hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
St Briavels railway station
St Briavels Station was a station along the Wye Valley Railway. It was built in 1876 during the construction of the line on the Monmouthshire side of the River Wye at Bigsweir, and was intended to serve the nearby villages of St Briavels, across the river in the Forest of Dean, and Llandogo, which is further down the Wye Valley. It was closed on 5 January 1959 when the line was closed to passenger services.

Wye Valley Railway
The Wye Valley Railway was a standard gauge railway that ran for nearly 15 miles (24 km) along the Lower Wye Valley between the towns of Chepstow and Monmouth, crossing several times between Wales and England. Opened on 1 November 1876, it was leased to, and worked by, the Great Western Railway (GWR), before being fully absorbed by the GWR in 1905.

The line was built with the hope of becoming part of a through trunk route between Bristol and the industrial Midlands, a development which never took place. Although tourism provided some new passenger business in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods, the line's income was always weak.

After nationalisation, British Railways reviewed its viability and withdrew the passenger service on 5 January 1959. A limited goods and mineral service continued until 1964, after which residual traffic continued on the southern end of the route to Tintern Quarry, until 1981, and Dayhouse Quarry, near Tidenham, until 1990.
Barwon Heads Airport
Barwon Heads Airport (ICAO: YBRS) is a small airfield specifically for light aircraft on the Bellarine Peninsula near the township of Barwon Heads, Victoria, Australia. It is primarily used for scenic flights, private aircraft and flight training.

The airport has remained small and undeveloped until recently, where development is soon to commence. In early 2008, a local council permit was given to construct another five hangars and associated car parking.

The airport has a flight training school with two classrooms, fuel facilities and a seafood outlet. A shower and toilets are located in the terminal building, where there is also a kitchen, snack and drink machines and a lounge area.

The airport has two runways, the main one is a sealed north–south runway, and there is a smaller east/west grass runway, primarily for ultralight aircraft, and light aircraft in stronger wind conditions

Barwon Heads
Barwon Heads (previously known as Point Flinders) is a town on the Bellarine Peninsula, near Geelong, Victoria, Australia. It is situated on the west bank of the mouth of the Barwon River below Lake Connewarre, and is bounded to the west by farmland, golf courses and the saline ephemeral wetland of Murtnaghurt Lagoon. At the 2021 census, Barwon Heads had a population of 4,353.
Fathabad-e Deh-e Arab
Fathabad-e Deh-e Arab (Persian: فتح ابادده عرب, also Romanized as Fatḩābād-e Deh-e 'Arab; also known as 'Arab, 'Arab Fatḩābād, and Fatḩābād-e 'Arab) is a village in Jaydasht Rural District, in the Central District of Firuzabad County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 290, in 72 families.

Jaydasht Rural District
Jaydasht Rural District (Persian: دهستان جايدشت) is in Jaydasht District of Firuzabad County, Fars province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Rudbal. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Jaydasht.
Florin Abelès
Florin Abelès (October 20, 1922 – April 12, 2005) was a French physicist who specialized in optics.

In his 1949 doctoral thesis, Abelès developed a transfer-matrix formalism to compute the transmission and reflection of light by thin dielectric layers. When Lyman G. Parratt performed the first x-ray reflectometry experiment in 1954, he developed an equivalent recursion method. Nowadays, Abelès matrices or Parratt recursion are exchangeably used in investigations of multilayers by x-ray reflectometry, neutron reflectometry, or ellipsometry.

In 1969, Abelès founded the journal Optics Communications. He served as editor-in-chief until 1993.

X-ray reflectivity
X-ray reflectivity (sometimes known as X-ray specular reflectivity, X-ray reflectometry, or XRR) is a surface-sensitive analytical technique used in chemistry, physics, and materials science to characterize surfaces, thin films and multilayers.  It is a form of reflectometry based on the use of X-rays and is related to the techniques of neutron reflectometry and ellipsometry.

The basic principle of X-ray reflectivity is to reflect a beam of X-rays from a flat surface and to then measure the intensity of X-rays reflected in the specular direction (reflected angle equal to incident angle).  If the interface is not perfectly sharp and smooth then the reflected intensity will deviate from that predicted by the law of Fresnel reflectivity. The deviations can then be analyzed to obtain the density profile of the interface normal to the surface.
Al-Mulk
Al-Mulk (Arabic: الملك, lit. 'the Sovereignty', 'the Kingdom') is the 67th chapter (surah) of the Quran, comprising 30 verses. Surah Al Mulk emphasizes the greatness of Allah and his creation, urging believers to reflect on the signs of God's power in the universe.

Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud
Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud (Arabic: عبد الله بن مسعود, romanized: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Masʿūd; c. 594 – c. 653) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad whom Sunni Islamic tradition regards as the greatest interpreter of the Quran of his time and the second ever. He was also known by the kunya Abu Abd al-Rahman.: 289
Large Interferometer For Exoplanets
Large Interferometer For Exoplanets (LIFE) is a project started in 2017 to develop the science, technology and a roadmap for a space mission to detect and characterize the atmospheres of dozens of warm, terrestrial extrasolar planets. The current plan is for a nulling interferometer operating in the mid-infrared.

The LIFE space observatory concept is different from previous space missions, which covered a similar wavelength regime in the mid-infrared (MIR). This includes recent missions such as James Webb Space Telescope, Spitzer Space Telescope, and older missions such as ISO, IRAS, and AKARI.

Biosignature
A biosignature is a phenomenon that can be explained by biological processes where all possible abiotic causes of this phenomenon have been eliminated. This term is mainly used in the field of astrobiology in the search for past or present extraterrestrial life, from planets and moons in the Solar System to exoplanets. Candidate biosignatures strongly indicate some of the earliest known life forms, aid studies of the origin of life on Earth as well as the possibility of life on Mars, Venus and elsewhere in the universe.
Brenda Reneau
Brenda Reneau (January 4, 1954 – December 5, 2013) was an American  Republican Party politician from the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Reneau served as the Oklahoma Commissioner of Labor for three consecutive terms. First elected in 1994, she was the first woman to serve as Labor Commissioner. Reelected in 1998 and 2002, she narrowly lost her bid for another term in 2006 and her term ended in January 2007.

Oklahoma Labor Commissioner
The Oklahoma Commissioner of Labor is an elective executive officer of the State of Oklahoma. The Labor Commissioner serves as the head of the Oklahoma Department of Labor. The Labor Commissioner is responsible for supervising the administration of all state laws relating to labor and workplace safety and gathers and publishes information about the workforce of Oklahoma.

Until his death in August, 2015, the Labor Commissioner was Mark Costello, a Republican, who defeated the incumbent Lloyd Fields, a Democrat in the November 2010 election. In November 2015, Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin appointed Melissa McLawhorn Houston to serve out the remainder of Costello’s term. Houston did not seek reelection to the position in the 2018 election, and was succeeded as Commissioner by Leslie Osborn.
Klymets
Klymets (Ukrainian: Климе́ць, Polish: Klimiec; German: Klimetz) is a selo (village) in Stryi Raion, Lviv Oblast, of western Ukraine. More specifically, it is located in the Ukrainian Carpathians, within the limits of the Eastern Beskids (Skole Beskids) in southwestern part of the oblast. Klymets belongs to Koziova rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. It is situated 149 kilometres (93 mi) from the regional center Lviv, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the district center Skole, and 113 kilometres (70 mi) from Uzhhorod.

Local government is administered by the Klymetska village council.

Skole Raion
Skole Raion (Ukrainian: Сколівський район) was a raion (district) in Lviv Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center was Skole. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Skole Raion was merged into Stryi Raion. The last estimate of the raion population was 46,996 (2020 est.).

It was established in 1940.

At the time of disestablishment, the raion consisted of three hromadas:

Kozova rural hromada with the administration in the selo of Kozova;

Skole urban hromada with the administration in Skole;

Slavske settlement hromada with the administration in the urban-type settlement of Slavske.
2008 Campeonato Brasileiro Sub-20
The Campeonato Brasileiro Sub 20 2008 (Under-20 Brazilian Championship) was the 3rd edition of the annual tournament organized by FGF, the Rio Grande do Sul State Football Federation. Only players 20 years old or younger are allowed to play. The competition was contested by all teams on the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 2008, except from Vasco and São Paulo, which were replaced by Corinthians and Juventude. It began on December 8 and the final match was played on December 21, 2008.

The matches were played at four stadiums: Passo D'Areia and PUC Sport Stadium in Porto Alegre; Morada dos Quero-Queros in Alvorada; and Municipal Farroupilha in Alegrete.

After reaching the final for the second time in tournament history, Grêmio won its first title. They beat city rivals Internacional in the semifinal match and then, in the final match, they came back from a 0-1 score against Sport to win the tournament.

2008 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
The 2008 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A was the 52nd edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A. It began on May 8 and ended on December 7. For the first time, one club has won the championship three times in a row. Also, São Paulo has been crowned the biggest winner in the history of the competition, winning it six times since its establishment in 1971.
Peter Strauss Ranch
The Peter Strauss Ranch is a regional park unit of the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area - and operated by the National Park Service as Peter Strauss Ranch Park. It is located in the central Santa Monica Mountains — on Mulholland Highway near Agoura Hills, Southern California, in the Western United States.  The ranch is named after the actor Peter Strauss, who was the last private owner-resident of the property. Much of the ranch was destroyed during the Woolsey Fire in November 2018.

Santa Monica Mountains
The Santa Monica Mountains are a coastal mountain range in Southern California, next to the Pacific Ocean. It is part of the Transverse Ranges. The Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area protects nearly all of this mountain range, and extends beyond it in places. Because of its proximity to densely populated regions, it is one of the most visited natural areas in California.
Landing craft tank
The Landing Craft, Tank (LCT) (or tank landing craft, TLC) was an amphibious assault craft for landing tanks on beachheads. They were initially developed by the Royal Navy and later by the United States Navy during World War II in a series of versions. Initially known as the "tank landing craft" (TLC) by the British, they later adopted the U.S. nomenclature "landing craft, tank" (LCT). The United States continued to build LCTs post-war, and used them under different designations in the Korean and Vietnam Wars.

Landing craft
Landing craft are small and medium seagoing watercraft, such as boats and barges, used to convey a landing force (infantry and vehicles) from the sea to the shore during an amphibious assault. The term excludes landing ships, which are larger. Production of landing craft peaked during World War II, with a significant number of different designs produced in large quantities by the United Kingdom and United States.

Because of the need to run up onto a suitable beach, World War II landing craft were flat-bottomed, and many designs had a flat front, often with a lowerable ramp, rather than a normal bow. This made them difficult to control and very uncomfortable in rough seas. The control point (too rudimentary to call a bridge on LCA and similar craft) was normally at the extreme rear of the vessel, as were the engines. In all cases, they were known by an abbreviation derived from the official name rather than by the full title.
Jagua Formation
The Jagua Formation is a Late Jurassic (middle to late Oxfordian) geologic formation in the Sierra de los Órganos and Sierra del Rosario mountain ranges in Pinar del Río Province, western Cuba. Plesiosaur, pliosaur, pterosaur, metriorhynchid, turtle and dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from its strata.

Oxfordian age
The Oxfordian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the earliest age of the Late Jurassic Epoch, or the lowest stage of the Upper Jurassic Series. It spans the time between 161.5 ± 1.0 Ma and 154.8 ± 0.8 Ma (million years ago). The Oxfordian is preceded by the Callovian and is followed by the Kimmeridgian.
Jeffrey Goldsworthy
Jeffrey Denys Goldsworthy AM FASSA is an Australian academic and legal philosopher. He is known for his work in philosophy of law, as well as constitutional theory and interpretation.

He held a Personal Chair at Monash University Faculty of Law from 2000 to 2016. He was the President of the Australian Society of Legal Philosophy from 2007 to 2014. He is known for work on parliamentary sovereignty, especially for his book The Sovereignty of Parliament: History and Philosophy. In constitutional theory, he is a proponent of originalism.

He is the younger brother of author Peter Goldsworthy.

Goldsworthy was elected Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia (FASSA) in 2008. In the 2020 Australia Day Honours Goldsworthy was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for "significant service to education, particularly to legal history and philosophy".

Peter Goldsworthy
Peter David Goldsworthy AM (born 1951) is an Australian writer and medical practitioner. He has won major awards for his short stories, poetry, novels, and opera libretti. He is known for his novels Maestro, Honk If You Are Jesus, and Three Dog Night.

Goldsworthy began his writing life as a poet, as described in his 2013 comic memoir, His Stupid Boyhood, and regards poetic principles as the basis of all his writing.
Suzanne Somers
Suzanne Marie Somers (née Mahoney; October 16, 1946 – October 15, 2023) was an American actress, author, and businesswoman. She played the television roles of Chrissy Snow on Three's Company (1977–1981) and Carol Foster Lambert on Step by Step (1991–1998).

Somers wrote more than 25 books, including two autobiographies, four diet books, and a book of poetry. She was also well known for advertising the ThighMaster, an exercise device. While 14 of her books were best sellers and most were focused on health and well-being, doctors criticized her promotion of bioidentical hormone replacement therapy and alternative cancer treatments.

Dancing with the Stars (American TV series) season 20
Season twenty of Dancing with the Stars premiered on March 16, 2015, and concluded on May 19, 2015.

This season marked the tenth anniversary of the show. In honor of this anniversary, winners Rumer Willis and Valentin Chmerkovskiy received a special 10th Anniversary golden Mirrorball Trophy. R5 singer Riker Lynch and Allison Holker finished in second place, while former soldier Noah Galloway and Sharna Burgess finished in third.
Richard J. Oglesby
Richard James Oglesby (July 25, 1824 – April 24, 1899) was an American military officer and Republican politician from Illinois. He served three non-consecutive terms as Governor of Illinois (from 1865 to 1869, for ten days in 1873, and from 1885 to 1889) and as a United States Senator from Illinois (from 1873 to 1879). Earlier he was a member of the Illinois Senate, elected in 1860.  The town of Oglesby, Illinois, is named in his honor, as is an elementary school situated in the Auburn Gresham neighborhood of Chicago's south side.

He served in the United States Army during the Mexican–American War of 1846–47, and after the war became a prospector during the California Gold Rush and was elected to the Illinois General Assembly. During the American Civil War, Oglesby volunteered for the Union Army and rose to the rank of major general, serving in the Western Theater; he left the army when he was elected Governor of Illinois in 1864.

Battle of Cerro Gordo
The Battle of Cerro Gordo, or Battle of Sierra Gordo, was an engagement in the Mexican–American War on April 18, 1847. The battle saw Winfield Scott's  United States troops outflank Antonio López de Santa Anna's larger Mexican army, driving it from a strong defensive position.
Italophilia
Italophilia is the admiration, general appreciation or love of Italy, its people, culture, and its significant contributions to Western civilization. Italophilia includes Romanophilia, the appreciation of the Italian capital of Rome and its ancient and Catholic history and culture. Its opposite is Italophobia.

William Harvey
William Harvey (1 April 1578 – 3 June 1657) was an English physician who made influential contributions to anatomy and physiology. He was the first known physician to describe completely, and in detail, pulmonary and systemic circulation as well as the specific process of blood being pumped to the brain and the rest of the body by the heart (though earlier writers, such as Realdo Colombo, Michael Servetus, and Jacques Dubois, had provided precursors to some of his theories).
Sako Station
Sako Station (佐古駅, Sako-eki) is a junction passenger railway station located in the city of  Tokushima, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Shikoku and has two station numbers: "B01" for the Tokushima Line and "T01" for the Kōtoku Line.

Kōtoku Line
The Kōtoku Line (高徳線, Kōtoku-sen) is a railway line in northeastern Shikoku, Japan that connects the prefectural capitals Takamatsu (Kagawa) and Tokushima (Tokushima). Shikoku Railway Company (JR Shikoku) owns and operates the line, whose name comes from the characters in the cities that the line connects: Takamatsu (高松) and Tokushima (徳島).

Sanuki, the name of the ancient province that preceded the modern Kagawa Prefecture, appears in the names of four stations on the line.
Calculus of voting
Calculus of voting refers to any mathematical model which predicts voting behaviour by an electorate, including such features as participation rate.  A calculus of voting represents a hypothesized decision-making process.

These models are used in political science in an attempt to capture the relative importance of various factors influencing an elector to vote (or not vote) in a particular way.

Mathematical model
A mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete  system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in many fields, including applied mathematics, natural sciences, social sciences and engineering. In particular, the field of operations research studies the use of mathematical modelling and related tools to solve problems in business or military operations. A model may help to characterize a system by studying the effects of different components, which may be used to make predictions about behavior or solve specific problems.
2016 Denver Stampede season
The 2016 Denver Stampede season was the first and only season in the club's history. Coached by Sean O'Leary and captained by Pedrie Wannenburg, Denver competed in the United States' 2016 PRO Rugby competition which they won.

Sean O'Leary (rugby union)
Sean O'Leary is a rugby union coach, and was the head coach of PRO Rugby team Denver Stampede in its only season in 2016.

Previously, O'Leary served as head coach and director of rugby of the Notre Dame Rugby Football Club from 2007 to 2015. O"Leary held this full-time paid position, thanks to an alumni endowment fund. Under O'Leary's leadership, Notre Dame played in the Collegiate Rugby Championship — a tournament that is broadcast on NBC, gaining valuable exposure for the school's rugby program — as well as the Varsity Cup. O'Leary stepped down from the Notre Dame position in September 2015.

Before Notre Dame, O'Leary was the head coach at Northeastern University and at Boston College High School.

O'Leary has also been involved with the United States national youth teams. O'Leary served as an assistant coach for the United States under-19 team from 2002 to 2005, and then as head coach of the United States under-17 team from 2005 to 2008.
Pertusaria archeri
Pertusaria archeri is a rare species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Pertusariaceae. Found in Thailand, it was formally described as a new species in 2005 by Sureeporn Jariangprasert. The type specimen was collected by the author from Doi Khun Tan National Park (Lamphun-Lampang provinces) at an altitude of 1,010 m (3,310 ft), where it was found in an evergreen forest growing on the bark of Styrax. The species epithet honours Australian lichenologist Alan W. Archer, an authority of Pertusaria taxonomy. The main distinguishing characteristics of Pertusaria archeri are its two-spored asci, and the presence of depside methyl esters as lichen products.

Pertusaria
Pertusaria is a large genus of warty crustose lichens in the Pertusariaceae family.: 322  The fruiting bodies are usually modified apothecia that immersed in warts on the main body (thallus) with small holes for the spores to emerge, similar to ostioles, or are fully above and lecanorine (spore bearing discs surrounded by a ring of tissue similar to the tissue of the thallus.: 322   Members of the genus are commonly called wart lichens.: 322

The widespread genus contains over 500 species.

Classification in the large genus relies heavily on thallus chemistry to distinguish and classify species, some of which differ only in the presence or absence of a single secondary chemical. Lichexanthone, norlichexanthone, and their chlorinated derivatives are common in this genus.
Willis Davis (Mississippi politician)
Willis Davis was a state legislator in Mississippi. He served in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1874 to 1876 from Adams County, Mississippi. He represented Adams County, Mississippi. He was born in Mississippi.l

Adams County, Mississippi
Adams County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 29,538. The county seat is Natchez. The county is the first to have been organized in the former Mississippi Territory. It is named for the second President of the United States, John Adams, who held that office when the county was organized in 1799. Adams County is part of the Natchez micropolitan area which consists of Adams County, Mississippi and Concordia Parish, Louisiana.