hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tussilago
Tussilago farfara, commonly known as coltsfoot,: 770  is a plant in the tribe Senecioneae in the family Asteraceae, native to Europe and parts of western and central Asia. The name "tussilago" is derived from the Latin tussis, meaning cough, and ago, meaning to cast or to act on. It has had uses in traditional medicine, but the discovery of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the plant has resulted in liver health concerns.

Tussilago farfara is the only accepted species in the genus Tussilago, although more than two dozen other species have at one time or another been considered part of this group. Most of them are now regarded as members of other genera (Chaptalia, Chevreulia, Farfugium, Homogyne, Leibnitzia, Petasites, Senecio).

Homogyne
Homogyne is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family, Asteraceae.

Species

Homogyne alpina - Europe from Britain + Portugal to Ukraine

Homogyne ausserdorferi - Austria

Homogyne discolor - Italy, Austria, Germany, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina

Homogyne montana - Alps

Homogyne sylvestris - Italy, Austria, Croatia, Slovenia
Sage writing
Sage writing was a genre of creative nonfiction popular in the Victorian era. The concept originates with John Holloway's 1953 book The Victorian Sage: Studies in Argument.

Sage writing is a development from ancient wisdom literature in which the writer chastises and instructs the reader about contemporary social issues, often utilising discourses of philosophy, history, politics, and economics in non-technical ways. Prominent examples of the genre include writings by Thomas Carlyle, Matthew Arnold, John Ruskin, and Henry David Thoreau. Some 20th-century writers, such as Joan Didion and New Journalists such as Norman Mailer and Tom Wolfe, have also been identified as sage writers.

Creative nonfiction
Creative nonfiction (also known as literary nonfiction, narrative nonfiction or verfabula) is a genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives. Creative nonfiction contrasts with other non-fiction, such as academic, technical, or journalistic writing, which are also rooted in accurate fact but not written to entertain based on prose style. Many writers view creative nonfiction as overlapping with the essay.
ProductCenter
ProductCenter is a commercial software product, that is an integrated suite of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) software for managing product data. The software was engineered for the Microsoft Windows  operating system. Along with core applications, it includes localized and web-based services. ProductCenter is suited for managing various types of CAx data, but it can be used for many forms of data management and product management.

Engineering change order
An engineering change order (ECO), also called an engineering change notice (ECN), engineering change (EC), or engineering release notice (ERN),  is an artifact used to implement changes to components or end products.  The ECO is utilized to control and coordinate changes to product designs that evolve over time.

The need for an engineering change may be triggered by a number of events and varies by industry.  Typical engineering change categories are:

Product Evolution - a change resulting in applying an existing part to a new application and maintaining backwards compatibility

Cost Reduction - a change resulting in lower overall cost to produce or maintain

Product Performance - a change that improves the capabilities of the item

Safety - a change required to enhance the safety to those using or interacting with the item
Quiet Company
Quiet Company is an American rock band from Austin, Texas, fronted by Taylor Muse.  They have released five albums, which includes a re-release of their debut album Shine Honesty, multiple EPs, a live DVD, and Christmas-themed offerings. They were the first band signed by Grooveshark, which folded in 2015, as part of their Artist Development Program. Their latest album, Transgressor, was released February 24, 2015.

Eisley
Eisley is an American rock band from Tyler, Texas, originally consisting of siblings Sherri DuPree, Chauntelle DuPree, Stacy DuPree and Weston DuPree. Remaining recording/touring members are their sister Sherri DuPree and their cousin Garron DuPree. Their name was inspired by the Star Wars saga (i.e. Mos Eisley). Since forming, the band has released five studio albums: Room Noises (2005), Combinations (2007), The Valley (2011), Currents (2013), and I'm Only Dreaming (2017) along with numerous EPs. Eisley has recorded videos for "Marvelous Things", "I Wasn't Prepared", "Telescope Eyes" (the version from Room Noises), "Invasion", "Memories", "Smarter", "The Valley", "Currents", and “Louder Than A Lion”.
Andrew Greeley
Andrew Moran Greeley (February 5, 1928 – May 29, 2013) was an American Catholic priest, sociologist, journalist and novelist. He was a professor of sociology at the University of Arizona and the University of Chicago, and a research associate with the National Opinion Research Center (NORC). For many years, Greeley wrote a weekly column for the Chicago Sun-Times and contributed regularly to The New York Times, the National Catholic Reporter, America and Commonweal.

Joseph Bernardin
Joseph Louis Bernardin (April 2, 1928 – November 14, 1996) was an American Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Cincinnati in Ohio from 1972 until 1982, and as Archbishop of Chicago in Illinois from 1982 until his death from pancreatic cancer. Bernardin was elevated to the cardinalate in 1983 by Pope John Paul II.
Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof
Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof (many variations of his name include: Ama Joof, Amat Diouf, Amajuf Ñilan Fay Juf, Amadiouf Diouf, Ama Diouf Faye, Ama Diouf Gnilane Faye Diouf, Ramat Dhiouf) was a king of Sine, now part of present-day Senegal. He reigned from c. 1825 to 1853. He was fluent in several languages. He came from the Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof (the third and last royal house founded by the Joof family of Sine and Saloum in the 18th century). Maad a Sinig (variations: Mad Sinig, etc.) means king of Sine in the Serer-Sine language. The term Bur Sine (variations: Buur Sine or Bour Sine) is also used interchangeably with the proper title Maad a Sinig or Mad a Sinig. They both mean king Sine. Bour Sine is usually used by the Wolof people when referring to the Serer kings of Sine. The Serer people generally used the term Maad a Sinig or Mad a Sinig when referring to their kings.

Baol
Baol or Bawol was a kingdom in what is now central Senegal. Founded in the 11th century, it was a vassal of the Jolof Empire before becoming independent in the mid-16th century. The ruler bore the title of Teigne (or Teeň) and reigned from the capital in Lambaye. The kingdom encompassed a strip of land extending east from the ocean and included the towns of Touba, Diourbel, and Mbacke.  It was directly south of the Kingdom of Cayor and north of the Kingdom of Sine.
Melda Bayer
Melda Bayer (born in 1950) is a former politician and a company manager in Turkey.

Melda Bayer was born to İffet and İzzet in Sivas, Turkey in 1950. She graduated from the Academy of Commerce in Ankara. She served in OYAK, a pension fund of Turkish Armed Forces. She is married and mother of two.

She joined the Democratic Left Party (DSP), and was elected the party's speaker of the Ankara branch. In 1999, she was elected deputy from Ankara Province in the 21st Parliament of Turkey. In the 57th government of Turkey, she briefly served as the Minister of State responsible in Family Affairs between 10 July and 18 November 2002. In the 2002 general election held on 3 November, her party failed to receive enough votes to enter the parliament. Nevertheless, she continued to remain in the administrative body of the party. She resigned from her party post on 29 May 2009.

Minister of State (Turkey)
Minister of State (Turkish: Devlet Bakanlığı) in the former Turkish governments was a post in the cabinet between 7 August 1946 and 14 June 2011. It was legalized by the Act No. 4951 of 1946. Minister-of-State practice began by the 15th government led by Recep Peker and ended after the 60th government led Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in July 2011. The number of the state ministers was not constant. In the 1940s, there was only one minister of state, namely Abdülhalik Renda, who served in three consecutive governments. Later, the number was increased, and especially during the coalition cabinets, many ministers of state were appointed in the cabinet. The list below shows the number of state ministers in each government.
Dalia Nausheen
Dalia Nausheen is a Bangladeshi Nazrul Sangeet singer. She is one of the artists who participated in the Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. In recognition of her contribution to music, the government of Bangladesh awarded her the country's second highest civilian award Ekushey Padak in 2020.

Nausheen started practicing North Indian Classical music and Nazrul Sangeet at the age of five. Her father Muzharul Islam, a noted architect in South Asia, also inspired her to the music. Sudhin Das was her first teacher. She completed her five years music course in 1973 from Chhayanaut where she was taught by Sohrab Hossain, Sheikh Luthfur Rahman and Ustad Ful Muhammed. Later, she joined the same institution as a teacher.

Sheikh Luthfur Rahman
Sheikh Luthfur Rahman (born 1920) was a Bangladeshi composer and singer. He received the Ekushey Padak from the Government of Bangladesh in 1979. He was notable for the composition of the songs "Orey Bhai, Bangladesher Bangali Ar Nai", “Shunen Hujur Bagher Jaat Eyi Bangalira”, “Manbona Bondhon Manbona” and others.
Ingrian grammar
The Ingrian language is a highly endangered language spoken in Ingria, Russia. Ingrian is a Uralic language of the Finnic branch, along with, among others, Finnish and Estonian. Ingrian is an agglutinative language and exhibits both vowel harmony and consonant gradation.

In the late 1930s, a written standard of the Ingrian language (referred to as kirjakeeli, "book language") was developed by the Ingrian linguist Väinö Junus. Following the Soviet Union's 1937 politics regarding minority languages, the Ingrian written language has been forbidden and Ingrian remains unstandardised ever since. This article describes the grammar of kirjakeeli with references to (modern) dialectal nuances.

Imperative mood
The imperative mood is a grammatical mood that forms a command or request.

The imperative mood is used to demand or require that an action be performed. It is usually found only in the present tense, second person.  They are sometimes called directives, as they include a feature that encodes directive force, and another feature that encodes modality of unrealized interpretation.

An example of a verb used in the imperative mood is the English phrase "Go." Such imperatives imply a second-person subject (you), but some other languages also have first- and third-person imperatives, with the meaning of "let's (do something)" or "let them (do something)" (the forms may alternatively be called hortative and jussive).

Imperative mood can be denoted by the glossing abbreviation IMP. It is one of the irrealis moods.
Kaldafjellet
Kaldafjellet is a mountain on the border of Agder and Rogaland counties in southern Norway.  The mountain lies on the border of the municipality of Suldal (in Rogaland county) and the municipality of Bykle (in Agder county).  The mountain has two peaks: the eastern one lies on the municipal-county border reaching 1,452 metres (4,764 ft), while the highest point on the mountain lies less than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) to the west, reaching a peak of 1,480 metres (4,860 ft). The prominence of the mountain is 210 metres (690 ft) and the isolation is 4.2 kilometres (2.6 mi).

The mountain sits about 17 kilometres (11 mi) southeast of the village of Nesflaten, just east of the mountain Steinkilenuten (in Suldal) and it is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of Hovden in Bykle. The lake Ormsavatnet lies just east of the mountain and the lake Holmevatnet.

Rogaland
Rogaland (Norwegian: [ˈrûːɡɑlɑn] ⓘ) is a county in Western Norway, bordering the North Sea to the west and the counties of Vestland to the north, Telemark to the east and Agder to the east and southeast. As of 1 January 2024, it had a population of 499,417 people.

The administrative centre of the county is the city of Stavanger, which is the third largest city in Norway.
John Gregory (engineer)
John Gregory (6 September 1806—c. May 1848) was an English railway and naval engineer. He served as engineer aboard HMS Erebus during the 1845 Franklin Expedition, which sought to explore uncharted parts of what is now Nunavut, including the Northwest Passage, and make scientific observations. The ships were outfitted with former railway locomotive engines which served as auxiliary power units, which is why Gregory, who had never been to sea, served on the expedition. All expedition personnel perished in uncertain conditions, mostly on and around King William Island. In 2021, Gregory's remains became the first of the 129-man expedition to be positively identified using DNA analysis.

HMS Erebus (1826)
HMS Erebus was a Hecla-class bomb vessel constructed by the Royal Navy in Pembroke dockyard, Wales, in 1826. The vessel was the second in the Royal Navy named after Erebus, the personification of darkness in Greek mythology.

The 372-ton ship was armed with two mortars – one 13 in (330 mm) and one 10 in (254 mm) –  and 10 guns. The ship was refitted as an exploration vessel and took part in the Ross expedition of 1839–1843. She was abandoned in 1848 during the third Franklin expedition. The sunken wreck was discovered by the Canadian Victoria Strait expedition in September 2014.
Route 9 (Paraguay)
National Route 9 (in Spanish, Ruta Nacional PY09, better known as Ruta Transchaco) is a national highway that crosses the Paraguayan Chaco, crossing the departments of Presidente Hayes and Boquerón in Paraguay. It starts at the Argentinian border in José Falcón and ends at the Bolivian border in Fortín Sgto. Rodríguez, traversing 780 km (485 mi).

Presidente Hayes Department
Presidente Hayes (Spanish pronunciation: [pɾesiˈðente ˈaʝes]) is a department in Paraguay. The capital is the city of Villa Hayes. The department was named after U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes, who awarded the territory to Paraguay while arbitrating a boundary dispute between Paraguay and Argentina after the Paraguayan War.
Seiberg–Witten theory
In theoretical physics, Seiberg–Witten theory is an  supersymmetric gauge theory with an exact low-energy effective action (for massless degrees of freedom), of which the kinetic part coincides with the Kähler potential of the moduli space of vacua. Before taking the low-energy effective action, the theory is known as  supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory, as the field content is a single  vector supermultiplet, analogous to the field content of Yang–Mills theory being a single vector gauge field (in particle theory language) or connection (in geometric language).

The theory was studied in detail by Nathan Seiberg and Edward Witten (Seiberg & Witten 1994).

Nikita Nekrasov
Nikita Alexandrovich Nekrasov (Russian: Ники́та Алекса́ндрович Некра́сов; born 10 April 1973) is a Russian mathematical and theoretical physicist at the Simons Center for Geometry and Physics and C.N.Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics at Stony Brook University in New York, and a Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Kaftin
Kaftin (Arabic: كفتين, also spelled Keftin or Kaftayn) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Idlib Governorate, located northwest of Idlib. The village is situated at the southern approach of the A'la Mountain. Nearby localities include Killi to the north, Hizano to the east, Kafr Yahmul to the southeast, Maarrat al-Ikhwan to the south, Harbanoush to the southwest and Qurqania to the northwest. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Kaftin had a population of 2,346 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly members of the Druze community, one of the few Druze villages situated in northern Syria. Kaftin's inhabitants work primarily in agriculture and cultivate olives and cumin.

Kafr Yahmul
Kafr Yahmul (Arabic: كَفْر يَحْمُول, romanized: Kafr Yaḥmūl; also spelled, Kafrehmul)  is a Syrian village located in Maarrat Misrin Nahiyah in Idlib District, Idlib.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Kafr Yahmul had a population of 3179 in the 2004 census.
Thomas Mackworth
Thomas Mackworth (1627–1696) of Betton Strange was an English politician of Shropshire landed gentry background. After limited military service on the Parliamentarian side in the Third English Civil War, he represented Shropshire in the House of Commons from 1656 to 1659 during the Second and Third Protectorate Parliaments.

Thomas Mytton
Major General Thomas Mytton, also spelt Mitton, (1597-November 1656), was a lawyer from Oswestry who served in the Parliamentarian army during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and as MP for Shropshire in the First Protectorate Parliament.

Part of a long-established local family, Mytton was one of the few members of the mostly Royalist Shropshire gentry to support Parliament. Despite his lack of military experience, he proved a determined and competent officer, eventually rising to command operations in North Wales. In December 1647 he was also appointed Vice-admiral, North Wales.

After helping to suppress a rising in North Wales during the 1648 Second English Civil War, he resigned his military posts and was appointed MP in 1654. He died in London and was buried in the churchyard of Old St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury on 29 November 1656.
Lamellodiscus
Lamellodiscus is a genus of monopisthocotylean monogeneans in the family Diplectanidae; all species of Lamellodiscus are small worms, parasitic on the gills of teleost fish.

The type-species of the genus is Lamellodiscus typicus Johnston & Tiegs, 1922, a parasite of a sparid fish caught in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia.

Fish diseases and parasites
Like humans and other animals, fish suffer from diseases and parasites. Fish defences against disease are specific and non-specific. Non-specific defences include skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps microorganisms and inhibits their growth. If pathogens breach these defences, fish can develop inflammatory responses that increase the flow of blood to infected areas and deliver white blood cells that attempt to destroy the pathogens.

Specific defences are specialised responses to particular pathogens recognised by the fish's body, that is adaptative immune responses. In recent years, vaccines have become widely used in aquaculture and ornamental fish, for example vaccines for commercial food fishes like Aeromonas salmonicida, furunculosis in salmon and Lactococcosis\Streptococcosis  in farmed grey mullet, Tilapia and koi herpes virus in koi.

Some commercially important fish diseases are VHS, ICH, and whirling disease.
York Haven Dam
The York Haven Dam is a low head, run-of-the river, dam and hydroelectric plant that is located on the Susquehanna River in the United States.

This dam is situated 12 miles (19 km) south of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, at the Conewago Falls impounding about 8,000 feet (2,400 m) of the river to the west side of Three Mile Island, where the river drops 19 feet (5.8 m) in 1⁄4 mile (0.40 km). When the dam was completed in 1904, it was the third largest in the world.

York Haven, Pennsylvania
York Haven is a borough in York County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 691 at the 2020 census. It is part of the York–Hanover metropolitan area. The borough is the home of the Brunner Island coal-fired electrical generation plant, located on the Susquehanna River on Wago Road and operated by PPL Corporation.
TT189
Tomb TT189 is located in the necropolis of El-Assasif in Thebes, Egypt. It contains the sepulchre of Nakhtdjehuty (or Nakht-Thuty), who was an overseer of the carpenters of the northern lake of the god Amun and the head of the goldworkers in the Estate of Amun during the 19th Dynasty reign of Ramesses II. Nakhtdjehuty's tomb is part of the TT192 tomb complex.

El-Assasif
El-Assasif (Arabic: العساسيف) is a necropolis near Luxor on the West Bank at Thebes, Egypt, Upper Egypt. It is located in the dry bay that leads up to Deir el-Bahari and south of the necropolis of Dra' Abu el-Naga'.

El-Assasif contains burials from the 18th, 22nd, 25th and 26th dynasties of ancient Egypt, covering the period c. 1550 to 525 BC across all three dynasties.
Gerhard Frey (politician)
Gerhard Michael Frey (18 February 1933 – 19 February 2013) was a German publisher, businessman and right-wing nationalistic politician. He was the chairman and main financial backer of the right-wing party Deutsche Volksunion (DVU), which he founded in 1971. He resigned as chairman in January 2009.

Cas Mudde
Cas Mudde (born 3 June 1967) is a Dutch political scientist who focuses on political extremism and populism in Europe and the United States. His research includes the areas of political parties, extremism, democracy, civil society, and European politics. Mudde identifies himself as a political leftist. He is the younger brother of the far-right activist Tim Mudde.
1975 Austrian Open (tennis)
The 1975 Austrian Open  was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was categorized as Grade B tournament and was part of the 1975 Commercial Union Assurance Grand Prix circuit. It took place at the Tennis stadium Kitzbühel in Kitzbühel Austria and was held from 7 July through 13 July 1975. Adriano Panatta and Sue Barker won the singles titles.

1975 Grand Prix (tennis)
The 1975 Commercial Union Assurance Grand Prix was a professional tennis circuit administered by the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) which served as a forerunner to the current Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) World Tour and the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour. The circuit consisted of the four modern Grand Slam tournaments and open tournaments recognised by the ILTF. The Commercial Union Assurance Masters, Davis Cup Final and Nations Cup are included in this calendar but did not count towards the Grand Prix.

The men's schedule started in December 1974 with the Australian Open and continued in May 1975 following the conclusion of the rival 1975 World Championship Tennis circuit which ran from January to early May.
Hüsnü Doğan
Hüsnü Doğan (born 1944) is a Turkish former politician who served as the 38th minister of National Defense from 28 October 1990 to 22 February 1991. He entered into the political race in the Grand National Assembly after serving as deputy of Istanbul. He also served as minister of State in the 47th government of Turkey and minister of Agriculture and Forestry.

Minister of State (Turkey)
Minister of State (Turkish: Devlet Bakanlığı) in the former Turkish governments was a post in the cabinet between 7 August 1946 and 14 June 2011. It was legalized by the Act No. 4951 of 1946. Minister-of-State practice began by the 15th government led by Recep Peker and ended after the 60th government led Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in July 2011. The number of the state ministers was not constant. In the 1940s, there was only one minister of state, namely Abdülhalik Renda, who served in three consecutive governments. Later, the number was increased, and especially during the coalition cabinets, many ministers of state were appointed in the cabinet. The list below shows the number of state ministers in each government.