hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Academia Costarricense de la Lengua
The Academia Costarricense de la Lengua (Spanish for Costa Rican Academy of Language) is an association of academics and experts on the use of the Spanish language in Costa Rica. It was founded in San José on October 12, 1923. It is a member of the Association of Spanish Language Academies.

Association of Academies of the Spanish Language
The Association of Academies of the Spanish Language (Spanish: Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española; ASALE) is an entity whose end is to work for the unity, integrity, and growth of the Spanish language. It was created in Mexico in 1951 and represents the union of all the separate academies in the Spanish-speaking world. The association publishes reference works on the Spanish language and commemorative editions of Hispanic literature, among other publications.
Juncus maritimus
Juncus maritimus, known as the sea rush, is a species of rush that grows on coastlines. It is sometimes considered conspecific with Juncus kraussii.
It has a wide distribution across the western Palearctic realm (all of Europe, western Asia and the Maghreb).

According to Edward Catich the ancient Egyptians used Juncus maritimus as a brush for writing. He describes the process of making one: “the end of which [the rush] was cut at a slant and its fibers split by chewing to produce a small chisel-shaped ‘brush‘.”.

Juncus kraussii
Juncus kraussii commonly known as salt marsh rush, sea rush, jointed rush, matting rush or dune slack rush, is of the monocot family Juncaceae and genus Juncus. It grows in salt marshes, estuarine and coastal areas.

This species is ideal as a stabiliser in estuary banks and riparian zones that adjoin developed areas; it prevents erosion and also provides an excellent fibre for weaving.

The plant is named after a German naturalist and museum curator, Christian Krauss, who travelled to South Africa.
Saproamanita nauseosa
Saproamanita nauseosa is a species of agaric fungus in the family Amanitaceae. First described by English mycologist Elsie Maud Wakefield in 1918 as a species of Lepiota, it was named for its nauseating odor. The type specimen was found growing on soil in the Nepenthes greenhouse at Kew Gardens. Derek Reid transferred the species to Amanita in 1966, and then in 2016 the separate genus Saproamanita was created by Redhead et al. for saprophytic Amanitas and it was transferred to this new genus.

The fungus is found in Australia and the Caribbean region of North America.

Amanitaceae
The Amanitaceae are a family of mushroom-forming fungi. The family, also commonly called the amanita family, is in order Agaricales, the gilled mushrooms. The family consists primarily of the large genus Amanita, but also includes the smaller genera Catatrama, Limacella, Limacellopsis, Saproamanita, and Zhuliangomyces.

The species are usually found in woodlands. The most characteristic emerge from an egg-like structure formed by the universal veil.

This family contains several species valued for edibility and flavor, and other deadly poisonous ones. More than half the cases of mushroom poisoning stem from members of this family. The most toxic members of this group have names that warn of the poisonous nature, but others, of varying degrees of toxicity, do not.
Canaveral Press
Canaveral Press was a New York–based publisher of fantasy, science fiction and related material, active from the early 1960s through the mid-1970s. It was an imprint of Biblo and Tannen, a publishing house founded in New York City by Jack Biblo and Jack Tannen. Through its entire existence, Richard A. Lupoff was the editor for Canaveral Press.

After many years of operating their lower Manhattan bookstore, Biblo and Tannen Booksellers, at 63 Fourth Avenue, the two founded Biblo and Tannen to republish out-of-print historical novels that were purchased mainly by school libraries. They also reprinted books on archaeology, including Arthur Evans's The Palace of Minos at Knossos.

E. E. Smith
Edward Elmer Smith (May 2, 1890 – August 31, 1965) was an American food engineer (specializing in doughnut and pastry mixes) and science-fiction author, best known for the Lensman and Skylark series. He is sometimes called the father of space opera.
Preben Krab
Preben Krab (born 15 July 1952) is a Danish rower who competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics.

He was born in Gammel Haderslev, Region of Southern Denmark and is the younger brother of Jørn Krab.

In 1968 he was the coxswain of the Danish boat which won the bronze medal in the coxed pairs event.

Coxswain (rowing)
In a rowing crew, the coxswain (/ˈkɒksən/ KOK-sən or /ˈkɒksweɪn/ KOK-swayn; colloquially known as the cox or coxie) is a crewmember who does not row but directs the boat. The coxswain sits facing the bow, unlike the rowers, and is responsible for steering the boat and coordinating the power and rhythm of the rowers. The coxswain's role while on the water is similar to that of an assistant coach or team captain, and they are sometimes also called upon to implement the training regimen or race plan.

In most racing, coxswains may be of either sex regardless of the sex of the rowers. Often they are women, since women are more likely to be near the ideal weight of a cox, which is 110 lbs or 120 lbs for USRowing and 55 kg for World Rowing (see Sex, and Weight, below).
John Pettinger
Captain John Stuart Pettinger DCM (born 1953) is a former officer of the Parachute Regiment in the British Army and a veteran of the Falklands War during which he was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM) for bravery. This was a field award for other ranks of the British Army and was the oldest British award for gallantry, at that time ranking second only to the Victoria Cross. His DCM was one of only eight awarded during the conflict, five of which were awarded to the Parachute Regiment. Pettinger was invested with his Distinguished Conduct Medal by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace in 1982.

2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment
The Second Battalion, Parachute Regiment (2 PARA), is a formation of the Parachute Regiment, part of the British Army, and subordinate unit within 16th Air Assault Brigade.

2 PARA is an airborne light infantry battalion capable of a wide range of operational tasks, based at Merville Barracks, Colchester Garrison, England. Personnel regularly deploy outside the United Kingdom on operations and training.
Neutron reflectometry
Neutron reflectometry is a neutron diffraction technique for measuring the structure of thin films, similar to the often complementary techniques of X-ray reflectivity and ellipsometry. The technique provides valuable information over a wide variety of scientific and technological applications including chemical aggregation, polymer and surfactant adsorption, structure of thin film magnetic systems, biological membranes, etc. It has become a technique widespread at reactor and spallation sources, with a wide range of available fitting software and standardised data formats.

Neutron diffraction
Neutron diffraction or elastic neutron scattering is the application of neutron scattering to the determination of the atomic and/or magnetic structure of a material. A sample to be examined is placed in a beam of thermal or cold neutrons to obtain a diffraction pattern that provides information of the structure of the material. The technique is similar to X-ray diffraction but due to their different scattering properties, neutrons and X-rays provide complementary information: X-Rays are suited for superficial analysis, strong x-rays from synchrotron radiation are suited for shallow depths or thin specimens, while neutrons having high penetration depth are suited for bulk samples.
Transport in Madeira
The Madeira islands and Funchal have an extensive public transportation system. Travel between the two main islands is by plane or by ferries, the latter also allowing for the transportation of vehicles. Visiting the interior of the islands is now easy, due to major road developments, known as the Vias rápidas, on the islands during Portugal's economic boom.

European Union citizens of the Schengen Treaty area can enter the islands freely, while those from other regions need identification.

Porto Santo Island
Porto Santo Island (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpoɾtu ˈsɐ̃tu] ⓘ; Portuguese: Ilha do Porto Santo) is a Portuguese island and municipality 43 kilometres (23 nautical miles) northeast of Madeira Island in the North Atlantic Ocean; it is the northernmost and easternmost island of the archipelago of Madeira, located in the Atlantic Ocean west of Europe and Africa.
The municipality of Porto Santo occupies the entire island and small neighbouring islands. It was elevated to city status on 6 August 1996. The sole parish of the municipality is also named Porto Santo. The population in 2011 was 5,483, in an area of 42.59 km2. The main settlement on the island is Vila Baleira.
Tetrazolylglycine
Tetrazolylglycine (Tet-Gly, LY-285,265)  is a potent and selective NMDA receptor agonist, stimulating the NMDA receptor with higher potency than either glutamate or NMDA. It is a potent convulsant and excitotoxin and is used in scientific research.

N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid
N-methyl-D-aspartic acid, or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), is an amino acid derivative that acts as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor mimicking the action of glutamate, the neurotransmitter which normally acts at that receptor. Unlike glutamate, NMDA only binds to and regulates the NMDA receptor and has no effect on other glutamate receptors (such as those for AMPA and kainate).  NMDA receptors are particularly important when they become overactive during, for example, alcohol withdrawal, as this causes symptoms such as agitation and, sometimes, epileptiform seizures.
Devon and Cornwall Police
Devon and Cornwall Police is the territorial police force responsible for policing the ceremonial counties of Devon and Cornwall (including the Isles of Scilly) in South West England. The force serves approximately 1.8 million people over an area of 3,967 square miles (10,270 km2).

His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services
His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services (HMICFRS), formerly Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC), has statutory responsibility for the inspection of the police forces of England and Wales, and since July 2017 the fire and rescue services of England. HMICFRS is headed by the Chief Inspector of Constabulary and Chief Inspector of Fire & Rescue Services. It has taken over the responsibilities of His Majesty's Fire Service Inspectorate.

Inspections may also be made, by invitation only, and on a non-statutory basis, of the Police Service of Northern Ireland and other organisations with policing responsibility.
Liu Jiakun
Liu Jiakun (born 1956) is a Chinese architect known for his focus on minimalism, humanism, and locally contextual design. In 2025, he won the Pritzker Prize. Liu's work emphasises local context and materials, and many of his buildings were constructed in his home city of Chengdu.

Pritzker Architecture Prize
The Pritzker Architecture Prize is an international award presented annually "to honor a living architect or architects whose built work demonstrates a combination of those qualities of talent, vision and commitment which has produced consistent and significant contributions to humanity and the built environment through the art of architecture."  Founded in 1979 by Jay A. Pritzker and his wife Cindy, the award is funded by the Pritzker family and sponsored by the Hyatt Foundation. It is considered to be one of the world's premier architecture prizes, and is often referred to as the Nobel Prize of architecture.
Vulcan V18
The Vulcan V18 is a semi-automatic rifle based on the ArmaLite AR-180, chambered in 5.56×45mm NATO. It was built using a modified carbon fibre AR-15 lower receiver coupled with a modified AR-180 upper receiver formed from heat treated SAE 4130 steel. Standard features of the rifle include an A2-style flash hider, 20” chrome lined barrel with a 1-7” twist, FAL-style hand guard, and polymer side-folding stock. Additionally, it utilizes STANAG magazines.

ArmaLite AR-18
The ArmaLite AR-18 is a gas-operated rifle chambered for 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition. The AR-18 was designed at ArmaLite in California by Arthur Miller, Eugene Stoner, George Sullivan, and Charles Dorchester in 1963 as an alternative to the Colt AR-15 design, a variant of which had just been selected by the U.S. military as the M16.

A semi-automatic version known as the AR-180 was later produced for the civilian market. While the AR-18 was never adopted as the standard service rifle of any nation, its production license was sold to companies in Japan and the United Kingdom, and it is said to have influenced many later weapons such as the British SA80, the Singaporean SAR-80 and SR-88, the Belgian FN F2000, the Japanese Howa Type 89 and the German Heckler and Koch G36.
Mentirosa
"Mentirosa" (lit. "liar" (female)) is a single by Mellow Man Ace from his debut album, Escape from Havana. It was one of the first songs produced by Tony G, with scratches provided by Tony's fellow DJ at Los Angeles' KDAY radio station, Julio G (no relation, despite internet sites calling him Tony's brother). The song was Mellow Man Ace's lone hit single, peaking at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100, spending 24 weeks on the chart. "Mentirosa" was additionally certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America, and was 99th on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1990. The track is performed in Spanglish, and samples "No One to Depend On" and "Evil Ways" by Santana.

No One to Depend On
"No One to Depend On" is a song by Latin rock band Santana, from their 1971 album, Santana III. The main melody of the song is taken from "Spanish Grease", first recorded by Willie Bobo in 1965.
It was written by Mike Carabello, Coke Escovedo, and Gregg Rolie.
Active measures
Active measures (Russian: активные мероприятия, romanized: aktivnye meropriyatiya, designated "executive action" by the U.S. Government) is a term used to describe political warfare conducted by the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. The term, which dates back to the 1920s, includes operations such as espionage, propaganda, sabotage and assassination, based on foreign policy objectives of the Soviet and Russian governments. Active measures have continued to be used by the administration of Vladimir Putin.

Christopher Andrew (historian)
Christopher Maurice Andrew, FRHistS (born 23 July 1941) is an Emeritus Professor of Modern and Contemporary History at the University of Cambridge with an interest in international relations and in particular the history of intelligence services.

Andrew is a former Chair of the History Faculty at Cambridge University, Official Historian of the Security Service (MI5), Honorary Air Commodore of 7006 (VR) Intelligence Squadron in the Royal Auxiliary Air Force, Chairman of the Cambridge Intelligence Seminar, and former Visiting Professor at Harvard, Toronto and Canberra. Andrew served as co-editor of Intelligence and National Security, and a presenter of BBC radio and TV documentaries, including the Radio Four series What If?. His twelve previous books include a number of studies on the use and abuse of secret intelligence in modern history.
Power optimization (EDA)
Power optimization is the use of electronic design automation tools to optimize (reduce) the power consumption of a digital design, such as that of an integrated circuit, while preserving the functionality.

Electronic design automation
Electronic design automation (EDA), also referred to as electronic computer-aided design (ECAD), is a category of software tools for designing electronic systems such as integrated circuits and printed circuit boards. The tools work together in a design flow that chip designers use to design and analyze entire semiconductor chips. Since a modern semiconductor chip can have billions of components, EDA tools are essential for their design. A complete set of technologies are integrated in EDA tools, which have been expanded to software, hardware and design methodologies (such as through design services),  this article in particular describes EDA specifically with respect to integrated circuits (ICs).
Vizzavona
42°07′49″N 9°07′59″E﻿ / ﻿42.1303°N 9.13306°E﻿ / 42.1303; 9.13306

Vizzavona is a village of the commune of Vivario in the Haute-Corse department of France on the island of Corsica at an altitude of 900 meters. The village is dominated by Monte d'Oro (2389m).

Haute-Corse
Haute-Corse (French: [ot kɔʁs] ⓘ; Corsican: Corsica suprana [ˈkorsiɡa zuˈprana], Cismonte [tʃiˈzmɔnte] or Alta Corsica; English: Upper Corsica) is a department of France, consisting of the northern part of the island of Corsica. The corresponding departmental territorial collectivity merged with that of Corse-du-Sud on 1 January 2018, forming the single territorial collectivity of Corsica, with territorial elections coinciding with the dissolution of the separate councils. However, even though its administrative powers were ceded to the new territorial collectivity, it continues to remain an administrative department in its own right. In 2019, it had a population of 181,933.
Vision-language model
A vision–language model (VLM) is a type of artificial intelligence system that can jointly interpret and generate information from both images and text, extending the capabilities of large language models (LLMs), which are limited to text.  It is an example of multimodal learning.

Many widely used commercial applications now rely on this ability.  OpenAI introduced vision capabilities to its GPT-4V variant of the GPT-4 model, enabling users to incorporate uploaded photographs or diagrams into their discussions with ChatGPT.  It has since become an integral part of ChatGPT's standard offering.  Similar capabilities were added to Google’s Gemini, Anthropic’s Claude 3 Opus, and Microsoft’s Copilot with Vision.    Alongside these models, several open-source vision–language models — such as LLaVA, InstructBLIP, and MiniGPT-4 — have been released by the research community, offering smaller-scale alternatives for experimentation and academic study.

Vision transformer
A vision transformer (ViT) is a transformer designed for computer vision. A ViT decomposes an input image into a series of patches (rather than text into tokens), serializes each patch into a vector, and maps it to a smaller dimension with a single matrix multiplication. These vector embeddings are then processed by a transformer encoder as if they were token embeddings.

ViTs were designed as alternatives to convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in computer vision applications. They have different inductive biases, training stability, and data efficiency. Compared to CNNs, ViTs are less data efficient, but have higher capacity. Some of the largest modern computer vision models are ViTs, such as one with 22B parameters.

Subsequent to its publication, many variants were proposed, with hybrid architectures with both features of ViTs and CNNs. ViTs have found application in image recognition, image segmentation, weather prediction, and autonomous driving.
Fletcherite
Fletcherite is a rare thiospinel sulfide mineral with formula Cu(Ni,Co)2S4. It is an opaque metallic steel gray mineral which crystallizes in the cubic crystal system. It is a member of the linnaeite group.

It was first described in 1977 for an occurrence in the Fletcher Mine, Viburnum Trend (New Lead Belt), near  Centerville, Reynolds County, Missouri.

It occurs as a dissemination within copper sulfide minerals in mineralization replacing dolomite at the type locality in the Fletcher
mine where it is associated with vaesite, pyrite, covellite, chalcopyrite, bornite and digenite. In an occurrence in Kalgoorlie, Australia it is found in black slate associated with pyrrhotite.

Digenite
Digenite is a copper sulfide mineral with formula: Cu9S5.  Digenite is a black to dark blue opaque mineral that crystallizes with a trigonal–hexagonal scalenohedral structure. In habit it is usually massive, but does often show pseudo-cubic forms. It has poor to indistinct cleavage and a brittle fracture. It has a Mohs hardness of 2.5 to 3 and a specific gravity of 5.6. It is found in copper sulfide deposits of both primary and supergene occurrences. It is typically associated with and often intergrown with chalcocite, covellite, djurleite, bornite, chalcopyrite and pyrite.  The type locality is Sangerhausen, Thuringia, Germany, in copper slate deposits.
1,2-Dithiole
In organosulfur chemistry, 1,2-dithioles are a type of heterocycles.  The parent of this class of compounds is 1,2-dithiacyclopentene.  The anticancer drug oltipraz is a dithiole. Trithiapentalene is an example of theoretical interest.

The drug Oltipraz features a 1,2-dithiole ring.

Many 1,2-dithioles are 1,2-dithiol-3-thiones.

Oltipraz
Oltipraz is an organosulfur compound belonging to the dithiolethione class. It acts as a schistosomicide and has been shown in rodent models to inhibit the formation of cancers in the bladder, blood, colon, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, stomach, and trachea, skin, and mammary tissue. Clinical trials of oltipraz have failed to demonstrate efficacy and have shown significant side effects, including neurotoxicity and gastrointestinal toxicity. Oltipraz has also been shown to generate superoxide radicals, which can be toxic.
Munsieville
Munsieville is a township situated in the Krugersdorp area in Gauteng Province, South Africa. It grew out of the informal settlements inhabited by mine laborers on the outskirts of the original mining town of Krugersdorp.

The township was established by ordinance 58 of 1903 of the Krugersdorp municipality and called "the native location". From the early 1930s to the 1940s, Mr. James Munsie, the white chief sanitary inspector (medical officer) of Krugersdorp, moved the location from a low drainage area to its current location, improving conditions.

Krugersdorp
Krugersdorp (Afrikaans for 'Kruger's Town') is a mining city in the West Rand, Gauteng Province, South Africa founded in 1887 by Marthinus Pretorius and Abner Cohen. Following the discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand, a need arose for a major town in the west of the reef. The government bought part of the Paardekraal farm and named the new town after the Transvaal president, Paul Kruger. Krugersdorp no longer has a separate municipal government after it was integrated into Mogale City Local Municipality along with surrounding towns. It is now the seat of government for Mogale City.
Nord-Varanger Municipality
Nord-Varanger is a former municipality in Finnmark county in Norway. The 1,253-square-kilometre (484 sq mi) municipality existed from 1894 until its dissolution in 1964. The area is now part of Vadsø Municipality. The administrative centre of the municipality was in the town of Vadsø. Other notable villages included Ekkerøy, Kiby, Krampenes, Skallelv, Valen, and Vestre Jakobselv.

Prior to its dissolution in 1964, the 1,253.4-square-kilometre (483.9 sq mi) municipality was the 65th largest by area out of the 689 municipalities in Norway. Nord-Varanger Municipality was the 515th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of about 1,617. The municipality's population density was 1.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (3.4/sq mi).

Krampenes
Krampenes (Norwegian), Ganešnjárga (Northern Sami), or Kramppinen (Kven) is a village in Vadsø Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. It is located on the northern shore of the Varangerfjorden on the eastern shore of the Varanger Peninsula. It lies along the European route E75 highway, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northeast of Valen and Ekkerøy. The small island of Lille Ekkerøy lies about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) off the coast of Krampenes.

The majority of the village population is Norwegian as well as some Sami residents. The Sami reindeer herders on the Varanger Peninsula bring their reindeer to the slaughtering facilities in Krampenes each year, and they recruit their labour force for the slaughtering plant from the Norwegians in Krampenes.