hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dodging and burning
Dodging and burning are techniques used during the printing process to manipulate the exposure of select areas on a photographic print, deviating from the rest of the image's exposure. In a darkroom print from a film negative, dodging decreases the exposure for areas of the print that the photographer wishes to be lighter, while burning increases the exposure to areas of the print that should be darker.

Any material with varying degrees of opacity may be used, as preferred, to cover or obscure the desired area for burning or dodging. One may use a transparency with text, designs, patterns, a stencil, or a completely opaque material shaped according to the desired area of burning/dodging.

Many modern digital image editing programs have "dodge" and "burn" tools that mimic the effect on digital images.

Image editing
Image editing  encompasses the processes of altering images, whether they are digital photographs, traditional photo-chemical photographs, or illustrations. Traditional analog image editing is known as photo retouching, using tools such as an airbrush to modify photographs or edit illustrations with any traditional art medium. Graphic software programs, which can be broadly grouped into vector graphics editors, raster graphics editors, and 3D modelers, are the primary tools with which a user may manipulate, enhance, and transform images. Many image editing programs are also used to render or create computer art from scratch. The term "image editing" usually refers only to the editing of 2D images, not 3D ones.
Bliss-Leavitt Mark 1 torpedo
The Bliss-Leavitt Mark 1 torpedo was a Bliss-Leavitt torpedo adopted by the United States Navy for use in an anti-surface ship role after the E. W. Bliss Company of Brooklyn, New York, which had been building Whitehead torpedoes for the US Navy, began designing and manufacturing their own torpedoes in 1904.

Whitehead torpedo
The Whitehead torpedo was the first self-propelled or "locomotive" torpedo ever developed.  It was perfected in 1866 by British engineer Robert Whitehead from a rough design conceived by Giovanni Luppis of the Austro-Hungarian Navy in Fiume. It was driven by a three-cylinder compressed-air engine invented, designed, and made by Peter Brotherhood. Many naval services procured the Whitehead torpedo during the 1870s, including the US Navy. This early torpedo proved itself in combat during the Russo-Turkish War when, on 16 January 1878, the Ottoman ship Intibah was sunk by Russian torpedo boats carrying Whiteheads, though this story has been disputed in one book.

The term "torpedo" comes from the torpedo fish, which is a type of ray that delivers an electric shock to stun its prey.
Stockton Jail
The Stockton Jail, in Stockton, Utah, is an historic jail that was built in 1902, after Stockton was incorporated in 1901.  The jail was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1985.

The building is merely 12 by 14 feet (3.7 m × 4.3 m) large, divided into three compartments.  It is made with concrete walls and roof and has a "false front" parapet.  At the time of its NRHP listing it was well preserved.  A 2010 photo shows it has been protected by a chain link fence.  It is historically significant as the only surviving building associated with early enforcement of the law in Stockton, and it is believed to be the best preserved local public building from its era.

It is one of just 23 NRHP-listed properties in Tooele County, Utah, a 7,287 square-mile large county which thus has more than 300 square miles per NRHP listing.  To become NRHP-listed, a property must be nominated and receive local, state, and national level approvals for its historic significance.

National Register of Historic Places listings in Tooele County, Utah
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Tooele County, Utah.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Tooele County, Utah, United States.  Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

There are 31 properties listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted July 11, 2025.
IAC Mamba
The IAC Mamba is an Australian two-seat light aircraft. It was designed and built by the Melbourne Aircraft Corporation (MAC) and first flew in 1989 as the MAC Mamba. In 1990, MAC changed its name to the International Aircraft Corporation (IAC).

The Mamba was intended for general aviation purposes, including leisure, training, and agricultural use.  Development was supported by the Australian government's Grants for Industrial Research and Development (GIRD) scheme.

Lycoming O-360
The Lycoming O-360 is a family of four-cylinder, direct-drive, horizontally opposed, air-cooled, piston aircraft engines. Engines in the O-360 series produce between 145 and 225 hp (110 and 170 kW), with the basic O-360 producing 180 hp (130 kW).

The engine family has been installed in thousands of aircraft, including the Cessna 172, Piper Cherokee/Archer, Grumman Tiger, and many home-built types. It has a factory rated time between overhaul (TBO) of 2000 hours or twelve years. O-360 family engines are also widely used in airboats, most notably in the Hurricane Aircats used by the US Army during the Vietnam War.

The first O-360 certified was the A1A model, certified on 20 July 1955 to United States CAR 13 effective March 5, 1952 as amended by 13-1 and 13-2. The Lycoming IO-390 is an O-360 which has had its cylinder bore increased by 3⁄16 inch (4.8 mm), developing 210 hp (160 kW).
1946 All-Southern Conference football team
The 1946 All-Southern Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by coaches and sports writers on behalf of the Associated Press (AP) and United Press (UP) as the best at each position from the Southern Conference during the 1946 college football season.

Two triple-threat backs, Howard "Touchdown" Turner of NC State and Nick Sacrinty of Wake Forest, were rated as the most consistent players in the conference.

Duke led the conference with three players chosen on the first team: end Kelly Mote; tackle Al DeRogatis; and guard Bill Milner. William & Mary followed with two players on the first team: back Jack Cloud and guard Knox Ramsey. DeRogatis, Cloud, and NC State halfback Charlie Justice were late inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.

Nick Sacrinty
Nick Sacrinty (June 10, 1924 – April 16, 2008) was an American professional football quarterback. Collegiately he played at Wake Forest from 1943 to 1946 and was inducted into the Wake Forest Sports Hall of Fame in 1982. He played for the Chicago Bears in 1947.

He died on April 16, 2008, in Eden, North Carolina, at age 83.
UGC 2812
UGC 2812 known as Arp 219, are a pair of interacting galaxies located 470 million light-years away in the Eridanus constellation. Both galaxies appeared to be distorted and tangled with each other which suggests their inevitable merging to form an elliptical galaxy. Moreover, they present a near-infrared spectra which could result from starbursts. Both objects are part of Atlas of Peculiar galaxies, where they are categorized under galaxies that have adjacent loops which are a manifestation of structures that were formed by gravitational interactions.

Interacting galaxy
Interacting galaxies, also known as colliding galaxies, are two or more galaxies whose gravitational fields result in a disturbance of one another. There are several types of galactic interactions, including major interactions, minor interactions, and galaxy harassment. Major interactions occur between galaxies with similar amounts of mass, whereas minor interactions involve galaxies with masses that vary significantly. An example of a minor interaction is a satellite galaxy disturbing the primary galaxy's spiral arms. An example of a major interaction is a galactic collision, such as the one that  astronomers estimate will happen in the future between the Milky Way and Andromeda. Collisions may lead to galaxy mergers and may also lead to other phenomena such as star formation and black hole activity.
Robin de Kruijf
Robin de Kruijf  (born 5 May 1991) is a Dutch volleyball player who plays for Imoco Volley and the Netherlands national team.
Robin de Kruijf made her debut for the Dutch national team in the Dutch opening match of the Montreux Volley Masters against Cuba in June 2008, at the age of 17.
In 2016, De Kruijf and her team won bronze in the World Grand Prix and ended on a historical fourth place in the Rio Olympics.

2021 FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship
The 2021 FIVB Women's Club World Championship was the 14th edition of the tournament. For the first time it was held in Ankara, Turkey from 15 to 19 December. Six teams competed in the tournament, including two wild cards.
Steroidal antiandrogen
A steroidal antiandrogen (SAA) is an antiandrogen with a steroidal chemical structure. They are typically antagonists of the androgen receptor (AR) and act both by blocking the effects of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and by suppressing gonadal androgen production. SAAs lower concentrations of testosterone through simulation of the negative feedback inhibition of the hypothalamus. SAAs are used in the treatment of androgen-dependent conditions in men and women, and are also used in veterinary medicine for the same purpose. They are the converse of nonsteroidal antiandrogens (NSAAs), which are antiandrogens that are not steroids and are structurally unrelated to testosterone.

Antiprogestogen
Antiprogestogens or antiprogestins, also known as progesterone antagonists or progesterone blockers, are a class of drugs which prevent progestogens like progesterone from mediating their biological effects in the body. These drugs competitively inhibit progestin at progesterone receptors, acting by blocking the progesterone receptor (PR) and/or inhibiting or suppressing progestogen production. Antiprogestogens are one of three types of sex hormone antagonists, alongside antiestrogens and antiandrogens.
SS Aberdeen (1881)
SS Aberdeen was a British cargo liner completed in 1882. She was designed for service from London to Australia, and was the first ship to be successfully powered by a triple expansion steam engine. The triple expansion engine very quickly became the standard choice for the entire industry, with its predecessor, the two cylindered compound engine virtually ceasing to be built by 1885. The fuel economy achieved meant that steam propulsion was able to outcompete sail on all major commercial routes.

Aberdeen was sold in 1906 to the Ottoman government and renamed Halep. She served as a Turkish troopship in World War I before being sunk by a British submarine in 1915.

Cargo liner
A cargo liner, also known as a passenger-cargo ship or passenger-cargoman, is a type of merchant ship which carries general cargo and often passengers.

They became common just after the middle of the 19th century, and eventually gave way to container ships and other more specialized carriers in the latter half of the 20th century.
E Street Complex
The E Street Complex, also known as the Navy Hill Complex, the Potomac Hill Complex, the Observatory Hill Complex, and the Pickle Factory, is the historic site of the primary headquarters facility of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), headquarters of the Central Intelligence Group (CIG), and the first headquarters building and birthplace of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). It is geographically located near 23rd Street and E Street in Washington, D.C. This complex was unassuming, appearing to be a mix of normal government offices and apartment buildings to nearby residents and office workers.

The OSS Society and State Department engaged in efforts with the National Park Service to add the E Street Complex to the National Register of Historic Places. On December 14, 2016, the effort was successful.

The CIA was headquartered here from its birth in 1947 until 1961, when it outgrew the facility and moved across the river to the George Bush Center for Intelligence.

George Bush Center for Intelligence
The George Bush Center for Intelligence is the headquarters of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), located in the unincorporated community of Langley in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States, near Washington, D.C.

The headquarters is a conglomeration of the Original Headquarters Building (OHB) and the New Headquarters Building (NHB) and sits on a total of 258 acres (1.04 km2) of land. It was the world's largest intelligence headquarters from 1959 until 2019, when it was surpassed by Germany's BND headquarters.
Lessivage
Lessivage, or argilluviation, refers to the movement of fine clay minerals from the upper part of a soil to the lower part of a soil, via the downward movement of water through the soil matrix. Lessivage is the primary mechanism in the formation of the diagnostic, clay-enriched argic, or Bt horizon (Canadian System of Soil Classification) of Luvisolic soils.

Soil matrix
The soil matrix is the solid phase of soils, and comprise the solid particles that make up soils. Soil particles can be classified by their chemical composition (mineralogy) as well as their size. The particle-size distribution of a soil, its texture, determines many of the properties of that soil, in particular hydraulic conductivity and water potential, but the mineralogy of those particles can strongly modify those properties. The mineralogy of the finest soil particles, clay, is especially important.
Pedro Blanco (Spanish Armada)
Pedro Blanco (fl. 1588–1616) was a Spanish seaman, footman and survivor of the Spanish Armada.

After his shipwreck in Ireland, he became a loyal aide to nobleman Hugh O'Neill and fought in the Nine Years' War. Blanco distinguished himself at various battles, and was also an interpreter and interlocutor between the Spanish and Irish. In 1607 he accompanied O'Neill in his flight to mainland Europe, though it is unclear whether he ever returned to Spain. By 1616, it appears he was living in Rome.

Siege of Kinsale
The siege of Kinsale (Irish: Léigear Chionn tSáile), also known as the battle of Kinsale, was the ultimate battle in England's conquest of Gaelic Ireland, commencing in October 1601, near the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, and at the climax of the Nine Years' War—a campaign by Hugh O'Neill, Hugh Roe O'Donnell and other Irish lords against English rule.

Owing to Spanish involvement and the strategic advantages to be gained, the battle also formed part of the Anglo-Spanish War, the wider conflict of Protestant England against Catholic Spain.
Zhao Jiande
Zhao Jiande (Chinese: 趙建德; pinyin: Zhào Jiàndé; Jyutping: Ziu6 Gin3 Dak1, Vietnamese: Triệu Kiến Đức, ?–111 BC) was the last king of Nanyue. His rule began in 112 BC and ended in the next year. He was executed by Western Han forces during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han.

Panyu, Guangzhou
Panyu, formerly romanized as Punyü, is one of 11 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong Province, China. Since January 1975, Panyu County has been under Guangzhou's administration. In 1992, Panyu County was renamed to Panyu county-level city, still under Guangzhou's administration. It was subsequently renamed to Panyu District on 10 July 2000. The present district covers an area of about 530 km2 (200 sq mi).
Ashland Avenue
Ashland Avenue is a north-south street in Chicago, in whose grid system it is designated as 1600W. It is 2 miles (3.2 km) west of State Street, the city's north-south baseline. It is one of the major streets on the city's west side.

Rock Island District
The Rock Island District (RID or RI) is a Metra commuter rail line from Chicago, Illinois, southwest to Joliet. Metra does not refer to its lines by color, but the timetable accents for the Rock Island District line are "Rocket Red" in honor of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad's Rocket passenger trains.

Its Beverly Branch (also called the Suburban Branch or Suburban Line) branches to the west of the main line at 89th Street to make local stops in the communities of Washington Heights, Beverly, Morgan Park and Blue Island, before merging back onto the main line at Blue Island/Vermont Street station.
Guards unit (Soviet Union)
Guards units (Russian: Гвардия, romanized: Gvardiya) were elite units and formations in the Soviet Armed Forces that continue to exist in the Russian Armed Forces and other post-Soviet states. These units were awarded Guards status after distinguishing themselves in wartime service, and are considered to have elite status. The Guards designation originated during World War II, its name coming both from the Russian Imperial Guard, and the old Bolshevik Red Guards. Practical benefits of the status included double pay for ordinary soldiers, usually priority in equipment and replacements, and the designation often served as a morale-boosting source of unit pride.

David M. Glantz
David M. Glantz (born January 11, 1942) is an American military historian known for his books on the Red Army during World War II and as the chief editor of The Journal of Slavic Military Studies.

Born in Port Chester, New York, Glantz received degrees in history from the Virginia Military Institute and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is a graduate of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Defense Language Institute, Institute for Russian and Eastern European Studies, and U.S. Army War College.

Glantz had a career of more than 30 years in the U.S. Army, served in the Vietnam War, and retired as a colonel in 1993.
Rafael López Gutiérrez
General Rafael Salvador López Gutiérrez (11 May 1854 – 10 March 1924) was President of Honduras from 1 February 1920 to 10 March 1924. A former general in the Honduran Army, Gutierrez attempted to extend his term in office past its designated end, and was forced from office. He died in Amapala on 10 March, suffering from diabetes, after a failed attempt to escape to the United States for insulin treatment.

President of Honduras
The president of Honduras (Spanish: Presidente de Honduras), officially known as the  president of the Republic of Honduras (Spanish: Presidente de la República de Honduras), is the head of state and head of government of Honduras, and the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. According to the 1982 Constitution of Honduras, the Government of Honduras consists of three branches: executive, legislative and judicial. The president is the head of the executive branch, their primary duty being to "execute and enforce the Constitution, treaties and conventions, laws and other legal dispositions". The President is directly elected for a four-year term.
1939 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1939 Cork Senior Football Championship was the 51st staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The draw for the opening round fixtures took place on 7 February 1939.

St. Nicholas' entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Beara in the semi-final.

On 12 November 1939, Clonakilty won the championship following a 0–07 to 0–05 defeat of Beara in the final at Skibbereen Town Park. This was their first championship title.

1887 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1887 Cork Senior Football Championship was the inaugural staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board. The draw for the opening round fixtures took place on 30 January 1887. The championship began on 6 March 1887 and ended on 10 July 1887.

On 10 July 1887, Lees won the championship following a 0–04 to 0–01 defeat of Lisgoold in the final at Cork Park. The club subsequently represented Cork in the 1887 All-Ireland Championship.
Stradów, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Stradów [ˈstraduf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czarnocin, within Kazimierza County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies in historic Lesser Poland, approximately 5 km (3 mi) north-west of Czarnocin, 11 km (7 mi) north of Kazimierza Wielka, and 58 km (36 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce.

Czarnocin, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Czarnocin [t͡ʂarˈnɔt͡ɕin] is a village in Kazimierza County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Czarnocin. It lies 9 km (6 mi) north of Kazimierza Wielka and 61 km (38 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce.
Earth Observation Center
The Earth Observation Center is a Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) aeronautical research facility located in Hatoyama, Saitama, Japan. It utilizes remote sensing technologies such as satellites to study Earth's environment from outer space. The research done by this center has a substantial impact on the study of the Earth's environmental phenomena, such as global warming.

Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite
Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), also known as Ibuki (Japanese: いぶき, Hepburn: Ibuki; meaning "breath"), is an Earth observation satellite and the world's first satellite dedicated to greenhouse gas monitoring. It measures the densities of carbon dioxide and methane from 56,000 locations on the Earth's atmosphere. The GOSAT was developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and launched on 23 January 2009, from the Tanegashima Space Center. Japan's Ministry of the Environment, and the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) use the data to track gases causing the greenhouse effect, and share the data with NASA and other international scientific organizations.
Meitei clothing
Meitei clothing, or Meitei attire, or Meitei costumes, or Meitei dresses, or Meitei dressing, or Meitei fabrics, or Meitei garments, or Meitei robes, or Meitei textiles (Meitei: Phee/Phi), refer to the traditional clothes of Meitei cultural heritage of Manipur as well as Assam, Bangladesh, Meghalaya, Myanmar (Burma), Nagaland, Tripura, etc.

Regarding men's clothing of Hindustan, British officer Colonel McCulloch stated, “the Munniporees far surpass the people to the west in the cleanliness of their garments”, which is recorded in the 1908 book "The Meitheis", authored by Thomas Callan Hodson.

Meitei culture
The culture of Meitei civilization evolved over thousands of years in what is now northeastern India and surrounding regions, beginning in Ancient Kangleipak, continuing most notably into Medieval Kangleipak, while influencing the neighboring states and kingdoms, till present times.
Chapa de costas
Chapa de costas (back plate) is a back push kick in capoeira, and one of the few principal capoeira's kicks. It is also basic kick in African martial art engolo, the forerunner of capoeira.

Chapa de costas is typical kick of capoeira Angola. This "malicious" kick is similar to chapa de frente, applied from the back to the opponent.

Kick
A kick is a physical strike using the leg, in unison usually with an area of the knee or lower using the foot, heel, tibia (shin), ball of the foot, blade of the foot, toes or knee (the latter is also known as a knee strike). This type of attack is used frequently by hooved animals as well as humans in the context of stand-up fighting. Kicks play a significant role in many forms of martial arts, such as capoeira, kalaripayattu, karate, kickboxing, kung fu, wing chun, MMA, Muay Thai, pankration, pradal serey, savate, sikaran, silat, taekwondo, vovinam, and Yaw-Yan. Kicks are a universal act of aggression among humans.

Kicking is also prominent from its use in many sports, especially those called football. The best known of these sports is association football, also known as soccer.