hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Marshall Street Historic District (Allegan, Michigan)
The Marshall Street Historic District is a primarily residential historic district located at 231-237, 335-705, and 232-630 Marshall Street in Allegan, Michigan. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

Allegan, Michigan
Allegan (/ˈæləɡən/ AL-ə-gən) is a city in and the county seat of Allegan County, Michigan Its population was 5,222 at the 2020 census. It is located 40 miles (64 km) southwest of Grand Rapids and 30 miles (48 km) northwest of Kalamazoo, both via US 131. It lies within Allegan Township but is administratively autonomous.
Broadbottom railway station
Broadbottom railway station serves the village of Broadbottom in Greater Manchester, England. It is on the Manchester-Glossop Line, 10 miles (16 km) east of Manchester Piccadilly. It was opened by the Sheffield, Ashton-Under-Lyne and Manchester Railway in 1842. It was renamed Mottram in 1845, but has since reverted to its original name.

East of the station is Broadbottom Viaduct which carries the line 120 feet (37 m) over the River Etherow. The official length of the viaduct is 422 feet 6 inches (128.78 m).

Broadbottom Viaduct
Broadbottom Viaduct (also known as Etherow or Mottram Viaduct) is a railway viaduct that spans the River Etherow between Derbyshire and Greater Manchester in England. Originally of wooden construction supported by stone piers, the timber was replaced first with wrought iron box girders, less than 20 years after the viaduct's opening, later followed by steel trusses and more supporting piers.
Drage, Lower Saxony
Drage (German pronunciation: [ˈdʁaːɡə]) is a municipality in the district of Harburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. With Marschacht and Tespe it completes the Samtgemeinde Elbmarsch. Drage is close beside Winsen (Luhe), the center of the county Harburg.

Harburg (district)
District Harburg is a district (Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany. It takes its name from the town of Harburg upon Elbe, which used to be the capital of the district but is now part of Hamburg and therefore no longer within the district. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the districts of Lüneburg, Heidekreis, Rotenburg (Wümme) and Stade, by the City of Hamburg and the State of Schleswig-Holstein (District of Lauenburg).
1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers)
The 1st (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers) was a volunteer unit of the British Army under various titles from its foundation in 1859 in Bloomsbury, London, by the author of Tom Brown's Schooldays. It served in Malta, Gallipoli, Egypt and on the Western Front during World War I. In World War II it served in Iraq, North Africa and Italy. It amalgamated with other Territorial units of the Royal Fusiliers in the 1960s.

Volunteer Force
The Volunteer Force was a citizen army of part-time rifle, artillery and engineer corps, created as a popular movement throughout the British Empire in 1859. Originally highly autonomous, the units of volunteers became increasingly integrated with the British Army after the Childers Reforms in 1881, before forming part of the Territorial Force in 1908. Most of the regiments of the present Army Reserves  Infantry, Artillery, Engineers and Signals units are directly descended from Volunteer Force units.
Julien Andlauer
Julien Andlauer (born 5 July 1999 in Lyon) is a French racing driver. He is a Porsche factory driver who competes in a range of championships having won both French and German Carrera Cup Championships. Andlauer currently competes for Porsche Penske Motorsport in the Hypercar class of the WEC, driving the #5.

Proton Competition
Proton Competition (also formerly racing as Dempsey-Proton Racing or Team Felbermayr-Proton) is a German auto racing team based in Ummendorf, Baden-Württemberg. It was founded by Gerold Ried, and is currently owned by his son Christian Ried. The team currently competes in the FIA World Endurance Championship with a customer Porsche 963 and a factory-supported Ford Mustang GT3. It also competes in the European Le Mans Series with the Oreca 07 and the Porsche 911. They also have a racing program in the IMSA SportsCar Championship, racing with a customer Porsche 963 and a factory-supported Ford Mustang GT3 and prepare Porsche 911s for the Iron Dames program.
Basardilla
Basardilla (historically and in gacería, Vasardilla) is a municipality located in the province of Segovia, Castile and León, Spain. The town's name has a Roman origin and means "Zarza Valley". It is located between Torrecaballeros and Brieva at an altitude of 1010 meters. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 149 inhabitants.

Brieva
41°2′5″N 4°3′14″W﻿ / ﻿41.03472°N 4.05389°W﻿ / 41.03472; -4.05389

Brieva is a municipality located in the province of Segovia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 71 inhabitants.
All-China Students' Federation
The All–China Students' Federation (ACSF) is a people's organization composed of college student unions, graduate student unions and secondary school student unions under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It is a member organization of the All–China Youth Federation. The ACSF carries out its work under the guidance of the Communist Youth League of China.

People's organization
People's organization (Chinese: 人民團體) is a generic term for organizations in the People's Republic of China excluding governments, the official departments of government, and state-owned enterprises or institutions, yet are recognized to be a part of Chinese Communist Party's united front.
Piano Trio No. 1 (Mendelssohn)
Felix Mendelssohn's Piano Trio No. 1 in D minor, Op. 49, was completed on 23 September 1839 and published the following year. The work is scored for a standard piano trio consisting of violin, cello and piano. It is one of Mendelssohn's most popular chamber works and is recognized as one of his greatest along with his Octet, Op. 20. During the initial composition of the work, Mendelssohn took the advice of fellow composer Ferdinand Hiller to revise the piano part. Hiller wrote, "with his usual conscientious earnestness when once he had made up his mind, he undertook the length and rewrite the whole pianoforte part."

The revised version was in a more romantic, Schumannesque style with the piano given a more important role in the trio. Indeed, the revised piece was reviewed by Schumann, who declared Mendelssohn to be "the Mozart of the nineteenth century, the brightest musician, who most clearly understands the contradictions of the age and is the first to reconcile them."

D minor
D minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B♭, and C. Its key signature has one flat. Its relative major is F major and its parallel major is D major.

The D natural minor scale is:

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The D harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are:
Bibliography on American Communism
For the main article to which this is linked see Communist Party USA.

For an annotated list of publications published by the Communist Party USA, see List of Communist publications.

The following is a bibliography on American Communism, listing some of the most important works on the topic.

John Earl Haynes
John Earl Haynes (born 1944) is an American historian who worked as a specialist in 20th-century political history in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress. He is known for his books on the subject of the American Communist and anti-Communist movements, and on Soviet espionage in America (many written jointly with Harvey Klehr).
Acoustic quieting
Acoustic quieting is the process of making machinery quieter by damping vibrations to prevent them from reaching an observer. Machinery vibrates, causing sound waves in air, hydroacoustic waves in water, and mechanical stresses in solid matter. Quieting is achieved by absorbing the vibrational energy or minimizing the source of the vibration. It may also be redirected away from an observer.

One of the major reasons for the development of acoustic quieting techniques was for making submarines difficult to detect by sonar. This military goal of the mid- and late-twentieth century allowed the technology to be adapted to many industries and products, such as computers (e.g. hard drive technology), automobiles (e.g. motor mounts), and even sporting goods (e.g. golf clubs).

Sound masking
Sound masking is the inclusion of generated sound (commonly, though inaccurately, referred to as "white noise" or "pink noise") into an environment to mask unwanted sound. It relies on auditory masking. Sound masking is not a form of active noise control (noise cancellation technique); however, it can reduce or eliminate the perception of sound. Sound masking is applied to an entire area to improve acoustical satisfaction, thus improving the acoustical privacy of the space. This can help an individual focus and thereby enhance productivity.
Cyclone Waste Heat Engine
The Cyclone Waste Heat Engine (WHE) is a small steam engine developed to produce power from steam created from waste heat.  It is an offshoot of the development of the Cyclone Mark V Engine by the company Cyclone Power Technologies of Pompano Beach, Florida.  The original versions were designed by inventor Harry Schoell, founder of Cyclone Power Technologies and the later versions have been designed by the Ohio State University Center for Automotive Research (OSU-CAR).

In July 2014, Cyclone Power Technologies separated its waste heat engine product into the separate WHE Generation Corporation, which does business under the trade name Q2Power, Inc., of Lancaster, Ohio.

Cyclone Mark V Engine
The Cyclone Mark V Engine is a steam engine in which the engine, steam generator, condenser and feed pump are integrated into a single compact unit.  The company Cyclone Power Technologies of Pompano Beach, Florida was founded by inventor Harry Schoell to develop and market this engine. The Cyclone Mark V Engine is a six cylinder radial uniflow engine of two inch bore and two inch stroke.  Pistons are single acting.  The engine is claimed to produce 100 hp at 3,600 rpm using steam at 3,200 psi and 1,200 °F.
Bash-Kayyngdy
Bash-Kayyngdy (Kyrgyz: Баш-Кайыңды) is a village in Naryn Region of Kyrgyzstan. It is part of the At-Bashy District. Its population was 5,202 in 2021.

The village of Birdik is 6 km (4 mi) to the northeast, and At-Bashy is 8 km (5 mi) to the west.

At-Bashy
At-Bashy (Kyrgyz: Ат-Башы) is a village in the Naryn Region of Kyrgyzstan, about 35km southwest of Naryn on the main highway to the Torugart Pass. It is the administrative seat of At-Bashy District. The At-Bashy Range to the south extends to Lake Chatyr-Kul.  The river At-Bashy comes in from the east and then runs northwest through a gorge in the Baybiche-Too range to join the Naryn near Dostuk. It is the last considerable settlement before the Chinese border.  The highway, built in 1906, runs southwest between the Baybiche-Too and At-Bashy ranges before turning south and then east to reach the pass. Its population was 14,655 in 2021. At-Bashy is also known for the white honey collected from its highlands, based on the esparcet honey plants.
Sepia baxteri
Sepia baxteri is a species of cuttlefish native to the southwestern Pacific Ocean, specifically the waters around Lord Howe Island. It is known only from the type
cuttlebones. Depth range is unknown.

Cuttlebones of this species are known to reach at least 74 mm.

S. baxteri is possibly a junior synonym of Sepia bandensis. The placement of this species in the genus Sepia is also questionable.

The type specimen was collected near Lord Howe Island (31°33′S 159°05′E﻿ / ﻿31.550°S 159.083°E﻿ / -31.550; 159.083). It is deposited at the Australian Museum in Sydney.

Sepia (cephalopod)
Sepia is a genus of cuttlefish in the family Sepiidae encompassing some of the best known and most common species. The cuttlebone is ellipsoid in shape. The name of the genus is the Latinised form of the Ancient Greek σηπία (sēpía) "cuttlefish".
Prime Directive
In the fictional universe of Star Trek, the Prime Directive (also known as "Starfleet General Order 1" and the "non-interference directive") is a guiding principle of Starfleet that prohibits its members from interfering with the natural development of alien civilizations. Its stated aim is to protect unprepared civilizations from the danger of starship crews introducing advanced technology, knowledge, and values before they are ready. Since its introduction in the first season of the original Star Trek series, the directive has been featured in many Star Trek episodes as part of a moral question over how best to establish diplomatic relations with new alien worlds.

Benjamin Sisko
Benjamin Lafayette Sisko is a fictional character in the Star Trek franchise portrayed by Avery Brooks. He was the main character of the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (DS9), which was originally broadcast between 1993 and 1999. The character has also appeared in various books, comics, and video games within the Star Trek franchise.
Brzeście, Gmina Radków
Brzeście [ˈbʐɛɕt͡ɕɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Radków, within Włoszczowa County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) west of Radków, 19 km (12 mi) south of Włoszczowa, and 55 km (34 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

Radków, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Radków [ˈratkuf] is a village in Włoszczowa County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Radków. It lies approximately 16 km (10 mi) south of Włoszczowa and 49 km (30 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.
Emilio Pérez Touriño
Emilio Pérez Touriño (Spanish pronunciation: [eˈmiljo ˈpeɾeθ towˈɾiɲo]; born 8 August 1948) is a Spanish politician and economist. He is the former secretary general of the Socialists' Party of Galicia and, from August 2005 to March 2009, former president of the autonomous community of Galicia (Spain). Namely, he was president of the executive branch, the Xunta de Galicia. His political views are social democratic and Galicianist.

Statute of Autonomy of Galicia of 1981
The Statute of Autonomy of Galicia of 1981 (Galician: Estatuto de Autonomía de Galicia) is the current basic institutional norm of Galicia. The Galician Government, Parliament and High Court of Galicia are regulated by it.
Die Geisterinsel (Zumsteeg)
Die Geisterinsel is a Singspiel in 3 acts by Johann Rudolf Zumsteeg for Stuttgart, but premiered in 1805 in Dresden. A recording featuring Christiane Karg, Falko Hönisch, Benjamin Hulett, Sophie Harmsen, Patrick Pobeschin, Christian Immler, Kammerchor Stuttgart, Hofkapelle Stuttgart, Frieder Bernius was issued on Carus in 2011.

Singspiel
A Singspiel (German pronunciation: [ˈzɪŋʃpiːl] ⓘ; plural: Singspiele; lit. 'sing-play') is a form of German-language music drama, now regarded as a genre of opera. It is characterized by spoken dialogue, which is alternated with ensembles, songs, ballads, and arias which were often strophic, or folk-like. Singspiel plots are generally comic or romantic in nature, and frequently include elements of magic, fantastical creatures, and comically exaggerated characterizations of good and evil.
2019 WCHA men's ice hockey tournament
The 2019 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 60th conference playoff in league history and 65th season where a WCHA champion was crowned. The 2019 tournament was played between March 8 and March 23, 2019, at four conference arenas, with the championship game being hosted by Minnesota State at their home rink, Verizon Center. By winning the tournament, Minnesota State was awarded the Broadmoor Trophy and received the WCHA's automatic bid to the 2019 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.

Minnesota State Mavericks men's ice hockey
The Minnesota State Mavericks men's ice hockey team is an NCAA Division I college ice hockey program that represents Minnesota State University, Mankato. The Mavericks compete in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA). Their home arena is the Mayo Clinic Health System Event Center located in downtown Mankato, Minnesota.
Eichenberg station
Eichenberg station is the only station in the municipality of Neu-Eichenberg in the German state of Hesse. It is located in the hamlet of Eichenberg-Bahnhof, which lies east of and on the other side of federal highway B 27 to the historic village of Eichenberg.

Hann. Münden
Hann. Münden (German pronunciation: [ˈhan ˈmʏndn̩]; short for Hannoversch Münden [haˈnoːfɐʃ ˈmʏndn̩] ⓘ) is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany. Münden lies in the district of Göttingen at the confluence of the Fulda and Werra rivers, which join to form the Weser. It has about 24,000 inhabitants (2013). It is famous for its half-timbered houses, some of them more than 600 years old. There are 10 million cobblestones around the town.
Stocking frame
A stocking frame was a mechanical knitting machine used in the textiles industry. It was invented by William Lee of Calverton near Nottingham in 1589. Its use, known traditionally as framework knitting, was the first major stage in the mechanisation of the textile industry, and played an important part in the early history of the Industrial Revolution. It was adapted to knit cotton and to do ribbing, and by 1800 had been adapted as a lace making machine.

Worshipful Company of Framework Knitters
The Worshipful Company of Framework Knitters is one of the livery companies of the City of London. It was incorporated by letters patent issued by Oliver Cromwell in 1657, with a royal charter from Charles II in 1663. It was granted livery status in 1713. For a period it had its own hall in Red Cross Street, however for various reasons it was sold.

The Framework Knitters' Company ranks sixty-fourth in the order of precedence for livery companies. Its motto is Speed, Strength and Truth United.

It maintains almshouses known as the Cottage Homes in Oadby, Leicestershire – and has an active bursary awards scheme for up-and-coming students in fashion and textiles.

Quarterly dinners are held, normally at Mansion House or livery halls within the square mile of the City of London. These are well attended with guests including the Lord Mayor of London and the sheriffs.
Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum
1°27′50.4″N 103°44′53.1″E﻿ / ﻿1.464000°N 103.748083°E﻿ / 1.464000; 103.748083

The Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum (Malay: Makam Diraja Mahmoodiah) is a Royal Mausoleum of Johor located at Bukit Mahmoodiah in Jalan Mahmoodiah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia. The first Sultan of Johor buried here was Sultan Abu Bakar in 1895. Besides, the founder of UMNO, Dato' Onn Jaafar (died in 1962) was buried next to his father, Dato' Jaafar bin Muhammad's grave (died in 1919).

Ibrahim of Johor
Ibrahim Al-Masyhur ibni Almarhum Sultan Abu Bakar Al-Khalil Ibrahim Shah (Jawi: سلطان سر إبراهيم المشهور ابن المرحوم سلطان أبو بكر الخليل إبراهيم شاه; 17 September 1873 – 8 May 1959) was a Malaysian sultan and the 2nd modern sultan of Johor. He was considered "fabulously wealthy."

An Anglophile, Ibrahim maintained close ties with the British crown and frequently leveraged his personal relationships with reigning monarchs to advocate for Johor's autonomy and resist the expansionist ambitions of the British Colonial Office. However, he became highly unpopular later in his native land for his opposition to Malayan independence. This led him to spend most of his time away from Johor, traveling extensively in Europe, particularly to Britain.
Zombie Lane
Zombie Lane is a social network game developed by Digital Chocolate's Helsinki-based studio and released on Facebook and Google+ in 2011. In late 2011, it was released on the iOS App Store. Players must rebuild their shattered neighbourhoods after their destruction by a zombie apocalypse. The game was praised by reviewers for its graphics and gameplay. By July 2014, the Facebook version had over 2.2 million likes, and as of April 2014 it has been licensed to RockYou while the developers from Digital Chocolate were hired to continue to work on the game.

Google+
Google+ (sometimes written as Google Plus, stylized as G+ or g+) was a social network owned and operated by Google until it ceased operations in 2019. The network was launched on June 28, 2011, in an attempt to challenge other social networks, linking other Google products like Google Drive, Blogger, Google AdSense, and YouTube. The service, Google's fourth foray into social networking, experienced strong growth in its initial years, although usage statistics varied, depending on how the service was defined. Three Google executives oversaw the service, which underwent substantial changes that led to a redesign in November 2015.

Due to low user engagement and disclosed software design flaws that potentially allowed outside developers access to personal information of its users, the Google+ developer API was discontinued on March 7, 2019, and Google+ was shut down for business and personal use on April 2, 2019.
Footage (film)
Footage is a 2024 Indian Malayalam-language thriller film directed by Saiju Sreedharan, marking his directorial debut. The film stars Manju Warrier alongside Vishak Nair and Gayathri Ashok. The film is a found-footage film, a format presenting the narrative through video recordings created by the characters themselves. It is the second found footage movie in Malayalam after Nirmal Baby Varghese's Vazhiye.

Vazhiye
Vazhiye (transl. The Trail) is a 2022 Indian Malayalam-language found footage horror film written and directed by Nirmal Baby Varghese after Thariode. This movie is an experimental movie made in found footage style and it is the first found footage movie in Malayalam. Produced by Baby Chaithanya under the banner of Casablanca Film Factory. The film marked the debut of Hollywood music director Evan Evans in Indian cinema.
Mosope River
The Mosope River is a natural watercourse in Botswana, passing  through the village of Moshupawhich is home to the Bakgatla-ba-ga-Mmanaana community. The Mosope River joins the Kolobeng River to form Metsimotlhaba which joins Notwane River around Mochudi, and continues to the Limpopo River.The river supports seasonal vegetation and water resources for nearby settlements, though its flow varies greatly with rainfall patterns.

Notwane River
The Notwane River (or Ngotwane River) is a river in southeastern Botswana. 
Certain sections of its course form the international boundary with South Africa. Its mouth is at the head of the Limpopo River. It has a catchment area of 18,053 square kilometres (6,970 sq mi).
BCFW recursion
The Britto–Cachazo–Feng–Witten recursion relations are a set of on-shell recursion relations in quantum field theory. They are named for their creators, Ruth Britto, Freddy Cachazo, Bo Feng and Edward Witten.

The BCFW recursion method is a way of calculating scattering amplitudes.  This technique is widely used in analytic calculations due to the relative conciseness of the resulting expressions, when compared to the more traditional methods. The principal property of the BCFW recursion is that at every stage of the calculation it involves exclusively real (on-shell) particles, as opposed to the virtual (off-shell) particles that propagate inside conventional Feynman diagrams.

On shell and off shell
In physics, particularly in quantum field theory, configurations of a physical system that satisfy classical equations of motion are called on the mass shell (on shell); while those that do not are called off the mass shell (off shell).

In quantum field theory, virtual particles are termed off shell because they do not satisfy the energy–momentum relation; real exchange particles do satisfy this relation and are termed on (mass) shell. In classical mechanics for instance, in the action formulation, extremal solutions to the variational principle are on shell and the Euler–Lagrange equations give the on-shell equations. Noether's theorem regarding differentiable symmetries of physical action and conservation laws is another on-shell theorem.