hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
High-definition television in Australia
High-definition television in Australia is available via cable, IPTV, satellite and terrestrial television. The first high-definition broadcasts began in 2001 and since then the number of channels available to view has grown to a maximum of 27 that can be viewed on pay-TV service, Foxtel.

7Bravo
7Bravo is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel, which was launched by the Seven Network under license from NBCUniversal International Networks on 15 January 2023. The channel contains programming from NBCUniversal's American networks, including Bravo, E! and Oxygen, along with entertainment and talk show programming from NBC and its American broadcast syndication division.
Modular subgroup
In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a modular subgroup is a subgroup that is a modular element in the lattice of subgroups, where the meet operation is defined by the intersection and the join operation is defined  by the subgroup generated by the union of subgroups.

By the modular property of groups, every quasinormal subgroup (that is, a subgroup that permutes with all subgroups) is modular. In particular, every normal subgroup is modular.

Normal subgroup
In abstract algebra, a normal subgroup (also known as an invariant subgroup or self-conjugate subgroup) is a subgroup that is invariant under conjugation by members of the group of which it is a part. In other words, a subgroup  of the group  is normal in  if and only if  for all  and  The usual notation for this relation is

Normal subgroups are important because they (and only they) can be used to construct quotient groups of the given group.  Furthermore, the normal subgroups of  are precisely the kernels of group homomorphisms with domain  which means that they can be used to internally classify those homomorphisms.

Évariste Galois was the first to realize the importance of the existence of normal subgroups.
Melbourne and Hobson's Bay Railway Company 2-4-0WT (1854)
This was a group of 18 2-4-0WT passenger steam locomotives, built by Robert Stephenson & Company and an extra locomotive built from spare parts supplied with the other 18. These locomotives not only provided the bulk workforce of the early private railway operators in Victoria, Australia, but upon their withdrawal they once again proved themselves useful as contractors' locos building some of the railway lines for the then expanding Victorian railway network.

Buninyong railway line
The Buninyong Line (also known as "Bunny Hop Line", or simply "The Bunny") was a Victorian Railways (Australia) branch line, which ran south from Ballarat to the nearby town of Buninyong. The line branched from the main Melbourne – Ballarat railway at Ballarat East station and was 11 km long. The line was opened on 11 September 1889, with traffic commencing the following day.

Passenger services on the line ceased in November 1930, and the section from Eureka to Buninyong was closed on 2 February 1947, leaving only a short branch to Eureka, which closed on 1 December 1986.
Samal Church
Saint Catherine of Siena Parish Church, commonly known as Samal Church, is a Roman Catholic church located in Samal, Bataan, Philippines. The church is dedicated to the Italian saint Catherine of Siena. The Dominicans constructed the first church in 1596. It is under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Balanga.

The parish has a Catholic population of 11,581, under Titular of St. Catherine of Siena, with Feast day on April 30. Its former Parish Priest is Monsignor Edilfredo Cruz of the Vicariate of St. Dominic de Guzman. From June 5, 2023 to December 26, 2025, Fr. Josue V. Enero was assigned as Rector and Parish Priest of the church until his death. Due to his death, Rufino Sescon, Bishop of Balanga, appointed Alwin B. Bobis as parish administrator on January 19, 2026.

National Historical Commission of the Philippines
The National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP; Filipino: Pambansang Komisyong Pangkasaysayan ng Pilipinas) is a government agency of the Philippines. Its mission is "the promotion of Philippine history and cultural heritage through research, dissemination, conservation, sites management and heraldry works." As such, it "aims to inculcate awareness and appreciation of the noble deeds and ideals of our heroes and other illustrious Filipinos, to instill pride in the Filipino people and to rekindle the Filipino spirit through the lessons of history."
International Race Officer of Sailing
Race Officers are a type of race official used during the running of sailing races run under the Racing Rules of Sailing. Their role is primarily linked to on-the-water race management issues. Primarily they are responsible for laying the course and starting and finishing the races. The International Sailing Federation helps train its member national authorities, many of whom have a national race officers program. The most experienced become International Race Officials recognised by the International Sailing Federation.

Racing Rules of Sailing
The Racing Rules of Sailing (often abbreviated to RRS) govern the conduct of yacht racing, windsurfing, kitesurfing, model boat racing, dinghy racing and virtually any other form of racing around a course with more than one vessel while powered by the wind. A new revision is published every four years (after the Olympic Games) by World Sailing, the sport's world governing body.  Full information on the rules can be viewed at World Sailing.
Key events of the 20th century
The 20th century changed the world in unprecedented ways. The World Wars sparked tension between countries and led to the creation of atomic bombs, the Cold War led to the space race and the creation of space-based rockets, and the World Wide Web was created. These advancements have played a significant role in citizens' lives and shaped the 21st century into what it is today.

Potsdam Declaration
The Potsdam Declaration, or the Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender, was a statement that called for the surrender of all Japanese armed forces during World War II. On July 26, 1945, United States President Harry S. Truman, United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and President of China Chiang Kai-shek issued the document, which outlined the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan, as agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference. The ultimatum stated that, if Japan did not surrender, it would face "prompt and utter destruction."
Gebhardt Motorsport
Gebhardt Motorsport is a German motor racing team and constructor founded by brothers Günther and Fritz Gebhardt. Originally the team was formed to further the open wheel racing career of Günther Gebhardt as he progressed through Formula Super Vee and Formula 3 racing a succession of March and Ralt open wheelers. Gebhardt reached Formula 2 in 1982 racing a March 812 BMW but went no further before shifting to sportscar endurance racing.

March Engineering
March Engineering was a Formula One constructor and manufacturer of customer racing cars from the United Kingdom. Although only moderately successful in Grand Prix competition, March racing cars enjoyed much better success in other categories of competition, including Formula Two, Formula Three, IndyCar and IMSA GTP sportscar racing.
Dalles des Morts
Dalles des Morts, also known as Death Rapids in English, was a famously violent stretch of the Columbia River upstream from Revelstoke, British Columbia, Canada, now submerged beneath the waters of Lake Revelstoke.

Coureur des bois
A coureur des bois (French: [kuʁœʁ de bwɑ]; lit. 'runner of the woods') or coureur de bois (French: [kuʁœʁ də bwɑ]; pl. coureurs de(s) bois) were independent entrepreneurial French Canadian traders who travelled in New France and the interior of North America, usually to trade with First Nations peoples by exchanging various European items for furs. Sometimes they operated in competition with the larger and licensed voyageurs. Some coureurs des bois learned the trades and practices of the indigenous peoples, and even went into business with them.

These expeditions were part of the beginning of the fur trade in the North American interior. Initially they traded for beaver coats and furs.  However, as the market grew, coureurs de bois were trapping and trading prime beavers whose skins were to be felted in Europe.
Asunción province
Asunción is one of the 20 provinces of the Ancash Region in Peru. One of the smallest provinces of the region, it is located in the heart of the region's central highlands, on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Blanca, in the eastern area of the Ancash Region at a distance of 121 km from the city of Huaraz, the capital of the region, and 521 km from the city of Lima. Chacas, the capital of the province, is located about 3,350 m high in the midst of extremely rugged terrain.

The province is bounded to the north by the province of Yungay, to the east by the provinces of Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald and Huari, and to the south and west by the province of Carhuaz.

Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald province
Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald is one of the 20 provinces of the Ancash Region of Peru. It is named after Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald, the rubber tycoon whose life served as an inspiration behind the 1982 film Fitzcarraldo.
Fingo (talisman)
Fingo is a protective talisman of the Mijikenda people in Coast Province, Kenya.  Fingo are believed to attract guardian spirits  (djinns).
It is commonly buried in the kaya (sacred forest). Kaya elders take care of the fingo, which is said to have come from Shungwaya, the ancestral home of the Mijikenda.
Considered to be interesting objet d'art, many fingo are stolen, while others are lost.
The Giriama use large stones as fingo while other Mijikenda use a large pot of medicine. The pottery vessel contains not only medicine but also magic charms. It serves to protect the kaya and its inhabitants, one buried at the entrance and exit of each kaya.

Mijikenda peoples
Mijikenda ("the Nine Tribes"; Swahili: Wamijikenda) are a group of nine related Bantu ethnic groups inhabiting the coast of Kenya, between the Sabaki and the Umba rivers, in an area stretching from the border with Tanzania in the south to the border near Somalia in the north. Archaeologist Chapuruka Kusimba contends that the Mijikenda formerly resided in coastal cities, but later settled in Kenya's hinterlands to avoid submission to dominant Portuguese forces that were then in control. Historically, these Mijikenda ethnic groups have been called the Nyika or Nika by outsiders. It is a derogatory term meaning "bush people."

The nine ethnic groups that make up the Mijikenda peoples are the Chonyi, Kambe, Duruma, Kauma, Ribe, Rabai, Jibana, Giriama, and Digo. The Digo are southern Mijikenda while the others are northern Mijikenda. The Digo are also found in Tanzania due to their proximity to the common border.
Yasuo Watani
Yasuo Watani (born in 1960) is a Japanese chromatic harmonica player. He was born in Kyoto, Japan and had his first harmonica lessons with Tadao Kobayashi in 1966. After graduating from Doshisha University (Faculty of Commerce) in 1984 with a degree in Economics, he studied the chromatic harmonica with Helmuth Herold at the Hohner-Konservatorium Trossingen in Germany from 1984 to 1988. He also learned the harmonica from the Canadian harmonica soloist Tommy Reilly. Watani was invited to stay on as a Lecturer at the Hohner-Konservatorium and taught from 1988 to 2002. Since 2005, he is a Music Professor for harmonica at Senzoku-Gakuen College of Music, Japan. He has been invited to judge at many harmonica competitions and festivals, including World Harmonica Festival and Asia Pacific Harmonica Festival.

Astor Piazzolla
Astor Pantaleón Piazzolla (Latin American Spanish: [asˈtoɾ pjaˈsola], Italian: [pjatˈtsɔlla]; March 11, 1921 – July 4, 1992) was an Argentine tango composer, bandoneon player, and arranger. His works revolutionized the traditional tango into a new style termed nuevo tango, incorporating elements from jazz and classical music. A virtuoso bandoneonist, he regularly performed his own compositions with a variety of ensembles.
In 1992, American music critic Stephen Holden described Piazzolla as "the world's foremost composer of Tango music".
A. E. Barit
Abraham Edward Barit (August 30, 1890 – July 14, 1974) was an American industrialist who served as the president and CEO of the Hudson Motor Car Company from 1936 to 1954 when Hudson merged with Nash Motors to form American Motors Corporation (AMC). Barit served on the board of AMC following the merger of the two automakers.

Hudson Motor Car Company
The Hudson Motor Car Company made Hudson and other branded automobiles in Detroit, Michigan, U.S., from 1909 until 1954. In 1954, Hudson merged with Nash-Kelvinator to form American Motors Corporation (AMC). The Hudson name was continued through the 1957 model year, after which it was discontinued.
2019 UCI Road World Championships – Men's time trial
The Men's time trial of the 2019 UCI Road World Championships was a cycling event that took place on 25 September 2019 in Harrogate, England. It was the 26th edition of the championship, for which Rohan Dennis of Australia was the defending champion, having won in 2018. 57 riders from 38 nations entered the competition.

Dennis successfully defended his title, becoming the first rider since Tony Martin (2011–2013) to retain the rainbow jersey for the time trial. Dennis finished 1 minute, 8.93 seconds ahead of the European champion Remco Evenepoel from Belgium. The bronze medal was won by Filippo Ganna of Italy, finishing 2.16 seconds ahead of fourth-placed Patrick Bevin from New Zealand; Ganna finished 1 minute, 55 seconds down on Dennis.

2018 UCI Road World Championships – Men's time trial
The Men's time trial of the 2018 UCI Road World Championships was a cycling event that took place on 26 September 2018 in Innsbruck, Austria. It was the 25th edition of the championship, for which Tom Dumoulin of the Netherlands was the defending champion, having won in 2017. 61 riders from 40 nations entered the competition.

Rohan Dennis became the second Australian male to win the world time trial title – after Michael Rogers, who won three consecutive titles between 2003 and 2005 – finishing almost a minute and a half clear of any other rider. The silver medal was more closely contested, with only 0.53 seconds covering the remaining medal-winners; it was settled in favour of defending champion Dumoulin, surpassing Belgium's Victor Campenaerts, the European champion, on the finish line.
2022 FIBA Under-18 Women's Americas Championship
The 2022 FIBA Under-18 Women's Americas Championship was the thirteenth edition of the FIBA Under-18 Women's Americas Championship, the biennial international under-18 basketball tournament that was held from 13 to 19 June 2022 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. This also served as the qualifying tournament for FIBA Americas in the 2023 FIBA Under-19 Women's Basketball World Cup in Spain.

FIBA Under-18 Women's AmeriCup
The FIBA U18 Women's AmeriCup, previously known as the FIBA Under-18 Women's Americas Championship, is the Americas basketball championship for women's under-18 national teams that takes place every two years in the FIBA Americas zone.

Before the 2004 edition, the tournament was played by under-19 teams. The top four finishers qualify for the FIBA Under-19 Women's Basketball World Cup.
2011 Kashiwa Reysol season
The 2011 Kashiwa Reysol season was Kashiwa Reysol's first season in J.League Division 1 since 2009 and 39th overall in the Japanese top flight. It also includes the 2011 J.League Cup, and the 2011 Emperor's Cup.

As a result of their first J.League title win (their second overall counting the 1972 JSL title), they were participants in the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup as Japan were the tournament hosts. Their title win was the first immediate win for a second-tier champion.

2011 Emperor's Cup
The 91st Emperor's Cup (第91回天皇杯) was a regular edition of an annual Japanese national cup tournament. It started on 3 September 2011 and ended on 1 January 2012 with the final at National Stadium in Tokyo, Japan, won by FC Tokyo 4–2 against Kyoto Sanga.

The cup winner were guaranteed a place in the 2012 AFC Champions League.
Cycling at the 2020 Summer Paralympics – Men's road time trial
The men's road time trial cycling events at the 2020 Summer Paralympics will take place on August 31 at Fuji Speedway, Oyama, Japan. Twelve events will take place over twelve classifications. The T1-2 time trial, which takes in two classifications, was a 'factored' event, with times adjusted by classification to allow fair competition. All events (finals) are to be held on the same day (August 31).

Cycling at the 2020 Summer Paralympics
Cycling at the 2020 Summer Paralympics took place in two separate locations. Track cycling took place at the Izu Velodrome from 25 to 28 August 2021 and road cycling took place on the Fuji Speedway from 31 August to 3 September 2021.

The 2020 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games were postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. They kept the 2020 name and were held from 24 August to 5 September 2021.

The competition was dominated by the squads from Great Britain and The Netherlands, winning 19 gold medals from 51 events. Great Britain, as in 2008, 2012 and 2016 dominated the track events, while the Netherlands were particularly strong in road racing.

Among the highlights were Great Britain's Sarah Storey becoming her country's most successful ever Paralympian, echoing the achievement of Jason Kenny in the 2020 Summer Olympics, winning her 15th, 16th and 17th gold medals in her eighth Paralympic Games.
76th Directors Guild of America Awards
The 76th Directors Guild of America Awards, honoring the outstanding directorial achievement in feature films, documentary, television and commercials of 2023, were presented on February 10, 2024, at the Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California. The ceremony was hosted by Judd Apatow, who previously hosted the ceremonies in 2018, 2020, 2022, and 2023. The nominations for the television and documentary categories were announced on January 9, 2024, while the nominations for the feature film categories were announced on January 10, 2024.

72nd Directors Guild of America Awards
The 72nd Directors Guild of America Awards, honoring the outstanding directorial achievement in feature films, documentary, television and commercials of 2019, were presented on January 25, 2020, at the Ritz-Carlton in Downtown Los Angeles, California. The ceremony was hosted by Judd Apatow, who also hosted the ceremony in 2018. The nominations for most of the television and documentary categories were announced on January 6, 2020, while the nominations for the feature film categories were announced on January 7, 2020. The nominations announcement for three television awards (Comedy Series, Drama Series, and Variety/Talk/News/Sports – Specials) was moved to January 10, 2020, due to a re-vote delay.
Iqbal Hussain Durrani
Iqbal Hussain Durrani is a retired Pakistani civil servant who served in BPS-22 grade as the National Security Secretary of Pakistan. Durrani belongs to the Pakistan Administrative Service and is the son-in-law of former Chief Minister of Sindh, Qaim Ali Shah. History was made when Prime Minister Imran Khan in 2019 promoted both Durrani as well as his wife, Pakistan Administrative Service officer Naheed Shah Durrani, to grade 22; as it was the first time in the country's bureaucratic history that both husband and wife were promoted together to the elite rank of Federal Secretary.

Durrani spent majority of his active service years in the Government of Sindh having served as provincial secretary of various departments. He was widely regarded as being one of the most influential provincial secretaries of Sindh. He belongs to the 15th CTP and is batchmates with Sikandar Sultan Raja, Fawad Hasan Fawad, Rizwan Ahmed, Hussain Asghar, Jawad Rafique Malik and Allah Dino Khawaja.

Sikandar Sultan Raja
Sikandar Sultan Raja is a retired Pakistani civil servant who is the current Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan since January 2020. He is the son-in-law of the former Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of Pakistan and Chief Secretary Sindh Saeed Mehdi. As a civil servant, Raja belonged to the Pakistan Administrative Service.

Raja retired from civil service in BPS-22 grade in 2019, having worked in senior bureaucratic positions such as the Railways Secretary, Petroleum Secretary, SAFRON Secretary, Federal Secretary Aviation and Chief Secretary of both Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.

Raja was appointed as the chief election commissioner by President Arif Alvi in January 2020. His tenure as chief election commissioner ended in 8 January 2025, however he has continued to server the position as a caretaker, until the appointment of his successor.
Umburanas
Umburanas is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil. Umburanas covers 1,775.633 km2 (685.576 sq mi), and has a population of 19,402 with a population density of 10.2 inhabitants per square kilometer. The municipality is located within the caatinga ecoregion. Umburanas borders on five municipalities: Ourolândia, Mirangaba, Campo Formoso, Morro do Chapéu, and Sento Sé, all in the state of Bahia.

Sento Sé
Sento Sé is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil. It covers 12,698.76 km2 (4,903.02 mi2), and has a population of 40,989 with a population density of 1.28 inhabitants per square kilometer. Sento Sé is located 689 kilometres (428 mi) from the state capital of Salvador.

Sento Sé has a peculiar history. It is among the five cities that had to be flooded because of construction of the Sobradinho Dam. The new Sento Sé erected in 1974, was being gradually populated by residents of the former headquarters, which plunged into the waters.
National Board of Revenue
The National Board of Revenue (NBR; Bengali: জাতীয় রাজস্ব বোর্ড) is the central authority for tax administration in Bangladesh. It is a statutory authority attached with the Internal Resources Division of the Ministry of Finance. The NBR collects almost 97% of tax revenue and almost 85% of total revenue for the Bangladesh government.

The finance ministry proposed dissolving the NBR and creating two ministerial divisions—the Revenue Management Division and the Revenue Policy Division—through a hastily promulgated ordinance in 2025. The ordinance drew criticism from Transparency International Bangladesh, which denounced the move as executive capture of the revenue sector. TIB stated that the move risked politicizing the revenue sector, undermined the autonomy of the revenue service, and reduced accountability, transparency, and neutrality. Debapriya Bhattacharya of the Centre for Policy Dialogue also criticized the move on similar grounds.

Centre for Policy Dialogue
The Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) is a non-governmental think-tank in Bangladesh. It was established in 1993 by Rehman Sobhan, its founder chairman, with support from leading civil society institutions in Bangladesh