hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers
The 1st Lincolnshire Artillery Volunteers were formed in 1860 as a response to a French invasion threat. They fought on the Western Front during World War I. In World War II, the unit took part in the Battle of France and Dunkirk evacuation, the Anglo-Iraqi War with 'Kingcol', the Western Desert Campaign in which it distinguished itself at the Battle of Sidi Rezegh, and finally fought as infantry in the Chindits. The unit was disbanded in 1947.

Scheldt
The Scheldt (/ʃɛlt, skɛlt/ SHELT, SKELT; French: Escaut [ɛsko] ⓘ; Dutch: Schelde [ˈsxɛldə] ⓘ) is a 435-kilometre-long (270 mi) river that flows through northern France, western Belgium, and the southwestern part of the Netherlands, with its mouth at the North Sea. Its name is derived from an adjective corresponding to Old English sċeald ("shallow"), Modern English shoal, Low German schol, West Frisian skol, and obsolete Swedish skäll ("thin").
African mantis
African mantis and African praying mantis are common names for many species of praying mantis native to Africa.

The following genera and species are often referred to by these names, by variants of them, or by common names including the name of an African nation:

Miomantis
Miomantis caffra — South African mantis

Oxyothespis
Oxyothespis dumonti — African grass mantis

Popa
Popa spurca — African twig mantis

Sphodromantis
Sphodromantis belachowski
Sphodromantis centralis
Sphodromantis gastrica
Sphodromantis lineola
Sphodromantis viridis — Giant African mantis.

Tarachodes — African bark mantis

Sphodromantis lineola
Sphodromantis lineola, common name African mantis or African praying mantis, is a species of praying mantis native to the continent of Africa sometimes raised in captivity. S. lineola is often colored green, however they can also be colored different types of brown. The brown colored individuals have also been observed with purple colored eyes. It may be distinguished from S. baccettii by the absence of blue-black spots on its forearms.
Chinatown West Gate
The Chinatown West Gate is installed in Los Angeles' Chinatown neighborhood, in the U.S. state of California.

Installed in 1938, the structure exhibits traditional Chinese design and displays characters which translate to "Cooperate to Achieve". The gate has 150-year-old camphor wood from China. After being nominated by the Los Angeles Conservancy, the West Gate was designated a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument, No. 825. California Governor Frank Merrimack placed a bronze tablet at the site that commemorates Chinese-American contributions to California's growth.

Chinatown, Los Angeles
Chinatown is a neighborhood in downtown Los Angeles, California, that became a commercial center for Chinese and other Asian businesses in Central Los Angeles in 1938. The area includes restaurants, shops, and art galleries, but also has a residential neighborhood with a low-income, aging population of about 7,800 residents.

The original Chinatown developed in the late 19th century, and was demolished to make room for Union Station, the city's major ground-transportation center. This neighborhood and commercial center, referred to as "New Chinatown," opened for business in 1938.
1996 United States presidential election in Alaska
The 1996 United States presidential election in Alaska took place on November 7, 1996, as part of the 1996 United States presidential election. Voters chose representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Alaska was won by Senator Bob Dole (R-KS), with Dole winning 50.80% to 33.27% over President Bill Clinton (D) by a margin of 17.53%. Billionaire businessman Ross Perot (Reform-TX) finished in third, with 10.9% of the popular vote.

With 50.8% of the popular vote, Alaska proved to be Dole's fifth strongest state in the 1996 election after Utah, Kansas, Nebraska and Idaho.

1996 United States presidential election in Utah
The 1996 United States presidential election in Utah took place on November 7, 1996, as part of the 1996 United States presidential election. Voters chose five representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Utah was won by Republican nominee Bob Dole, who obtained 54.37 percent of the vote - his highest total in any state - and won 
by a 21.07 point margin, his highest margin of victory nationwide.

As of the 2024 presidential election, this is the last election in which Tooele and Carbon Counties voted for a Democratic presidential candidate. This also marked the first time since statehood that a president won two terms without ever carrying Utah.

This is the only presidential election in Utah in which fewer votes were cast than in the previous election.
Goniometer
A goniometer is an instrument that either measures an angle or allows an object to be rotated to a precise angular position. The term goniometry derives from two Greek words, γωνία (gōnía) 'angle' and μέτρον (métron) 'measure'. The protractor is a commonly used type in the fields of mechanics, engineering, and geometry.

The first known description of a goniometer, based on the astrolabe, was by Gemma Frisius in 1538.

Instrumentation
Instrumentation is a collective term for measuring instruments, used for indicating, measuring, and recording physical quantities. It is also a field of study about the art and science about making measurement instruments, involving the related areas of metrology, automation, and control theory. The term has its origins in the art and science of scientific instrument-making.

Instrumentation can refer to devices as simple as direct-reading thermometers, or as complex as multi-sensor components of industrial control systems. Instruments can be found in laboratories, refineries, factories and vehicles, as well as in everyday household use (e.g., smoke detectors and thermostats).
Eridanus Cluster
The Eridanus Cluster is a  galaxy cluster roughly 23 Mpc (75 Mly) from Earth, containing about 73 main galaxies and about 200 total galaxies. About 30% have Hubble classifications of elliptical or S0 and the remaining 70% are spiral or irregular. These galaxies reside in smaller groups which are all loosely gravitationally bound to each other, suggesting that the system is still condensing from the Hubble flow and may eventually form a cluster of about 1014 M☉. A low velocity dispersion compared to that of, for example, the Coma Cluster, supports this hypothesis. The Eridanus Cluster is located in the constellation Eridanus near the Fornax Cluster, and is sometimes called the "Fornax II Cluster".

Galaxy cluster
A galaxy cluster, or a cluster of galaxies, is a structure that consists of anywhere from hundreds to thousands of galaxies that are bound together by gravity, with typical masses ranging from 1014 to 1015 solar masses. Clusters consist of galaxies, heated gas, and dark matter. They are the biggest known gravitationally bound structures in the universe. They were believed to be the largest known structures in the universe until the 1980s, when superclusters were discovered. Small aggregates of galaxies are referred to as galaxy groups rather than clusters of galaxies. Together, galaxy groups and clusters form superclusters.
48th New York State Legislature
The 48th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 4 to April 21, 1825, during the first year of DeWitt Clinton's second tenure as Governor of New York, in Albany.

Tioga County, New York
Tioga County /taɪˈoʊɡə/ is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 48,455. Its county seat is Owego. Tioga County is part of the Binghamton metropolitan area. The county is part of the Southern Tier region of the state.

The county's name is a corruption of Iroquois De-yoh-ho-gah, meaning "at the forks" or "where it forks."
Monaco–Monte-Carlo station
Monaco-Monte-Carlo station (French: Gare de Monaco-Monte-Carlo; Monégasque: Staçiun de Munegu-Munte-Carlu) is the sole railway station in the Principality of Monaco, though part of it is located in Beausoleil, France. It is served by trains of the French state-owned operator SNCF, on the Marseille–Ventimiglia railway line. The station, along with the entire railway line in the principality, is located underground.

Ventimiglia railway station
Ventimiglia railway station  (Italian: Stazione di Ventimiglia) is the main station in the Italian town of Ventimiglia. It is at the end of three rail routes: the Genoa–Ventimiglia line, the Cuneo–Ventimiglia line and the Marseille–Ventimiglia line. It plays an important role not only in rail transport in Liguria but also in Italy.

The station is managed by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI). However, the commercial area of the passenger building is managed by Centostazioni. Italian train services to and from the station are operated by Trenitalia. Each of these companies is a subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato (FS), Italy's state-owned rail company.

French train services to and from Ventimiglia are operated by the SNCF.
National Military-Patriotic Center of the Armed Forces of Kazakhstan
The National Military-Patriotic Center of the Armed Forces of Kazakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстан Қарулы Күштерінің Ұлттық әскери-патриоттық орталығы, ҰӘПО, romanized: Qazaqstan Qaruly Küşterınıñ Ūlttyq äskeri-patriottyq ortalyğy, ŪÄPO; Russian: Национальный военно-патриотический центр Вооруженных Сил Казахстан, НВПЦ, romanized: Natsional'nyy voenno-patrioticheskiy tsentr Vooruzhennykh Sil Kazakhstan, NVPTs) is a museum of the Armed Forces of Kazakhstan. Located on Respublika Avenue in the capital of Astana, it was conceived by Minister of Defense Saken Zhasuzakov and was officially opened by decree of the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev on 1 December 2016 (an official holiday as it coincided with the Day of the First President). The center is located at the former building of the Presidential Palace of Culture and the Nazarbayev Center.

Nazarbayev Center
The Nazarbayev Center (Kazakh: Назарбаев орталығы, romanized: Nazarbaev ortalyğy, Russian: Назарбаев центр) is a multifunctional scientific, analytical, humanitarian, and educational public institution in Kazakhstan.

The center contains a museum of Kazakh history, a gallery of Kazakh artists, a national archive, an educational facility, and a library service. Founded in 2012, the center is located in Astana, Kazakhstan.
Nou Sardenya
Nou Sardenya is a municipally-owned football stadium in the Gràcia district of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of CE Europa. The stadium holds about 4,000.

Gràcia
Gràcia (Catalan: [ˈɡɾasi.ə] ⓘ, lit. 'Grace'), is a district of the Mediterranean city of Barcelona, in the northeastern autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain. It comprises the barris (neighborhoods) of Vila de Gràcia, Vallcarca i els Penitents, El Coll, La Salut and Camp d'en Grassot i Gràcia Nova. Gràcia is bordered by the districts of Eixample to the south, Sarrià-Sant Gervasi to the west, and Horta-Guinardó to the east. A vibrant and diverse enclave of Catalan life, Gràcia was an independent municipality for centuries before being formally annexed by Barcelona in 1897, as a part of the city's expansions.
Bill Brewer
Bill Brewer is a British philosopher and Susan Stebbing Professor of Philosophy at King's College London.

He was a scholar at Oriel College, Oxford, reading Maths and Philosophy and graduating B. Phil. and D. Phil in Philosophy, supervised by P. F. Strawson, David Pears, Jennifer Hornsby, and John Campbell. He was then a Research Fellow at King's College, Cambridge, a Tutorial Fellow and University Lecturer at St Catherine's College, Oxford, and next a Professor in the Philosophy Department at the University of Warwick. He has also been a visiting Lecturer at Brown University, Hamburg, and the University of California, Berkeley.

In September 2012 Brewer was elected as the Susan Stebbing Professor of Philosophy at King's College, London.

P. F. Strawson
Sir Peter Frederick Strawson FBA (/ˈstrɔːsən/; 23 November 1919 – 13 February 2006) was an English philosopher who spent most of his career at the University of Oxford.  He was the Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy at Magdalen College, Oxford from 1968 to 1987. He had previously held the positions of college lecturer and tutorial fellow at University College, Oxford, a college he returned to upon his retirement in 1987, and which provided him with rooms until his death.

Paul Snowdon and Anil Gomes, in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, comment that Strawson "exerted a considerable influence on philosophy, both during his lifetime and, indeed, since his death."
Logical form (linguistics)
In generative grammar and related approaches, the logical form (LF) of a linguistic expression is the variant of its syntactic structure which undergoes semantic interpretation. It is distinguished from phonetic form, the structure which corresponds to a sentence's pronunciation. These separate representations are postulated in order to explain the ways in which an expression's meaning can be partially independent of its pronunciation, e.g. scope ambiguities.

LF is the cornerstone of the classic generative view of the syntax-semantics interface. However, it is not used in Lexical Functional Grammar and Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, as well as some modern variants of the generative approach.

Categorial grammar
Categorial grammar is a family of formalisms in natural language syntax that share the central assumption that syntactic constituents combine as functions and arguments. Categorial grammar posits a close relationship between the syntax and semantic composition, since it typically treats syntactic categories as corresponding to semantic types. Categorial grammars were developed in the 1930s by Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz and in the 1950s by Yehoshua Bar-Hillel and Joachim Lambek. It saw a surge of interest in the 1970s following the work of Richard Montague, whose Montague grammar assumed a similar view of syntax. It continues to be a major paradigm, particularly within formal semantics.
History of Bridgeport, Connecticut
The history of Bridgeport, Connecticut was, in the late 17th and most of the 18th century, one of land acquisitions from the native inhabitants, farming and fishing. From the mid-18th century to the mid-19th century, Bridgeport's history was one of shipbuilding, whaling and rapid growth. Bridgeport's growth accelerated even further from the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century with the advent of the railroad, Industrialization, massive immigration, labor movements until, at its peak population in 1950, Bridgeport with some 159,000 people was Connecticut's second most populous city. In the late 20th century, Bridgeport's history was one of deindustrialization and declining population, though it overtook Hartford as the state's most populous city by 1980.

Black Rock Harbor
Black Rock Harbor is adjacent to the Black Rock neighborhood of Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States, on Long Island Sound. The Black Rock Harbor Light on Fayerweather Island marks the entrance to the harbor on its east, while St. Mary's by the Sea forms its western beachhead. Seaside Park runs along the northeastern part of the harbor. The harbor serves as the mouth of Cedar Creek. Initially, it developed as a trade port and shipbuilding center in the 18th century. However, it has now primarily become a recreational harbor, as it was surpassed by the enlarged Bridgeport Harbor, which was enhanced by substantial breakwaters in 1907.

St. Mary's by the Sea is a residential walkway along Long Island Sound where outdoor enthusiasts can enjoy observing birds and wildlife by bringing binoculars. The area features walkways suitable for power walkers as well as those seeking a leisurely stroll. The site also holds historic and cultural interest for visitors to explore.
Melnisi fortress
The Melnisi fortress (Georgian: მელნისის ციხე) is a ruined medieval fortress in the Adigeni Municipality, Georgia. The monument is perched on a hill at the altitude of 1379 meters above sea level, on the east bank of the Otskhe river. It overlooks to the east the village of Saghrdze, some 4 km northwest to the townlet of Abastumani. The fortress is currently almost completely in ruins, only parts of the eastern tower and western wall still extant. The monument dates to the High Middle Ages and might have been of great importance at that time as it enjoyed a commanding position along the road leading from the province of Samtskhe to the western regions of Georgia. In 2006, the Melnisi fortress was inscribed on the list of Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance of Georgia.

Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance
The Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance (Georgian: ეროვნული მნიშვნელობის კატეგორიის კულტურის უძრავი ძეგლები) are buildings, structures, sites, or places in Georgia that have been determined to have nationwide cultural significance by meeting special criteria developed by the Ministry of Culture and are subject to preservation by the state.

The monument must have an outstanding artistic or aesthetic value, be associated with a particularly important historical event, person, or overall national values.

The original list of the Immovable Monuments of Cultural Heritage was approved in the Presidential decree No. 665 of 7 November 2006. Since then, it has been updated several times. After the amendments of 2013, the monument can be defined as having national significance by the resolution of the Government of Georgia based on the submission of the Ministry of Culture.
Astro Hua Hee Dai
Astro Hua Hee Dai (Chinese: Astro 欢喜台; also known as Astro HHD) is a 24-hour in-house Hokkien-generic TV channel in Malaysia. It is the fourth in-house Chinese channel provided by pay TV provider Astro, after Astro Wah Lai Toi, Astro AEC and Astro Shuang Xing, and was launched on 13 October 2007 with other channels such as Astro Xiao Tai Yang, Asian Food Channel and KBS World. Bahasa Malaysia subtitles are provided.

On June 24, 2013, a HD version of this channel debuted. The two services only simulcast about half their content until 2016. The SD feed was closed in 2021.

Astro Wah Lai Toi
Astro Wah Lai Toi (Chinese: Astro 華麗台), (formerly a Cantonese TV channel), is a Cantonese video on demand service owned and operated by Astro in partnership with Hong Kong's TVB. The channel offers mainly TVB programming, alongside some local content.

To satisfy a greater audience, selected programmes are available in dual audio, in which viewers can select either to watch the programme in Cantonese or Mandarin (or original language of the programme). Subtitles are also available in English, Bahasa Malaysia & Chinese languages by pressing the subtitle button.
A13-1 motorway (Portugal)
The A 13-1 is a motorway that connects the A 1 and the A 13 for a total of 9.4 km (5.8 mi). It has a west–east orientation and also serves as a link from IC 2 to A 1.

This has been open to traffic since December 2012. It belongs to the Pinhal Interior Subconcession owned by Ascendi, being carried by means of electronic toll. Unlike the A 13, which is also part of the Pinhal Interior Subconcession, there is no exemption for local traffic on this motorway.

The road carries very little traffic.

A1 motorway (Portugal)
The A 1—Autoestrada do Norte—is the biggest and the most important highway in Portugal. It connects the two largest cities in Portugal, Lisbon and Porto, also passing by some district capitals and industrial zones. Being the most important connection between two major cities, it was designed to be parallel to other roads, like the EN1.

At 303 km long, the highway starts in Lisbon, in the interchange between the CRIL and the Vasco da Gama Bridge. Then the road goes along some cities near Lisbon, mainly Alverca do Ribatejo and Alenquer. Near Torres Novas it connects with the A23, a road that connects the A1 with Castelo Branco and Vilar Formoso, by the A25, near the border with Spain. This interchange marks the end of the 3x3 profile that started in Lisbon, to start a profile of 2 lanes.

The highway is owned by Brisa. A trip between Lisbon and Porto using the A1 costs €22.20.
Lebouder Autoplane
The Lebouder Autoplane was a French amateur built modular roadable aircraft, with a car-like component that could be separated from its aeronautical parts.  The sole Autoplane flew and drove successfully in the early 1970s.

Flying car
A flying car or roadable aircraft is a type of vehicle which can function both as a road vehicle and as an aircraft. The term "flying car" includes vehicles that are classified as motorcycles when operated on public roads. It is also sometimes used to include hovercars and/or VTOL personal air vehicles. Since the early 20th century, many prototypes have been built, employing a variety of flight technologies. Most have been designed to take off and land conventionally using a runway. Although VTOL projects are increasing, none has yet been produced in significant quantities.

Their appearance is often predicted by futurologists, and many concept designs have been promoted. Their failure to become a practical reality has led to the catchphrase "Where's my flying car?", as a paradigm for the failure of predicted technologies to appear. Flying cars are also a popular theme in fantasy and science fiction stories.
The History of Sir Charles Grandison
The History of Sir Charles Grandison, commonly called Sir Charles Grandison, is an epistolary novel by English writer Samuel Richardson first published in February 1753. The book was a response to Henry Fielding's The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, which parodied the morals presented in Richardson's previous novels. The novel follows the story of Harriet Byron who is pursued by Sir Hargrave Pollexfen. After she rejects Pollexfen, he kidnaps her, and she is only freed when Sir Charles Grandison comes to her rescue. After his appearance, the novel focuses on his history and life, and he becomes its central figure.

The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, often known simply as Tom Jones, is a comic novel by English playwright and novelist Henry Fielding. It is a Bildungsroman and a picaresque novel. It was first published on 28 February 1749 in London and is among the earliest English works to be classified as a novel. It is the earliest novel mentioned by W. Somerset Maugham in his 1948 book Great Novelists and Their Novels, in which Maugham ranks the ten best novels of the world.

The novel is highly organised despite its length. Samuel Taylor Coleridge argued that it has one of the "three most perfect plots ever planned", alongside Oedipus Rex by Sophocles and The Alchemist by Ben Jonson. It became a best-seller, with four editions published in its first year alone. It is generally regarded as Fielding's greatest book and as an influential English novel.