hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cephalonian method
The Cephalonian method is a method of active learning for library orientation first made popular in the United Kingdom at Cardiff University. The name is taken from a method used for orientation of tourists at a popular resort in Cephalonia, Greece.

Introduced to a wider audience in 2004 by Linda Davies and Nigel Morgan, the method consists of giving students class cards with prepared questions they are to ask during the session for the instructor to answer. Questions are grouped into categories and colour coded to provide some structure; the order of the questions in any section is based on the order the students choose to stand up, which makes the sessions more random and reduces the repetitive nature of library orientation for both librarians and patrons. However, it may be more appropriate for first year students than more senior students.

This method can be used to reduce library anxiety.

Library anxiety
Library anxiety refers to the "feeling that one’s research skills are inadequate and that those shortcomings should be hidden". In some students this manifests as an outright fear of libraries and the librarians who work there. The term stems from a 1986 article by Constance Mellon, a professor of library science in the U.S. state of North Carolina, titled "Library anxiety: A grounded theory and its development" in the College & Research Libraries journal.
Knucklas railway station
Knucklas railway station serves the village of Knucklas, Powys, Wales, 34+3⁄4 miles (55.9 km) south west of Shrewsbury.

The station is located on a steep hillside overlooking the village and operates as a request stop. Passengers wishing to board are required to signal to the driver, while those intending to alight must notify the train staff.

After departing from the station in the westerly direction, trains pass over the 190 yd (173 m) long Knucklas viaduct.  This is one of the major structures on the route, its 13 stone arches carrying the line at a maximum height of 75 feet (23 m) across the Heyope valley and Knucklas village. The route then climbs sharply from east to west for the next 4 miles (6.4 km) on a ruling gradient of 1 in 60, en route to the summit of the line just to the south of Llangynllo Tunnel.

All trains serving the station are operated by Transport for Wales.

Shrewsbury railway station
Shrewsbury railway station serves the town of Shrewsbury, in Shropshire, England. Built in 1848, it was designated a grade II listed building in 1969. Many services starting at or passing through the station are bound for Wales, and it is a key hub for its operator, Transport for Wales; services are also provided by West Midlands Railway.
Accessory muscle
An accessory muscle is a relatively rare anatomical variation where duplication of a muscle may appear anywhere in the muscular system. Treatment is not indicated unless the accessory muscle interferes with normal function.

Muscular system
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. The muscular systems in vertebrates are controlled through the nervous system although some muscles (such as the cardiac muscle) can be completely autonomous. Together with the skeletal system in the human, it forms the musculoskeletal system, which is responsible for the movement of the body.
Estadio El Teniente
Estadio El Teniente, also known as Estadio Codelco El Teniente for sponsorship reasons, is a multi-purpose stadium in Rancagua, Chile. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium can fit 14,087 people and was built in 1945 with the name Braden Copper Company Stadium (Estadio Braden Copper Co.). The stadium is home to football club O'Higgins, which is based in Rancagua.

The stadium hosted seven matches of 1962 FIFA World Cup, where played matches of the group stage and quarter-finals. In 2013, the stadium was renovated for hosting the 2015 Copa América, to be played in Chile. Two matches of the group stage were played in this stadium. El Teniente will be host of the 2025 FIFA U-20 World Cup.

Trans O'Higgins
Trans O'Higgins is a public transport system that serves Rancagua, the capital of O'Higgins Region.

The system was introduced on October 25, 2004, having 19 lines on the Rancagua conurbation and surrounding areas.
Aref Qazvini
Abolqassem Aref Qazvini or َAref Qazvini (1882 – January 21, 1934; Persian: ابوالقاسم‌ عارف قزوینی), also known as National Poet (Persian: شاعر ملی) was a distinguished Iranian poet, lyricist, and musician. Known for his significant contributions to Persian literature and music, Aref Qazvini's work continues to influence and inspire. His artistic legacy encompasses both his poignant poetry and his lyrical compositions, reflecting the cultural and social nuances of his time.

Hassan Modarres
Hassan Modarres (Persian: سید حسن مدرس; c. 1870, Sarabeh – 1 December 1937, Kashmar) was an Iranian Twelver Shi'a cleric and a notable supporter of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.  He was among the founding members, along with Abdolhossein Teymourtash, of the reformist party Hezb-e Eslaah-talab, which was formed during the fourth national Majlis of Iran. He has been called "brave and incorruptible" and "perhaps the most fervent cleric supporter of true constitutional government".
Type erasure
In programming languages, type erasure is the load-time process by which explicit type annotations are removed from a program, before it is executed at run-time.  Operational semantics not requiring programs to be accompanied by types are named type-erasure semantics, in contrast with type-passing semantics. Type-erasure semantics is an abstraction principle, ensuring that the run-time execution of a program doesn't depend on type information. In the context of generic programming, the opposite of type erasure is named reification.

Type signature
In computer science, a type signature or type annotation defines the inputs and outputs of a function, subroutine or method. A type signature includes the number, types, and order of the function's arguments. One important use of a type signature is for function overload resolution, where one particular definition of a function to be called is selected among many overloaded forms.
Anthony McGrath
Anthony McGrath (born 6 October 1975) is an English cricket coach and former first-class cricketer, who played county cricket for Yorkshire County Cricket Club from 1995 to 2012. He was a right-handed batsman and bowled part-time right-arm medium pace and twice captained Yorkshire, in the 2003 and 2009 seasons. He is the younger brother of the rugby league and union coach, Damian McGrath.

In October 2024 McGrath was appointed the head coach of Yorkshire after nine years holding various coaching roles at Essex County Cricket Club.

Damian McGrath
Damian McGrath (born Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire, England in 1958) played professional rugby league at Batley before embarking on a successful coaching career, which has encompassed both codes of rugby football at club and international level. He was the head coach of the Kenya national rugby sevens team from 2022 to 2023.
Jaratkaru
Jaratkaru (Sanskrit: जरत्कारु, romanized: Jaratkāru) is a rishi (sage) in Hinduism. He is the husband of the serpent-goddess Manasa and the father of their son, Astika. He appears as a secondary character in the tales of Manasa and Astika.

Jaratkaru is described as a great learned sage who practises severe asceticism. Though he wants to remain celibate, he marries Manasa on persuasion of his dead ancestors, who are doomed to fall to hell if he does not procreate. The marriage fails, with hardly any emotional bond between the couple. Jaratkaru finally forsakes Manasa when she wakes him up from his deep slumber, and he feels insulted. However, he blesses Manasa before leaving who gives birth to Astika in his absence. Little is known about his early life before meeting Manasa or his later life, after abandoning her.

Rishi
In Indian religions, a rishi (Sanskrit: ऋषि IAST: ṛṣi) is an accomplished and enlightened person. They find mention in various Vedic texts. Rishis are believed to have composed hymns of the Vedas. The Post-Vedic tradition of Hinduism regards the rishis as "great yogis" or "sages" who after intense meditation (tapas) realized the supreme truth and eternal knowledge, which they composed into hymns. The term appears in Pali literature as Isi; in Buddhism they can be either Buddhas, Paccekabuddhas, Arahats or a monk of high rank.
Calumet Air Force Station
Calumet Air Force Station is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station. It is located  5.2 miles (8.4 km) east-northeast of Phoenix, Michigan. It was closed in 1988 by the Air Force, and turned over to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).

AN/FPS-6 Radar
The AN/FPS-6 Radar was a long-range height finding radar used by the United States Air Force's Air Defense Command. The AN/FPS-6 radar was introduced into service in the late 1950s and served as the principal height-finder radar for the United States for several decades thereafter. It was also used by the Royal Air Force alongside their AMES Type 80s. Built by General Electric, the S-band radar operated on a frequency of 2700 to 2900 MHz. Between 1953 and 1960, about 450 units of the AN/FPS-6 and the mobile AN/MPS-14 version were produced. The AN/FPS-90 and AN/FPS-116 radars were identical to the AN/FPS-6 except for receiver modifications.

In accordance with the Joint Electronics Type Designation System (JETDS), the "AN/FPS-6" designation represents the 6th design of an Army-Navy electronic device for fixed ground search radar. The JETDS system also now is used to name all Department of Defense electronic systems.
Chambishi
Chambishi is a town in Kalulushi District in the Copperbelt Province of Zambia. According to the 2021 Census its population stands at slightly above 11,000. It is located on the T3 road (Kitwe-Chingola Dual Carriageway) between the cities of Kitwe and Chingola.

It was re-established in 1963 as a company township for the mine workers of Chambishi Mine which was under Chibuluma Mine of Kalulushi. This was after an announcement by Sir Ronald Prain, Chairman of Roan Selection Trust, in May 1962 that the company was going to open up the Chambishi open pit-pit mine at a cost of 7.5 million British Pounds.

Copperbelt Province
Copperbelt Province is a province in Zambia which covers the mineral-rich Copperbelt, and farming and bush areas to the south. It was the backbone of the Northern Rhodesian economy during British colonial rule and fuelled the hopes of the immediate post-independence period, but its economic importance was severely damaged by a crash in global copper prices in 1973. The province adjoins the Haut-Katanga province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which is similarly mineral-rich.

The main cities and towns of the Copperbelt are Kitwe, Ndola, Mufulira, Luanshya, Chingola, Kalulushi and Chililabombwe. Roads and rail links extend north into the Congo to Lubumbashi, but the Second Congo War brought economic contact between the two countries to a standstill, now recovering.

It is informally referred to at times as 'Copala' or 'Kopala', invoking the vernacular-like term of the mineral copper that is mined in the province.
Bramhani Industries
Bramhani Industries Limited also known as Brahmani Steels and Bramhani Steels is an Indian iron and steel company promoted by Obulapuram Mining Company and G. Janardhana Reddy. The company is building a 1.7 metric tonnes per annum steel plant in Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh. The company has announced plans to source state of the art steel equipment from China. The company has also proposed to build a 6 million metric ton steel plant in Bellary. JSW steel is said to be in talks for partial ownership of OMC. Bramhani steels and Obulapuram are linked to illegal mining of Iron ore in Karnataka.

Mining scams in India
Mining scams in India (colloquially known as the Indian mining scam) refer to a series of alleged widespread scams in various ore-rich states of India, which have generated controversy. Problems caused by the alleged scams include encroachment of forest areas, underpayment of government royalties, and conflict with tribals regarding land rights. The spill-over of the effects of legal mining into issues such as Naxalism, and the distortion of the Indian political system by mixed politics and mining interests, has gained international attention.

The latest scam that has come out is the coal mining scam in which the government has had a presumable conservative loss of Rs 1.86 trillion (short scale), due to the delayed implementation of a competitive bidding process for allotment of coal blocks, according to the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG).
Ammonium tetrafluoroborate
Ammonium tetrafluoroborate (or ammonium fluoroborate) is an inorganic salt composed of the ammonium cation and the tetrafluoroborate anion, with the chemical formula NH4BF4. When heated to decomposition, ammonium tetrafluoroborate releases toxic fumes of hydrogen fluoride, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia.

Tetrafluoroborate
Tetrafluoroborate is the anion BF−4. This tetrahedral species is isoelectronic with tetrafluoroberyllate (BeF2−4), tetrafluoromethane (CF4), and tetrafluoroammonium (NF+4) and is valence isoelectronic with many stable and important species including the perchlorate anion, ClO−4, which is used in similar ways in the laboratory. It arises by the reaction of fluoride salts with the Lewis acid BF3, treatment of tetrafluoroboric acid with base, or by treatment of boric acid with hydrofluoric acid.
Reece Ushijima
Reece Ushijima (born 13 January 2003) is an American and Japanese racing driver who most recently competed in the 2023 USF Pro 2000 Championship with Jay Howard Driver Development. He previously competed in the 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship for Van Amersfoort Racing.

Hitech Grand Prix
Hitech Grand Prix (formerly Hitech Racing) is a British motor racing team. It was founded by Dennis Rushen and David Hayle in 2002 and relaunched by Oliver Oakes in 2015. Currently, Hitech competes in the FIA Formula 2 Championship, FIA Formula 3 Championship, Formula Regional Oceania Trophy, Eurocup-3, GB3 Championship, F4 British Championship, F1 Academy, Formula Trophy UAE and UAE4 Series. The team also supports Toyota drivers in Super Formula Championship.
TV2 Øst
TV2 ØST is a public service television station, which covers West and South Sealand, as well as Lolland-Falster (the former Storstrøms County and Vestsjællands County).

Its local news programmes can be seen two times a day on TV 2's frequencies. TV2 ØST's most watched programme is the 7:30pm bulletin. The station delivers news and related content via its website, apps, RSS, podcasts, teletext, Facebook and Instagram. TV2 ØST operates as an independent company and is sustained by license fees. The station is based in Vordingborg. In the past, it had an office in Holbæk.

TV 2 (Danish TV channel)
TV 2 is a Danish government-owned broadcast and subscription television station, based in Odense, Funen. The station was founded in 1986, and made its first official broadcast in 1988. It makes daily broadcasts of regional and national news, as well as its morning talk show, Go'morgen Danmark.
François Goetghebeur
François Goetghebeur (born 13 November 1974) is a French film director, photographer and art director. He became known in the music world thanks to his work including music videos, recordings, documentaries and artists portraits.

TF1 Group
TF1 Group (French: Groupe TF1) is a French media holding company. Its best-known property is the broadcast network TF1. The group was formed after TF1 was privatized in April 1987 in which the channel was launched back on 6 January 1975 twelve years prior. It is controlled with a 43% stake by industrial group Bouygues, and is quoted on Euronext Paris.
Iowa gambling task
The Iowa gambling task (IGT) is a psychological task thought to simulate real-life decision making.
It was introduced by Antoine Bechara, Antonio Damasio, Hanna Damasio and Steven Anderson, then researchers at the University of Iowa.   It has been brought to popular attention by Antonio Damasio (proponent of the somatic marker hypothesis) in his best-selling book Descartes' Error.

The IGT is thought to measure an individual's approach to risk-taking, impulsivity, and ability to delay short-term gratification to achieve long-term rewards.

The task was originally presented simply as the Gambling Task, or the "OGT".  Later, it has been referred to as the Iowa gambling task and, less frequently, as Bechara's Gambling Task. The Iowa gambling task is widely used in research of cognition and emotion. A recent review listed more than 400 papers that made use of this paradigm.

Decision-making
In psychology, decision-making (also spelled decision making and decisionmaking) is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several possible alternative options. It could be either rational or irrational. The decision-making process is a reasoning process based on assumptions of values, preferences and beliefs of the decision-maker. Every decision-making process produces a final choice, which may or may not prompt action.

Research about decision-making is also published under the label problem solving, particularly in European psychological research.
Nuestra Visión
Nuestra Visión (translation: Our Vision) is an American Spanish language free-to-air television network, owned by Publicidad y Contenido Editorial S.A. de C.V. a subsidiary of América Móvil. The network launched on November 21, 2017 and is available in select markets across the United States.

The network primarily features Mexican movies from the golden age of Mexican cinema to recent productions. Programming also includes live sporting events as well as special events, such as concerts, interviews with top-tier celebrities, series and music clips. It also airs daily newscasts and sportscasts produced live through companies owned by América Móvil, UNO TV and Claro Sports.

Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional
The Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional (LFA; English: Professional American Football League) is a professional American football league in Mexico, founded in 2016. Starting with four teams, the LFA has since expanded to eleven members as of 2022. The regular season runs in the spring, from early March to late April. The championship game is called Tazón México (Mexico Bowl), and is currently played on the second Sunday in May. The players are drafted from the country's college football organization, ONEFA, and through international drafts, which mainly recruit American players.

LFA is the top level of professional American football in Mexico, having an alliance with the Canadian Football League (CFL).
Charles MacCarthy (politician)
Colonel Charles MacCarthy (died 20 May 1704) was an Irish Jacobite politician.

MacCarthy was the son of Dermod MacCarthy of Ballea. In 1678 he served in the regiment of Colonel Thomas Dongan in the service of Louis XIV of France. He later became a colonel of militia in the Irish Army of James II of England. In 1689, he was elected as a Member of Parliament for Bandonbridge in the short-lived Patriot Parliament called by James II. The Corporation of Bandon elected him as provost of the town in 1691, but he was prevented from assuming his position by the Jacobite defeat in the Williamite War in Ireland. Upon his death in 1704, he was buried in Kilcrea Friary.

Patriot Parliament
The Patriot Parliament is the name commonly used for the Irish Parliament session called by King James II during the Williamite War in Ireland which lasted from 1688 to 1691. The first since 1666, it held only one session, which lasted from 7 May 1689 to 20 July 1689. Irish nationalist historian Sir Charles Gavan Duffy first used the term Patriot Parliament in 1893.

The House of Commons was 70 members short since there were no elections in the northern counties; as a result, its members were overwhelmingly Old English and Catholic. Sir Richard Nagle was elected speaker, while the House of Lords was led by Baron Fitton; the opposition was led by Anthony Dopping, a Church of Ireland cleric who served as the Bishop of Meath.

The term is controversial, for this Parliament was deeply divided. The deliberate destruction of its records after 1695 means that assessments, both negative and positive, often rely on individual accounts.
Sri Lanka Army Pioneer Corps
The Sri Lanka Army Pioneer Corps (SLAPC) is a pioneer reserve regiment of the Sri Lanka Army that specialized in CBRN defense management, defusing and disposal of bombs and land mines, demolition and underwater demolition, engineer reconnaissance, military engineering, jungle and trench warfare, raiding with small unit tactics to destroy enemy defensive structures, and route clearance. Established as manpower reserve to be utilized in times of strikes and union action to maintain the functionality of essential services and other state functions, other such units that existed then and has since been disband include the Post and Telegraph Signals (PTS) and the Ceylon Railway Engineer Corps (CREC). With the escalation of the Sri Lankan civil war the regiment has taken up combat duties.

Ceylon Railway Engineer Corps
Ceylon Railway Engineer Corps was a departmental corps of the Ceylon Defense Force from 1943 to 1945 and of the Ceylon Volunteer Force 1955 to 1956 consisting of staff from the Ceylon Government Railway. The government hoped to minimized the effects to the Post and Telegraph services in the event of trade union action (strikes were common) by mobilizing the personnel attached to this unit. However it was disbanded in 1956 when the leftist S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike became prime minister.
Central Idaho
Central Idaho is a geographical term for the region located northeast of Boise and southeast of Lewiston in the U.S. state of Idaho. It is dominated by federal lands administered by the United States Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management. Idaho's tallest mountain, Borah Peak, is located in this region. A large part of the Sawtooth National Recreation Area is within Central Idaho.

The counties of Blaine, Butte, Camas, Custer, and Lemhi are included in the region. The southern Central Idaho region — particularly Blaine and Camas counties — is also known as the Wood River Valley after the Big Wood River. Blaine and Camas counties are also considered to be part of the Magic Valley region of Southern Idaho.

Wood River Valley
The Wood River Valley is a region in south-central Idaho. Located in Blaine County, it is named after the Big Wood and Little Wood Rivers, which flow through the area.

The valley has four incorporated cities: Bellevue, Hailey, Ketchum, and Sun Valley. It is considered part of the larger Magic Valley region, but differs economically due to its ties to the tourism industry, with less of a dependence on agriculture than in the southern Magic Valley proper.

The Sun Valley Resort is at the north end of the valley; the region also includes large portions of the Sawtooth National Forest and Sawtooth National Recreation Area.

The primary roadway is State Highway 75, the Sawtooth Scenic Byway. Friedman Memorial Airport and Wood River High School serve the valley and are both located in Hailey, the county seat of Blaine County, Idaho.