hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Backtracking line search
In (unconstrained) mathematical optimization, a backtracking line search is a line search method to determine the amount to move along a given search direction. Its use requires that the objective function is differentiable and that its gradient is known.

The method involves starting with a relatively large estimate of the step size for movement along the line search direction, and iteratively shrinking the step size (i.e., "backtracking") until a decrease of the objective function is observed that adequately corresponds to the amount of decrease that is expected, based on the step size and the local gradient of the objective function. A common stopping criterion is the Armijo–Goldstein condition.

Backtracking line search is typically used for gradient descent (GD), but it can also be used in other contexts. For example, it can be used with Newton's method if the Hessian matrix is positive definite.

Descent direction
In optimization, a descent direction is a vector  that points towards a local minimum  of an objective function .

Computing  by an iterative method, such as line search defines a descent direction  at the th iterate to be any  such that , where  denotes the inner product. The motivation for such an approach is that small steps along  guarantee that  is reduced, by Taylor's theorem.

Using this definition, the negative of a non-zero gradient is always a
descent direction, as .

Numerous methods exist to compute descent directions, all with differing merits, such as gradient descent or the conjugate gradient method.

More generally, if  is a positive definite matrix, then
 is a descent direction at . This generality is used in preconditioned gradient descent methods.
University of the Amazon
The University of the Amazon (Spanish: Universidad de la Amazonia), also called Uniamazonía, is a national public university in Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia. The university is established by Act 60 of 1982 to contribute to the development of the Amazon region.

Florencia, Caquetá
Florencia (Spanish pronunciation: [floˈɾensja], English: Florence) is a municipality and the capital city of the Department of Caquetá, Colombia. It is  the most populous city in the Amazon Region of Colombia. It lies on the Orteguaza River which flows into the Caqueta River. Its population was 177,946 in 2023.
Bujar Shehu
Bujar Shehu (born 7 February 1939) is an Albanian basketball coach and former basketball player. Shehu coached the Albanian national team and teams like Tirana, Prishtina, Peja and Drita. Before starting his coaching career, he played for Tirana and was a member of the Albanian national team from 1960 until 1972.

KB Tirana
KB Tirana are an Albanian professional basketball team based in Tirana, which is the basketball branch of SK Tirana. They compete in the Albanian Basketball Superleague and in the Liga Unike. The club plays its home domestic games at the Farie Hoti Sports Palace, and they play their international games at the Asllan Rusi Sports Palace.

Tirana are one of the two most successful teams in the history of Albanian basketball (men), having won the Albanian League 21 times, the Albanian Cup a record of 20 times and the Albanian Supercups a record of 9 times. They have won a total of 50 trophies, which is the most in the country.
Danny Buderus
Danny Buderus (born 6 February 1978) is an Australian rugby league commentator, coach and former professional footballer who played in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. An Australian international and New South Wales State of Origin representative hooker, he played in the National Rugby League for Australian club, the Newcastle Knights, with whom he won a Dally M Medal, and the 2001 NRL Premiership before setting a new record for most games with the club. Buderus also played in the Super League for English club, the Leeds Rhinos, with whom he won 2011's Super League XVI. He set the record for most appearances as captain of the New South Wales State of Origin team at 15 and for most consecutive appearances for the side at 21. Buderus also played representative football for the Exiles and New South Wales Country. In 2015, he took up an interim coaching role with the Knights and continued as an assistant coach in 2016.

2001 NRL season
The 2001 NRL season was the 94th season of professional rugby league football in Australia and the fourth run by the National Rugby League.  Also called the 2001 Telstra Premiership (due to sponsorship from Telstra) it was contested by thirteen Australia-based clubs plus one New Zealand–based club. The Newcastle Knights claimed their second premiership in five seasons, defeating minor premiers Parramatta Eels in the NRL's first ever night-time grand final.
Chatham Standard Time Zone
The Chatham Standard Time Zone is a time zone twelve hours and forty-five minutes ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) resulting in UTC+12:45. It is used exclusively in the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. It is one of three time zones with a 45-minute offset from UTC, the others being Nepal Standard Time (UTC+05:45) and the unofficial Australian Central Western Time (UTC+08:45).

During summer, daylight saving time is observed and clocks are advanced one hour. Chatham Daylight Time (CHADT) is 13 hours 45 minutes ahead of UTC, 45 minutes ahead of New Zealand Daylight Time (NZDT). Daylight saving time runs from the last Sunday in September at 2:45 to the first Sunday in April at 3:45.

Time zone
A time zone is an area which observes a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. Time zones tend to follow the boundaries between countries and their subdivisions instead of strictly following longitude, because it is convenient for areas in frequent communication to keep the same time.

Each time zone is defined by a standard offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The offsets range from UTC−12:00 to UTC+14:00, and are usually a whole number of hours, but a few zones are offset by an additional 30 or 45 minutes, such as in India and Nepal. Some areas in a time zone may use a different offset for part of the year, typically one hour ahead during spring and summer, a practice known as daylight saving time (DST).
Allahabad, Lenjan
Allahabad (Persian: الله‌آباد, also Romanized as Allāhābād; also known as Mobārakābād (Persian: مبارک‌آباد)) is a village in Ashiyan Rural District, in the Central District of Lenjan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 435, in 109 families.

Ashiyan-e Shomali Rural District
Ashiyan-e Shomali Rural District (Persian: دهستان اشیان شمالی) is in Fuladshahr District of Lenjan County, Isfahan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Mehrabad. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Ashiyan.
The Blind Watchmaker
The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe without Design is a 1986 book by Richard Dawkins, in which he presents an explanation of, and argument for, the theory of evolution by means of natural selection. He also presents arguments to refute certain criticisms made of his first book, The Selfish Gene. (Both books espouse the gene-centered view of evolution.) It was illustrated by Liz Pyle. It won the Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Current Interest. A computer program of the same name was released and it was the basis for a BBC documentary. An audiobook was released, read by Dawkins and Lalla Ward.

Michael Ghiselin
Michael T. Ghiselin (born May 13, 1939; died June 14, 2024) was an American biologist and philosopher as well as a historian of biology, formerly at the California Academy of Sciences.

He is known for his work concerning sea slugs, and for his criticism of the falsification of the history of Lamarckism in biology textbooks.
Simranjit Singh Mann
Simranjit Singh Mann (born 20 May 1945) is a former Indian Police Service officer and a former Member of the Parliament in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India, representing the constituency of Sangrur from 2022 till 2024. He lost elections in 2024 to Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer. He is the president of the political party Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar). Mann has served three-times as an MP; once from Taran Tarn between 1989 and 1991, and twice from Sangrur between 1999-2004 and between 2022 and 2024.

Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee
The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (abbr. SGPC; lit. Supreme Gurdwara Management Committee) is an organization in India responsible for the management of gurdwaras, Sikh places of worship, in the states of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh and the union territory of Chandigarh. SGPC also administers Darbar Sahib in Amritsar.

The SGPC is governed by the president of SGPC. The SGPC manages the security, financial, facility maintenance and religious aspects of Gurdwaras as well as keeping archaeologically rare and sacred artifacts, including weapons, clothes, books and writings of the Sikh Gurus.

Bibi Jagir Kaur became the first woman to be elected president of the SGPC for the second time in September 2004. She had held the same post from March 1999 to November 2000.
Domenico Casalino
Domenico Casalino (Turin, 11 January 1962) is an Italian executive and Adjunct Faculty Member at LUISS Business School. He was CEO of  Consip, a public stock company owned by the Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance operating in the public procurement services field and Techno Sky, the ENAV Group society for maintenance and development of the air traffic management technologies.

Link Campus University
Link Campus University (Italian: Università degli studi Link Campus University), formerly Link Campus—University of Malta, is a proprietary, for-profit university located in Rome, Italy. The university was founded in 1999 at the initiative of former Italian President Francesco Cossiga and former Maltese President Guido de Marco, with Vincenzo Scotti, former Italian Minister of the Interior and Foreign Affairs, serving as founding president. The university has trained intelligence and law enforcement personnel from NATO countries and has been described by Italian newspapers as either a "shady diploma mill or den of spies." The university is owned by CEPU, a for-profit Italian franchise chain.
Bodlondeb Woods
Boldondeb Woods is a woodland local nature reserve in Conwy, Wales. Located on the western shore of the Conwy estuary, the woodland is a mix of coniferous and deciduous trees. The woodland covers an area of 7.6 hectares (19 acres) and a number of footpaths run through it.

53°17′10″N 3°49′59″W﻿ / ﻿53.286°N 3.833°W﻿ / 53.286; -3.833

Conwy
Conwy (/ˈkɒnwi/, Welsh: [ˈkɔnʊɨ] ⓘ), previously known in English as Conway, is a walled market town, community and the administrative centre of Conwy County Borough in North Wales. The walled town and castle stand on the west bank of the River Conwy, facing Deganwy on the east bank. The town formerly lay in Gwynedd and prior to that in Caernarfonshire. The community, which also includes Deganwy and Llandudno Junction, had a population of 14,753 at the 2011 census.

Postal addresses do not follow the community boundaries. On the east bank of the river, Deganwy forms part of the Conwy post town, but Llandudno Junction is a separate post town. The ward on the west bank of the river had a population of 4,065 at the 2011 census.

The resident population of the wider Conwy County Borough was estimated to be 116,200 in an ONS-estimate.

The name 'Conwy' derives from the old Welsh words cyn (chief) and gwy (water), the river being originally called the 'Cynwy'.
Dickleburgh
Dickleburgh is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Dickleburgh and Rushall, in the South Norfolk district of the English county of Norfolk.

The village is located 3.5 miles (5.6 km) east of Diss and 17 miles (27 km) south-west of Norwich.

Diss, Norfolk
Diss is a market town, civil parish and electoral ward in South Norfolk, England; it is near the boundary with Suffolk. It had a population of 7,572 in 2011. It lies in the valley of the River Waveney, round a mere covering 6 acres (2.4 ha) and up to 18 feet (5.5 m) deep, although there is another 51 feet (16 m) of mud.
Skeleton Canyon massacres
These events should not be confused with the Skeleton Canyon Shootout in 1896.

The Skeleton Canyon massacres refer to two separate attacks on Mexican citizens in 1879 and 1881. Skeleton Canyon is located in the Peloncillo Mountains (Hidalgo County), which straddles the modern Arizona and New Mexico state line border. This canyon connects the Animas Valley of New Mexico with the San Simon Valley of Arizona.

Johnny Ringo
John Peters Ringo (May 3, 1850 – July 13, 1882) was an American Old West outlaw loosely associated with the Cochise County Cowboys in frontier boomtown Tombstone, Arizona Territory. He took part in the Mason County War in Texas during which he committed his first murder. He was arrested and charged with murder. He was affiliated with Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan, Ike Clanton, and Frank Stilwell during 1881–1882. He got into a confrontation in Tombstone with Doc Holliday and was suspected by Wyatt Earp of having taken part in the attempted murder of Virgil Earp and the ambush and death of Morgan Earp. Ringo was found dead with a bullet wound to his temple which was ruled suicide. Modern writers have advanced various theories attributing his death to Wyatt Earp, Doc Holliday, Frank Leslie or Michael O'Rourke.
Wuhanic acid
Wuhanic acid ((7R,15Z,18R,21Z)-7,18-dihydroxytetracosa-15,21-dienoic acid) is a 24-carbon dihydroxy fatty acid with the chemical formula C24H44O4 and molecular weight 396.6 g/mol.

Wuhanic acid was identified, along with nebraskanic acid, as a major fatty acid of the seed oil of Chinese violet cress (Orychophragmus violaceus L. O.E.Schulz). Wuhanic acid was named in honor of the location of its co-discoverer Chunyu Zhang, a professor in the National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology at Huazhong Agricultural University in Wuhan, Hubei, China.

Ricinoleic acid
Ricinoleic acid, formally called 12-hydroxy-9-cis-octadecenoic acid, is a fatty acid.  It is an unsaturated omega-9 fatty acid and a hydroxy acid. It is a major component of the seed oil obtained from the seeds of castor plant (Ricinus communis L., Euphorbiaceae), the plant that produces ricin. It is also found in the sclerotium of ergot (Claviceps purpurea Tul., Clavicipitaceae). About 90% of the fatty acid content in castor oil is the ricinolein.
Asmaa Mahfouz
Asmaa Mahfouz (Egyptian Arabic: أسماء محفوظ, pronounced [ʔæsˈmæːʔ mɑħˈfuːz, ˈʔæsmæ-], born 1 February 1985) is an Egyptian activist and one of the founders of the April 6 Youth Movement. She has been credited by journalist Mona Eltahawy and others with helping to spark a mass uprising through her video blog posted one week before the start of the 2011 Egyptian revolution. She is a prominent member of Egypt's Coalition of the Youth of the Revolution and one of the leaders of the Egyptian revolution.

In 2011 she was one of five recipients of the "Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought", awarded for contributions to "historic changes in the Arab world". The other joint recipients were Ahmed al-Senussi, Razan Zaitouneh, Ali Farzat, and Mohamed Bouazizi of the Arab Spring.

Arabian Business placed Mahfouz at #381 on its list of the World's 500 Most Influential Arabs.

Razan Zaitouneh
Razan Zaitouneh (sometimes spelled Zeitunah; Arabic: رزان زيتونة; born 29 April 1977) is a Syrian human rights lawyer and civil society activist. Actively involved in the Syrian uprising, she went into hiding after being accused by the government of being a foreign agent and her husband was arrested. Zaitouneh has documented human rights in Syria for the Local Coordination Committees of Syria. Zaitouneh was kidnapped on 9 December 2013, most likely by Jaysh al-Islam. Her fate remains unknown. It is suspected that she has been killed.
Grobonou-Dan
Grobonou-Dan is a village in south-western Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Gabiadji, San-Pédro Department, San-Pédro Region, Bas-Sassandra District.

Grobonou-Dan was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1,126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

Gabiadji
Gabiadji is a town in south-western Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of San-Pédro Department in San-Pédro Region, Bas-Sassandra District.

Gabiadji was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1,126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

In 2021, the population of the sub-prefecture of Gabiadji was 113,389.
Holy Week processions in Guatemala
Semana Santa or Holy Week in Guatemala is celebrated with street expressions of faith, called processions, usually organized by a "hermandad". Each procession of Holy Week has processional floats and steps, which are often religious images of the Passion of Christ, or Marian images, although there are exceptions, like the allegorical steps of saints.

Antigua Guatemala
Antigua Guatemala (Spanish pronunciation: [anˈtiɣwa ɣwateˈmala]), commonly known as Antigua or La Antigua, is a city in the central highlands of Guatemala. The city was the capital of the Captaincy General of Guatemala from 1543 through 1773, with much of its Baroque-influenced architecture and layout dating from that period. Antigua Guatemala serves as the capital of the homonymous municipality and the Sacatepéquez Department.

Because of its outstanding Spanish Baroque-influenced architecture, layout, churches, and ruins, and the city's importance during the early colonial period of the country, Antigua Guatemala was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.
Casa de Oro, California
Casa de Oro (Spanish for "House of Gold") is a neighborhood in east San Diego County, California, United States. The community, 12 miles east of San Diego, is in the unincorporated town of Spring Valley and an unincorporated part of La Mesa. The United States Census Bureau has also divided the neighborhood between two census-designated places (CDPs), Spring Valley CDP and Casa de Oro-Mount Helix CDP. Casa de Oro's main thoroughfare is Campo Road.

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) places Casa de Oro at 32°44′56″N 116°58′51″W﻿ / ﻿32.74889°N 116.98083°W﻿ / 32.74889; -116.98083 (32.7489409 -116.9808600). Mail sent to Casa de Oro is addressed to Spring Valley, CA or La Mesa, CA, depending on the exact location.

La Mesa, California
La Mesa (lit. 'The Table') is a city in San Diego County, California, United States, located nine miles (14 kilometers) east of downtown San Diego in Southern California. The population was 61,121 at the 2020 census, up from 57,065 at the 2010 census. Its civic motto is "the Jewel of the Hills."
Waldringfield
Waldringfield is a village and civil parish in the East Suffolk district, in the county of Suffolk, England. It is situated on the bank of the River Deben within the Suffolk Coast and Heaths Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, 4 miles (6.4 km) south of the town of Woodbridge and 8 miles (12.9 km) east of the county town of Ipswich.

All Saints' Church dates from the 14th century. Restored in the 19th century, it is a grade II* listed building.

Waldringfield Heath, between the village and Martlesham on the edge of Ipswich, is the site of Waldringfield Golf Club.

It also has a yacht club called Waldringfield Yacht Club.

A probable Early Pliocene macaque molar from the Red Crag Formation in Waldringfield, represents one of the oldest and northernmost records of the genus in Europe reported to date.

Woodbridge, Suffolk
Woodbridge is a port town and civil parish in the East Suffolk district of Suffolk, England. It is 8 miles (13 km) up the River Deben from the sea. It lies 7 miles (11 km) north-east of Ipswich and around 74 miles (119 km) north-east of London. In 2011 it had a population of 7,749.

The town is close to some major archaeological sites of the Anglo-Saxon period, including the Sutton Hoo burial ship. It is well known for its boating harbour and tide mill next to the River Deben, in the Suffolk & Essex Coast & Heaths National Landscape. Several festivals are held. As a "gem in Suffolk's crown" (according to The Suffolk Coast tourist site) it has been named the best place to live in the East of England.
Hatunsaray
Hatunsaray is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Meram, Konya Province, Turkey. Its population is 583 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde).

It is located south-southeast of the ancient site of Lystra. A small museum within the village of Hatunsaray displays artifacts from ancient Lystra.

Meram
Meram is a municipality and district of Konya Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,822 km2, and its population is 348,325 (2022). Meram is one of the central districts of Konya, along with the districts of Karatay and Selçuklu. It covers the southwestern part of the agglomeration of Konya and the adjacent countryside.
Walter Fried
Walter Julius Fried (August 18, 1877 – August 18, 1925) was an American violinist and conductor.  He served as both music director and as concertmaster of the Dallas Symphony Orchestra between 1911 and 1925 and was also one of Dallas's leading violin teachers during that period.

Concertmaster
The concertmaster (from the German Konzertmeister), first chair (US) or leader (UK) is the principal first violin player in an orchestra, or the principal clarinetist or oboist in a concert band. After the conductor, the concertmaster is the most significant leader in an orchestra, symphonic band or other musical ensemble.
Champions Boat League
The Champions Boat League also known as CBL is an IPL style professional snake boat regatta held in Kerala, India.

Teams participate in a series of 12 established traditional boat races to compete for the top spots. The first season of CBL was held in 2019, inaugurated by Sachin Tendulkar. It started with the Nehru Trophy on 10 August and ended with the President's Trophy on 1November. Around 1.8 crore people watched the first edition on eight television channels in India and abroad, and 22 lakh people watched the races online. The first season was originally planned for 2018 but it was postponed owing to the floods in the state. The boat league was also cancelled in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The event is an attempt to promote traditional festivals in Kerala, so the Government allocates funds for holding the event.

President's Trophy Boat Race
The President's Trophy Boat Race is a popular boat race held on the Ashtamudi lake in Kollam city on 1 November every year. The day marks the birth of the Indian state of Kerala, known as Kerala Piravi. This is the most popular of the races to be held during the season of the harvest festival, Onam, in Autumn on Ashtamudi Lake in Kollam. There would be races in five categories, namely Chundan Vallam (snake-boats), two grades of Veppu Vallam, and two grades of Iruttukuthi Vallam. Sixteen snake-boats would compete in four heats. The trophy had been instituted in the name of the President of India. President of India will be present to witness the race and would also give away the trophy and cash prize to the winning team. The race will become a part of Kerala's IPL-model boat race league from 2019 onward. The Government of Kerala is planning to make President's Trophy Boat Race as the finishing event of Champions’ Boat League.