hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Older Scots
Older Scots is a distinct historical stage in the development of the Scots language, encompassing its evolution between the 14th and 18th centuries. It is a subfield of study within the wider historical linguistics of Scots. This chronological term is widely used, for example by Scottish Language Dictionaries (formally SNDA), the Oxford Companion to the English Language, and the Cambridge History of English and American Literature. The online Dictionary of the Scots Language includes the Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue.: 902

Older Scots is used for the following periods in the history of the Scots language:

Pre-literary Scots to 1375

Early Scots to 1450

Middle Scots to 1700

Middle Scots
Middle Scots was the Anglic language of Lowland Scotland in the period from 1450 to 1700. By the end of the 15th century, its phonology, orthography, accidence, syntax and vocabulary had diverged markedly from Early Scots, which was virtually indistinguishable from early Northumbrian Middle English. Subsequently, the orthography of Middle Scots differed from that of the emerging Early Modern English standard that was being used in England. Middle Scots was fairly uniform throughout its many texts, albeit with some variation due to the use of Romance forms in translations from Latin or French, turns of phrases and grammar in recensions of southern texts influenced by southern forms, misunderstandings and mistakes made by foreign printers.
Nandivada
Nandivada is a village in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Nandivada mandal of Gudivada revenue division. It is one of the villages in the mandal to be a part of Andhra Pradesh Capital Region. Geographically, it is 8 kilometres north of Gudivada and directly adjacent to the town of Sreenivasapuram.

Gudivada
Gudivada is a city in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a municipality and the headquarters of Gudivada mandal in Gudivada revenue division. It is one of the cities in the state to be a part of Andhra Pradesh Capital Region. It is the twenty-seventh most populous city in Andhra Pradesh and the three-hundredth most populous city in India with a population of 118,167 according to the 2011 Census of India.
Saint Gregory of Nyssa Church, Trabzon
Saint Gregory of Nyssa (Greek: Εκκλησία Αγίου Γρηγορίου Νύσσης) was a church and monastery of Trabzon. It's believed the church was built around 1280-1297 by the wife of John III, Emperor of Trabzon. After 1665, St Gregory became the cathedral of the city of Trabzon.  The church is dedicated to Saint Gregory of Nyssa (c. 330–395), a Christian bishop and saint. Nyssa (current day Nevşehir) is a city located in Cappadocia. Georgian traveler Timote Gabashvili visited the church in the late 1750s and included this event in his writings. In 1863, the Metropolitan Constantius of Trabzon rebuilt the church.

In 1930 the church was dynamited to make way for the City Club.

Trabzon
Trabzon is a city on the Black Sea coast of northeastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. Historically known as Trebizond, the city was founded in 756 BC as Trapezous by Greek colonists from Miletus. It was added into the Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus the Great and was later part of the independent Kingdom of Pontus that challenged Rome until 68 BC. Thenceforth part of the Roman and later Byzantine Empire, the city was the capital of the Empire of Trebizond, one of the successor states of the Byzantine Empire after the Fourth Crusade in 1204. In 1461 it came under Ottoman rule.

During the early modern period, Trabzon, because of the importance of its port, again became a focal point of trade to Persia and the Caucasus. Today Trabzon is the second largest city and port on the Black Sea coast of Turkey with a population of almost 300,000. The urban population of the city is 330,836 (Ortahisar), with a metropolitan population of 822,270. Trabzon has 18 districts in total.
Gideon Gibson Jr.
Gideon Gibson Jr., (c. 1721–1792) was a free man of color in the colony of South Carolina. Gibson became an enslaver and "regulator" in the backcountry. Gibson supported their vigilantism to oppose British taxation policy.

In May 2011, Gibson was discussed in the New York Times as a paternal great-grandfather of Randall Lee Gibson, a planter who served as a Confederate general from Louisiana. The senior Gibson was an example of mixed-race people who succeeded economically and, over several generations, moved into white society.

Vigilantism
Vigilantism (/ˌvɪdʒɪˈlæntɪzəm/) is an act commonly summarized as "taking the law into one's own hands" which, according to Merriam Webster, means "to try to punish someone for breaking a law even though one does not have the right to do that." A vigilante is a person who practices or partakes in vigilantism.
Reactions to the Twelve-Day War
On 13 June 2025, Israel launched a surprise attack on Iran by bombing several military and nuclear facilities, beginning the Twelve-Day War and drawing varied reactions across governments and non-governmental entities. The majority of reactions within the Iranian government and public were negative, although some in the Iranian diaspora called for an overthrow of the government. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu issued a statement addressing the citizens of Iran.

Countries across the world issued their own statements in regards to their stance on the conflict, predominately expressing condemnation of Israeli strikes on Iran or calling on the two countries to de-escalate tensions, and more broadly to de-escalate tensions within the scope of the Middle East. Among Israeli allies, several expressed support for the strikes on Iran, while others issued no official statement. There were also some demonstrations in response to the war.

Expediency Discernment Council
The Expediency Discernment Council of the System (Persian: مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام, romanized: Majma'-e Tašxis-e Maslahat-e Nezâm) is an administrative assembly of Iran appointed by the Supreme Leader and was created upon the revision to the Constitution on 6 February 1988. It was originally set up to resolve differences or conflicts between the Majlis and the Guardian Council, but "its true power lies more in its advisory role to the Supreme Leader." According to Hooman Majd, the Leader "delegated some of his own authority to the council—granting it supervisory powers over all branches of the government" following President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's election in 2005.

Members of the council are chosen by the Supreme Leader every five years.
1990 Checker 500
The 1990 Checker 500 was the 28th and penultimate stock car race of the 1990 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season, the ninth and final race of the 1990 NASCAR Winston West Series season, and the third iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, November 4, 1990, before an audience of 75,000 in Avondale, Arizona at Phoenix International Raceway, a 1-mile (1.6 km) permanent low-banked tri-oval race track. The race took the scheduled 312 laps to complete. At race's end, Richard Childress Racing driver Dale Earnhardt would manage to dominate the majority of the race, leading 262 laps of the race en route to his 48th career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory and his ninth and final victory of the season.

With the victory and a poor finish from championship contender in the driver's championship, Mark Martin, Earnhardt would manage to take the driver's championship lead, leading Martin by six points heading into the final race of the season, the 1990 Atlanta Journal 500.

1990 NASCAR Winston West Series
The 1990 NASCAR Winston West Series was the 37th season of the series. The title was won by Bill Schmitt, his fourth in the series and second in succession. Schmitt won the championship by just 1 point over Bill Sedgwick.
St. Stephan, Baden
The church St. Stephan is a Catholic church in Baden in Lower Austria. The official name is Stadtpfarrkirche St. Stephan (municipal parish church). The present building began in Gothic style in the 15th century. It was remodeled Baroque in the 17th century, and an attempt made to restore Gothic features from 1880.

The church has a notable organ, played by Mozart and probably also Beethoven. Mozart's motet Ave verum corpus was premiered in St. Stephan in 1791. The church is a registered monument and an active parish church.

Baden bei Wien
Baden (Central Bavarian: Bodn), unofficially distinguished from other Badens as Baden bei Wien ([ˈbaːdn̩ baɪ̯ viːn]; 'Spa town near Vienna'), is a spa town in Austria. It serves as the capital of Baden District in the state of Lower Austria. Located about 26 km (16 mi) south of Vienna, the municipality consists of cadastral areas Baden, Braiten, Gamingerhof, Leesdorf, Mitterberg, Rauhenstein, and Weikersdorf.

In 2021, the town became part of the transnational UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name "Great Spa Towns of Europe" because of its famous medicinal springs and its architectural testimony to the international spa culture on the 18th and 19th centuries.
Chonosuke Takagi
Chonosuke Takagi (高木 長之助, Takagi Chōnosuke, 26 October 1948 – 6 December 2016) was a Japanese judoka.

Takagi is from Shirahama, Chiba and began judo when he was in junior high school.

When he was a member of judo club at Awa high-school (安房高校, Awa Kōkō), the senior of club is Masatoshi Shinomaki.

Takagi began working for the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department after graduation from Nihon University in 1971. He participated in the World Championship twice and won a gold medal in 1973 and a bronze medal in 1975.

As of 2011, Takagi coached judo at his alma mater, Nihon University. Among his students are Jun Konno, Michiaki Kamochi, Makoto Takimoto and others. He died of a heart attack at the age of 68 on 6 December 2016.

Makoto Takimoto
Makoto Takimoto (瀧本 誠, Takimoto Makoto; born December 8, 1974) is a Japanese retired judoka and mixed martial artist from Nihon University. He won a gold medal at the Half Middleweight category of the 2000 Summer Olympics.
Lord Lieutenant of Gwynedd
This is an incomplete list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant for Gwynedd. The office was created on 1 April 1974.

Sir Richard Williams-Bulkeley, 13th Baronet 1 April 1974 – 1980? (formerly Lord Lieutenant of Anglesey) with two lieutenants:
Sir Michael Duff, 3rd Baronet (formerly Lord Lieutenant of Caernarvonshire) 1 April 1974 – 3 March 1980
Col. John Francis Williams-Wynne, (formerly Lord Lieutenant of Merionethshire) 1 April 1974 – 1983?

Henry Paget, 7th Marquess of Anglesey 18 October 1983 – 5 March 1990

Sir Richard Ellis Meuric Rees 5 March 1990 – 24 February 2000

Prof. Eric Sunderland 24 February 2000 – 21 October 2005

Huw Morgan Daniel 1 May 2006 – 2014

Edmund Seymour Bailey 16 April 2014 – present

Eric Sunderland
Eric Sunderland, CBE, FSB (18 March 1930 – 24 March 2010) was a Welsh anthropologist and academic. He served as Principal and then Vice-Chancellor of the University College of North Wales from 1984 to 1995, and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Wales from 1989 to 1991. He had previously taught at the University of Durham, where he had risen to be Professor of Anthropology (1971 to 1984) and Pro Vice-Chancellor (1979 to 1984). He was a Member of the Aberystwyth Old Students' Association and served as President (1986–87). In retirement, he held a number of royal appointments: he served as High Sheriff of Gwynedd for 1998/1999, and as Lord Lieutenant of Gwynedd from 2000 to 2006.
Sharptor
Sharptor is a hamlet west of Henwood in the civil parish of Linkinhorne in east Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is named after Sharp Tor on Bodmin Moor. Sharptor is close to Minions to the south, Kingbeare in the north and Darleyford to the east. Sharptor is around 280 metres (920 ft) above sea level.

Caradon Hill, standing at 371 metres (1,217 ft) high, on which there is a TV transmission mast on the summit is visible from Sharptor looking south. Kit Hill standing at 334 metres (1,096 ft), which is topped with the stack of South Kit Hill mine, is visible due east from Sharptor. On a clear day, east and just to the right of Kill Hill, Dartmoor can be seen.

22° halo
A 22° halo is an atmospheric optical phenomenon that consists of a halo with an apparent radius of approximately 22° around the Sun or Moon. Around the Sun, it may also be called a sun halo. Around the Moon, it is also known as a moon ring, storm ring, or winter halo. It forms as sunlight or moonlight is refracted by millions of hexagonal ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere. Its radius, as viewed from Earth, is roughly the length of an outstretched hand at arm's length.
2015 Oceania Youth Athletics Championships
The 2015 Oceania Youth Athletics Championships were held at the Barlow Park in Cairns, Queensland, Australia, between May 8–10, 2015. They were held together with the 2015 Oceania Area Championships. Detailed reports on a day by day basis were given.

Initially, a total of 44 events were scheduled. However, results for girl's pole vault and mixed 800m sprint medley relay could not be retrieved. The events were most probably cancelled resulting in a total of 42 contested events, 22 by boys and 20 by girls.

Barlow Park
Barlow Park is a multi-sports facility and stadium in Parramatta Park, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.

The Park is home of the Northern Pride RLFC offices, Cairns District Rugby Union, Cairns and District Athletics Association, Australian Sports Commission Development, Oztag, and formerly Cairns FC and Cairns District Rugby League.

Since 2008 it has been the home ground for the Northern Pride rugby league team who play in the State Competition Queensland Cup.
Halwai
Halwai is an Indian caste and a social class, whose traditional occupation was confectionery and sweet-making. The name is derived from the word Halwa which is a sweet dish.

The community is known by different names in different parts of India. For instance, it's called Modanseni, Yagyaseni, Kany Kujb Halwai, Madheshiya Halwai, Kanu (Kandu) etc. in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Moira-Modak in West Bengal; Gudia in Odisha and so on.

Kandu
'Kanu'  or Kandu is a Baniya or Vaishya caste that has been historically associated with trading activities-- sweet-making, shop-keeping, trading etc. in India and Nepal.  One of their notable business activities is confectionery.

They have been associated with the states Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Purvanchal area of Uttar pradesh and Nepal (Madhesi region) 
Like many other Bania communities, they are undergoing urbanisation. Many rural Kanu’s are shopkeepers and trader. They have a state wise caste association, the Kanu Vaishya Mahasabha, which act as a both as an instrument of social control as well as communal welfare association.
Luke (album)
Luke is the third solo studio album by American musician Steve Lukather, released in 1997. It was a much different and more introspective album than Lukather's previous two solo efforts. The album is a concentrated collection of many of Lukather's musical influences, and he deliberately let those influences come out on the album. Luke was recorded mostly in live sessions with minimal overdubbing and processing afterward. It features instrumentation not heard on previous Lukather albums such as pedal steel, harmonicas, Mellotrons, and experimental guitar, bass, and drum sounds.

The US version of Luke includes a version of the Jeff Beck song "The Pump" which was recorded live in Stuttgart, Germany on June 30, 1997 during the pre-promotional tour of the album. The song "Hate Everything About You" was released as a single.

Stephen Marcussen
Stephen Marcussen is the founder and chief mastering engineer at Marcussen Mastering in Hollywood, California, United States. He has been mastering music since 1979. He is suing a brewery for live music.
The Broken Tower
"The Broken Tower" is the last poem meant to be published by poet Hart Crane in 1932. In keeping with the varieties and difficulties of Crane criticism, the poem has been interpreted widely—as death ode, life ode, process poem, visionary poem, poem on failed vision—but its biographical impetus out of Crane's first heterosexual affair (with Peggy Cowley, estranged wife of Malcolm Cowley) is generally undisputed. Written early in the year, the poem was rejected by Poetry, and only appeared in print (in The New Republic) after Crane's famous suicide by water (compare his great homosexual love-cycle "Voyages").

Voyages (poem)
Contained in Hart Crane's first collection of poems, White Buildings (1926), "Voyages" was composed across six years (1921–1926), with sections published as early as 1923. Containing one of Crane's most famous lyrics, "Voyages: II," this love-cycle of six poems was largely fueled by his reciprocated relationship with Emil Opffer, a Danish merchant mariner.
Chase Haslett
James Ira Chase Haslett (born August 13, 1992) is an American football coach who serves as the tight ends  coach for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as an assistant coach with the Dallas Cowboys, Mercer University, Mississippi State University, and University of Nebraska.

IUP Crimson Hawks football
The IUP Crimson Hawks football program represents Indiana University of Pennsylvania in college football at the NCAA Division II level.  The Crimson Hawks play their home games at George P. Miller Stadium in Indiana, Pennsylvania.

The Crimson Hawks' current head coach is Paul Tortorella, who was named acting head coach for the 2017 season after Curt Cignetti resigned to take the head coach position at Elon University. Cignetti had been introduced as IUP's head coach on January 21, 2011, to replace Lou Tepper. Before coming to IUP, Cignetti served as an assistant at the Division I level for 28 years.
Palainiškiai
Palainiškiai (formerly Russian: Палайнишки, Polish: Pałajniszki) is a village in Kėdainiai district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the village was uninhabited. It is located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from Ąžuolaičiai, by the Kėdainiai-Krakės road, inside the Josvainiai Forest, by the Smilga river. The Smilga Landscape Sanctuary in located next to Palainiškiai.

At the beginning of the 20th century there was Palainiškiai estate in Josvainiai volost.

Krakės
Krakės (formerly Krakiai ) is a small town in Kėdainiai district, central Lithuania. It is located on the Smilgaitis River. In the town, there are the Catholic church of St. Matthew the Evangelist (built in 1907), Mikalojus Katkus gymnasium, library, medicine station, St. Catherine women convent, Krakės Agriculture Cooperative with former culture center, swimming pool and shop (built in 1983, architect K. Žalnierius). There is the Vytautas Ulevičius museum of wooden sculptures.

Krakės is on the eastern boundary of the Nevėžis Plain, on the Krakės Ridge (altitude 95–100 meters). Roads go to Betygala, Grinkiškis, Kėdainiai, Bokštai, Gudžiūnai and Josvainiai. The Krakės-Dotnuva Forest is 2–3 km away from the town.
Old St. Peter's Episcopal Church
Old St. Peter's Episcopal Church is a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument located in the San Pedro section of Los Angeles, California, near the Port of Los Angeles.  Built in 1883 in the Carpenter Gothic Victorian architecture style, it is San Pedro's oldest church.

Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument
Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments are sites which have been designated by the Los Angeles, California, Cultural Heritage Commission as worthy of preservation based on architectural, historic and cultural criteria.
Buittle
Buittle is an ecclesiastical and civil parish in Dumfries and Galloway, southwest Scotland, in the traditional county of Kirkcudbrightshire. It lies to the west of the Urr Water, between Dalbeattie and Castle Douglas, and extends from Haugh of Urr in the north to Almorness Point on the Solway Firth in the south. The main settlement is the small village of Palnackie.

Castle Douglas
Castle Douglas (Scottish Gaelic: Caisteal Dhùghlais) is a town in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. It lies in the lieutenancy area of Kirkcudbrightshire, in the eastern part of Galloway, between the towns of Dalbeattie and Gatehouse of Fleet. It is in the ecclesiastical parish of Kelton.
Staten Island Mall
Staten Island Mall is a shopping mall in New Springville, Staten Island, New York City, opened in 1973. It is the only indoor shopping mall in the borough. It is the largest retail center on the island and is the site of the island's third-largest public transit hub after the St. George Terminal and Eltingville Transit Center, with numerous bus routes that connect to the periphery of the mall area. It is the second largest shopping center in New York City. The mall features Primark, JCPenney, and Macy's, in addition to an 11-screen dine-in AMC Theatres.

Dave & Buster's
Dave & Buster's Entertainment, Inc. (stylized in all caps) is an American restaurant and entertainment business headquartered in Dallas. Each Dave & Buster's location has a full-service restaurant, full bar, and a video arcade, the latter of which is known as the "Million Dollar Midway". As of February 2024, the company has 158 locations in the United States, as well as two in Puerto Rico and two in Canada.
Hinduism in Meghalaya
Hinduism is a minority religion in the Meghalaya state of India constituting 12% of the state's population. The Nartiang Durga Temple in Meghalaya is one of the 51 Shakta pithas on Earth and is considered by Hindus of Meghalaya as the permanent abode of Goddess Durga. Hinduism is a popular religion practice by Rabhas, Hajongs, Kochs, Rajbongshis, Mikirs, Bengalis, Nepalis, Biharis etc.

Khasi people
The Khasi people are an Austroasiatic ethnic group of Meghalaya in north-eastern India with a significant population in the bordering state of Assam and in certain parts of Bangladesh. The Khasis constitute the majority population in the eastern part of Meghalaya, particularly in the Khasi Hills, where they represent 78.3% of the region's population. They also comprise about 48% of Meghalaya's total population, making them the state's largest ethnic community. They are among the few Austroasiatic-speaking peoples in South Asia. The Khasi tribe holds the distinction of being one of the few remaining tribes that have a matrilineal society. Under the Constitution of India, the Khasis have been granted the status of Scheduled Tribe.
Lokrovec
Lokrovec (pronounced [ˈloːkɾɔʋəts]) is a settlement in the City Municipality of Celje in eastern Slovenia. It lies on the northern outskirts of Celje. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja Statistical Region.

Celje
Celje (/ˈ(t)sɛljeɪ/ (T)SEL-yay; Slovene: [ˈtsɛ̀ːljɛ] ⓘ; German: Cilli [ˈtsɪli] ⓘ) is the third-largest city in Slovenia. It is a regional center of the traditional Slovenian region of Styria and the administrative seat of the City Municipality of Celje. The town is located below Upper Celje Castle at the confluence of the Savinja, Hudinja, Ložnica, and Voglajna rivers in the lower Savinja Valley, and at the crossing of the roads connecting Ljubljana, Maribor, Velenje, and the Central Sava Valley.
Vachonisia
Vachonisia is a Devonian marrellomorph known from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate.  It grows in a similar fashion to the other Hunsruck marrellomorph, Mimetaster, and is closely related to the Silurian Xylokorys.  It is known from 20 specimens; its whole body is covered by a shield-like carapace.

Xylokorys
Xylokorys is a genus of marrellomorph known from two specimens from the Silurian Herefordshire lagerstatte; it filter-fed on mud particles on the sea floor.  It is the only marrellomorph known from the Silurian period.