hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Matrix equivalence
In linear algebra, two rectangular m-by-n matrices A and B are called equivalent if

for some invertible n-by-n matrix P and some invertible m-by-m matrix Q. Equivalent matrices represent the same linear transformation V → W under two different choices of a pair of bases of V and W, with P and Q being the change of basis matrices in V and W respectively.

The notion of equivalence should not be confused with that of similarity, which is only defined for square matrices, and is much more restrictive (similar matrices are certainly equivalent, but equivalent square matrices need not be similar). That notion corresponds to matrices representing the same endomorphism V → V under two different choices of a single basis of V, used both for initial vectors and their images.

Invertible matrix
In linear algebra, an invertible matrix (non-singular, non-degenerate or regular) is a square matrix that has an inverse. In other words, if a matrix is invertible, it can be multiplied by its inverse matrix to yield the identity matrix. Invertible matrices are the same size as their inverse.

The inverse of a matrix represents the inverse operation, meaning if a matrix is applied to a particular vector, followed by applying the matrix's inverse, the result is the original vector.
Salaš Noćajski
Salaš Noćajski (pronounced [sǎlaːʃ nɔtɕajskiː]) (Салаш Ноћајски) is a village in Serbia, near more known village Noćaj. It is located in the Sremska Mitrovica municipality, in the Srem District, Vojvodina province. The village has a Serb ethnic majority and its population numbering 1,879 people (2002 census). Although part of the Srem District, Salaš Noćajski is situated in the region of Mačva.

Sremska Mitrovica
Sremska Mitrovica (Serbian pronunciation: [srêːmskaː mîtroʋitsa]; Serbian Cyrillic: Сремска Митровица, Latin: Sirmium) is a city in Serbia. It is situated on the left bank of the Sava river. As of 2022, the city has a total population of 36,764 inhabitants, while its administrative area has a population of 72,580 inhabitants.

As Sirmium, it was a capital of the Roman Empire during the Tetrarchy of 4th century CE. Ten Roman emperors were born in or near this city, Emperors Herennius Etruscus (251), Hostilian (251), Decius Traian (249–251), Claudius Gothicus (268–270), Quintillus (270), Aurelian (270–275), Probus (276–282), Maximian (285–310), Constantius II (337–361) and Gratian (367–383).
Kabaklar, İslahiye
Kabaklar is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of İslahiye, Gaziantep Province, Turkey. Its population is 226 (2022). The village is inhabited by Tahtacı, a subgroup of Alevi Turkomans, who belong to the Hacı Emirli ocak.

İslahiye
İslahiye is a municipality and district of Gaziantep Province, Turkey. Its area is 865 km2, and its population is 67,650 (2022). It is a railway border crossing into Syria. Near İslahiye is the site of ancient Nicopolis.

The railway station of Islahiye is the last stop on the railway to Damascus in Syria. Since March 2001, a regular train line runs once a week between Syria and Iran via Islahiye. The state road D.825, which connects Gaziantep with Antakya, runs through İslahiye.

The town is inhabited by Yörüks of the Aydınlı tribe. English traveler Mark Sykes recorded İslahiye as a town inhabited by Turks in early 20th century.

A magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck İslahiye on 6 February 2023, causing widespread devastation in the town and many deaths.
Trinity Universe
Trinity Universe (トリニティ・ユニバース, Toriniti Yunibāsu) is a 2009 console role-playing game, co-developed by Nippon Ichi Software, Idea Factory and Gust Corporation exclusively for the PlayStation 3. The game is published by Idea Factory in Japan and NIS America in North America and Europe and was released in Japan on October 1, 2009 and in North America and Europe in June 2010. The game features characters from the Atelier and Disgaea series from Gust Corporation and Nippon Ichi Software respectively, with fully 3D character models for the first time.

Idea Factory
Idea Factory Holdings Co., Ltd. (アイディアファクトリー株式会社, Aidia Fakutorī Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher founded by former Data East employees in October 1994. The company is known for its role-playing games and visual novels, including titles released under its Otomate brand.

A division of the company produces otome games under the name of Otomate (see list below). An international publishing subsidiary, Idea Factory International, was opened in California in 2013 to localize and distribute titles outside Japan.

In 2022, the company announced Altergear, a division focused on visual novel titles aimed at a male audience.
2013 Festival of World Cups
The 2013 Festival of World Cups was a series of rugby league world cups held in England during 2013 in the lead up to the 2013 Men's Rugby League World Cup. The festival included the students, police, women, armed forces, and wheelchair world cups.

Crown Flatt
Crown Flatt, currently known as the FLAIR Stadium for sponsorship purposes, is a rugby league stadium in Dewsbury, West Yorkshire, England. It is the home of the Dewsbury Rams, who play in the Championship. The ground occupies the site of the former Shaw Cross Colliery, which closed in August 1968.

Crown Flatt was also the name of a stadium at a different site in the town which was Dewsbury's home ground from 1876 until 1991. It was severely damaged by an act of arson in 1988, and was demolished in 1991 to be replaced by a residential estate.
Niki Volos F.C.
Niki Volos Football Club (Greek: ΠΑΕ Νίκη Βόλου) is a Greek professional football club based in the city of Volos, in the region of Magnesia, Greece. The club currently competes in the Super League 2, the second tier of Greek football.

Greek Football Cup
The Greek Football Cup (Greek: Ελληνικό Κύπελλο Ποδοσφαίρου), officially known as Betsson Greek Cup (Greek: Κύπελλο Ελλάδας Betsson) for sponsorship reasons is a Greek association football competition, run by the HFF.

The Greek Cup is the second-most important domestic men's football event in Greece, after the championship of Super League. Since its inception in 1931 it has been held 83 times, with a cup winner being crowned on 82 occasions, the final in 1962 being the only occasion when no champion was crowned.

Olympiacos is the most successful club, having reached the final 43 times and earning 29 trophies.
Somatochlora forcipata
Somatochlora forcipata, the forcipate emerald, is a species of emerald dragonfly in the family Corduliidae. It is found in North America.

The IUCN conservation status of Somatochlora forcipata is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The population is stable.

Corduliidae
Corduliidae, also knowns as the emeralds, emerald dragonflies, or green-eyed skimmers, is a family of dragonflies. These dragonflies are usually black or dark brown with areas of metallic green or yellow, and most of them have large, emerald-green eyes. The larvae are black, hairy-looking, and usually semiaquatic. This family include species called "baskettails", "emeralds", "sundragons", "shadowdragons", and "boghaunters". They are not uncommon and are found nearly worldwide, but some individual species are quite rare. Hine's emerald dragonfly (Somatochlora hineana), for example, is an endangered species in the United States.

Corduliidae are known to occasionally take quantities of their eggs at the tip of their stomach, before then sticking their eggs in mud or water using a sprout-like appendage that extends from their abdomens.
Idflieg
The Idflieg (Inspektion der Fliegertruppen - "Inspectorate of Flying Troops") was the bureau of the German Empire that oversaw German military aviation prior to and during World War I.

Founded in 1911, the Idflieg was part of the Fliegertruppen des deutschen Kaiserreiches (Imperial German Flying Corps) which became the Luftstreitkräfte in 1916, handling administration, including regulation of service names applied to aircraft produced by domestic companies, characterised according to the armament, wing configuration, crew and role which was intended for the aircraft.

Luftstreitkräfte
The Deutsche Luftstreitkräfte (German: [ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈlʊftˌʃtʁaɪtkʁɛftə], German Air Combat Forces) – known before October 1916 as Die Fliegertruppen des deutschen Kaiserreiches (The Imperial German Air Service, lit. "The flying troops of the German Imperial Realm") – was the air arm of the Imperial German Army. In English-language sources it is usually referred to as the Imperial German Air Service, although that is not a literal translation of either name. German naval aviators of the Marine-Fliegerabteilung were an integral part of the Imperial German Navy (Kaiserliche Marine). Both military branches operated aeroplanes, observation balloons and airships.
Anno 1404
Anno 1404, known as Dawn of Discovery in North America, is a city-building and economic simulation game with real-time strategy elements, part of the Anno series. Released in 2009, it was developed by Related Designs, produced by Blue Byte, and published by Ubisoft. Anno 1404 is the sequel to Anno 1701 and is followed by the futuristic sequel Anno 2070. Though the game centers on a series of fictional events, the overall concept of the storyline is based upon real life aspects of medieval and renaissance history such as the Crusades, advancements in gothic architecture, construction of cathedrals, and hanseatic trade involving the rise of patrician merchants and early forms of capitalism.

An expansion, titled Anno 1404: Venice, which adds multiplayer and other features, was released on February 26, 2010.

The game received several awards, including a Red Dot Design Award and the German Computer Game Award.

City-building game
A city-building game, citybuilder or town-building game, is a genre of simulation video game where players act as the overall planner and leader of a city or town, looking down on it from above, and being responsible for its growth and management strategy. Players choose building placement and city management features such as salaries and work priorities, and the city develops accordingly.

City-building games such as SimCity, Cities XXL or Cities: Skylines are considered a type of construction and management simulation.
Soldan International Studies High School
Soldan International Studies High School (also known as Soldan High School) is a public magnet high school in the Academy neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri, United States, that is part of St. Louis Public Schools. Soldan was known for its wealthy and predominantly Jewish student population, from its opening in 1909. The student population underwent a rapid change in demographics, starting in the 1950s. It was predominantly African American by the mid-1960s. The school was renovated and reopened as a magnet school, with a focus on international relations, in 1993.

William McChesney Martin
William McChesney Martin Jr. (December 17, 1906 – July 27, 1998) was an American business executive who served as the 9th chairman of the Federal Reserve from 1951 to 1970, making him the longest holder of that position. He was nominated to the post by President Harry S. Truman and reappointed by four of his successors. Martin, who once considered becoming a Presbyterian minister, was described by a Washington journalist as "the happy Puritan".
Portuguese–Safavid War (1621–1630)
The Portuguese–Safavid War (1621–1630), alternatively known as Bandel War, was a series of military conflicts between the Portuguese Estado da Índia and the Safavid Empire over control of ports and islands in the Persian Gulf. The war began after the Portuguese constructed a fort on Qeshm, provoking Shah Abbas I to expel the Portuguese from Hormuz and Qeshm. Despite losing Hormuz in 1622, the Portuguese raided the Persian Gulf and repelled Safavid invasions of Basra. Hostilities ended with a peace agreement around 1630.

Anglo-Persian capture of Hormuz
The Capture of Hormuz (Persian: بازپس گیری هرمز) was a combined Anglo-Persian expedition that successfully captured the Portuguese fortress at Hormuz Island after a ten-week siege, thus opening up Persian trade with England in the Persian Gulf. Before the capture of Hormuz, the Portuguese had held the Castle of Hormuz for more than a century, since 1507 when Afonso de Albuquerque established it in the capture of Hormuz, giving them full control of the trade between India and Europe through the Persian Gulf. The capture of Hormuz transformed the balance of power and trade.

As England was not technically at war with Portugal (in the Iberian Union with Spain), news of Hormuz's capture resulted in political tensions between Spain and England.
David Florence
David Florence (born 8 August 1982) is a retired British  slalom canoeist who competed at the international level from 1999 to 2021. He is the 2013 and 2015 world champion in individual single canoe (C1) and 2013 champion in double canoe (C2), the latter with Richard Hounslow. Florence was the first canoeist since Charles Dussuet, sixty years earlier, to achieve the C1, C2 double at the same World Championships.

Florence won silver medals at three consecutive Olympics: in the C1 in 2008 and in the C2 in 2012 and 2016 (with Richard Hounslow).

He announced his retirement from the sport in May 2022.

Charles Dussuet
Charles Dussuet is a Swiss retired slalom canoeist who competed from the late 1940s to the early 1960s. He won nine medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with three golds (C-1: 1951, 1953; C-2: 1953), three silvers (C-1 team: 1953; C-2 team: 1953, 1957) and three bronzes (C-2 team: 1951, 1959, 1961).
Ipswitch IMail Server
Ipswitch IMail Server is an email server application with groupware functionality that runs on Microsoft Windows OS.  It was developed in 1994 by Ipswitch, Inc., a software company based in Lexington, Massachusetts.

Microsoft Outlook
Microsoft Outlook is a personal information manager software system from Microsoft, available as a part of the Microsoft 365 software suite. Primarily popular as an email client for businesses, Outlook also includes functions such as calendaring, task managing, contact managing, note-taking, journal logging, web browsing, and RSS news aggregation.

Individuals can use Outlook as a stand-alone application; organizations can deploy it as multi-user software (through Microsoft Exchange Server or SharePoint) for shared functions such as mailboxes, calendars, folders, data aggregation (i.e., SharePoint lists), and as appointment scheduling apps.
Panjpeer Shrine
The Panjpeer (literally: five peers) shrine in Abohar, Punjab, India is a dargah dedicated to the five peers who are said in local legends to have destroyed the ancient city of Abunagar that formerly occupied the place now known as Abohar.  The shrine is considered holy by members of various religions.

Pir (Sufism)
Pir (Persian: پیر, romanized: pīr, lit. 'elder') or Peer is a title for a Sufi spiritual guide. They are also referred to as a Hazrat (from Arabic: حضرة, romanized: Haḍra) . The title is often translated into English as "saint". In Sufism, a Pir's role is to guide and instruct his disciples on the Sufi path. This is often done by general lessons (called Suhbas) and individual guidance. Other words that refer to a Pir include Murshid (Arabic: مرشد, lit. 'guide, mentor') and Sarkar (Persian: سرکار, lit. 'master, lord').
Jamie Walker (footballer)
Jamie Allan Walker (born 25 June 1993) is a Scottish footballer who plays for EFL League Two club Grimsby Town as an attacking midfielder or winger. He has previously played for Hearts, Raith Rovers, Wigan Athletic and Bradford City, and has also represented Scotland at every youth international level.

2014–15 Scottish Championship
The 2014–15 Scottish Championship is the 21st season in the current format of 10 teams in the second tier of Scottish football.

Heart of Midlothian won the title on 22 March 2015 and secured their return to the Scottish Premiership with a record seven matches remaining, after Rangers defeated city rivals Hibernian 2–0. This marked the first time since the 1984-85 season that a side in the same division as an Old Firm club won a league title in Scotland.
1896 Philadelphia Phillies season
The 1896 Philadelphia Phillies did well at home, but had difficulty on the road during a season which kicked off with a pre-season tribute to former Phillies manager Harry Wright, who had died during the fall of 1895.

Harry Wright
William Henry "Harry" Wright (January 10, 1835 – October 3, 1895) was an American professional baseball player, manager, and developer. He assembled, managed, and played center field for baseball's first fully professional team, the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings. He is credited with introducing innovations such as backing up infield plays from the outfield and shifting defensive alignments based on hitters' tendencies. For his contributions as a manager and developer of the game, he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953 by the Veterans Committee.

Wright was the first to make baseball into a business by paying his players up to seven times the pay of the average working man.  He is the oldest former professional player in the Hall: a few other inductees were born before him, but none of them played professionally.  His younger brother George Wright is also in the Hall.
Finance Minister of the Czech Republic
The Finance Minister of the Czech Republic is the head of the Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic which is concerned with financial and monetary matters.

The Finance Minister is a member of Prime Minister's Cabinet and is allowed to attend meetings of the National Security Council of the Czech Republic.

The current Finance Minister of the Czech Republic is Zbyněk Stanjura, in office since 17 December 2021.

Zbyněk Stanjura
Zbyněk Stanjura (born 15 February 1964) is a Czech politician who served as minister of finance in the cabinet of Petr Fiala from 17 December 2021 to 15 December 2025. He was previously appointed to the Cabinet of Petr Nečas on 12 December 2012, serving as minister of transport until July 2013. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 2010 until 2025, representing the Civic Democratic Party (ODS), and previously served as Mayor of Opava from 2002 to 2010.
Surkhab I
Surkhab I (Persian: سهراب) was the second ruler of the Bavand dynasty from ca. 673 to 717.

He was the son of Farrukhzad, a Parthian nobleman from the Ispahbudhan family, a family which had a long story of service to the Sasanians, tracing his descent back to Bawi. Surkhab also had four brothers named Isfandyadh, Shahram, Bahram, and Farrukhan. In 665, Farrukhzad was murdered by a Karenid named Valash, who then had his domains conquered. After the murder of his father, Surkhab fled to a Bavand stronghold in Mazandaran. In 673, Surkhab avenged his father by killing Valash, and then reconquered lost Bavand territory. He then crowned himself as ispahbadh of the Bavandids at his capital in Perim. Surkhab died in 717, and was succeeded by his son Mihr Mardan.

Isfandyadh
Isfandyadh (Middle Persian: Spandiyār) was an Iranian aristocrat from the Ispahbudhan family, who was the ruler of the Sasanian province of Adurbadagan. He was the son of the powerful Sasanian general Farrukhzad, who was the brother of Rostam Farrokhzad and the son of Farrukh Hormizd.
Nipmuc Nation
The Nipmuc Nation (https://www.ncai.org/tribal-directory/search/nipmuc/page/1) is a non profit entity of the state-recognized tribe Hassanamisco Nipmuc, an Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands based in South Grafton, Massachusetts.

The Nipmuc Nation also used to work with the Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck, of Worcester County, Massachusetts. Most of the group's more than 500 members live in and around the Chaubunagungamaug Reservation, Hassanamisco Reservation and the city of Worcester. Cheryll Toney Holley was elected as the chief of the Nipmuc Nation in 2013.  She has since severed ties with the nation and stepped down from her position.

In 2004, the Bureau of Indian Affairs determined that this group did not meet four of the seven mandatory requirements to be a federally recognized tribe.

Cheryll Toney Holley
Cheryll Toney Holley (also published as Cheryl T. Holley) is a historian, genealogist, Indigenous leader, and public servant. She is the elected Sonksq (female chief) of the Hassanamisco Nipmuc Band and an elected member of the American Antiquarian Society. Her work spans community leadership, academic research, cultural preservation, and historical justice initiatives.
Hexedene
Hexedene were an English electro-industrial group comprising vocalist Katie Helsby and guitarists Ian Palmer and Jonathan Sharp. They were recognized for fusing techno and industrial with leading female vocals. Helsby and Palmer signed their project Streem to a large record label after recording sessions finished for Hexedene's first album and as a result departed to leave Sharp as the sole member. The band released two albums: Choking on Lilies in 1997 and Bullet Proof Diva's in 2001.

Electro-industrial
Electro-industrial is a subgenre of post-industrial music that emerged in the early 1980s. It was originally pioneered by acts such as Front 242, Cabaret Voltaire, Front Line Assembly, Klinik, Numb, as well as groups from Canada, United States and the Benelux.

Other influential acts included Canadian band Skinny Puppy, who signed to label Nettwerk, which served as a central hub that helped proliferate the style. By the early 1990s, electro-industrial spawned the dark electro genre, and later the aggrotech offshoot. The fan base for the style is linked to the rivethead subculture.
Tsinagari
Tsinagari (Georgian: წინაგარი; Ossetian: Цъинагар), also known by its Ossetian name Amzarin (Ossetian: Амдзарин) is a village in the partially recognized Republic of South Ossetia close to the border with Georgia in the Akhalgori Municipality, which South Ossetia refers to as the Leningor district.

Ossetian language
Ossetian (/ɒˈsɛtiən/ o-SET-ee-ən, /ɒˈsiːʃən/ o-SEE-shən, /oʊˈsiːʃən/ oh-SEE-shən), commonly referred to as Ossetic and rarely as Ossete, is an Eastern Iranian language that is spoken predominantly in Ossetia, a region situated on both sides of the Russian-Georgian border in the Greater Caucasus region. It is the native language of the Ossetian people, and a relative and possibly a descendant of the extinct Scythian, Sarmatian, and Alanic languages.

The northern half of the Ossetian region is part of Russia and is known as North Ossetia–Alania, while the southern half is part of the de facto country of South Ossetia (recognized by the United Nations as Russian-occupied territory that is de jure part of Georgia). Ossetian-speakers number about 614,350, with 451,000 recorded in Russia per the 2010 Russian census.

Despite Ossetian being the official languages of both North and South Ossetia, since 2009 UNESCO has listed Ossetian as "vulnerable".
Acharia tragodes
Acharia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Achariaceae. The sole species is Acharia tragodes, which is endemic to the Cape Provinces in South Africa.

The genus is named for Swedish botanist Erik Acharius (1757–1819). It was first published in Prodr. Pl. Cap. on page 14 in 1794.

Achariaceae
Achariaceae is a family of flowering plants consisting of 31 genera and about 155 species of tropical herbs, shrubs, and trees. The APG IV system has greatly expanded the scope of the family by including many genera previously classified in Flacourtiaceae. Molecular data strongly support the inclusion of this family in the order Malpighiales.

The family is almost exclusively tropical and is best known as the source of chaulmoogra oil, formerly used to treat leprosy. Unlike other members of the former Flacourtiaceae now placed in the family Salicaceae, the genera of Achariaceae typically have cyanogenic glycosides.