hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nationalization of electricity in Quebec
Nationalization of electricity in Quebec includes two series of events that led to the creation of Hydro-Québec in 1944 and the nationalization of private electricity companies in Quebec in two steps.

In 1944 the first nationalization allowed the province of Quebec to take control of Montreal Light, Heat and Power which had exercised a monopoly on the sale of electricity and gas in the Montreal area.  The second phase was initiated by the government of Jean Lesage in 1962 and was linked to the reforms of the Quiet Revolution.

The two nationalizations of electricity allowed Hydro-Quebec to become one of the main producers of electricity in North America, to develop ambitious hydro-electric projects in the North of Quebec and to give Quebec's consumers low and consistent electrical rates.

Montreal Light, Heat & Power
The Montreal Light, Heat and Power Company (MLH&P) was a utility company operating the electric and gas distribution monopoly in the area of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, until its nationalization by the government of Quebec in 1944, under a law creating the Quebec Hydroelectric Commission, also known as Hydro-Québec.

Hydro-Québec ran both of MLH&P's electric and gas operations until 1957, when its gas properties were sold to the Corporation de gaz naturel du Québec, known today as Énergir.

The company was established in 1901 as a result of the merger of Rodolphe Forget's Royal Electric Company and Herbert Samuel Holt's Montreal Gas Company. Its name became Montreal Light, Heat and Power Consolidated in 1918 after a merger and corporate reorganization.
Timarni Assembly constituency
Timarni is one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of Madhya Pradesh state in central India.

It comprises Timarni tehsil and parts of Khirkiya tehsil, both in Harda district and is a part of the Betul Lok Sabha constituency. As of 2023, its representative is Abhijeet Shah of the Indian National Congress.

Betul Lok Sabha constituency
Betul is one of the 29 Lok Sabha constituencies in Madhya Pradesh state in central India. This constituency is reserved for the candidates belonging to the Scheduled Tribes. It covers the entire Betul and Harda districts and part of Khandwa district.
Jacob Meir Biderman
Rabbi Jacob Meir Biderman (1870–1941)  was the president of Kolel Polen (קופת רבי מאיר בעל הנס - כולל פולין), in 1935 was appointed to the board of Rabbis of the Warsaw community, along with Rabbi Menachem Ziemba and Rabbi Avraham Weinberg.

Avraham Mordechai Alter
Avraham Mordechai Alter (Polish: Abraham Mordechaj Alter, Yiddish: אברהם מורדכא אַלטער, Hebrew: אברהם מרדכי אלתר‎; 25 December 1865 – 13 June 1948), was also known as the Imrei Emes after the works he authored. He was fourth Rebbe of the Hasidic dynasty of Ger. The Ger Rebbe, from 1905 until his death in 1948. A participant in the foundation of the Agudas Israel in Poland. Rebbe Alter was influential in establishing a network of Jewish schools. He led over two-hundred-thousand  Hasidim (followers).
Money Dashboard
Money Dashboard was a free online personal financial management service in the United Kingdom. It provided users with the ability to view all of their online financial accounts in one place and categorises and analyses all of their transactions so they could understand how they use money. The app aimed to help consumers make better financial decisions and budget for the future.

The app was powered by Yodlee, an account aggregation service used by many of the world's leading banks and financial institutions.

The service was regarded as the UK's first significant personal finance service, an equivalent to Mint.com in the US, and promoted a strong emphasis on security. It was a read-only application and did not store users' bank account usernames, ID's or passwords; data services are handled by Yodlee.

In 2015, it was reported to be the UK's largest personal financial management (PFM) provider, having attracted over 100,000 users.

Intuit Mint
Mint, also known as Intuit Mint and formerly known as Mint.com, was a personal financial management website and mobile app for the US and Canada produced by Intuit, Inc. (which also produces TurboTax, QuickBooks, and Credit Karma). Mint's primary service allowed users to track bank, credit card, investment, and loan balances and transactions through a single user interface, as well as create budgets and set financial goals.
Bangalore City–Ajmer Garib Nawaz Express
The 16531 / 16532 Ajmer–KSR Bengaluru  Garib Nawaz Express is an Express train belonging to South Western Railway zone that runs between Ajmer Junction and KSR Bengaluru in India. It is currently being operated with 16531/16532 train numbers on a weekly basis.

South Western Railway zone
The South Western Railway (abbreviated SWR) is one of the 19 railway zones of Indian Railways, headquartered at Hubballi in the Indian state of Karnataka. SWR was created from carving out the routes from Southern Railways, South Central Railways and Central Railways in 2003.
Omrop Fryslân
Omrop Fryslân is a broadcaster on the Netherlands Public Broadcasting (NPO) which serves the Frisian community. Because West Frisian is an official language of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the NPO is also responsible for broadcasts in the West Frisian language.

Omrop Fryslân is also the regional public broadcaster for the province Friesland, and they have their own radio station and TV channel broadcasting primarily for the province itself.

Nederlandse Publieke Omroep
Nederlandse Publieke Omroep (Dutch: [ˈneːdərlɑntsə pyˈblikə ˈʔɔmrup]; abbreviated NPO, [ˌɛmpeːˈjoː] ⓘ), or Netherlands Public Broadcasting, is the central coordinating body of the Dutch public broadcasting system, responsible for administering public broadcasting services at the national level and ensuring the cohesion of the system as a whole. The NPO is not a broadcaster itself, but facilitates cooperation among the various public broadcasting organisations, represents their collective interests, and manages budgets allocated by the government. In addition, the NPO oversees broadcasting schedules of the public broadcasters' joint national channels. The principal television networks under its remit are NPO 1, NPO 2 and NPO 3, which together provide a broad range of news, cultural, entertainment and educational programming. The NPO also operates several radio stations, digital platforms and on-demand services.
Gigarimaneta
Gigarimaneta samsoni is a species of epifaunal petalonamid from the Ediacaran deposits of the Canadian Mistaken Point Formation. G. samsoni grew in a similar manner to Fractofusus and/or Beothukis and grew slightly into the substrate.

Gigarimaneta was roughly round and composed of multiple rows of allantoid-like units that further sub-divided into smaller spherocylindrical units but they do not show the signature fractal branching of related fronds, however the many divisions in the units of the organism are thought to represent invaginations of the a presumed lower epithelium that increased the surface-area - volume ratio without branching glide symmetry. These divisions from the units probably allowed the taxon to gain a great number of nutrients from the substrate underneath it by culturing the sulfur-oxidizing bacteria; a way of life similar to chemosynthetic phagotrophy.

Beothukis
Beothukis is a rare fossil frond-like member of the Rangeomorpha, described from the Ediacaran of Mistaken Point, Newfoundland. It had been identified since 1992, referred in papers as a "spatulate frond" or "flat recliner", but not formally described until 2009. The original fossils from which the genus has been described are still in situ, but replicas are preserved at the Memorial University of Newfoundland and at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Claims of a stem have been contentious, and based largely on structures that have subsequently been determined to be erosional scours, and is so considered to be a recliner
Oustalet's red colobus
Oustalet's red colobus (Piliocolobus oustaleti) is a species of red colobus monkey.  It lives in various types of forest in southern South Sudan, southern Central African Republic, northern Democratic Republic of the Congo and northeastern Republic of the Congo.  It eats leaves, fruit, flowers, buds and possibly seeds.  Males have a head and body length of between 45.9 and 68 cm (18.1 and 26.8 in) with a tail length of between 55.5 and 73 cm (21.9 and 28.7 in).  Females have a head and body length of between 52 and 64 cm (20 and 25 in) with a tail length of between 68 and 73 cm (27 and 29 in).  Males weigh about 12.5 kg (28 lb) and females weigh about 8.2 kg (18 lb).

Centimetre
A centimetre (International spelling) or centimeter (American English), with SI symbol cm, is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) equal to one hundredth of a metre, centi- being the SI prefix for a factor of ⁠1/100⁠. Equivalently, there are 100 centimetres in 1 metre. The centimetre was the base unit of length in the now deprecated centimetre–gram–second (CGS) system of units.

Though for many physical quantities, SI prefixes for factors of 103—like milli- and kilo-—are often preferred by technicians, the centimetre remains a practical unit of length for many everyday measurements; for instance, human height is commonly measured in centimetres. A centimetre is approximately the width of the fingernail of an average adult person.
Ruth Dyson
Ruth Suzanne Dyson QSO (born 11 August 1957) is a former New Zealand politician. She was a Labour Party Member of Parliament from 1993 to 2020. She represented the Port Hills electorate from the 2008 election election to 2020. She also held a number of senior offices in the Labour Party, including president.

Minister for Social Development (New Zealand)
The Minister for Social Development (Māori: Te Manatū Whakahiato Ora) is a minister in the New Zealand Government with responsibility promoting social development and welfare, and is in charge of the Ministry of Social Development. The position was established in 1938 after the passing of the Social Security Act 1938.

The present Minister is Louise Upston.
Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metres
The men's 200 metres was a track and field athletics event held as part of the Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics programme. It was the second time the 200 metres was contested. All races of this competition was held on a straight course. 5 athletes from 3 nations participated. The competition was held on August 31, 1904. The United States swept the medals, with Archie Hahn earning the second of his three sprint medals in St. Louis. Nathaniel Cartmell took silver and William Hogenson earned bronze. It was the second consecutive American victory in the event.

Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics
At the 1904 Summer Olympics, twenty-five athletics events were contested. A total of 74 medals (25 gold, 25 silver and 24 bronze) were awarded.

Multi-event competitions, the all-around and triathlon, were introduced, along with a 56-pound weight throw, while the short steeplechase was lengthened slightly from 2500 to 2590 metres, the team race was lengthened from 5000 meters to 4 miles (6,437 m), and the long steeplechase was dropped.

In all, the 25 events featured in 1904 were two more than were held in 1900.

A track was built specifically for the Games on the campus of Washington University in St. Louis. The track was a cinder track 1⁄3 mile (536.448m) in length, with one long straightaway.
The Naggers
The Naggers was a series of 18 film short films produced by Warner Brothers at the Vitaphone studio in Brooklyn, New York. These featured Jack Norworth and Dorothy Adelphi as an arguing husband and wife in a variety of domestic settings. This basic premise predated the popular radio series The Bickersons and many future TV marital comedies.

Vitaphone
Vitaphone was a sound film system used for feature films and nearly 1,000 short subjects made by Warner Bros. and its sister studio First National from 1926 to 1931. Vitaphone is the last major analog sound-on-disc system and the only one that was widely used and commercially successful. The soundtrack is not printed on the film, but issued separately on phonograph records. The discs, recorded at 33+1⁄3 rpm (a speed first used for this system) and typically 16 inches (41 cm) in diameter, are played on a turntable physically coupled to the projector motor while the film is projected. Its frequency response is 4300 Hz. Many early talkies, such as The Jazz Singer (1927), used the Vitaphone system. The name "Vitaphone" derived from the Latin and Greek words, respectively, for "living" and "sound".

The "Vitaphone" trademark was later associated with cartoons and other short subjects that had optical soundtracks and did not use discs.
Khalil Boyukzadeh
Ayatollah Khalil Boyukzadeh (Persian: خلیل بیوک‌زاده, called Moravvej Ardabili in Persian: مروج اردبیلی, 18 September 1930  – 16 April 2001) was an Iranian Shiite Ayatollah and politician. He was a member of 1st, 2nd and 3rd Assembly of Experts from Ardabil Province electorate, and he was Representative of the Supreme Leader in Ardabil Province and first imam Jumu'ah for Ardabil in northwest of Iran after Iranian Revolution. An annual commemoration ceremony of Moravvej Ardabili is held in Ardabil.

Ayatollah
Ayatollah (UK: /ˌaɪəˈtɒlə/, also US: /ˌaɪəˈtoʊlə/; Arabic: آية الله, romanized: ʾāyatu llāh; Persian: آیت‌الله, romanized: âyatollâh [ɒːjjætˌolˈlɒːh]) is a title for high-ranking Twelver Shia clergy. It came into widespread usage in the 20th century.

Originally used as a title bestowed by popular/clerical acclaim for a small number of the most distinguished  marja' at-taqlid mujtahid, it suffered from "inflation"  following the 1979 Iranian Revolution when it came to be used for "any established mujtahid". By 2015, it was further expanded to include any student who had passed their Mujtahid final exam, leading to "thousands" of Ayatollahs.

The title is not used by the Sunni community of Iran, due to their belief that Muhammad did not appoint a successor.

In the Western world – especially after the Iranian Revolution – it was associated with Ruhollah Khomeini, who was so well known as to often be referred to as "The Ayatollah".
Panasonic Impulse
The Panasonic Impulse is an American football team based in Kadoma, Osaka, Japan.  The Impulse compete in the X-League, and are a member of the top tier X1 Super division along with Fujitsu Frontiers, Obic Seagulls, IBM Big Blue, Nojima Sagamihara Rise, Elecom Kobe Finies, Tokyo Gas Creators, and All Mitsubishi Lions. The team currently holds 8 Japan X Bowl championship titles along with 4 Rice Bowl Championships.

Fujitsu Frontiers
The Fujitsu Frontiers are an American football team located in Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan. They are a member of the X-League. The Fujitsu Frontiers play their home games at the 2,700-capacity Kawasaki Stadium.
Nowe Budy, Łódź Voivodeship
Nowe Budy [ˈnɔvɛ ˈbudɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łanięta, within Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) north-west of Łanięta, 17 km (11 mi) north-west of Kutno, and 67 km (42 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

Łanięta, Łódź Voivodeship
Łanięta [waˈɲɛnta] is a village in Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship located in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina or the administrative district called Gmina Łanięta. It lies approximately 15 km (9 mi) north-west of Kutno and 65 km (40 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.
Spongites yendoi
Spongites yendoi is a species of crustose red seaweed with a hard, calcareous skeleton in the family Corallinaceae. It is found on the lower shore as part of a diverse community in the southeastern Atlantic and the Indo-Pacific Oceans.

Corallinaceae
The Corallinaceae are one of the two extant Coralline families of red algae; they are differentiated from the morphologically similar Sporolithaceae by their formation of grouped sporangial chambers, clustered into sori.  The Corallinoideae is monophyletic; the other subfamilies form another monophyletic group.
Calcium encoding
Calcium encoding (also referred to as Ca2+ encoding or calcium information processing) is an intracellular signaling pathway used by many cells to transfer, process and encode external information detected by the cell. In cell physiology, external information is often converted into intracellular calcium dynamics. The concept of calcium encoding explains how Ca2+ ions act as intracellular messengers, relaying information within cells to regulate their activity. Given the ubiquity of Ca2+ ions in cell physiology, Ca2+ encoding has also been suggested as a potential tool to characterize cell physiology in health and disease. The mathematical bases of Ca2+ encoding have been pioneered by work of Joel Keizer and Hans G. Othmer on calcium modeling in the 1990s and more recently they have been revisited by Eshel Ben-Jacob, Herbert Levine and co-workers.

Cell physiology
Cell physiology is the biological study of the activities that take place in a cell to keep it alive. The term physiology refers to normal functions in a living organism. Animal cells, plant cells and microorganism cells show similarities in their functions even though they vary in structure.
Burley, Leeds
Burley is an inner city area of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, 1 mile (1.6 km) north-west of Leeds city centre, between the A65 Kirkstall Road at the south and Headingley at the north, in the Kirkstall ward.

The Leeds Studios
The Leeds Studios (also known as the ITV Television Centre, Yorkshire Television Studios or YTV Studios) is a television production complex on Kirkstall Road in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England.  ITV plc had proposed to close the studios in 2009, however later in the year had a change of mind and instead decided to refit them as high-definition studios.
Lunda languages
The Lunda languages are a clade of Bantu languages coded Zone L.50 in Guthrie's classification. According to Nurse & Philippson (2003), the languages form a valid node. They are:

Lunda, Salampasu, Ruund

Ruund language
Ruund (Ruwund), also known as Northern Lunda or Uruund, is a Bantu language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola. It is highly unusual among Bantu languages for allowing consonantal codas and for its reduced vowel system, in which short /e/ and /o/ have become [i] and [a] respectively, leaving only 3 short vowels.

Another interesting feature of Ruund is that, as with the related Ciluba language, the tones of Proto-Bantu have reversed, so that High has become Low and vice versa. In this language therefore the accented syllables are Low and the default tone is High.
Black fax
A black fax is a prank fax transmission consisting of one or more pages entirely filled with a uniform black tone. The sender's intention is generally to use up as much of the recipient's fax ink, toner, or thermal paper as possible, thus costing the recipient money, as well as denying the recipient use of their own machine (similar to computer-based denial of service attacks). This is made easier because fax transmission protocols compress the solid black image very well, so a very short fax call can produce many pages.

Practical joke
A practical joke or prank is a trick played on people, generally causing the victim to experience embarrassment, perplexity, confusion, discomfort, or irritation. The perpetrator of a practical joke is called a "practical joker" or "prankster". Other terms for practical jokes include gag,  rib, jape, shenanigan, and troll. Some countries in western nations make it tradition to carry out pranks on April Fools' Day and Mischief Night.
Wedge sum
In topology, the wedge sum is a "one-point union" of a family of topological spaces. Specifically, if X and Y are pointed spaces (i.e. topological spaces with distinguished basepoints  and ) the wedge sum of X and Y is the quotient space of the disjoint union of X and Y by the identification

where  is the equivalence closure of the relation 
More generally, suppose  is an indexed family of pointed spaces with basepoints  The wedge sum of the family is given by:

where  is the equivalence closure of the relation  
In other words, the wedge sum is the joining of several spaces at a single point. This definition is sensitive to the choice of the basepoints  unless the spaces  are homogeneous.

The wedge sum is again a pointed space, and the binary operation is associative and commutative (up to homeomorphism).

Sometimes the wedge sum is called the wedge product, but this is not the same concept as the exterior product, which is also often called the wedge product.

Quotient space (topology)
In topology and related areas of mathematics, the quotient space of a topological space under a given equivalence relation is a new topological space constructed by endowing the quotient set of the original topological space with the quotient topology, that is, with the finest topology that makes continuous the canonical projection map (the function that maps points to their equivalence classes). In other words, a subset of a quotient space is open if and only if its preimage under the canonical projection map is open in the original topological space.

Intuitively speaking, the points of each equivalence class are identified or "glued together" for forming a new topological space. For example, identifying the points of a sphere that belong to the same diameter produces the projective plane as a quotient space.
1911 Keighley by-election
The Keighley by-election was a Parliamentary by-election held on 27 October 1911. The constituency returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.

Keighley and Ilkley
Keighley and Ilkley /ˈkiːθli/ ⓘ is a constituency in West Yorkshire created in 1885 represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2019 by Robbie Moore of the Conservative Party.

Although the constituency had contained the town of Ilkley since 1983, it was formally known as Keighley until the 2024 general election. Further to the 2023 review of Westminster constituencies, there were no changes to the constituency boundaries, but the Boundary Commission for England recommended that it be renamed Keighley and Ilkley.
The Official It Ends with Us Coloring Book
The Official It Ends with Us Coloring Book is a coloring book by author Colleen Hoover and illustrator Emma Taylor to accompany Hoover's 2016 romance novel It Ends with Us. The book was announced in January 2023, but canceled the next day after online backlash due to the novel's subject matter of domestic violence.

Coloring book
A coloring book (British English: colouring-in book, colouring book, or colouring page) is a type of book containing line art to which a person (usually a child) is intended to add color using crayons, colored pencils, marker pens, paint or other artistic media. Traditional coloring books and coloring pages are printed on paper or card. Some coloring books have perforated edges so their pages can be removed from the books and used as individual sheets. Others may include a story line and so are intended to be left intact. Today, many children's coloring books feature popular characters. They are often used as promotional materials for motion pictures and television. Coloring books may also incorporate other activities such as connect the dots, mazes and other puzzles. Some also incorporate the use of stickers.