hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bakolori Dam
The Bakolori Dam is in Sokoto State in northwest Nigeria. It was completed in 1978 and its reservoir filled by 1981. It is a major reservoir on the Sokoto River, a tributary of the Rima River, which in turn feeds the Niger River. Water from the dam supplies the Bakolori Irrigation Project.

The dam has a capacity of 450 million cubic meters, with a reservoir covering 8,000 hectares extending 19 km (12 mi) upstream.

Dam construction displaced many peasant farmers without providing alternative land or financial compensation.  Many people died in protests over their loss of livelihood.
The project has become known as a classic example of development failure.

Sokoto State
Sokoto Listenⓘ (Hausa: Jihar Sakkwato; Fula: 𞤤𞤫𞤴𞤣𞤭 𞤧𞤮𞥅𞤳𞤮𞥅𞤼𞤮𞥅, Leydi Sokoto) is one of the 36 states of Nigeria, located in the extreme northwest of the country. It is bounded by Republic of the Niger to the north and west for 363 km (226 miles), and the states of Zamfara to the east, and Kebbi to the south and west, partly across the Ka River. Its capital and largest city is the city of Sokoto. Sokoto is located near to the confluence of the Sokoto River and the Rima River. As of 2022 it has an estimated population of more than 6.3 million.

Being the seat of the former Sokoto Caliphate, the city is predominantly Muslim and an important seat of Islamic learning in Nigeria. The Sultan who heads the caliphate is effectively the spiritual leader of Nigerian Muslims.
McQueen Shell Ring
The McQueen Shell Ring is a Late Archaic archaeological site on St. Catherines Island#Shell rings on the coast of Georgia, known for a quantity of copper artifacts recovered during excavations. This Late Archaic site was constructed between 2300 and 1800 (calendar) BC. Excavation findings include a conical pit, sheet copper, and calcined human and animal bones. The shell ring is one of a many structures found along the coast of the southeastern United States that were built primarily of oyster and clam shells. The copper artifacts have been analyzed at the Elemental Analysis Facility at the Chicago Field Museum of Natural History.

Archaic period (North America)
In the classification of the archaeological cultures of North America, the Archaic period in North America, taken to last from around 8000 to 1000 BC in the sequence of North American pre-Columbian cultural stages, is a period defined by the archaic stage of cultural development. The Archaic stage is characterized by subsistence economies supported through the exploitation of nuts, seeds, and shellfish.  As its ending is defined by the adoption of sedentary farming, this date can vary significantly across the Americas.

The term "Archaic Period" is also as a timespan label elsewhere in the Americas, with different timespans than the North American Archaic.
Battle of Turnberry
The Battle of Turnberry was fought in February 1307 during the Scottish Wars of Independence near Turnberry, Ayrshire, Scotland.

King Robert I of Scotland's invasion of his ancestral lands in Annandale and Carrick began in 1307. The Carrick invasion force was led by Robert, his brother Edward de Brus, James Douglas, Lord of Douglas and Robert Boyd. The force comprised thirty three galleys. They sailed to Turnberry and landed near Turnberry Castle. The invasion force quickly overwhelmed the English forces of Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy encamped around Turnberry Castle, but failed to take the castle.

Henry de Percy was forced to leave the castle after this defeat.

Turnberry Castle
Turnberry Castle is a fragmentary ruin on the coast of Kirkoswald parish, near Maybole in Ayrshire, Scotland. Situated at the extremity of the lower peninsula within the parish, it was the seat of the Earls of Carrick. Turnberry Castle is adjacent to Turnberry Golf Course.
Gerald A. Lewis
Gerald Alvin Lewis (March 31, 1934 – January 25, 2022) was an American attorney and politician who served in the Florida House of Representatives and was the 26th comptroller of the State of Florida, serving from January 7, 1975, to January 3, 1995.

Florida Comptroller
The Florida comptroller was the state comptroller of Florida from 1845 to 2003 (when the position was merged with the position of Florida State Treasurer/Insurance Commissioner/Fire Marshal to create the post of Chief Financial Officer of Florida following amendments to the State Constitution). The comptroller was a member of the Florida Cabinet and was elected by the Florida Legislature until 1865, when it became an elected office.

The comptroller was Florida's chief fiscal officer. The post was created in the 1838 Constitution and the first comptroller took office in 1845 and assumed the duties of the Auditor of Public Accounts of Florida Territory.

The comptroller initially was in charge of the Comptroller's Office, whose duties where transferred to the Department of Banking and Finance in 1969 (the comptroller served as the head of the department).
Alf Adams
Alfred ("Alf") Rodney Adams FRS (born 1939) is a British physicist who invented the strained-layer quantum-well laser. Most modern homes will have several of these devices in their homes in all types of electronic equipment.

He served as a Distinguished Professor of Physics at the University of Surrey, where he headed the Optoelectronic Materials and Devices Research Group. He is now retired and holds the position of emeritus professor. He was awarded the Duddell Medal and Prize in 1995, and elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1996. In 2014 he was awarded the Rank Prize in Optoelectronics for his pioneering work on strained-layer laser structures.

Gallium arsenide
Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a III-V direct band gap semiconductor with a zinc blende crystal structure.

Gallium arsenide is used in the manufacture of devices such as microwave frequency integrated circuits, monolithic microwave integrated circuits, infrared light-emitting diodes, laser diodes, solar cells and optical windows.

GaAs is often used as a substrate material for the epitaxial growth of other III-V semiconductors, including indium gallium arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide and others.
Thakur Ram Multiple Campus
Thakur Ram Multiple Campus (Nepali: ठाकुर राम बहुमुखी क्याम्पस) is one of the constituent campuses of Tribhuvan University located in Birgunj city of Parsa district in Madhesh province of Nepal. The campus was established in 2009 BS (1952 CE). It offers courses in science, management, humanities and education in bachelor's and master's degrees.

Tribhuvan University
Tribhuvan University (TU; Nepali: त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालय) is a public university located in Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal. Established in 1959, TU is the oldest and the largest university in Nepal. It offers 1,000 undergraduate and 500 postgraduate programs across a wide range of disciplines. Additionally, the institution has 62 constituent campuses and over 1,080 affiliated colleges across the country.
Savannah Subdivision
The Savannah Subdivision is a railroad line owned by CSX Transportation in the U.S. state of Georgia. Through the middle of Savannah, the Savannah Subdivision splits into an east route and a west route.  The East Route runs from Savannah, Georgia, to Ogeechee, Georgia, for a total of 15.6 miles (25.1 km). At its north end it continues south from the Charleston Subdivision and the Columbia Subdivision both of the Florence Division and at its south end it continues south as the Nahunta Subdivision. The West Route is located in Savannah, Georgia, and is 9.7 miles (15.6 km) in length. At its north end it branches off of the Savannah Subdivision East Route and at its south end it comes back into the Savannah Subdivision East Route.

Atlantic Coast Line Railroad
The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (reporting mark ACL) was a United States Class I railroad formed in 1900, though predecessor railroads had used the ACL brand since 1871. In 1967, it merged with long-time rival Seaboard Air Line Railroad to form the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad. Much of the original ACL network has been part of CSX Transportation since 1986.

The Atlantic Coast Line served the Southeast, with a concentration of lines in Florida. Numerous named passenger trains were operated by the railroad for Florida-bound tourists, with the Atlantic Coast Line contributing significantly to Florida's economic development in the first half of the 20th century.

At the end of 1925, ACL operated 4,924 miles of road, not including its flock of subsidiaries; after some merging, mileage at the end of 1960 was 5,570 not including A&WP, CN&L, East Carolina, Georgia, Rockingham, and V&CS. In 1960, ACL reported 10,623 million net ton-miles of revenue freight and 490 million passenger-miles.
Mohammad Noor
Mohammad Noor (24 June 1901 – 15 January 1979), known by his Indonesian name Pangeran Mohammad Noor  and also written as P. M. Noor, was an Indonesian politician, independence fighter and first governor of Kalimantan. He was also member of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence and served as the minister of public works between 1956 and 1959.

Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence
The Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (Indonesian: Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan, abbreviated as BPUPK; Japanese: 独立準備調査会, Hepburn: Dokuritsu Junbi Chōsakai, Nihon-shiki / Kunrei-shiki: Dokuritu Zyunbi Tyoosa-kai), sometimes referred to, but better known locally, as the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Indonesian Independence (Indonesian: Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia, BPUPKI), was an organization set up on 1 March 1945 by the Japanese military authority in Java during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies as the initial stage of the establishment of independence for the area under the control of the Japanese 16th Army. The BPUPK held two plenary meetings; the first was from 28 May to 1 June 1945 and the second was between 10 and 17 July 1945. A BPUPK was also established in Sumatra.
Powerfleet
Powerfleet, Inc. (formerly I.D. Systems, Inc.) is an American company headquartered in Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey, that operates as a global provider of IoT and M2M solutions for securing, controlling, and tracking high-value enterprise assets. The company is a provider in the international telematics industry, providing fleet management, asset tracking, freight visibility, and driver behavior monitoring for industrial trucks, vehicle fleets, and shipping containers.

Industry research firms have described Powerfleet as a key player across multiple continents. In Europe, the company is described as a large provider of fleet management solutions. Similarly, it is a major competitor in the Americas. In the Latin American market, Powerfleet is ranked among the top five largest providers, in a region where the number of active fleet management systems is projected to reach 16.6 million by 2029. The company maintains offices internationally and a technology innovation center in Israel.

Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey
Woodcliff Lake is a borough in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 6,128, an increase of 398 (+6.9%) from the 2010 census count of 5,730, which in turn reflected a decline of 15 (−0.3%) from the 5,745 counted in the 2000 census. Most of the borough mandates a minimum lot size of 22,500 square feet (2,090 m2) for single-family homes, with portions on the borough's east zoned for 15,000 square feet (1,400 m2) and portions of the borough's northwest and southwest zoned for 30,000 square feet (2,800 m2) lots.

Woodcliff Lake is also the name of the reservoir that lies predominantly within the borough, with a small portion at the southeastern edge located in neighboring Hillsdale.
IET Faraday Medal
The Faraday Medal is a top-tier international medal awarded by the UK Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) (previously known as the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE)). As one of the world's foremost awards in engineering and the most prestigious in electrical engineering, it is part of the IET Achievement Medals collection of awards. The medal is named after the British physicist Michael Faraday, the father of electromagnetism.

Institution of Electrical Engineers
The Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) was a British professional organisation of electronics, electrical, manufacturing, and information technology professionals, especially electrical engineers. It began in 1871 as the Society of Telegraph Engineers. In 2006, it merged with the Institution of Incorporated Engineers and the new organisation is Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET).

Notable past presidents have included Lord Kelvin (1889), Sir Joseph Swan (1898) and Sebastian de Ferranti (1910–11). Notable chairmen include John M. M. Munro (1910–11).
Shukhov Tower on the Oka River
The Shukhov Tower on the Oka River (also Dzerzhinsk High-Voltage Mast, Shukhov Oka Tower) is one of the world’s two (the other being the Shukhov Tower built between 1920-1922 in Moscow) diagrid hyperboloid transmission tower.  It is located in Russia, in the western suburbs of Nizhny Novgorod, on the left bank of the Oka River near Dzerzhinsk (about 12km away from the city center, near Dachny village). The tower is one of several structures designed by Russian engineer and scientist Vladimir Shukhov; its power lines, however, were decommissioned in 1989.

Hyperboloid structure
Hyperboloid structures are architectural structures designed using a hyperboloid in one sheet. Often these are tall structures, such as towers, where the hyperboloid geometry's structural strength is used to support an object high above the ground. Hyperboloid geometry is often used for decorative effect as well as structural economy. The first hyperboloid structures were built by Russian engineer Vladimir Shukhov (1853–1939), including the Shukhov Tower in Polibino, Dankovsky District, Lipetsk Oblast, Russia.
Centre for Human Reproductive Science
The Centre for Human Reproductive Science was established in December 2006 to further develop research and innovation in fertility diagnosis and treatment, working in partnership as the academic and research wing of the Birmingham Women's Fertility Centre at Birmingham Women's Hospital and the University of Birmingham Medical School. A particular emphasis in the biomedical research strategy is placing research and discovery in the true physiological context.

National Institute for Health and Care Research
The National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) is the British government's major funder of clinical, public health, social care and translational research. With a budget of over £1.2 billion in 2020–21, its mission is to "improve the health and wealth of the nation through research". The NIHR was established in 2006 under the government's Best Research for Best Health strategy, and is funded by the Department of Health and Social Care. As a research funder and research partner of the NHS, public health and social care, the NIHR complements the work of the Medical Research Council. NIHR focuses on translational research (translating discoveries from the laboratory to the clinic), clinical research and applied health and social care research.
André the Giant–Hulk Hogan rivalry
The André the Giant–Hulk Hogan rivalry was a professional wrestling rivalry between wrestlers André the Giant and Hulk Hogan that took place in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE).

The rivalry is considered by many to be one of the most important in professional wrestling history. Many describe their iconic bout at WrestleMania III - and the feud surrounding it - as the apex of the 1980s professional wrestling boom.

One Man Gang
George Gray (born February 12, 1960) is an American retired professional wrestler, better known by his ring name (The) One Man Gang. For three years in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), he was Akeem "The African Dream". Prior to this, he was the top heel for Universal Wrestling Federation (UWF), and UWF Heavyweight Champion for six months in 1986 and 1987.
Anticorticosteroid
Anticorticosteroids or anticorticoids are drugs which oppose the actions of corticosteroids. They include:

Antiglucocorticoids – e.g., mifepristone, ketoconazole, aminoglutethimide

Antimineralocorticoids – e.g., spironolactone, canrenone, eplerenone

Eplerenone
Eplerenone, sold under brand name Inspra among others, is an aldosterone antagonist used primarily in the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), particularly following myocardial infarction. It may also be considered as an add-on therapy in resistant hypertension; however, the majority of evidence in this setting supports the use of spironolactone (another drug in a same class), with fewer studies directly evaluating eplerenone.

It is also a steroidal antimineralocorticoid of the spirolactone group and a selective aldosterone receptor antagonist (SARA).
Elsfleth station
Elsfleth (German: Bahnhof Elsfleth) is a railway station located in Elsfleth, Germany. The station is located on the Hude-Blexen railway. The train services are operated by NordWestBahn. The station has been part of the Bremen S-Bahn since December 2010.

Bremen Regional S-Bahn
The Bremen S-Bahn (German: Regio-S-Bahn Bremen/Niedersachsen) is an S-Bahn network in Germany, covering the Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region, from Bremerhaven in the north to Twistringen in the south and Bad Zwischenahn and Oldenburg in the west. It has been in operation since 2010. This network unified existing regional transport in Bremen as well as surrounding cities, including Bremerhaven, Delmenhorst, Twistringen, Nordenham, Oldenburg, and Verden an der Aller. The network lies completely within the area of the Verkehrsverbund Bremen/Niedersachsen (VBN; Bremen/Lower Saxony Transport Association), whose tariff structure applies.
Macaranga
Macaranga is a large genus of Old World tropical trees of the family Euphorbiaceae and the only genus in the subtribe Macaranginae (tribe Acalypheae). Native to Africa, Australasia, Asia and various islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, the genus comprises over 300 different species. It was first described as a genus in 1806, based on specimens collected on the Island of Mauritius. Many species, such as Macaranga gigantea have uncommonly large leaves, and many are peltate.

Macaranga are noted for being pioneer species. Macaranga species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Endoclita malabaricus. Macaranga species often form symbioses with ant (Formicidae) species (particularly Crematogaster ants of the subgenus Decacrema) because they have hollow stems that can serve as nesting space and occasionally provide nectar. The trees benefit because the ants attack herbivorous insects and either drive them away or feed on them.

Macaranga tanarius
Macaranga tanarius is a species of flowering plant found in South East Asia, Thailand, Papua New Guinea, South China, Taiwan, and eastern Australia. It is commonly seen as a pioneer species in disturbed rainforest areas. It is easily recognised for its round veiny leaves. In Australia, it naturally occurs from the Richmond River, New South Wales to Cooktown in tropical Queensland.

Some of the many common names include parasol leaf tree, blush macaranga, nasturtium tree, David's heart and heart leaf.
NGC 5084
NGC 5084 is a Seyfert 2 lenticular galaxy in the constellation of Virgo. It is located at a distance of about 25.1 megaparsecs (81.9 million light-years) from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions using the 90% total light definition, means that NGC 5084 is 236 kiloparsecs (770,000 light-years) across. It is one of the largest and most massive galaxies in the Virgo Supercluster. William Herschel discovered it on March 10, 1785. It is a member of the NGC 5084 Group of galaxies, which is a member of the Virgo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out from the southern edge of the Virgo Supercluster. The galaxy is seen nearly edge-on, with inclination 86°, and features a warped disk and large quantities of HI gas extending along the disk, probably accumulated after multiple accretions of smaller galaxies. NGC 5084 also possess an active galactic nucleus.

Lenticular galaxy
A lenticular galaxy (denoted S0) is a type of galaxy intermediate between an elliptical (denoted E) and a spiral galaxy in galaxy morphological classification schemes. It contains a large-scale disc but does not have large-scale spiral arms.  Lenticular galaxies are disc galaxies that have used up or lost most of their interstellar matter and therefore have very little ongoing star formation. They may, however, retain significant dust in their disks. As a result, they consist mainly of aging stars (like elliptical galaxies).  Despite the morphological differences, lenticular and elliptical galaxies share common properties like spectral features and scaling relations. Both can be considered early-type galaxies that are passively evolving, at least in the local part of the Universe.  Connecting the E galaxies with the S0 galaxies are the ES galaxies with intermediate-scale discs.
Anusim
Anusim (Hebrew: אֲנוּסִים, pronounced [ʔanuˈsim]; sg. masculine, anús, אָנוּס, pronounced [ʔaˈnus]; sg. feminine, anusá, אֲנוּסָה, pronounced [ʔanuˈsa]), meaning "coerced", is a legal category of Jews in Halakha (Jewish law) who were forced to abandon Judaism against their will, typically during forced conversion to another religion (oftentimes Christianity). The term "anusim" is most properly translated as the "coerced [ones]" or the "forced [ones]".

Heresy in Judaism
Heresy in Judaism refers to those beliefs which contradict the traditional doctrines of Rabbinic Judaism, including theological beliefs and opinions about the practice of halakha (Jewish religious law). Jewish tradition contains a range of statements about heretics, including laws for how to deal with them in a communal context, and statements about the divine punishment they are expected to receive.
Hesleden, North Yorkshire
54°10′12″N 2°10′08″W﻿ / ﻿54.170°N 2.169°W﻿ / 54.170; -2.169

Hesleden is a hamlet in Littondale in the Yorkshire Dales in England.  It lies within the civil parish of Halton Gill in the county of North Yorkshire.  Nether Hesleden is 1.1 miles (1.8 km) west of Litton, and Upper Hesleden is a further 1.4 miles (2.3 km) west, on the road from Halton Gill to Stainforth.

Until 1974 it was part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the district of Craven, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.

The name is first recorded (as Eseldene) in a charter of Fountains Abbey in about 1206.  The name means "hazel valley", from the Old English hæsel and denu.

Littondale
Littondale is a dale in the non-metropolitan county of North Yorkshire, England. It comprises the main settlements of Hawkswick, Arncliffe, Litton, Foxup and Halton Gill, and farmhouses that date from the 17th century. The main waterway in the dale is the River Skirfare which is fed by many small gills and becks.

The dale, first recorded by name as Littundale in 1198, is one of the few dales named from its main settlement rather than its river (Wensleydale is the best known example).  Historically the dale was also known as Amerdale.  The village of Arncliffe was the original setting for the TV series Emmerdale, which is believed to take its name from Amerdale.