hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ministry for National Security (Turkmenistan)
The Ministry for National Security or MNS (Turkmen: Türkmenistanyň Milli howpsuzlyk ministrilgi) is the secret police agency for the government of Turkmenistan.  It is composed largely of the remnants of KGB organs left over after the collapse of the Soviet Union; its functions remain largely the same as well. The MNB and the national police force are under the direction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Until 2002, it was known as the KNB (Committee for National Security).

Secret police
Secret police (or political police) are government agencies that operate as secret services engaging in covert operations against a government's political, ideological or social opponents and dissidents. Secret police organizations are characteristic of police states governed by authoritarian and totalitarian regimes. They protect the political power of a dictator or regime and often operate outside the law to repress dissidents and weaken political opposition, frequently using violence. They may enjoy legal sanction to hold and charge suspects without ever identifying their organization.
134th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 134th Infantry Division (German: 134. Infanterie-Division) was a German division in World War II. It was formed in October 1940.

From June 1941, the 134th Infantry Division took part in the invasion of the Soviet Union as part of the Army Group Center. In December 1941, the division was involved in the Battle of Moscow. Together with the 45th Infantry Division, she was temporarily surrounded as part of the 2nd Army at Livny and lost a large part of her artillery.
The division was destroyed in the Soviet Bobruysk Offensive, part of Operation Bagration in the summer of 1944.

45th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 45th Infantry Division (German: 45. Infanterie-Division) was an infantry division of the army of Nazi Germany during World War II. Towards the end of the war, the division was reassembled into a second iteration, the 45th Volksgrenadier Division (45. Volksgrenadier-Division)
Land of the Six Guns
Land of the Six Guns is a 1940 American Western film directed by Raymond K. Johnson and written by Carl Krusada. The film stars Jack Randall, Louise Stanley, Frank LaRue, Glenn Strange, Bud Osborne and George Chesebro. The film was released on May 9, 1940, by Monogram Pictures.

Monogram Pictures
Monogram Pictures Corporation was an American film studio that produced mostly low-budget films between 1931 and 1953, when the firm completed a transition to the name Allied Artists Pictures Corporation. Monogram was among the minor studios in the golden age of Hollywood, generally referred to collectively as Poverty Row. Of the 11 permanent studios in Hollywood at the time, ranked in order of size, MGM was #1 -- and Monogram was #10 (the only one smaller was PRC).

The Monogram trademark is now owned by Allied Artists International. The original sprawling brick complex which functioned as home to both Monogram and Allied Artists remains at 4376 W Sunset Blvd, as part of the Church of Scientology Media Center (formerly KCET's television facilities).
1939 Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season
The 1939 Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season was the season of college football played by the seven member schools of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) as part of the 1939 college football season.

The Albion Britons, led by head coach Dale R. Sprankle, won the MIAA championship with a 7–1 record (6–0 against conference opponents). The Hillsdale Dales, led by head coach Dwight Harwood, finished in second place with a 6–1 record. They dominated the 1939 All-MIAA football team, taking five of eleven first-team spots.

Dwight Harwood
Dwight Brigham Harwood  (April 29, 1892 – August 8, 1965) was an American football and basketball coach. He was the head football coach at Hillsdale College in Hillsdale, Michigan for 19 seasons, from 1927 until 1945, compiling a record of 68–53–14. Harwood also served two stints as the head basketball coach at Hillsdale, from 1926 to 1934 and 1940 to 1946, tallying a mark of 60–104.

Harwood graduated from Hillsdale in 1914. He died of a heart attack in 1965 at the age of 73.
2011 Volta ao Algarve
The 2011 Volta ao Algarve was the 37th edition of the Volta ao Algarve cycling stage race. It was held from 16 to 20 February 2011, and was rated as a 2.1 event on the UCI Europe Tour. Just like the previous year, it started at the Algarve Stadium in Faro and ended with an individual time trial in Portimão.

Volta ao Algarve
The Volta ao Algarve (Portuguese; English: Tour of the Algarve) is a road bicycle racing stage race held annually in the Algarve, Portugal. Since 2017, it has been organised as a 2.HC event on the UCI Europe Tour. The race became part of the new UCI ProSeries in 2020. Due to its early February position in the European calendar, it is used by many riders to prepare for the Spring Classics.
Harold and Mary Jean Hanson Rare Book Collection
The Harold and Mary Jean Hanson Rare Book Collection is supported by the Special & Area Studies Collections in the George A. Smathers Libraries at the University of Florida. The collection contains over 58,000 rare books, ranging in date from the 15th century through the present era.

George A. Smathers Libraries
The George A. Smathers Libraries of the University of Florida constitute one of the largest university library systems in the United States.  The system includes eight of the nine libraries of the University of Florida and provides primary support to all academic programs except those served by the Lawton Chiles Legal Information Center. Previously the Health Science Center Library was also separate, but it was integrated into the Smathers Libraries on July 1, 2009.  The current dean is Judith C. Russell. All of the libraries serve all of the university's faculty and students, but each has a special mission to be the primary support of the specific colleges and degree programs with which they are primarily affiliated. As is common in research libraries, library materials are housed in a variety of locations depending upon discipline. The three largest libraries cover an extensive range of disciplines while the smaller libraries focus on three or fewer disciplines.
Sophia Curtiss Hoffman
Sophia Curtiss Hoffman (née, Curtiss; also known as, Mrs. George Hoffman; 1825 – September 12, 1905) was an American philanthropist, known as the Helen Gould of the early 1870s. She was the founder of the benevolent institution known as the Chapin Home for the Aged, in New York City. She was also numbered among the reformers, as one of the first treasurers of the Association for the Advancement of Women, and a vice-president of the Woman's Centenary Association of the Universalist Church.

Helen Miller Shepard
Helen Miller Gould Shepard (June 20, 1868 – December 21, 1938) was a prominent American philanthropist and member of the wealthy Gould family. In contrast to her father, the ruthless railroad magnate Jay Gould, who was a highly unpopular figure during his lifetime, she became known as "America's Sweetheart."
Pihani
Pihani is a town and nagar palika parishad (municipal board) in Hardoi district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Historically, the city was a centre of sword production, leading to at least one British writer calling it "the Damascus of Oudh". Today, important industries in Pihani include jaggery and woven carpets. As of 2011, the town's population is 36,014, in 5,626 households. Pihani also serves as the headquarters of a community development block in Shahabad tehsil.

Shahabad, Hardoi
Shahabad is a city nearby Hardoi city and a municipal board in Hardoi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. At one point of time, it was counted among the few biggest cities of Oudh, but declined rapidly in the later years and reduced to a town. It is the site of the tomb of Diler Khan, a governor in the time of Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb.

As of 2011, the population of Shahabad is 80,226, in 13,958 households. It is the seat of a tehsil and a community development block. Important local industries include carpet weaving, building materials, and dairy products.
Cruise ship pollution in Europe
Cruise ship pollution in Europe is a major part of the environmental impact of shipping. Most cruise ship companies operating in European exclusive economic zones (EEZs) are part of two corporations: Carnival Corporation & plc and the Royal Caribbean Group. In 2017, Carnival's cruise ships alone caused ten times more sulfur oxide (SOx) air pollution than all of Europe's cars (over 260 million) combined, as the ship fuel emits about 2,000 times more sulfur oxides than normal diesel fuel. All cruise ships together also accounted for 15% of the nitrogen oxide (NOx) particles emitted by all of Europe's passenger vehicles, and released large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), phosphorus (P4), soot, heavy metals, and other particulates into the atmosphere as well.

Royal Caribbean Group
Royal Caribbean Group, formerly known as Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., is a cruise holding company headquartered in Miami, Florida, United States and incorporated in Liberia. It is the world's second-largest cruise line operator, after Carnival Corporation & plc. As of September 2025, Royal Caribbean Group fully owns three cruise lines: Royal Caribbean International, Celebrity Cruises, and Silversea Cruises. It also holds a 50% stake in TUI Cruises, which operates Mein Schiff and Hapag-Lloyd Cruises, with the Group's global fleet consisting of 69 ships.
54th Infantry Division (India)
The 54th Infantry Division is an Infantry division of the Indian Army. The Division was raised as an Infantry Division, but was converted into a Reorganised Amphibious Formation (RAMFOR) in 2011. It is currently the only division of the Indian Army which carries out Amphibious warfare. The division is headquartered at Secunderabad in Telangana and is a part of XXI Corps. The Division is commanded by an Officer of the rank of Major General titled General Officer Commanding (GOC).

17th Horse (Poona Horse)
The Poona Horse is an armoured regiment in the Armoured Corps of the Indian Army. Before Indian independence, the regiment was raised as a regular cavalry regiment in the Bombay Army of the East India Company and later became part of the British Indian Army. It was formed from the 3rd Regiment of Bombay Light Cavalry, raised in 1820, and the Poona Auxiliary Horse, raised about 1817–18. The latter unit was absorbed into the regular forces about 1860 and the two regiments later became the 33rd Queen Victoria's Own Light Cavalry and the 34th Prince Albert Victor's Own Poona Horse.

These were amalgamated in 1921 into the present regiment, the battle honours of which tell of service in three Afghan wars, in Persia, Abyssinia and China, as well as in the Great War. The regiment has fought with distinction in the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistani wars, with an officer winning India's highest gallantry award, the Param Vir Chakra, in each war.
Maisborn
Maisborn is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Hunsrück-Mittelrhein, whose seat is in Emmelshausen.

Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis
Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis is a district (German: Kreis) in the middle of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The neighbouring districts are (from north clockwise) Mayen-Koblenz, Rhein-Lahn, Mainz-Bingen, Bad Kreuznach, Birkenfeld, Bernkastel-Wittlich, Cochem-Zell.
2015 The Masters Grand Slam of Curling
The 2015 Masters Grand Slam of Curling was held from October 27 to November 1 at the Rath Eastlink Community Centre in Truro, Nova Scotia. This was the second Grand Slam Grand Slam of the 2015–16 curling season.

Masters (curling)
The Masters is a Grand Slam event on the men's and women's curling tour. It is the first Grand Slam event and first major on the tour.

The event is one of the original men's Grand Slams, which began on the World Curling Tour in the 2001–02 season. It was re-named the World Cup of Curling from 2009 to 2011. In 2011, it amalgamated with the women's Sun Life Classic, which added a women's event to the Masters. The first incarnation of the event with both men and women was held in 2012 at the Wayne Gretzky Sports Centre and the Brantford Golf & Country Club in Brantford, Ontario.

A "Tier 2" event was added in September 2025.

The event is currently sponsored by AMJ Campbell, a moving company.
Chattahoochee River 911 Authority
The Chattahoochee River 911 Authority, also known as ChatComm, is the public-safety answering point for all emergency calls to 9-1-1 in Sandy Springs, Johns Creek, Dunwoody, and Brookhaven, Georgia, in the northern part of metro Atlanta. The ChatComm 911 dispatch center is a public/private partnership between the cities and iXP Corporation, headquartered in Princeton, New Jersey.

Dunwoody, Georgia
Dunwoody is a city located in DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. As a northern suburb of Atlanta, Dunwoody is part of the Atlanta metropolitan area. It was incorporated as a city on December 1, 2008, but its area establishment dates back to the early 1830s. As of 2020, the city had a population of 51,683.
Gildea Glacier
Gildea Glacier is a glacier 10 kilometres (6 mi) long and 5 kilometres (3 mi) wide flowing southwestward from Craddock Massif between Mount Slaughter and Mount Atkinson into Nimitz Glacier, in the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica. The upper portion of the glacier also receives ice from Hammer Col and southern Vinson Massif.

It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 2006 after Damien Gildea, the Australian leader of several Omega Foundation expeditions to the Sentinel Range and Livingston Island in 2000–07. He made an ascent of Mount Craddock from the Bender Glacier in 2005, and directed the preparation of a 1:50,000-scale map of the Vinson Massif area for publication by the Omega Foundation in 2006.

Ellsworth Mountains
The Ellsworth Mountains are the highest mountain ranges in Antarctica, forming a 350 km (217 mi) long and 48 km (30 mi) wide chain of mountains in a north to south configuration on the western margin of the Ronne Ice Shelf in Marie Byrd Land. They are bisected by Minnesota Glacier to form the Sentinel Range to the north and the Heritage Range to the south. The former is by far the higher and more spectacular with Mount Vinson (4,892 meters (16,050 ft)) constituting the highest point on the continent. The mountains are located within the Chilean Antarctic territorial claim but outside of the Argentinian and British ones.
Tony Mansfield (hurler)
Anthony Mansfield (1939 – 10 March 2013) was an Irish hurler and manager who played for the Waterford senior team.

Mansfield played for Waterford during the 1960s, however, he enjoyed little success during his inter-county career. During that time he won one Munster medal as a non-playing substitute. Mansfield was an All-Ireland runner-up on one occasion, also as a non-playing substitute.

At club level Mansfield played with Abbeyside–Ballinacourty.

In retirement from playing Mansfield became involved in coaching and team management. He spent several terms as manager of the Waterford under-21 and senior teams and enjoyed some success. Mansfield also served as a referee at club level.

Manager (Gaelic games)
In Gaelic games, a manager or (in Irish) bainisteoir is involved in the direction and instruction of the on-field operations of a team. The role entails the application of sport tactics and strategies during the game itself, and usually entails substitution of players and other such actions as needed. At games, the manager may sometimes wear a bib with the word "manager" or "bainisteoir" adorning it. Many managers were former players themselves, and are assisted in coaching the team by a group of selectors (in Irish roghnóirí).
Chiesi Farmaceutici
Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A. is an Italian family controlled global pharmaceutical company based in Parma, Emilia-Romagna. Chiesi has 31 affiliates in the world, nearly 6,500 total employees and provides medicines to patients in 100 nations. Chiesi currently has revenues of 3 billion euros. According to 2020 official data from the European Patent Office (EPO), Chiesi Group, with 42 patents filed, is confirmed as the first Italian Pharmaceutical Company and third among Italian Companies across all sectors for filing the highest number of patents.

In June 2019, Chiesi became a certified B Corporation, thus choosing to adopt a new legal status under US and Italian law. This ensures Chiesi legal protection to pursue a business model placing social and environmental values on equal footing with profits.

Following the acquisition, in 1999, of Huddersfield based Trinity Pharmaceuticals, Chiesi has also had a significant presence in Manchester, United Kingdom.

B Corporation (certification)
In business, a company that uses the “Certified B Corporation” trademark (also B Corporation  or B Corp) is a for-profit corporation certified for its social impact by B Lab, a private global non-profit organization. To be granted and to maintain certification, a company must receive a minimum score of 80 from an assessment of its social and environmental performance, integrate B Corp commitments to stakeholders into company governing documents, and pay an annual fee based on annual sales. Companies must re-certify every three years to retain B Corporation status.

As of March 2025, there are 9,576 certified B Corporations across 160 industries in 102 countries.
Glossary of the French Revolution
This glossary of the French Revolution generally does not explicate names of individual people or their political associations; those can be found in List of people associated with the French Revolution.

The terminology routinely used in discussing the French Revolution can be confusing. The same political faction may be referred to by different historians (or by the same historian in different contexts) by different names. During much of the revolutionary period, the French used a newly invented calendar that fell into complete disuse after the revolutionary era. Different legislative bodies had rather similar names, not always translated uniformly into English.

Estates General of 1789
The Estates General of 1789 (French: États Généraux de 1789) was a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), the nobility (Second Estate), and the commoners (Third Estate). It was the last of the Estates General of the Kingdom of France.

Summoned by King Louis XVI, the Estates General of 1789 ended when the Third Estate, along with some members of the other estates, formed the National Assembly and, against the wishes of the king, invited the other two estates to join. This signaled the outbreak of the French Revolution.
Protein purification
Protein purification is a series of processes intended to isolate one or a few proteins from a complex mixture, usually cells, tissues, or whole organisms.  Protein purification is vital for the specification of the function, structure, and interactions of the protein of interest. The purification process may separate the protein and non-protein parts of the mixture, and finally separate the desired protein from all other proteins. Ideally, to study a protein of interest, it must be separated from other components of the cell so that contaminants will not interfere in the examination of the protein of interest's structure and function. Separation of one protein from all others is typically the most laborious aspect of protein purification. Separation steps usually exploit differences in protein size, physico-chemical properties, binding affinity, and biological activity. The pure result may be termed protein isolate.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sometimes written sodium laurilsulfate, is an organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)11OSO3Na and structure H3C−(CH2)11−O−S(=O)2−O−Na+. It is an anionic surfactant used in many cleaning and hygiene products. This compound is the sodium salt of the 12-carbon organosulfate. Its hydrocarbon tail combined with a polar "headgroup" give the compound amphiphilic properties that make it useful as a detergent.  SDS is also component of mixtures produced from inexpensive coconut and palm oils. SDS is a common component of many domestic cleaning, personal hygiene and cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food products, as well as of industrial and commercial cleaning and product formulations.
2025 Asian Youth Games
The 2025 Asian Youth Games, officially the 3rd Asian Youth Games, and commonly Bahrain 2025, was the third edition of the Asian Youth Games, a pan-Asian multi-sport event that took place in Bahrain from 22 to 31 October 2025. It marked the first time the Games were held since the last in 2013, after the two previous editions in 2017 and 2021 were cancelled.

2013 Asian Youth Games
The 2013 Asian Youth Games or AYG 2013 (Chinese: 2013年亚洲青年运动会; pinyin: Èr Líng yī sān Nián Yàzhōu Qīngnián Yùndònghuì), officially the 2nd Asian Youth Games (Chinese: 第二届亚洲青年运动会; pinyin: Dìèr Jiè Yàzhōu Qīngnián Yùndònghuì) and commonly as Nanjing 2013 (Chinese: 南京2013; pinyin: Nánjīng Èr Líng yī sān), were held in Nanjing, China from August 16–24, 2013. Like the inaugural edition, the games acted as dress-rehearsal for the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics, which were also held in the same city.
2015 Women's Pan American Challenge
The 2015 Women's Pan American Challenge was the second edition of the Women's Pan American Challenge. It was held between 3 and 11 October 2015 in Chiclayo, Peru, simultaneously with the men's tournament.

Brazil won the tournament for the first time by defeating Barbados 3–1 in the final. Peru won the bronze medal by defeating Puerto Rico 2–1 in the third place playoff.

Women's Pan American Challenge
The Women's Pan American Challenge is a quadrennial international women's field hockey competition in the Americas organized by the Pan American Hockey Federation. The tournament serves as the qualification tournament for the next Women's Pan American Cup.

The tournament was created in 2011 when the PAHF created a tiered system with the Pan American Challenge as the second tier below the Pan American Cup. The first edition was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
10 yen coin
The 10 yen coin (十円硬貨, Jū-en kōka) is one denomination of the Japanese yen.

The obverse of the coin depicts the Phoenix Hall of Byōdō-in, a Buddhist temple in Uji, Kyoto prefecture, with the kanji for "Japan" and "Ten Yen". The reverse shows the numerals "10" and the date of issue in kanji surrounded by bay laurel leaves.

Coin grading
Coin grading is the process of determining the grade or condition of a coin, one of the key factors in determining its collectible value. A coin's grade is generally determined by six criteria: strike, preservation, luster, color, attractiveness, and occasionally the country/state in which it was minted. Several grading systems have been developed. Certification services professionally grade coins for tiered fees. The grading scale ranges from 1-70.