hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Clean ring
In mathematics, a clean ring is a ring in which every element can be written as the sum of a unit and an idempotent. A ring is a local ring if and only if it is clean and has no idempotents other than 0 and 1. The endomorphism ring of a continuous module is a clean ring. Every clean ring is an exchange ring. A matrix ring over a clean ring is itself clean. Every Boolean ring is trivially a clean ring, since every element is idempotent.

Unit (ring theory)
In algebra, a unit or invertible element of a ring is an invertible element for the multiplication of the ring. That is, an element u of a ring R is a unit if there exists v in R such that

where 1 is the multiplicative identity; the element v is unique for this property and is called the multiplicative inverse of u. The set of units of R forms a group R× under multiplication, called the group of units or unit group of R.  Other notations for the unit group are R∗, U(R), and E(R) (from the German term Einheit).

Less commonly, the term unit is sometimes used to refer to the element 1 of the ring, in expressions like ring with a unit or unit ring, and also unit matrix. Because of this ambiguity, 1 is more commonly called the "unity" or the "identity" of the ring, and the phrases "ring with unity" or a "ring with identity" may be used to emphasize that one is considering a ring instead of a rng.
Z
Z, or z, is the twenty-sixth and last letter of the Latin alphabet. It is used in the modern English alphabet, in the alphabets of other Western European languages, and in others worldwide. Its usual names in English are zed (/ˈzɛd/), which is most commonly used in British English, and zee (/ˈziː/ ⓘ), most commonly used in American English, with an occasional archaic variant izzard (/ˈɪzərd/).

Voiced alveolar affricate
A voiced alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. There are several types of median affricates with significant perceptual differences:

A voiced alveolar sibilant affricate [d͡z] is the most common type, similar to the ds in English lads.

A voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate [dð̠] – or [dð͇], using the alveolar diacritic from the Extended IPA, – is found, for example, in some dialects of English and Italian.

A voiced retracted alveolar sibilant affricate [d͡z̺] or [d̠͡z̠].
JSW Youth Cup
JSW Youth Cup (named after sponsor JSW Group) is an Indian football tournament for residential academies held  in Bellary and organised by Bengaluru FC annually. The tournament was first started in 2022.

Bengaluru FC had announced that the 1st edition of the JSW Youth Cup football tournament was going to be held from third week of March.

JSW Group
JSW Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate, based in Mumbai. It is led by Sajjan Jindal and founded by Om Prakash Jindal. The group's diverse businesses include steel, energy, infrastructure, cement, automotive and paints, across India, the United States, South America, and Africa.
Amt Rhinow
Amt Rhinow is an Amt ("collective municipality") in the district of Havelland, in Brandenburg, Germany. Its seat is in Rhinow.

The Amt Rhinow consists of the following municipalities:

Gollenberg

Großderschau

Havelaue

Kleßen-Görne

Rhinow

Seeblick

Havelland (district)
Havelland (German pronunciation: [ˈhaːfəlˌlant]) is a district or county in Brandenburg, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Ostprignitz-Ruppin and Oberhavel, the city-state of Berlin, the district of Potsdam-Mittelmark, the city of Brandenburg and the state of Saxony-Anhalt (districts of Jerichower Land and Stendal).
1997 CMT 300
The 1997 CMT 300 was the 25th stock car race of the 1997 NASCAR Winston Cup Series and the inaugural iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, September 14, 1997, in Loudon, New Hampshire, at New Hampshire International Speedway, a 1.058-mile (1.703 km) permanent, oval-shaped, low-banked racetrack. The race took the scheduled 300 laps to complete. At race's end, a fuel-only call by Hendrick Motorsports driver Jeff Gordon late in the race would manage to help him propel to his 29th career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory and his 10th and final victory of the season. To fill out the top three, Robert Yates Racing driver Ernie Irvan and Petty Enterprises driver Bobby Hamilton would finish second and third, respectively.

1997 NASCAR Winston Cup Series
The 1997 NASCAR Winston Cup Series was the 49th season of professional stock car racing in the United States and the 26th modern-era NASCAR Cup series. It began on February 9 and ended on November 16. Jeff Gordon of Hendrick Motorsports won his second Cup championship at the end of the season.
Domain coloring
In complex analysis, domain coloring or a color wheel graph is a technique for visualizing complex functions by assigning a color to each point of the complex plane. By assigning points on the complex plane to different colors and brightness, domain coloring allows for a function from the complex plane to itself, whose graph would normally require four spatial dimensions, to be easily represented and understood. This provides insight to the fluidity of complex functions and shows natural geometric extensions of real functions.

Complex plane
In mathematics, the complex plane is the plane formed by the complex numbers, with a Cartesian coordinate system such that the horizontal x-axis, called the real axis, is formed by the real numbers, and the vertical y-axis, called the imaginary axis, is formed by the imaginary numbers.

The complex plane allows for a geometric interpretation of complex numbers. Under addition, they add like vectors. The multiplication of two complex numbers can be expressed more easily in polar coordinates: the magnitude or modulus of the product is the product of the two absolute values, or moduli, and the angle or argument of the product is the sum of the two angles, or arguments. In particular, multiplication by a complex number of modulus 1 acts as a rotation.

The complex plane is sometimes called the Argand plane or Gauss plane.
Cambuslang F.C.
Cambuslang Football Club was a Scottish football club, based in the Cambuslang area of Lanarkshire (in modern Greater Glasgow). Cambuslang was one of the founding members of the Scottish Football League, but left the league after just two seasons.

Lanarkshire Cup
The Lanarkshire Cup was an annual competition open to football teams in the Lanarkshire area. The competition is now defunct. The Lanarkshire FA was dissolved in June 1999 when it was merged with the Ayrshire and Renfrewshire FAs to form the West of Scotland FA. This was because the memberships of these associations had fallen below the 7-club threshold placed on them by the Scottish FA.
Mangalore Institute of Technology and Engineering
Mangalore Institute of Technology and Engineering (MITE) is an engineering and management institution located in Mangaluru established by the Rajalaxmi Education Trust under the leadership of Rajesh Chouta in 2007. The institute is affiliated to the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum, and approved by the All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi. MITE, established in 2007, today has 3000+ students, 180+ Faculty, offering 9 Undergraduate Programs in Engineering, 1 Post Graduate Program in Engineering, Masters of Computer Applications, Master of Business Administration (MBA) and 7 research programs.

Visvesvaraya Technological University
Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU) is a collegiate public state university in Belagavi, Karnataka established by the Government of Karnataka. It came into existence in the year 1998. The university is named after Sir M. Visvesvaraya, an Indian civil engineer, statesman and the 19th Diwan of Mysore.
Binomial ring
In mathematics, a binomial ring is a commutative ring whose additive group is torsion-free and contains all binomial coefficients

for x in the ring and n a positive integer. Binomial rings were introduced by Hall (1969).

Elliott (2006) showed that binomial rings are essentially the same as λ-rings for which all Adams operations are the identity.

Commutative ring
In mathematics, a commutative ring is a ring in which the multiplication operation is commutative. The study of commutative rings is called commutative algebra. Complementarily, noncommutative algebra is the study of ring properties that are not specific to commutative rings. This distinction results from the high number of fundamental properties of commutative rings that do not extend to noncommutative rings.

Commutative rings appear in the following chain of class inclusions:

rngs ⊃ rings ⊃ commutative rings ⊃  integral domains ⊃ integrally closed domains ⊃ GCD domains ⊃ unique factorization domains ⊃ principal ideal domains ⊃ Euclidean domains ⊃ fields ⊃ algebraically closed fields
Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang
Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang, also known as the jelly fig, aiyu, or ai-yu, is a variety of Ficus pumila, and a member of the fig family Moraceae, native to Taiwan. The plant is known for its use in making aiyu jelly.

Ovipositor
The ovipositor is  a tube-like organ used by some animals, especially insects, for the laying of eggs. In insects, an ovipositor consists of a maximum of three pairs of appendages.  The details and morphology of the ovipositor vary, but typically its form is adapted to functions such as preparing a place for the egg, transmitting the egg, and then placing it properly.  For most insects, the organ is used merely to attach the egg to some surface, but for many parasitic species (primarily in wasps and other Hymenoptera), it is a piercing organ as well.

Some ovipositors only retract partly when not in use, and the basal part that sticks out is known as the scape, or more specifically oviscape, the word scape deriving from the Latin word scāpus, meaning "stalk" or "shaft".
Tanghalang Ateneo
Tanghalang Ateneo is the longest-running theater company of the Loyola Schools, Ateneo de Manila University. The company weaves into its work the theatrical traditions of the university's sesquicentennial past.

Tanghalang Ateneo uses theater to foster eloquentia, sapientia, and humanitas – the pillars of Jesuit pedagogy. It sees itself as a theater company in the service of student formation, and by extension – given the Jesuit ideal of magis – a theater in service of the nation.

The Mistress of the Inn
The Mistress of the Inn (Italian: La locandiera [la lokanˈdjɛːra]), also translated as The Innkeeper Woman or Mirandolina (after the play's main character), is a 1753 three-act comedy by the Italian playwright Carlo Goldoni centred around a coquette. The play has been regarded as his masterpiece, with Frederick Davies describing it as "Goldoni's Much Ado About Nothing".
Gebirgsjäger
Gebirgsjäger (German pronunciation: [ɡəˈbɪʁksˌjɛːɡɐ]) is a German military term for light infantry trained in mountain warfare. Currently used in the militaries of Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the term includes the word  jäger, another German military term used to denote light infantry troops.

Light infantry
Light infantry refers to certain types of lightly equipped infantry throughout history. They have a more mobile or fluid function than other types of infantry, such as heavy infantry or line infantry. Historically, light infantry often fought as scouts, raiders, and skirmishers. These are loose formations that fight ahead of the main army to harass, delay, disrupt supply lines, engage the enemy's own skirmishing forces, and generally "soften up" an enemy before the main battle. Light infantrymen were also often responsible for screening the main body of a military formation.

Following World War II, the term "light infantry" has evolved to include rapid-deployment units (including commando and airborne units) that emphasize speed and mobility over armor and firepower. Some units or battalions that historically held a skirmishing role retain their designation "light infantry" for the sake of tradition.
Jordan Griffin
Jordan Griffin (born February 23, 1990) is an American mixed martial artist who competes in the  Featherweight division. A professional competitor since 2011, he has competed for the Ultimate Fighting Championship, Legacy Fighting Alliance and King of the Cage. He is the former KOTC, RFO and Dakota FC Featherweight champion.

Featherweight (MMA)
The featherweight division in mixed martial arts refers to different weight classes:

The UFC's featherweight division, which groups competitors within 136–145 lb (61.7-65.8 kg)

The Shooto's featherweight division, which limits competitors to 135 lb (61.2 kg)

The ONE Championship's featherweight division, with upper limit at 70.3 kg (155.0 lb)

The Road FC's featherweight division, with upper limit at 145 lb (65.5 kg)
ATC code G03
ATC code G03 Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, a system of alphanumeric codes developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the classification of drugs and other medical products. Subgroup G03 is part of the anatomical group G Genito-urinary system and sex hormones.

Codes for veterinary use (ATCvet codes) can be created by placing the letter Q in front of the human ATC code: for example, QG03. ATCvet codes without corresponding human ATC codes are cited with the leading Q in the following list.National versions of the ATC classification may include additional codes not present in this list, which follows the WHO version.

Gonadotropin preparations
Gonadotropin preparations are drugs that mimic the physiological effects of gonadotropins, used therapeutically mainly as fertility medication for ovarian hyperstimulation and ovulation induction. For example, the so-called menotropins consist of LH and FSH extracted from human urine from menopausal women. There are also recombinant variants.
Eurasian lynx
The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) is one of the four extant species within the medium-sized wild cat genus Lynx. It is widely distributed from Northern, Central and Eastern Europe to Central Asia and Siberia, the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas. It inhabits temperate and boreal forests up to an elevation of 5,500 m (18,000 ft). Despite its wide distribution, it is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching and depletion of prey.

Polesia
Polesia, also called Polissia, Polesie, or Polesye, is a natural (geographic) and historical region in Eastern Europe within the East European Plain, including the Belarus–Ukraine border region and part of eastern Poland. This region should not be confused with parts of Russia also traditionally called "Polesie".
Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea
Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea formerly Prince Gustav Adolf Sea (French: Mer du Prince-Gustave-Adolphe) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean located in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, and the Inuvik Region, Canada.

Inuvik Region
The Inuvik Region or Beaufort Delta Region is one of five administrative regions in the Northwest Territories of Canada. According to Municipal and Community Affairs the region consists of eight communities with the regional office situated in Inuvik. Most of the communities are in the Beaufort Sea area and are a mixture of Inuit (mostly Inuvialuit) and First Nations (mostly Gwichʼin).

Formerly, there was also a Statistics Canada designated census division named Inuvik Region, Northwest Territories, which was abolished in the 2011 Canadian census. The territorial extent of this census division was somewhat larger than the administrative region of the same name.
Reserve power
In a parliamentary or semi-presidential system of government, a reserve power, also known as discretionary power, is a power that may be exercised by the head of state (or their representative) without the approval of another branch or part of the government.  Unlike in a presidential system of government, the head of state (or their representative) is generally constrained by the cabinet or the legislature in a parliamentary system, and most reserve powers are usable only in certain limited circumstances.

Spanish Armed Forces
The Spanish Armed Forces are in charge of guaranteeing the sovereignty and independence of the Kingdom of Spain, defending its territorial integrity and the constitutional order, according to the functions entrusted to them by the Constitution of 1978. They are composed of: the Army, the Air and Space Force, the Navy, the Royal Guard, and the Military Emergencies Unit, as well as the so-called Common Corps.

Spain occupies a prominent position in the structure of NATO, which it joined in 1982. Nevertheless, it spends less than the minimum of 2% of GDP on defence recommended by NATO.

Spain has the oldest Marine Infantry in the world and the oldest permanent military units in the world: the Infantry Regiment "Inmemorial del Rey" No. 1 and the Infantry Regiment "Soria" No. 9.
Animal welfare and rights in China
Animal welfare and rights in the People's Republic of China is a topic of growing interest. China has had limited animal protections by international standards, and animal-rights activists have condemned the treatment of animals in the country. Movements towards animal welfare and animal rights are expanding in China, including among homegrown Chinese activists, but still face resistance from some Chinese people.

Cat meat
Cat meat is meat prepared from domestic cats for human consumption. Some countries regularly serve cat meat, whereas others have only consumed some cat meat in desperation during wartime, famine or poverty.
Windows 10 version history
Windows 10 is a major release of the Windows NT operating system developed by Microsoft. Microsoft described Windows 10 as an "operating system as a service" that would receive ongoing updates to its features and functionality, augmented with the ability for enterprise environments to receive non-critical updates at a slower pace or use long-term support milestones that will only receive critical updates, such as security patches, over their five-year lifespan of mainstream support. It was released on July 29, 2015.

Windows Spotlight
Windows Spotlight is a feature included with Windows 10 and Windows 11 which downloads images and advertisements from Bing and displays them as background wallpapers on the lock screen. In 2017, Microsoft began adding location information for many of the photographs.
2011 Men's NORCECA Volleyball Championship
The 2011 Men's NORCECA Volleyball Championship was the 22nd edition of the Men's Continental Volleyball Tournament, played from 29 August to 3 September 2011 in the Palacio de Recreación y Deportes in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. The winner qualified for the 2011 FIVB Men's World Cup, held in November in Japan.

Palacio de Recreación y Deportes
The Palacio de Recreación y Deportes German Wilkins Vélez Ramírez is a coliseum located in the city of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. It has capacity for 5,500 spectators. It was remodeled in preparation for the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games. In March 2008, José Guillermo Rodríguez, mayor of the city, announced in a concert given by Wilkins that after the Central American and Caribbean Games the arena would have the name of Germán Wilkins Vélez Ramírez, commonly known as "Wilkins". Wilkins inaugurated the arena (not the actual coliseum) with a concert 20 years before. The arena also has an acoustic conch outside, it bears the name of another Mayagüez native Frankie Ruiz.

The arena is also the home of Baloncesto Superior Nacional professional basketball team, Indios de Mayagüez since 1981. Also the professional volleyball team Indias de Mayagüez from Liga de Voleibol Superior Femenino, plays at the arena. It is located across the street of the Parque de los Próceres.
Hutchinson Island South, Florida
Hutchinson Island South is a census-designated place (CDP) on the barrier island of Hutchinson Island in St. Lucie County, Florida, United States. The South in its name refers to its location in the southern part of St. Lucie County, as it is actually in the central part of the island as a whole. The population was 4,846 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Port St. Lucie Metropolitan Statistical Area. Its mail is delivered from Jensen Beach 34957 in nearby Martin County. The Jensen Beach post office has a postal contract substation known as Hutchinson Beach located at 11007 South Ocean Drive, but it offers only post office boxes and counter services.

Treasure Coast
The Treasure Coast is a region in the east of the U.S. state of Florida. It borders the Atlantic Ocean and comprises Indian River, Martin, and St. Lucie counties. The region, whose name refers to the Spanish Treasure Fleet that was lost in a 1715 hurricane, evidently emerged from residents' desire to distinguish themselves from the Gold Coast to the south (the coast along Palm Beach, Broward, and Miami-Dade counties). The Treasure Coast was the most severely affected by Hurricanes Frances and Jeanne in 2004, with the damage from the storms exceeding $7 billion (2004 USD).

The Treasure Coast area includes parts of two metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) designated by the Office of Management and Budget and used for statistical purposes by the Census Bureau and other agencies: the Port St. Lucie MSA (comprising St. Lucie and Martin counties) and the Sebastian–Vero Beach, Florida MSA (comprising Indian River County).
Chicago Afrobeat Project
Chicago Afrobeat Project (CAbP) is a seven- to 14-piece world music ensemble with influences including afrobeat, hip hop, funk, jazz, jùjú music, and rock. The members are well versed in afrobeat, the musical style of Fela Kuti and Tony Allen, and use it as a jumping off point to explore other styles. Based in Chicago, the band began in 2002 in a loft at 657 West Lake Street. The group is sometimes accompanied by African dancers from Chicago's Muntu Dance Theatre as well as Ayodele Drum & Dance. The group has released five studio efforts between 2005-2017, all recorded at Fullerton Recording Studios. In the summers of 2013 and 2014, the band collaborated with Fela Kuti's original drummer, Tony Allen, for a series of performances and recording sessions at Fullerton Recording Studios with the resulting work featured on the album What Goes Up (2017).

Afrobeat
Afrobeat (also known as Afrofunk) is a West African music genre, fusing influences from Nigerian (such as Yoruba) and Ghanaian (such as highlife) music with American funk, jazz, and soul influences. With a focus on chanted vocals, complex intersecting rhythms, and percussion, the style was pioneered in the 1960s by Nigerian multi-instrumentalist and bandleader Fela Kuti, who popularised it both within and outside Nigeria. At the height of his popularity, he was referred to as one of Africa's most "challenging and charismatic music performers."

Distinct from Afrobeat is Afrobeats, a combination of sounds originating in West Africa in the 21st century. This takes on diverse influences and is an eclectic combination of genres such as hip hop, house, jùjú, ndombolo, R&B, soca, and dancehall. The two genres, though often conflated, are not the same.
Huawei Ascend Mate 2 4G
Huawei Ascend Mate 2 4G is an Android smartphone manufactured by Huawei as part of the Huawei Mate series. A successor to the original Huawei Ascend Mate phablet unveiled in 2013, it has a revised design with a thinner build than its predecessor, adds support for LTE, and the ability to charge other USB devices with its own battery.

Unveiled at Consumer Electronics Show 2014, the device was expected to be released in China within the first quarter of 2014. Huawei also confirmed that with its support for LTE band 4, it released the Ascend Mate 2 in the United States, naming AT&T as a possible partner.

Phablet
The term phablet (/ˈfæblət/, /-lɪt/) arose in the early 2010s to describe mobile devices combining or straddling the size formats of smartphones and tablets. The word is a blend word or portmanteau of phone and tablet.

By the late 2010s, the term had largely fallen into disuse, especially as phone sizes grew, in some case to the size of a small tablet, up to 180 mm (7.1 in), with wider aspect ratios.