia
The Head of the Republic of Karelia (Russian: Глава Республики Карелия) is the highest-ranking official of the Republic of Karelia, a federal subject of Russia. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, four people have served as heads of the republic.
Beijing Yanqi Economic Development Area
Beijing Yanqi Economic Development Area (simplified Chinese: 北京雁栖经济开发区; traditional Chinese: 北京雁棲經濟開發區; pinyin: Běijīng Yànqī Jīngjì Kāifāqū) is a municipality-level economic development area located entirely within Yanqi Town, Huairou District, Beijing, China. In 2020, it had a total population of 3,261.

Yanqi, Beijing
Yanqi Town (Chinese: 雁栖镇; pinyin: Yànqī Zhèn) a town in southern Huairou District, Beijing, China. It shares border with Liulimiao Town in its north, Huaibei and Beifang Towns in its east, Huairou and Bohai Towns in its south, and Sihai Town in its west. Its total population was 38,483 in 2020.

The name Yanqi (Chinese: 雁栖; lit. 'Swan Geese Rest') corresponds to Yanqi River that passes through the area.
1971 European Junior Badminton Championships
The 1971 European Junior Badminton Championships was the second edition of the European Junior Badminton Championships. It was held in Gottwaldov, Czechoslovakia, in the month of April. Danish players won both the Girls' singles and doubles while England won Boys' doubles and Mixed doubles. Netherlands' Rob Ridder won the Boys' singles title.

European Junior Badminton Championships
The European Junior Badminton Championships is a tournament organized by the Badminton Europe (BE) since 1969, and is held once every two years to crown the best junior badminton players in Europe. Team events were added to the program since the 1975 edition in Copenhagen, Denmark.
The Lady Tasting Tea
The Lady Tasting Tea: How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century (ISBN 0-8050-7134-2) is a book by David Salsburg about the history of modern statistics and the role it played in the development of science and industry.

The title comes from the "lady tasting tea", an example from the famous book, The Design of Experiments, by Ronald A. Fisher. Regarding Fisher's example, the statistician Debabrata Basu wrote that "the famous case of the 'lady tasting tea'" was "one of the two supporting pillars [...] of the randomization analysis of experimental data".

The Design of Experiments
The Design of Experiments is a 1935 book by the English statistician, Ronald Fisher, on experimental design, considered to be a foundational work in modern statistics and experimental methodology. The book introduced concepts such as randomization, replication, blocking, and contains Fisher’s influential discussion of the null hypothesis, illustrated in the context of the Lady tasting tea experiment. The book has had a lasting impact on the development of statistical science, shaping diverse fields such as agriculture, psychology, and medical research. It remains an important reference in the history of applied statistics and the philosophy of scientific testing.
2010 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters
The 2010 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters was the twenty-fourth season of premier German touring car championship and also eleventh season under the moniker of Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM) since the series' resumption in 2000. The season began on 25 April at the Hockenheimring, and ended on 28 November at the Shanghai Street Circuit, after eleven rounds held in Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Italy and China. Having finished second in 2008 and third in 2009, HWA Team's Paul di Resta became champion for the first time, having come out on top of a three-way title battle in Shanghai.

The 2010 season would be Dunlop's final season as the sole tyre supplier in DTM as the company announced on 19 November 2010 that it would not renew its contract at the end of the season. After several months of deliberation, Hankook was chosen as the tyre supplier for the 2011 season.

2008 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters
The 2008 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters was the twenty-second season of premier German touring car championship and also ninth season under the moniker of Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters since the series' resumption in 2000. The series began on 13 April at the Hockenheimring and finished on 26 October at the same venue, after eleven rounds. Timo Scheider won the title, having never previously won a race before the start of the season.
Aquila X-1
Aquila X-1 (frequently abbreviated to Aql X-1) is a low-mass x-ray binary (LMXB) and the most luminous X-Ray source in the constellation Aquila.  It was first observed by the satellite Vela 5B which detected several outbursts from this source between 1969 and 1976. Its optical counterpart is variable, so it was named V1333 Aql according to the IAU standards. The system hosts a neutron star that accretes matter from a main sequence star of spectral type K4. The binary's orbital period is 18.9479 hours.

The neutron star radiation flux is slightly variable due to the nuclear burning of the accreted helium on the surface.

Aquila (constellation)
Aquila is a constellation on the celestial equator. Its name is Latin for 'eagle' and it represents the bird that carried Zeus/Jupiter's thunderbolts in Greek-Roman mythology.

Its brightest star, Altair, is one vertex of the Summer Triangle asterism. The constellation is best seen in the northern summer, as it is located along the Milky Way. Because of this location, many clusters and nebulae are found within its borders, but they are dim and galaxies are few.
Jacques Hardion
Jacques Hardion (17 October 1686, Tours, Touraine – 2 October 1766, Versailles) was a French historian, scholar and translator from ancient Greek.

After studying at Tours, he earned a place as tutor to Nicolas-François Dupré de Saint-Maur. He was elected member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres in 1728 and the Académie française in 1730.  Having been appointed librarian of the king and the royal family at Versailles, he was chosen to give lessons in history and literature to children of Louis XV.

He was also known as a protégé of Turgot and served as tutor to Mesdames de France before joining the royal household at Versailles. Hardion authored a twenty-volume Histoire universelle and played an active role within the Académie française, where he both received and was received by several notable members of the period.

Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
The Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (French pronunciation: [akademi dez‿ɛ̃skʁipsjɔ̃ e bɛl lɛtʁ]) is a French learned society devoted to history, founded in February 1663 as one of the five academies of the Institut de France. The academy's scope is the study of ancient inscriptions (epigraphy), historical literature (see Belles-lettres) and the cultures of the civilizations of antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the classical period, as well as those of non-European civilizations.
Palaces and park ensemble in Ostromecko
The Palaces and park complex in Ostromecko is a residential complex, including two palaces and a park, located in Ostromecko. It has been owned since 1996 by the city Bydgoszcz. The ensemble is a regional cultural and recreational centre. It houses, among others, a collection of historic pianos.

Windmill
A windmill is a machine operated by the force of wind acting on vanes or sails to mill grain (gristmills), pump water, generate electricity, or drive other machinery.
Windmills were used throughout the high medieval and early modern periods; the horizontal or panemone windmill first appeared in Persia during the 9th century, and the vertical windmill first appeared in northwestern Europe in the 12th century. Regarded as an icon of Dutch culture, there are approximately 1,000 windmills in the Netherlands today.
Fusa Church
Fusa Church (Norwegian: Fusa kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Bjørnafjorden Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the village of Fusa. It is one of the churches for the Fusa parish which is part of the Fana prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin. The white, concrete church was built in a long church design in 1962 using plans drawn up by the architect Ole Halvorsen. The church seats about 350 people. It is the fourth church building to be built on this site.

Bjørnafjorden Municipality
Bjørnafjorden is a municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the Midhordland region of the county. The administrative centre of Bjørnafjorden is the village of Osøyro. Other villages in the municipality include Eikelandsosen, Fusa, Hagavik, Haljem, Holdhus, Holmefjord, Strandvik, Sundvor, Syfteland, Søre Øyane, Søvik, and Vinnes.

The 517.4-square-kilometre (199.8 sq mi) municipality is the 204th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Bjørnafjorden Municipality is the 46th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 26,342. The municipality's population density is 50.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (132/sq mi) and its population has increased by 15.9% over the previous 10-year period.
Seal hunting in Namibia
Seal culling in Namibia is a contentious issue, with animal rights groups opposing the practice as brutal, but the government supporting it and claiming the brown fur seal population may damage the fishing industry which is strategic to the Namibian economy. Seal harvesting in Namibia targets 80,000 seal pups and 6,000 adult bulls but few are actually harvested. This seal harvest takes place in three places: Cape Cross, Wolf Bay and Atlas Bay.

Economy of Namibia
The economy of Namibia has a modern market sector, which produces most of the country's wealth, and a traditional subsistence sector.  Although the majority of the population engages in subsistence agriculture and herding, Namibia has more than 200,000 skilled workers and a considerable number of well-trained professionals and managers.