hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Balanced histogram thresholding
In image processing, the balanced histogram thresholding method (BHT), is a very simple method used for automatic image thresholding. Like Otsu's Method and the Iterative Selection Thresholding Method, this is a histogram based thresholding method. This approach assumes that the image is divided in two main classes: The background and the foreground. The BHT method tries to find the optimum threshold level that divides the histogram in two classes.

This method weighs the histogram, checks which of the two sides is heavier, and removes weight from the heavier side until it becomes the lighter. It repeats the same operation until the edges of the weighing scale meet.

Given its simplicity, this method is a good choice as a first approach when presenting the subject of automatic image thresholding.

Otsu's method
In computer vision and image processing, Otsu's method, named after Nobuyuki Otsu (大津展之, Ōtsu Nobuyuki), is used to perform automatic image thresholding. In the simplest form, the algorithm returns a single intensity threshold that separate pixels into two classes –  foreground and background. This threshold is determined by minimizing intra-class intensity variance, or equivalently, by maximizing inter-class variance.

Otsu's method is a one-dimensional discrete analogue of Fisher's discriminant analysis, is related to Jenks optimization method, and is equivalent to a globally optimal k-means performed on the intensity histogram. The extension to multi-level thresholding was described in the original paper, and computationally efficient implementations have since been proposed.
Timeline of the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League
The following is a timeline of the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League (MPBL) and its member teams. Founded in 2017 and later beginning play in 2018, the league currently features 30 member teams as of 2025.

Pasig City MPBL team
The Pasig City MPBL team is a Filipino professional basketball team based in Pasig. The team competes in the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League (MPBL) as a member of the league's North Division. The team plays its home games at Ynares Sports Arena.

The team's first incarnation was established in 1998 with the Pasig Blue Pirates of the Metropolitan Basketball Association (MBA), which ran until 2000. The Pirates would later be revived with an MPBL expansion team for the 2018–19 season. Pasig then took a leave of absence in 2024 before returning in 2025.

The Pasig franchise is one of four teams based in the Eastern Manila District of Metro Manila. They also took part in FilBasket and in the Chooks-to-Go Pilipinas 3x3.
Spalt
Spalt (German pronunciation: [ʃpalt] ⓘ; Franconian dialect: Schbåld) is a town in the district of Roth, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated 19 km southwest of Schwabach. Spalt is famous for growing hops for brewing beer.

Roth (district)
Roth is a Landkreis (district) in Middle Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the northeast and clockwise) the districts of Nürnberger Land, Neumarkt, Eichstätt, Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen, Ansbach and Fürth, and the cities of Schwabach and Nürnberg.

In medieval times the area was ruled by many lords. Brandenburg-Ansbach and Nuremberg owned possessions in the territory, and other parts were the property of clerical states. When these clerical states were dissolved in 1803, the territory fell to Bavaria.

The district was established in 1972 through the merger of the former districts of Roth, Schwabach and Hilpoltstein.
Stratos Global Corporation
Stratos Global Corporation was a Canada-based telecommunications company founded in 1985, mainly serving maritime, government and oil and gas markets around the world. It was acquired by Inmarsat in 2009.

Stratos offers mobile and fixed satellite, microwave and wireless services, including Inmarsat, Iridium satellite constellation, Globalstar, HughesNet, MSAT, and VSAT. It caters to government agencies, military forces, NGOs, first responders, and diverse markets such as aeronautical, energy and natural resources, media, maritime, construction/engineering, and recreational users.

Its corporate headquarters were located in Bethesda, Maryland and had a registered office in St John's, Newfoundland, Canada. It provided products and services through offices worldwide, as well as through a global network of authorized partners.

Globalstar
Globalstar, Inc. is an American telecommunications company that operates a satellite constellation in low Earth orbit (LEO) for satellite phone, low-speed data transmission and Earth observation. The Globalstar second-generation constellation consists of 25 satellites.
Gmina Leszno
Gmina Leszno is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Leszno, which lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) west of Ożarów Mazowiecki and 28 km (17 mi) west of Warsaw.

The gmina covers an area of 125.03 square kilometres (48.3 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 8,791 (9,987 in 2013).

Warsaw West County
The Warsaw West County (Polish: powiat warszawski zachodni) is a county in Masovian Voivodeship, located in east-central Poland, with its seat of government located in Ożarów Mazowiecki. Other towns located in the county are: Łomianki, and Błonie. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms. Until 31 December 2005, its seat was located extraterritorially in the city of Warsaw.

The county covers an area of 532.99 square kilometres (205.8 sq mi). As of 2019, its total population is 117,783, out of which the population of Łomianki is 17,022, that of Błonie is 12,231, that of Ożarów Mazowiecki is 11,719, and the rural population is 76,781.
Anahita maolan
Anahita maolan is a species of spider in the family Ctenidae. It was first described from Guizhou Province, China in 1999.

The species name is derived from the name of Maolan (茂兰) Nature Reserve in Guizhou Province, China.

Wandering spider
Wandering spiders (Ctenidae) are a family of spiders that includes the Brazilian wandering spiders. These spiders have a distinctive longitudinal groove on the top-rear of their oval carapace similar to those of the Amaurobiidae.

They are highly defensive and venomous nocturnal hunters. Wandering spiders are known to hunt large prey, for example hylid species Dendropsophus branneri. Despite their notoriety for being dangerous, only a few members of Phoneutria have venom known to be hazardous to humans, but the venoms of this family are poorly known, so all larger ctenids should be treated with caution.
Jonathan Aiello
Jonathan Aiello is an American freestyle wrestler who has represented the United States on both the U23 and Senior Level. His most notable finish is capturing a bronze medal at the 2021 U23 World Wrestling Championships in Belgrade, at the 97 kg. He is Currently training as a part of the Ohio Regional Training Center and competing at 97 kg.

Over the past few years he has recorded notable victories over world medalists, including over 2023 92 kg World Champion Rizabek Aitmukhan at the 2024 Kunayev Tournament held in Taraz, Kazakhstan.

2023 World Wrestling Championships
The 2023 World Wrestling Championships was held from 16 to 24 September 2023 in Belgrade, Serbia. Wrestlers get a chance to win 90 quotas for the 2024 Summer Olympics from the Belgrade Worlds. Any nation that participated in the 2023 continental championships was eligible to participate in the World Championships.
1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 200 metre butterfly
The men's 200 metre butterfly competition at the 1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 24–25 at the Sydney International Aquatic Centre.  The last champion was Uğur Taner of US.

This race consisted of four lengths of the pool, all lengths being in butterfly stroke.

1997 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 200 metre butterfly
The men's 200 metre butterfly competition at the 1997 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 10 at the NISHI Civic Pool.  The last champion was Scott Miller of Australia.

This race consisted of four lengths of the pool, all lengths being in butterfly stroke.
Hop stunt viroid
The hop stunt viroid (abbreviated HSVd, binomial name Hostuviroid impedihumuli) is a viroid species that infects the common hop plant, citrus plants, grapevines,  cucumber, and several Prunus species such as almond, apricot, plum, and peach. It is asymptomatic or latent in most host plants, but in some hosts it can cause stunting and other symptoms. A study of HSVd-infected hops in the USA showed that the severity of yield reduction was highly dependent on the infected hop cultivar.

HSVd is a member of the Pospiviroidae family and the Hostuviroid genus. There are various different sub-species of the hop stunt viroid.

Pospiviroidae
Pospiviroidae is an incertae sedis family of ssRNA viroids with 5 genera and 39 species, including the first viroid to be discovered, PSTVd, which is part of genus Pospiviroid.  Their secondary structure is key to their biological activity. The classification of this family is based on differences in the conserved central region sequence. Pospiviroidae replication occurs in an asymmetric fashion via host cell RNA polymerase, RNase, and RNA ligase. Its hosts are plants, specifically dicotyledons and some monocotyledons. The severity of the infection can vary from no effect to devastating and widespread damage to a population. This can also depend on the virus-host combination.
Lars Boom
Lars Anthonius Johannes Boom (born 30 December 1985) is a professional cyclo-cross and mountain bike racing cyclist from the Netherlands. He has also competed professionally in road racing, having raced between 2004 and 2019.

Born in Vlijmen, Netherlands, Boom has also previously competed for Rabobank and their junior and continental teams over two spells with the team, as well as Astana. Boom won the cyclo-cross world championships in 2008. He has also been the Dutch national cyclo-cross champion in his discipline from 2001 to 2012 – junior cyclo-cross champion from 2002 to 2003, under-23 champion from 2004 to 2006, and the elite champion from 2007 to 2012.

Cyclo-cross Trophy
The Cyclo-cross Trophy (Dutch: Trofee veldrijden), also known as X²O Badkamers Trophy (Dutch: X²O Badkamers Trofee),  is a Belgian cyclo-cross racing series currently sponsored by X²O Badkamers (X²O Bathrooms). It is one of the three major season-long competitions in Cyclo-cross, the other two being UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup and Cyclo-cross Superprestige. Many races are held in the province of Antwerp with others being held across Belgium.
Valkkoog
Valkkoog (West Frisian: Falkekoeghe) is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Schagen, and lies about 12 km north of Heerhugowaard.

The village was first mentioned in 1318 as Valkencoech, and means "(settlement on) land near water of the Valke (person)". Valkkoog was constructed on four terps (artificial hills) which date from around 1170. The monks of Egmond Abbey have later built a dike around the village. The church dates from the early 16th century, and is nowadays used for cultural activities. The church was rebuilt in 1839, and the tower was replaced in 1865. During World War II, more than 40 bunkers were built near the village by the Germans of which six still remain.

Heerhugowaard
Heerhugowaard (Dutch: [ˌɦeːrɦyɣoːˈʋaːrt] ⓘ; West Frisian Dutch: Heerhugoweard, Heregeweard or De Weard) is a city in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland and the region of West Friesland.

Heerhugowaard was previously a separate municipality, which merged with the former municipality of Langedijk into the new municipality of Dijk en Waard on 1 January 2022.
Carlos H. Mason
Carlos Harris Mason (1873–1955) was one of Atlanta's first furniture store operators. He was president of Mason Furniture Company located at Whitehall and Mitchell Streets downtown. He was director of the First National Bank of Atlanta, and for 14 years was chairman of the Atlanta Police Board, including the period of the Atlanta Ripper murders.

Mason built his mansion in 1922 at what is now 1189 Ponce de Leon Avenue at the southeast corner of Moreland Avenue at the western edge of Druid Hills. It was later used as the headquarters for the Golden Key National Honor Society. It still stands, housing realtors' and attorneys' offices.

Druid Hills, Georgia
Druid Hills is a community which includes both a census-designated place (CDP) in unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, United States, as well as a neighborhood of the city of Atlanta. The CDP's population was 14,568 at the 2010 census. The CDP formerly contained the main campus of Emory University and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); however, they were annexed by Atlanta in 2018. The Atlanta-city section of Druid Hills is one of Atlanta's most affluent neighborhoods with a mean household income in excess of $238,500 (making it the ninth most affluent, per that metric).
Upsilon2 Centauri
Upsilon2 Centauri is a binary star system in the southern constellation Centaurus. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from υ2 Centauri, and abbreviated Upsilon2 Cen or υ2 Cen. This system is visible to the naked eye as a point of light with a combined apparent visual magnitude of +4.33. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 2.57 mas as seen from Earth, this star is located roughly 1,300 light years from the Sun. Relative to its neighbors, the system has a peculiar velocity of 39.2+8.8−15.2 km/s and it may form a runaway star system.

This is a single-lined spectroscopic binary star system with an orbital period of 207.357 days and an eccentricity of 0.55. The primary component has the spectrum of an evolved F-type giant/bright giant hybrid with a stellar classification of F7 II/III. It is around 46 million years old with 6.9 times the mass of the Sun. The star is radiating 3,919 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,495 K.

Centaurus
Centaurus (/sɛnˈtɔːrəs, -ˈtɑːr-/ sen-TOR-əss, -⁠TAR-) is a bright constellation in the southern sky. One of the largest constellations, Centaurus was included among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. In Greek mythology, Centaurus represents a centaur; a creature that is half human, half horse (another constellation named after a centaur is one from the zodiac: Sagittarius). Notable stars include Alpha Centauri, the nearest star system to the Solar System, its neighbour in the sky Beta Centauri, and HR 5171, one of the largest stars yet discovered. The constellation also contains Omega Centauri, the brightest globular cluster as visible from Earth and the largest identified in the Milky Way, possibly a remnant of a dwarf galaxy.
Saalburg
The Saalburg is a Roman fort located on the main ridge of the Taunus, northwest of Bad Homburg, Hessen, Germany. It is a cohort fort, part of the Limes Germanicus, the Roman linear border fortification of the German provinces.  The Saalburg, located just off the main road roughly halfway between Bad Homburg and Wehrheim is the most completely reconstructed Roman fort in Germany. Since 2005, as part of the Upper Limes, it forms part of a UNESCO World Heritage site. In the modern numbering system for the limes, it is ORL 11.

Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes
The Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes (German: Obergermanisch-Raetischer Limes), or ORL, is a 550-kilometre-long section of the former external frontier of the Roman Empire between the rivers Rhine and Danube. It runs from Rheinbrohl to Eining on the Danube. The Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes is an archaeological site and, since 2005, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Together with the Lower Germanic Limes it forms part of the Limes Germanicus.

The Limes used either a natural boundary such as a river or typically an earth bank and ditch with a wooden palisade and watchtowers at intervals. A system of linked forts was built behind the Limes.
Atratothemis
Atratothemis is a monotypic genus of dragonflies in the family Libellulidae. It contains the single species Atratothemis reelsi, which is recently described and has been observed in China and Laos. Little is known about the species so far, but it has been noted in lowland and submontane forest habitat near pools of water.

The name Atratothemis means "Themis dressed in black". The wings are narrow and pointed, and the abdomen is shorter than the wingspan. It resembles the darker-colored dragonflies of the genus Rhyothemis, which are bee mimics. In general it is blackish with a reddish tinge.

Rhyothemis
Rhyothemis is a genus of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. 
They are commonly known as flutterers.

Rhyothemis species are found in Africa, Asia, Australia and the Pacific region. The flight of the genus Rhyothemis is usually fluttering, leading to the common description of "flutterer" for most species in the genus.
Asparaginase
Asparaginase is an enzyme that is used as a medication and in food manufacturing. As a medication, L-asparaginase is used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL). It is given by injection into a vein, or muscle. A PEGylated version, pegaspargase, is also available. In food manufacturing it is used to decrease acrylamide.

Common side effects when used by injection include allergic reactions, pancreatitis, blood clotting problems, high blood sugar, kidney problems, and liver dysfunction. Use in pregnancy may harm the baby. As a food it is generally recognized as safe. Asparaginase works by breaking down the amino acid known as asparagine without which the cancer cells cannot make protein.

Asparaginase was approved for medical use in the United States in 1978. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is often made from Escherichia coli (E. coli) or Erwinia chrysanthemi.

British Approved Name
A British Approved Name (BAN) is the official, non-proprietary, or generic name given to a pharmaceutical substance, as defined in the British Pharmacopoeia (BP). The BAN is also the official name used in some countries around the world, because starting in 1953, proposed new names were evaluated by a panel of experts from WHO in conjunction with the BP commission  to ensure naming consistency worldwide (an effort leading to the International Nonproprietary Name system). There is also a British Approved Name (Modified) (BANM).
Battleships Forever
Battleships Forever is an IGF award-nominated freeware real-time tactics video game set in a futuristic space environment inspired by Warning Forever. While still in beta phase, there is no further development by the author. Players control a variety of spaceships and must position them to maximize damage on opposing ships and minimize damage to their own ships utilizing a wide variety of tactics and vessel sub-systems.

Real-time tactics
Real-time tactics (RTT) is a subgenre of tactical wargames played in real-time, simulating the considerations and circumstances of operational warfare and military tactics. It is differentiated from real-time strategy gameplay by the absence of classic resource micromanagement and base or unit building, and by the greater importance of individual units and a focus on complex battlefield tactics.
Prospero Sanidad
Prospero Casia Sanidad (17 January 1897 – 1969) was a Filipino lawyer and politician. He represented the second district of Ilocos Sur at the House of Representatives of the Philippines from 1934 to 1935, again from 1938 to 1941, and finally from 1945 to 1946. He then served as Senator of the Philippines from May 22, 1947 to December 30, 1947. Lastly, he served as Secretary of Public Works and Communications from 1950 to 1951.

Nacionalista Party
The Nacionalista Party (Filipino and Spanish: Partido Nacionalista; lit. 'Nationalist Party,' NP) is a political party in the Philippines that is the oldest existing party in the country and in Southeast Asia. It was responsible for leading the country throughout most of the 20th century since its founding in 1907; it was the ruling party from 1935 to 1946 (under Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña), 1953 to 1961 (under Ramon Magsaysay and Carlos P. Garcia), and 1965 to 1978 (under Ferdinand Marcos), and also was one of the two dominant political parties (along with the Liberal Party) throughout the existence of the Third Republic.
Deputy governor of Rivers State
The deputy governor of Rivers State is the second highest-ranking official in the executive branch of Rivers State, after the governor. The Constitution of 1999 requires that the gubernatorial nominee of a party select his or her deputy governor running mate after the primary. The deputy governor's duties include assisting the governor and replacing them in the case of death, resignation, removal, impeachment, absence or incapacity due to illness.

Since 1999, individuals who have held this office have been members of the PDP. Ngozi Odu is the current deputy governor since 29 May 2023.

Ngozi Odu
Ngozi Nma Odu Listenⓘ (born 19 October 1952) is a Nigerian politician who is the deputy governor of Rivers State. She was elected during the 2023 Rivers State gubernatorial election alongside the governor Siminalayi Fubara. She was born in Egi clan in Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni LGA of Rivers State.
Órfãos da Terra
Órfãos da Terra (English: Orphans of a Nation) is a Brazilian telenovela produced and broadcast by TV Globo, from 2 April 2019 to 27 September 2019. The telenovela is written by Duca Rachid and Thelma Guedes, with Dora Castellar, Aimar Labaki, Carolina Ziskind and Cristina Biscay as co-writers. It is directed by André Câmara and Gustavo Fernandez, and co-directed by Pedro Peregrino, Bruno Safadi, Alexandre Macedo and Lúcio Tavares.

It stars Julia Dalavia, Renato Góes, Alice Wegmann, Carmo Dalla Vecchia and Rodrigo Simas in the main roles.

The telenovela addresses the refugee crisis around the world, and the displaced Lebanese Brazilians living in São Paulo since the 20th century.

In 2020, the show won the International Emmy Award for Best Telenovela.

International Emmy Award for Best Telenovela
The International Emmy Award for Best Telenovela is presented by the International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (IATAS) and recognizes excellence in telenovelas produced and originally aired outside the United States. The first International Emmy for Telenovela was presented at the 36th International Emmy Awards Gala in 2008, in New York City.
Belfast Celtic F.C.
Belfast Celtic Football Club was an Irish football club. Founded in 1891 in Belfast, it was one of the most successful teams in Ireland until it withdrew permanently from the Irish League in 1949. The club left the league for political reasons, as the team and its supporters were largely Catholic and Irish nationalist. Belfast Celtic was one of four clubs that attracted the biggest crowds in the Irish League, the other three being Linfield, Distillery and Glentoran. Belfast Celtic played its last match in 1960.

Gold Cup (Northern Ireland)
The Gold Cup is a defunct cup competition which involved competitors from Ireland and, from 1921 onwards, just for Northern Ireland. It was initially run by the New Irish Football Association but later, and mainly, by the Irish Football Association.

The competition was first played in the 1911–12 season after seven of the eight participating clubs left the IFA (only Linfield remained) after a dispute over money and founded the New IFA. This new organisation introduced the cup as the "New Irish Cup". At the end of the season after many discussions, the dissident clubs returned to the IFA and the tournament was not held in 1912-13. However, it was revived by the IFA as the Gold Cup in 1913–14 season. In the seasons 1915–16 to 1918–19 season it was played in a league format. This involved a play-off between the two teams topping the table in the first of these seasons. The competition was last staged in 2000-01.