hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pleading
In law as practiced in countries that follow the English models, a pleading is a formal written statement of one party's claims or defenses in response to another party's complaint(s) in a civil action. The parties' pleadings in a case define the issues to be adjudicated in the action.

The Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) govern pleading in England and Wales.

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure govern pleading in United States federal courts. Each state in the United States has its own statutes and rules that govern pleading in the courts of that state.

Legal fiction
A legal fiction is a construct used in law where, in order to facilitate a specific outcome, a position is taken to be true, even if such a position is not literally true. Legal fictions can be employed by the courts or found in legislation.

Legal fictions are different from legal presumptions which assume a certain state of facts until the opposite is proved, such as the presumption of legitimacy.

The term legal fiction is sometimes used in a pejorative way. Jeremy Bentham was a famous historical critic of legal fictions. Proponents of legal fictions, particularly of their use historically, identify legal fictions as "scaffolding around a building under construction".
Reynolds and Reynolds
The Reynolds and Reynolds Company is a private corporation based in Dayton, Ohio. Its primary business is providing business forms, management software and professional services to car dealerships. Its software is used to manage sales logistics at dealerships. It also produces forms used in medicine and insurance.

Reynolds and Reynolds was founded in 1866 as a printer of standardized business forms. It began developing and marketing digital products in the 1960s. This was followed by a major downsizing of the printing division and subsequent advancements in its software products. By the 1980s, Reynolds and Reynolds had won contracts with all of the Big Three automotive manufacturers, as well as some insurance businesses. The company went public in 1961, but was re-formed as a private company in 2006, when it was merged with Universal Computer Systems, resulting in a culture clash between the two companies.

Management information system
A management information system (MIS) is an information system used for decision-making, and for the coordination, control, analysis, and visualization of information in an organization. The study of the management information systems involves people, processes and technology in an organizational context. In other words, it serves, as the functions of controlling, planning, decision making in the management level setting.

In a corporate setting, the ultimate goal of using management information system is to increase the value and profits of the business.
2023–24 Scottish League Cup
The 2023–24 Scottish League Cup, also known as the Viaplay Cup for sponsorship reasons, was the 78th season of Scotland's second-most prestigious football knockout competition.

Celtic were the two-time defending champions, but were eliminated in the second round by Kilmarnock.

Rangers won their record-extending 28th Scottish League Cup beating Aberdeen 1–0 in the final.

Premier Sports
Premier Sports is a group of pay sports television channels owned by SSBL Limited that are available in the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom.

Premier Sports holds exclusive live rights to La Liga, Scottish League Cup, Elite Ice Hockey League, NHL and NASCAR. Premier Sports has shared rights to the United Rugby Championship in the Britain and exclusive live rights to 53 Premier League games in the Republic of Ireland. They also hold shared rights to the Scottish Cup with BBC Scotland.
North Wales International Music Festival
The North Wales International Music Festival is a classical music festival held annually in St Asaph Cathedral in North Wales. It was founded by William Mathias in 1972 and takes place every September. William Mathias was artistic director of the Festival for twenty years until his death in 1992. He was followed by Geraint Lewis and Ann Atkinson, who was also in post for twenty years before stepping down in 2023. Paul Mealor was announced as the festival's new artistic director on 2 October 2023.

St Asaph Cathedral
The Cathedral Church of Saints Asaph and Cyndeyrn, commonly called St Asaph Cathedral (Welsh: Eglwys Gadeiriol Llanelwy), is a cathedral in St Asaph, Denbighshire, north Wales. It is the episcopal seat of the Bishop of St Asaph. The cathedral dates back 1,400 years, while the current building dates from the 13th century. The cathedral is part of the Church in Wales and part of the Anglican Communion of Wales.
Thomas D. Rath
Thomas D. Rath is a former Attorney General of New Hampshire. He is founder of the law firm of Rath, Young and Pignatelli.

President George H. W. Bush appointed Rath to be a director of the Legal Services Corporation. Rath chaired the senatorial campaigns of Warren Rudman and Judd Gregg. He assisted actively with the confirmation of Supreme Court Justice David Souter by the United States Senate. He served as a senior advisor to the presidential campaigns of George W. Bush, Howard Baker, Mitt Romney, Robert Dole, and Lamar Alexander. He has served as a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, and 2008. He is the past National Committeeman from New Hampshire to the Republican Party.

New Hampshire Attorney General
The attorney general of New Hampshire is a constitutional officer of the U.S. state of New Hampshire who serves as head of the New Hampshire Department of Justice. As of April 22, 2021, the state's attorney general is John Formella.
Bracondale
Bracondale was a provincial electoral district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from  1926 to 1967. The constituency got its name from an old Toronto suburb called Bracondale, that was annexed by Toronto in 1909. Its most notable event was electing one of the first two women Members of the Provincial Parliament (MPP) to share the title "first-woman MPP" in 1943 when Rae Luckock was elected. In 1965, Bracondale's MPP, Joseph Gould, died in office sparking the final election held in the constituency. George Ben won the by-election, and became the constituency's last MPP.  It was abolished for the 1967 Ontario provincial election, and redistributed into the Dovercourt and Bellwoods constituencies. As of 2023, the current electoral districts of Davenport, St. Paul's,  University–Rosedale, and  Spadina–Fort York encompass this historic riding.

University—Rosedale (provincial electoral district)
University—Rosedale is a provincial electoral district in Toronto. It elects one member to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. This riding was created in 2015.  The Ontario Legislative Building is located within this district.
Sewerynów, Skierniewice County
Sewerynów [sɛvɛˈrɨnuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowy Kawęczyn, within Skierniewice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) north-east of Nowy Kawęczyn, 12 km (7 mi) east of Skierniewice, and 60 km (37 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.

Nowy Kawęczyn
Nowy Kawęczyn [ˈnɔvɨ kaˈvɛnt͡ʂɨn] is a village in Skierniewice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Nowy Kawęczyn. It lies approximately 11 km (7 mi) south-east of Skierniewice and 55 km (34 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.

In 2004 the village had a population of 110.
Ramadan in Afghanistan
Ramadan in Afghanistan holds profound religious and cultural significance in Afghanistan, where the majority of the population practices Islam. Ramadan marked by unique traditions, charitable acts, and communal gatherings, and acts of charity.

Islam in Afghanistan
Sunni Islam, mainly the Hanafi school, is the largest and the state religion of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Islam in Afghanistan began to be practiced after the Arab Islamic conquest of Afghanistan from the 7th to the 10th centuries, with the last holdouts to conversion submitting in the late 19th century. It was generally accepted by local communities as a replacement of Buddhism and Zoroastrianism, local tribes began converting to the new religion. Islam is the official state religion of Afghanistan, with approximately 99.7% of the Afghan population being Muslim. Roughly 85% practice Sunni Islam, while around 10% are Shias. Most Shias belong to the Twelver branch and only a smaller number follow Ismailism.

After the Islamic conquest of Persia was completed, the Muslim Arabs then began to move towards the lands east of Persia and in 652 captured Herat. By the end of the 10th century CE the Turkic Ghaznavids subdued Kabul Shahi kings.
2017 Shymkent Challenger
The 2017 Shymkent Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the first edition of the tournament which was part of the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Shymkent, Kazakhstan between 22 and 27 May 2017.

2017 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour, in 2017, was the secondary men's professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2017 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprises 155 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $50,000 up to $150,000. It was the 40th edition of the challenger tournaments cycle, and 9th under the name of Challenger Tour.
2022 Women's Hockey Africa Cup of Nations
The 2022 Women's Hockey Africa Cup of Nations was the eighth edition of the Women's Hockey Africa Cup of Nations, the quadrennial international women's field hockey championship of Africa organised by the African Hockey Federation. In February 2021 it was announced that the tournament would be held alongside the men's tournament at the Theodosia Okoh Hockey Stadium in Accra, Ghana from 17 to 23 January 2022.

South Africa were the six-time defending champions, having also won the 2017 edition. They successfully defended their title after beating Ghana in the final. The winner qualified for the 2022 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup.

2022 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup
The 2022 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup was the 15th edition of the Women's FIH Hockey World Cup, the quadrennial world championship for women's national field hockey teams organized by the International Hockey Federation. It was held from 1 to 17 July 2022 at the Estadi Olímpic de Terrassa in Terrassa, Spain and at the Wagener Stadium in Amstelveen, the Netherlands.

Defending champions the Netherlands won the tournament for a record ninth time after defeating Argentina 3–1 in the final. Australia won the third place match by defeating Germany 2–1.
Copenhagen Central Post Building
Copenhagen Central Post Building (Danish: Centralpostbygningen), located on Tietgensgade, just behind the Central Station, in the Vesterbro district of Copenhagen, Denmark, was originally built as a new headquarters for the Danish Post and Telegraph Company and now houses Villa Copenhagen, new luxury hotel planned to open April 2020.

The building was designed in Neo-Baroque style by Heinrich Wenck, who also designed the Central Station, and completed in 1912.

Vesterbro, Copenhagen
Vesterbro is one of the 15 administrative, statistical, and city tax districts (bydele) comprising the municipality of Copenhagen, Denmark. It covers an area of 3.76 km2 (1.45 sq mi), and has a population of 51,466 and a population density of 13,688 per km2.

Neighboring city districts are:

to the northeast, the Indre By, also known as "Copenhagen Center", "Downtown Copenhagen" or "City".

to the north, Frederiksberg municipality, which is not a part of Copenhagen municipality but rather an enclave surrounded by the municipality.

to the west, Valby.

to the south, Kongens Enghave.
Quick connect fitting
For hoses and piping, a quick connect fitting, also called a push fitting or Quick Connect Coupling, is a coupling used to provide a fast, make-or-break connection of gas or liquid transfer lines. Operated by hand, quick connect fittings replace threaded or flanged connections, which require wrenches. When equipped with self-sealing valves, quick connect fittings will, upon disconnection, automatically contain any fluid in the line. However, this depends on the type of coupling, such as single shut-off, double shut-off, or straight-through designs, which determine whether fluid retention occurs.

Hose
A hose, also called a hose-pipe, is a flexible hollow tube or pipe designed to carry fluids from one location to another, often from a faucet or hydrant.

Early hoses were made of leather, flax, and cotton. World War II lead to increased industrial development and the invention of synthetic rubber materials with higher chemical resistance. Modern hoses may be made of rubber, canvas, and helically wound wire. Hoses may also be made from plastics such as polyvinyl chloride and polytetrafluoroethylene. Materials such as stainless steel and polyethylene terephthalate are used for hoses capable of carrying low-temperature liquids such as liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen.
Opera Nova Bydgoszcz
The Opera Nova is an opera house in Bydgoszcz, Poland. It was established in 1956, and it also plays the role of a musical theatre. It is one of the 10 opera houses in Poland and the only one of this size in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. Opera Nova also welcomes the scene of the Bydgoszcz Buratino Puppet Theatre.

Mill Island, Bydgoszcz
Mill Island (Polish: Wyspa Młyńska) is a historic area in the Old Town of Bydgoszcz, Poland. It covers approximately 6.5 ha and today is a place with cultural and recreational facilities, surrounded by the Brda river and its branch. The island received the 2012 certificate for Best Tourist Attraction from the Polish Tourist Organisation.
Albion Hotel, Cottesloe
The Albion Hotel on Stirling Highway in Cottesloe, Western Australia is a historical building, trading as a hotel since 1870.

In its early years it was known as Halfway House - being located midway between Fremantle and Perth. The site was established by Thomas Briggs before 1869. The current hotel has traded under various names for over a century as a public house.

Cottesloe, Western Australia
Cottesloe is a western suburb of Perth, Western Australia, within the Town of Cottesloe. Cottesloe was named for Thomas Fremantle, 1st Baron Cottesloe, a prominent Tory politician and the brother of Admiral Sir Charles Fremantle, for whom the city of Fremantle was named. The nearby suburb of Swanbourne was named for the Fremantle family seat, Swanbourne House, in Swanbourne, Buckinghamshire.

Cottesloe was home to Australian Prime Minister John Curtin. The house he built still stands in Jarrad Street. It is now vested jointly in the National Trust of Australia (WA) and Curtin University.
Volleyball Ireland
Volleyball Ireland, branded as VLY., officially the Volleyball Association of Ireland, is the governing body of volleyball, including beach volleyball and spikeball, on the island of Ireland. It has traded as Volleyball Ireland since 2018. It is funded by the Irish Sports Council, and is a member of the Olympic Federation of Ireland, and the European Volleyball Confederation, including the Small Countries Association. Northern Ireland Volleyball also operates in Northern Ireland as part of the British Volleyball Federation.

Olympic Federation of Ireland
The Olympic Federation of Ireland (OFI; Irish: Cónaidhm Oilimpeach na hÉireann; IOC Code: IRL), called the Irish Olympic Council from 1920 to 1952, and the Olympic Council of Ireland from 1952 to 2018, is the National Olympic Committee (NOC) of Ireland. Athletes from Northern Ireland have the option of participating under its auspices or in the Great Britain and Northern Ireland Olympic Team. Its mission statement is "To manage and enhance the performance of Team Ireland at Olympic Games whilst developing the Olympic Movement in Ireland." In 2018 the Olympic Council of Ireland was renamed as the Olympic Federation of Ireland.
Clube Ferroviário da Beira (basketball)
Clube Ferroviário da Beira (in English: Railway Club Beira) is a basketball club from Beira, Mozambique. The team plays in the national Mozambican Basketball League (LMB) and has won the national championship six times.

The team played in the Basketball Africa League (BAL) during the 2022 and 2023 seasons. During the 2000s and 2010s, they played in the FIBA Africa Club Champions Cup four editions as well.

2019 FIBA Africa Basketball League
The 2019 FIBA Africa Basketball League was the 33nd edition of FIBA Africa's premier club Basketball tournament and the 1st under the new format and new name. The season saw an expansion from twelve to sixteen teams.

The season began on February 8, 2019, and ended on May 26, 2019, with the conclusion of the Final Four. The Final Four was hosted at the Kilamba Arena in Luanda, Angola.

It was the last season of the league as the competition was replaced by the Basketball Africa League (BAL), a new competition jointly established by the National Basketball Association (NBA) and FIBA.
British Safety Council
The British Safety Council, a registered charity founded by James Tye in 1957, is one of the world's leading health and safety organisations alongside the likes of Institution of Occupational Safety and Health and International Institute of Risk & Safety Management.

The British Safety Council covers a variety of health and safety issues such as occupational health and safety, construction health and safety, environmental sustainability, COSHH, risk assessment, fire safety and environmental management.

Unlike these the council's members are mostly companies. Safety practitioners the world over use the services and training they provide. The London-based charity provides training in over 50 countries.

The British Safety Council is also a partner in the development of the Occupational Safety and Health Consultants Register scheme (OSHCR), a centrally held register of registered health and safety consultants within the United Kingdom.

International Institute of Risk & Safety Management
The International Institute of Risk & Safety Management (IIRSM) is a non-profit professional organization for occupational health and safety practitioners worldwide, based in the United Kingdom. It provides education, training, advice, resources and networking to assist people and organisations in issues regarding risk management.
Susanna Vernon
Susanna Vernon (11 August 1920 – 16 August 2011) was a pioneer conference interpreter, one of the first to practice simultaneous interpretation, in which the interpreter interprets while the speaker is still speaking.

Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski
Bolesław Ignacy Florian Wieniawa-Długoszowski (22 July 1881 – 1 July 1942; Polish: [bɔˈlɛ.swaf vjɛˈɲa.va dwu.ɡɔˈʂɔf.ski]) was a Polish general, adjutant to Chief of State Józef Piłsudski, politician, freemason, diplomat, poet, artist and formally for one day the President of the Republic of Poland.

He was one of the generation that fought for and saw the rebirth of an independent Poland on 11 November 1918 (National Independence Day), only to see that independence lost again after the 1939 division of Poland between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union pursuant to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.
Miss Perú 1990
The Miss Perú 1990 pageant was held on April 1, 1990. That year, 20 candidates were competing for the 2 national crowns. The chosen winner represented Peru at the Miss Universe 1990 and Miss World 1990.The rest of the finalists would enter in different pageants.

Miss Universe 1990
Miss Universe 1990, the 39th Miss Universe pageant, was held at the Shubert Theatre in Los Angeles, California, United States, on April 15, 1990.

At the end of the event, Angela Visser of Holland crowned Mona Grudt of Norway as Miss Universe 1990. Seventy one contestants competed for the title.
Twardosławice
Twardosławice [tfardɔswaˈvit͡sɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabica, within Piotrków County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 11 km (7 mi) south-east of Grabica, 4 km (2 mi) north-west of Piotrków Trybunalski, and 43 km (27 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

Grabica, Piotrków County
Grabica [ɡraˈbit͡sa] is a village in Piotrków County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Grabica. It lies approximately 15 km (9 mi) north-west of Piotrków Trybunalski and 33 km (21 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

The village has an approximate population of 390.
Catherine Mary MacSorley
Catherine Mary MacSorley (5 October 1848 – 26 January 1929) was an Irish writer. She specialized in books for girls and books of a religious nature.

She was born at 94 Ranelagh Road, Dublin, eldest daughter of Catherine and Rev. John James MacSorley (1809-1884), rector of St. Peter's Church, Aungier St., Dublin. The family afterwards moved to Harcourt Terrace, where, after the death of her mother in 1910, she lived with her sister Mary Gertrude for the rest of their lives. Many of her books were published by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK).

She wrote the hymn, "We thank Thee, O our Father" ("Praise to God"), in 1890 for the children of Saint Peter’s School in nearby Camden Row.

She died in Dublin in 1929 and was interred in Mount Jerome Cemetery.

Mount Jerome Cemetery and Crematorium
Mount Jerome Cemetery & Crematorium (Irish: Reilig Chnocán Iaróm) is situated in Harold's Cross on the south side of Dublin, Ireland. Since its foundation in 1836, it has witnessed over 300,000 burials. Originally an exclusively Protestant cemetery, Roman Catholics have also been buried there since the 1920s.
Zack Scoular
Zack Scoular (/ˈskuːlər/; born 23 November 2007) is a New Zealand and Australian racing driver who competes in Eurocup-3 for Palou Motorsport.

Scoular previously competed in the 2025 Formula Regional Oceania Championship with mtec Motorsport, where he finished runner-up to Arvid Lindblad. He won the New Zealand Grand Prix in 2026.

2024 Formula 4 UAE Championship
The 2024 Formula 4 UAE Championship was the eighth season of the Formula 4 UAE Championship, and the last under this moniker before the change of the branding to F4 Middle East Championship from 2025 onwards. It was a motor racing series for the United Arab Emirates, regulated according to FIA Formula 4 regulations and organised and promoted by the Emirates Motorsport Organization (EMSO) and Top Speed.

The regular season commenced on 12 January at the Yas Marina Circuit and concluded on 18 February at the Dubai Autodrome.
Vivek Chibber
Vivek Aslam Chibber (born 1965) is an American academic, social theorist, editor, and professor of sociology at New York University, who has published widely on development, social theory, and politics. Chibber is the author of three books, The Class Matrix: Social Theory after the Cultural Turn (Harvard, 2022), Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capital (Verso, 2013) and Locked in Place: State-Building and Late Industrialization in India (Princeton, 2003).

In 2017, Chibber launched Catalyst: A Journal of Theory and Strategy, with Robert Brenner, published by Jacobin magazine.

Verso Books
Verso Books (formerly New Left Books) is a publishing house based in London and New York City. Founded in 1970 by the staff of the New Left Review, it has Tariq Ali and Perry Anderson on its board of directors. According to its website, it is the largest independent, radical publishing house in the English-speaking world, publishing one hundred books a year. Harper's described it as "Anglo-America's preeminent radical press," and The Sunday Times called it "a rigorously intelligent publisher."