hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bankruptcy Act 1825
The act 6 Geo. 4. c. 16, sometimes called the Bankruptcy Act 1825, the Bankrupt Act, the Bankrupts Act 1825 or the Bankrupts England Act 1825, was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

The act allowed people to start proceedings for their own bankruptcy. Before this, only creditors could start the proceedings.

Reading (legislature)
A reading of a bill is a stage of debate on the bill held by a general body of a legislature.

In the Westminster system, developed in the United Kingdom, there are generally three readings of a bill as it passes through the stages of becoming, or failing to become, legislation. Some of these readings may be formalities rather than actual debate. Legislative bodies in the United States also have readings.

The procedure dates back to the centuries before literacy was widespread. Since many members of Parliament were illiterate, the Clerk of Parliament would read aloud a bill to inform members of its contents. By the end of the 16th century, it was practice to have the bill read on three occasions before it was passed.
Durel
Durel is a French last name, mainly found originally in Normandy and derived from the French adjective dur ("hard", "tough") + suffix -el. French variant forms include Dureau, Duret, Durelle and Durette. The Durel form was anglicized in Durell, Durrell. The English spelling -ell renders the French pronunciation of -el (see also : Brunell, Anketell, LeBell, Cotterell, etc.)

With another etymology – it can also be rarer found in Turkey, where it may be derived like the names Duran ("staying"), Durmuş ("stayed") and Dursun ("he may stay") from the Turkish verb durmak ("to stop", "to stand", "to stay", "to remain").

Notable people with the surname include:

Joey Durel  (born 1953), American businessman and former mayor of Lafayette, Louisiana

Philippe Durel (born 1954), former French racing cyclist

Duret
Duret is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Claude Duret, (c. 1570–1611), French judge, botanist, historiographer and linguist

Francisque Joseph Duret, (1804–1865), French sculptor

François Duret, (1911-unknown), Swiss fencer

François-Joseph Duret, (1732–1816), French sculptor

Henri Duret, (1849–1921), French neurologist

Théodore Duret, (1838–1927), French journalist, author and art critic
Sum (Unix)
sum is a legacy utility available on some Unix and Unix-like operating systems. This utility outputs a 16-bit checksum of each argument file, as well as the number of blocks they take on disk. Two different checksum algorithms are in use. POSIX abandoned sum in favor of cksum.

Version 7 Unix
Version 7 Unix, also called Seventh Edition Unix, Version 7 or just V7, was an important early release of the Unix operating system.  V7, released in 1979, was the last Bell Laboratories release to see widespread distribution before the commercialization of Unix by AT&T Corporation in the early 1980s.  V7 was originally developed for Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP-11 minicomputers and was later ported to other platforms.
Sørreisa (village)
Sørreisa (Norwegian) or Orjješ-Ráisa (Northern Sami) is the administrative centre of Sørreisa Municipality in Troms county, Norway.  The village (also known as Straumen) is located at the eastern end of the Reisafjorden, an arm off of the main Solbergfjorden, and north of the lake Reisvatnet.  The village of Skøelva is located about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) southwest of Sørreisa.

Sørreisa is the location of the intersection of Norwegian County Road 86 and Norwegian County Road 84. Straumen Chapel is the main church for the village. The 1.38-square-kilometre (340-acre) village has a population (2023) of 1,271 and a population density of 921 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,390/sq mi).

Solbergfjorden
Solbergfjorden is a fjord (or more accurately, a strait) on the southeastern side of the large island of Senja in Troms county, Norway. The fjord flows through Dyrøy Municipality, Sørreisa Municipality, and Senja Municipality. The 27-kilometre (17 mi) long strait flows into the Vågsfjorden to the southwest and into the Finnfjorden and Reisafjorden in the northeast. The village of Vangsvik is one of the larger settlements along the Solbergfjorden.
VSTa
Valencia's Simple Tasker (VSTa) is an operating system with a microkernel architecture, with all device drivers and file systems residing in userspace mode. It mostly complies with the Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), except where such compliance interferes with extensibility and modularity. It is conceptually inspired by QNX and Plan 9 from Bell Labs. Written by Andy Valencia, and released under a GNU General Public License (GPL). As of 2020, the licensing for VSTa is Copyleft.

It was originally written to run on Intel 80386 hardware, and then was ported to several different platforms, e.g., Motorola 68030 based Amigas.

VSTa is no longer developed. A fork, named Flexible Microkernel Infrastructure/Operating System (FMI/OS), did not make a release.

Plan 9 from Bell Labs
Plan 9 from Bell Labs is an operating system designed by the Computing Science Research Center (CSRC) at Bell Labs in the mid-1980s, built on the UNIX concepts first developed there in the late 1960s. Since 2000, Plan 9 has been free and open-source. The final official release was in early 2015.

Under Plan 9, UNIX's everything is a file metaphor is extended via a pervasive network-centric (distributed) filesystem, and the cursor-addressed, terminal-based I/O at the heart of UNIX is replaced by a windowing system and graphical user interface without cursor addressing (although rc, the Plan 9 shell, is text-based). Plan 9 also introduced capability-based security and a log-structured file system called Fossil that provides snapshotting and versioned file histories.

The name Plan 9 from Bell Labs is a reference to the Ed Wood 1957 cult science fiction Z-movie Plan 9 from Outer Space. The system continues to be used and developed by operating system researchers and hobbyists.
Museum für Abgüsse Klassischer Bildwerke
The Museum für Abgüsse Klassischer Bildwerke ("Museum of Casts of Classical Statues") is located in the central Maxvorstadt district in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. It is situated, with a number of other cultural institutions, within the Münchner Haus der Kulturinstitute in Katharina-von-Bora-Straße, near the Königsplatz.

Maxvorstadt
Maxvorstadt (German pronunciation: [ˈmaksˌfoːɐ̯ʃtat] ⓘ; Central Bavarian: Maxvorstod) is a central borough of Munich, Bavaria, Germany and forms the Stadtbezirk (borough) 3 Maxvorstadt. Since 1992, this borough comprises the former boroughs 5, 6 and 7 (Maxvorstadt-Universität, Maxvorstadt-Königsplatz-Marsfeld and Maxvorstadt-Josephsplatz).
Loheria
Loheria is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Primulaceae.

It is native to New Guinea and the Philippines.

The genus name of Loheria is in honour of August Loher (1874–1930), German pharmacist and botanist. 
It was first described and published in Philipp. J. Sci., C Vol.5 on page 373 in 1910.

Primulaceae
The Primulaceae (/ˌprɪmjəˈleɪʃi.iː/ PRIM-yə-LAY-shee-ee), commonly known as the primrose family (but not related to the evening primrose family), are a family of herbaceous and woody flowering plants including some favourite garden plants and wildflowers. Most are perennial though some species, such as scarlet pimpernel, are annuals.

Previously one of three families in the order Primulales, it underwent considerable generic re-alignment once molecular phylogenetic methods were used for taxonomic classification. The order was then submerged in a much enlarged order Ericales and became a greatly enlarged Primulaceae sensu lato (s.l). In this new classification of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, each of the Primulales families was reduced to the rank of subfamily of Primulaceae s.l. The original Primulaceae (Primulaceae sensu stricto or s.s.) then became subfamily Primuloideae, and one genus (Maesa) was raised to the rank of a separate subfamily, making four in all.
Deshabhimani
Deshabhimani is a Malayalam newspaper and the organ of the Kerala State Committee of the CPI(M). It started as a weekly in Kozhikode on 6 September 1942 and converted to a daily in 1946. The paper is now published from ten different centres: Kozhikode, Kochi, Thiruvananthapuram, Kannur, Kottayam, Thrissur, Palakkad, Alappuzha, Kollam and Malappuram. At present, Puthalath Dinesan, Central Committee and State Secretariat Member of the CPI(M), is the Chief Editor of the paper, K.J. Thomas, CPI(M), secretariat member of the CPI(M), the General Manager and ex-MLA M. Swaraj the Resident Editor.

Deshabhimani is the third-largest Malayalam language newspaper by circulation. As of Indian Readership Survey of 2019, it was also in the third position in terms of readership in Kerala, after Malayala Manorama and Mathrubhumi.

The news website is published under a public open license CC-BY 4.0.

Mathrubhumi
Mathrubhumi is a Malayalam newspaper that is published from Kerala, India. It was founded by K. P. Kesava Menon, an active volunteer in the Indian freedom struggle against the British. The word "Mathrubhumi" translates to 'motherland'. It is the second most widely read newspaper daily in Kerala. It publishes a variety of magazines and supplements including the weekly literary magazine, Mathrubhumi Azhchappathippu.
Zvishavane District
Zvishavane District is one of the eight districts in Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. 85,035 people live in Zvishavane rural and 59,714 live in Zvishavane town (2022 census).

It has Mberengwa District to the south and Shurugwi District to the north.

Its capital is Zvishavane town.

Murowa diamond mine
The Murowa diamond mine is a diamond mine located in Mazvihwa, south central Zimbabwe, about 40 kilometres from the asbestos mining town of Zvishavane in the Midlands province. The mine is owned and operated by RZM Murowa (Private) Limited, a member of RioZim (a Zimbabwe listed company). The mine is a combination of open pit and underground construction. Current estimates put construction costs at $61 million USD and mine reserves are 19 million tonnes of ore, with an ore grade of 0.9 carats (180 mg) per tonne.
Zavaritskite
Zavaritskite is a rare mineral of the halide class, bismuth oxyhalide with the chemical formula (BiO)F. It is named after the Soviet geologist and petrographer, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences Alexander Nikolaevich Zavaritsky. It was discovered in 1962 by Soviet scientists. Zavaritskite is part of matlockite group of minerals.

Topaz
Topaz is a silicate mineral made of aluminum and fluorine with the chemical formula Al2SiO4(F, OH)2. It is used as a gemstone in jewelry and other adornments. Common topaz in its natural state is colorless, though trace element impurities can make it pale blue or golden-brown to yellow-orange. Topaz is often treated with heat or radiation to make it a deep blue, reddish-orange, pale green, pink, or purple.

Topaz is a nesosilicate mineral, and more specifically, an aluminosilicate mineral. It is one of the hardest naturally occurring minerals and has a relatively low index of refraction. It has the orthorhombic crystal system and a dipyramidial crystal class.

It occurs in many places in the world. Two of the most popular places that topaz is sourced are Brazil and Russia. Topaz is often mined in open-pit or alluvial settings.
Black Moses (album)
Black Moses is the fifth studio album by American soul musician Isaac Hayes. It is a double album released on Stax Records' Enterprise label in 1971. The follow-up to Hayes' successful soundtrack for Shaft (also a double album), Black Moses features Hayes' version of the Jackson 5's hit single "Never Can Say Goodbye". Hayes' version became a hit in its own right, peaking at number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100. The album reached number one on the Billboard R&B album chart on January 15, 1972.

Ike's Rap II became a popular track to sample, most notably by Portishead in their song Glory Box. Other artists include Tricky, Alessia Cara, Snoh Aalegra, and Racionais MC's.

Bar-Kays
The Bar-Kays is an American funk band formed in 1964. The band had dozens of charting singles from the 1960s to the 1980s, including "Soul Finger" (US Billboard Hot 100 number 17, R&B number 3) in 1967, "Son of Shaft" (R&B number 10) in 1972, and "Boogie Body Land" (R&B number 7) in 1980. The Bar-Kays also served as the backing band for a variety of singers, including Isaac Hayes and Otis Redding.
HSBC Bank India
The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, India (HSBC India) or HSBC Bank India, is incorporated in Hong Kong SAR with limited liability. It is a foreign bank under the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 and thus is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).  As per the data available with the Ministry of Company Affairs (MCA), the Indian branch is registered under the number F00947 and is incorporated in India since 1 January 1983. The registered office is at Mumbai, India.

Banking Regulation Act, 1949
The Banking Regulation Act, 1949 is a law in India that regulates all banking companies in India. Passed as the Banking Companies Act 1949, it came into force on 16 March 1949 and changed to Banking Regulation Act 1949 from 1 March 1966. It is applicable in Jammu and Kashmir from 1956.  Initially, the law was applicable only to banking companies. But, in 1965 it was amended to make it applicable to cooperative banks and to introduce other changes. In 2020 it was amended to bring the cooperative banks under the supervision of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
Slayton–Morgan Historic District
The Slayton–Morgan Historic District, designated VT-WN-16 in the state archaeological inventory, encompasses a collection of archaeologically sensitive historic sites in Woodstock, Vermont.  The 2.2-acre (0.89 ha) parcel includes an early root cellar, foundational remnants of a late 18th-century farmstead, and a marked stone that has been speculatively interpreted to have pre-Columbian Celtic markings.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.

Woodstock, Vermont
Woodstock is the shire town (county seat) of Windsor County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2020 census, the town population was 3,005. It includes the villages of Woodstock, South Woodstock, Taftsville, and West Woodstock.
Baldwin (bishop of Kraków)
Baldwin was a Bishop of Kraków in the years 1102-1109.

He was French and was recorded in both the Chronicle of Gall Anonim and Jan Długosz.

Bolesław III Wrymouth nominated him as candidate for the bishopric to the Pope and in 1102, he went to Rome for episcopal consecration which he received from Pope Paschal II.
In 1103 he took part in the Synod of the Polish Church, on which the papal legate Gwalon (Papal Legate) made two Polish bishops. and during the Polish civil war he defended Zbigniew.

Gallus Anonymus
Gallus Anonymus (Polish: Gall Anonim, Anonim, tak zwany Gall), is the name traditionally given to the anonymous author of Gesta principum Polonorum (Deeds of the Princes of the Poles), composed in Latin between 1112 and 1118.
Gallus is generally regarded as the first historian to have described the history of Poland. His Chronicles are an obligatory text for university courses in Polish history. Very little is known of the author himself and it is widely believed that he was a foreigner.
Vakinankaratra
Vakinankaratra is a region in central Madagascar. The capital of the region is Antsirabe. It's one of the four regions of the Antananarivo Province. Vakinankaratra covers an area of 16,599 kilometres (10,314 miles), and had a population of 2,074,358 in 2018.

Regions of Madagascar
Madagascar is divided into 24 regions (faritra). The regions are de facto first-level administrative divisions of the country, although they are formally subordinate to the six provinces.

The subdivision of Madagascar's provinces into regions dates to 2004, when 22 regions were established. In 2021, Vatovavy-Fitovinany was split into the regions of Fitovinany and Vatovavy. The law creating Ambatosoa from the northern part of Analanjirofo was enacted in 2023 and the new region was inaugurated in 2025.

The table below records the area of the regions using the current borders, along with the population within those borders as recorded in the 2018 census.
Drax Hall Estate
Drax Hall Estate is a sugarcane plantation situated in Saint George, Barbados, in the Caribbean.

Drax Hall still stands on the site where sugarcane was first cultivated on Barbados and is one of the island's two remaining Jacobean houses.

Saint George, Barbados
St. George is a parish of Barbados. It is one of two landlocked parishes, the other being Saint Thomas to the north. 
It borders six of the eleven other parishes, more than any other parish. Covering an area of approximately 44 km2 (17 sq mi), it housed around 23,065 residents as per the 2020 official statistics. The area remains predominantly rural, with small villages, agricultural land, and key historical sites, including the Gun Hill Signal Station, which dates back to 1818.
Norwood, South Australia
Norwood is a suburb of Adelaide, about 4 km (2.5 mi) east of the Adelaide city centre. The suburb is in the City of Norwood Payneham & St Peters, whose predecessor was the oldest South Australian local government municipality.

The Parade runs east to west through the centre of the suburb. Two roads run parallel to this, also along the whole length of the suburb: Beulah Road to the north, and William Street to the south.

South Australian Heritage Register
The South Australian Heritage Register, also known as the SA Heritage Register, is a statutory register of historic places in South Australia. It extends legal protection regarding demolition and development under the Heritage Places Act 1993. It is administered by the South Australian Heritage Council.

As a result of the progressive abolition of the Register of the National Estate during the 2000s and the devolution of responsibility for state-significant heritage to state governments, it is now the primary statutory protection for state-level heritage-listed buildings and other sites in South Australia.
Albert and Lina Stenger House
The Albert and Lina Stenger House is a historic house in Columbus, Nebraska. It was built in 1907 for Albert S. Stenger, an immigrant from Alsace, and his second wife, Lina Steiner, who was an immigrant from Switzerland. They lived here with their six children and Stenger's two daughters from his first marriage. The house was designed in the Prairie School style. It remained in the Stenger family until 1948. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since December 27, 2007.

National Register of Historic Places listings in Platte County, Nebraska
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Platte County, Nebraska.  It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Platte County, Nebraska, United States.  The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 21 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, and one former listing.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted December 12, 2025.
Nugget Markets
Nugget Markets is an American family-owned upscale supermarket chain operating within the greater Sacramento metropolitan area as well as in Marin and Sonoma counties in Northern California. It is headquartered in Davis, California. As of August 2022, the company operates 13 of its flagship Nugget Markets-brand stores, as well as Sonoma Market in Sonoma, Fork Lift by Nugget Markets in Cameron Park, and Food 4 Less in Woodland.

El Dorado Hills, California
El Dorado Hills (El Dorado, Spanish for "the Golden") is an unincorporated town and census-designated place in El Dorado County, California. Located in the Greater Sacramento region of Northern California, it had a population of 50,547 at the 2020 census, up from 42,108 at the 2010 census.
BPS domain
In molecular biology, the BPS domain (Between PH and SH2) domain is a protein domain of approximately 45 amino acids found in the adaptor proteins Grb7/|Grb10/Grb14. It mediates inhibition of the tyrosine kinase domain of the insulin receptor by binding of the N-terminal portion of the BPS domain to the substrate peptide groove of the kinase, acting as a pseudosubstrate inhibitor. It is composed of two beta strands and a C-terminal helix.

Protein domain
In molecular biology, a protein domain is a region of a protein's polypeptide chain that is self-stabilizing and that folds independently from the rest. Each domain forms a compact folded three-dimensional structure. Many proteins consist of several domains, and a domain may appear in a variety of different proteins. Molecular evolution uses domains as building blocks and these may be recombined in different arrangements to create proteins with different functions. In general, domains vary in length from between about 50 amino acids up to 250 amino acids in length. The shortest domains, such as zinc fingers, are stabilized by metal ions or disulfide bridges. Domains often form functional units, such as the calcium-binding EF hand domain of calmodulin. Because they are independently stable, domains can be "swapped" by genetic engineering between one protein and another to make chimeric proteins.
Southern Thai language
Southern Thai (ภาษาไทยถิ่นใต้ [pʰaːsǎː tʰaj tʰìn tâːj]), also known as  Dambro (ภาษาตามโพร [pʰaːsǎː taːm pʰroː]), Pak Tai (ภาษาปักษ์ใต้ [pʰaːsǎː pàk tâːj]), or "Southern language" (ภาษาใต้ [pʰaːsǎː tâːj]), is a Southwestern Tai ethnolinguistic identity and language spoken in southern Thailand, as well as by small communities in the northernmost states of Malaysia. It is spoken by roughly five million people and as a second language by the 1.5 million speakers of Pattani and other ethnic groups such as the local Peranakan communities, Negritos and other tribal groups. Most speakers are also fluent in or understand the Central Thai dialects.

Surat Thani province
Surat Thani (Thai: สุราษฎร์ธานี, pronounced [sù.râːt tʰāː.nīː]), often shortened to Surat, is the largest province (changwat) of Southern Thailand. It lies on the western shore of the Gulf of Thailand. Surat Thani means 'city of good people', a title given to the city by King Vajiravudh (Rama VI); Surat Thani is therefore the sole province in Southern Thailand for which the native name is in the Central Thai language.
Pennsylvania Railroad class D5
The Pennsylvania Railroad's steam locomotive class D5 (formerly Class G, pre-1895) comprised eighteen lightweight 4-4-0 locomotives for light duty, maintenance-of-way and branch-line service, constructed at the railroad's own Altoona Works (now owned by Norfolk Southern) during 1870–1873.

They shared many parts with other standard classes, although less so with the heavy 4-4-0s on account of their lighter build; instead, they shared some components with 0-6-0 switcher classes F and H (later B1 and B2).
The Class G locomotives had a straight-topped boiler, unlike the wagon-top of the other 4-4-0 classes.

4-4-0
4-4-0, in the Whyte notation, denotes a steam locomotive with a wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles (usually in a leading bogie), four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles, and no trailing wheels.

First built in the 1830s, locomotives with this wheel arrangement were known as "standard" or "Eight-Wheeler" type. In the first half of the 19th century, almost every major railroad in North America owned and operated locomotives of this type, and many rebuilt their 4-2-0 and 2-4-0 locomotives as 4-4-0s.

In April 1872, Railroad Gazette used "American" as the name of the type. The type subsequently also became popular in the United Kingdom, where large numbers were produced.

The vast majority of 4-4-0 locomotives had tenders, though some tank locomotives (designated 4-4-0T) were built.