hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Great Dolmen of Dwasieden
The Great dolmen of Dwasieden (German: Großdolmen von Dwasieden), is a great dolmen in the borough of Sassnitz, on the Jasmund peninsula of Germany's largest island, Rügen. It was excavated in 1970 by Ewald Schuldt and is designated a Sprockhoff No. 472. The megalithic site of the Funnelbeaker culture (TBK) was constructed between 3500 and 2800 BC.

According to Ingrid Schmidt, "Neolithic monuments are an expression of the culture and ideology of New Stone Age communities. Their creation and function are features of social development". 
The site was painted in 1806 by the Greifswald-born artist Caspar Friedrich. His diagrams and sketches are kept in the Ashmolean Museum of Art & Archaeology at Oxford.

Sassnitz
Sassnitz (German pronunciation: [ˈzasnɪts] ⓘ, before 1993 in German: Saßnitz) is a town on the Jasmund peninsula, Rügen Island, in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The population as of 2012 was 9,498.

Sassnitz is a well-known seaside resort and port town, and is a gateway to the nearby Jasmund National Park with its unique chalk cliffs. The decommissioned British submarine HMS Otus was purchased by a German entrepreneur and towed to Sassnitz to be a floating museum. The Sassnitz area is most popular for its famous chalk rocks (Kreidefelsen), which inspired artists like Caspar David Friedrich.
Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico
The lieutenant governor of New Mexico (Spanish: vicegobernador de Nuevo México) is an elected constitutional officer in the executive branch of government of the U.S. state of New Mexico, ranking just below the governor. Thirty individuals have held the office of lieutenant governor since statehood, two of them serving non-consecutively. The incumbent is Howie Morales, a Democrat.

New Mexico Senate
The New Mexico State Senate (Spanish: Senado de Nuevo México) is the upper house of the New Mexico State Legislature, the lower house being the New Mexico House of Representatives.The Senate consists of 42 members, with each senator representing an equal number of single-member constituent districts across the state. All senatorial districts are divided to contain a population on average of 43,300 state residents. Members of the Senate are elected to four-year terms without term limits.

The Senate convenes at the New Mexico State Capitol building in Santa Fe.
Jespersen's cycle
Jespersen's cycle is a series of processes in the historical development of the expression of negation in a variety of languages, from a simple pre-verbal marker of negation, to a discontinuous marker (elements both before and after the verb) and in some cases to subsequent loss of the original pre-verbal marker. The pattern was formulated in Otto Jespersen's 1917 book Negation in English and Other Languages, and named after him in 1979.

Rebecca Posner
Rebecca Posner (née Reynolds; 17 August 1929 – 19 July 2018) was a British philologist, linguist and academic, who specialized in Romance languages. Having taught at Girton College, Cambridge, the University of Ghana, and the University of York, she was Professor of the Romance Languages at the University of Oxford from 1978 to 1996.
Crowd psychology
Crowd psychology (or mob psychology) is a subfield of social psychology which examines how the psychology of a group of people differs from the psychology of any one person within the group. The study of crowd psychology looks into the actions and thought processes of both the individual members of the crowd and of the crowd as a collective social entity. The behavior of a crowd is much influenced by deindividuation (seen as a person's loss of responsibility) and by the person's impression of the universality of behavior, both of which conditions increase in magnitude with size of the crowd. Notable theorists in crowd psychology include Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931), Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904), and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Many of these theories are today tested or used to simulate crowd behaviors in normal or emergency situations. One of the main focuses in these simulation works aims to prevent crowd crushes and stampedes.

Herd behavior
Herd behavior is the behavior of individuals in a group acting collectively without centralized direction. Herd behavior occurs in animals in herds, packs, bird flocks, fish schools, and so on, as well as in humans. Voting, demonstrations, riots, general strikes, sporting events, religious gatherings, everyday decision-making, judgement, and opinion-forming, are all forms of human-based herd behavior.

Raafat, Chater and Frith proposed an integrated approach to herding, describing two key issues, the mechanisms of transmission of thoughts or behavior between individuals and the patterns of connections between them.  They suggested that bringing together diverse theoretical approaches of herding behavior illuminates the applicability of the concept to many domains, ranging from cognitive neuroscience to economics.
Gmina Ciechocin
Gmina Ciechocin is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Golub-Dobrzyń County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Ciechocin, which lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) south-west of Golub-Dobrzyń and 21 km (13 mi) east of Toruń.

The gmina covers an area of 101.49 square kilometres (39.2 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,000.

Golub-Dobrzyń County
Golub-Dobrzyń County (Polish: powiat golubsko-dobrzyński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is the town of Golub-Dobrzyń, which lies 30 km (19 mi) east of Toruń and 71 km (44 mi) east of Bydgoszcz. The only other town in the county is Kowalewo Pomorskie, lying 13 km (8 mi) north-west of Golub-Dobrzyń.

The county covers an area of 612.98 square kilometres (236.7 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 45,059, out of which the population of Golub-Dobrzyń is 12,563, that of Kowalewo Pomorskie is 4,130, and the rural population is 28,366.
George Denholm
Group Captain George Lovell "Uncle" Denholm, DFC (20 December 1908 – 15 June 1997) was a Scottish fighter pilot and flying ace of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War. He flew Spitfires during the Battle of Britain, and is counted amongst the ranks of 'The Few'.

The Few
The Few were the airmen of the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the aviators of the Fleet Air Arm, Royal Navy (RN) who fought the Battle of Britain in the Second World War. The term comes from Winston Churchill's phrase "Never, in the field of human conflict, was so much owed by so many to so few." It also alludes to Shakespeare's famous speech in his play, Henry V: "We few, we happy few, we band of brothers..."
Len Beynon
Len Beynon (24 April 1912 – 17 August 1992) was a professional boxer from Wales. Born in Barry, Vale of Glamorgan, Beynon was notable for becoming Welsh champion at both featherweight and bantamweight.

Bantamweight
Bantamweight is a weight class in combat sports and weightlifting. For boxing, the range is above 115 lb (52.2 kg) and up to 118 lb (53.5 kg). In kickboxing, a bantamweight fighter generally weighs between 53 and 55 kilograms (117 and 121 lb). In MMA, bantamweight is 126–135 lb (57.2–61.2 kg).

The name for the class is derived from bantam chickens. Brazilian jiu-jitsu has an equivalent Rooster weight.
2017 Kentucky Bank Tennis Championships
The 2017 Kentucky Bank Tennis Championships was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 22nd edition, for men, and 20th edition, for women, of the tournament and part of the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour and the 2017 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place in Lexington, Kentucky, United States, on 31 July – 6 August 2017.

Lexington Open
The Lexington Open (previously known as the Kentucky Bank Tennis Championships and the Fifth Third Bank Tennis Championships) is a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hardcourts. It is currently part of the ATP Challenger Tour and the ITF Women's World Tennis Tour, and has been held annually at the Hilary J. Boone Tennis Complex in Lexington, Kentucky, since 1995 for men and since 1997 for women. It is the longest running active ATP Challenger Tour tournament in the US, marking its 30th edition in 2025.
In 2020, the tournament was held as a once-off WTA Tour tournament. In 2022, it returned to the ITF Circuit.
Hanshan Deqing
Hanshan Deqing (traditional Chinese: 憨山德清, Wade Giles: Han-Shan Te-Ch’ing, "Crazy Mountain, Virtuous Clarity", c. 1546–1623), was a leading Buddhist monk and poet of the late Ming dynasty China. He was also posthumously named Hongjue Chanshi (弘覺禪師). Hanshan was known for studying and teaching Pure Land, Huayan and Chan Buddhism. He is known as one of the four great masters of the Wanli Era Ming Dynasty, along with Yunqi Zhuhong (1535–1613) and Zibo Zhenke (1543–1603) both of whom he knew personally. He also wrote their biographies after their deaths.

Hanshan has remained an influential figure in Chinese Chan Buddhism down to the twentieth century. His works are widely printed and published in various editions. His teachings were most recently promoted by modern figures like Xuyun (1840?-1959) and his disciple Charles Luk (1898–1978).

Koan
A kōan (/ˈkoʊæn, -ɑːn/ KOH-a(h)n; Japanese: 公案; Chinese: 公案; pinyin: gōng'àn [kʊ́ŋ ân]; Korean: 화두; Vietnamese: công án) is a story, dialogue, question, or statement from Chinese Chan Buddhist lore, supplemented with commentaries, that is used in Chan, Zen, Seon and Thiền Buddhist practice in different ways. The main goal of kōan practice in Zen is to achieve kenshō (Chinese: jianxing 見性), to see or observe one's buddha-nature.

Extended study of kōan literature as well as meditation (zazen) on a kōan is a major feature of modern Rinzai Zen. They are also studied in the Sōtō school of Zen to a lesser extent. In Chinese Chan and Korean Seon Buddhism, meditating on a huatou, a key phrase of a kōan, is also a major Zen meditation method.
Nadir (name)
Nadir is both a surname and a given name that is a variation of Nader.

In Arabic and Hebrew, it is a boy's name meaning "dear", "scarce",
“rare” or "precious." (Arabic writing: نادر, Hebrew writing: נדיר)

Notable people with the name include:

Mohammad Nadir Shah
Mohammad Nadir Shah (9 April 1883 – 8 November 1933) was King of Afghanistan from 1929 until his assassination in 1933. He became the king after crushing the Afghan Civil War of 1928–1929. Previously, he served as Minister of War, Afghan Ambassador to France, and as a general in the Royal Afghan Army. He and his son Mohammad Zahir Shah, who succeeded him, were part of the Musahiban.
Alie Lindberg
Alexandra Emilia (Alie) Lindberg-Larsen (19 May 1849 – 27 November 1933) was a Finnish pianist and student of Franz Liszt, Karl Tausig and Adolf Henselt.

Lindberg was born in Kastelholm, near Sund, Åland, to Karl Gustaf Lindberg and Agatha Wilhelmina Jahn. Her cousin was the violinist Johan Lindberg. She showed musical potential at an early age. Lindberg studied piano in Dresden from 1865 to 1868. Her breakthrough performance was in Berlin in 1871, after which she toured in Finland, Germany and London from 1872 to 1873. From 1873 to 1875, she worked as a piano teacher in Kharkiv. Lindberg then continued touring in Europe for a few years. In her early thirties in 1882, she discontinued her solo performances after she married Norwegian amateur singer and businessman Severin Larsen. Lindberg then moved to Stockholm where she died when she was 84 years old.

Lindberg's piano was depicted on a stamp.

Karl Tausig
Karl Tausig (sometimes "Carl"; born Karol Tausig; 4 November 1841 – 17 July 1871) was a Polish virtuoso pianist, arranger, and composer. He is widely regarded as Franz Liszt's greatest pupil and one of the greatest pianists of all time.
Supply depot
Supply depots are a type of military installation used by militaries to store battlefield supplies temporarily on or near the front lines until they can be distributed to military units. Supply depots are responsible for nearly all other types of materiel, except ammunition.

Supply depots are usually run by a logistics officer who is responsible for allocating supplies as necessary to units who request them.

Due to their vulnerability, supply depots are often the targets of enemy raids. In more modern times, depots have been targeted by long range artillery, long-range missiles, and bomber aircraft, due to the advantage that disrupted logistics can give to a belligerent force.

Types of supply depots include base, station, forward, and reserve supply depots.

Logistics officer
A logistics officer is a member of an armed force or coast guard responsible for overseeing the support of an army, air force, marine corps, navy or coast guard fleet, both at home and abroad. Logistics officers can be stationary on military bases or deployed as an active part of a field army, air wing, naval force or coast guard fleet. The responsibilities of Logistics Officers vary, depending on where they are deployed and what tasks they are assigned. In addition, different countries have different roles for Logistics Officers. The main role of these officers remains the same regardless of where they are stationed; to ensure that the force is supplied with enough food, water, fuel, ammunition and other goods and services to complete the task at hand.
Vozdvizhenka (air base)
Vozdvizhenka (also known as Ussuriysk and before the 1960s Voroshilov) is an air base in Primorsky Krai located close to the village of Vozdvizhenka.  This base was dedicated to Pacific heavy long-range bomber fleet, housing the 444th Berlin Order of Kutuzov 3rd degree and Alexander Nevsky Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment, part of the 326th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division, 37th Air Army.

A declassified CIA document from 1969 showed this was the only base east of the Urals that had the Tupolev Tu-22 Blinder aircraft.  Later in the 1970s onward the regiment consisted of supersonic long-range Tu-22M3 bombers.

The 444th Regiment was disbanded in 2009, with some aircraft transferred to the Belaya air base, and others dismantled (removed engines, equipment, and with holes cut in the fuselage). The aircraft carcasses are awaiting final metal cutting. Currently based at the airfield is the aviation commandant of Khurba airbase and the 322 Aircraft Repair Factory (322 ARZ).

Komsomolsk-on-Amur Airport
Khurba Airport (also given as Komsomolsk South, Khurba, Uchastok, and Kalinovka) (IATA: KXK, ICAO: UHKK) is an air base (also used for public (Russian: Аэропорт Хурба)) in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia 17 kilometres (11 mi) south of Komsomolsk-on-Amur.  This medium-sized base has considerable tarmac space and an extended area of revetments.  It handles medium-sized airliners.

The 277th Guards Bomber Aviation Regiment (277 Gv BAP) is currently changing from flying Sukhoi Su-24M2s in the 1990-2000s to the Sukhoi Su-34 (AFIP "Fullback") with the first 10 delivered.

The regiment was deployed to Lida (air base) in Belarus as part of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Portrait of Henry Addington (Copley)
Portrait of Henry Addington is a c.1798 portrait painting by the Anglo-American artist John Singleton Copley. It depicts the British politician Henry Addington who served as Speaker of the House of Commons from 1789 to 1801. He then served as Prime Minister between 1801 and 1804.

Addington is depicted at full-length in his speaker's robes with the ceremonial mace on the table and view of the House of Parliament on the left. It was one of four paintings Copley submitted to the Royal Academy's Summer Exhibition at Somerset House. It was criticised in a review in the Whitehall Evening Post. Today the painting is in the collection of the Saint Louis Art Museum in Missouri.

Saint Louis Art Museum
The Saint Louis Art Museum (SLAM) is an art museum located in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. With paintings, sculptures, cultural objects, and ancient masterpieces from around the world, its three-story building stands in Forest Park in St. Louis, Missouri, where it is visited by up to a half million people every year. Admission is free through a subsidy from the cultural tax district for St. Louis City and County.

In addition to the featured exhibitions, the museum offers rotating exhibitions and installations. These include the Currents series, which features contemporary artists, as well as regular exhibitions of new media art and works on paper.
Letter (message)
A letter is a written message conveyed from one person (or group of people) to another through a medium. Something epistolary means that it is a form of letter writing. The term usually excludes written material intended to be read in its original form by large numbers of people, such as newspapers and placards, although even these may include material in the form of an "open letter". The typical form of a letter for many centuries, and the archetypal concept even today, is a sheet (or several sheets) of paper that is sent to a correspondent through a postal system. A letter can be formal or informal, depending on its audience and purpose. Besides being a means of communication and a store of information, letter writing has played a role in the reproduction of writing as an art throughout history. Letters have been sent since antiquity and are mentioned in the Iliad. Historians Herodotus and Thucydides mention and use letters in their writings.

Security bag
A security bag is a heavy duty bag used to contain high-value products, documents or legally sensitive items. Envelopes with security features are called security envelopes as well as security bags. Cash for deposit in a bank is often placed in a special deposit bag with security features. When they are used to contain items related to a crime, special evidence bags are used. Authentication of signatures and chain of custody are often required.
Senior League World Series (Canada Region)
The Senior League World Series Canada Region is one of six International regions that currently sends teams to the World Series in Easley, South Carolina. The region's participation in the SLWS dates back to 1965.

Senior League World Series
The Senior League World Series is a baseball tournament for adolescents aged 13 to 16 years old that began in 1961. In 2017, the tournament was moved from Bangor, Maine to Easley, South Carolina. (Easley was the site of the Big League World Series from 2001 to 2016. The Big League division was discontinued after the 2016 Big League World Series.) It is patterned after the Little League World Series, which was named for the World Series in Major League Baseball since 2002.

The Senior League World Series is one of seven tournaments sponsored by Little League International. Each of them brings baseball or softball teams from around the world together in one of four age divisions. The tournament structure for each division's World Series is similar to that used for the Little League Baseball World Series.
Beverly Garden
Beverly Garden (Chinese: 富康花園) is a Home Ownership Scheme and Private Sector Participation Scheme court in Tseung Kwan O, New Territories, Hong Kong near Tseung Kwan O Plaza, Tseung Kwan O Sports Ground, The Grandiose and MTR Tseung Kwan O station. It was jointly developed by the Hong Kong Housing Authority and Chevalier Group, and has a total of ten blocks built on reclaimed land and was completed in 1998.

The Grandiose
The Grandiose (Chinese: 君傲灣) is a private housing estate in Tseung Kwan O Town Centre, Tseung Kwan O, New Territories, Hong Kong, near MTR Tseung Kwan O station. It comprises 3 high-rise buildings built in 2006. It is jointly developed by New World Development and MTR Corporation, and constructed by Hip Hing Construction, 28 minutes to Sheung Wan and Central Business District.
BET Awards 2011
The 11th BET Awards took place at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California on June 26, 2011. The awards recognized Americans in music, acting, sports, and other fields of entertainment over the past year. Comedian and actor Kevin Hart hosted the event for the first time.  The show had an audience of 7.7 million.

BET Awards
The BET Awards are an American award show that was established in 2001 by the Black Entertainment Television network to celebrate Black entertainers and other minorities in music, film, sports and philanthropy. The awards, which are presented annually, are broadcast live on BET. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by artists; some of the awards of more popular interest are presented in a televised ceremony.
Mahir Canova Stage
Mahir Canova Stage (Turkish: Mahir Canova Sahnesi) is a theatre in Balgat neighborhood of Çankaya district in Ankara, Turkey. It is operated by the Turkish State Theatres. It is named in honor of theatre director Mahir Canova (1915–1993).

Çankaya District
Çankaya is a municipality and district of Ankara Province, Turkey. Its area is 483 km2, and its population is 942,553 (2022). It is home to many government buildings, including the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, as well as nearly all foreign embassies to Turkey. Çankaya is a cosmopolitan district and considered the cultural and financial center of Ankara. As of 2025 it was the most socioecomomically developed district in the country, it likely has the highest HDI too.
Feline hyperthyroidism
Feline hyperthyroidism is an endocrine disorder in which the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. Hyperthyroidism is the most common endocrinopathy of cats. The complete pathogenesis is not fully understood.

Tachycardia
Tachycardia, also called tachyarrhythmia, is a heart rate that exceeds the normal resting rate. In general, a resting heart rate over 100 beats per minute is accepted as tachycardia in adults. Heart rates above the resting rate may be normal (such as with exercise) or abnormal (such as with electrical problems within the heart).
Battle of La Favorita
The Battle of La Favorita was fought on 15–16 January 1797 between French forces of the Army of Italy under Napoleon Bonaparte and Austrian troops commanded by Field Marshal Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser and General Giovanni Provera. The engagement took place east of Mantua during the final phase of the Italian campaign of 1796–1797.

The French victory eliminated the last Austrian attempt to relieve Mantua, sealing the fate of the fortress and effectively ending organized Habsburg resistance in northern Italy.

József Alvinczi
Freiherr Joseph Alvinczi von Borberek also known as Baron József Alvinczi de Borberek (German: Joseph Alvinczy, Freiherr von Berberek; 1 February 1735 – 25 September 1810) was a soldier and an officer in the Habsburg Army and a field marshal of the Austrian Empire. He is remembered for handing Napoleon his first two defeats, at the battles of Bassano and Caldiero, both in 1796 and just days apart; moreover, the Austrian army consisted mainly of new recruits and inexperienced officers, and it had no internal cohesion. By the time of the Battle of Rivoli, Alvinczi's health had deteriorated as a result of the winter campaign. Napoleon would later remark that Alvinczi was the best general he had fought thus far.
Force platform
Force platforms or force plates are measuring instruments that measure the  ground reaction forces generated by a body standing on or moving across them, to quantify balance, gait and other parameters of biomechanics. Most common areas of application are medicine and sports.

Transducer
A transducer is a device that usefully converts energy from one form to another. Usually a transducer converts a signal in one form of energy to a signal in another.
Transducers are often employed at the boundaries of automation, measurement, and control systems, where electrical signals are converted to and from other physical quantities (energy, force, torque, light, motion, position, etc.). The process of converting one form of energy to another is known as transduction.