hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Markowitz model
In finance, the Markowitz model ─ put forward by Harry Markowitz in 1952 ─ is a portfolio optimization model; 
it assists in the selection of the most efficient portfolio by analyzing various possible portfolios of the given securities. 
Here, by choosing securities that do not 'move' exactly together, the HM model shows investors how to reduce their risk. 
The HM model is also called mean-variance model due to the fact that it is based on expected returns (mean) and the standard deviation (variance) of the various portfolios.
It is foundational to Modern portfolio theory.

Utility
In economics, utility is a measure of a certain person's satisfaction from a certain state of the world. Over time, the term has been used with at least two meanings.

In a normative context, utility refers to a goal or objective that we wish to maximize, i.e., an objective function. This kind of utility bears a closer resemblance to the original utilitarian concept, developed by moral philosophers such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

In a descriptive context, the term refers to an apparent objective function; such a function is revealed by a person's behavior, and specifically by their preferences over lotteries, which can be any quantified choice.

The relationship between these two kinds of utility functions has been a source of controversy among both economists and ethicists, with most maintaining that the two are distinct but generally related.
Tandi
Tandi is a city in the Ratnanagar municipality of the Chitwan District in Nepal. It lies on the eastern side of Chitwan district, at the entrance point of Sauraha Chitwan National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Ratnanagar
Ratnanagar (Nepali: रत्‍ननगर) is a municipality in the Chitwan District of Bagmati Province, Nepal. It was established in 1997 through the merger of the former Village Development Committees of Old-Ratnanagar and Panchakanya.

Located adjacent to Chitwan National Park, Ratnanagar serves as a gateway to the park. Agriculture is the primary occupation, with rice, maize, mustard, and vegetables as major crops. Poultry farming and animal husbandry also contribute significantly to the local economy. Tourism is another important sector, particularly in nearby Sauraha, a hub for hotels, resorts, shops, and an Elephant Breeding Station.

The municipality has also introduced eco-friendly electric rickshaws to promote environmental preservation. It lies on the bank of the East Rapti River. In 2014, the former VDCs Bachhayauli and Pithuwa were merged into Ratnanagar.
Micrasepalum
Micrasepalum is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Rubiaceae.

Its native range is Caribbean.

Species:

Micrasepalum eritrichoides (C.Wright ex Griseb.) Urb.

Micrasepalum haitiense Urb. & Ekman

Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae (/ruːbiˈeɪsiːˌiː, -siˌaɪ/) is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs that are recognizable by simple, opposite leaves with interpetiolar stipules and sympetalous actinomorphic flowers. The family contains about 14,200 species in about 615 genera, which makes it the fourth-largest angiosperm family by number of species. Rubiaceae has a cosmopolitan distribution; however, the largest species diversity is concentrated in the tropics and subtropics. Economically important genera include  Coffea, the source of coffee; Cinchona, the source of the antimalarial alkaloid quinine; ornamental cultivars (e.g., Gardenia, Ixora, Pentas); and historically some dye plants (e.g., Rubia).
Singapore Hit Awards 2007
The Singapore Hit Awards 2007 (Chinese: 新加坡金曲奖 2007) is a music award organised by Y.E.S. 93.3FM in association with the Recording Industry Association Singapore.

The award ceremony was held at the Singapore Indoor Stadium on 27 October 2007.

Ting Chu
Jasmine (Chinese: 庭竹; pinyin: Tíng Zhú; born January 5, 1981), also known as Ting Chu, is a singer-songwriter who made her debut in the Taiwanese music industry in 2007. She has a contract under start-up recording company HummingBird Music, the same company Hong Kong–based band Soler belongs to.
Bixslade
Bixslade, occasionally written Bix Slade, is a short, steep-sided, valley in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, England. It begins on high ground at Bixhead, near Broadwell, and descends sharply to meet the Cannop Valley at Stonyhill Green. Bixslade has been quarried or mined continuously for over 500 years and has been described as "one of the country's finest areas of extractive industrial heritage".

Many abandoned workings are still evident in the valley and are now home to a variety of wildlife, lichens, mosses and other plant life. Three quarries and a Freemine also continue to operate, largely hidden by the picturesque woodland.

Broadwell, Forest of Dean
Broadwell is a village about 1 mile (1.6 km) east of Coleford, Gloucestershire, England. It is at the western edge of the Forest of Dean, in the civil parish of Coleford, which is also its post town. The village of Mile End is to the north and Coalway is to the south.
Chantry
A chantry is an ecclesiastical term that may have either of two related meanings:

a chantry service, a set of Christian liturgical celebrations for the dead (made up of the Requiem Mass and the Office of the Dead), or

a chantry chapel, a building on private land, or an area in a parish church or cathedral reserved for the performance of these celebrations.

In the Medieval Era through to the Age of Enlightenment it was commonly believed such liturgies might help atone for misdeeds and assist the soul to obtain eternal peace.

Feoffee
Under the feudal system in England, a feoffee (/fɛˈfiː, fiːˈfiː/) is a trustee who holds a fief (or "fee"), that is to say an estate in land, for the use of a beneficial owner. The term is more fully stated as a feoffee to uses of the beneficial owner. The use of such trustees developed towards the end of the era of feudalism in the Middle Ages and declined with the formal ending of that social and economic system in 1660. The development of feoffees to uses may have hastened the end of the feudal system, since their operation circumvented vital feudal fiscal mechanisms.
Pedro Miguel (footballer, born 1967)
Pedro Miguel Bastos Soares Ferreira (born 23 August 1967) is a Portuguese football manager and former player, who is the manager of Liga Portugal 2 club Lusitânia Lourosa. He played as a defender in the Primeira Liga for Feirense, Beira-Mar and Farense.

He spent 12 years as manager of Oliveirense over two spells, winning promotion from the third tier in 2008 and 2017 – the first as champion – and reaching the semi-finals of the Taça da Liga in 2018. He won another promotion as third-tier champions with Lusitânia Lourosa in 2025. He managed Oliveirense, Feirense, Leixões, Varzim and Lusitânia Lourosa in the second tier.

Segunda Divisão
For the current Portuguese second-tier league, see Liga Portugal 2.

For the third-tier league, see Liga 3 (Portugal).

The Segunda Divisão Portuguesa (English: Portuguese Second Division) was a football league situated at the third level of the Portuguese football league system. The division had previously been the second level of the Portuguese pyramid but, with the creation of the Liga Portugal 2 in 1990–91, it became the third level. The competition merged with the Terceira Divisão at the end of the 2012–13 to form a new enlarged third level league, the Campeonato Nacional de Seniores.
Hydrofuramide
Hydrofuramide is a condensation product of three molar equivalents of furfural with two molar equivalents of ammonia. Hydrofuramide is a crystalline solid with a melting point of 118-119 °C. The molecule may be described as a diimine with three pendant furanyl rings. Hydrofuramide is a versatile specialty chemical with applications in diverse areas, including rubber additives, pharmaceutical intermediates, preservatives, and rodenticides.

Diimine
Diimines are organic compounds containing two imine (RCH=NR') groups.  Common derivatives are 1,2-diimines and 1,3-diimines.  These compounds are used as ligands, but they are also precursors to other organic compounds.
Flottiljamiral
Rear admiral (lower half), abbreviated RAdm (Swedish: Flottiljamiral, Fljam; lit. 'flotilla admiral') is a one-star flag officer in the Swedish Navy. Rear admiral (lower half) ranks above captain and below rear admiral. The rank is equivalent to brigadier general in the Swedish Army, Swedish Air Force and the Swedish Amphibious Corps.

Chief of Defence (Sweden)
The Chief of Defence (Swedish: överbefälhavaren; acronym: ÖB), formerly referred to in English as the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces, is the highest ranked professional military officer in the Swedish Armed Forces. The chief of defence is the agency head of the Swedish Armed Forces and formally reports to the Government of Sweden, though normally through the minister for defence. The primary responsibilities and duties of the chief of defence (and the charter for the Armed Forces) are prescribed in an ordinance issued by the Government.

The present Chief of Defence, General Michael Claesson, took office on 1 October 2024. His appointment marked the adoption of the title "chief of defence" in English-language usage, in line with NATO terminology.
Sailing at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad (1896 Olympics in Athens Greece). With the exception of 1904 and the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics, sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule. The Sailing program of 1932 consisted of a total of four sailing classes (disciplines). For each class races were scheduled from 5–12 August directly off the Los Angeles Harbor on the Pacific Ocean.

Netherlands at the 1932 Summer Olympics
The Netherlands, the previous host of the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, competed at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. 45 competitors, 31 men and 14 women, took part in 29 events in 9 sports.
Japanese occupation of Hong Kong
The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began when the governor of Hong Kong, Mark Aitchison Young, surrendered the British Crown colony of Hong Kong to the Empire of Japan on 25 December 1941. His surrender occurred after 18 days of fierce fighting against the Japanese forces that invaded the territory. The occupation lasted for three years and eight months until Japan surrendered at the end of the Second World War. The length of the period (三年零八個月, lit. 'three years and eight months') later became a metonym of the occupation.

Cecil Harcourt
Admiral Sir Cecil Halliday Jepson Harcourt GBE KCB (translated to Chinese as 夏慤; haa6 kok3; 11 April 1892 – 19 December 1959) was a British naval officer. He was the de facto governor of Hong Kong as commander-in-chief and head of the military administration from September 1945 to May 1946. He was called by the Chinese name "Ha Kok", a reference to the fourth-century Chinese nobleman Chung Kok.
A. & J. Inglis
A & J Inglis Limited, was a shipbuilding firm founded by Anthony Inglis and his brother John, engineers and shipbuilders in the Partick area of Glasgow, Scotland in 1862. The firm built over 500 ships in a period of just over 100 years. Their Pointhouse Shipyard was at the confluence of the rivers Clyde and Kelvin. They constructed a wide range of ships, including Clyde steamers, paddle steamers and small ocean liners. In wartime, they built small warships, and in the period after World War II, they built a number of whalers.

Naval trawler
Naval trawlers are vessels built along the lines of a fishing trawler but fitted out for naval purposes; they were widely used during the First and Second World Wars. Some, known in the Royal Navy as "Admiralty trawlers", were purpose-built to naval specifications; others were adapted from civilian use. Fishing trawlers were particularly suited for many naval requirements because they were robust vessels designed to work heavy trawls in all types of weather, and had large clear working decks. A minesweeper could be created by replacing the trawl with a mine sweep. Adding depth charge racks on the deck, ASDIC sonar below, and a 3-inch (76 mm) or 4-inch (102 mm) gun in the bow equipped the trawler for anti-submarine duties.
Baadrayal
Baadrayal or Badhrayal is a village in Gangapur City, Sawai Madhopur district in the state of Rajasthan, India. Baadrayal is located near to the main railway line from Delhi to Mumbai, accessed via Kota on the rail path from New Delhi.

The nearest airport is Sanganer Airport in Jaipur and the nearest railway stations are Shri Mahabirji railway station and  Khandip railway station. Most of the area in the village is used for agriculture. The whole village is dependent on ground water as its only source of water. The village is known in nearby areas for a temple, Dhuni. The nearby villages are Rendayal, Gujar, Mohcha Ka Pura, and Nayagaon.

Khandip
Khandip is a village in Sawai Madhopur district in the state of Rajasthan, India.

Khandip is located along the main railway line from Delhi to Mumbai, accessed via Kota on the rail path from New Delhi. The village's standing population currently exceeds 8000, with the majority of the region's population settled throughout the Lakwad, Lakwar Meena community. Khandip's geographic designation encompasses an area of approximately 17.4589 km2.
Jane Stanley (died 1803)
Lady Jane Stanley (1720 – 1803)  was a member of the Earl of Derby branch of the Stanley family.  The daughter of Edward Stanley, 11th Earl of Derby she never married but, in her old age, maintained a large household at Brook House, Knutsford.  A notable philanthropist, she installed and maintained footpaths in the town though, in line with her belief that couples should not walk with arms linked, she made them intentionally narrow.  Stanley left significant donations in her will to friends, family, servants and to numerous charitable causes connected with the poor and sick.  One bequest helped to maintain the footways in the town for many years.  Stanley was the inspiration for the Honourable Mrs Jamieson in Elizabeth Gaskell's 1849 novel Cranford and the title character in her 1858 My Lady Ludlow.

Stanley family
The Stanley family (or Audley-Stanley family) is an English family with many notable members, including the Earls of Derby and the Barons Audley who descended from the early holders of Audley and Stanley, Staffordshire. The two branches of the Audley family were made Barons Audley but both ended in the male line in the 14th century, after which their considerable estates were passed to a number of female heiresses, while the Stanleys would be elevated in the 15th century first to Barons Stanley and then Earls of Derby, a title they continue to hold.

The use of "Stanley" as a first name began with political followers of the family.
2004 Antenna Awards
The 2004 Antenna Awards ceremony honoured the best in Australian community television in 2003, and took place on February 28, 2004, at Storey Hall, RMIT City Campus, Melbourne, beginning at 7:00 p.m. AEST. The ceremony, the first of its kind in Australia, was announced on December 29, 2003. Produced by Kristy Fuller and directed by Craig Young, the ceremony was hosted by Esther Makris and Gary Mitchell.

Antennas were presented in 31 categories. Radio Karate won four awards, including Best Comedy Program and Best Editing, the most for the evening. Other winners include Dawn's Creek and Pluck with two awards, including Program of the Year for Pluck.

The ceremony was televised live by Channel 31 Melbourne, Channel 31 Sydney, Briz 31 Brisbane, C31 Adelaide, and LINC TV Lismore, and on a one-week delay to Access 31 Perth. On 19 March 2015, the ceremony was made available to stream on YouTube.

Channel 44 (Adelaide)
Channel 44 (C44, call-sign CTS33) is a free-to-air community television channel in Adelaide, South Australia. C44 features locally and nationally made content and has been broadcasting since 23 April 2004. Previously known as C31 when on analogue television, C44 made the switch to digital on 5 November 2010 and switched off its analogue signal on 31 May 2012. C44 airs a range of local, interstate and international content that is relevant to the local community.
Mathis Ferté
Mathis Ferté (born 2 February 2004) is a French professional rugby union player, who plays as a full-back or scrum-half for French side Brive and the France national under-20 team. A utility back, he made his Top 14 debut with his club on 8 October 2022.

2023 World Rugby U20 Championship
The 2023 World Rugby U20 Championship was the 13th edition of the premier age-grade rugby union competition. The tournament is hosted in South Africa for the second time, previously being held in 2012.

The 2023 under 20 competition (alongside the Trophy) was the first global U20 competition held since 2019, with the 2020 edition, scheduled to be held in Italy, cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing instability in the world following the pandemic delaying the return of the competition. There were however various regional U20 competitions with the Six Nations Under 20s Championship and Oceania Rugby Under 20 Championship continuing to take place.
UFC 249
UFC 249: Ferguson vs. Gaethje was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship that took place on May 9, 2020 at VyStar Veterans Memorial Arena in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. It was originally planned to take place on April 18 at Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York, United States. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was eventually postponed (see section below). On April 21, the UFC confirmed that UFC 249 would be moved to May 9 and take place in Florida.

UFC Fight Night: Overeem vs. Harris
UFC Fight Night: Overeem vs. Harris was a planned mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship originally planned to take place on April 11, 2020 at Moda Center in Portland, Oregon, United States. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was eventually postponed.
Pinochia
Pinochia is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 2007. It is native to  Central America, Mexico, and the West Indies.

Species

Pinochia corymbosa (Jacq.) M.E.Endress & B.F.Hansen - Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico

Pinochia floribunda (Sw.) M.E.Endress & B.F.Hansen - Cuba, Jamaica

Pinochia monteverdensis (J.F.Morales) M.E.Endress & B.F.Hansen - Oaxaca, Costa Rica, Guatemala

Pinochia peninsularis (Woodson) M.E.Endress & B.F.Hansen - Belize, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche

Pinochia monteverdensis
Pinochia monteverdensis  is a plant species native to Costa Rica, Guatemala and Oaxaca.

Pinochia monteverdensis  is a liana climbing over other vegetation. Leaves are elliptic or oblanceolate, up to 13 cm long and 4 cm wide, tapering to a point at the tip. Calyx lobes are tapering, up to 2 mm long, with hairs. Corolla white, up to 4 mm long, the tube hairless but the lobes hairy. Follicle non-hairy, up to 20 cm long.
Bristol Odin
The Bristol Odin is a ramjet engine originally developed by Bristol Siddeley Engines, later taken over by Rolls-Royce.

Odin was specifically designed to power the Sea Dart missile. Unlike the earlier Thor ramjet powering the Bristol Bloodhound missile, Odin is an integral part of the Sea Dart airframe. A biconic intake at the front of the missile transfers air, via a transfer duct, to the ramjet combustor, which is located towards the rear of the missile. Thrust is provided via a fixed area ratio convergent-divergent nozzle. The only significant moving part in the engine is the fuel turbopump. This is powered by extracting 'ram' air in the transfer duct to drive an air-turbine, which is connected to the fuel pump. The air exiting the turbine is dumped overboard.

Ramjet
A ramjet is a form of airbreathing jet engine that requires forward motion of the engine to provide air for combustion. Ramjets work most efficiently at supersonic speeds around Mach 3 (2,300 mph; 3,700 km/h) and can operate up to Mach 6 (4,600 mph; 7,400 km/h).

Ramjets can be particularly appropriate in uses requiring a compact mechanism for high speed, such as missiles. Weapons designers are investigating ramjet technology for use in artillery shells to increase range; a 120 mm ramjet-assisted mortar shell is thought to be able to travel 35 km (22 mi). They have been used, though not efficiently, as tip jets on the ends of helicopter rotors.
12th Visual Effects Society Awards
The 12th Visual Effects Society Awards was held in Los Angeles at the Beverly Hilton Hotel on February 12, 2014, in honor to the best visual effects in film and television of 2013. Patton Oswalt was the host.

Visual Effects Society
The Visual Effects Society (VES) is an entertainment industry organization representing visual effects practitioners including artists, animators, technologists, model makers, educators, studio leaders, supervisors, PR/marketing specialists and producers in film, television, commercials, music videos, and video games. It has about 5,000 members in 50 countries.  Since 2002 it has produced the Visual Effects Society Awards which honor the best work of the previous year in various categories.
Seminar
A seminar is a form of academic instruction, either at an academic institution or offered by a commercial or professional organization. It has the function of bringing together small groups for recurring meetings, focusing each time on some particular subject, in which everyone present is requested to participate. This is often accomplished through an ongoing Socratic dialogue with a seminar leader or instructor, or through a more formal presentation of research. It is essentially a place where assigned readings are discussed, questions can be raised and debates can be conducted.

Academic conference
An academic conference or scientific conference (also congress, symposium, workshop, or meeting) is an event for researchers (not necessarily academics) to present and discuss their scholarly work. Together with academic or scientific journals and preprint archives, conferences provide an important channel for exchange of information between researchers. Further benefits of participating in academic conferences include learning effects in terms of presentation skills and "academic habitus", receiving feedback from peers for one's own research, the possibility to engage in informal communication with peers about work opportunities and collaborations, and getting an overview of current research in one or more disciplines.

The first international academic conferences and congresses appeared in 19th century.
Engehaugen Church
Engehaugen Church (Norwegian: Engehaugen kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Gjøvik Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the town of Gjøvik. It is the church for the Engehaugen parish which is part of the Toten prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar. The red, wooden church was built in a fan-shaped design in 1985 using plans drawn up by the architect Jan Arne Frydenlund. The church seats about 156 people.

Gjøvik Municipality
Gjøvik (Gjøvikⓘ) is a municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Gjøvik. Some of the villages in Gjøvik include Biri, Bybrua, Hunndalen, Snertingdal, and Vardal.

The 671-square-kilometre (259 sq mi) municipality is the 169th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Gjøvik Municipality is the 35th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 31,175. The municipality's population density is 46.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (120/sq mi) and its population has increased by 4.2% over the previous 10-year period.