hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Amercement
An amercement is a financial penalty in English law, common during the Middle Ages, imposed either by the court or by peers.

While it is often synonymous with a fine, it differs in that a fine is a fixed sum prescribed by statute and was often voluntary, while an amercement is arbitrary. Amercements were commonly used as a punishment for minor offences (such as trespassing in the king's forest), as an alternative to imprisonment.

English law
English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales, comprising mainly criminal law and civil law, each branch having its own courts and procedures. The judiciary is independent, and legal principles like fairness, equality before the law, and the right to a fair trial are foundational to the system.
3rd Justice and Development Party Ordinary Congress
The 3rd Justice and Development Party Ordinary Congress was a party convention of the governing Turkish Justice and Development Party (AK Party) that took place on 3 October 2009.

The AK Party's founding party leader Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stood as the only candidate for the party leadership, with 1,463 registered delegates voting in the election. Erdoğan was re-elected as leader with 1,362 votes. The congress was held seven months after the AK Party emerged as the first party in the 29 March 2009 local elections.

2009 Turkish local elections
Local elections were held in Turkey on 29 March 2009. The overall winner was the ruling party Justice and Development Party, although the party saw a decline in its vote relative to the 2007 general election. The leading opposition party, the social democratic Kemalist CHP, increased its vote share, as did a number of smaller parties including the SP, DTP and BBP, whose party leader Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu had died in a helicopter crash four days before the election. The third largest party, the Turkish nationalist MHP, enjoyed a more modest vote surge. The election was not contested by Cem Uzan's GP. The AKP failed to take certain provinces it had publicly targeted, such as Diyarbakır, İzmir and Urfa, and did not achieve its goal of exceeding 47% of the overall vote.
There was localized election-related fighting in southeastern Turkey, in which five people were reported to have been killed and about a hundred injured.
Château de Grangent
The Château de Grangent is a ruined castle in the commune of Saint-Just-Saint-Rambert in the Loire département of France.

At the time of its construction, originally around 800, it was on a promontory standing some 50 metres above the river Loire. The building of the Grangent dam means that it is now on a small island in a lake, the lac de Grangent. It is overlooked by the larger castle, the Château d'Essalois. During the Middle Ages and later, it suffered destruction, rebuilding and several restorations.

It has been listed since 1945 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.

The castle is privately owned.

Saint-Just-Saint-Rambert
Saint-Just-Saint-Rambert (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒy(st) sɛ̃ ʁɑ̃bɛʁ]) is a commune in the Loire department in central France.

Saint-Just-Saint-Rambert was created in 1973 by the merger of two former communes: Saint-Just-sur-Loire and Saint-Rambert-sur-Loire.
Watch It, Sailor!
Watch it, Sailor! is a 1961 black-and-white British comedy film directed by Wolf Rilla for Hammer Films and starring Dennis Price, Liz Fraser and Irene Handl. The screenplay was by Falkland L. Cary and Philip King based on their 1960 play of the same name, a sequel to their earlier play, Sailor Beware, filmed in 1956. Bernard Robinson was Production Designer, Roy Ashton did Makeup, and Don Mingaye was the Art Director. The film was originally announced for Sydney Box Associates. It was shot at Hammer's Bray Studios in Berkshire.

Production ran from January 24, 1961 through March 1, 1961, and it was released in the UK on August 14 to little fanfare and disappointing reviews (which was odd since the play had been so successful). This would be Hammer's last attempt at a comedy for many years thereafter.

Sailor Beware! (1956 film)
Sailor Beware! is a 1956 British comedy film directed by Gordon Parry and starring Peggy Mount, Shirley Eaton and Ronald Lewis. It was written by Philip King and Falkland Cary adapted from their 1955 stage play of the same name. It was released in the United States by Distributors Corporation of America in 1957 as Panic in the Parlor.

It follows the story of a sailor betrothed to be married, but wary that home-life may echo that of his parents: a hen-pecked husband and battle-axe mother. It is Michael Caine's film debut; he has a small, uncredited role as a sailor. Paul Eddington also makes his film debut, albeit uncredited.
Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8A
The Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8A is a luxury car made by the Italian manufacturer Isotta Fraschini from 1924 until 1931. It was the successor to the Tipo 8 model, with a new 7.3-litre straight-eight engine to replace the 5.9-litre unit used in the previous model. This new engine could produce 115–160 PS (85–118 kW). This was the most powerful mass-produced straight-8 engine in the world at that time. The Tipo 8A was offered only with bare chassis and engine for the coachbuilders.

The Isotta Fraschini car company promised that every car could do 150 km/h (93 mph). The car was very luxurious and it cost more than a Model J Duesenberg. Around one third of these cars were sold in the United States. The characteristic car body was made by Swiss manufacturer Carrosserie Worblaufen.

1928 Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8A half page ad

1930 Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8A ad

Duesenberg Model J
The Duesenberg Model J is a luxury automobile made by Duesenberg exclusively in 1928 and offered for ten subsequent years. Intended to compete with the most luxurious and powerful cars in the world, it was introduced in 1928, the year before the stock market crash that led to the Great Depression. Duesenberg Motors Company went bankrupt in 1937.
Pigeon Post House
The Pigeon Post House is located at 112 Newton Road, Newton, Auckland, New Zealand, on the corner of Newton Road and Upper Queen Street.

From 1897 into the early 20th century the building was used as a pigeon-carrier postal service between Great Barrier Island and Auckland.  It was New Zealand's first regular air-mail postal service.

Today, the building is a private residence.

Queen Street, Auckland
Queen Street is the major commercial thoroughfare in the Auckland CBD, Auckland, New Zealand's largest city. The northern end is at Queens Wharf on the Auckland waterfront, adjacent to the Britomart Transport Centre and the Downtown Ferry Terminal. The road is close to straight, the southern end being almost three kilometres away in a south-southwesterly direction on the Karangahape Road ridge, close to the residential suburbs in the interior of the Auckland isthmus.
Nathaniel Coe
Nathaniel Coe (September 6, 1788 – October 17, 1868) was an American pioneer, Whig politician, War of 1812 veteran, and frontier agriculturist who founded Hood River, Oregon. He was considered a radical for his strong opposition to slavery and  support for progressive legislation for women's rights. Coe served in municipal, every level of state, and executive government offices, both through appointment and election. He was elected to serve four terms in the New York State Assembly. In 1850, Coe declined a nomination to serve on the United States Senate to instead accept President Millard Fillmore's appointment as the Special Postal Agent for the Pacific Northwest.

After settling in Oregon Territory, he developed the Hood River Valley's thriving fruit industry and served as the first chair of the Hood River County School District.

American pioneer
American pioneers were predominantly European American settlers who had marched on westward from the British Thirteen Colonies and later the United States of America, to settle and develop areas of the nation within the continent of North America.

The pioneer concept and ethos greatly predate the settlement of the Western United States, with which they are commonly associated, and many places now considered "East" were settled by pioneers from even further east. For example, Daniel Boone, a key figure in U.S. history, settled in Kentucky, when that "Dark and Bloody Ground" was still undeveloped.

One important development in the Western settlement were the Homestead Acts, which provided formal legislation for settlers which regulated the settlement process with little to no concern for the existing inhabitants of the land. Pioneers also settled on land that was once inhabited by American Indian tribes.
Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front
The Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front (Persian: شورای هماهنگی جبهه اصلاحات), also referred to as the Reformist Front Coordination Council or the Second of Khordad Front, is a political organization in Iran. It is the primary umbrella organization, coalition and council of political groups among the Iranian reformists. Since 2015, it is overseen by the Reformists' Supreme Council for Policy-making.

National Trust Party (Iran)
National Trust Party (Persian: حزب اعتماد ملی, romanized: Ḥezb-e Eʿtemād-e Mellī, also translated as National Confidence Party) is an Iranian political party based on a reformist and populist message.

It was established in 2005 by former Parliament speaker Mehdi Karroubi following his defeat in 2005 presidential election. National Trust Party cooperates with the Reformists' Supreme Council for Policymaking.
Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's 800 metres
The women's 800 metres event at the 2020 Summer Olympics took place from 30 July to 3 August 2021 at the Japan National Stadium. 46 athletes from 29 nations competed. 19-year-old Athing Mu of the United States won the gold medal. The silver medal went to Keely Hodgkinson of Great Britain, and the bronze medal went to Mu's American teammate Raevyn Rogers.

Mu's gold medal was the United States' first in the event since 1968.

Athletics at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Women's 800 metres
The Women's 800 metres competition at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico. The event were held at the University Olympic Stadium on October 17–19.

Madeline Manning became the first Black woman to win an Olympic 800m title. She also became the first American to do so.
2018–19 King Mindaugas Cup
The 2018–19 King Mindaugas Cup, also known as Kidy Tour Karaliaus Mindaugo taurė for sponsorship purposes, was the fourth edition of the Lithuanian King Mindaugas Cup. Rytas won their second cup after defeating defending champions Žalgiris in the final 70–67.

King Mindaugas Cup
Karaliaus Mindaugo taurė (English: King Mindaugas Cup) is an annual national domestic basketball cup competition between Lithuanian professional teams. It is organised by the Lithuanian Basketball League (Lietuvos krepšinio lyga – LKL). The tournament is named in honor of Mindaugas, the first and only crowned King of Lithuania.

The Final four event includes an annual LKL Three-point Shootout contest, LKL Future Cup was introduced in 2018 with Žalgiris and Rytas youth teams competing for the cup. LKL Slam Dunk Contest was part of the Final four program until the event was removed in 2019.
Tsibi Geva
Tsibi Geva (Hebrew: ציבי גבע) is one of Israel's most prominent and influential artists. (born 1951) is an Israeli educator and music/art critic. Geva's work is a cross between graffiti, sculpture and abstract expressionism.

Tel Aviv Museum of Art
The Tel Aviv Museum of Art (Hebrew: מוּזֵאוֹן תֵּל אָבִיב לְאֻמָּנוּת, romanized: Muzēʾon Tēl ʾĀvīv Ləʾommānuṯ; Arabic: مَتْحَف تَلّ أَبِيب لِلفُنُون, romanized: Matḥaf Tall ʾAbīb Līl-funūn) is an art museum in Tel Aviv, Israel. The museum is dedicated to the preservation and display of modern and contemporary art both from Israel and around the world.
Security of the Succession, etc. Act 1701
The Security of the Succession, etc. Act 1701 (13 & 14 Will. 3. c. 6) was an Act of the Parliament of England. The act required nearly all office-holders to take the oath of abjuration against James Francis Edward Stuart, pretender to the throne, self-styled Prince of Wales and son of the former King James II.

The act also made it high treason to "compass or imagine" the death of Princess Anne of Denmark, the heir apparent to the throne, with effect from 25 March 1702. This clause never came into force however, since Anne became queen on 8 March 1702.

Prince of Wales
Prince of Wales is a title traditionally given to the male heir apparent to the English, and later, the British throne. The title originated with the Welsh rulers of Gwynedd who, from the late 12th century, used it (albeit inconsistently) to assert their supremacy over the other Welsh rulers. However, to mark the finalisation of his conquest of Wales, in 1301, Edward I of England invested his son Edward of Caernarfon with the title, thereby beginning the tradition of giving the title to the heir apparent when he was the monarch's son or grandson. The title was later claimed by the leader of a Welsh rebellion, Owain Glyndŵr, from 1400 until 1415.

King Charles III created his son, William, Prince of Wales on 9 September 2022, the day after his accession to the throne, with formal letters patent issued on 13 February 2023. The title has become a point of controversy in Wales.
Peter Kirichek
Peter Kirichek (Russian: Пётр Тихонович Киричек, Pyotr Tikhonovich Kirichek; 1902 — 1968) was a Soviet singer, a bass-baritone. After graduating from the Moscow Conservatory, he worked as a soloist at the Bolshoi Theater (1934–1944) and then mostly toured with programs devoted to romances and contemporary Soviet songs. He was awarded the title of Meritorious Artist of the RSFSR in 1960. Kirichek performed or recorded such songs as "March of the Soviet Tankmen" ("Марш советских танкистов"), "Anthem of the International Union of Students" ("Гимн международного союза студентов"), "Goodbye, Rocky Mountains" ("Прощайте, скалистые горы"). Composer Anatoly Novikov praised him as a real tribune and a real fighter who didn't care about the conditions under which he had to sing, who performed in factories, at field camps and on ships and gave about 1,500 concerts on the front line during the Great Patriotic War.

Anatoly Novikov
Anatoly Grigoryevich Novikov (Russian: Анато́лий Григо́рьевич Но́виков; 30 October [O.S. 18 October] 1896, Skopin – 24 September 1984, Moscow) was a Soviet and Russian composer, a choral conductor and pedagogue.
Örencik, Kızıltepe
Örencik (Kurdish: Xerab Kurka) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kızıltepe, Mardin Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Erbanî tribe and had a population of 324 in 2021.

Kızıltepe
Kızıltepe (Turkish pronunciation: [kɯˈzɯɫtepe]; Kurdish: Qoser; Ottoman Turkish: تال ارمين, romanized: Tell Armen, lit. 'Armenian hill') is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,236 km2, and its population is 267,151 (2022). It is mainly populated by Kurds of the Kîkan Kurdish tribe. Kızıltepe is situated in Mardin Province within the broader Kurdish-majority region of southeastern Turkey. Demographic research has identified the Mardin region as having a predominantly Kurdish-speaking population, with Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) as the principal spoken language. Kızıltepe is predominantly inhabited by Kurds and is situated within Mardin Province, which demographic studies have consistently identified as a Kurdish-majority province with high concentrations of Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) speakers.
Tschuggen Express
Tschuggen Express is a funicular railway in Arosa, Switzerland. It leads from Arosa at 1850 m to Tschuggen at 2004 m in the Arosa skiing area on Tschuggen (2049 m). The single-track line with a length of 535 m has an average incline of 38% and a difference of elevation of 154 m. The two circular cabins for 6 persons each are coupled and have level compensation.

The funicular is operated by Arosa Bergbahnen for the Tschuggen Hotel Group. It was completed by Steurer Seilbahnen in 2018, replacing a monorail installation from 2009 and reusing its stations.

Tschuggen
The Tschuggen is a mountain of the Plessur Alps, overlooking Arosa in the Swiss canton of Graubünden.

A gondola lift and a chairlift link the top of the mountain with the town and resort of Arosa — the base station of the chairlift is near to Arosa railway station.

Near the summit are located an observatory and a mountain hut.
Mount Ragoona
Mount Ragoona, sometimes Mount Rogoonga, is a relatively high mountain in the southern region of the Walls of Jerusalem National Park in Tasmania, Australia. The mountain, with an elevation of 1,336 metres (4,383 ft) above sea level, is virtually surrounded by four large lakes; Myrtle, Meston, Louisa and Adelaide. The mountain rises from the shores of Lake Myrtle.

Walls of Jerusalem National Park
The Walls of Jerusalem National Park is a national park located in the Central Highlands region of Tasmania, Australia. The park is located approximately 144 km (89 mi) northwest of Hobart, east of the Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park, and west of the Central Plateau Conservation Area. It is south of Mole Creek, Tasmania, and Rowallan Lake. The national park forms part of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area.

The locality of Walls of Jerusalem is in the local government areas of Central Highlands (36%) and Meander Valley (64%) in Tasmania. The locality is about 244 kilometres (152 mi) north-west of the town of Hamilton.
Negrelli Viaduct
The Negrelli Viaduct (Czech: Negrelliho viadukt by Alois Negrelli, also known as the Karlín Viaduct,), Czech Republic, is a railway bridge over Štvanice Island that connects Masaryk Railway Station in central Prague with a railway station in Bubny. It is the historically first Prague railway bridge over the Vltava River and currently Prague's second oldest bridge over the river.

It is also the longest railway bridge and third longest bridge in the Czech Republic.

The viaduct was declared a Czech cultural monument in 1964.

Viaduct
A viaduct is a bridge that consists of a series of arches, piers or columns supporting a long elevated railway or road. Typically a viaduct connects two points of roughly equal elevation, allowing direct overpass across a wide valley, road, river, or other low-lying terrain features and obstacles. The term viaduct is derived from the Latin via meaning "road", and ducere meaning "to lead". It is a 19th-century derivation from an analogy with ancient Roman aqueducts. Like the Roman aqueducts, many early viaducts comprised a series of arches of roughly equal length.
The Snapper (film)
The Snapper is a 1993 Irish film directed by Stephen Frears, and starring Tina Kellegher, Colm Meaney and Brendan Gleeson. The film is based on the novel by Irish writer Roddy Doyle, about the Curley family and their domestic adventures. For his performance, Meaney was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.

Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel is a daily morning broadsheet printed in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where it is the primary newspaper and also the largest newspaper in the state of Wisconsin, where it is widely read. It was purchased by the Gannett Company in 2016.

In early 2003, the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel began printing at a new facility in West Milwaukee. In September 2006, the Journal Sentinel announced it had "signed a five-year agreement to print the national edition of USA Today for distribution in the northern and western suburbs of Chicago and the eastern half of Wisconsin".
Mike Butcher (journalist)
Mike Butcher MBE is a UK-based journalist and editor-at-large for TechCrunch. He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to technology and journalism.

Michael Arrington
J. Michael Arrington (born March 13, 1970) is the American founder and former co-editor of TechCrunch, a blog covering the Silicon Valley technology start-up communities and the wider technology field in America and elsewhere. Magazines such as Wired and Forbes have named Arrington one of the most powerful people on the Internet.
In 2008, he was selected by TIME Magazine as one of the most influential people in the world.
Phyllocoptes malinus
Phyllocoptes malinus, also known as the apple leaf mite, is a species of mite belonging to the genus Phyllocoptes. It causes a gall, which is a swelling on the external tissues, on the leaves of apples (Malus species). The mite is found in Europe and was first described by the Austrian zoologist Alfred Nalepa in 1892.

Gall
Galls (from the Latin galla, 'oak-apple') or cecidia (from the Greek kēkidion, anything gushing out) are a kind of swelling growth on the external tissues of plants. Plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues, similar to benign tumors or warts in animals. They can be caused by various parasites, from viruses, fungi and bacteria, to other plants, insects and mites. Plant galls can be such highly organized structures that their cause can be determined without the actual agent being identified. This applies particularly to insect and mite plant galls. The study of plant galls is known as cecidology.
Panari River
The Panari River is a river of Roraima state in northern Brazil. It is a tributary of the Cotingo River.

The sources of the river are in the 116,748 hectares (288,490 acres) Monte Roraima National Park, created in 1989.

Cotingo River
The Cotingo River (Portuguese: Rio Cotingo) is a river of Roraima state in northern Brazil, a tributary of the Surumu River.
It flows through the Raposa Serra do Sol indigenous territory. For many years there has been discussion over building a major hydroelectric power project on the river.
Kozaršče
Kozaršče (pronounced [kɔˈzaːɾʃtʃɛ]) is a small village northwest of Most na Soči in the Municipality of Tolmin in the Littoral region of Slovenia.

The local church, built on a hill to the north of the settlement, is dedicated to the Holy Name of Mary. It belongs to the Parish of Volče and dates back to the 12th century.

Volče, Tolmin
Volče (pronounced [ˈʋoːu̯tʃɛ]; Italian: Volzana) is a settlement on the right bank of the Soča River in the Municipality of Tolmin in the Littoral region of northwestern Slovenia, close to the border with Italy.
Avellaneda station
Avellaneda is a Metrotranvía Mendoza station in Las Heras, in the Department of Las Heras,  Mendoza Province, Argentina. It opened on 7 May 2019, as part of a 9-station, 5.5 km (3.4 mi)-long extension from Mendoza.

Mendoza railway station
Mendoza Station is a railway station located in the city of the same name in Argentina. It was inaugurated in 1885 and originally operated by state-owned Andean Railway (then taken over by British companies such as Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway). Nowadays Mendoza is currently used by Metrotranvía Mendoza, a light rail transport system inaugurated in 2012. The station is also served by state-owned company Trenes Argentinos Cargas which runs freight trains in the region.

The station operated between 1885 and 1993 when it was closed by the national government. It remained disused and abandoned until 2012 when the Metrotranvía was inaugurated. The administrative building was reopened as a cultural centre named "Estación Cultural", while the main station building was completely remodelled when Metrotranvía extended to Las Heras in 2019.