hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Arthur Bryant
Sir Arthur Wynne Morgan Bryant, CH, CBE (18 February 1899 – 22 January 1985) was an English historian, columnist for The Illustrated London News and man of affairs. His books included studies of Samuel Pepys, accounts of English eighteenth- and nineteenth-century history, and a life of George V. He moved in high government circles, where his works were influential, writing histories of three prime ministers: Winston Churchill, Clement Attlee, and Harold Wilson.

Bryant's historiography was often based on an English romantic exceptionalism drawn from his nostalgia for an idealised agrarian past. He hated modern commercial and financial capitalism, he emphasised duty over rights, and he equated democracy with the consent of "fools" and "knaves".

Whilst his scholarly reputation has declined somewhat since his death, he continues to be read and to be the subject of historical studies.

Salisbury
Salisbury (/ˈsɔːlzbəri/ SAWLZ-bər-ee, locally /ˈsɔːzbəri/ SAWZ-bər-ee) is a cathedral city and civil parish in Wiltshire, England with a population of 41,820, at the confluence of the rivers Avon, Nadder and Bourne. The city is approximately 20 miles (30 kilometres) from Southampton and 30 miles (50 kilometres) from Bath.

Salisbury is in the southeast of Wiltshire, near the edge of Salisbury Plain. An ancient cathedral was north of the present city at Old Sarum. A new cathedral was built near the meeting of the rivers and a settlement grew up around it, which received a city charter in 1227 as New Sarum. This continued to be its official name until 2009, when Salisbury City Council was established. Salisbury railway station is an interchange between the West of England Line and the Wessex Main Line.

Stonehenge, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is 8 miles (13 kilometres) northwest of Salisbury.
Norrköping Exhibition of Art and Industry
Norrköping Exhibition of Art and Industry (Swedish: Konst- och industriutställningen i Norrköping) was an exhibition in Norrköping, Sweden in 1906.

At the initiative of the local industrial association Norrköpings Fabriksförening och Handtverksförening it was decided an art and industrial exhibition should be held in Norrköping between June 1 – September 15, 1906. The exhibition was opened by the Crown Prince Gustaf and was mostly held at the area south of the Sylten neighbourhood.  The architect Carl Bergsten designed the exhibition's two main buildings the Industrihallen (industrial hall) that was 7,500 m2 (81,000 sq ft) with places for 630 exhibitors, and the Konsthallen (art exhibition hall). He also designed the Jaktpaviljongen (hunting pavilion). Werner Northun designed the Maskinhallen (engines hall) at a total of 3,600 m2 (39,000 sq ft), as well as the main restaurant seating 400 people and the Thaliatemplet theatre (500 folding chairs).

Norrköping
Norrköping (/ˈnɔːrʃəpɪŋ/ ⓘ NOR-shə-ping, Swedish: [ˈnɔ̂rːˌɕøːpɪŋ] ⓘ) is a city in the province of Östergötland in eastern Sweden and the seat of Norrköping Municipality, Östergötland County, about 160 km (100 miles) southwest of the national capital Stockholm, 40 km (25 miles) east of county seat Linköping and 60 km (40 miles) west of the Södermanland capital of Nyköping. The city has a population of 98,229 inhabitants in 2023, out of a municipal total of 144,980, making it Sweden's eleventh largest city and tenth largest municipality.

The city is situated by the mouth of the river Motala ström, at Bråviken, an inlet of the Baltic Sea. Water power from the Motala ström and the good harbour were factors that facilitated the rapid growth of this once industrial city, known for its textile industry.
Operation Claw-Eagle 2
Operation Claw-Eagle 2 (Turkish: Pençe Kartal-2 Harekatı) was an air and ground operation launched by the Turkish Armed Forces against the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) in the Duhok Governorate of the Kurdistan Region of northern Iraq. According to Turkey, it was launched to secure the border between Turkey and Iraq and to eliminate the PKK in the area and to rescue Turkish hostages held by the PKK.

Duhok Governorate
37°3′N 43°9′E﻿ / ﻿37.050°N 43.150°E﻿ / 37.050; 43.150

Duhok Governorate (Kurdish: پارێزگای دھۆک, Parêzgeha Dihok, Syriac: ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܢܘܗܕܪܐ, romanized: Hoparkiya d’Nohadra, Arabic: محافظة دهوك, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat Dohūk) is a governorate in the semi-autonomous Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Its capital is the city of Duhok. It includes Zakho, near the Ibrahim Khalil border crossing with Şırnak Province, Turkey. It borders the Al-Hasakah Governorate of Syria. It was established on 27 May 1969, previously part of Nineveh Governorate.

The population of the governorate was estimated to be 1,772,367  in 2023.
London Oratory
The London Oratory, officially the Congregation of the Oratory of St Philip Neri in London, is a Catholic community of priests living under the rule of life established by Philip Neri (1515–1595). It is located in the Oratory House next to the Church of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Brompton Oratory) on Brompton Road in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, London.

The Oratarians have four other oratories in the United Kingdom, the Birmingham Oratory, the Manchester Oratory, the Oxford Oratory and the York Oratory.

Birmingham Oratory
The Birmingham Oratory is a Roman Catholic religious community of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri, located in the Edgbaston area of Birmingham. The community was founded in 1849 by John Henry Newman as the first house of that congregation in England.

Part of the complex of the Oratory is the Parish Church of the Immaculate Conception, commonly referred to as the Oratory Church. It now also serves as the national shrine to Newman.
Badiraguato Municipality
Badiraguato is a municipality in the Mexican state of Sinaloa in northwestern Mexico. The seat of the municipality is in the small town of Badiraguato.

The municipality is in the Sierra Madre Occidental.

Culiacán
Culiacán, officially Culiacán Rosales, is the capital and largest city of Sinaloa in northwestern Mexico.  It is located within the Culiacán Municipality. The city was founded on 29 September 1531 by the Spanish conquistadors Lázaro de Cebreros and Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán originally under the name "Villa de San Miguel", in honor of its patron saint Michael the Archangel.

According to the 2020 INEGI census, Culiacán had an estimated population of 808,416, making it the 21st most populous city in Mexico. Its metropolitan area, with a population of 1,003,530, was the 17th most populous metropolitan area in Mexico.

The city sits in a valley on the slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental, at the confluence of the Tamazula and Humaya Rivers, where both join to form the Culiacán River 55 meters above sea level.
Sokolović
Sokolović (Serbian Cyrillic: Соколовић, may also be transliterated as Sokolovic or Sokolovich) is a South Slavic surname. It derives from the Slavic word sokol, meaning "falcon" and literally means "son of the falcon". The Sokolović of the Sanjak of Herzegovina were called Sokoli and Sokullu-oğlu, by the Ottomans. One of the coat of arms included in the Korenić-Neorić Armorial (1595) and the Fojnica Armorial (1675–88) claimed to be that of the "Sokolovich". The coat of arms most likely was attributed to the Sokolović of Glasinac (Sokolac region).

Ferhad Pasha Sokolović
Ferhad Pasha Sokolović (Turkish: Sokollu Ferhat Paşa, Serbian Cyrillic: Ферхат-паша Соколовић, romanized: Ferhat-paša Sokolović) (died 1590) was an Ottoman general and statesman from Bosnia. He was the last sanjak-bey of Bosnia and first beylerbey of Bosnia.
Generalized quantifier
In formal semantics, a generalized quantifier (GQ) is an expression that denotes a set of sets.  This is the standard semantics assigned to quantified noun phrases. For example, the generalized quantifier every boy  denotes the set of sets of which every boy is a member:

This treatment of quantifiers has been essential in achieving a compositional semantics for sentences containing quantifiers.

Monotonic function
In mathematics, a monotonic function (or monotone function) is a function between ordered sets that preserves or reverses the given order. This concept first arose in calculus, and was later generalized to the more abstract setting of order theory.
Stützpunktleiter
Stützpunktleiter (Base Action Leader) was a Nazi Party political rank which existed between 1933 and 1938.  The rank was created as an adjutant position to the Ortsgruppenleiter of a German town or city.  In 1939, the rank of Stützpunktleiter was phased out and replaced by several new paramilitary political ranks.

Ortsgruppenleiter
Ortsgruppenleiter (Local Group Leader) was a Nazi Party political rank and title which existed between 1930 and 1945.  The term first came into being during the German elections of 1930, and was held by the head Nazi of a town or city, or in larger cities, of a neighbourhood, for the purposes of election district organization.  After 1933, through the process of Gleichschaltung, the position of Ortsgruppenleiter evolved into the Nazi leader of a large town or city or of a city district.
Abba Gorion of Sidon
Abba Gorion of Sidon was a tanna (Rabbinic sage) in the second century CE. He handed down sayings from both Abba Saul (Mishnah, Ḳid. iv. 14, Yerushalmi version) and Rabban Gamaliel II. The quote from Gamaliel, was used in the introduction to a Midrash on the Book of Esther, for which reason the latter was called Midrash Abba Gorion.

Gamaliel II
Rabban Gamaliel II (also spelled Gamliel; Hebrew: רבן גמליאל דיבנה; before c. 80–c. 118) was a rabbi from the second generation of tannaim. He was the first person to lead the Sanhedrin as nasi after the fall of the Second Temple in 70 CE.

He was the son of Shimon ben Gamaliel, one of Jerusalem's foremost men in the war against the Romans, and grandson of Gamaliel I. To distinguish him from the latter he is also called Gamliel of Yavne.
Huťka
Huťka is a Czech surname. In Slovakia the name is Hutka. Notable people with the surname include:

Jaroslav Hutka (born 1947), Czech musician, composer, songwriter, and activist

Pavel Huťka (born 1949), Czech tennis player and trainer

Czech name
Czech names are composed of a given name and a family name (surname). Czechs typically get one given name – additional names may be chosen by themselves upon baptism but they generally use one. With marriage, the bride typically adopts the bridegroom's surname.
Yuri Khanon
Yuri Khanon is a pen name of Yuri Feliksovich Soloviev-Savoyarov (Russian: Юрий Феликсович Соловьёв-Савояров), a Russian composer. Prior to 1993, he wrote under a pen name Yuri Khanin, but later transformed it into Yuri Khanon, spelling it in a pre-1918 Russian style as ХанонЪ. Khanon was born on June 16, 1965, in Leningrad. In 1988, he became a laureate of  the European Film Awards (Felix Award), and in 1989, he won the Nika Award, a Russian cinematographic award. Due to his numerous concerts throughout Russia, as well as to TV and cinema appearances, Khanon reached the peak of his popularity in 1988–1992, but in 1993, decided to stop performing in public.

Saint Petersburg Conservatory
The N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov Saint Petersburg State Conservatory (Russian: Санкт-Петербургская государственная консерватория имени Н. А. Римского-Корсакова) (formerly known as the Petrograd Conservatory and Leningrad Conservatory) is a school of music in Saint Petersburg, Russia. In 2013, the conservatory had around 400 faculty members and over 1300 students.
Terai
The Terai or Tarai is a lowland region in parts of southern Nepal and northern India that lies to the south of the outer foothills of the Himalayas, the Sivalik Hills and north of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. 
This region is characterised by tall grasslands, scrub savannah, sal forests and clay rich swamps. In North India, the Terai spreads from the Yamuna River eastward across Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. The Terai is part of the Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands ecoregion.
Nepal's Terai stretches over 33,998.8 km2 (13,127.0 sq mi), about 23.1% of Nepal's land area, and lies at an elevation of between 67 and 300 m (220 and 984 ft). The region comprises more than 50 wetlands. North of the Terai rises the Bhabar, a narrow but continuous belt of forest about 8–12 km (5.0–7.5 mi) wide.

Lower Himalayan Range
The Lower Himalayan Range, also called the Lesser Himalayas and Mahabharat Lekh or Himachal, is one of the four parallel sub-ranges of the Himalayas. It has the Great Himalayas to the north and the Sivalik Hills to the south. It extends from the Indus River Basin to the Brahmaputra Valley, traversing across Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, China and Bhutan. The sub-range has an average elevation of 3,700–4,500 m (12,100–14,800 ft).
HMCS Beacon Hill
HMCS Beacon Hill was a River-class frigate that served in the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) as an ocean convoy escort during the Second World War. She fought primarily in the Battle of the Atlantic. In 1954 she was converted to a Prestonian-class frigate and served until 1957. She was named for Victoria, British Columbia, but because HMS Victorious was in service with the Royal Navy, the RCN, in an effort to avoid confusion, chose to honour the city by choosing another name associated with it.

Beacon Hill was ordered in October 1941 as part of the 1942-43 River-class building programme. She was laid down 16 July 1943 by Yarrows Ltd. at Esquimalt, British Columbia and launched 6 November later that year. Beacon Hill was commissioned 16 May 1944 at Esquimalt.

Prestonian-class frigate
The Prestonian-class ocean anti-submarine escort frigate was a class of 21 frigates that served with the Royal Canadian Navy from 1953 to 1967 and with the Royal Norwegian Navy from 1956 to 1977.

They were converted from mothballed River-class frigates of British design that had been placed in reserve following the end of the Second World War. The first vessel to be reactivated and undergo refit was Prestonian which was recommissioned on 28 August 1953. The class did not use sequential pennant numbers.
Makupa Causeway
The Makupa Causeway (Swahili pronunciation: [maˈkupa]) is a causeway linking Mombasa island to the Kenyan mainland.  The road runs for approximately one and a half miles between the Magongo Circus and Makupa Circus.  The causeway dissects Tudor Creek to the east and Port Reitz Creek to the west.

The causeway is one of three road links between the island and the Kenyan mainland – the other two being the Nyali Bridge and the Kipevu Causeway.

Causeway
A causeway is a track, road or railway on the upper point of an embankment across "a low, or wet place, or piece of water". It can be constructed of earth, masonry, wood, or concrete. One of the earliest known wooden causeways is the Sweet Track in the Somerset Levels, England, which dates from the Neolithic age. Timber causeways may also be described as both boardwalks and bridges.
DeeExpus
DeeExpus is a melodic progressive rock group from North East England whose debut album, Half Way Home was released by DXP Productions in 2008, garnering fan buzz and enthusiastic reviews from around the world. In 2009, DeeExpus received the Classic Rock Society's award for "Best New Band" and released their first live CD and DVD Far From Home from their performance at the Progrock 2009 Festival in Katowice, Poland. The band released their follow-up album on 5 December 2011, The King of Number 33, featuring Mark Kelly from Marillion on keyboards with Andy Ditchfield and Nik Kershaw on lead vocal on the track "Memo".
Their music is difficult to categorize, but they have been likened to other contemporary melodic progressive and heavy rock bands Marillion, Dream Theater, It Bites, Porcupine Tree, Tinyfish, Spock's Beard, Edison's Children and Frost*.

It Bites
It Bites were an English progressive rock and pop fusion band, formed in Egremont, Cumbria, in 1982 and best known for their 1986 single "Calling All the Heroes", which gained them a Top 10 UK Singles Chart hit.

Initially fronted by Francis Dunnery, the band recorded three studio albums before splitting in 1990. The band eventually reformed in 2006 with new frontman John Mitchell replacing Dunnery, recording two further studio albums before eventually going into hiatus in 2014 and quietly dissolving a decade later. Dunnery currently leads an intermittently active alternative version of the band called "It Bites FD" (featuring himself leading a varied set of other musicians.
Timeline of Goan history
This is a timeline of Goan history. It overlaps with the histories of other regions in South Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and colonial powers that influenced the region, including Kingdom of Portugal.

Manuel António Vassalo e Silva
Manuel António Vassalo e Silva (8 November 1899 – 11 August 1985) was an officer of the Portuguese Army and an overseas administrator. He was the 128th and the last Governor-General of Portuguese India.
Symmetry group
In group theory, the symmetry group of a geometric object is the group of all transformations under which the object is invariant, endowed with the group operation of composition. Such a transformation is an invertible mapping of the ambient space which takes the object to itself, and which preserves all the relevant structure of the object. A frequent notation for the symmetry group of an object X is G = Sym(X).

For an object in a metric space, its symmetries form a subgroup of the isometry group of the ambient space. This article mainly considers symmetry groups in Euclidean geometry, but the concept may also be studied for more general types of geometric structure.

Reflection symmetry
In mathematics, reflection symmetry, line symmetry, mirror symmetry, or mirror-image symmetry is symmetry with respect to a reflection. That is, a figure which does not change upon undergoing a reflection has reflectional symmetry.

In two-dimensional space, there is a line/axis of symmetry, in three-dimensional space, there is a plane of symmetry. An object or figure which is indistinguishable from its transformed image is called mirror symmetric.
Haji Khan
Haji Khan or Haji Abdulaziz Khan (Persian: حاجی عبدالعزیز خان) was the fourth khan of Shaki. He was described as a brave and courageous, but extremely ruthless man by Azerbaijani historian Abbasgulu Bakikhanov.

Ibrahim Khalil Khan
Ibrahim Khalil Khan Javanshir (Azerbaijani: İbrahim Xəlil Xan Cavanşir, 1732–1806) was the second khan of the Karabakh Khanate from the Javanshir family. He was the son and successor of Panah-Ali khan Javanshir.
Aaron ben Eliezer (rabbi)
Aaron ben Eliezer was a German Talmudist, who flourished in the thirteenth century.

That he was considered a great man at that time is proved by the actions of his contemporary, R. Meir ben Baruch of Rothenberg, acknowledged to be the greatest rabbinical authority of that age. Of R. Aaron the latter modestly remarks, in one of his responsa (ed. Prague, p. 246), "I must be brief, the matter being under consideration by great men; namely, by the high court of R. Aaron." Abigdor ha-Kohen, chief rabbi of Austria, who kept up a regular correspondence with him, referred to him with great respect, calling him "my teacher".

He appears to be identical with that R. Aaron of whom it is said in Or Zaru'a (p. 103b), "Now everything depends on R. Aaron, the only man who combines scholarship, ripe experience, and authority in one; he is called upon to fight for God and His law, and we are ready to follow him."

Meir of Rothenburg
Meir of Rothenburg 
(c. 1215 – 2 May 1293) was a German Rabbi and poet, as well as a major contributing author of the tosafot on Rashi's commentary on the Talmud. He is also known as Meir ben Baruch (Hebrew: מאיר ב"ר ברוך), and by the Hebrew language acronym Maharam of Rothenburg ("Our Teacher, Rabbi Meir", Hebrew: מהר"ם מרוטנבורג). He was referred to by Rabbi Menachem Meiri as the "greatest Jewish leader of Zarfat" (Medieval Hebrew for France, a reference to Charlemagne's rule of Germany) alive at the time.
Montivipera
Montivipera is a genus of vipers found in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Greece, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey. Like all other vipers, they are venomous.

The Montivipera genus was previously described as a subgenus of Vipera, but it was elevated to full genus status in 2001 by Lenk, Kalayabina, Wink & Joger.

Vipera
Vipera (/ˈvɪpərə/; commonly known as the palaearctic vipers and Eurasian vipers) is a genus of snakes in the subfamily Viperinae of the family Viperidae. The genus has a very wide range, being found from North Africa to just within the Arctic Circle, and from Great Britain to Pacific Asia. The Latin name vīpera is possibly derived from the Latin words vivus and pario, meaning "alive" and "bear" or "bring forth"; likely a reference to the fact that most vipers bear live young. 21 species are recognized as being valid. Like all other vipers, the members of this genus are venomous.
Sumatran dollar
The dollar (Malay: ringgit, Jawi: ريڠݢيت) was the currency of British colony of Bencoolen (also known as Fort Marlbro' or Fort Marlborough; it is known as Bengkulu today) on the west coast of the island of Sumatra until the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, when the British Empire traded away Bencoolen for Malacca.

The dollar was subdivided into four suku (Malay, Jawi: ﺳوکو, English: quarter), each of 100 keping (Malay, Jawi: کڤڠ or کفڠ; English: pieces). The dollar was equal in value to the Spanish dollar. It was replaced by the Netherlands Indies gulden after the Dutch took over control of the colony from the British in 1824.

British Bencoolen
British Bencoolen, variously known during its existence as Fort York, Fort Marlborough, Bencoolen, Benkulu, or "the West Coast", was a possession of the British East India Company (EIC) extending nearly 500 miles (800 km) along the southwestern coast of Sumatra and centered on the area of what is now Bengkulu City. The EIC established a presence there in 1685, and in 1714 it built Fort Marlborough there. The United Kingdom ceded Bencoolen to the Netherlands in 1824.
Bryan Harsin
Bryan Dale Harsin (born November 1, 1976) is an American college football coach who was most recently the offensive coordinator at California. He was the head coach for the Auburn Tigers from 2021 to 2022. Prior to Auburn, he was the head coach at his alma mater, Boise State from the 2014 season through the 2020 season where he posted a 69–19 overall record. He began his head coaching career at Arkansas State University for the 2013 season. Harsin was the co-offensive coordinator at the University of Texas for two seasons. Before leaving for Texas in 2011, Harsin was an assistant at Boise State for 10 seasons, the last five as offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach.

From Boise, Idaho, Harsin is a graduate of Boise's Capital High School, and a former quarterback at Boise State. He was the first alumnus of Boise State to serve as the Broncos head football coach.

2011 Texas Longhorns football team
The 2011 Texas Longhorns football team (variously "Texas," "UT," the "Longhorns," or the "'Horns") represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Longhorns were led by 14th year head coach Mack Brown and played their home games at Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium. They are a member of the Big 12 Conference. They finished the season 8–5, 4–5 in Big 12 play to finish in a tie for sixth place improving on their disastrous 5–7 season from 2010. They were invited to the Holiday Bowl where they defeated California 21–10.