hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hooks (grappling)
Hooks is a term in grappling martial arts that generally refers to the use of careful positioning of a practitioner’s feet and legs to control and manipulate the movement or position of their opponent.  One of the most common uses of hooks is in the back control position to prevent escape. However, a practitioner may alternatively use hooks to defend, sweep, or attack their opponent.

Half guard
Half guard (or half mount) is a defensive ground grappling position where one combatant is lying on the other, with the bottom combatant having one leg entangled. Sometimes the bottom combatant is said to be in half guard, while the top combatant is in a half mount. In wrestling and catch wrestling half mount is called Turk ride.  The half guard is the position that is in between a full guard and side control or full mount. The combatant on top will try to untangle the leg and pass to obtain side control or mount, while the bottom combatant will try to transition into a full guard or alternatively attempt a sweep or submission. The half guard may favour the combatant on top or the guard player, depending on the many details of the position such as body positioning and grips.
Sedona Red Rock News
The Sedona Red Rock News is a newspaper published in Sedona, Arizona. It is Sedona's only general interest print newspaper. The Sedona Red Rock News is the flagship newspaper of the family-owned Larson Newspapers, which also owns The Camp Verde Journal and the Cottonwood Journal Extra. General Manager Kyle Larson, grandson of founders Robert S. Larson and Loretta Larson, has run day-to-day operations since September 2015.

The Sedona Red Rock News began in 1963 as the Red Rock News. The name changed to Sedona Red Rock News in January 1982. Managing Editor Christopher Fox Graham was promoted from News Editor in August 2013.

The paper is distributed twice a week, Tuesday afternoon or evening for the Wednesday edition, and Thursday afternoon or evening for the Friday edition.

Sedona, Arizona
Sedona (/sɪˈdoʊnə/ si-DOH-nə) is a city that straddles the county line between Coconino and Yavapai counties in the northern Verde Valley region of the U.S. state of Arizona. As of the 2020 census, Sedona had a population of 9,684. The city is within the Coconino National Forest.

Sedona's main attraction is its array of pink sandstone formations. The formations appear to glow in pink when illuminated by the rising or setting sun. The pink rocks form a popular backdrop for many activities, ranging from spiritual pursuits to the hundreds of hiking and mountain biking trails.

Sedona was named after Sedona Schnebly, whose husband, Theodore Carlton Schnebly, was the city's first postmaster. She was celebrated for her hospitality and industriousness. Her mother, Amanda Miller, claimed to have made the name up because "it sounded pretty".
Cornwall Island (Antarctica)
Cornwall Island is a low ice-free island off the north coast of Robert Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.  Surface area 15 hectares (37 acres). Mónica Rock (62°20′28.4″S 59°44′27″W﻿ / ﻿62.341222°S 59.74083°W﻿ / -62.341222; -59.74083) is lying 1.65 km (1.03 mi) west of the island and 3.4 km (2.1 mi) north of Passage Rock, 2.84 km (1.76 mi) east of Table Island and 2 km (1.2 mi) south of Potmess Rocks.  The area was visited by early 19th century sealers operating from nearby Clothier Harbour.

The island was named in 1935 by the Discovery Investigations after Cornwall House, where the Admiralty Hydrographic Office was situated at that time.  Mónica Rock was charted by the 1949-50 Chilean Antarctic Expedition and named after the elder daughter of First Lieutenant Venturini, a member of the expedition.

Robert Island
Robert Island or Mitchells Island or Polotsk Island or Roberts Island is an island 11 miles (18 km) long and 8 miles (13 km) wide, situated between Nelson Island and Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Robert Island is located at 62°24′S 59°30′W﻿ / ﻿62.400°S 59.500°W﻿ / -62.400; -59.500. Its surface area is 132 km2 (51 sq mi). The name "Robert Island" dates back to around 1821 and is now established in international usage.

Much of the Coppermine Peninsula in the west of the island is made up by a perched strandflat surface that was at sea level in the past.

Captain Richard Fildes may have named Robert Island for his brig Robert. Fildes was sealing in the South Shetlands in 1821–1822 until ice destroyed his vessel in March 1822. Fildes Strait is named for him.
Flute Sonata in E minor (HWV 359b)
The Flute sonata in E minor (HWV 359b) was composed (c. 1724) by George Frideric Handel for flute and basso continuo. The work is also referred to as Opus 1 No. 1b, and was first published in 1732 by Walsh. Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG xxvii,6; and HHA iv/3,10.

The sonata was originally composed as a violin sonata in D minor (HWV 359a).

Of the two sonatas in the Chrysander edition as Opus 1 Sonata I, this one (Sonata Ib) is the one in the Walsh edition (where it is called Sonata I). Chrysander's Sonata Ia was compiled from manuscript sources. Chrysander's Sonata Ia and Sonata Ib have their first and fourth movements in common.

A typical performance of the work takes about seven minutes.

Flute sonata in E minor (HWV 379)
The Flute sonata in E minor (HWV 379) was composed (circa 1727-28) by George Frideric Handel for flute and basso continuo. The work is also referred to as Opus 1 No. 1a, and was first published in 1879 by Chrysander. Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG xxvii,2; and HHA iv/3,2.

The work is the only sonata that survives as a flute sonata in Handel's own manuscript.

Of the two sonatas published in the Chrysander edition as Opus 1 Sonata I, this one (Sonata Ia) is not in the Walsh edition. Therefore, (although the work's authenticity remains unquestioned), this sonata is not strictly part of Handel's "Opus 1". Chrysander's Sonata Ia and Sonata Ib have their first and fourth movements in common.

A typical performance of the work takes about 13 minutes.
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Ceriodaphnia dubia is a species of water flea in the class Branchiopoda, living in freshwater lakes, ponds, and marshes in most of the world. They are small, generally less than 1 millimetre (0.039 in) in length. Males are smaller than females. C. dubia moves using a powerful set of second antennae, and is used in toxicity testing of wastewater treatment plant effluent water in the United States. Climate change and particularly ultraviolet radiation B may seriously damage C. dubia populations, as they seem to be more sensitive than other cladocerans such as Daphnia pulex or D. pulicaria.

Daphnia pulicaria
Daphnia pulicaria is a species of freshwater crustaceans found within the genus of Daphnia, which are often called "water fleas," and they are commonly used as model organisms for scientific research. Like other species of Daphnia, they reproduce via cyclic parthenogenesis. D. pulicaria are filter-feeders with a diet primarily consisting of algae, including Ankistrodesmus falcatus, and they can be found in deep lakes located in temperate climates. Furthermore, D. pulicaria are ecologically important herbivorous zooplankton, which help control algal populations and are a source of food for some fish. D. pulicaria are closely related to Daphnia pulex, and numerous studies have investigated the nature and strength of this relationship because these species can produce Daphnia pulex-pulicaria hybrids. In recent years, D. pulicaria along with other Daphnia species have been negatively affected by invasive predators, such as Bythotrephes longimanus.
2025 World Beach Ultimate Championships
The  2025 World Beach Ultimate Championships was the 7th edition of the international beach ultimate competition organized by World Flying Disc Federation. They were held in Portimão, Portugal, from 16 to 22 November 2025. There were ten division events, included women's and mixed grand masters debut in the first time.

World Beach Ultimate Championships
The World Beach Ultimate Championships is an international beach ultimate competition organized by World Flying Disc Federation. It has been held every two years since 2015. Beach ultimate features smaller teams (5 vs 5) playing on smaller fields. Teams from across the world compete in six regular divisions: open, women's, mixed, open masters, mixed masters, and open grand masters. The women's masters division was added for the first time in 2015, and the open great grand masters was added in 2017. In the 2025 edition, two new divisions—women's grand masters and mixed grand masters—will added.
COTIF Women's Football Tournament
The COTIF Women's Football Tournament is a Spanish annual women's football summer tournament held in L'Alcúdia, Valencia. First held in 2012, it is the women's football section of the L'Alcúdia International Football Tournament.

Unlike the male tournament, which is played by U-20 clubs and national teams, the women's tournament is contested by senior teams. It has gradually progressed from local to international in scope.

L'Alcúdia International Football Tournament
The Torneo Internacional de Fútbol Sub-20 de L'Alcúdia (L'Alcúdia International Under-20 Football Tournament), better known as COTIF, is an annual international invitational football competition for youth teams, open to both clubs and national and autonomous teams, held in L'Alcúdia, Valencia since 1984. Since 2012 it also holds a senior women's football tournament. From the 2016 edition, the men's tournament will feature international under-20 teams only.
African Political Systems
African Political Systems is an academic anthology edited by the anthropologists Meyer Fortes and E. E. Evans-Pritchard which was published by Oxford University Press on the behalf of the International African Institute in 1940. The book contains eight separate papers produced by scholars working in the field of anthropology, each of which focuses in on a different society in Sub-Saharan Africa. It was the intention of the editors to bring together information on African political systems on a "broad, comparative basis" for the first time.

Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown, FBA (born Alfred Reginald Brown; 17 January 1881 – 24 October 1955) was an English social anthropologist who helped further develop the theory of structural functionalism. He conducted fieldwork in the Andaman Islands and Western Australia, which became the basis of his later books. He held academic appointments at universities in Cape Town, Sydney, Chicago, and Oxford, and sought to model the field of anthropology after the natural sciences.
Neel Reid
Joseph Neel Reid (October 23, 1885 – February 14, 1926), also referred to as Neel Reid, was a prominent architect in Atlanta, Georgia, in the early 20th century as a partner in his firm Hentz, Reid and Adler.

Ansley Park
Ansley Park is an intown residential district in Atlanta, Georgia, located just east of Midtown and west of Piedmont Park. When developed in 1905-1908, it was the first Atlanta suburban neighborhood designed for automobiles, featuring wide, winding roads rather than the grid pattern typical of older streetcar suburbs. Streets were planned like parkways with extensive landscaping, while Winn Park and McClatchey Park are themselves long and narrow, extending deep into the neighborhood.

Ansley Golf Club borders the district. The  neighborhood was largely completed by 1930 and covers 275 acres (1.11 km2). It has been designated a Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places. In 2008, the median household income for the neighborhood was $226,335. To the immediate east of the golf course is the Eastside Trail interim hiking trail, part of the BeltLine ring of parks and trails around the central city.
Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen
Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen (German: Marie Charlotte Amalie Ernestine Wilhelmine Philippine, Prinzessin von Sachsen-Meiningen) (11 September 1751, Frankfurt am Main, Free Imperial City of Frankfurt, Holy Roman Empire – 25 April 1827, Genoa, Kingdom of Sardinia) was a member of the House of Saxe-Meiningen and a Princess of Saxe-Meiningen by birth and a member of the House of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and Duchess consort of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg through her marriage to Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.

Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (German: Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg) was a duchy ruled by the Ernestine branch of the House of Wettin in today's Thuringia, Germany. The extinction of the line in 1825 led to a major re-organisation of the Thuringian states.
Wrexham and District Electric Tramways
Wrexham and District Electric Tramways was a company that operated an electric tramway service in Wrexham, Wales between 1903 and 1914 when it was renamed Wrexham and District Transport Company Limited. Trams continued to operate until 1927.

Ruabon
Ruabon (Welsh: Rhiwabon; pronounced [r̥ɪʊˈɑːbɔn]) is a village and community in Wrexham County Borough, Wales. The name comes from Rhiw Fabon, rhiw being the Welsh word for "slope" or "hillside" and Fabon being a mutation from St Mabon, the original church name, of earlier, Celtic origin. An older English spelling, Rhuabon, can sometimes be seen.

From the mid-19th century, Ruabon became famous across the UK, for its red bricks and terracotta, which earnt the village the nickname "Terracottapolis". The local discovery of high-quality Etruria marl clay led to the rise of the Dennis Ruabon Tile Factory, whose durable and richly coloured products were used nationwide. The tiles were used in landmark projects such as Cardiff's Pier Head and Liverpool University's Victoria Building.

In 2001, more than 80% of the population of 2,400 were born in Wales, with 13.6% having some ability in Welsh.
Kévin Rodrigues
Kévin Manuel Rodrigues (born 5 March 1994) is a professional footballer who plays for Süper Lig club Gaziantep. Mainly a left-back, he can also play as a midfielder.

He spent most of his career in Spain with Real Sociedad, after starting out at Toulouse. In La Liga, he also appeared for Leganés, Eibar and Rayo Vallecano, totalling 91 games and three goals.

Born in France, Rodrigues originally represented France internationally before switching to Portugal in 2017.

2023–24 Saudi First Division League
The 2023–24 First Division League (known as the Yelo League for sponsorship reasons) was the third season of the Saudi First Division League after its rebrand, and the 47th season of the Saudi First Division since its establishment in 1976. The season started on 14 August 2023 and concluded on 28 May 2024.

On 6 May, Al-Qadsiah became the first team to be promoted following a 2–2 draw with Ohod. They were crowned champions following a 4–2 win against Al-Najma on 13 May. On 21 May, Al-Kholood and Al-Orobah became the final two clubs to be promoted following wins over Al-Safa and Al-Jabalain respectively.

On 30 April, Al-Taraji became the first team to be relegated after a 4–1 defeat away to Al-Kholood. On 13 May, Hajer became the second team to be relegated following a 2–1 defeat to Al-Faisaly. On 15 May, Al-Qaisumah became the third and the final club to be relegated following a 0–0 draw with Ohod.
Helston RFC
Helston RFC is a rugby union club in Cornwall which has been in existence since 1965. They currently play in Counties 2 Cornwall, following relegation from Cornwall League 1 in 2018–19. In season 1995–96 side they reached the final of the RFU Pilkington Shield, and are one of only three Cornish club sides to have played in a competitive final at Twickenham (alongside Mount's Bay RFC and the Cornish Pirates).

Cornish Pirates
The Cornish Pirates (Cornish: An Vorladron Gernewek) are a professional rugby union team who play in the Champ Rugby, the second level of the English rugby union pyramid, and are the premier Cornish rugby club. The Cornish Pirates team are the 'First XV' of the Penzance & Newlyn Rugby Football Club, and play and train at their home ground, the Mennaye Field in Penzance.
Trincheras Formation
The Trincheras Formation (Spanish: Formación Trincheras, Kitr) is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The formation consisting of a lower unit of calcareous shales and an upper sequence of shales dates to the Early Cretaceous period; Early Aptian epoch and has a maximum thickness of 1,260 metres (4,130 ft). The formation, deposited in a marine platform environment, part of a transgressive cycle, hosts ammonite, bryozoan, mollusc and echinoid fossils.

Cordillera Oriental (Colombia)
The Cordillera Oriental (English: Eastern Ranges) is the widest of the three branches of the Colombian Andes. The range extends from south to north, dividing from the Colombian Massif in Huila Department to Norte de Santander Department where it splits into the Serranía del Perijá and the Cordillera de Mérida in Venezuelan Andes. The highest peak is Ritacuba Blanco at 5,410 m (17,750 ft) in the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy.
1995 Michigan State Spartans football team
The 1995 Michigan State Spartans football team competed on behalf of Michigan State University as member of the Big Ten Conference during the 1995 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by first-year head coach Nick Saban, the Spartans compiled an overall record of 6–5–1 with a mark of 4–3–1 in conference play, placing fifth in Big Ten. Michigan State was invited to the Independence Bowl, where they lost on December 29 to LSU. The team played home games at Spartan Stadium in East Lansing, Michigan.

East Lansing, Michigan
East Lansing is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. Most of the city lies within Ingham County, although a small portion extends north into Clinton County. At the 2020 census, the city had a population of 47,741. The city is located immediately east of Lansing, Michigan's capital and sixth most populous city. Both cities are part of the Lansing–East Lansing metropolitan area.

East Lansing is a college town, and is home to Michigan State University (MSU), one of the largest public universities in the United States. The city is economically and demographically dominated by MSU.
Diocese of Bangassou
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Bangassou (Latin: Bangassuen(sis)) is a suffragan diocese in the Central African Republic in the ecclesiastical province of Bangui.  The diocese is dependent on the missionary Dicastery for Evangelization.

Its cathedral episcopal see is Cathédrale Saint Pierre Claver, dedicated to Jesuit Saint Peter Claver, in Bangassou, Mbomou prefecture.

Mbomou
Mbomou is one of the twenty prefectures of the Central African Republic. It covers an area of 61,150 square kilometres (23,610 sq mi) and has a population of 164,009 (according to a 2003 census). The capital is Bangassou. Nearby are the Kembe Falls on the River Kotto. The prefecture is governed by Pierrette Benguere. In 2024, official estimates suggest the population reached 267,647 inhabitants.
Tamworth rail crash
The Tamworth rail crash was an accident that happened at Tamworth railway station in Staffordshire, England, on 14 September 1870. It was caused when a signalman's error accidentally diverted the Irish Mail express onto a dead end siding, where part of the train crashed through the buffers and into the River Anker. Three people were killed, and thirteen injured.

Tamworth railway station
Tamworth is a split-level railway station which serves the market town of Tamworth, in Staffordshire, England. It is an interchange between two main lines: the Cross Country Route and the Trent Valley section of the West Coast Main Line (WCML). It has four platforms: two low-level platforms (1 and 2) on the WCML and, crossing over these, two high-level platforms (3 and 4) served by the Cross Country Route. Historically, there were chords connecting the two lines, but there is no longer any rail connection between them.
Royal Manas National Park
Royal Manas National Park is Bhutan's oldest national park, and the Royal government considers it the "conservation showpiece of the Kingdom" and a "genetic depository" for valuable plants. It has an area of 1,057 square kilometres (408 sq mi) and covers eastern Sarpang District, the western half of Zhemgang District, and western Pemagatshel District.

It is connected via "biological corridors" to Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary, Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Phrumsengla National Park, and Jomotsangkha Wildlife Sanctuary. Royal Manas also directly abuts the World Heritage Site Manas National Park in Assam, India, to the south. It is listed as a tentative site in Bhutan's Tentative List for UNESCO inclusion.

Entry is prohibited to the public.

Jomotsangkha Wildlife Sanctuary
Jomotsangkha Wildlife Sanctuary (formerly Khaling Wildlife Sanctuary) is the smallest protected area of Bhutan covering 334.73 square kilometres (129.24 sq mi) in Samdrup Jongkhar District along the southern border with Assam. Its elevations range between 400 metres (1,300 ft) and 2,200 metres (7,200 ft). Khaling Wildlife Sanctuary is, despite its small acreage, an important habitat for elephants, gaur (Bos gaurus), and other tropical wildlife. It may also contain the rare pygmy hog (Porcula salvania) and hispid hare (Caprolagus hispidus) known to inhabit the adjacent Khaling Reserve in Assam, with which Khaling Wildlife Sanctuary forms a trans-border reserve.
Socialist Party of Malaysia
The Socialist Party of Malaysia (PSM, Malay: Parti Sosialis Malaysia; Chinese: 马来西亚社会主义党; Tamil: மலேசிய சோசியலிஸ்ட் கட்சி), is a socialist political party in Malaysia and an offshoot of Parti Rakyat Malaysia, which originally upheld the same ideology.

For ten years following its founding in 1998, the party was denied registration as a political party by the Federal Government of Malaysia, on the grounds that it was a threat to national security.

However, the Home Ministry gave them the green light in June 2008, shortly after PSM enjoyed its electoral breakthrough when it won its first parliamentary and state seats in Sungai Siput and Kota Damansara respectively.

Parliament of Malaysia
The Parliament of Malaysia (Malay: Parlimen Malaysia; Jawi: ‏ڤرليمن مليسيا‎) is the national legislature of Malaysia, based on the Westminster system. The bicameral parliament consists of the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives, lit. "People's Assembly") and the Dewan Negara (Senate, lit. "State Assembly"). The Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King), as the head of state, is the third component of Parliament.

The Parliament assembles in the Malaysian Houses of Parliament, located in the national capital city of Kuala Lumpur.

The term "Member of Parliament (MP)" usually refers to a member of the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of the Parliament. The term "Senator" usually refers to a member of the Dewan Negara, the upper house of the Parliament.
Hot-bulb engine
The hot-bulb engine, also known as a semi-diesel or Akroyd engine, is a type of internal combustion engine in which fuel ignites by coming in contact with a red-hot metal surface inside a bulb, followed by the introduction of air (oxygen) compressed into the hot-bulb chamber by the rising piston. There is some ignition when the fuel is introduced, but it quickly uses up the available oxygen in the bulb. Vigorous ignition takes place only when sufficient oxygen is supplied to the hot-bulb chamber on the compression stroke of the engine.

Most hot-bulb engines were produced as one or two-cylinder, low-speed two-stroke, crankcase-scavenged units.

Richard Hornsby & Sons
Richard Hornsby & Sons was an engine and machinery manufacturer in Grantham, Lincolnshire, England from 1828 until 1918. The company was a pioneer in the manufacture of the oil engine developed by Herbert Akroyd Stuart, which was marketed under the Hornsby-Akroyd name. The company developed an early track system for vehicles, selling the patent to Holt & Co. (predecessor to Caterpillar Inc.) in America. In 1918, Richard Hornsby & Sons became a subsidiary of the neighbouring engineering firm Rustons of Lincoln, to create Ruston & Hornsby.