hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Glossary of chemistry terms
This glossary of chemistry terms is a list of terms and definitions relevant to chemistry, including chemical laws, diagrams and formulae, laboratory tools, glassware, and equipment. Chemistry is a physical science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions; it features an extensive vocabulary and a significant amount of jargon.

Note: All periodic table references refer to the IUPAC Style of the Periodic Table.

Pentyl group
Pentyl is a five-carbon alkyl group or substituent with chemical formula −C5H11. It is the substituent form of the alkane pentane.

In older literature, the common non-systematic name amyl was often used for the pentyl group.  Conversely, the name pentyl was used for several five-carbon branched alkyl groups, distinguished by various prefixes. The nomenclature has now reversed, with "amyl" being more often used to refer to the terminally branched group also called isopentyl, as in amobarbital.

A cyclopentyl group is a ring with the formula −C5H9.

The name is also used for the pentyl radical, a pentyl group as an isolated molecule. This free radical is only observed in extreme conditions.  Its formula is often written "C5H11•" or "• ⁠C5H11" to indicate that it has one unsatisfied valence bond. Radicals like pentyl are reactive, they react with neighboring atoms or molecules (like oxygen, water, etc.)
Wila Wila (Bolivia)
Wila Wila (Aymara wila blood, blood-red, the reduplication indicates that there is a group or a complex of something, "a complex of red color") is a mountain in the Cordillera Real in the Andes of Bolivia, about 5,240 metres (17,192 ft) high. It is located in the La Paz Department, Larecaja Province, Guanay Municipality. It lies north-west of the mountains Chachakumani and Kuntur Jipiña. The lake Jist'aña Quta lies at its feet, south of it.

Cordillera Real (Bolivia)
The Cordillera Real is a mountain range in the South American Altiplano of Bolivia, forming part of the Andes. This range of fold mountains, largely composed of granite, is located southeast of Lake Titicaca, and east of the Bolivian capital of La Paz. The range stretches 125 km in length and 20 km in width. Even though it is only 17° south of the Equator, the Cordillera Real is relatively densely glaciated. This is due to its proximity to the Amazon lowlands with its associated moist air masses.
Dulas, Irfon
Dulas is a left-bank tributary of the Afon Irfon, itself a tributary of the River Wye. It rises on the southeastern slopes of the Elenydd and runs southeast to join the Irfon at Garth. The river is bridged by both the B4358 and the A483 roads.

River Wye
The River Wye (/waɪ/; Welsh: Afon Gwy [ɡʊɨ̯]) is the fourth-longest river in the UK, stretching some 250 kilometres (155 miles) from its source on Plynlimon in Mid Wales to the Severn Estuary.  The lower reaches of the river form part of the border between England and Wales. The Wye Valley (lower part) is designated a National Landscape (formerly an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty). The Wye is important for nature conservation and recreation, but is affected by pollution.
Johnny Thomson
John Ashley Thomson (April 9, 1922 – September 24, 1960) was an American racecar driver. Thomson was nicknamed "the Flying Scot." He won several championships in midgets and sprint cars before competing in Championship Car (now IndyCar) racing. He won the pole position for the 1959 Indianapolis 500.

United States Auto Club
The United States Auto Club (USAC) is one of the sanctioning bodies of auto racing in the United States. From 1956 to 1979, USAC sanctioned the United States National Championship, and from 1956 to 1997 the organization sanctioned the Indianapolis 500. USAC serves as the sanctioning body for a number of racing series, including the Silver Crown Series, National Sprint Cars, National Midgets, Speed2 Midget Series, .25 Midget Series, Stadium Super Trucks, and GT World Challenge America. Seven-time USAC champion Levi Jones is USAC's Competition Director.
National memory
National memory is a form of collective memory defined by shared experiences and culture. It is an integral part to national identity.

It represents one specific form of cultural memory, which makes an essential contribution to national group cohesion. Historically national communities have drawn upon commemorative ceremonies and monuments, myths and rituals, glorified individuals, objects, and events in their own history to produce a common narrative.

According to Lorraine Ryan, national memory is based on the public's reception of national historic narratives and the ability of people to affirm the legitimacy of these narratives.

Collective memory
Collective memory is the shared pool of memories, knowledge and information of a social group that is significantly associated with the group's identity. The English phrase "collective memory" and the equivalent French phrase "la mémoire collective" appeared in the second half of the nineteenth century. The philosopher and sociologist Maurice Halbwachs analyzed and advanced the concept of the collective memory in the book Les cadres sociaux de la mémoire (1925).

Collective memory can be constructed, shared, and passed on by large and small social groups. Examples of these groups can include nations, generations, communities, among others.

Collective memory has been a topic of interest and research across a number of disciplines, including psychology, sociology, history, philosophy, and anthropology.
Robertson County Courthouse (Tennessee)
Robertson County Courthouse in Springfield, Tennessee dates from 1879.  The building's north wing, south wing, and central clock tower were added in 1929–30. The architect was W.C. Smith and the building contractor was the firm of Patton & McInturff.  The architects for the expansion were Edward E. Dougherty and Thomas W. Gardner of Nashville.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

Springfield, Tennessee
Springfield is the county seat of Robertson County, Tennessee, United States. It is located in Middle Tennessee near the northern border of the state. As of the 2020 census, the city's population was 18,782.
Shanghai Metro DC01
The 01A01 and the 01A02 (formerly known as DC01) are a class of electric multiple unit currently used on the Line 1 of Shanghai Metro. They are built by AEG and CSR Zhuzhou Locomotive, with first delivery on 30 October 1992. These cars are numbered 92011–92241, 93011-93481, 94011-94241, 014352-014643, 14652 and 14663 (set 101–116).

Before the delivery of AC02 and AC03, DC01 trains were also assigned to the services of Line 2 and Line 3.

Shanghai Metro
The Shanghai Metro (Chinese: 上海地铁; pinyin: Shànghǎi Dìtiě; Shanghainese: Zaon6he5 Di6thiq7) is a rapid transit system in Shanghai, operating urban and suburban transit services to 14 of its 16 municipal districts and to the neighboring township of Huaqiao, in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province.

Forming the vast majority of the broader, multi-operator Shanghai rail transit network, the Shanghai Metro system is the world's second longest metro system by route length, totaling 808 kilometres (502 mi) and the second largest system by number of stations, with 506 stations across 19 lines (408, if stations connected by transfers are counted as single stations). It also ranks first in the world by annual ridership, with 3.88 billion rides delivered in 2019. The last daily ridership record was set on 9 March 2024, at 13.39 million rides. Ridership routinely stands at over 10 million on an average workday, accounting for 73% of trips on public transport in the city.
Piaski, Gmina Świnice Warckie
Piaski (Polish pronunciation: [ˈpjaskʲi]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Świnice Warckie, within Łęczyca County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) east of Świnice Warckie, 16 km (10 mi) west of Łęczyca, and 45 km (28 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Świnice Warckie
Świnice Warckie [ɕfiˈnit͡sɛ ˈvart͡skʲɛ] is a village in Łęczyca County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Świnice Warckie. It lies approximately 20 km (12 mi) west of Łęczyca and 47 km (29 mi) northwest of the regional capital Łódź.

The village has an approximate population of 920. This is the place of the baptism and first communion of Faustina Kowalska, a great mystic and the secretary of Divine Mercy. The parish church is an official sanctuary since 2002. Saint Faustina (born Helena Kowalska) was living until the age of 16 in nearby village of Głogowiec.
Ben Verwaayen
Bernardus Johannes Maria "Ben" Verwaayen KBE (born 11 February 1952) is a Dutch businessman and a general partner of Keen Venture Partners.
He was Chief Executive Officer of the telecommunications company Alcatel-Lucent from 2008 to 2013.

KPN
Koninklijke KPN N.V. (Royal KPN N.V. in English), trading as KPN is a Dutch telecommunications company. KPN originated from a government-run postal, telegraph and telephone service and is based in Rotterdam, Netherlands.
2-group
In mathematics, particularly category theory, a 2-group is a groupoid with a way to multiply objects and morphisms, making it resemble a group.  They are part of a larger hierarchy of n-groups.
They were introduced by Hoàng Xuân Sính in the late 1960s under the name gr-categories, and they are also known as categorical groups.

John C. Baez
John Carlos Baez (/ˈbaɪ.ɛz/ BY-ez; born June 12, 1961) is an American mathematical physicist and a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Riverside (UCR) in Riverside, California. He has worked on spin foams in loop quantum gravity, applications of higher categories to physics, and applied category theory. Additionally, Baez is known on the World Wide Web as the author of the crackpot index.
Organic photorefractive materials
Organic photorefractive materials are materials that exhibit a temporary change in refractive index when exposed to light. The changing refractive index causes light to change speed throughout the material and produce light and dark regions in the crystal. The buildup can be controlled to produce holographic images for use in biomedical scans and optical computing. The ease with which the chemical composition can be changed in organic materials makes the photorefractive effect more controllable.

Gallium arsenide
Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a III-V direct band gap semiconductor with a zinc blende crystal structure.

Gallium arsenide is used in the manufacture of devices such as microwave frequency integrated circuits, monolithic microwave integrated circuits, infrared light-emitting diodes, laser diodes, solar cells and optical windows.

GaAs is often used as a substrate material for the epitaxial growth of other III-V semiconductors, including indium gallium arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide and others.
1999 Comhairle nan Eilean Siar election
An election to Comhairle nan Eilean Siar was held on 6 May 1999 as part of the wider 1999 Scottish local elections.

The council, formerly known as Western Isles Council, had been renamed in 1997 in Gaelic as Comhairle nan Eilean Siar. Council ward boundaries had also been changed since the previous election, and the total number of wards was increased from 30 to 31.

The election was the first since 1994. Whilst the new Scottish councils had seen elections in 1995, the three Island Councils (Western Isles, Shetland and Orkney) had not, as they had not been affected by the abolition of the regional and district levels of governance in Scotland. The Island Councils had instead utilised a unitary system, like that adopted by the other Scottish councils in 1995, since their inception.

The Scottish National Party ran candidates for the first time, gaining four seats.

1994 Western Isles Islands Council election
The sixth election to Western Isles Islands Council was held on 5 May 1994 as part of the wider 1994 Scottish regional elections. One ward - Laxdale - was unfilled, as no individuals came forward as candidates.

The election saw a political party gain representation on the Council for the first time as the Labour Party won four seats.
Polgahawela Electoral District
Polgahawela electoral district was an electoral district of Sri Lanka between March 1960 and February 1989. The district was named after the town of Polgahawela in Kurunegala District, North Western Province. The 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka introduced the proportional representation electoral system for electing members of Parliament. The existing 160 mainly single-member electoral districts were replaced with 22 multi-member electoral districts. Polgahawela electoral district was replaced by the Kurunegala multi-member electoral district at the 1989 general elections.

Kurunegala Electoral District
Kurunegala electoral district is one of the 22 multi-member electoral districts of Sri Lanka created by the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka. The district is conterminous with the administrative district of Kurunegala in the North Western province. The district currently elects 15 of the 225 members of the Sri Lankan Parliament and had 1,183,649 registered electors in 2010. The district is Sri Lanka's Electorate Number 15.
David Licauco
David Alexander Sy Licauco (Tagalog: [ˈdeɪvɪd lɪˈkaʊko]: born June 15, 1994) is a Filipino actor, model, and businessman. He is known for portraying Malik for GMA television drama Mulawin vs. Ravena (2017), Fidel de los Reyes y Maglipol in Maria Clara at Ibarra (2022–2023), Carding in Maging Sino Ka Man (2023) and Hiroshi Tanaka in Pulang Araw (2024) aired on GMA Network.

Summit Media
Summit Publishing Co., Inc., doing business as Summit Media, is a Philippine digital media and publishing company. Founded in 1995, the company owns several entertainment and lifestyle media websites in the Philippines.

The company is privately owned by Lisa Gokongwei-Cheng, the daughter of Filipino businessman John Gokongwei.
Memsie
Memsie, Aberdeenshire, is a small community near Fraserburgh, Scotland. On Memsie Moor there is a very large stone cairn, Memsie Cairn, which has been opened, but nothing found inside. There were two other cairns, but they have been removed. Apart from the cairn, Memsie is near Mormond Hill, which was a very large listening post in the Cold War. These days the former listening post is used for satellite communications.  The nearest Kirk to Memsie is in Rathen.

The House of Memsie is located east of the A981 to the south of the community.

Mormond Hill
Mormond Hill (from Gaelic Mórmhonadh, "big hill") is a broad eminence in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, not far from Fraserburgh. Its twin summits reach heights of 754 feet (230 m) and 767 feet (234 m); the higher of the two is known as Waughton Hill. The hill is surrounded by the low-lying arable region known as Buchan. At its foot are the villages of Strichen and New Leeds.

The hill is mentioned in the folk song "Mormond Braes", about a girl from "Strichen toon" who resolves to make a better match after her lover jilts her. It is also mentioned in the song "Farewell to Tarwathie" by Judy Collins, originally written by George Scroggie.
Municipal corporation (India)
A municipal corporation is a 
type of local government in India which administers an urban area having a population of one million or more. The growing population and urbanization of various Indian cities highlighted the need for a type of local governing body that could provide services such as healthcare, education, housing and transport by collecting property taxes and administering grants from the state government.

The municipal corporation carries out its function through divisions or departments. For example, water supply and sewage disposal Undertaking, Housing Board, Education Department and Electricity Department.

The 74th Amendment Act defined the formations of urban local governments and their activities.

Municipal Corporation of Delhi
The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) is the municipal corporation that governs most of Delhi, a union territory of India. The MCD is among the largest municipal bodies in the world providing civic services to a population of about 20 million citizens in Delhi, apart from the capital New Delhi and Delhi Cantonment.

It is headed by the Mayor of Delhi, who presides over elected councillors from 250 wards. The municipal corporation covers an area of 1,397.3 km2 (539.5 mi2). The annual budget of the corporation for the fiscal year 2025-26 exceeds ₹17,000 crore (approximately US$2 billion).

MCD is one of three municipalities in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, the others being the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC), which administers the New Delhi municipality, and the Delhi Cantonment Board, which administers the Delhi Cantonment. It is the largest and only municipality of Delhi which is directly elected by the people.
1999 Swedish Rally
The 1999 Swedish Rally was a motor racing event for rally cars that was held over three days between 12 and 14 February 1999. It marked the 48th running of the Swedish Rally, and was the second round of the 1999 World Rally Championship season. The 1999 event was based in the city of Karlstad in Sweden and was contested over nineteen special stages, covering a total competitive distance of 384.30 kilometres (238.79 mi).

Tommi Makinen was the defending rally winner, as was Team Mitsubishi Ralliart. Peugeot Esso and Skoda Motorsport would not compete in the event.

Makinen, along with co-driver Risto Mannisenmaki won the rally, their second win in a row, strengthening their lead of the championship.

1999 World Rally Championship
The 1999 World Rally Championship was the 27th season of the FIA World Rally Championship. The season consisted of 14 rallies. Tommi Mäkinen won his fourth drivers' world championship driving for Mitsubishi, ahead of Richard Burns and Didier Auriol. The manufacturers' title was won by Toyota, ahead of Subaru and Mitsubishi.

In an upset predicted two years earlier a two-wheel-drive car won a rally for the first time since Alain Oreille won the 1989 Rallye Côte d'Ivoire in his Renault 5 when Philippe Bugalski took his Citroën Xsara Kit Car to victory in the Rally Catalunya. Bugalski backed it up three weeks later winning the Tour de Corse. With such specialised tarmac cars now beating WRC cars while at the same time not competing in the FIA 2-Litre World Rally Cup designed for them a revamp of two-wheel-drive regulations was created for the 2000 season.
Bagn Church
Bagn Church (Norwegian: Bagn kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Sør-Aurdal Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the village of Bagn. It is the church for the Bagn parish which is part of the Valdres prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar. The red, wooden church was built in a cruciform design in 1736 using plans drawn up by the architect Svend Tråseth. The church seats about 350 people.

Sør-Aurdal Municipality
Sør-Aurdal is a municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Valdres. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Bagn. Other villages in the municipality include Begna, Hedalen, and Begnadalen.

The 1,109-square-kilometre (428 sq mi) municipality is the 101st largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Sør-Aurdal is the 238th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,822. The municipality's population density is 2.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (6.5/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 9.5% over the previous 10-year period.
1991 Big East men's basketball tournament
The 1991 Big East men's basketball tournament took place at Madison Square Garden in New York City, from March 7 to March 10, 1991. Its winner received the Big East Conference's automatic bid to the 1991 NCAA tournament. It is a single-elimination tournament with four rounds.  Syracuse finished with the best regular season conference record and was awarded the #1 seed.

Seton Hall defeated Georgetown in the championship game 74–62, to claim its first Big East tournament championship.

Big East men's basketball tournament
The Big East Men's Basketball Tournament is the championship tournament of the Big East Conference in men's basketball. The winner receives the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament.

As part of the 2013 deal in which seven schools left the original Big East Conference of 1979–2013 to form a new Big East Conference and the original conference became the American Athletic Conference, the new Big East received the rights to the conference tournament.
Tota, Boyacá
Tota is a town and municipality in the department of Boyacá, Colombia, part of the Sugamuxi Province. Tota is located approximately 40 km from Sogamoso and the municipality borders in the north Cuítiva, Aquitania in the east, Zetaquirá and San Eduardo in the south and westward of Tota the municipality of Pesca is located. Nearby and named after the village is Lake Tota, the largest lake of Colombia.

Sogamoso
Sogamoso (Spanish pronunciation: [soɣaˈmoso]) is a city in the department of Boyacá of Colombia. It is the capital of the Sugamuxi Province, named after the original Sugamuxi. Sogamoso is nicknamed "City of the Sun", based on the original Muisca tradition of pilgrimage and adoring their Sun god Sué at the Sun Temple. The city is located at an altitude of 2,569 metres (8,428 ft) on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes.
North and South Foreland
North Foreland (TR 39860 69616 51°22′30″N 1°26′42″E﻿ / ﻿51.37490°N 1.44510°E﻿ / 51.37490; 1.44510)  and South Foreland (TR 35909 43307 51°08′25″N 1°22′16″E﻿ / ﻿51.14040°N 1.37110°E﻿ / 51.14040; 1.37110) are two chalk headlands on the Kent coast of southeast England.

See:

North Foreland

South Foreland

North Foreland
North Foreland is a chalk headland on the Kent coast of southeast England, specifically in Broadstairs.

With the rest of Broadstairs and part of Ramsgate it is the eastern side of Kent's largest peninsula, the Isle of Thanet. It presents a bold cliff to the sea, 15 miles north of South Foreland, and commands views over the southern North Sea.

LB&SCR H2 class 4-4-2 no. 422 (later no. B422, 2422, and 32422) was named North Foreland after this landmark.
Plant calmodulin-binding domain
In molecular biology, the plant calmodulin-binding domain is a protein domain found repeated in a number of plant calmodulin-binding proteins. These domains are thought to constitute the calmodulin-binding domains of these proteins. Binding of the proteins to calmodulin depends on the presence of calcium ions. These proteins are thought to be involved in various processes, such as plant defence responses  and stolonisation or tuberization.

Protein domain
In molecular biology, a protein domain is a region of a protein's polypeptide chain that is self-stabilizing and that folds independently from the rest. Each domain forms a compact folded three-dimensional structure. Many proteins consist of several domains, and a domain may appear in a variety of different proteins. Molecular evolution uses domains as building blocks and these may be recombined in different arrangements to create proteins with different functions. In general, domains vary in length from between about 50 amino acids up to 250 amino acids in length. The shortest domains, such as zinc fingers, are stabilized by metal ions or disulfide bridges. Domains often form functional units, such as the calcium-binding EF hand domain of calmodulin. Because they are independently stable, domains can be "swapped" by genetic engineering between one protein and another to make chimeric proteins.