hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Fredericksburg order of battle: Confederate
The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Fredericksburg of the American Civil War. Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the campaign. The Union order of battle is listed separately.

General officers in the Confederate States Army
The general officers of the Confederate States Army (CSA) were the senior military leaders of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. They were often former officers from the United States Army (the regular army) before the Civil War, while others were given the rank based on merit or when necessity demanded. Most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate States Congress, much like prospective generals in the modern U.S. armed forces.

Like all of the Confederacy's military forces, these generals answered to their civilian leadership, in particular Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America and therefore commander-in-chief of the military forces of the Confederate States.
Leopold Prinz von Bayern
Leopold Rupprecht Ludwig Ferdinand Adalbert Friedrich Maria et omnes sancti Prinz von Bayern (born 21 June 1943) is a member of the Bavarian royal house of Wittelsbach and a former champion race car driver. He descends from King Ludwig I of Bavaria in direct line and is a distant relative to the current head of the House of Wittelsbach, Franz, Duke of Bavaria and his brother, Maximilian, Duke in Bavaria. He also descends from Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph and his wife Elisabeth and from King George II of Great Britain, and is therefore a distant cousin of Elizabeth II. As a Roman Catholic he is excluded from the line for the British throne by the Act of Settlement 1701. He also descends from Isabella II of Spain, through her daughter, and Leopold's great-grandmother, María de la Paz. He has a claim to the Throne of Portugal.

Infanta María de la Paz of Spain
Infanta María de la Paz of Spain (23 June 1862 – 4 December 1946) was a Spanish infanta, daughter of Queen Isabella II. She married her cousin Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria and lived the rest of her life in Germany, dedicating her time to her family, charity work and writing poetry. She wrote a book of memoirs: Through Four Revolutions: 1862–1933.
Portable water purification
Portable water purification devices are self-contained, easily transported units used to purify water from untreated sources (such as rivers, lakes, and wells) for drinking purposes. Their main function is to eliminate pathogens, and often also suspended solids and some unpalatable or toxic compounds.

These units provide an autonomous supply of drinking water to people without access to clean water supply services, including inhabitants of developing countries and disaster areas, military personnel, campers, hikers, and workers in wilderness, and survivalists. They are also called point-of-use water treatment systems and field water disinfection techniques.

Techniques include heat (including boiling), filtration, activated charcoal adsorption, chemical disinfection (e.g. chlorination, iodine, ozonation, etc.), ultraviolet purification (including sodis), distillation (including solar distillation), and flocculation. Often these are used in combination.

Turbidity
Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye. The measurement of turbidity is a key test of both water clarity and water quality.

Fluids can contain suspended solid matter consisting of particles of many different sizes. While some suspended material will be large enough and heavy enough to settle rapidly to the bottom of the container if a liquid sample is left to stand (the settable solids), very small particles will settle only very slowly or not at all if the sample is regularly agitated or the particles are colloidal. These small solid particles cause the liquid to appear turbid.

Turbidity (or haze) is also applied to transparent solids such as glass or plastic. In plastic production, haze is defined as the percentage of light that is deflected more than 2.5° from the incoming light direction.
Camera 40 Productions
Camera 40 Productions is an independent film production company based in Utah, USA. The company was formed in 2001 by filmmakers Jason Faller, Andrew Black and Kynan Griffin while they were attending film school.

Mythica (film series)
Mythica is a series of primarily direct-to-video fantasy films. The films are produced by Arrowstorm Entertainment, with first film Mythica: A Quest for Heroes being partly funded by a Kickstarter campaign that collected $94,294. There are six films in the Mythica series, all produced and co-written by Jason Faller and Kynan Griffin. The films star Melanie Stone as Marek, an escaped slave girl and budding magician, and co-star Kevin Sorbo as Gojun Pye the magician who trains her, along with Adam Johnson, Jake Stormoen, and Nicola Posener as those that team up with Marek on various quests together.
Stuart Hogg
Stuart William Hogg MBE (born 24 June 1992) is a Scottish professional rugby union player, who plays for Montpellier of the French Top 14.

Hogg played for Glasgow Warriors from 2010 to 2019, joining Exeter Chiefs in 2019 and retiring in 2023. He then joined Montpellier in 2024.

He has represented Scotland at international level, earning 100 caps after making his debut against Wales during the 2012 Six Nations Championship. He was Scotland's all-time leading try-scorer, and was named Six Nations Player of the Tournament in 2016 and 2017.
 He was selected to tour with the British & Irish Lions three times, in 2013, 2017 and 2021, and won two caps against South Africa in 2021.

In November 2024, Hogg pleaded guilty to domestic abuse of his estranged wife over five years.

2019–20 European Rugby Champions Cup
The 2019–20 European Rugby Champions Cup (known as the Heineken Champions Cup for sponsorship reasons) was the sixth season of the European Rugby Champions Cup, the annual club rugby union competition run by European Professional Club Rugby (ECPR) for teams from the top six nations in European rugby. It was the 25th season of pan-European professional club rugby competition.

The tournament began on 15 November 2019. The knock-out stage of the tournament was rescheduled from April and May to September and October 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the final, originally scheduled for 23 May 2020 at the Stade Vélodrome in Marseille in France, taking place on 17 October 2020 at Ashton Gate in Bristol.
Cubic reciprocity
Cubic reciprocity is a collection of theorems in elementary and algebraic number theory that state conditions under which the congruence x3 ≡ p (mod q) is solvable; the word "reciprocity" comes from the form of the main theorem, which states that if p and q are primary numbers in the ring of Eisenstein integers, both coprime to 3, the congruence x3 ≡ p (mod q) is solvable if and only if  x3 ≡ q (mod p) is solvable.

Algebraic number theory
Algebraic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations. Number-theoretic questions are expressed in terms of properties of algebraic objects such as algebraic number fields and their rings of integers, finite fields, and function fields. These properties, such as whether a ring admits unique factorization, the behavior of ideals, and the Galois groups of fields, can resolve questions of primary importance in number theory, like the existence of solutions to Diophantine equations.
Algerian Handball Federation
Algerian Handball Federation (Arabic: الاتحادية الجزائرية لكرة اليد, French: Fédération Algérienne de Handball) (FAHB) is the national handball and beach handball federation in Algeria. FAHB organizes handball within Algeria, and represents Algerian handball internationally. The federation is a member of the African Handball Confederation (CAHB), Algerian Olympic Committee and the International Handball Federation (IHF). The current president of the FAHB from 6 March 2025 on is Mourad Boussebt.

Algerian Olympic Committee
The Algerian Olympic and Sport Committee (Arabic: اللجنة الأولمبية و الرياضية الجزائرية, French: Comité Olympique et Sportif Algérien) (IOC code: ALG) is the National Olympic Committee representing Algeria. It was created on 18 October 1963 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee on 27 January 1964.
Hans Thoma
Hans Thoma (2 October 1839 – 7 November 1924) was a German painter. An alumnus and later professor of Karlsruhe Academy, he is known for his landscapes, portraits, and symbolic works rooted in German regional life and tradition. In his senior years, he served as a member of the Baden State Parliament.

After his death his work was appropriated by nationalist and Nazi ideology, and several of his artworks were looted from Jewish collectors during the Third Reich. Ongoing debates address his political views and alleged antisemitism.

Städel
The Städel, officially the Städelsches Kunstinstitut und Städtische Galerie, is an art museum in Frankfurt, with one of the most important collections in Germany. The museum is located at the Museumsufer on the Sachsenhausen bank of the River Main. The Städel Museum owns 3,100 paintings, 660 sculptures, more than 4,600 photographs and more than 100,000 drawings and prints. It has around 7,000 m2 (75,000 ft2) of display and a library of 115,000 books.

In 2012, the Städel was honoured as Museum of the Year by the German art critics association AICA. In the same year the museum recorded the highest attendance figures in its history, of 447,395 visitors. In 2020 the museum had 318,732 visitors, down 45 percent from 2019, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It ranked 71st on the list of most-visited art museums in 2020.
Appoisso
Appoisso is a village in eastern Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Zaranou, Abengourou Department, Indénié-Djuablin Region, Comoé District.

Appoisso was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1,126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

Zaranou
Zaranou is a town in eastern Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of Abengourou Department in Indénié-Djuablin Region, Comoé District.

Zaranou was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1,126 communes nationwide that were abolished.
In 2014, the population of the sub-prefecture of Zaranou was 33,539.
David Willis Wilson Henderson
David Willis Wilson Henderson CB FRS (23 July 1903 – 16 August 1968) was a Scottish-born microbiologist; a former president of the Society for General Microbiology and recipient of the US Medal of Freedom.

Porton Down
Porton Down is a science and defence technology campus in Wiltshire, England, just north-east of the village of Porton, near Salisbury. It is home to two British government facilities: a site of the Ministry of Defence's Defence Science and Technology Laboratory – known for over 100 years as one of the UK's most secretive and controversial military research facilities, occupying 7,000 acres (2,800 ha) – and a site of the UK Health Security Agency. Since 2018, part of the campus has housed Porton Science Park, which is owned and operated by Wiltshire Council and has private sector companies in the health, life science and defence and security sectors.
Nick Comoroto
Nicholas Comoroto (born April 22, 1991) is an American professional wrestler who wrestles for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and its sister promotion, Ring of Honor (ROH). Comoroto began his career in 2013 on the independent circuit. In 2019, he signed a development contract with WWE, but was released the next year as part of a series of budget cuts stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic, joining AEW later that year.

Monster Factory
Monster Factory was a 
professional wrestling school and promotion located in Paulsboro, New Jersey, owned and operated by Danny Cage. It was considered to be the first publicly available professional wrestling school. Larry Sharpe opened the Monster Factory wrestling school with "Nature Boy" Buddy Rogers in 1983. The school's first famous pupil was Scott "Bam Bam" Bigelow, whose success brought a lot of attention to the school.
Paule Marrot
Paule Marrot (17 April 1902 – 22 December 1987) was a Parisian textile designer widely known for her textile prints with a flat, two-dimensional, upbeat style — often with a floral pattern.  She experienced strong popularity in the U.S. after World War II, worked with Renault to develop the company's textile and color division, and redefined furnishing fabrics in her native country of France.

Marrot won the gold medal in the textile category at the International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts in Paris in 1925; the Prix Blumenthal in 1928; and was awarded the French Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honor), as Chevalier, in 1952. She was the subject of a 2017 retrospective at the Bordeaux Museum of Decorative Arts and Design with its exhibition, Oh Color! Design Through the Prism of Color, the curator calling Marrot "the Charlotte Perriand of Régie Renault."

Fauvism
Fauvism (/foʊvɪzəm/ FOH-viz-əm) is a style of painting and an art movement that emerged in France at the beginning of the 20th century. It was the style of les Fauves (French pronunciation: [le fov], the wild beasts), a group of modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong color over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism. While Fauvism as a style began around 1904 and continued beyond 1910, the movement as such lasted only a few years, 1905–1908, and had three exhibitions. The leaders of the movement were André Derain and Henri Matisse.
CashU
CashU was an Arabic fintech company providing a digital wallet and online payment services for customers in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The company was founded as a technology startup in July 2002 in association with online service company Maktoob in Amman, Jordan. It provided payment services for Maktoob online services. The company went through a number of rounds of investment from venture capital funds.

Prior to its demise, the company had over 3.2 million users and was headquartered in Dubai and had offices in Jordan and Egypt. It was legally registered in the British Virgin Islands (BVI) for some years until its registration was moved to Dubai.

Souq (company)
Souq.com was the largest e-commerce platform in the Arab world. The company launched in 2005 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. On March 28, 2017, Amazon.com Inc. acquired Souq.com for $580 million as a subsidiary. Beginning in 2019, Amazon began rebranding Souq to Amazon, starting first with the United Arab Emirates's version of Souq becoming Amazon.ae. On June 17, 2020, Souq.com in Saudi Arabia became known as Amazon.sa, and on September 1, 2021, Souq.com in Egypt became known as Amazon.eg, marking the end of Souq.com.
Lego Foundation
The LEGO Foundation (LEGO Fonden) is a Danish foundation founded in December 1986 based in Billund. It is one of the country's ten largest charitable foundations. It owns 25% of the LEGO Group and has an equity of approximately 10 billion DKK.

Sidsel Marie Kristensen has been CEO of the LEGO Foundation since February 2023.

Billund, Denmark
Billund (Danish pronunciation: [ˈpiˌlɔnˀ]) is a town in Jutland, Denmark. With a population of 7,484 (as of 1 January 2025), Billund is the second largest town in Billund Municipality, behind the municipal seat of Grindsted. It is located approximately 13 kilometers (8.1 miles) east of Grindsted and 27 kilometers (17 miles) west of Vejle.

Billund is the home of the Lego Group's head office. The town's economy developed from the 1930s when the Lego factory was established. In the 1960s, Billund grew rapidly, driven by the success of the company and the opening of Billund Airport, which is the second largest airport in Denmark.

Located in the town is the first Legoland theme park, Legoland Billund Resort, which opened in 1968 and attracts two million tourists per year. Other tourist attractions include Lalandia, the largest water park in Scandinavia, Wow Park, an outdoors park featuring Denmark's longest freefall slide, and an experience centre named Lego House.
Geography of Montenegro
Montenegro (Montenegrin: Црна Гора, romanized: Crna Gora; lit. 'Black Mountain') is a small, mountainous country in Southeast Europe. It borders Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Albania and the Adriatic Sea. While being a small country at 13,812 km2 (5,333 sq mi), it is very diverse regarding the terrain configuration. Montenegro has 50 peaks of over 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in altitude.

Bay of Kotor
The Bay of Kotor (Serbo-Croatian: Boka kotorska / Бока которска, Italian: Bocche di Cattaro), also known as the Gulf of Kotor or just as the Boka (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: Бока), is a winding bay of the Adriatic Sea in southwestern Montenegro and the region of Montenegro concentrated around the bay. It is also the southernmost part of the historical region of Dalmatia. At the entrance to the Bay there is Prevlaka, a small peninsula in southern Croatia. The bay has been inhabited since antiquity. Its well-preserved medieval towns of Kotor, Risan, Tivat, Perast, Prčanj and Herceg Novi, along with their natural surroundings, are major tourist attractions. The Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979. Its numerous Orthodox and Catholic churches and monasteries attract numerous religious pilgrims and other visitors.
Bihun goreng
Bihun goreng, bee hoon goreng or mee hoon goreng refers to a dish of fried noodles cooked with rice vermicelli in both the Indonesian and Malay languages. In certain countries, such as Singapore, the term goreng is occasionally substituted with its English equivalent for the name of the dish.

There is no single defined recipe for the dish, and its composition and preparation varies greatly from household to household in all relevant cultural and linguistic regions, which may include vegetarian versions.

Chinese Indonesian cuisine
Chinese Indonesian cuisine (Indonesian: Masakan Tionghoa-Indonesia, simplified Chinese: 印尼中华料理; traditional Chinese: 印尼中華料理; pinyin: yìnní zhōnghuá liàolǐ or (Ìn-nî) Tn̂g-lâng-chia̍k (印尼唐人食) is characterized by the mixture of Chinese with local Indonesian style. Chinese Indonesians, mostly descendant of Han, Hokkien and Hakka people, brought their legacy of Chinese cuisine, and modified some of the dishes with the addition of Indonesian ingredients, such as kecap manis (sweet soy sauce), palm sugar, peanut sauce, chili, santan (coconut milk) and local spices to form a hybrid Chinese-Indonesian cuisine. Some of the dishes and cakes share the same style as in Malaysia and Singapore, known as Nyonya cuisine by the Peranakan.
Carolyn Brown Mosby
Carolyn Brown Mosby (May 10, 1932 – January 19, 1990) (D- Gary, Indiana) was elected to the Indiana State Senate in 1982, filling a vacancy left by Katie Hall (D-Gary) who gave up her senate seat to fill a vacancy in the United States Congress when  Congressman Adam Benjamin (D-Gary) died. Previously, Mosby had served in the Indiana House of Representatives since 1978, also representing Gary.

Adam Benjamin Jr.
Adam Benjamin Jr. (August 6, 1935 – September 7, 1982) was an American politician and a United States representative from Indiana's 1st congressional district, serving from 1977 until his death from a heart attack in Washington, D.C. in 1982. Benjamin was the first Assyrian-American to be elected to the United States House of Representatives in American history. Benjamin served in the Indiana Senate from 1971 to 1977, the Indiana House of Representatives from 1967 to 1971, and was a member of the Democratic Party.
Iodoantipyrine
Iodoantipyrine is a drug developed in the 1950s. It has antiinflammatory effects, and also has antiviral action by inducing interferon production. It has been used in Russia for treatment of tick-borne encephalitis, but is more commonly used in recent times in its radiolabelled form for tracking blood flow.

Antiviral drug
Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections. Most antivirals target specific viruses, while a broad-spectrum antiviral is effective against a wide range of viruses. Antiviral drugs are a class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes antibiotic (also termed antibacterial), antifungal and antiparasitic drugs, or antiviral drugs based on monoclonal antibodies. Most antivirals are considered relatively harmless to the host, and therefore can be used to treat infections. They should be distinguished from virucides, which are not medication but deactivate or destroy virus particles, either inside or outside the body. Natural virucides are produced by some plants such as eucalyptus and Australian tea trees.
1993 Mazda Classic
The 1993 Mazda Classic was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the La Costa Resort and Spa in San Diego, California in the United States that was part of Tier II of the 1993 WTA Tour. It was the 15th edition of the tournament and was held from August 2 through August 8, 1993. First-seeded Steffi Graf won the singles title and earned $75,000 first-prize money as well as 300 ranking points

1993 WTA Tour
The 1993 WTA Tour, also known by its sponsored name Kraft General Foods World Tour, was the elite tour for professional women's tennis organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). The WTA Tour included the four Grand Slam tournaments, the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Tier I, Tier II, Tier III and Tier IV events.  ITF tournaments are not part of the WTA Tour, although they award points for the WTA World Ranking.
2015 World Wrestling Championships – Women's freestyle 63 kg
The Women's freestyle 63 kilograms is a competition featured at the 2015 World Wrestling Championships, and was held in Las Vegas, United States on 10 September 2015.

This freestyle wrestling competition consisted of a single-elimination tournament, with a repechage used to determine the winners of two bronze medals.

2015 World Wrestling Championships
The 2015 UWW World Wrestling Championships were the 12th edition of World Wrestling Championships of combined events and was held from September 7 to 12 at Orleans Arena in Paradise, Nevada, in the Las Vegas Valley, United States.
Vestido bajando la escalera
Vestido bajando la escalera is a painting by Eduardo Arroyo. It belongs to the collection of the Institut Valencià d'Art Modern, in València. It is part of the Blind Painters series.

Arroyo, who exiled himself in Paris during the 1960s and attempted to become a writer, switched into the painting in the 1970s. Alongside Gilles Aillaud and Antonio Recalcati, they collectively create the painting Vivre et laisser mourir ou la fin tragique de Marcel Duchamp, a work in eight pieces intended to criticize the contemporary French art. Vestido bajando la escalera was intended to be a continuation of the previous one, as well as a pop art counterpoint to Duchamp's Nu descendant un escalier. Unlike Duschamp's work, here the suit does not descend the stairs, but just seems to be floating, an scenery that has been regarded as criticism against the accommodation of art.

Institut Valencià d'Art Modern
The Institut Valencià d'Art Modern (Valencian pronunciation: [instiˈtud valensiˈa ˈðaɾd moˈðɛɾn]; Spanish: Instituto Valenciano de Arte Moderno; English: "Valencian Institute of Modern Art"), also known by the acronym IVAM, was the first center of modern art in Spain, opening in 1989 in the city of Valencia. The Institut Valencià d'Art Modern is an important center for modern and contemporary art in Spain and Europe. Nuria Enguita Mayo was the Director of the museum between September 2020 and February 2024. Blanca de la Torre is the new director starting April 2025.