hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Oliver Wheeler
Sir Edward Oliver Wheeler MC (April 18, 1890 – March 19, 1962) was a Canadian surveyor, mountain climber and soldier. Wheeler participated in the first topographical survey of Mount Everest in 1921. As a brigadier in the British Army he was appointed Surveyor General of India in 1941. He was knighted for the work he did surveying India. He was an accomplished mountain climber and on the 1921 expedition was one of the team to reach the 7000-metre North Col.

Surveyor General of India
The Surveyor General of India is the Head of Department of Survey of India, a department under the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Government of India. The Surveyor General is also the most senior member of the Survey of India Service, an organised engineering service under the Union of India.

The current Surveyor General is Hitesh Kumar S Makwana.
Rigby's Romance
Rigby's Romance (1905) is a novel by Australian author Joseph Furphy, written under his pseudonym "Tom Collins".  The book was originally serialised in The Barrier Truth from 27 October 1905 to 20 July 1906. It was not released in book form until 1921 when the C. J. DeGaris Publishing House published its full-length edition.

The novel is an expanded and revised version of the fifth chapter of the original Such Is Life manuscript.

Such Is Life (novel)
Such Is Life: Being Certain Extracts From The Diary of Tom Collins is a novel by Australian author Joseph Furphy, written in 1897 and published in 1903. It is a fictional account of rural dwellers, including bullock drivers, squatters and swagmen, in southern New South Wales and northern Victoria, during the 1880s.

The title of Such is Life was derived from bushranger and outlaw Ned Kelly's supposed last words before being executed. In his self-introduction to J. F. Archibald, founder and editor of The Bulletin, Furphy famously described the novel as follows: "Temper, democratic; bias, offensively Australian."
Amaral (footballer, born 1986)
William José de Souza (born 7 October 1986), commonly known as Amaral, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.

He made his professional debut for Goiás in a 3–1 home win over Fluminense in the Campeonato Brasileiro on 30 August 2006 and scored his first professional goal for Goiás in a 3–1 home win over Palmeiras in the Campeonato Brasileiro on 17 June 2007.

Goiás Esporte Clube
Goiás Esporte Clube is a Brazilian sports club, best known for its association football team, located in the city of Goiânia, capital city of the Brazilian state of Goiás. Goiás has won Brazilian's second tier Série B twice, in 1999 and 2012, 28 Campeonato Goiano, 3 Copa Centro-Oeste and also its revival, the Copa Verde once in 2023. Goiás' football team has been a mainstay in premiere Brazilian league Série A and has played at Latin America's Copa Libertadores twice and South America's Copa Sudamericana six times, where it was the runner-up in 2010. Its main rivals are Vila Nova, Atlético Goianiense and Goiânia. Goiás has a wide advantage in matches between the two teams.
1974 British Rowing Championships
The 1974 National Rowing Championships was the third edition of the National Championships, held from 20–21 July 1974 at the National Water Sports Centre in Holme Pierrepont, Nottingham. There was a record entry of 330 crews. Leander won the John Player Trophy (men's Victor Ludorum) and Civil Service won the Charlton Cup (women's Victor Ludorum).

British Rowing Championships
The British Rowing Championships usually take place every year and are normally held at the National Water Sports Centre, Holme Pierrepont (Nottingham), with occasional championships held at the Strathclyde Country Park. The championships originally incorporated Senior and Junior crews but in 2013 they were held separately for the first time. The Junior events ran without issues, but from 2019-2023 the senior championships did not run due to lack of entries. In 2024, the championships recombined. It is a major event for club rowers and schools and events are held for open, women, open junior, women's junior, under 23, lightweight, adaptive and coastal boats.

Each crew member of the first, second and third placed crews in each event receive gold, silver and bronze medals respectively. The club champion in each event (i.e. the highest placed non-composite crew) also receives a wooden club champions plaque to display in their clubhouse.
Artists in biographies by Filippo Baldinucci
Filippo Baldinucci's Notizie de' Professori del Disegno, Da Cimabue in qua, Secolo V. dal 1610. al 1670. Distinto in Decennali (or Notice of the Professors of Design, from Cimabue to now, from 1610–1670) was a major art biography of Baroque painters. The work covered 6 volumes, published between 1681 and 1728.

Frans Snyders
Frans Snyders or Frans Snijders (11 November 1579 – 19 August 1657) was a Flemish painter of animals, hunting scenes, market scenes, and still lifes. A versatile artist, his works depict all sorts of foods, utensils, and tableware and wide assortment of animals. He was one of the earliest specialist animaliers and he is credited with initiating a wide variety of new still-life and animal subjects in Antwerp. His hunting scenes and still lifes engage the viewer with their dramatic and dynamic effects. He was a regular collaborator with leading Antwerp painters such as Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Jacob Jordaens, and Abraham Janssens.
Henry Lawrence (English politician)
Henry Lawrence (1600–1664) was an English statesman and Puritan writer of Baptist views. He was Lord President of the Council of State under Oliver Cromwell from 1654 until 1659. Lawrence played a significant role in the governance of England during the Interregnum and was elevated to Cromwell's House of Lords in 1657. He also published three theological treatises, two on the doctrine of baptism and one on angels.

Arnhem
Arnhem (Dutch: [ˈɑrnɛm] ⓘ or [ˈɑr(ə)nɦɛm] ⓘ; German: Arnheim [ˈaʁnhaɪm] ⓘ; Ernems: Èrnem) is a city and municipality situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands, near the German border. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland, located on both banks of the rivers Nederrijn and Sint-Jansbeek, which was the source of the city's development.

Arnhem is home to the Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen, ArtEZ Institute of the Arts, Netherlands Open Air Museum, Airborne Museum 'Hartenstein', Royal Burgers' Zoo, NOC*NSF and National Sports Centre Papendal. The north corner of the municipality is part of the Hoge Veluwe National Park. It is approximately 55 square kilometres (21 sq mi) in area, consisting of heathlands, sand dunes, and woodlands.
Excel Maritime
Excel Maritime Carriers (Excel) was a Greek shipping company specializing in the transport of dry bulk cargo such as iron ore, coal and grains, as well as bauxite, fertilizers and steel products. The company went bankrupt in 2013 and the remains of the company was acquired by Oaktree Capital Management as part of the plan approved by the US bankruptcy court.

Prior to its bankruptcy, it was the largest bulk carrier by deadweight tonnage of any U.S.-listed company. Approximately one-third of all seaborne trade is dry bulk related. Excel Maritime was a component of the NYSE Composite Index and the PHLX Marine Shipping Index.

The stock was de-listed from the exchanges in 2013 as per exchange rules of listing after the bankruptcy.

Baltic Dry Index
The Baltic Dry Index (BDI) is a shipping freight-cost index issued daily by the London-based Baltic Exchange. The BDI is a composite of the Capesize, Panamax and Supramax timecharter averages. It is reported around the world as a proxy for dry bulk shipping stocks as well as a general shipping market bellwether.

The BDI is the successor to the Baltic Freight Index (BFI) and came into operation on 1 November 1999. The BDI continues the established time series of the BFI, however, the voyages and vessels covered by the index have changed over time so caution should be exercised in assuming long term constancy of the data.
Unmarked grave
An unmarked grave is one that lacks a marker, headstone, or nameplate indicating that a body is buried there. It may also include burials that previously had identification but which are no longer identifiable due to weather damage, neglect, disturbance or otherwise. However, in cultures that mark burial sites, the phrase unmarked grave has taken on a metaphorical meaning.

The term has been used to describe former Canadian Indian Residential School cemeteries. "Given the lack of regulations" in the schools' early years, it appears that most Residential School cemeteries "were established informally", resulting in little formal documentation as to their whereabouts. Over time, many cemeteries had been abandoned, disused, and were vulnerable to accidental disturbance and weather damage. As such, the locations of many burial sites, wood grave markers and names of the deceased have been lost.

Mass grave
A mass grave is a grave containing multiple human corpses, which may or may not be identified prior to burial.  Mass graves are usually created after many people die or are killed, and there is a desire to bury the corpses quickly for sanitation concerns. Although mass graves can be used during major conflicts such as war and crime, they may also be used after a famine, epidemic, or natural disaster. In disasters, mass graves are used temporarily for infection and disease control. In such cases, there is often a breakdown of the social infrastructure that would enable proper identification and the individual disposal of each body.

The United Nations has defined a criminal mass grave as a burial site containing three or more victims of execution, although an exact definition is not unanimously agreed upon.
Paulina Creek Falls
Paulina Creek Falls is a cascade and plunge waterfall from a streambed draining from Paulina Lake in Newberry National Volcanic Monument, south of Bend, Oregon. The waterfall is notable for its side-by-side drop of 80 feet (24 m) that surrounds a small island at the edge of the cliff.

Paulina Lake
Paulina Lake is one of the twin crater lakes in Newberry Crater, central Oregon, United States (the other being East Lake). It is located 6,331 feet (1,930 m) above sea level in the Newberry National Volcanic Monument near La Pine. The lake's primary inflow is seepage from East Lake, snow melt, and hot springs, and its outflow is Paulina Creek, a tributary of the Little Deschutes River. It has an area of 1,531 acres (619.6 ha), a volume of 249,850 acre-feet (308,185 dam3), a maximum depth of 250 feet (76.2 m), a shore length of about 6.7 miles (11 km), and a residence time of about 46 years. The lake is classified as mesotrophic, with a transparency of approximately 13.1 feet (3.99 m). It is about 40 feet (12 m) lower and one mile west of its twin, East Lake.

Paulina Lake sits within the Newberry Crater, formed from over 500,000 years of volcanic activity.

The lake bears the name of Paulina, a Northern Paiute leader.
Zamindars of Bihar
The Zamindars of Bihar were the autonomous rulers and administrators of the Bihar Subah during Mughal rule and later during British rule. They formed the landed aristocracy that lasted until Indian independence in 1947. The zamindars of Bihar were numerous and could be divided into small, medium and large depending on how much land they controlled.  Within Bihar, the zamindars had both economic and military power. Each zamindari would have its own standing army which was typically composed of the zamindar's own clansmen.

The majority of these zamindars usually belonged to Hindu communities such as  Bhumihars, Rajputs, Brahmins, Kayasthas or Muslims.

Shahabad district
Shahabad district (Bhojpuri pronunciation: sāhābāda, साहाबाद),  headquartered at Arrah, was a historic administrative district in British India. Making up the westernmost part of modern-day Bihar, its territory was defined by the Ganges river to the north and the Son River to the east, which traditionally separated the Bhojpuri-speaking culture of Shahabad from the Magahi culture of Magadh.

In 1972, the district was bifurcated into Bhojpur and Rohtas, which were later subdivided to create the four present-day districts that occupy its former territory.
Anasaitis locuples
Anasaitis locuples, also known as the Corythalia locuples, is a brightly colored species of spider within the family Salticidae (jumping spiders), and the Genus Anasaitis. Anasaitis locuples has a distinct metallic or iridescent blue cephalothorax, with a golden abdomen. They have been observed in Hispaniola.

Jumping spider
Jumping spiders are spiders in the family Salticidae, with almost 700 genera and around 7,000 described species, making it the largest family of spiders – comprising 13% of spider species. Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods — being capable of stereoptic color vision — and use sight in courtship, hunting, and navigation.

Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the anterior median pair (the two front middle eyes) being particularly large.
Copper peptide GHK-Cu
Copper peptide GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper complex of the tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine. The tripeptide has strong affinity for copper(II) and was first isolated from human plasma. It can be found also in saliva and urine.

Glycosaminoglycan
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides are long, linear polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units (i.e., two-sugar units). The repeating two-sugar unit consists of a uronic sugar and an amino sugar, except in the case of the sulfated glycosaminoglycan keratan, where, in place of the uronic sugar there is a galactose unit. GAGs are found in vertebrates, invertebrates and bacteria.
Because GAGs are highly polar molecules and attract water; the body uses them as lubricants or shock absorbers.

Mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of metabolic disorders in which abnormal accumulations of glycosaminoglycans occur due to enzyme deficiencies.
2015 Oceania Handball Champions Cup
The 2015 Oceania Handball Champions Cup was held in Sydney, Australia from 6 to 8 June 2015. This was organised by the Oceania Handball Federation and featured two teams from Australia and one from New Caledonia.

The winner was Sydney University, retaining their title and will represent Oceania in the 2015 IHF Super Globe.

2015 IHF Super Globe
The 2015 IHF Super Globe was the ninth edition. It was held at the Duhail Handball Sports Hall in Doha, Qatar from 7–10 September 2015.

Füchse Berlin captured their first title by defeating MKB Veszprém in the final.
Legal Orientalism: China, the United States, and Modern Law
Legal Orientalism: China, the United States, and Modern Law is a 2013 book by American legal scholar Teemu Ruskola. The author investigates how Western legal discourses constructed China as a lawless society and how this characterization shaped American law and foreign policy from the nineteenth century onward. Ruskola argues that the concept of "rule of law" developed in opposition to an imagined Oriental despotism, and that this binary framework justified American extraterritorial jurisdiction in China and domestic measures such as the Chinese Exclusion Acts. The book received the Association of American Law Schools Distinguished Book Award in 2017, and was translated into Chinese in 2016.

Comparative law
Comparative law is the study of differences and similarities between the law and legal systems of different countries. More specifically, it involves the study of the different legal systems (or "families") in existence around the world, including common law, civil law, socialist law, Canon law, Jewish Law, Islamic law, Hindu law, and Chinese law. It includes the description and analysis of foreign legal systems, even where no explicit comparison is undertaken. The importance of comparative law has increased enormously in the present age of internationalism and economic globalization.
Euclidean neighborhood retract
In mathematics, especially algebraic topology, an Euclidean neighborhood retract or a ENR for short is a topological space that is (or homeomorphic to) a subset of a Euclidean space , some n, that is a retract of some neighborhood of the subset.

Algebraic topology
Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism, though usually most classify up to homotopy equivalence.

Although algebraic topology primarily uses algebra to study topological problems, using topology to solve algebraic problems is sometimes also possible. Algebraic topology, for example, allows for a convenient proof that any subgroup of a free group is again a free group.
Metropolitan Archbishop of Trichur
The Metropolitan Archbishop of Thrissur is the chief bishop and principal leader of the nearly half a million Syro Malabar Catholics now used to be the largest catholic diocese in India, when it included the Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Thrissur, Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Irinjalakuda, Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Palghat and Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Ramanathapuram. He is also the Archbishop of Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Thrissur. The title is more powerful as he is the custodian of St. Thomas Church (Palayur), where Christianity came to Indian sub-continent, and have two saints, Maria Theresa Chiramel and Euphrasia Eluvathingal in the Archdiocese.

Eparchy of Ramanathapuram
The Eparchy of Ramanathapuram is situated in Ramanathapuram locality in Coimbatore of Tamil Nadu. The eparchy includes Coimbatore, Tirupur, Erode, Karur, Salem, Tiruchirappalli, Thanjavur and Nagapattinam districts. Its territory is extended  to Salem and Trichy on 10 October 2017. The eparchy of Ramanathapuram was created in 2010 by bifurcating the Syro-Malabar Catholic eparchy of Palghat.  The present Bishop of Ramanathapuram is Mar Paul Alappat.  Holy Trinity Church, Ramanathapuram is the cathedral of the eparchy and the bishop's residence is also at Ramanathapuram. The eparchy is a suffragan of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Thrissur. 
The diocese was created by Mar Varkey Cardinal Vithayathil, by his decree on 18 January 2010.  The eparchy has an area of 18,525 km2 with a total population of 89,24,717 of which around 15,694 are Syro-Malabar Catholics.
Randøy Bridge
Randøy Bridge is a suspension bridge in Hjelmeland municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The bridge crosses the Ølesundet strait and links the island of Randøy to the mainland. The bridge has a main span of 202 metres (663 ft).  The bridge opened in 1976 as part of County Road Fv650.  The bridge is located 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) southwest of the village of Hjelmelandsvågen and about the same distance northeast of the village of Fister.

Hjelmelandsvågen
Hjelmelandsvågen is an area of the village Hjelmeland in Rogaland, Norway. The area consists largely of wooden buildings built in the 18th and 19th centuries. The area is located on the south side of the mouth of the Jøsenfjorden.

The administrative center of Hjelmeland is located in a building within Hjelmelandsvågen.

The Norwegian National Road 13 used to pass through the area, but now ends at the ferry quay at Sande where there is a car ferry to Nesvik and Ombo on the north side of the Jøsenfjorden.

Hjelmeland Church is located a short walk from Hjelmelandsvågen.
2014 Morocco Tennis Tour – Mohammedia
The 2014 Morocco Tennis Tour – Mohammedia was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the first edition of the tournament which was part of the 2014 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Mohammedia, Morocco between 16 and 21 June 2014.

2014 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour, in 2014 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2014 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 150 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $40,000 up to $220,000, which represented an increase of the minimum prize money from $35,000. It was the 37th edition of challenger tournaments cycle, and 6th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Annitella
Annitella is a genus of caddisflies belonging to the family Limnephilidae. It was introduced by Czech entomologist František Klapálek in 1907 and named for his wife Anně.

The species of this genus are found in Europe.

Limnephilidae
Limnephilidae is a family of caddisflies with about 100 genera and almost 900 described species. They belong to the main lineage of case-constructing caddisflies, the Integripalpia or tube-case caddisflies. The Limnephilidae is one of the most species-rich Trichoptera families of northern temperate regions, but only a few are known from tropical areas and the Southern Hemisphere. For this reason they are often known as northern caddisflies.
Dorset & Wiltshire Fire and Rescue Service
Dorset & Wiltshire Fire and Rescue Service is a statutory emergency fire and rescue service covering the local authority areas of Wiltshire, Swindon, Dorset and Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole in England.

The service was created on 1 April 2016 by the merger of Dorset Fire and Rescue Service and Wiltshire Fire and Rescue Service. Its headquarters is at Salisbury, Wiltshire, some 10 miles (16 km) from the Dorset county boundary. The former headquarters at Poundbury, Dorset, and Potterne, Wiltshire, are retained as area offices; emergency calls for the combined area have been answered by the Service Control Centre since August 2015.

Provision of the service is by the Dorset & Wiltshire Fire and Rescue Authority, which has 18 elected members from all four constituent councils.

Andy Cole became the Chief Fire Officer in January 2025, replacing Ben Ansell.

His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services
His Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services (HMICFRS), formerly Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC), has statutory responsibility for the inspection of the police forces of England and Wales, and since July 2017 the fire and rescue services of England. HMICFRS is headed by the Chief Inspector of Constabulary and Chief Inspector of Fire & Rescue Services. It has taken over the responsibilities of His Majesty's Fire Service Inspectorate.

Inspections may also be made, by invitation only, and on a non-statutory basis, of the Police Service of Northern Ireland and other organisations with policing responsibility.