hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Semen cryopreservation
Semen cryopreservation (commonly called sperm banking or sperm freezing) is a procedure to preserve sperm cells. Semen can be used successfully indefinitely after cryopreservation. It can be used for sperm donation where the recipient wants the treatment in a different time or place, or as a means of preserving fertility for men undergoing vasectomy or treatments that may compromise their fertility, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy or surgery. It is also often used by trans women prior to medically transitioning in ways that affect fertility, such as feminizing hormone therapy and orchiectomies.

DNA fragmentation
DNA fragmentation is the separation or breaking of DNA strands into pieces. It can be done intentionally by laboratory personnel or by cells, or can occur spontaneously. Spontaneous or accidental DNA fragmentation is fragmentation that gradually accumulates in a cell. It can be measured by e.g. the comet assay or by the TUNEL assay.

Its main units of measurement is the DNA Fragmentation Index (DFI). A DFI of 20% or more significantly reduces the success rates after ICSI.

DNA fragmentation was first documented by Williamson in 1970 when he observed discrete oligomeric fragments occurring during cell death in primary neonatal liver cultures. He described the cytoplasmic DNA isolated from mouse liver cells after culture as characterized by DNA fragments with a molecular weight consisting of multiples of 135 kDa. This finding was consistent with the hypothesis that these DNA fragments were a specific degradation product of nuclear DNA.
Bored of Studies
Bored of Studies is an Australian website targeted at students in New South Wales and Victoria. It is prominent among students for its Student Assessment Modeller that calculates approximate Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (formerly Universities Admission Index) or Equivalent National Tertiary Entrance Rank results, and for hosting study notes for the New South Wales Higher School Certificate courses. An extensive student community has evolved around its forum, which is frequented by school students, teachers and a growing number of university students. The site's name is a parody of the NSW Board of Studies, the former governing organisation for the Higher School Certificate (HSC).

Board of Studies
The Board of Studies was the state government education board in New South Wales, Australia from 1990 to 2013. It provided educational leadership by developing the curriculum from Kindergarten to Year 12 and awarding the secondary school credentials Record of School Achievement and Higher School Certificate.

The Board of Studies amalgamated with the NSW Institute of Teachers on 1 January 2014 to form the Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW (BOSTES).
Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War
Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War were courted by both Chinese and Japanese generals but they tended to fight against the Japanese with or without the support of higher echelons of the other Chinese factions.

Anti-Japanese sentiment
Anti-Japanese sentiment (also called Japanophobia, Nipponophobia and anti-Japanism) is the fear or dislike of Japan or Japanese culture. Anti-Japanese sentiment can take many forms, from antipathy toward Japan as a country to racist hatred of Japanese people.
A'annepada
A'annepada (Sumerian: 𒀀𒀭𒉌𒅆𒊒𒁕, romanized: Aanépàdda; fl. c. 2350 BC) was a king of the First Dynasty of Ur. He was a son of Mesannepada. It is thought that his tomb may be tomb PG 580 in the Royal Cemetery at Ur.

First Dynasty of Ur
The First Dynasty of Ur (abbreviated Ur I) was a dynasty of rulers from the city of Ur in ancient Sumer who reigned c. 2600 – c. 2340 BC. Ur I is part of the Early Dynastic III period of ancient Mesopotamia. It was preceded by the earlier First Dynasty of Kish and the First Dynasty of Uruk.
2025 Japan Open Tennis Championships – Singles
Carlos Alcaraz defeated Taylor Fritz in the final, 6–4, 6–4 to win the singles tennis title at the 2025 Japan Open. It was his 24th career ATP Tour title.

Arthur Fils was the reigning champion, but did not participate this year due to a back injury.

2025 Japan Open Tennis Championships
The 2025 Kinoshita Group Japan Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hardcourts. It was the 51st edition of the Japan Open, and an ATP 500 tournament on the 2025 ATP Tour. It was held at the Ariake Coliseum in Tokyo, Japan, from 24 to 30 September 2025.
Swedish county road 136
Swedish county road 136 (Swedish: Länsväg 136) is a county road on the island of Öland, Sweden.  This facility is a paved two lane structure that runs along the west coast of the island from Ottenby in the south to Nabbelund in the north.  This highway constitutes the majority of named highway coverage on the island.  Route 136 connects to Route 137 somewhat east of the Öland bridge, which crosses the Kalmar Strait.  Much of the island of Öland has been designated a world heritage site by UNESCO in the form of the Stora Alvaret nature reserve.  This reserve is home to a vast number of rare and endangered species due to the presence of an enormous limestone barren, which is the largest such formation in Europe.  Route 136 is virtually the only spinal link allowing vehicle access to all parts of the Stora Alvaret.

Sites accessed by Route 136 are the Gettlinge stone ship gravefield, Ottenby Nature Reserve and Halltorps Manor.

Swedish county road
Swedish county roads (Länsväg) are roads with road numbers from 100 and upwards in Sweden. The Swedish county roads are public roads maintained by the Swedish Transport Administration (Swedish: Trafikverket). There is a total of 82,873 km (51,495 mi) of county roads in Sweden.

The länsväg roads are divided into three categories:

Primary county road (primär länsväg)

Common number series in the range 100–499 throughout Sweden, and can stretch over county borders despite the name.

Secondary county road (sekundär länsväg)

Each county has its own number series in the range of 500–2999.

Tertiary county road (tertiär länsväg)

Each county has its own number series in the range of 3000–9999.

The primary county road number signs are rectangular with a blue background, white numbers, and a white border. The secondary and tertiary county roads are not signed along the roads, and they are prefixed with the county code of the county they are in.
Legal status of the Holy See
The legal status of the Holy See, the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome, both in state practice and according to the writing of modern legal scholars, is that of a full subject of public international law, with rights and duties analogous to those of states.

Robert Araujo
Robert John Araujo, SJ (October 30, 1948 – October 21, 2015), was the John Courtney Murray Professor at Loyola University Chicago School of Law. Formerly, he was the Robert Bellarmine University Professor in American and Public International Law at Gonzaga University School of Law (1994–2005) and an Ordinary Professor at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome (2005–2008).
Juan Gisbert Sr.
Juan Gisbert Sr. (born 5 April 1942) is a retired Spanish professional tennis. He was ranked world No. 14 in 1967. He was active from 1956 to 1976 and won 14 career singles titles.

He won one ATP singles title (plus several others) and reached the finals at the Australian Championships in 1968 and Cincinnati in 1971.

In June 1965 he won the Conde de Godo Championships (currently Barcelona Open) in Barcelona on clay at the Réal Tennis Club defeating Manuel Santana, Rafael Osuna, and Martin Mulligan in best-of -five set matches.

Gisbert won the 1971 ATP Bavarian International Tennis Championships at Munich on clay defeating Mulligan, Christian Kuhnke, and Péter Szőke in the final.

Rafael Osuna
Rafael Osuna Herrera  (15 September 1938 – 4 June 1969), nicknamed "El Pelón" (The Bald), was a former  male tennis player. He was born in Mexico City, and is best remembered for his singles victory at the United States National Championship  in 1963, winning the 1960 and 1963 Wimbledon Doubles championships, the 1962 United States National Championship doubles, and for leading Mexico to its only Davis Cup Final round appearance in 1962.  He is the only Mexican to date to be inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame, in 1979.
Yamaha Tenori-on
The Yamaha Tenori-on is an electronic musical instrument designed and created by the Japanese artist Toshio Iwai and Yu Nishibori of the Music and Human Interface Group at the Yamaha Center for Advanced Sound Technology.

To Rococo Rot
To Rococo Rot were a Berlin-based band who combined electronic and analog elements to create instrumental post-rock music. Pitchfork described the band's sound as "unmistakably digital, yet 100% human." The group was composed of bassist Stefan Schneider  and brothers Robert (electronics, guitar) and Ronald Lippok (drums, effects). The band's name is a palindrome, as it can be spelled the same both forwards and backwards.

To Rococo Rot formed in 1995 and were active until 2014, releasing eight major albums and numerous collaborations, remixes, singles and EPs. They were known for their minimalist, musically engaging live show, and gave their final performance on December 17, 2014 via a live-streamed Boiler Room "In Stereo" session.
Performing Arts Workers' Equity
The Performing Arts Workers' Equity (PAWE) was a small trade union in South Africa. It had a membership of only 365, but was affiliated to the Congress of South African Trade Unions. It merged with the Musicians Union of South Africa (MUSA) to form the Creative Workers Union of South Africa (CWUSA).

Congress of South African Trade Unions
The Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU or Cosatu) is a trade union federation in South Africa. It was founded in 1985 and is the largest of the country's three main trade union federations, with 21 affiliated trade unions.
Lernayin Artsakh FC
Lernayin Artsakh FC (Armenian: Լեռնային Արցախ Ֆուտբոլային Ակումբ) is an association football club formerly based in Stepanakert, Artsakh Republic but is registered in the town of Vayk, Vayots Dzor Province, Armenia. The club was founded in 1927 in Soviet Azerbaijan and its current name translates from Armenian as "Mountainous Artsakh".

Armenian First League
The Armenian First League (Armenian: Հայաստանի Առաջին լիգա, romanized: Hayastani Arrajin liga) is currently the second level football competition in Armenia after the Armenian Premier League. The competition exists mostly out of reserve teams of several Premier League clubs; however, other teams also participate. The reserve teams are not eligible for promotion to the highest level, resulting in situations where a club promotes even when they finish the season in a mid-table position.
Shagwenaw Lake
Shagwenaw Lake is a lake along the course of the Churchill River in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The Churchill River is largely a series of interconnected lakes that begins at Churchill Lake in north-western Saskatchewan and empties into the Hudson Bay at Churchill, Manitoba. Upstream from Shagwenaw Lake along the Churchill River is Lac Île-à-la-Crosse and downstream is Dipper Lake. The lake is about 52 kilometres (32 mi) north-northeast of the community of Île-à-la-Crosse and is surrounded by boreal forest in the Canadian Shield.

The community of Patuanak and Wapachewunak 192D Indian reserve are situated along the lake's western shore where the Churchill River flows in. Access to the communities and the lake is from Highway 918 and Patuanak Airport.

Churchill Lake
Churchill Lake is a large glacial lake in the north-western part of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It is the source of the 1,609-kilometre (1,000 mi) long Churchill River, which flows east into Hudson Bay. Frobisher Lake flows into Churchill Lake from the north through Simonds Channel and Peter Pond Lake flows in from the east through Kisis Channel. The outflow is at the southern end through MacBeth Channel, which flows south into Lac Île-à-la-Crosse. The lake can freeze from as early as November and remain frozen till May.

The village of Buffalo Narrows is on the south-western shore near Kisis Channel and the Churchill Lake Indian reserve is at the northern end. Churchill Lake Outfitting is on the north-western shore. Access to the lake is from Highway 155 (which crosses Kisis Channel) and Buffalo Narrows Airport.
Robert von Puttkamer
Robert Viktor von Puttkamer (5 May 1828 – 15 March 1900) was a Prussian statesman, most prominent in his roles as Prussian minister of public education and worship in 1879 and as interior minister in 1881, under his brother-in-law Otto von Bismarck.  He also introduced reforms in German orthography.

Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)
The Province of Pomerania (German: Provinz Pommern; Polish: Prowincja Pomorze) was a province of Prussia from 1815 to 1945. Pomerania was established as a province of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1815, an expansion of the older Brandenburg-Prussia province of Pomerania, and then became part of the German Empire in 1871. From 1918, Pomerania was a province of the Free State of Prussia until it was dissolved following World War II by decree of the Allied Control Council with the de jure abolition of Prussia on 25 February 1947, and its territory divided between Poland and Allied-occupied Germany. The city of Stettin (present-day Szczecin, Poland) was the provincial capital.
40th New York State Legislature
The 40th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from November 5, 1816, to April 15, 1817, during the tenth year of Daniel D. Tompkins's governorship, and while John Tayler was Acting Governor, in Albany.

Genesee County, New York
Genesee County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 58,388. Its county seat is Batavia. Its name is from the Seneca word Gen-nis'-hee-yo, meaning "the Beautiful Valley". The county was created in 1802 and organized in 1803. The county is part of the Finger Lakes region of the state.

Genesee County comprises the Batavia, NY micropolitan statistical area, which is also in the Rochester-Batavia-Seneca Falls, NY combined statistical area. It is in Western New York. It is the namesake of Genesee County, Michigan; that is, the Michigan county was named for Genesee County, New York.
The Night Parade
The Night Parade (2016) is a juvenile fiction debut novel by Kathryn Tanquary, a middle-grade author and teacher of English as a foreign language in Gunma Prefecture, Japan.

Tanquary’s The Night Parade is reminiscent of the 2001 Japanese anime fantasy film Spirited Away by Hayao Miyazaki. It has also been likened to Neil Gaiman’s Coraline and Grimm's fairy tales.

Hyakki Yagyō
Hyakki Yagyō (百鬼夜行, "Night Parade of One Hundred Demons"), also transliterated Hyakki Yakō, is an idiom in Japanese folklore. Sometimes an orderly procession, other times a riot, it refers to a parade of thousands of supernatural creatures known as oni and yōkai that march through the streets of Japan at night. As a terrifying eruption of the supernatural into the real world, it is similar (though not precisely equivalent) to the concept of pandemonium in English.
Ridgemont High School (Ottawa)
Ridgemont High School is an Ottawa-Carleton District School Board secondary school in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The school is located at 2597 Alta Vista Drive in the Alta Vista neighbourhood of Ottawa. It is next door to St. Patrick's High School, a Roman Catholic high school, and Charles Hulse Elementary School, also in the OCDSB.

St. Patrick's High School (Ottawa)
St. Patrick's High School, located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, is a Catholic high school publicly funded under the Ontario school system as part of the Ottawa Catholic School Board. It was founded in 1929 by the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate.
Galantamine total synthesis
The article concerns the total synthesis of galanthamine, a drug used for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.

The natural source of galantamine are certain species of daffodil and because these species are scarce and because the isolation of galanthamine from daffodil is expensive (a 1996 figure specifies 50,000 US dollar per kilogram, the yield from daffodil is 0.1–0.2% dry weight) alternative synthetic sources are under development by means of total synthesis.

Chiral resolution
Chiral resolution, or enantiomeric resolution, is a process in stereochemistry for the separation of racemic mixture into their enantiomers. It is an important tool in the production of optically active compounds, including drugs. Another term with the same meaning is optical resolution.

The use of chiral resolution to obtain enantiomerically pure compounds has the disadvantage of necessarily discarding at least half of the starting racemic mixture. Asymmetric synthesis of one of the enantiomers is one means of avoiding this waste.
New Mexico State Road 317
State Road 317 (NM 317) is a 1.247-mile-long (2.007 km) state highway in the US state of New Mexico. NM 317's western terminus is a continuation as Indian Service Route 61 at the end of state maintenance west of Isleta Village Proper, and the eastern terminus is at NM 45 west of Isleta Village Proper.

Isleta Village Proper, New Mexico
Isleta Village Proper or Isleta is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bernalillo County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 491 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Ellon United F.C.
Ellon United Football Club is a Scottish football club from the town of Ellon, Aberdeenshire. Members of the Scottish Junior Football Association, they currently play in the North of Scotland Football League. Founded around 1890, the club had also played in local Amateur and Senior competitions before joining the SJFA in 1974. They are based in The Meadows Sports Centre in Ellon along with Ellon RFC and local football sides. Club colours are red and black.

The team is managed by Keith McHattie for the 2021–22 season.

North of Scotland Football League
The North of Scotland Football League (NoSFL) is a football league based in the north east of Scotland. The league sits at levels 6–7 on the Scottish football league system, acting as a feeder to the Highland Football League. It is split into two separate leagues, the Premier League and the Championship which contain 16 teams and 15 teams respectively. Geographically, the league covers Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, Highland and Moray. The league is the direct successor to the North Region Junior Football League which had been run by the North Region of the Scottish Junior Football Association from 2001 until 2025.

Subject to clubs meeting the required licensing criteria for the Highland League, the winners of the NoSFL take part in an end of season promotion play-off with the North Caledonian Football League champions, with the winner being promoted to the Highland League. As of the 2025–26 season, no team in the NoSFL meets the required licensing criteria.
2012 Little Caesars Pizza Bowl
The 2012 Little Caesars Pizza Bowl, the 16th edition of the game, was a post-season American college football bowl game that was held on December 26, 2012 at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan as part of the 2012–13 NCAA football bowl season.

The game was telecasted at 7:30 pm ET on ESPN.  It featured the Western Kentucky Hilltoppers from the Sun Belt Conference against the Central Michigan Chippewas from the Mid-American Conference and was the final game of the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season for both teams.  The Hilltoppers accepted their invitation after finishing 7–5 during their regular season, while the Chippewas accepted theirs after finishing 6–6. Central Michigan won the game by a score of 24-21 over Western Kentucky.

2012–13 NCAA football bowl games
The 2012–13 NCAA football bowl games were a series of college football bowl games.  They concluded the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season, and included 35 team-competitive games and four all-star games.  The games began on Saturday, December 15, 2012, and, aside from the all-star games, concluded with the 2013 BCS National Championship Game in Miami Gardens, Florida that was played on January 7, 2013.

The total of 35 team-competitive bowls was unchanged from the previous year. While bowl games had been the purview of only the very best teams for nearly a century, this was the seventh consecutive year that teams with non-winning seasons participated in bowl games.  To fill the 70 available team-competitive bowl slots, a total of 13 teams (19% of all participants) with non-winning seasons participated in bowl games—12 had a .500 (6-6) season and, for the second consecutive year, a team with a sub-.500 (6-7) season was invited to a bowl game.
God's Seat
God's Seat is a popular vista and rock formation in Malibu, California, United States, about two miles east of Circle X Ranch in the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area. God's Seat's name derives from its natural throne-like shape at the top of a thousand-foot cliff. It is well known locally for its scenic views of Lake Sherwood, Sandstone Peak, the Conejo Valley and the Pacific Ocean.

The formation is visible from Yerba Buena Road, about two miles north of Mulholland Highway along the Backbone Trail. The California Hells Angels were supposedly once common fixtures at the site, which they nicknamed Smoker's Perch. The "seat of the throne" today is a floor of broken glass, though the site is now patrolled daily so as to prevent further vandalism.

Conejo Valley
34°21′36″N 119°09′00″W﻿ / ﻿34.36000°N 119.15000°W﻿ / 34.36000; -119.15000

The Conejo Valley (Spanish: Valle del Conejo, meaning "Valley of the Rabbit") is a region spanning both southeastern Ventura County and northwestern Los Angeles County in Southern California, United States. It is located in the northwestern part of the Greater Los Angeles area.

Communities in the Conejo Valley are Thousand Oaks, Newbury Park, Westlake Village, Oak Park, Agoura Hills, Lake Sherwood and a portion of Calabasas.
1973 Central Michigan Chippewas football team
The 1973 Central Michigan Chippewas football team represented Central Michigan University as an independent during the 1973 NCAA Division II football season. In their seventh season under head coach Roy Kramer, the Chippewas compiled a 7–4 record and outscored their opponents, 197 to 151. The team played its home games in Perry Shorts Stadium in Mount Pleasant, Michigan, with attendance of 78,547 in five home games.

The team's statistical leaders included quarterback Mike Franckowiak with 655 passing yards, running back Jim Sandy with 1,168 rushing yards, and Matt Means with 553 receiving yards. Sandy received the team's most valuable player award. George Duranko set a school record with a 100-yard interception return against Eastern Michigan on November 10, 1973.

1973 Eastern Michigan Hurons football team
The 1973 Eastern Michigan Hurons football team represented Eastern Michigan University as an independent during the 1973 NCAA Division II football season. In their seventh and final season under head coach Dan Boisture, the Hurons compiled a 6–4 record and outscored their opponents, 265 to 190. The team's victories included games against Louisiana Tech (21–19), Youngstown State (42–2), and Weber State (44–7).

In February 1974, coach Boisture left Eastern Michigan to coach the Detroit Wheels in the World Football League. The Wheels shared Rynearson Stadium with the Hurons during the 1974 season, compiled a 1–13 record, and folded before the season had ended.