hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Binocular neurons
Binocular neurons are neurons in the visual system that assist in the creation of stereopsis from binocular disparity. They have been found in the primary visual cortex where the initial stage of binocular convergence begins.  Binocular neurons receive inputs from both the right and left eyes and integrate the signals together to create a perception of depth.

Jack Pettigrew
John Douglas "Jack" Pettigrew (2 October 1943 – 7 May 2019) was an Australian neuroscientist. He was Emeritus Professor of Physiology and Director of the Vision, Touch and Hearing Research Centre at the University of Queensland in Australia.
Allyson Pollock
Allyson Pollock is a consultant in public health medicine and was the Director of the Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University. She is an academic who is known for her research into, and opposition to, part privatisation of the UK National Health Service (NHS) via the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) and other mechanisms.

The BMJ
The BMJ is a fortnightly peer-reviewed medical journal, published by BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, which in turn is wholly owned by the British Medical Association (BMA). The BMJ has editorial freedom from the BMA. It is one of the world's oldest general medical journals. Previously called the British Medical Journal, the title was officially shortened to BMJ in 1988, and then changed to The BMJ in 2014. The current editor-in-chief of The BMJ is Kamran Abbasi, who was appointed in January 2022.
Siemens Competition
The Siemens Competition was a science competition for US high school students funded by the Siemens Foundation, which was administered by the College Board from 1999-2013 and by Discovery Education from 2014–2017. The Siemens Foundation released a statement on February 1, 2018 stating that the 2017 iteration of the competition was the final one.

Regeneron Science Talent Search
The Regeneron Science Talent Search, known from its establishment in 1942 to 1998 as the Westinghouse Science Talent Search and from 1999 to 2016 as the Intel Science Talent Search, is a research-based science competition in the United States for high school seniors hosted by the Society for Science. It has been referred to as "the nation's oldest and most prestigious" science competition and several of its alumni have gone on to be scientists prominent in their fields. In his speech at the dinner honoring the 1991 winners, President George H. W. Bush called the competition the "Super Bowl of science."
Rufus Fairchild Zogbaum
Rufus Fairchild Zogbaum (August 28, 1849 — October 22, 1925) was an American illustrator, journalist, and writer. He is primarily known as an illustrator for late 19th century news magazines. His works were regularly featured in Harper's Weekly magazine.

Robley D. Evans (admiral)
Robley Dunglison Evans (18 August 1846 – 3 January 1912), born in Floyd County, Virginia, was a rear admiral in the United States Navy, who served from the American Civil War to the Spanish–American War. In 1907–1908, he commanded the Great White Fleet on its worldwide cruise from the Atlantic Ocean through the Straits of Magellan to the Pacific Ocean.
Cape York International Spaceport
The Cape York International Spaceport was an abandoned 20th century proposal to build the world's first commercial spaceport in Australia's Cape York Peninsula. The plan was announced in 1986 by then-Queensland Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen, who confiscated Indigenous Australian land in Far North Queensland for the spaceport's construction. The location was chosen due to its proximity to the Equator, which would allow easier and cheaper space launches. Following legal challenges from local indigenous groups whose land had been taken for the project, increased federal environmental standards and a lack of financial support from the private sector, the project was abandoned in 1992.

Australian Space Agency
The Australian Space Agency is an agency of the Australian Government responsible for the development of Australia's commercial aerospace industry, coordinating domestic space activities, identifying opportunities and facilitating international engagement that includes Australian stakeholders.

Its headquarters, opened in February 2020, are located in Lot Fourteen in Adelaide, the capital of South Australia. The Australian Space Discovery Centre, which features exhibits and public information sessions, is also located on site.
ISO 3166-2:AD
ISO 3166-2:AD is the entry for Andorra in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently for Andorra, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for seven parishes.

Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is AD, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Andorra. The second part is two digits:

02–06: parishes created before 1978 except Andorra la Vella

07–08: Andorra la Vella and Escaldes-Engordany (Escaldes-Engordany split from Andorra la Vella in 1978)

ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are two-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to represent countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. They are the most widely used of the country codes published by ISO (the others being alpha-3 and numeric), and are used most prominently for the Internet's country code top-level domains (with a few exceptions). They were first included as part of the ISO 3166 standard in its first edition in 1974.
Heptamethine dyes
Heptamethine dyes are a subclass of chemical compounds within the cyanine dye family and have many uses as fluorescent dyes, particularly in biomedical imaging, the development of theranostics, the individualized treatment of cancerous patients with the aid of PDT, co-administration with other drugs, and irradiation.

The characteristics of heptamethine dyes can be understood by comparing research data on different dyes within the family.  For example, the IR-780 dye exhibits a peak spectral absorption of around 780 nm.

Cyanine
Cyanines, also referred to as tetramethylindo(di)-carbocyanines are a synthetic dye family belonging to the polymethine group.  Although the name derives etymologically from terms for shades of blue, the cyanine family covers the electromagnetic spectrum from near IR to UV.

Chemically, cyanines are a conjugated system between two nitrogen atoms; in each resonance structure, exactly one nitrogen atom is oxidized to an iminium.  Typically, they form part of a nitrogenous heterocyclic system.

The main application for cyanine dyes is in biological labeling.  Nevertheless, there is a wide literature on both their synthesis and uses, and cyanines are common in some CD and DVD media.
Miron Constantinescu
Miron Constantinescu (13 December 1917 – 18 July 1974) was a Romanian communist politician, a leading member of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR, known as PMR for a period of his lifetime), as well as a Marxist sociologist, historian, academic, and journalist. Initially close to Communist Romania's leader Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, he became increasingly critical of the latter's Stalinist policies during the 1950s, and was sidelined together with Iosif Chișinevschi. Reinstated under Nicolae Ceauşescu, he became a member of the Romanian Academy.

Lucian Blaga
Lucian Blaga (Romanian: [lutʃiˈan ˈblaɡa] ⓘ; 9 May 1895 – 6 May 1961) was a Romanian philosopher, poet, playwright, poetry translator and novelist. He is one of the most important philosophers and poets of Romania, and a prominent philosopher of the interwar period in Eastern Europe who, due to the unfortunate circumstances surrounding his career, is barely known to the outside world.
2015 Poprad-Tatry ATP Challenger Tour
The 2015 Poprad-Tatry ATP Challenger Tour was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the 1st edition of the tournament which was part of the 2015 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Poprad, Slovakia between 15 and 22 June 2015.

2015 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour, in 2015 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2015 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 166 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $40,000 up to $220,000. It was the 38th edition of challenger tournaments cycle, and 7th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Steve Court
Steve Court (born July 21, 1950) is an American politician who served as a member of the Arizona House of Representatives, representing District 18. He was the majority leader of the Arizona House of Representatives. First elected in 2008, he retired after the expiration of his second term in January 2013.

Arizona House of Representatives
The Arizona House of Representatives is the lower house of the Arizona Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Arizona. The upper house is the Senate. The House convenes in the legislative chambers at the Arizona State Capitol in Phoenix. Its members are elected to two-year terms, with a term limit of four consecutive terms (eight years). Each of the state's 30 legislative districts elects two state house representatives and one state senator, with each district having a population of at least 203,000.

The last election occurred on November 5, 2024, with the Republican Party securing a majority in the House.
Medieval Serbian literature
Medieval Serbian literature or Old Serbian literature (Serbian: Стара српска књижевност) refers to medieval literature of the Serbs, thus encompassing earliest periods in the history of Serbian literature. Main works of literature in Medieval Serbia were written in the Serbian Church Slavic language, a local recension of the common Church Slavic language, that was used as both liturgical and literary language among the Serbs, while the vernacular forms of the medieval Serbian language were used in various forms of practical literacy (letters, inscriptions, documents). Traditions of the Serbian medieval literature were also continued into the early modern period, up to the beginning of the 18th century.

Constantine of Kostenets
Constantine of Kostenets (Bulgarian: Константин Костенечки, romanized: Konstantin Kostenechki; c. 1380 – after 1431), also known as Constantine the Philosopher (Serbian: Константин Филозоф / Konstantin Filozof), was a medieval Bulgarian writer and chronicler, who spent most of his life in the Serbian Despotate. He is best known for his biography of Serbian despot Stefan Lazarević, which George Ostrogorsky described as "the most important historical work of old Serbian literature", and for writing the first Serbian philological study, Skazanije o pismeneh (A History on the Letters). He followed the writing style of the Old Serbian "vita", first popularized in the Serbian scriptoria of the 12th century. When the Turks invaded Bulgaria, Serbia granted refuge to such men of letters as Kostonets, Grigorije Camblak, and Ioasaf of Vidin.
Cruciate anastomosis
The cruciate anastomosis is a circulatory anastomosis in the upper thigh formed by the inferior gluteal artery, the lateral and medial circumflex femoral arteries, the first perforating artery of the deep femoral artery, and the anastomotic branch of the posterior branch of the obturator artery.

The cruciate anastomosis is clinically relevant because if there is a blockage between the femoral artery and external iliac artery, blood can reach the popliteal artery by means of the anastomosis. The route of blood is through the internal iliac, to the inferior gluteal artery, to a perforating branch of the deep femoral artery, to the lateral circumflex femoral artery, then to its descending branch into the superior lateral genicular artery and thus into the popliteal artery.

Popliteal artery
The popliteal artery is a deeply placed continuation of the femoral artery opening in the distal portion of the adductor magnus muscle. It courses through the popliteal fossa and ends at the lower border of the popliteus muscle, where it branches into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.

The deepest (most anterior) structure in the fossa, the popliteal artery runs close to the joint capsule of the knee as it spans the intercondylar fossa. Five genicular branches of the popliteal artery supply the capsule and ligaments of the knee joint. The genicular arteries are the superior lateral, superior medial, middle, inferior lateral, and inferior medial genicular arteries. They participate in the formation of the periarticular genicular anastomosis, a network of vessels surrounding the knee that provides collateral circulation capable of maintaining blood supply to the leg during full knee flexion, which may kink the popliteal artery.
Vladimir Petrović
Vladimir Petrović (Serbian Cyrillic: Владимир Петровић, pronounced [ʋlǎdimiːr pětroʋitɕ]; born 1 July 1955) is a Serbian football manager and former player.

He is widely known domestically by his nickname Pižon (Serbian: Пижон), after the French for pigeon.

1996–97 FR Yugoslavia Cup
The 1996–97 FR Yugoslavia Cup was the fifth season of the FR Yugoslavia's annual football cup. The cup defenders was Red Star Belgrade, and they were him successfully defended, after they defeated FK Vojvodina in the final.
Long March 2A
The Long March 2A, also known as the Chang Zheng 2A, CZ-2A and LM-2A, was a Chinese orbital carrier rocket that launched FSW-0 reconnaissance satellites. It was later replaced by the more capable Long March 4C. It was developed by the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT).

It launched from Launch Area 2B at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre in China. It was a 2-stage rocket that flew four times. On its first flight on 5 November 1974, a cable connecting the pitch rate control gyroscope to the guidance system became disconnected, resulting in a loss of control and launch failure.

Long March 4C
The Long March 4C, also known as the Chang Zheng 4C, CZ-4C and LM-4C, previously designated Long March 4B-II, is a Chinese orbital launch vehicle. It is launched from the Jiuquan, Taiyuan, and Xichang Satellite Launch Centers, and consists of 3 stages. All stages use storable (rather than cryogenic) propellants.

The Long March 4C is derived from the 3 stage Long March 4B, but features a restartable third stage, and a larger payload fairing.
M-88 (Michigan highway)
M-88 is a state trunkline highway in the U.S. state of Michigan. The highway runs from US Highway 31 (US 31) in Eastport to US 131/M-66 in Mancelona, passing through the villages of Bellaire and Central Lake. The highway is entirely within Antrim County and is known by the street name of "Scenic Highway" outside of the various communities along its routing.

M-88 is an original trunkline dating back to the 1919 signing of the state system. An extension in the 1920s and paving in the late 1930s created the highway as it exists today. The highway was not listed on the National Highway System, nor is it included in the Lake Michigan Circle Tour.

Great Lakes Circle Tour
The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.  It consists of routes for circumnavigating the lakes, either individually or collectively. It was designated by the Great Lakes Commission in 1988.
Cungena, South Australia
Cungena is a settlement in South Australia. It is in the District Council of Streaky Bay, on the Eyre Highway between Kyancutta and Ceduna. The town was surveyed and proclaimed in 1917, named after the Hundred of Cungena proclaimed in 1913. Cungena also includes the former town of Capietha.

The bulk grain silos in the town are no longer serviced by the Eyre Peninsula Railway, but are served by road and were used for three grades of wheat in the 2016-17 harvest season.

Eyre Peninsula Railway
The Eyre Peninsula Railway is a 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge railway on the Eyre Peninsula of South Australia. Radiating out from the ports at Port Lincoln and Thevenard, it is isolated from the rest of the South Australian railway network. It peaked at 777 kilometres in 1950; today only a 60 kilometre section remains open. It is currently operated by Aurizon.
History of Sirhind
Sirhind is the older name of Fatehgarh Sahib, a city and Sikh pilgrimage site in Punjab, India. It is situated on the Delhi to Lahore Highway. It has a population of about 60,851. It is now a district headquarters in the state of Punjab; the name of the district is Fatehgarh Sahib.

Fatehgarh Sahib district
Fatehgarh Sahib district is one of the twenty-three districts of the state of Punjab, India, with its headquarters in the town of Fatehgarh Sahib.

The district came into existence on 13 April 1992, Baisakhi Day and derives its name from Sahibzada Fateh Singh, the youngest son of 10th Guru Gobind Singh, who along with his brother was bricked-up alive on the orders of Suba Sirhind, Wazir Khan in 1704, and which is now the site of the 'Gurudwara Fatehgarh Sahib'.

As of 2011, it is the second least populous district of Punjab (out of 22), after Barnala.
Opisthostoma fraternum
Opisthostoma fraternum is a species of small land snail with an operculum, a terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Diplommatinidae. It is endemic to Malaysia.  Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Diplommatinidae
Diplommatinidae is a family of small land snails, also known as staircase snails, with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks  in the superfamily Cyclophoroidea. The Cochlostomatinae Kobelt, 1902, were previously considered a subfamily of the Diplommatinidae, but are now known to be a separate family.
St. Olav's shrine
St. Olav's Shrine was the resting place of the earthly remains of St. Olav, Norway's patron saint, behind the high altar of Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim, Norway, from the mid 11th century. For nearly five centuries the shrine was of major religious importance to Norway and the other Nordic countries, and also to other parts of Northern Europe. St. Olav's Shrine opens and closes the Middle Ages as a historic period in Norway. The shrine consisted of three shrines, the one covering the other, and was the most important and by far the most valuable object in Norway in the Middle Ages. After the Lutheran reformation in 1536–1537, the valuable parts of St. Olav’s Shrine were destroyed by Danish authorities. Since 1568 St. Olav's remains have been resting in an unknown grave, in Nidaros Cathedral or in the cathedral cemetery.

Magnus the Good
Magnus Olafsson (Old Norse: Magnús Óláfsson; Norwegian and Danish: Magnus Olavsson; c. 1024 – 25 October 1047), better known as Magnus the Good (Old Norse: Magnús góði; Norwegian and Danish: Magnus den gode), was King of Norway from 1035 and King of Denmark from 1042 until his death in 1047.

Magnus was an illegitimate son of Saint Olaf, and fled with his mother Alfhild when his father was dethroned in 1028. He returned to Norway in 1035 and was crowned king at the age of 11. In 1042, he was also crowned king of Denmark. Magnus ruled the two countries until 1047, when he died under unclear circumstances. After his death, his kingdom was split between Harald Hardrada in Norway and Sweyn Estridsson in Denmark.
Santiago Island (Galápagos)
Santiago Island  is one of the Galápagos Islands. The island, which consists of two overlapping volcanoes, has an area of 585 square kilometers (226 sq mi) and a maximum altitude of 907 meters (2,976 ft), atop the northwestern shield volcano. The volcano in the island's southeast erupted along a linear fissure and is much lower. The oldest lava flows on the island date back to 750,000 years ago.

Galápagos land iguana
The Galápagos land iguana (Conolophus subcristatus) is a very large species of lizard in the family Iguanidae, and one of three species of the genus Conolophus. It is endemic to the Galápagos Islands off of Ecuador's Pacific coast, inhabiting the dry lowlands of Fernandina, Isabela, Santa Cruz, North Seymour, Baltra, and South Plaza islands.
Recursive grammar
In computer science, a grammar is informally called a recursive grammar if it contains production rules that are recursive, meaning that expanding a non-terminal according to these rules can eventually lead to a string that includes the same non-terminal again. Otherwise it is called a non-recursive grammar.

For example, a  grammar for a context-free language is left recursive if there exists a non-terminal symbol A that can be put through the production rules to produce a string with A (as the leftmost symbol).
All types of grammars in the Chomsky hierarchy can be recursive and it is recursion that allows the production of infinite sets of words.

Context-free language
In formal language theory, a  context-free language (CFL), also called a Chomsky type-2 language, is a language generated by a context-free grammar (CFG).

Context-free languages have many applications in programming languages, in particular, most arithmetic expressions are generated by context-free grammars.
Northpark Mall (Mississippi)
Northpark is a two-level enclosed shopping mall located on County Line Road in Ridgeland, Mississippi, United States. It is managed and co-owned by Pacific Retail Capital Partners. Mississippi’s premier indoor shopping destination, Northpark is home to more than 120 stores and specialty shops. Northpark recently completed a redevelopment.

Dillard's
Dillard's, Inc. is an American department store chain founded in 1938 by William T. Dillard. It is headquartered in Little Rock, Arkansas, and operates approximately 272 stores in 30 states. Currently, the largest number of stores are located in Texas with 57 and Florida with 42.
Owerri North
Owerri NorthListenⓘ is a Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Orie Uratta. It has an area of 198 square km and a population of 175,395 at the 2006 census. The postal code of the area is 460. Owerri North is semi-urban government area. It encircles Owerri Municipal like a peninsula. Six major roads that lead out of the municipal cuts across Owerri North Communities. In the North, Orlu road leads to Amakaohia and Akwakuma communities. In the East, Okigwe road leads to Orji Community. In the West, MCC road off Wetheral to Obibi Uratta and Ihitaoha communities. In the South, Mbaise road leads to Egbu and Emekuku communities, while Aba road leads to Naze, Agbala and Ulakwo communities.

Egbu
Egbu Listenⓘ is a town in Owerri North Local Government Area of Imo state in southern Nigeria, located on the Otamiri River near the city of Owerri. Egbu is among the brother clans in owerri known as "Ala Enyi" including; Ihitta Ogada, Awaka, Owerri Nchi Ise and Naze. Egbu is linked to other towns and villages by the Owerri–Umuahia road.

The town of Egbu consists of five villages:  Umuofor, Mpama, Umuayalu, Ofeuzo and Ishiuzo. Egbu is bordered by Owerri, Awaka and Naze. The town is close to the capital city of Owerri. Egbu is led by EZE Ochoromma V1 of Egbu, the only traditional leader in the community. 
Egbu is the first physical source of Otamiri River which flows to Owerri Nchi Ise, Nekede, Ihiagwa and then pass through many other communities in IMO State to Rivers State. In 1906 to 1912, Egbu is where Thomas Dennis of the Church Missionary Society and his co-workers, under CMS now Anglican Church translated the first Ibo bible. Presently All Saints Cathedral Egbu.