hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Inverse mean curvature flow
In the mathematical fields of differential geometry and geometric analysis, inverse mean curvature flow (IMCF) is a geometric flow of submanifolds of a Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian manifold. It has been used to prove a certain case of the Riemannian Penrose inequality, which is of interest in general relativity.

Formally, given a pseudo-Riemannian manifold (M, g) and a smooth manifold S, an inverse mean curvature flow consists of an open interval I and a smooth map F from I × S into M such that

where H is the mean curvature vector of the immersion F(t, ⋅).

If g is Riemannian, if S is closed with dim(M) = dim(S) + 1, and if a given smooth immersion f of S into M has mean curvature which is nowhere zero, then there exists a unique inverse mean curvature flow whose "initial data" is f.

Robert Geroch
Robert Geroch (born 1 June 1942 in Akron, Ohio) is an American theoretical physicist and professor at the University of Chicago. He has worked prominently on general relativity and mathematical physics and has promoted the use of category theory in mathematics and physics. He was the Ph.D. supervisor for Abhay Ashtekar, Basilis Xanthopoulos and Gary Horowitz. He also proved an important theorem in spin geometry. He received the Quantrell Award.
Řečice (Blatná)
Řečice is a village in the district of Strakonice, in the South Bohemian Region, the Czech Republic. It is located approximately 2.5 km northwest of Blatná. There are 22 addresses registered in the village. As of 2011, the village had a population of 49. Petra Kuparová was the chairperson of the settlement committee as of 2022.

There are two ponds nearby the village, Hajanský pond with an area of 18.6 ha and Řečický pond near Malá Řečice. The village is known for the stonecutting tradition of the Blatná region, with both abandoned and functioning quarries mining Blatná-type granodiorite.

Blatná
Blatná (Czech pronunciation: [ˈblatnaː]; German: Blatna) is a town in Strakonice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 6,700 inhabitants. It is known for Blatná Castle, a water castle with a surrounding moat, and a landscape garden around it. The historic town centre with the castle complex is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument zone.
Timeline of African and diasporic LGBTQ history
This is a timeline of notable events in the history of non-heterosexual conforming people of African ancestry, who may identify as LGBTIQGNC (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer, third gender, gender nonconforming), men who have sex with men, or related culturally specific identities. This timeline includes events both in Africa, the Americas and Europe and in the global African diaspora, as the histories are very deeply linked.

Gauteng Division of the High Court of South Africa
The Gauteng Division of the High Court of South Africa is a superior court of law which has general jurisdiction over the South African province of Gauteng and the eastern part of North West province. The main seat of the division is at Pretoria, while a local seat at Johannesburg has concurrent jurisdiction over the southern parts of Gauteng.

Audrey Ledwaba has been the Acting Judge President of the division since appointment of Dunstan Mlambo as Deputy Chief Justice of South Africa.
HMS Tartar (1702)
HMS Tartar was a 32-gun fifth rate built by the  Woolwich Dockyard in 1702. Her initial commissioning was in time for the War of the Spanish Succession. She partook in the Battle of Velez Malaga in 1704. She spent the rest of her career on counter piracy and trade protection patrols. She was rebuilt as a 20-gun sixth rate in 1733. She was finally broken in 1755.

She was the first vessel to carry this name in the English and Royal Navy.

She was awarded the battle honour Velez Malaga 1704.

Fifth-rate
In the rating system of the Royal Navy used to categorise sailing warships, a fifth-rate was the second-smallest class of warships in a hierarchical system of six "ratings" based on size and firepower.
Spacefiller
In Conway's Game of Life and related cellular automata, a spacefiller is a pattern that spreads out indefinitely, eventually filling the entire space with a still life pattern. It typically consists of three components: stretchers that resemble spaceships at the four corners of the pattern, a growing boundary region along the edges of the pattern, and the still life in the interior pattern.

It resembles a breeder in that both types of patterns have a quadratic growth rate in their numbers of live cells, and in both having a three-component architecture. However, in a breeder the moving part of the breeder (corresponding to the stretcher) leaves behind a fixed sequence of glider guns which fill space with gliders, moving objects (gliders or spaceships) rather than still life patterns. With a spacefiller, unlike a breeder, every point in the space eventually becomes part of the space-filling still life pattern.

Spaceship (cellular automaton)
In a cellular automaton, a finite pattern is called a spaceship if it reappears after a certain number of generations in the same orientation but in a different position. The smallest such number of generations is called the period of the spaceship.
Naive set theory
Naive set theory is any of several set theories used in the discussion of the foundations of mathematics.
Unlike axiomatic set theories, which are defined using formal logic, naive set theory is defined informally, in natural language. It describes the aspects of mathematical sets familiar in discrete mathematics (for example Venn diagrams and symbolic reasoning about their Boolean algebra), and suffices for the everyday use of set theory concepts in contemporary mathematics.

Sets are of great importance in mathematics; in modern formal treatments, most mathematical objects (numbers, relations, functions, etc.) are defined in terms of sets. Naive set theory suffices for many purposes, while also serving as a stepping stone towards more formal treatments.

Cartesian product
In mathematics, specifically set theory, the Cartesian product of two sets A and B, denoted A × B, is the set of all ordered pairs (a, b) where a is an element of A and b is an element of B. In terms of set-builder notation, that is

A table can be created by taking the Cartesian product of a set of rows and a set of columns. If the Cartesian product rows × columns is taken, the cells of the table contain ordered pairs of the form (row value, column value).

One can similarly define the Cartesian product of n sets, also known as an n-fold Cartesian product, which can be represented by an n-dimensional array, where each element is an n-tuple. An ordered pair is a 2-tuple or couple. More generally still, one can define the Cartesian product of an indexed family of sets.

The Cartesian product is named after René Descartes, whose formulation of analytic geometry gave rise to the concept, which is further generalized in terms of direct product.
Midtstubakken
Midtstubakken is a ski jumping hill which is part of the Holmenkollen National Arena in Oslo, Norway. It has a hill size of 106 metres, and a K-spot of 95 metres. The current hill dates from 2010, although the first hill at the area was built in 1927. The venue has a capacity for 15,000 spectators and was designed by Grindaker Landskapsarkitekter and Økaw Arkitekter. It is served by Midtstuen Station of the Oslo Metro.

Midtstuen (station)
Midtstuen is a station on the Holmenkollen Line (Line 1) on the Oslo Metro, between Skådalen and Besserud. It is the lower end of the popular tobogganing course Korketrekkeren. Midtstuen is located at an altitude of 223.3 meters (733 ft).
Qualified institutional placement
Qualified institutional placement (QIP) is a capital-raising tool, primarily used in India and other parts of southern Asia, whereby a listed company can issue equity shares, fully and partly convertible debentures, or any securities other than warrants which are convertible to equity shares to a qualified institutional buyer (QIB).

Apart from preferential allotment, this is the only other speedy method of private placement whereby a listed company can issue shares or convertible securities to a select group of persons. QIP scores over other methods because the issuing firm does not have to undergo elaborate procedural requirements to raise this capital.

Stock market
A stock market, equity market, or share market is the aggregation of buyers and sellers of stocks (also called shares), which represent ownership claims on businesses; these may include securities listed on a public stock exchange as well as stock that is only traded privately, such as shares of private companies that are sold to investors through equity crowdfunding platforms. Investments are usually made with an investment strategy in mind.
Schleiz
Schleiz (German pronunciation: [ˈʃlaɪts] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Saale-Orla-Kreis in Thuringia, Germany. The former municipality Crispendorf was merged into Schleiz in January 2019, and Burgk in December 2019.

Saale-Orla-Kreis
Saale-Orla is a Kreis (district) in the east of Thuringia, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) the districts Saale-Holzland, Greiz, the Vogtlandkreis in Saxony, the Bavarian districts Hof and Kronach, and the district Saalfeld-Rudolstadt.
Board support package
In embedded systems, a board support package (BSP) is the layer of software containing hardware-specific routines, such as boot loaders, device drivers, and sometimes kernels, that allow a given embedded operating system (often a real-time operating system) to function in a given hardware environment (a motherboard). The board support package is usually provided by the SoC manufacturer (such as Qualcomm), and may be modified by the OEM.

Device driver
A device driver is software that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer. A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling other software to access hardware functions without needing to know precise details about the hardware.

A driver communicates with the device through the computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware connects. When a calling program invokes a routine in the driver, the driver issues commands to the device (drives it). Once the device sends data back to the driver, the driver may invoke routines in the original calling program.

Drivers are hardware-dependent and operating-system-specific. They usually provide the interrupt handling required for any necessary asynchronous time-dependent hardware interface.
European Solidarity Corps
The European Solidarity Corps, known until 2016 as European Voluntary Service (EVS), is an international volunteering program by the European Commission for young people to go individually or in teams to another country, usually from one European country to another, to work for a non-profit cause. Since 2017, the program also offers opportunities for European youth to get engaged as volunteers in their own communities.

International volunteering
International volunteering is when volunteers contribute their time to work for organisations or causes outside their home countries. International volunteering has a long association with international development or environment, with the aim of bringing benefits to host communities. It can include a range of services, from healthcare advancement to economic development to governance.

Trends show that international volunteering has become increasingly popular across many countries over the past few decades. International volunteering is a broad term which is used to capture multi-year, skilled placements as well as short term roles. The term voluntourism has become common to describe certain types of volunteering organised by governments, charities and travel agents.
Electoral district of Gwydir
The Gwydir was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, created in 1859, when Liverpool Plains and Gwydir was divided, and named after and including the Gwydir River. In 1894 it was abolished and largely replaced by Moree and Barwon. It was re-created in the 1904 re-distribution of electorates following the 1903 New South Wales referendum, which required the number of members of the Legislative Assembly to be reduced from 125 to 90. It consisted of the abolished seat of Moree and part of Inverell. It was abolished in 1920, with the introduction of proportional representation and largely merged, along with Tamworth, into Namoi.

Electoral districts of New South Wales
The New South Wales Legislative Assembly is elected from single-member electorates called districts, returning 93 members since the 1999 election. Prior to 1927 some districts returned multiple members, including 1920-1927 when all districts returned three, four or five members. Parramatta is the only district to have continuously existed since the establishment of the Assembly in 1856.
Vox Christi
Vox Christi, Latin for Voice of Christ, is a setting of Jesus' words in a vocal work such as a Passion, an Oratorium or a Cantata. Conventionally, for instance in Protestant music of the Baroque era, the vox Christi is set for a bass voice.

In Protestant Germany the words of the vox Christi are in German: when the vocal work contains a sung Gospel reading, such as in Bach's Passions, the words are taken from Luther's Bible translation, but the words may also be free verse, as for instance in the Brockes Passion. In either case the composition may also contain a setting of an Evangelist's words, which are traditionally set for a tenor voice.

Apart from a difference in voice type, settings of Jesus' words in recitatives can be further differentiated from surrounding text settings by, for instance, giving them a more arioso character, or setting them accompagnato (while the Evangelist and other characters sing secco).

Aria
In music, an aria (/ˈɑːriə/ ⓘ, Italian: [ˈaːrja]; pl.: arie, Italian: [ˈaːrje]; arias in common usage; diminutive form: arietta, Italian: [aˈrjetta]; pl.: ariette; in English simply air) is a self-contained piece for one voice, with or without instrumental or orchestral accompaniment, normally part of a larger work.

The typical context for arias is opera, but vocal arias also feature in oratorios and cantatas, or they can be stand-alone concert arias. The term was originally used to refer to any expressive melody, usually, but not always, performed by a singer.
Powered skydiving
Powered skydiving is an activity where a skydiver jumps from some height (usually an airplane) wearing propulsion and small wings to fly their bodies. Efforts have been made by wingsuit flyers to sustain altitude, but the most successful was Yves Rossy who jumped out of an airplane wearing airplane-type rigid wings with four small jet motors attached to them.

Parachuting
Parachuting and skydiving are methods of descending from altitude  to the surface using the power of gravity, and a parachute.

The three phases of parachuting are freefall, parachute deployment and landing.
Skydiving takes place during the freefall phase where the parachute has not yet been deployed and the body accelerates to terminal velocity.
Hang Seng Bank Tower
Hang Seng Bank Tower is the headquarters of Hang Seng Bank in Shanghai. Built in 1998, the 46 story, 203 m high tower is located in Lujiazui, Pudong, Shanghai. Until 2010, it was known as "HSBC Tower" due to being the headquarters of HSBC Bank (China) Company Limited. HSBC Bank (China)' s headquarters moved to Shanghai IFC in 2010. It was originally known as the Shanghai Sen Mao International Building.

Hang Seng Bank
Hang Seng Bank Limited (Chinese: 恒生銀行有限公司) is a Hong Kong–based banking and financial services company with headquarters in Central, Hong Kong.  It is a wholly owned subsidiary of the HSBC Group.

Hang Seng Bank is a commercial bank whose major business activities include retail banking, wealth management, commercial banking, treasury services, and private banking. Hang Seng Bank operates a network of around 260 service outlets in Hong Kong. It also has a wholly owned subsidiary in mainland China, Hang Seng Bank (China) Limited, which has a network of 46 branches and sub branches.

It established the Hang Seng Index as a public service in 1969 and this stock market index is now generally known as the primary indicator of the Hong Kong stock market.
Pont Saint-Michel
Pont Saint-Michel (French pronunciation: [pɔ̃ sɛ̃ miʃɛl]) is a bridge linking the Place Saint-Michel on the left bank of the river Seine to the Île de la Cité. It was named after the nearby chapel of Saint-Michel.  It is near Sainte Chapelle and the Palais de Justice. The present 62-metre-long bridge dates to 1857.

Palais de Justice, Paris
The Palais de Justice (French pronunciation: [palɛ d(ə) ʒystis], lit. 'Palace of Justice') is a judicial centre and courthouse in Paris, located on the Île de la Cité. It contains the Court of Appeal of Paris, the busiest appellate court in France, and France's highest court for ordinary cases, the Court of Cassation. It formerly housed the Tribunal de grande instance de Paris which was relocated in 2018 to a new high-rise building in Paris's Batignolles neighbourhood.

The Palais de Justice occupies a large part of the medieval Palais de la Cité, the former royal palace of the kings of France, which also includes Sainte Chapelle, the royal chapel, and the Conciergerie, a notorious former prison, which operated from 1380 to 1914. It is located in close proximity to the Tribunal of Commerce, the Prefecture of Police of Paris, and the offices of the Paris Bar Association.
Dungeons & Dragons gameplay
In the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game, game mechanics and dice rolls determine much of what happens. These mechanics include:

Ability scores, the most basic statistics of a character, which influence all other statistics

Armor class, how well-protected a character is against physical attack

Hit points, how much punishment a character can take before falling unconscious or dying

Saving throws, a character's defenses against nonphysical or area attacks (like poisons, fireballs, and enchantments)

Attack rolls and damage rolls, how effectively a character can score hits against, and inflict damage on, another character

Skills, how competent a character is in various areas of expertise

Feats, what special advantages a character has through natural aptitude or training

Dice notation
Dice notation (also known as dice algebra, common dice notation, RPG dice notation, and several other titles) is a system to represent different combinations of dice in wargames and tabletop role-playing games using simple algebra-like notation such as d8+2.
Natsumi temple ruins
The Natsumi  temple ruins (夏見廃寺跡, Natsumi haji ato) is an archaeological site with the ruins of an Asuka to Nara period Buddhist temple located in the Natsumi neighborhood of the city of Nabari, Mie Prefecture, Japan. The temple no longer exists, but the temple grounds were designated as a National Historic Site in 1990.

Nabari, Mie
Nabari (名張市, Nabari-shi) is a city located in central Mie Prefecture, Japan, bordering on Nara Prefecture to the west. As of 1 September 2021, the city had an estimated population of  77,022 in 34,658 households and a population density of 590 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 129.77 square kilometres (50.10 sq mi).
1999 NCAA Rifle Championships
The 1999 NCAA Rifle Championships were contested at the 20th annual NCAA-sanctioned competition to determine the team and individual national champions of co-ed collegiate rifle shooting in the United States. The championship was hosted by Norwich University in Northfield, Vermont.

Alaska topped the team standings, finishing 108 points (6,276–6,168) points ahead of Navy. This was the Nanooks' second team title.

First the first time since 1980, one shooter, Kelly Mansfield (Alaska), captured the individual national championship for both the smallbore and air rifle events.

1980 NCAA Rifle Championships
The 1980 NCAA Rifle Championship was the first annual tournament to determine the national champion of co-ed NCAA collegiate rifle shooting. The championship was held at the ETSU Athletic Center at East Tennessee State University in Johnson City, Tennessee during March 1980. Prior to 1980, a collegiate rifle championship was held yearly by the National Rifle Association.

Tennessee Tech, with a team score of 6,201, claimed their first national title. West Virginia finished in second with 6,150. The Golden Eagles were coached by James Newkirk.

Rod Fitz-Randolph, from Tennessee Tech, claimed the individual titles for both smallbore and air rifle.
Dogra Law College
Dogra Law College is a private law school situated at Bari Brahmana, Duggar land in Jammu in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It offers undergraduate 3 years law courses, 5 Year Integrated LL.B. courses, approved by Bar Council of India (BCI), New Delhi and affiliated to University of Jammu.

University of Jammu
The University of Jammu informally known as Jammu University (JU), accredited as A++ grade by National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), was established in 1969 by an act of the state legislature which effectively split the Jammu and Kashmir University into the separate University of Jammu and University of Kashmir.

The university is currently located at the foothills of Trikuta on the banks of the Tawi River. The university has set up seven off-site campuses at Bhaderwah, Kishtwar, Poonch, Reasi, Ramnagar, Kathua and Udhampur. The university is the first university in India to receive the ISO-9001 certification. The university offers undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral programs. It also affiliates and recognizes colleges.
Illinois Route 64
Illinois Route 64 (IL 64, Illinois 64) is an east–west state highway in Northern Illinois.  Its western terminus is at the Iowa state line, connecting with U.S. Route 52 (US 52) and Iowa Highway 64  via the Dale Gardner Veterans Memorial Bridge at the Mississippi River west of Savanna.  IL 64 then travels east through Mount Carroll, Lanark, Mount Morris, Oregon, Sycamore, Lily Lake, Saint Charles and the western suburbs of Chicago before terminating at U.S. Route 41 (US 41, Lake Shore Drive) on the city's north side. IL 64 is 138.61 miles (223.07 km) long.

U.S. Route 41 in Illinois
U.S. Route 41 (US 41) in the U.S. state of Illinois runs north from the Indiana border beneath the Chicago Skyway on Indianapolis Boulevard to the Wisconsin border north of the northern terminus of the Tri-State Tollway with Interstate 94. It is the only north–south U.S. Route to travel through a significant portion of the city of Chicago, carrying Lake Shore Drive through the central portion of the city along the lakefront. US 41 in Illinois is 64.81 miles (104.30 km) in length.
Centre neuro-psychiatrique de Nouakchott
Centre Neuro-Psychiatrique de Nouakchott (English: Neuropsychiatry Center Nouakchott) is a psychiatric hospital in Nouakchott, Mauritania.

It is located on the Avenue Gamal Abdel Nasser, west of the Ministry of Energy headquarters and the Grand National Hospital of Mauritania and opposite the Réserve naturelle de sel iodé.

Ministry of Energy (Mauritania)
The Ministry of Energy is the national Ministry of Energy of Mauritania, located in Nouakchott. It is located on the corner of Avenue Gamal Abdel Nasser and the Nouadhibou Highway, near the Grand National Hospital of Mauritania.