hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Analytically normal ring
In algebra, an analytically normal ring is a local ring whose completion is a normal ring, in other words a domain that is integrally closed in its quotient field.

Zariski (1950) proved that if a local ring of an algebraic variety is normal, then it is analytically normal, which is in some sense a variation of Zariski's main theorem. Nagata (1958, 1962, Appendix A1, example 7) gave an example of a normal Noetherian local ring that is analytically reducible and therefore not analytically normal.

Integral element
In commutative algebra, an element b of a commutative ring B is said to be integral over a subring A of B if b is a root of some monic polynomial over A.

If A, B are fields, then the notions of "integral over" and of an "integral extension" are precisely "algebraic over" and "algebraic extensions" in field theory (since the root of any polynomial is the root of a monic polynomial).

The case of greatest interest in number theory is that of complex numbers integral over Z (e.g.,  or ); in this context, the integral elements are usually called algebraic integers.  The algebraic integers in a finite extension field k of the rationals Q form a subring of k, called the ring of integers of k, a central object of study in algebraic number theory.

In this article, the term ring will be understood to mean commutative ring with a multiplicative identity.
Danish pre-school education
Pre-school Education in Denmark is voluntary and takes place in different types of schools or day care centres covering the time before children enter compulsory education. Today, preschool is where most children enter the Danish education system.

Education in Denmark
Education in Denmark is compulsory (Danish: undervisningspligt) for children below the age of 15 or 16, even though it is not compulsory to attend Folkeskole ("public school"). The school years up to the age of fifteen/sixteen are known as Folkeskole, since any education has to match the level offered there. About 82% of young people take further education in addition to this. Government-funded education is usually free of charge and open to all. Denmark has a tradition of private schools and about 15.6% of all children at basic school level attend private schools, which are supported by a voucher system.

The Education Index, published with the UN's Human Development Index in 2008, based on data from 2013, lists Denmark as 0.873, amongst the highest in the world, beneath Australia, Finland and New Zealand.

Literacy in Denmark is approximately 99% for both men and women.
1965 AAA Championships
The 1965 AAA Championships was the 1965 edition of the annual outdoor track and field competition organised by the Amateur Athletic Association (AAA). It was held from 9 to 10 July 1965 at White City Stadium in London, England.

White City Stadium
White City Stadium in London, England, was built for the 1908 Summer Olympics. It hosted the finish of the first modern marathon and swimming, speedway, boxing, show jumping, athletics, stock car racing, concerts and a match at the 1966 World Cup.

From 1927, it was a venue for greyhound racing, hosting the English Greyhound Derby until its closure in 1984. The stadium was demolished in 1985 and the site is now occupied by White City Place.

White City was also used for stock car racing in the early seventies when Spedeworth promoted racing on Friday nights usually alternate Fridays to their Walthamstow promotions.
World Rapid Chess Championship
The World Rapid Chess Championship is a chess tournament held to determine the world champion in chess played under rapid time controls. Prior to 2012, FIDE gave such recognition to a limited number of tournaments, with non-FIDE recognized tournaments annually naming a world rapid champion of their own. Since 2012, FIDE has held an annual joint rapid and blitz chess tournament and billed it as the World Rapid & Blitz Chess Championships. FIDE also holds the Women's World Rapid & Blitz Chess Championship. The current rapid world champion is grandmaster Magnus Carlsen from Norway. Aleksandra Goryachkina from Russia is the current women's rapid world champion.

Alexei Shirov
Alexei Dmitrievich Shirov (Russian: Алексе́й Дми́триевич Ши́ров, romanized: Alexey Dmitrievich Shirov, Latvian: Aleksejs Širovs; born 4 July 1972) is a Latvian and Spanish chess player. Shirov was ranked number two in the world in 1994.

He won a match against Vladimir Kramnik in 1998 to qualify to play as challenger for the classical world championship match with Garry Kasparov; it never took place due to a lack of sponsorship.
Crawford and Co Building
Crawford and Co Building is a heritage-listed commercial building at 216 Mary Street, Gympie, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Hugo Durietz and built from 1881 to 1885. It is also known as Goldsworthy Building, Caston and Davidson Building, and Sym and Jackson Building. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 July 2011.

The Queenslander
The Queenslander was the weekly summary and literary edition of the Brisbane Courier, the leading journal in the colony (later state) of Queensland since the 1850s. The Queenslander was launched by the Brisbane Newspaper Company in 1866, and discontinued in 1939.
Umbraco
Umbraco is an open-source content management system (CMS) platform for publishing content on the World Wide Web and intranets. It is written in C# and deployed on Microsoft based infrastructure. Since version 4.5, the whole system has been available under an MIT License.

Umbraco was developed by Niels Hartvig in 2000 and released as open source software in 2004. In 2009, CMS Wire described it as one of the leading .NET-based open source CMS systems. In 2010, with 1000 downloads a day, Umbraco was in the top five most popular downloads via the Microsoft Web Platform Installer, two places below its main rival DotNetNuke.

DNN (software)
DNN Platform (formerly DotNetNuke) is a web content management system and web application framework based on the .NET Framework. It is open source and part of the .Net Foundation.

DNN is written in C#, though it existed for many years as a VB.NET project. It is distributed under an MIT license.
Caledonian Road, London
Caledonian Road in the London Borough of Islington, England, connects North London, from Camden Road near its junction with Holloway Road, and central London's Pentonville Road in the south. A mile and a half long, it is known colloquially as the Cally and forms the entirety of the A5203.

Pentonville Road
Pentonville Road is a road in Central London that runs west to east from Kings Cross to City Road at The Angel, Islington. The road is part of the London Inner Ring Road and part of the boundary of the London congestion charge zone.

The road was originally built in the mid-18th century as part of the New Road, a bypass of Central London for coach traffic. It was named Pentonville Road after the new town of Pentonville, that encouraged manufacturing to move out of the city and into suburbia. Numerous factories and commercial premises became established on the road in the 19th and 20th centuries, particularly after the arrival of London railways in the 1840s.

As industrial manufacturing fell out of favour in London in the late 20th century, many properties are now residential or student accommodation. Current premises include the Crafts Council Gallery on the site of a former chapel, the Scala nightclub in a former cinema, and The Castle, a public house.
Thorniewood United F.C.
Thorniewood United Football Club are a Scottish football club, based in Viewpark, North Lanarkshire. Formed in 1924, they compete in the West of Scotland League First Division. Their home ground is Robertson Park and the team colours are all red.

West of Scotland Football League
The West of Scotland Football League (WoSFL) is a senior football league based in the west of Scotland. The league sits at levels 6–10 on the Scottish football league system, acting as a feeder to the Lowland Football League.

Founded in 2020, it is currently composed of 80 member clubs competing in five divisions. Geographically, the league covers Argyll & Bute, Ayrshire, East Dunbartonshire, West Dunbartonshire, Glasgow, Inverclyde, Lanarkshire, East Renfrewshire and Renfrewshire. Two clubs are also based in Dumfries and Galloway.

Since its formation, it has featured in the senior pyramid system. The winners take part in an end of season promotion play-off with the East of Scotland Football League and South of Scotland Football League champions, subject to clubs meeting the required licensing criteria.
Alf Rigby
Alf Rigby was an Ireland international footballer. Rigby played for several clubs in the League of Ireland including Bray Unknowns, St James's Gate and Dundalk. He was also the top goalscorer in the League of Ireland for two successive seasons.

1933–34 FAI Cup
The FAI Cup 1933–34[A] was the thirteenth awarding of Ireland's premier cup competition prize, The Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup or FAI Cup. The tournament began on 13 January 1934 and concluded on 17 March with the final held at Dalymount Park, Dublin. An official attendance[B] of 21,000 people watched Cork claim their sole FAI Cup title by defeating inaugural winners, St James's Gate.
Panayır Island
Panayır Island (Turkish: Panayır Adası), deriving from its Greek name Panagia (Greek: Παναγία), is an Aegean island of Turkey. It was once known as Ziraat Island ("Agriculture Island"). It is now also known as Altın Adası ("Gold Island"). The island is a part of Didim ilçe (district) of Aydın Province at 37°19′36″N 27°19′50″E﻿ / ﻿37.32667°N 27.33056°E﻿ / 37.32667; 27.33056 The area of the island is about 0.4 square kilometres (0.15 sq mi). Its distance to main land (Altınkum beach of Didim in Anatolia) is 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi).

Currently the island is uninhabited. But there is an abandoned church, a building of the Ministry of Agriculture and a lighthouse in the island. The island was used to be officially recognized as a SIT area (archaeological site). But in 2010, Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning ended its SIT status. Now there is an intense discussion on the future of the island

Didim
Didim is a municipality and district of Aydın Province, Turkey. Its area is 424 km2, and its population is 97,000 (2022). It is a popular seaside holiday resort on the Aegean coast of western Turkey, 123 km (76 mi) from the provincial capital city of Aydın. Didim is the site of the antique city of Didyma with its ruined Temple of Apollo.
Princess Maria Antonia of Parma (1895–1977)
Princess Maria Antonia of Bourbon-Parma (7 November 1895 – 19 October 1977) was a member of the House of Bourbon-Parma and a Benedictine nun. She was the daughter of Robert I, Duke of Parma and his second wife, Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal.

Robert I, Duke of Parma
Robert I (Italian: Roberto Carlo Luigi Maria, French: Robert Charles Louis Marie, 9 July 1848 – 16 November 1907) was the last sovereign Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1854 until 1859, when the duchy was annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont during the Risorgimento. He was a member of the House of Bourbon-Parma and descended from Philip, Duke of Parma, the third son of King Philip V of Spain and Queen Elisabeth Farnese.
Bann, Germany
Bann (German pronunciation: [ban] ⓘ) is a municipality in the district of Kaiserslautern, in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany.  Located in the Steinalb valley with the Palatinate Forest bordering it to the east.

Palatinate Forest
The Palatinate Forest (/pəˈlætɪnɪt/; German: Pfälzerwald [ˈpfɛltsɐvalt] ⓘ), sometimes also called the Palatine Forest, is a low-mountain region in southwestern Germany, located in the Palatinate in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The forest is a designated nature park (German: Naturpark Pfälzerwald) covering 1,771 km2 and its highest elevation is the Kalmit (672.6 m).

Together with the northern part of the adjacent Vosges Mountains in France it forms the UNESCO-designated Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve.
Kentriko
Kentriko (Greek: Κεντρικό [kentrikoˈ]) is a village in the municipal unit of Andania in the municipality of Oichalia of the Regional Unit of Messenia located in the Region of Peloponnese, according to the administrative division of Greece as formed by the Kallikratis Plan 2011 local government reform program. 
The official village name is "Kentrikon" (Greek: Κεντρικόν [kentrikoˈn]). 
The seat of the municipality is Meligalas and it belongs to the geographical division of Peloponnese. Until 2010, Kentriko belonged to the Local District of Kentriko, of the former Andania Municipality of Messenia Prefecture.

Kentriko has an altitude of 80 meters above sea level, at latitude 37.2756 and longitude 21.9693.

Kentriko today is surrounded by arable land and its 78 inhabitants (2021) are engaged exclusively in agricultural work. It is located 38 kilometers from the Messenia capital Kalamata, 35 kilometers from Kyparissia and only 6 kilometers from Meligalas.

Kyparissia
Kyparissia (Greek: Κυπαρισσία) is a town and a former municipality in northwestern Messenia, Peloponnese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Trifylia, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 101.018 km2 (39.003 sq mi). The town proper has around 5,000 inhabitants.
2019 Auckland SuperSprint
The 2019 ITM Auckland SuperSprint was a motor racing event for Supercars, held on the weekend of 13 to 15 September 2019. The event was held at Pukekohe Park Raceway near Pukekohe, New Zealand, and consisted of two races, 200 kilometres in length. It was the 11th event of fifteen in the 2019 Supercars Championship and hosted races 23 and 24 of the season. It was the fourteenth running of the Auckland SuperSprint.

2019 Supercars Championship
The 2019 Supercars Championship (known for commercial reasons as the 2019 Virgin Australia Supercars Championship) was the twenty-first running of the Supercars Championship and the twenty-third series in which Supercars have contested the Australian Touring Car Championship, the premier title in Australian motorsport. The 2019 championship also included the running of the 1,000th Australian Touring Car Championship race, which was contested at the Melbourne 400.

Scott McLaughlin contested the series as the defending driver's champion. McLaughlin successfully defended his championship title, and in doing so, he broke Craig Lowndes' 1996 record for the most wins in a championship year when he recorded his seventeenth win at Pukekohe Park. His team, DJR Team Penske, won their second teams' championship. Ford secured the manufacturers' title at the Ipswich SuperSprint.
A.U.E.
AUE (or A.U.E.; Russian: АУЕ, А.У.Е.) is an informal, well-hidden, and vaguely-defined organization of Russian criminals, mainly consisting of children and teenagers, who are often indirectly ruled by adult criminals.

The acronym, transcribed from Russian: АУЕ or А.У.Е., comes from Арестантский уклад\устав един or Арестантское уркаганское единство. which can be translated into English as "Prisoner's Structure/Code is United" and "Prisoner's Criminal Unity".

The history of AUE started in 1980 but surfaced only in the 2010s.

On 17 August 2020, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation ruled to recognize the movement as extremist.

Zabaykalsky Krai
Zabaykalsky Krai is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in the Russian Far East. Its administrative center is Chita. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 1,107,107.

The krai was created on 1 March 2008, as a result of a merger of Chita Oblast and Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug after a referendum held on the issue on 11 March 2007. In 2018, the krai became part of the Far Eastern Federal District.
Kennywood
Kennywood is an amusement park in West Mifflin, Pennsylvania, just southeast of Pittsburgh. The park opened on May 30, 1898, as a trolley park attraction at the end of the Mellon family's Monongahela Street Railway.

It was purchased in 1906 by F. W. Henninger and Andrew McSwigan, both of whom later formed the family-owned Kennywood Entertainment Company. The company later sold Kennywood, along with four other parks, in 2007 to Parques Reunidos, an international entertainment operator based in Spain. In early 2025, the park was sold to Herschend.

The amusement park features various structures and rides dating back to the early 1900s. Along with Rye Playland Park, it is one of two amusement parks in the United States designated as a National Historic Landmark. Kennywood is also one of thirteen trolley parks in the United States that remain in operation.

Playland (New York)
Playland (often called Rye Playland and also known as Playland Amusement Park) is an amusement park located along the Long Island Sound in Rye, New York, United States. Built in 1928, the 280-acre (110 ha) park is owned by the Westchester County government.
David Dewhurst
David Henry Dewhurst (born August 18, 1945) is an American politician, businessman, and attorney who served as the 41st lieutenant governor of Texas from 2003 to 2015. A member of the Republican Party, he was the Texas Land Commissioner from 1999 to 2003. He was a candidate in 2012 for the U.S. Senate seat vacated by the retiring Republican Kay Bailey Hutchison, but he lost his party's runoff election to former Solicitor General Ted Cruz, who went on to win the general election.

Dewhurst's third term as lieutenant governor ended on January 20, 2015. He served as an advisory board member at the United States Secretary of Energy led by former Governor Rick Perry who was appointed by President Donald Trump in 2017.

Lieutenant Governor of Texas
The lieutenant governor of Texas is the second-highest constitutional officer in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the second-highest rank in the state government, behind only the governor.

The lieutenant governor serves as the first person in the gubernatorial line of succession, as an ex officio member of several state boards, and as the president of the Texas Senate. Unlike most lieutenant governors in the U.S., whose position in their respective state senates are largely ceremonial, the lieutenant governor of Texas plays an active role in running the chamber.

The lieutenant governor is elected every four years during the state's midterm elections. It is elected separately from the governor and has no term limits. The current lieutenant governor is Dan Patrick, who has served since January 20, 2015.
Vijai Shukla
Dr. Vijai Shukla (born 23 March 1948) is an Indian-Danish food scientist, researcher and professor in lipidology, and a central figure in the study of essential fatty acids. He is also the president of the International Food Science Center based in Denmark, Fellow of the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) and adjunct professor to the Department of Food Science and Nutrition at University of Minnesota.

Polyunsaturated fat
In biochemistry and nutrition, a polyunsaturated fat is a fat that contains a polyunsaturated fatty acid (abbreviated PUFA), which is a subclass of fatty acid characterized by a backbone with two or more carbon–carbon double bonds.
Some polyunsaturated fatty acids are essentials. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are precursors to and are derived from polyunsaturated fats, which include drying oils.
Wolfgang Engels
Wolfgang Engels (born 1943) is a former civilian employee of the East German National People's Army, employed as a car mechanic and driver, who in 1963 used a stolen BTR-152 armoured personnel carrier to escape to West Germany by breaking through the Berlin Wall.

Republikflucht
Republikflucht ([ʁepuˈbliːkˌflʊxt] ⓘ; German for "desertion from the republic", lit. 'republic flight') was the colloquial term in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) for illegal emigration to the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), West Berlin, and non-Warsaw Pact countries. The official term was Ungesetzlicher Grenzübertritt ("unlawful border crossing"). Republikflucht applied to both the 3.5 million Germans who migrated legally from the Soviet occupation zone and East Germany before the Berlin Wall was built on 13 August 1961, and the thousands who migrated illegally across the Iron Curtain until 23 December 1989. It has been estimated that 30,000 people left the GDR per year between 1984 and 1988, and up to 300,000 per year before the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961.
Glossary of aerospace engineering
This glossary of aerospace engineering terms pertains specifically to aerospace engineering, its sub-disciplines, and related fields including aviation and aeronautics. For a broad overview of engineering, see glossary of engineering.

Drag (physics)
In fluid dynamics, drag, sometimes referred to as fluid resistance, and also known as viscous force, is a force acting opposite to the direction of motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid. This can exist between two fluid layers, or between a fluid and a solid surface. Drag forces tend to decrease fluid velocity relative to the solid object in the fluid's path.

Unlike other resistive forces, drag force depends on velocity. Drag force is proportional to the relative velocity for low-speed flow and is proportional to the velocity squared for high-speed flow. This distinction between low and high-speed flow is measured by the Reynolds number.
Andrew Scott Waugh
Major General Sir Andrew Scott Waugh (3 February 1810 – 21 February 1878) was a British army officer and Surveyor General of India who worked in the Great Trigonometrical Survey. He served under Sir George Everest and succeeded him in 1843. Waugh established a gridiron system of traverses for covering northern India. Waugh is credited with naming the peak of Mount Everest.

Surveyor General of India
The Surveyor General of India is the Head of Department of Survey of India, a department under the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Government of India. The Surveyor General is also the most senior member of the Survey of India Service, an organised engineering service under the Union of India.

The current Surveyor General is Hitesh Kumar S Makwana.
Electoral district of Bancroft
Bancroft is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland. It was created in the 2017 redistribution. It is named after pioneer doctor Joseph Bancroft.

Located in the City of Moreton Bay, Bancroft consists of the north and central sections of the existing electorate of Murrumba, including the suburbs of Burpengary East, Deception Bay, North Lakes and parts of the Narangba, Rothwell, Morayfield and Mango Hill suburbs.

Electoral district of Murrumba
Murrumba is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland.

The district is based in the outer northern suburbs of Brisbane. It includes the suburbs of Deception Bay, Kippa-Ring, Murrumba Downs and Rothwell. The electorate was first contested in 1912.
Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden
Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden, PC (/ˈsnoʊdən/; 18 July 1864 – 15 May 1937) was a British politician. A strong speaker, he became popular in trade union circles for his denunciation of capitalism as unethical and his promise of a socialist utopia.  He was the first Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer, a position he held in 1924 and again between 1929 and 1931. He broke with Labour policy in 1931, and was expelled from the party and excoriated as a turncoat, as the party was overwhelmingly crushed that year by the National Government coalition that Snowden supported. He was succeeded as chancellor by Neville Chamberlain.

Blackburn (UK Parliament constituency)
Blackburn is a constituency in Lancashire, England, which is represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament by independent politician Adnan Hussain. From 2015 to 2024 it was represented by
Kate Hollern of the Labour Party and, from 1979 to 2015, by Jack Straw who served under the Labour leaders of Neil Kinnock and John Smith and the Labour governments of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown.