hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nir Kedar
Nir Kedar (Hebrew: ניר קידר; born 1968) is an Israeli law and history professor. He is the president of Sapir Academic College.

Previously, Kedar was Sapir's Vice President for Academic Affairs, the Dean of Sapir Law School and a professor at Bar-Ilan University Faculty of Law.

Kedar’s research focuses on Israeli history, modern legal history, legal and political theory, and comparative law.

Sapir Academic College
Sapir College (Hebrew: המכללה האקדמית ספיר, HaMikhlela HaAkademit Sapir) is a college in Israel, located in the northwestern Negev desert near Sderot.

It is one of Israel’s largest public colleges and the largest employer in the Gaza Envelope region. The college has 7,500 students from a diverse range of backgrounds in academic and vocational programs; and employs 1,300 faculty and staff members. Named after former Israeli Finance Minister Pinchas Sapir, the college offers programs intended to support regional development and improve access to higher education.
Gibbs' inequality
In information theory, Gibbs' inequality is a statement about the information entropy of a discrete probability distribution. Several other bounds on the entropy of probability distributions are derived from Gibbs' inequality, including Fano's inequality.
It was first presented by J. Willard Gibbs in the 19th century.

Fano's inequality
In information theory, Fano's inequality (also known as the Fano converse and the Fano lemma) relates the average information lost in a noisy channel to the probability of the categorization error.  It was derived by Robert Fano in the early 1950s while teaching a Ph.D. seminar in information theory at MIT, and later recorded in his 1961 textbook.

It is used to find a lower bound on the error probability of any decoder as well as the lower bounds for minimax risks in density estimation.

Let the discrete random variables  and  represent input and output messages with a joint probability . Let  represent an occurrence of error; i.e., that , with  being an approximate version of . Fano's inequality is

where  denotes the support of ,  denotes the cardinality of (number of elements in) ,

is the conditional entropy,

is the probability of the communication error, and

is the corresponding binary entropy.
Confédération Syndicale des Travailleurs du Congo
The Confédération Syndicale des Travailleurs du Congo (CSTC) is a trade union centre in Republic of the Congo.

It a 2005 report the ICFTU stated:

in the Republic of Congo, the government continued its interference in the affairs of the CSTC, by favouring those sections of the union movement which it believed were most loyal to it.

The CSC is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation.

International Trade Union Confederation
The International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC; French: Confédération syndicale international, CSI; German: Internationaler Gewerkschaftsbund, IGB; Spanish: Confederación Sindical Internacional, CSI) is the world's largest trade union federation.
Polarity item
In grammar and linguistics, a polarity item is a lexical item that is associated with affirmation or negation. An  affirmation is a positive polarity item, abbreviated PPI or AFF. A negation is a negative polarity item, abbreviated NPI or NEG.

The linguistic environment in which a polarity item appears is a licensing context. In the simplest case, an affirmative statement provides a licensing context for a PPI, while negation provides a licensing context for an NPI. However, there are many complications, and not all polarity items of a particular type have the same licensing contexts.

Gilles Fauconnier
Gilles Fauconnier (French pronunciation: [ʒil fokɔˈnje]) (19 August 1944 in Vannes – 3 February 2021 in San Diego ) was a French linguist, researcher in cognitive science, and author who was distinguished professor at the University of California, San Diego, in the Department of Cognitive Science. His work with Mark Turner founded the theory of conceptual blending.

His books include:

The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind's Hidden Complexities (with Mark Turner) (2003)

Conceptual Integration Networks (with Mark Turner) (1998)

Mappings in Thought and Language (1997)

Mental Spaces: Aspects of Meaning Construction in Natural Language (1994)
Alexander Lenard
Alexander Lenard (Hungarian: Lénárd Sándor; Latin: Alexander Lenardus; Budapest, 9 March 1910 – Dona Emma, Brazil, 13 April 1972) was a Hungarian physician, writer, translator, painter, musician, poet and occasional language instructor. He was born in Budapest, Hungary and died in Dona Emma, in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. He is best known as the Latin translator of A. A. Milne's Winnie the Pooh (Winnie Ille Pu). He wrote non-fiction and translated fiction and non fiction in German, Latin, Hungarian, Italian and English.

Bonjour Tristesse
Bonjour Tristesse (English: "Hello Sadness") is a novel by Françoise Sagan. Published in 1954, when the author was only 18, it was an overnight sensation.  The title is derived from a poem by Paul Éluard, "À peine défigurée", which begins with the lines "Adieu tristesse/Bonjour tristesse..." An English-language film adaptation was released in 1958, directed by Otto Preminger.
Peng Chau Kaito
Peng Chau Kaito Limited, more commonly known as Peng Chau Kaito (Chinese: 坪洲街渡), is a small kai-to ferry operator in Hong Kong. The company runs services between Peng Chau and Discovery Bay (Nim Shue Wan) with occasional stops at the Trappist Monastery on Lantau Island, as well as the route between Discovery Bay and Mui Wo. The main route between Peng Chau and Discovery Bay received an estimated 1,420 passengers per day in 2013. The company also offers vessel hire. The routes which serve Peng Chau make use of the Peng Chau Public Pier.

Peng Chau Public Pier
Peng Chau Public Pier (Chinese: 坪洲公眾碼頭) is a public pier in Peng Chau, New Territories, Hong Kong. It is located in Wing On Side Street (Chinese: 永安橫街) and next to Peng Chau Ferry Pier (Chinese: 坪洲渡輪碼頭). The old pier was built in 1955 and replaced by the new one in 2004. The pier is mainly for loading and unloading of goods, and running kai-to operation between Peng Chau and Nim Shue Wan in Discovery Bay via Trappist Haven Monastery on Lantau Island.
Sibson, Cambridgeshire
Sibson is a village in Cambridgeshire, England. Sibson lies approximately 6 miles (10 km) west of Peterborough city centre. Sibson is in the civil parish of Sibson-cum-Stibbington. Sibson is situated within Huntingdonshire which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire as well as being a historic county of England. Sibson Aerodrome is 1 km south of the village.

Huntingdonshire
Huntingdonshire (/ˈhʌntɪŋdənʃər, -ʃɪər/; abbreviated Hunts) is a local government district in Cambridgeshire, England. 
The district had a population of 180,800 at the 2021 census, and has an area of 354.3 square miles (918 km2). The largest towns are St Neots (33,410), Huntingdon (25,428), and St Ives (16,815). The district council is based in Huntingdon.

Historically a county in its own right, Huntingdonshire's boundaries were established in the Anglo-Saxon era. Huntingdonshire became an administrative county in 1889. In 1965, it was merged with the Soke of Peterborough to form Huntingdon and Peterborough, which was in turn merged with Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely in 1974 to form Cambridgeshire, of which Huntingdonshire is now a district.
2019 Speedway Grand Prix of Slovenia
The 2019 Slovenian FIM Speedway Grand Prix was the second race of the 2019 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on June 1 at the Matija Gubec Stadium in Krško, Slovenia.

It was the 14th time that the Speedway Grand Prix of Slovenia had been held but from 2020 was replaced by additional rounds in Poland.

2019 Speedway Grand Prix
The 2019 Speedway Grand Prix season was the 25th season of the Speedway Grand Prix era, and decided the 74th FIM Speedway World Championship. It was the nineteenth series under the promotion of Benfield Sports International, an IMG company.

The title was won by Bartosz Zmarzlik, who beat debutant Leon Madsen by two points with Russia's Emil Sayfutdinov finishing third. Zmarzlik became the third Polish world champion after Jerzy Szczakiel won in 1973 and Tomasz Gollob took the title in 2010. Defending champion Tai Woffinden's season was hampered by injury and he finished in 13th place.
Meta Horizon OS
Meta Horizon OS, previously known informally as Meta Quest Platform or Meta Quest OS, is an Android-based extended reality operating system for the Meta Quest line of devices released by Meta Platforms. Initially developed for the embedded operating system on the Oculus Rift and Oculus Rift S, the platform has been based on the Android operating system since the release of the Oculus Go in 2018. It first supported augmented reality via grayscale camera passthrough upon the release of the Oculus Quest in 2019, and has supported color passthrough since the release of the Meta Quest Pro in 2022.

On April 22, 2024, the company announced that the platform would be rebranded as Meta Horizon OS.

Horizon Worlds
Meta Horizon Worlds is an online multi-player game developed and published by Meta Platforms. Users can build and publish environments and games on the platform. Horizon Worlds was released on December 2021. Initially designed for virtual reality headsets as part of the QuestVR platform, a mobile version was released in September 2023, and in February 2026 Meta announced it would separate Worlds from QuestVR to primarily focus on the mobile version.

In February 2022, Meta reported Horizon Worlds had an estimated 300,000 users; yet, by October 2022, The Wall Street Journal was reporting fewer than 200,000 monthly users. Horizon Worlds has received mixed reviews, with critics citing bugs and an unenjoyable environment that degrades the user experience.
Murder Calls Australia
Not to be confused with the Australian crime tv show from (1997–2000) Murder Call

Murder Calls Australia is an Australian true-crime series that first screened on the Nine Network on 15 February 2017 hosted by Leila McKinnon. This series reveals murder cases which were solved through crucial phone calls which put the killers behind bars. It features calls from witnesses, the public, the perpetrators, even victims beyond the grave.

Murder Call
Murder Call is an Australian television series, created by Hal McElroy for the Southern Star Entertainment and broadcast on the Nine Network between 1997 and 2000. The series was inspired by the Tessa Vance novels by Jennifer Rowe, both of which were adapted as episodes, while Rowe also developed story treatments for 38 episodes throughout the series.
Neurulation
Neurulation refers to the folding process in vertebrate embryos, which includes the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube. The embryo at this stage is termed the neurula.

The process begins when the notochord induces the formation of the central nervous system (CNS) by signaling the ectoderm germ layer above it to form the thick and flat neural plate. The neural plate folds in upon itself to form the neural tube, which will later differentiate into the spinal cord and the brain, eventually forming the central nervous system. Computer simulations found that cell wedging and differential proliferation are sufficient for mammalian neurulation.

Different portions of the neural tube form by two different processes, called primary and secondary neurulation, in different species.

In primary neurulation, the neural plate creases inward until the edges come in contact and fuse.

In secondary neurulation, the tube forms by hollowing out of the interior of a solid precursor.

Somite
The somites (outdated term: primitive segments) are a set of bilaterally paired blocks of paraxial mesoderm that form in the embryonic stage of somitogenesis, along the head-to-tail axis in segmented animals. In vertebrates, somites subdivide into the 
dermatomes, myotomes, 
sclerotomes and syndetomes that give rise to the vertebrae of the vertebral column, rib cage, part of the occipital bone, skeletal muscle, cartilage, tendons, and skin (of the back).

The word somite is sometimes also used in place of the word metamere. In this definition, the somite is a homologously-paired structure in an animal body plan, such as is visible in annelids and arthropods.
Ignacio Diego
Juan Ignacio Diego Palacios (born 18 May 1960, in Castro Urdiales, Cantabria) is a Spanish politician and member of the Partido Popular. He has served as the President of Cantabria, one of Spain's seventeen autonomous regions, from 2011 to 2015. Diego's PP political party obtained an absolute majority in the Parliament of Cantabria in the regional elections held on 22 May 2011.

Ignacio Diego was elected President of the Atlantic Arc Commission, a multi-national association of Atlantic European regions consisting of 26 political regions from France, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom, at a conference held from 31 May to 1 June 2012. Diego (and Cantabria) served a two-year term as President of the AAC from 2012 to 2014. His presidency succeeded that of the French region of Lower Normandy, which had held it from 2008 to 2012.

President of Cantabria
The president of Cantabria, according to the Autonomy Statute of Cantabria, presides over the Government of Cantabria, directs its activities, coordinates the administration of the autonomous community, designates and separates the regional ministers, and holds the supreme representation of the autonomous community and ordinary representation of the state in Cantabria. The president is elected by the Parliament of Cantabria among its members, and is appointed by the king of Spain.

The Parliament elects him or her by absolute majority in first session or by simple majority in subsequent. Between each session at least forty eight hours have to pass. If two months after the constitution of the Parliament there hasn't been elected a candidate, it is dissolved and there is another call for elections.
Parish of Woombup
Woombup is a remote civil parish of Yantara County in far North West New South Wales, located at 30°12′49″S 142°32′44″E.

The Geography, of the parish is mostly the flat, arid landscape of the Channel Country. The parish has a Köppen climate classification of BWh (Hot desert).

The nearest town is Tibooburra to the north west, which is on the Silver City Highway and lies south of the Sturt National Park.

Tibooburra
Tibooburra (pronounced /ˈtɪbəbʌrə/ or /ˈtɪpəbʌrə/) is a town in the far northwest of New South Wales, Australia, in the Sturt Stony Desert. It is approximately located 1,187 kilometres (738 mi) from the state capital, Sydney.  It is most frequently visited by tourists on their way to Sturt National Park or on the way to or from Innamincka in South Australia and Birdsville in Queensland. At the 2016 census, Tibooburra had a population of 134. 
Although facilities in Tibooburra are quite limited, fuel, meals, and a range of accommodation options are available.  All significant support services (medical, dental, hospital, retail, mechanical, commercial) are based in Broken Hill.

The New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service has a tourist information centre in the township.  There is also a police station.  There is an airstrip about 6 km east of the village. The road from Broken Hill was finally completely sealed in 2020 and officially opened in July 2020.
Prophet Joel (Michelangelo)
The Prophet Joel is one of the seven Old Testament prophets painted by the Italian High Renaissance master Michelangelo (c. 1508–1512) on the Sistine Chapel ceiling. The Sistine Chapel is in Vatican Palace, in the Vatican City.

This particular fresco imagines the person of Joel, a prophet from the Hebrew Bible, whose teachings appear in the Book of Joel. Critics have often commented on the rhythmic posture of the figure, and the artist's use of several inner horizontal lines for the clothing, which stands out when compared to some of the other frescoes. But the most engaging part of the fresco is the face of the central figure, a portrait of the architect Bramante, which appears to reveal wisdom, disdain and intense focus all at once; the open scroll in his hands only enhancing this sense of wisdom.

Book of Joel
The Book of Joel (Hebrew: ספר יוֹאֵל Sefer Yo'él) is a Jewish prophetic text containing a series of "divine announcements". The first line attributes authorship to "Joel the son of Pethuel". It forms part of the Book of the twelve minor prophets or the Nevi'im ("Prophets") in the Hebrew Bible, and is a book in its own right in the Christian Old Testament where it has three chapters. In the New Testament, his prophecy of the outpouring of God's Holy Spirit upon all people was notably quoted by Saint Peter in his Pentecost sermon.

The Book of Joel's frequent allusions to earlier Hebrew Bible texts and signs of literary development suggest a late origin and its potential to have been a unifying piece within the prophetic canon.
Frank Shorter
Frank Charles Shorter (born October 31, 1947) is an American former long-distance runner who won the gold medal in the marathon at the 1972 Summer Olympics and the silver medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics.  His Olympic success, along with the achievements of other American runners, is credited with igniting the running boom in the United States during the 1970s.

National Track and Field Hall of Fame
The National Track and Field Hall of Fame is a museum operated by The Armory Foundation in conjunction with USA Track & Field. It is located within the Armory Foundation (the former Fort Washington Avenue Armory) at 216 Fort Washington Avenue, between 168th and 169th Streets, in Washington Heights, in the New York City borough of Manhattan. The stated goal of the Hall is to reflect upon, appreciate, and honor the past by saluting Americans who have made important contributions to the history of Track and Field. Inductees to the Hall of Fame include athletes, coaches, contributors, officials, event directors, journalists and administrators. USA Track & Field has been inducting members into the Hall since 1974.  Currently there are 254 people enshrined.
Hardi, Raebareli
Hardi is a village in Khiron block of Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 22 km from Lalganj, the tehsil headquarters. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,675 people, in 304 households. It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities.

The 1961 census recorded Hardi as comprising 5 hamlets, with a total population of 660 people (335 male and 325 female), in 112 households and 111 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 416 acres.

The 1981 census recorded Hardi as having a population of 1,001 people, in 161 households, and having an area of 168.35 hectares. The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.

Khiron
Khiron is a village and corresponding community development block in Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Located on the main Raebareli-Unnao road,semari Khiron is an old Muslim town that historically served as the seat of a pargana. As of 2011, the village has a population of 9,955, in 1,714 households. It has six primary schools and one medical clinic. It serves as the headquarters of a nyaya panchayat that also includes 11 other villages.

Khiron hosts an annual mela at the Balbhadreshwar Mahadeo temple on Phalguna Badi 13; the festival is part of Shivratri and is dedicated to the worship of Shiva. Vendors bring various everyday items to sell at the fair. Khiron also hosts markets twice per week, on Mondays and Thursdays; the main items traded are cloth and vegetables.
Columbus P. Knox
Columbus P. Knox (1923–1999) was a painter, muralist, illustrator and printmaker. He was a mainstay at the annual Rittenhouse Square Fine Arts Show in Philadelphia, the oldest outdoor art exhibition in the country. His works are in museums and private collections. Knox created his own style of painting: using brushstrokes that resembled a rake being pulled through sand.

Rittenhouse Square
Rittenhouse Square is a public park in Center City Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that is the center of the eponymous Rittenhouse neighborhood. The square is one of the five original open-space parks planned by William Penn and his surveyor Thomas Holme during the late 17th century. Together with Fitler Square, the Rittenhouse neighborhood and the square comprise the Rittenhouse–Fitler Historic District.

Rittenhouse Square is maintained by the non-profit group The Friends of Rittenhouse Square. The square cuts 19th Street at Walnut Street and also at a half-block above Manning Street. Its boundaries are 18th Street to the east, Walnut Street to the north, and Rittenhouse Square West, a north–south boundary street, and Rittenhouse Square South, an east–west boundary street, making the park approximately two short blocks on each side. Locust Street is interrupted by Rittenhouse Square at 18th Street and Rittenhouse Square West.
Brighton, Seattle
Brighton is a primarily residential neighborhood in southern Seattle, Washington, part of the greater Rainier Valley district and centered about a mile and a half south of the Columbia City neighborhood.

The neighborhood was settled by English immigrants in the 1880s, who named it "Brighton Beach" after the English resort city of Brighton in East Sussex.

It is several blocks from the Othello light rail station. The neighborhood was served by the Rainier Avenue Electric Railway from 1891 until it closed in 1937.

According to the US census, 90% of Brighton residents self-reported as being non-white in 2010.

Columbia City, Seattle
Columbia City is a neighborhood in southeastern Seattle, Washington, within the city's Rainier Valley district. It has a landmark-protected historic business district and is one of the few Seattle neighborhoods with a long history of ethnic and income diversity.

The neighborhood's main thoroughfares running north–south are Rainier Avenue S. and Martin Luther King Jr. Way S. The principal east–west thoroughfares are S. Alaska Street, S Orcas Street, and S. Genesee Street. Mass transit includes Sound Transit's Central Link light rail service from the Columbia City station (approx. 15 minutes to downtown Seattle and 20 minutes to SeaTac airport).
Tanyemblemaria alleni
Tanyemblemaria alleni, the slender blenny, is a species of chaenopsid blenny found around Panama, known from one species collected at Isla del Rey. It can reach a length of 5.4 centimetres (2.1 in) TL. The specific name honours the collector of the type, Gerald R. Allen of the Western Australia Museum in Perth.

Isla del Rey, Panama
Isla del Rey is the largest island in the Pearl Islands in the Gulf of Panama. It has an area of 234 square kilometres (90 sq mi), and a population of 1,676 (census 2000). Its current name is probably more a reference to Christ the King than to a secular king. There are four settlements, which are San Miguel (pop. 967), La Esmeralda (pop. 524), La Ensenada (pop. 94) and La Guinea (pop. 83). It is larger than the other Pearl Islands combined, and is the second largest island in Panama, after Coiba.

The first European to see Isla del Rey was Vasco Núñez de Balboa in October 1513 on his first expedition to the Pacific Ocean. He could only see the islands from afar, as the poor weather prevented his canoes from landing there. He named the island Isla Rica (Rich Island).

8°22′N 78°55′W﻿ / ﻿8.367°N 78.917°W﻿ / 8.367; -78.917
Claude François de Malet
Claude François de Malet (28 June 1754 – 31 October 1812) was born in Dole to an aristocratic family. He was executed by firing squad, six days after staging a failed republican coup d'état as Napoleon I returned from the disastrous Russian campaign in 1812.

Jean-Étienne Championnet
Jean-Étienne Vachier Championnet (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ etjɛn vaʃje ʃɑ̃pjɔnɛ]; 13 April 1762 – 9 January 1800) was a French Army officer who led a Republican French division in several important battles of the French Revolutionary Wars. He became commander-in-chief of the Army of Rome in 1798 and of the Army of Italy in 1799. He died in early 1800 of typhus. His name is one of the names inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe, on Column 3.