hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Benoît Pelletier
Benoît Pelletier CM OQ FRSC (10 January 1960 – 30 March 2024) was a Canadian lawyer, academic, and politician in the province of Quebec.

He was a Liberal member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1998 to 2008 and was a prominent cabinet minister in the government of Jean Charest. He was best known for promoting the concept of "asymmetric federalism" to incorporate Quebec nationalism into a decentralized Canadian federal structure.

Université Laval
Université Laval is a public research university in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The university traces its roots to the Séminaire de Québec, founded by François de Montmorency-Laval in 1663, making it the oldest institution of higher education in Canada and the first North American institution to offer higher education in French. The university, which was founded in Old Québec, moved to a new campus in the 1950s in the suburban borough of Sainte-Foy–Sillery–Cap-Rouge. It is ranked among the top 10 Canadian universities in research funding and holds four Canada Excellence Research Chairs.
Split Island, Falkland Islands
Split Island is one of the Falkland Islands. It is near West Falkland, to its west, at the mouth of King George Bay. It is to the west of Rabbit Island, Hummock Island and Middle Island. It is north of the Passage Islands and south east of Westpoint Island, and south west of the Byron Heights and Storm Mountain.

Middle Island, Falkland Islands
Middle Island is one of the Hummock Island group in the Falkland Islands. It is near West Falkland, to its west, near the estuary of the Chartres River  in King George Bay It is to the south east of Hummock Island.

Middle Island has a land area of 155 hectares (380 acres; 0.60 sq mi) and its cone rises to 120 metres (390 ft). It is believed that it was used for grazing for a short time before 1930 but has been not been grazed since then and is free of predators.
District 13 (Chamber of Deputies of Chile)
District 13 (Spanish: Distrito 13) is one of the 28 multi-member electoral districts of the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the National Congress, the national legislature of Chile. The district was created by the 2015 electoral reform and came into being at the following general election in 2017. It consists of the communes of El Bosque, La Cisterna, Lo Espejo, Pedro Aguirre Cerda, San Miguel and San Ramón in the region of Santiago. The district currently elects five of the 155 members of the Chamber of Deputies using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2021 general election the district had 583,462 registered electors.

Santiago Metropolitan Region
Santiago Metropolitan Region (Spanish: Región Metropolitana de Santiago) is one of Chile's 16 first-order administrative divisions. It is the country's only landlocked administrative region and contains the nation's capital, Santiago. Most commercial and administrative centers are located in the region, including Chile's main international airport, Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport.

With an area of 15,403.2 km2 (5,947 sq mi) and population over seven million, it is Chile's most populated and most densely populated region. It is also the most developed subdivision in all of South America with a very high HDI of 0.908.
Benwell and Scotswood
Benwell and Scotswood is an electoral ward of Newcastle upon Tyne in North East England. The ward encompasses the portion of Benwell that falls into NE15 while the other portion that falls into NE4 is in the Elswick ward. This ward also encompasses Scotswood housing areas, Denton Burn housing areas, as well as the Newcastle Business Park, which is located on the banks of the River Tyne and houses offices of companies such as British Airways and the Automobile Association. The population of the ward is 13,759, which is 5.3% of the total population of Newcastle upon Tyne. Car ownership in the area is 45.1%, lower than the city average of 54.7%. The 2011 Census gave a population of 12,694.

Denton Burn
Denton Burn is an area located in Central Newcastle, approximately 4 miles (6 km) to the west of the city centre of Newcastle upon Tyne in England, United Kingdom. It is officially designated a suburb of the city, where it is linked to Carlisle by the A69 and A1 roads. The West Road also runs to the north of Denton Burn allowing access to the city centre and also to the junction which leads to the A69 road and A1 road.
Southern Line (Auckland)
The Southern Line in Auckland, New Zealand, is the name given to suburban train services that operate between Waitematā and Pukekohe via Newmarket. Services are operated by Auckland One Rail under the Auckland Transport brand.

Auckland Transport
Auckland Transport (AT) is the council-controlled organisation (CCO) of Auckland Council responsible for most of Auckland's transport infrastructure, projects and services, including roads, walkways, cycleways, ferry facilities, parking and public transport.
Upgrade (film)
Upgrade is a 2018 cyberpunk action horror film written and directed by Leigh Whannell, and starring Logan Marshall-Green, Betty Gabriel, and Harrison Gilbertson. Upgrade follows a technophobe who is implanted with a chip that allows him to control his body after a mugging left him paralyzed. The film was produced by Jason Blum, under his Blumhouse Productions banner.

After premiering on 10 March 2018 at South by Southwest, Upgrade was released on 1 June 2018 in the United States by OTL Releasing and Blumhouse Tilt, and on 14 June in Australia. The film made $17 million on a $3 million budget and received positive reviews from critics, who called it "one part The Six Million Dollar Man, one part Death Wish revenge fantasy", and praised its dark humor and action sequences.

Death Wish (film series)
The Death Wish franchise is an American vigilante action-thriller film series based on the 1972 novel by Brian Garfield. The films follow the character Paul Kersey, portrayed by Charles Bronson in the original series, and Bruce Willis in the 2018 remake. While the first film received mixed reviews, the subsequent sequels, as well as the remake, were panned by critics. The series made $87 million against a combined production budget of $61 million. Charles Bronson was the only actor to have appeared in all five films.
2024 Open Nouvelle-Calédonie
The 2024 Open SIFA Nouvelle-Calédonie was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the 19th edition of the tournament which was part of the 2024 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Nouméa, New Caledonia between 1 and 6 January 2024.

2024 ATP Challenger Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour in 2024 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2024 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 207 tournaments with prize money ranging from $41,000 up to $225,500. It was the 47th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 16th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Midcarpal joint
The midcarpal joint is formed by the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones in the proximal row, and the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones in the distal row. The distal pole of the scaphoid articulates with two trapezial bones as a gliding type of joint. The proximal end of the scaphoid combines with the lunate and triquetrum to form a deep concavity that articulates with the convexity of the combined capitate and hamate in a form of diarthrodial, almost condyloid joint.

Scaphoid bone
The scaphoid bone is one of the carpal bones of the wrist. It is situated between the hand and forearm on the thumb side of the wrist (also called the lateral or radial side). It forms the radial border of the carpal tunnel. The scaphoid bone is the largest bone of the proximal row of wrist bones, its long axis being from above downward, lateralward, and forward. It is approximately the size and shape of a medium cashew nut.
Melfort (federal electoral district)
Melfort was a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1925 to 1953. It was created in 1924 from Prince Albert riding, and was abolished in 1952 when it was redistributed into Humboldt—Melfort, Mackenzie, Prince Albert, and Rosthern ridings.

Mackenzie (federal electoral district)
Mackenzie was a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1904 to 1997. This riding was created in 1903, when Saskatchewan was still a part of the North-West Territories. In 1905, when Saskatchewan was created, the district was retained in the province.

The riding was abolished in 1996, and parts of it were merged into the districts of Blackstrap, Churchill River, Prince Albert, Qu'Appelle, Regina—Lumsden—Lake Centre, Saskatoon—Humboldt and Yorkton—Melville.
Nick Salazar
Nick L. Salazar (April 18, 1929 – October 23, 2020) was an American politician who served as a Democratic member of the New Mexico House of Representatives, representing the 40th District from 1974 to 2019.

Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico
Ohkay Owingeh (Tewa: Ohkay Ówîngeh, pronounced [ʔòhkèː ʔówîŋgè]), known by its Spanish name as San Juan de los Caballeros, or informally as San Juan Pueblo, a name with official status from 1598 to 2005, is a pueblo in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined that community as a census-designated place (CDP). Ohkay Owingeh is also the federally recognized tribe of Pueblo people inhabiting the town.
Batchelor scale
In fluid and molecular dynamics, the Batchelor scale, determined by George Batchelor (1959),  describes the size of a droplet of fluid that will diffuse in the same time it takes the energy in an eddy of size η to dissipate.  The Batchelor scale can be determined by:

where:

is the Kolmogorov length scale.

Sc is the Schmidt number.

ν is the kinematic viscosity.

D is the mass diffusivity.

ε is the rate of dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy per unit mass.

Similar to the Kolmogorov microscales – which describe the smallest scales of turbulence before viscosity dominates – the Batchelor scale describes the smallest length scales of fluctuations in scalar concentration that can exist before being dominated by molecular diffusion. For Sc > 1, which is common in many liquid flows, the Batchelor scale is small when compared to the Kolmogorov microscales.  This means that scalar transport occurs at scales smaller than the smallest eddy size.

Eddy (fluid dynamics)
In fluid dynamics, an eddy  is the swirling of a fluid and the reverse current created when the fluid is in a turbulent flow regime. The moving fluid creates a space devoid of downstream-flowing fluid on the downstream side of the object. Fluid behind the obstacle flows into the void creating a swirl of fluid on each edge of the obstacle, followed by a short reverse flow of fluid behind the obstacle flowing upstream, toward the back of the obstacle. This phenomenon is naturally observed behind large emergent rocks in swift-flowing rivers.

An eddy is a movement of fluid that deviates from the general flow of the fluid. An example for an eddy is a vortex which produces such deviation. However, there are other types of eddies that are not simple vortices. For example, a Rossby wave is an eddy which is an undulation that is a deviation from mean flow, but does not have the local closed streamlines of a vortex.
Breyton Paulse
Breyton Paulse (born 25 April 1976 in De Keur, Koue Bokkeveld) is a South African former rugby union player who played on the wing for the national team, the Springboks, from 1999 to 2007. He played 64 test matches for South Africa, scoring 26 tries.

Stormers
The Stormers (known for sponsorship reasons as the DHL Stormers) is a South African professional rugby union team based in Cape Town in the Western Cape that competes in the United Rugby Championship, a trans-hemispheric competition that also involves sides from Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales and the domestic Currie Cup competition as the Western Province. They competed in the Super Rugby competition until 2020. They have won one major international championship, the 2021-22 United Rugby Championship, and seven South African 'conference' titles, five in the South African Conference of Super Rugby, and two in the URC equivalent, the South African Shield, while in the Currie Cup having won the competition on a record 34 occasions.
Lunch (song)
"Lunch" is a song by American singer-songwriter Billie Eilish and the lead single from her third studio album, Hit Me Hard and Soft (2024). It was released on May 17, 2024, the same day as the album. The song features a heavy bassline and lyrics that detail Eilish's same-sex sexual attraction, following her public confirmation that she liked both men and women. In the lyrics, which she wrote after realizing that she wanted to try cunnilingus, she describes that desire (and her general sexual appetite), saying she "could eat that girl for lunch".

Sapphism
Sapphism is an umbrella term for women loving women (WLW); any woman attracted to women or in a relationship with another woman, regardless of their sexual orientations, and encompassing the romantic love between women. It is the female equivalent of Uranian and Achillean.
Sima Gui (Zizhang)
Sima Gui (simplified Chinese: 司马珪; traditional Chinese: 司馬珪; 235 - 11 March 274), courtesy name Zizhang (子璋), posthumously known as Prince Yuan of Gaoyang, was an imperial prince of the Western Jin dynasty. He was the seventh son of Sima Fu, Prince Xian of Anping and a younger brother of Sima Yi, regent of the Cao Wei state during the Three Kingdoms era.

Sima Fu
Sima Fu (pronunciationⓘ) (180 – 3 April 272), courtesy name Shuda, posthumously known as Prince Xian of Anping, was an imperial prince and statesman of the Jin dynasty of China. He previously served as an official in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period before his grandnephew, Sima Yan (Emperor Wu), usurped the Wei throne in February 266 and established the Jin dynasty. Sima Guang, author of Zizhi Tongjian, claimed to be his descendant.
1981 All-Big Ten Conference football team
The 1981 All-Big Ten Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Big Ten Conference teams for the 1981 college football season.  Two players were unanimous first-team selections by the Associated Press (AP) media panel: Butch Woolfolk of Michigan and Tim Krumrie of Wisconsin.  Three players missed being unanimous AP selections by one vote Anthony Carter of Michigan and Reggie Roby and Andre Tippett of Iowa.

Anthony Carter (American football)
Anthony Carter (born September 17, 1960) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver for 13 years in the United States Football League (USFL) and National Football League (NFL). He made three-consecutive Pro Bowls for the Minnesota Vikings and was honored by Minnesota as one of the 50 Greatest Vikings of all time. Carter played college football for the Michigan Wolverines, finishing his career as a three-time All-American, and a two-time unanimous All-American selection. He is currently third all-time in receiving yards, and second all-time in receiving touchdowns for the University of Michigan.
Ariosa v. Sequenom
Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. v. Sequenom, Inc., 788 F.3d 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2015), is a controversial decision of the US Federal Circuit in which the court applied the Mayo v. Prometheus test to invalidate on the basis of subject matter eligibility a patent said to "solve ... a very practical problem accessing fetal DNA without creating a major health risk for the unborn child." The rationale for denying patent-eligibility in this case allegedly stems from claims being directed toward non-eligible subject matter (Law of Nature),
"if the APPLICATION [of this discovery] merely relies upon elements already known in the art."

In December 2015, the Federal Circuit denied a motion for en banc rehearing, with several members of the court filing opinions urging Supreme Court review. On June 27, 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States denied Sequenom's petition for a writ of certiorari.

Inventive step and non-obviousness
The inventive step and non-obviousness reflect a general patentability requirement present in most patent laws, according to which an invention should be sufficiently inventive—i.e., non-obvious—in order to be patented. In other words, "[the] nonobviousness principle asks whether the invention is an adequate distance beyond or above the state of the art".

The expression "inventive step" is used in European Patent Convention and in Patent Cooperation Treaty, while the expression "non-obviousness" is predominantly used in United States patent law. The expression "inventiveness" is sometimes used as well. Although the basic principle is roughly the same, the assessment of the inventive step and non-obviousness varies from one country to another. For instance, the practice of the European Patent Office (EPO) differs from the practice in the United Kingdom.
Vṛddhi
Vṛddhi (also rendered vr̥ddhi) is a technical term in morphophonology given to the strongest grade in the vowel gradation system of Sanskrit and of Proto-Indo-European. The term is derived from Sanskrit वृद्धि vṛddhi, IPA: [ˈʋr̩d̪̚.d̪ʱi], lit. 'growth', from Proto-Indo-European *werdʰ- 'to grow'.

Sanskrit grammar
The grammar of the Sanskrit language has a complex verbal system, rich nominal declension, and extensive use of compound nouns. It was studied and codified by Sanskrit grammarians from the later Vedic period (roughly 8th century BCE), culminating in the Pāṇinian grammar of the 4th century BCE.
Sporogenesis
Sporogenesis is the production of spores in biology. The term is also used to refer to the process of reproduction via spores. Reproductive spores were found to be formed in eukaryotic organisms, such as plants, algae and fungi, during their normal reproductive life cycle. Dormant spores are formed, for example by certain fungi and algae, primarily in response to unfavorable growing conditions. Most eukaryotic spores are haploid and form through cell division, though some types are diploids or dikaryons and form through cell fusion. This type of reproduction can also be called single pollination.

Isogamy
Isogamy is a form of sexual reproduction that involves gametes of the same morphology (indistinguishable in shape and size), and is found in most unicellular eukaryotes. Because both gametes look alike, they generally cannot be classified as male or female. Instead, organisms that reproduce through isogamy are said to have different mating types, most commonly noted as "+" and "−" strains.
Viktória Chladoňová
Viktória Chladoňová (born 15 November 2006) is a Slovak cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Women's WorldTeam Visma–Lease a Bike. She won the cross-country race at the UCI Junior Mountain Bike World Championships and was runner-up in the U-23 World Championships time trial and road race in 2025.

UCI Road World Championships – Junior women's time trial
UCI Road World Championships – Junior women's time trial is the annual world championship for road bicycle racing in the discipline of time trial, organised by the world governing body, the Union Cycliste Internationale. The event was first run in 1994. In 2020 no junior race was held due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Hassan Habibi
Hassan Ebrahim Habibi (Persian: حسن ابراهیم حبیبی; 29 January 1937 – 31 January 2013) was an Iranian politician, lawyer, scholar and the first vice president from 1989 until 2001 under Presidents Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and Mohammad Khatami. He was also a member of the High Council of Cultural Revolution and head of Academy of Persian Language and Literature from 2004 until his death in 2013.

Islamic Republican Party
The Islamic Republican Party (IRP; Persian: حزب جمهوری اسلامی, romanized: Ḥezb-e Jomhūrī-e Eslāmī, also translated Islamic Republic Party) was formed in 1979 to assist the Iranian Revolution and Ayatollah Khomeini in their goal to establish theocracy in Iran. It was disbanded in 1987 due to internal conflicts.
Aquadulcaris pheronyx
Aquadulcaris pheronyx is a species of crustacean in family Paramelitidae. It is endemic to the Constantiaberg, a mountain near Cape Town, South Africa, and is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List.

Paramelitidae
Paramelitidae is a family of amphipods, containing the following genera:

Antipodeus Williams & Barnard, 1988

Aquadulcaris Stewart & Griffiths, 1995

Austrocrangonyx Barnard & Barnard, 1983

Austrogammarus Barnard & Karaman, 1983

Chydaekata Bradbury, 2000

Giniphargus Karaman & Barnard, 1979

Hurleya Straskraba, 1966

Kruptus Finston, Johnson & Knott, 2008

Mathamelita Stewart & Griffiths, 1995

Molina Bradbury, 2000

Paramelita Schellenberg, 1926

Pilbarus Bradbury & Williams, 1997

Protocrangonyx Nicholls, 1927

Totgammarus Bradbury & Williams, 1995

Toulrabia Barnard & Williams, 1995

Uroctena Nicholls, 1926
Gærum
Gærum is a village in Frederikshavn Municipality in North Jutland Region, Denmark. On 1 January 2025 it had a population of 607.  It is located in the northeastern part of the Vendsyssel district 7 km southwest of Frederikshavn.

Gærum Church is located in the village.

Frederikshavn Municipality
Frederikshavn Municipality (Danish: Frederikshavn Kommune) is the northernmost Danish municipality, located in Region Nordjylland.

As a result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipal Reform" of 2007), it is a merger between the previous municipalities of Frederikshavn, Skagen and Sæby. The new municipality has an area of 642 km² and a total population of 57,882 (2025).

The first mayor of the new municipality was Erik Sørensen (Social Democrats). Since 2014 it has been Birgit Hansen which governs by a broad coalition with the rest of all the parties.
Cricket (1914 automobile)
The Cricket was an American cyclecar manufactured in Detroit, Michigan, by the Cricket Cyclecar Company in 1913-1914. The Cricket featured an 84-inch wheelbase, weighed 500 pounds, and was powered by a 9hp V-twin engine located beside the driver. It sold for $325. A factory at 80 Walker Street and a showroom on Woodward Avenue were secured. In late 1914 the Cricket Cyclecar Company sold out to the Motor Products Company of Detroit, who had provided the V-twin engine for the Cricket.

Cyclecar
A cyclecar was a type of small, lightweight and inexpensive motorized car manufactured in Europe and the United States between 1910 and the early 1920s. The purpose of cyclecars was to fill a gap in the market between the motorcycle and the car. It could accommodate only two passengers, often sitting in tandem.

The demise of cyclecars was due to larger cars – such as the Citroën Type C, Austin 7 and Morris Cowley – becoming more affordable. Small, inexpensive vehicles reappeared after World War II, and were known as microcars.
Vehicle registration plates of the territories of the United States
All five inhabited United States territories require and issue license plates to vehicles. Puerto Rico was the first to require residents to register their motor vehicles and display license plates in 1906. However, the first territory to actually issue license plates was the former U.S. territory of the Panama Canal Zone, which began in 1910 and continued until September 1979.

Vehicle registration plates of the Canal Zone
The former U.S. territory of the Canal Zone first issued license plates in 1910, and this continued until  September 1979. (The 1979 plate was the 1978 plate with a 1979 decal affixed.) A single plate was issued for all years. The country of Panama also issued license plates identifying United States citizens that lived in Panama but worked in the Canal Zone, but these plates have the country name "Panama" clearly showing on them. Since reciprocity for license plates between the Canal Zone and Panama did not exist until 1950, old photos often show local vehicles with two different license plates mounted on the vehicle.