hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tape trading
Tape trading is an unofficial method of distribution of musical or video content through the postal system, which was prominent in the 1980s and 1990s. Although most commonly used to distribute and publicize limited-release musical demo tapes in underground musical genres such as punk, indie rock, hardcore, post-noise, and extreme metal, the system has also been used to distribute bootleg recordings of live concerts, recordings of radio broadcasts, original radio-style programming by amateur broadcasters, and videotapes of underground films and pornography.

The practice faded in prominence in the 2000s, as the rise of Internet technologies such as audio and video streaming, file sharing services and podcasting largely supplanted the need to mail out physical copies of recorded content. However, a smaller scale network of tape traders still exists as a sort of nostalgic hobby among fans of some musical genres.

Extreme metal
Extreme metal is a loosely defined umbrella term for a number of related heavy metal music subgenres that have developed since the early 1980s. It has been defined as a "cluster of metal subgenres characterized by sonic, verbal, and visual transgression", and refers to metal that is harsher, heavier, more aggressive and less commercialized than other subgenres. Extreme metal is generally underground music that values authenticity and strives to remain outside the mainstream. The term usually includes thrash metal, death metal, black metal and doom metal. Some definitions do not recognise doom metal, or consider that only some of its subgenres are extreme. Most extreme metal styles have very fast tempos and originally took inspiration from hardcore punk.
River Bulbourne
The River Bulbourne is a small river in Dacorum, Hertfordshire, England. The word bourne derives from the Anglo-Saxon word for a stream. It is an unnavigable tributary of the River Gade, which flows into the River Colne, which in turn is a tributary of the River Thames. The Bulbourne is an example of a chalk stream, which is a watercourse that flows from chalk-fed groundwater. Chalk streams are a very rare habitat globally, with more than 85% of all the 210 chalk streams in the world found in England. The river is reduced in size, due to human activity, the main one being the building of the London to Birmingham Grand Union Canal through the narrow valley which takes most of the river's water.

Dacorum
Dacorum is a local government district with borough status in Hertfordshire, England. The council is based in Hemel Hempstead. The borough also includes the towns of Berkhamsted and Tring and surrounding villages. The borough had a population of 155,081 in 2021. Dacorum was created in 1974 and is named after the medieval "hundred" (a type of county division) of Dacorum, which had covered a similar area. The borough of Dacorum is the westernmost of Hertfordshire's ten districts. It borders St Albans, Three Rivers, Buckinghamshire and Central Bedfordshire.
2004 Canoe Slalom World Cup
The 2004 Canoe Slalom World Cup was a series of six races in 4 canoeing and kayaking categories organized by the International Canoe Federation (ICF). It was the 17th edition. The series consisted of 5 regular world cup races and the world cup final.

Canoe Slalom World Cup
The ICF Canoe Slalom World Cup is an annual season-long series of top level races in canoe slalom held under the auspices of the International Canoe Federation. It has been held since 1988 in four canoe and kayak disciplines for men and women. The four original disciplines were men's single canoe (C1), men's double canoe (C2), men's kayak (K1) and women's kayak. A women's single canoe discipline (C1) was added to the world cup in 2010. The men's C2 event was removed from the world cup series in 2018 and it was replaced by the mixed C2 event. The mixed C2 event only lasted for one season, however. 2018 was also the first time that world cup points were awarded for the kayak cross (called extreme K1 at the time). Kayak cross individual (a kayak cross time trial event) was introduced as a separate discipline in 2025. The time trial is simultaneously used as a qualification run for the kayak cross knockout phase.
Days of the Bagnold Summer
Days of the Bagnold Summer is the tenth studio album by Scottish band Belle and Sebastian. Released on 13 September 2019 through Matador Records, it serves as a soundtrack for the 2020 film of the same name directed by Simon Bird.

The first single from the album, "Sister Buddha" was released on 1 July 2019. The second single "This Letter" was released on 5 September 2019.

The album contains 11 new songs (including “Safety Valve” written by Stuart Murdoch before Belle and Sebastian formed). The two other songs are rerecordings of :

“I Know Where the Summer Goes” (This Is Just a Modern Rock Song EP — 1998)

“Get Me Away From Here, I’m Dying” (If You're Feeling Sinister — 1996)

If You're Feeling Sinister
If You're Feeling Sinister is the second album by the Scottish indie pop band Belle and Sebastian. It was released in 1996 on Jeepster Records in the United Kingdom and in 1997 by Matador Records in the United States. It is often ranked among the best albums of the 1990s, including being ranked No. 14 in Pitchfork's list of "Top 100 Albums of the 1990s." In 2005, Belle and Sebastian released a live version, If You're Feeling Sinister: Live at the Barbican.
Wild onion
Wild onion can refer to

any uncultivated species in the genus Allium, especially:
Allium bisceptrum
Allium canadense
Allium tricoccum
Allium validum
Allium vineale
Allium ochotense

Asphodelus tenuifolius

Cyperus bulbosus

Bulbine semibarbata

Allium ochotense
Allium ochotense, or the Siberian onion, is a primarily East Asian species of wild onion native to northern Japan, Korea, China, and the Russian Far East, as well as on Attu Island in Alaska.

Some authors have considered A. ochotense as belonging to the same species as A. victorialis, but more recent authorities have treated it as a distinct species.
Rhododendron hemsleyanum
Rhododendron hemsleyanum is a rhododendron species native to Mount Emei in Sichuan, China, where it grows at altitudes of 1,200–1,500 m (3,900–4,900 ft). It is a shrub or small tree that grows to 2–9 m (6.6–29.5 ft) in height, with leathery leaves that are oblong to oblong-ovate, and 9–21 cm (3.5–8.3 in) long by 4.6–10.5 cm (1.8–4.1 in) wide. Its flowers are fragrant and white. It is placed in section Ponticum.

Rhododendron subg. Hymenanthes
Rhododendron subg. Hymenanthes is a subgenus of the genus Rhododendron, with a widespread distribution in the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The species are evergreen shrubs and small to medium-sized trees (up to 20 m tall), with medium-sized to large leaves (very large, over 40 cm long, in a few species). The flowers are large, produced in terminal trusses of 5-40 together.

The subgenus includes two sections, Rhododendron sect. Ponticum, divided into 24 subsections and about 140 species, and (since 2005) Rhododendron sect. Pentanthera.
Kalu Idika Kalu
Kalu Idika Kalu Listenⓘ(born 14 October 1939) is a Nigerian politician. He was finance minister twice, minister of national planning and transportation minister. He was a presidential aspirant in the 2003 Nigeria general elections under the platform of The New Nigeria Peoples Party (NNPP).

Finance Minister of Nigeria
The minister of finance of Nigeria is a senior cabinet official in the Nigerian Federal Executive Council. The finance minister's directs the Nigerian Ministry of Finance and ensures that it operates in a transparent, accountable and efficient manner to bolster the country's economic development priorities. The minister is assisted by the permanent secretary of the Ministry of Finance, a career civil servant.
The current Nigerian minister of finance is Wale Edun appointed by President Bola Tinubu on 16 August 2023.
2008 AMA National Speedway Championship
The 2008 AMA National Speedway Championship Series was staged over three rounds, which were held at Costa Mesa (June 7), Auburn (July 25) and Auburn (September 20). Defending champion Billy Hamill only raced in the opening round. In his absence, Billy Janniro won the title for the first time, winning all three rounds in the process. It was the first time neither Greg Hancock or Billy Hamill had won the title since Mike Faria in 1997.

AMA National Speedway Championship
The AMA National Speedway Championship is an annual speedway championship to decide the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) national speedway champion. This event is separate from the (SRA) United States National Championships.
Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance
The Bureau of Arms Control, Deterrence, and Stability (ADS), formerly the Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance (AVC) is a bureau within the United States Department of State. It is responsible for providing oversight of policy and resources of all matters relating to the verification of compliance or discovery of noncompliance with international arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament agreements.

Disarmament
Disarmament is the act of reducing, limiting, or abolishing weapons. Disarmament generally refers to a country's military or a specific type of weaponry. Disarmament is often taken to mean total elimination of weapons of mass destruction, such as nuclear arms. General and Complete Disarmament was defined by the United Nations General Assembly as the elimination of all weapons of mass destruction, coupled with the “balanced reduction of armed forces and conventional armaments, based on the principle of undiminished security of the parties with a view to promoting or enhancing stability at a lower military level, taking into account the need of all States to protect their security.”
Batley (surname)
Batley is a surname of English origin. It is likely derived from the town of Batley in West Yorkshire.

Notable people with the surname include:

Robert Thompson Batley (1849–1917), British settler in New Zealand

Ernest Batley (1874–1965), British actor and film director

Ethyle Batley (1876–1917), British actor and filmmaker

James Batley (1876–1964), British golfer

Claude Batley (1879–1956), British–Indian architect

Lawrence Batley (1911–2002), British businessman and philanthropist

Noeleen Batley (born 1944), Australian musician

Loui Batley (born 1987), British actor

Joe Batley (born 1996), British rugby player

Jamie Batley, lacrosse coach

Norman Batley, radio presenter

Batley
Batley is a market town in the Kirklees district, in West Yorkshire, England, south-west of Leeds, north-west of Wakefield and Dewsbury, south-east of Bradford and north-east of Huddersfield, in the Heavy Woollen District. In 2011, the population was 48,730.

Batley Town Hall, designed in the neoclassical style, was paid for by public subscription and opened as the local mechanics' institute in 1854. The town was the home of Batley Variety Club, which was frequented by many notable musical acts, from 1967 onwards.
Crab-eating fox
The crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), also known as the forest dog, wood fox, bushfox (not to be confused with the bush dog) or maikong, is an extant species of medium-sized canid endemic to the central part of South America since at least the Pleistocene epoch. Like South American foxes, which are in the genus Lycalopex, it is not closely related to true foxes. Cerdocyon comes from the Greek words kerdo (meaning fox) and kyon (dog) referring to the dog- and fox-like characteristics of this animal.

South American fox
The South American foxes (Lycalopex), commonly called raposa in Portuguese, or zorro in Spanish, are a genus inhabiting South America. Despite their name, they are not true foxes, but are a unique canid genus more closely related to wolves and jackals than to true foxes; some of them resemble foxes due to convergent evolution. The South American gray fox, Lycalopex griseus, is the most common species, and is known for its large ears and a highly marketable, russet-fringed pelt.

The second-oldest known fossils belonging to the genus were discovered in Chile, and date from 2.0 to 2.5 million years ago, in the mid- to late Pliocene. The Vorohué Formation of Argentina has provided older fossils, dating to the Uquian to Ensenadan (Late Pliocene).
Minister for Workplace Relations and Safety
The Minister for Workplace Relations and Safety is a minister in the New Zealand Government. The minister has responsibility for WorkSafe New Zealand and acts as chair of the Industrial Relations Foundation. It was preceded by the Minister of Labour.

The current minister is Brooke van Velden.

Ministers in the New Zealand Government
Ministers (Māori: nga minita) in the New Zealand Government are members of Parliament (MPs) who hold ministerial warrants from the Crown to perform certain functions of government. This includes formulating and implementing policies and advising the governor-general. Ministers collectively make up the executive branch of the New Zealand state. The governor-general is obliged to follow the advice of the prime minister on the appointment and dismissal of ministers.

Most ministers are members of Cabinet, and all ministers, including those outside Cabinet, serve concurrently as councillors of the Executive Council of New Zealand. These executives are also formally titled "ministers of the Crown", as in other Commonwealth realms.
James Dungey
James Wynne Dungey (1923–2015) was a British space scientist who was pivotal in establishing the field of space weather and made significant contributions to the fundamental understanding of plasma physics.

Fred Hoyle
Sir Fred Hoyle (24 June 1915 – 20 August 2001) was an English astronomer. With Margaret and Geoffrey Burbidge and William Alfred Fowler, he formulated the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis in the influential B2FH paper.

He held controversial views on some scientific matters — in particular, in his rejection of the "Big Bang" theory (a term he jokingly coined on BBC Radio, though he later denied doing so in derision) in favour of a "steady-state model", and his promotion of panspermia as the origin of life on Earth.

He spent most of his working life at St John's College, Cambridge, and served as the founding director of the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy at Cambridge.

Hoyle also wrote science fiction novels, short stories, and radio plays, co-created television serials, and co-authored twelve books with his son, Geoffrey Hoyle.
2021 Memphis Tigers football team
The 2021 Memphis Tigers football team represented the University of Memphis in the 2021 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Tigers played their home games at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis, Tennessee, and competed in the American Athletic Conference. They were led by second-year head coach Ryan Silverfield.

The Tigers finished the regular season with a 6–6 record and were due to face the Hawaii Rainbow Warriors in the Hawaii Bowl. However, due to a COVID-19 outbreak, season-ending injuries, and transfers, the Rainbow Warriors were forced to withdraw the day before the game, leaving the Tigers without a bowl game.

Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium
Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium, originally named Memphis Memorial Stadium, and later Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium, is a football stadium located at the former Mid-South Fairgrounds in the Midtown area of Memphis, Tennessee, United States. The stadium is the site of the annual Liberty Bowl, the annual Southern Heritage Classic, and is the home field of the University of Memphis Tigers football team of the American Athletic Conference. It has also been the host of several attempts at professional sports in the city, as well as other local football games and other gatherings.
Great Gatehouse, Bristol
The Great Gatehouse (grid reference ST583727), also known as the Abbey Gatehouse, is a historic building on the south side of College Green in Bristol, England. Its earliest parts date back to around 1170. It was the gatehouse for St Augustine's Abbey, which was the precursor of Bristol Cathedral. The gatehouse stands to the cathedral's west, and to its own west it is abutted by the Bristol Central Library building. The library's architectural design incorporated many of the gatehouse's features.

The sculptural decorations on the archways of the gatehouse contain early examples of the use of pointed arches in England. The gatehouse has been designated by Historic England as a Grade I listed building.

Gatehouse
A gatehouse is a type of fortified gateway, an entry control point building, enclosing or accompanying a gateway for a town, religious house, castle, manor house, or other fortification building of importance. Gatehouses are typically the most heavily armed section of a fortification, to compensate for being structurally the weakest and the most probable attack point by an enemy. There are numerous surviving examples in France, Austria, Germany, England and Japan.
Jiangxisuchus
Jiangxisuchus is an extinct genus of crocodylian that lived during the Late Cretaceous, likely Maastrichtian, in what is now China. At the time of its description in 2019 it was proposed to be a basal member of Crocodyloidea. However, another concurrent 2019 study recovered Jiangxisuchus instead placed it in the clade Orientalosuchina, which were proposed to be early alligatoroids. The classification of Jiangxisuchus has since then remained in flux. Like other orientalosuchins, Jiangxisuchus was a small to medium-sized animal with a short, blunt snout. The genus is monotypic, containing only the species Jiangxisuchus nankangensis.

Hekou Formation
The Hekou Formation is a Cretaceous geologic formation in China. Pterosaur fossils have been recovered from the formation. It is a unit of the Guifeng Group and dates to the Late Cretaceous. Dinosaur fossils from the formation include a nearly perfect oviraptorid embryo nicknamed Baby Yingliang, an unnamed large hadrosaurid, and hadrosauroid eggs with embryos. Mammal fossils include Erythrobaatar and Yubaatar qianzhouensis. The polyglyphanodontian lizards Xenodontolacerta and Yechilacerta has also been described from the formation.
Project Hope (Singapore)
Project Hope was a Singaporean fundraising programme organized by Mediacorp, and aired on various Mediacorp TV channels. Its aim is to raise funds for the needy and victims of natural disasters in the Asean region. Celebrity Asian television and film actors, famous singers and other well-known personalities from the region regularly appear on the show to perform and present, as part of the show's appeal to the public to donate. Mediacorp underwrites the full cost of the production of Project Hope.

The first Project Hope event was held on 19 October 2009, raising S$1,200,000. Another event was held on 19 November 2010, raising S$641,000. The 2010 event was also broadcast on Channel News Asia International.

Its theme song, 'With Hands United', was written by Mayuni Omar, Sharmila Melissa Yogalingam, and Singapore Idol contestant Mathilda D'Silva. The song, along with its writers, were nominated for the Pesta Perdana Awards in 2011 for Best Theme Song.

Pesta Perdana
Pesta Perdana (Prime Fest) is a Singaporean awards show held by Mediacorp, honouring "the best in the Malay television industry". It is touted as "Singapore's Malay version of the Emmys" and Star Awards. Airing on Mediacorp Suria, as of 2011, it is held two times in a year.

First held in 1997 as an awards show for both Malay and Tamil programmes on Prime 12, it became a Malay-language only event in 1998. Its Tamil counterpart, Pradana Vizha, started in 1999.
Kåbdalis
Kåbdalis (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈkɔ̌bːdalɪs]) is a small locality in Jokkmokk Municipality, Norrbotten County, Sweden, with 91 inhabitants 2005. In the winter many tourists come to the village because of its well-known ski slope.

Jokkmokk Municipality
Jokkmokk Municipality (Swedish: Jokkmokks kommun, Finnish: Jokimukan kunta, Northern Sami: Johkamohkki gielda, Meänkieli: Jokinmukka) is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. Its seat is located in Jokkmokk.

The name Jokkmokk is Sami for the words "river" and "bend", since the town is situated close to a bend in the nearby river.

The municipality is the second largest in area of all Swedish municipalities and is, with an area of 19,477 km2 (approximately 7,520 square miles) slightly smaller than Slovenia or the US state of New Jersey. It has never been amalgamated with another entity, having been that large ever since municipalities were established in Sweden in 1863.
Side reaction
A side reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs at the same time as the actual main reaction, but to a lesser extent. It leads to the formation of by-product, so that the yield of main product is reduced:

P1 is the main product if k1> k2. The by-product P2 is generally undesirable and must be separated from the actual main product (usually in a costly process).

Yield (chemistry)
In chemistry, yield, also known as reaction yield or chemical yield, refers to the amount of product obtained in a chemical reaction. Yield is one of the primary factors that scientists must consider in organic and inorganic chemical synthesis processes. In chemical reaction engineering, "yield",  "conversion" and "selectivity" are terms used to describe ratios of how much of a reactant was consumed (conversion), how much desired product was formed (yield) in relation to the undesired product (selectivity), represented as X, Y, and S.

The term yield also plays an important role in analytical chemistry, as individual compounds are recovered in purification processes in a range from quantitative yield (100 %) to low yield (< 50 %).
Athletics at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games – Women's 400 metres
The women's 400 metres event at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games was held on 22 and 23 July at the Meadowbank Stadium in Edinburgh, Scotland. It was the first time that the metric distance was contested at the Games, replacing the 440 yards event.

The winning margin was 2.64 seconds which as of 2024 remains the only time the women's 400 metres was won by more than two seconds at these games.

Athletics at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games
At the 1970 British Commonwealth Games, the athletics events were held at the Meadowbank Stadium in Edinburgh, Scotland. A total of 36 events were contested, of which 23 by male and 13 by female athletes. This was the first athletics competition at the British Commonwealth Games to feature events in metric units, rather than imperial units. One world record and two Games records were broken at the competition.
Castle Lake (Washington)
Castle Lake is a barrier lake formed by the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, when an avalanche dammed the South Fork of Castle Creek.  The lake covers just slightly more than 1 square kilometer (0.39 sq mi).  In 1981 a spillway was constructed to alleviate concerns about sudden erosion.  The lake is difficult to access, but trails have been built to it and recreational fishing is allowed.

Landslide dam
A landslide dam or barrier lake is the natural damming of a river by some kind of landslide, such as a debris flow, rock avalanche or volcanic eruption. If the damming landslide is caused by an earthquake, it may also be called a quake lake. Some landslide dams are as high as the largest existing artificial dam.
National Highway 8B (India, old numbering)
National Highway 8B (NH 8B) was an Indian National Highway entirely within the state of Gujarat. NH 8B linked Bamanbore (junction of NH 8A) to Porbandar and is 206 km (128 mi) long. It is now part of NH 27 in new numbering.

NH 8B, for its entire length, was a part of the North-South and East-West Corridor.

National Highway 27 (India)
National Highway 27 (NH 27), an East - West National highway in India that starts in Porbandar and ends in Silchar, the highway passes through the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam.
NH-27 was laid and is maintained by Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH). It is the second longest National Highway (after NH-44) in India and is a part of NS-EW Corridor of NHAI.