hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Consonant mutation
Consonant mutation is change in a consonant in a word according to its morphological or syntactic environment.

Mutation occurs in languages around the world. A prototypical example of consonant mutation is the initial consonant mutation of all modern Celtic languages. Initial consonant mutation is also found in Indonesian or Malay, in Nivkh, in Southern Paiute and in several West African languages such as Fula. The Nilotic language Dholuo, spoken in Kenya, shows mutation of stem-final consonants, as does English to a small extent. Mutation of initial, medial and final consonants is found in Modern Hebrew. Also, Japanese exhibits word medial consonant mutation involving voicing, rendaku, in many compounds. Uralic languages like Finnish show consonant gradation, a type of consonant mutation.

Palatalization (sound change)
Palatalization (/ˌpælətəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ PAL-ə-təl-eye-ZAY-shən) is a historical-linguistic sound change that results in a palatalized articulation of a consonant or, in certain cases, a front vowel. Palatalization involves change in the place or manner of articulation of consonants, or the fronting or raising of vowels. In some cases, palatalization involves assimilation or lenition.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1958
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1958, adopted on December 15, 2010, after recalling resolutions 986 (1995), 1472 (2003), 1476 (2003), 1483 (2003) and 1546 (2004) on the situation in Iraq, the Council terminated the residual activities of the Oil-for-Food Programme.

Resolution 1958, along with resolutions 1956 (2010) and 1957 (2010), ended some major restrictions placed on Iraq. However, demands that Iraq resolve disputes with Kuwait remained. The high-level meeting was chaired by United States Vice President Joe Biden.

The resolution was passed with 14 votes in favour to none against, and one abstention from France, which said additional financial guarantees were required.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 986
United Nations Security Council resolution 986, adopted unanimously on 14 April 1995, after reaffirming all resolutions on Iraq and noting the serious humanitarian situation with the Iraqi civilian population, the council, acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, established a mechanism whereby Iraqi oil exports would finance humanitarian aid to the country, which later became known as the Oil-for-Food Programme.

The security council was convinced of the need as a temporary measure to provide humanitarian assistance to the Iraqi people until the country complied with all relevant Security Council resolutions, including Resolution 687 (1991) which allowed for further measures to be taken concerning sanctions imposed in Resolution 661 (1991).
Paralopostega filiforma
Paralopostega filiforma is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was first described by Otto Swezey in 1921. It is endemic to the Hawaiian island of Oahu.

The larvae feed on Melicope clusiaefolia, Melicope elliptica and Melicope sapotaefolia. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

Opostegidae
Opostegidae or "white eyecap moths" is a family of insects in the order Lepidoptera that is characterised by particularly large eyecaps over the compound eyes (see also Nepticulidae, Bucculatricidae, Lyonetiidae). Opostegidae are most diverse in the New World tropics (83 described species, representing 42% of the world total).

These small, whitish moths are probably miners in plant stems. Examples of host plants used in Europe are Lycopus, Mentha and Rumex, but their biology is poorly known. The subfamily Oposteginae comprises 87 described species and Opostegoidinae includes 15 described species.
Benidorm Fest 2023
Benidorm Fest 2023 was the second edition of the annual Benidorm Fest, a television song contest held in Benidorm, organised and broadcast by Radiotelevisión Española (RTVE). The show was held between 31 January and 4 February 2023, and was hosted by Mónica Naranjo, Inés Hernand and Rodrigo Vázquez. The winner of the competition was "Eaea" performed by Blanca Paloma, who represented Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023, finishing 17th in the grand final.

Benidorm Fest
Benidorm Fest is an annual Spanish song contest organised by the Spanish public broadcaster Radiotelevisión Española (RTVE), in collaboration with the Generalitat Valenciana. Beginning in 2022, it is held in Benidorm, Valencian Community, at the Palau Municipal d'Esports l'Illa de Benidorm. Inspired by the Benidorm International Song Festival, the contest consists of two semi-finals and a final, with the winner jointly determined through teams of judges and a public vote. From 2022 to 2025, it served to select Spain's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest.
33rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment
The 33rd Arkansas Infantry (1861–1865) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War. The unit served in the Department of the Trans-Mississippi from its formation in the summer of 1862 until the surrender in May 1865.

Battle of Jenkins' Ferry
The Battle of Jenkins' Ferry, also known as the Engagement at Jenkins' Ferry,  was fought on April 30, 1864, in Hot Spring and Saline counties (present-day Grant County), Arkansas, during the American Civil War. Ending in a tactical Union victory, the Confederacy saw it as a strategic success as they prevented Frederick Steele from holding southwest Arkansas. Due to the chaotic nature of the battle, casualty figures vary.

Jenkins' Ferry was the decisive engagement of Steele's Camden Expedition (a part of the Red River Campaign) and E. Kirby Smith's last. As a result of the battle, Federal forces could complete a retreat from a precarious position at Camden to their defenses at Little Rock.

The battlefield has largely been preserved as a unit within the Arkansas State Park System.
2017 Pan American U20 Athletics Championships
The 2017 Pan American U20 Athletics Championships was the nineteenth edition of the biennial track and field competition for under-20 athletes from the Americas, organised by the Association of Panamerican Athletics. It was held in Trujillo, Peru, at the Mansiche Sports Complex from 21 to 23 July. The United States topped the medal table with 54 medals total including 22 gold.

Pan American U20 Athletics Championships
The Pan American U20 Athletics Championships are a biennial sports event for track and field organized by the Association of Panamerican Athletics (APA) open for junior (U20) athletes from member and associate member associations. They were first held in 1980. Before the 2017 edition, the event was known as Pan American Junior Athletics Championships.
Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara
Nuova Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara S.p.A., known as Nuova Carife [New Carife] in short, was an Italian bank, based in Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna. Nuova Carife was founded on 22 November 2015 as a good bank that spin off from the original Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara S.p.A. (Carife). The old Carife was under administration from 2013 and 2015, and now being liquidated as a bad bank. Nevertheless, Nuova Carife was a short-lived bank, which was acquired by BPER Banca in 2017 from Italian Resolution Fund, becoming branches of the banking group in the same year. The former majority shareholder and the old legal person of the bank, Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara (Fondazione Carife), survived as a charity organization.

Cassa di Risparmio di Cesena
Cassa di Risparmio di Cesena S.p.A. also known as Carisp Cesena in short, was an Italian savings bank based in Cesena, in the province of Forlì-Cesena, Emilia-Romagna region.

The bank had branches mostly in Emilia-Romagna region (87%; Forlì-Cesena province: 39, Ravenna 35, Rimini 10, Bologna 10, Modena 3, Ferrara 3, Reggio Emilia 2) However it also had 5 branches in Marche (2 in Ancona, 3 in Pesaro-Urbino), Umbria (province of Perugia 3), Tuscany (Arezzo province 3) and Veneto (Padova 2, Rovigo 1).
Street Fighter (UDON comics)
UDON's Street Fighter comic book series are based on the Street Fighter video game franchise published under license from Capcom. This series draws not only on the established Street Fighter canon, but also occasionally addresses various continuity retcons, and even draws from fanon and non-official sources as well. UDON's Street Fighter comics are stated to share the same continuity with other Capcom franchises like Darkstalkers, Rival Schools and Final Fight.

Morrigan Aensland
Morrigan Aensland (Japanese: モリガン・アーンスランド, Hepburn: Morigan Ānsurando) is a character and protagonist in Capcom's Darkstalkers series. Having debuted in 1994's Darkstalkers: The Night Warriors, she has since appeared in every game in the series and in various related media and merchandise, as well as in multiple video games outside the Darkstalkers line, including most entries in both Marvel vs. Capcom and SNK vs. Capcom.

Morrigan is a succubus and a powerful princess (later queen) of the demon realm Makai, who is very vain and lives for little more than the excitement of battle, but slowly begins to take her royal responsibilities more seriously despite her obsessive fascination with the human world. She has a sister-like split part named Lilith and a rival named Demitri Maximoff, and her moveset is reminiscent of Ryu.
2022 San Francisco District Attorney recall election
The 2022 San Francisco District Attorney recall election was a successful special recall election to remove San Francisco District Attorney Chesa Boudin from office. It was held on June 7, 2022, concurrent with the 2022 statewide primary elections.

In the recall election, 55% of voters supported Boudin's removal, successfully removing him from office. Mayor London Breed, who had backed a more moderate Democrat in the 2019 district attorney race, appointed Brooke Jenkins as Boudin's replacement on July 8, 2022.

The successful recall reflected voter frustration with quality of life street conditions such as homelessness, substance abuse, property crime, violence against Asian Americans, and mental illness. Journalists and opinion writers speculated that voters nationwide had become less supportive of criminal justice reform and wanted more focus on public safety, with implications for the November midterm elections.

2022 California elections
Elections were held in California on November 8, 2022. The statewide direct primary election was held on June 7, 2022.

California voters elected all of California's seats to the United States House of Representatives, one seat to the United States Senate, all of the seats of the California State Assembly, all even-numbered seats of the California State Senate, and the Governor of California and various statewide offices.

Pursuant to Proposition 14 passed in 2010, California uses a nonpartisan blanket primary for its races. All the candidates for the same elected office, regardless of respective political party, run against each other at once during the primary. The candidates receiving the most and second-most votes in the primary election then become the contestants in the general election.
Mizoguchi Naoatsu
Mizoguchi Naoatsu (溝口直温, June 20, 1716 – October 1, 1780) was the 7th daimyō of Shibata Domain in Echigo Province, Japan (modern-day Niigata Prefecture). His courtesy title was Izumo-no-kami, and his Court rank was Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade.

Mizoguchi clan
The Mizoguchi clan (溝口氏, Mizoguchi-shi) was a Japanese samurai clan who rose to prominence under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. The main branch of the clan ruled as daimyō of Shibata Domain in Echigo Province (100,000 koku) until the Meiji restoration, and was subsequently unbowed with the kazoku peerage title of hakushaku (count).
County Palatine of Tübingen
The County Palatine of Tübingen was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in the medieval period. The dynasty, originally based in Nagold, managed to acquire extensive holdings over the course of their time in power, distinguishing themselves by founding a large number monasteries in their territories. By the time of the High Middle Ages, several factors contributed to their economic decline, including the expenses of keeping court and extravagant donations to the monasteries they founded. The line itself experienced fragmentation into numerous cadet branches, the longest-lasting of which were the Counts of Tübingen-Lichteneck (until 1664) and the Counts of Montfort (1787).

Herrenberg
Herrenberg (German pronunciation: [ˈhɛʁənbɛʁk] ⓘ; Swabian: Härrabärg or Haerebärg) is a town in the middle of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, about 30 km
south of Stuttgart and 20 km from Tübingen. After Sindelfingen, Böblingen, and Leonberg, it is the fourth largest town in the district of Böblingen.
Sophia Jensen
Sophia Jensen (born September 18, 2001) is a Canadian sprint canoeist. She has been a member of the Canoe Kayak Canada sprint national team since 2017. Jensen is considered to be an important figure in women's sprint canoe worldwide and, in 2019, she was named National Female Athlete of the Year at the Sports Québec annual gala.

Jensen competes in women's C-1 as well as with her current partner Julia Lilley Osende, from the canoe club Mic Mac AAC Canoe Club, in the women's C-2 event. During the 2021 season, Jensen competed with her now former partner Anna Roy-Cyr, from the Lac-Beauport Canoe Club , whilst Osende had temporarily withdrawn from competition. Jensen currently trains out of Cascades Canoe Club in Chelsea, Québec, Canada.

International Canoe Federation
The International Canoe Federation (ICF) is the umbrella organization of all national canoe organizations worldwide. It is headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland, and administers all aspects of canoe sport worldwide. 157 countries are affiliated with the ICF after seven national federations were added at the 2008 ICF Congress in Rome.
Geography of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia, with a small portion in Eastern Europe. With an area of about 2,724,900 square kilometers (1,052,100 sq mi) Kazakhstan is the ninth largest country in the world, more than twice the combined size of the other four Central Asian states and 60% larger than Alaska. The country borders Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan to the south; Russia to the north; Russia and the Caspian Sea to the west; and China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to the east.

Kyzylkum Desert
The Kyzylkum Desert (Uzbek: Qizilqum; Kazakh: Qyzylqūm) is the 15th largest desert in the world. Its name means 'Red Sand' in Turkic languages. It is located in Central Asia, in the land between the confluent rivers Amu Darya and Syr Darya, a region historically known as Transoxania. Today it is divided among Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. It covers about 298,000 km2 (115,000 sq mi).
Priluksky Uyezd
Priluksky Uyezd (Russian: Прилукский уезд; Ukrainian: Прилуцький повіт, romanized: Prylutskyi povit) was one of the subdivisions of the Poltava Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the northwestern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Priluki (Pryluky).

Poltava Governorate
Poltava Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Russian Empire. It was officially created in 1802 from the disbanded Little Russia Governorate and had its capital in Poltava.

Its borders encompassed the modern Poltava Oblast of Ukraine, in addition to Berestyn, Pereiaslav, Romny and Zolotonosha.

It was bordering the Chernigov and Kursk Governorates to the north, Kiev Governorate to the west, Kharkov Governorate to the east and the Kherson and Yekaterinoslav Governorates to the south.
Larry George
Larry George (born c. 1968) is an American politician and businessman in Oregon. He was a Republican member of the Oregon State Senate representing District 13 from 2007 to 2015. Before his election, he was the leader of the political group Oregonians In Action. He is part of the second father-son tandem to serve in the Oregon Senate.

Newberg, Oregon
Newberg is a city in Yamhill County, Oregon, United States. Located in the Portland metropolitan area, the city is home to George Fox University. As of 2023, the city population was 26,095, making it the second most populous city in the county.
Vapor (web framework)
Vapor is an open source web framework written in Swift and designed for Swift development. It can be used to create RESTful APIs, web apps, and real-time applications using WebSockets. In addition to the core framework, Vapor provides an ORM, a templating language, and packages to facilitate user authentication and authorization.

Vapor's source code is hosted on GitHub and licensed under the MIT License. Vapor has been a part of Swift's Server APIs working group since 2016.

Web framework
A web framework (WF) or web application framework (WAF) is a software framework that is designed to support the development of web applications including web services, web resources, and web APIs. Web frameworks provide a standard way to build and deploy web applications on the World Wide Web. Web frameworks aim to automate the overhead associated with common activities performed in web development. For example, many web frameworks provide libraries for database access, templating frameworks, and session management, and they often promote code reuse. Although they often target development of dynamic web sites, they are also applicable to static websites.
Saint Thomas - Midtown Hospital
Ascension Saint Thomas Hospital Midtown, formerly known as Baptist Hospital, is a non-profit community hospital in Nashville, Tennessee, United States and the largest such hospital in Middle Tennessee. It is licensed for 683 acute and rehab care beds.

Ascension Saint Thomas Hospital Midtown is one of the Ascension Saint Thomas family of hospitals.

Murfreesboro, Tennessee
Murfreesboro is a city in Rutherford County, Tennessee, United States, and its county seat. The population was 152,769 at the 2020 census (estimated at 173,625 in 2025). Located 34 miles (55 km) southeast of downtown Nashville, it is part of the Nashville metropolitan area in Middle Tennessee.

Settled in 1811, Murfreesboro was the state capital of Tennessee from 1818 to 1826. Today, it is the largest suburb of Nashville and the sixth-most populous city in the state. The city is both the center of population and the geographic center of Tennessee. Since the 1990s, Murfreesboro has been Tennessee's fastest-growing major city and one of the fastest-growing cities in the country. Murfreesboro is home to Middle Tennessee State University, one of the largest undergraduate universities in the state.
1987 US Open – Women's singles
Defending champion Martina Navratilova defeated Steffi Graf in the final, 7–6(7–4), 6–1 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 1987 US Open. It was her fourth US Open singles title and 17th major singles title overall. Navratilova did not lose a set during the tournament.

Six-time champion Chris Evert lost in the quarterfinals to Lori McNeil. This marked the first time Evert lost before the semifinals at the US Open, ending a streak of 17 consecutive semifinals.

This was the first time since the 1980 US Open that neither Navratilova nor Evert were the top seed at a major, and correspondingly the first time Graf was seeded first at a major.

1987 US Open (tennis)
The 1987 US Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the USTA National Tennis Center in New York City. It was the 107th edition of the US Open and was held from September 1 to September 14, 1987. As of 2024, it is the last time any player, male or female, has won the Triple Crown as Martina Navratilova won the Women's Singles, Women's Doubles and Mixed Doubles events.
Gold cyanidation ban
A gold cyanidation ban refers to the legislation that bans mining gold through the gold cyanidation technique.

Germany, Czech Republic, Hungary and Costa Rica have such bans, as well as the US states of Montana and Wisconsin and several Argentine provinces.

Gold mining
Gold mining is the extraction of gold by mining.

Historically, gold mining from alluvial deposits used manual separation processes, such as gold panning. The expansion of gold mining to ores that are below the surface has led to more complex extraction processes such as pit mining and gold cyanidation. In the 20th and 21st centuries, large corporations produce the vast majority of the gold mined. However, as a result of the increasing value of gold, there are also millions of small, artisanal miners in many parts of the Global South.

As with all mining, human rights and environmental issues are important issues in the gold mining industry, and can result in environmental conflict. In mines with less regulation, health and safety risks are much higher.
Francis Williams (polymath)
Francis Williams (c. 1690 – c. 1770) was a Jamaican polymath, scholar, astronomer and poet who was one of the most notable free black people in Jamaica. Born in Kingston, Jamaica, into a slaveholding family, Williams subsequently travelled to England where he officially became a British subject. After returning to Jamaica, he established a free school for free people of colour in Jamaica. His portrait is considered to be the earliest-known example in the canon of western art to have been commissioned by a known Black person to record their own intellectual achievements.

Due to poor archival conditions, most information about Williams comes from a lengthy racist attack on him by his white contemporary Edward Long, and from the portrait itself, which displays some of Williams' library and shows that he had observed the return of Halley's Comet which confirmed Newton's laws of motion. The portrait was purchased by Long after Williams' death.

Black elite
The term 'Black elite' refers to elites within Black communities that are either political, economic, intellectual or cultural in nature. These are typically distinct from other national elites in the Western world, such as the United Kingdom's aristocracy and the United States' upper class.
Chiaramonti
Chiaramonti (Gallurese: Chjaramònti, Sardinian: Tzaramònte, literally "Clear Mountains") is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Sassari in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 170 kilometres (110 mi) north of Cagliari and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) east of Sassari. It is part of the Anglona historical regione.

Chiaramonti borders the following municipalities: Ardara, Erula, Martis, Nulvi, Ozieri, Perfugas, Ploaghe.

Ozieri
Ozieri (Sardinian: Otieri) is a comune (municipality) of approximatively 11,000 inhabitants in the Metropolitan City of Sassari, in the Italian region of Sardinia, in the Logudoro historical region.

Its cathedral of the Immacolata is the episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ozieri. 
Ozieri is the centre of the earliest known archaeological culture on Sardinia (known as Ozieri culture).