hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Municipal charter
A city charter or town charter (generically, municipal charter) is a legal document (charter) establishing a municipality such as a city or town.  The concept developed in Europe during the Middle Ages.

Traditionally, the granting of a charter gave a settlement and its inhabitants the right to town privileges under the feudal system.  Townspeople who lived in chartered towns were burghers, as opposed to serfs who lived in villages.  Towns were often "free", in the sense that they were directly protected by the king or emperor, and were not part of a feudal fief.

Today, the process for granting is determined by the type of government of the state in question.  In monarchies, charters are still often a royal charter given by the Crown or the authorities acting on behalf of the Crown.  In federations, the granting of charters may be within the jurisdiction of the lower level of government, such as a province.

Free imperial city
In the Holy Roman Empire, the collective term free and imperial cities (German: Freie und Reichsstädte), briefly worded free imperial city (Freie Reichsstadt, Latin: urbs imperialis libera), was used from the 15th century to denote a self-ruling city that had a certain amount of autonomy and was represented in the Imperial Diet.

An imperial city held the status of imperial immediacy, and was subordinate only to the Holy Roman Emperor, as opposed to a territorial city or town (Landstadt), which was subordinate to a territorial prince – be it an ecclesiastical lord (prince-bishop, prince-abbot), or a secular prince (duke (Herzog), margrave, count (Graf), etc.).
Kendra Kassebaum
Kendra Kassebaum (born May 12, 1973) is an American actress and singer, who has performed in many different musicals (both Broadway and non-Broadway), and is perhaps best remembered for playing the role of Glinda in the first national tour, Broadway, and San Francisco casts of the blockbuster musical Wicked.

Alli Mauzey
Alli Mauzey (born in Anaheim, California) is an American actress and singer whose works include  Glinda in the Broadway and 1st national tour productions of Wicked and the role of Lenora in the musical Cry-Baby, as well as the main character voice acting role of Lioness in the animated series A.T.O.M..
1990s in Bangladesh
The 1990s (pronounced "nineteen-nineties", commonly shortened as the "'90s", pronounced "nineties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on 1 January 1990, and ended on 31 December 1999. For Bangladesh this decade was characterized by transition to democracy, rapid urbanisation and globalization and struggle for free and fair elections. The newly earned democracy influenced the cultural activities in the decade.

Abdullah al Mamun (playwright)
Abdullah Al Mamun (13 July 1942 – 21 August 2008) was a Bangladeshi playwright, actor, and filmmaker. He earned the Bangla Academy Literary Award in 1978 and the Ekushey Padak in 2000 from the Government of Bangladesh. As a filmmaker, he won Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Director twice for the direction of the films Ekhoni Somoy (1980) and Dui Jibon (1988).
Emancipation (horse)
Emancipation (foaled 1979) was a champion Australian Thoroughbred racehorse.  By Bletchingly, Emancipation was a grey, like her dam, Ammo Girl, and her damsire, Gunsynd.  She was bred by Mark Hough, in New South Wales, after her dam was purchased from trainer Tommy Smith for just $1,700 due to her unsound conformation and her breeding (her sire was standing at a fee of only $1,500 at the time).  Her breeder was only interested in her as a broodmare, and approached her trainer, Neville Begg, to recommend someone who would lease her for racing purposes.

Australian Champion Racehorse of the Year
The Australian Champion Racehorse of the Year is awarded to the Thoroughbred horse who is voted to be the champion horse within an Australian racing season.  This award is open to all racehorses racing within Australia, regardless of age and sex, and includes overseas performances.

This award originally started as the VRC Award and was renamed Australia's Champion Racehorse in 1982. A separate award was voted on between 1976/77 and 1993/4 by the Australian Racing Writers' Association with the only variations being Gurner's Lane (1982/3) and Bonecrusher (1986/7). The voting bodies combined from 1993/4.

Winx has won the award four times. Black Caviar and Sunline won it three times.

* Two awards made in 1982-83 & 1986-87 with ARWA selecting different winner
Luke 24
Luke 24 is the twenty-fourth and final chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke the Evangelist composed this Gospel as well as the Acts of the Apostles. This chapter records the discovery of the resurrection of Jesus Christ, his appearances to his disciples and his ascension into heaven.

Codex Bezae
The Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis ('Beza's Cambridge Book') is a bi-lingual Greek and Latin manuscript of the New Testament written in an uncial hand on parchment. It is designated by the siglum Dea or 05 in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts, and δ 5 in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts. It contains most of the four Gospels and Acts, with a small fragment of 3 John. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it is currently dated to the 5th century.

Codex Bezae is renowned for having a distinctive text of the four Gospels and Acts, and is a leading member of the "Western" recension. The manuscript has been studied extensively.

A digital facsimile of the codex is available from Cambridge University Library, which holds the manuscript.
Cervicocranial syndrome
Cervicocranial syndrome or (craniocervical junction syndrome, CCJ syndrome) is a combination of symptoms that are caused by an abnormality in the cervical vertebrae leading to improper function of cervical spinal nerves. Cervicocranial syndrome is either congenital or acquired. Cervicocranial syndrome may be caused by Chiari disease, Klippel-Feil malformation, osteoarthritis, and physical trauma. Treatment options include neck braces, pain medication and surgery. The quality of life for individuals suffering from Cervicocranial syndrome can improve through surgery.

Injury
Injury is physiological damage to the living tissue of any organism, whether in humans, in other animals, or in plants.

Injuries can be caused in many ways, including mechanically with penetration by sharp objects such as teeth or with blunt objects, by heat or cold, or by venoms and biotoxins. Injury prompts an inflammatory response in many taxa of animals; this prompts wound healing. In both plants and animals, substances are often released to help to occlude the wound, limiting loss of fluids and the entry of pathogens such as bacteria. Many organisms secrete antimicrobial chemicals which limit wound infection; in addition, animals have a variety of immune responses for the same purpose. Both plants and animals have regrowth mechanisms which may result in complete or partial healing over the injury. Cells too can repair damage to a certain degree.
Go-Ahead London
Go-Ahead London is a major bus operator in Greater London and parts of Kent. The name first appeared in August 2008, before which the company had traded under separate names and brands. It is currently (as of April 2025) the largest bus operator in Greater London, operating a total of 157 bus routes mainly in South and Central London as well as some services into North and East London with a fleet size of 2,270 vehicles under contract to Transport for London. It is also the largest operator of electric buses in London, with a total of 540 electric vehicles.

Blue Triangle
Blue Triangle is a bus operator brand under London General Transport Services Limited, trading as Go-Ahead London. It operates services in East London under contract to Transport for London. It is the operator of the East London Transit system.
Grootlaagte
Grootlaagte is a village in Ghanzi District of Botswana. It is located close to the Namibian border, north-west of the district capital Ghanzi. Grootlaagte has a primary school and the population was 483 in 2001 census.

"Grootlaagte" is Afrikaans and Dutch for "large lowland" (literally: "great lowth").

Ghanzi District
Ghanzi (sometimes Gantsi) is a district in western Botswana, bordering Namibia in the west and extending east into much of the interior of the country. The district's administrative centre is the town of Ghanzi. Most of the eastern half of Ghanzi makes up the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. The human population at the 2022 census was 56,555, less populous than that of any other district in Botswana. Ghanzi's area is 117,910 km².

In the west, Ghanzi borders the Omaheke Region of Namibia. Domestically, it borders the following districts: North-West on the north, Central on the east, Kweneng on the southeast, Kgalagadi on the south. Ghanzi, Central Kalahari Game Reserve, Deception Valley, Ghanzi Craft, Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park and Khutse Game Reserve are the major game areas in the district.

The district is administered by a district administration and district council which are responsible for local administration.
2025–26 FC Basel season
The 2025–26 season is FC Basel's 132nd season in their existence and the club's 31st consecutive season in the top flight of Swiss football since their promotion in the 1993–94 season. The 2025–26 Swiss Super League season starts on
25 July 2025 and will be completed by 17 May 2026. In addition to the Swiss Super League, Basel also participate in this season's edition of the Swiss Cup, starting in the third round. As Swiss champions, Basel qualified for the 2025–26 UEFA Champions League and here they will start in the play-off round.

Swiss Super League
The Super League (also known as the Brack Super League for sponsorship reasons) is a professional association football league in Switzerland and the highest level of the Swiss football league system. It has been played in its current format since the 2003–04 season. The Swiss Super League is ranked 16th in Europe according to UEFA's ranking of league coefficients, which is based upon Swiss team performances in European competitions. The 2025–26 season is the 129th season of the Swiss top-flight, making it the longest continuously running top-flight national league.
Castilleja mollis
Castilleja mollis is a species of Indian paintbrush known by the common name softleaf Indian paintbrush. It is endemic to the Channel Islands of California, where it is currently known only from Santa Rosa Island. An occurrence was once noted on San Miguel Island, but the plant has not been found there since 1938. Its habitat is the coastal sage scrub around the windy sand dunes and bluffs.

Coastal sage scrub
Coastal sage scrub (CSS), also called coastal scrub or soft chaparral, is a low scrubland plant community of the California coastal sage and chaparral subecoregion, found in coastal California and northwestern coastal Baja California. It is within the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion, of the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome.
Rufous-lored kingfisher
The rufous-lored kingfisher (Todiramphus winchelli), also known as Winchell's kingfisher, is a species of bird in the kingfisher family Alcedinidae. It is endemic to the Philippines, its natural habitat consists of tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by deforestation, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed it as a vulnerable species.

Tablas Island
Tablas is the largest of the islands that comprise the province of Romblon in the Philippines. The name of the island is of Spanish origin. Before the colonization of the Philippines, Tablas was known as the Island of Osigan. At the time of contact with Westerners, Osigan had a population of 256 people living in small villages. Wax was produced in this island.

Odiongan, on the west central coast of the island, is a major port and the largest municipality of Romblon in terms of population. Tablas is administratively subdivided into the municipalities of Alcantara, Calatrava, Ferrol, Looc, Odiongan, San Agustin, San Andres, Santa Fe, and Santa Maria.
St. Peter's Colony
The St. Peter's Colony was a British colony established in 1713 on the islands of Saint Pierre, Miquelon and Langlade, off the island of Newfoundland, which today forms the province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

In 1763, France officially recovered the archipelago under the 1763 Treaty of Paris, before losing it again with its entry into the American War of Independence.

France finally reclaimed the archipelago in 1815, a century after the Treaty of Utrecht.

French Shore
The French Shore (French: Côte française de Terre-Neuve), also called The Treaty Shore, resulted from the 1713 ratifications  of the Treaty of Utrecht. The provisions of the treaty allowed the French to fish in season along the north coast of Newfoundland between Cape Bonavista and Point Riche. This area had been frequented by fishermen from Brittany since the early 16th century, which they called "le petit nord" (the little North).

In the 1783 Treaty of Versailles, the boundary points of the French Shore were changed to Cape St. John and Cape Ray, as shown in the accompanying map, with France being granted exclusive rights.

In 1904, as a result of the Entente Cordiale, the French relinquished their rights on the French Shore against territorial changes in Africa.

The history of the French Shore is depicted on the French Shore Tapestry, finished in 2010 and now on display in Conche, Newfoundland. It measures 67.4 metres (221 ft) in length.
2014 Aegon Classic
The 2014 Aegon Classic was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts. It was the 33rd edition of the event, and the first edition of the event as a Premier tournament on the 2014 WTA Tour. It took place at the Edgbaston Priory Club in Birmingham, United Kingdom, on 9–15 June 2014. First-seeded Ana Ivanovic won the singles title.

2014 WTA Tour
The 2014 WTA Tour was the elite professional tennis circuit organized by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for the 2014 tennis season. The 2014 WTA Tour calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the WTA Premier tournaments (Premier Mandatory, Premier 5, and regular Premier), the WTA International tournaments, the Fed Cup (organized by the ITF), and the year-end championships (the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Tournament of Champions). Also included in the 2014 calendar is the Hopman Cup, which was organized by the ITF and did not distribute ranking points.
Alf Konningen
Alf Konningen (26 June 1901 – 27 January 1978) was a Norwegian alpine skier who competed in the 1936 Winter Olympics. His first victory was in 1934 when he won the downhill competition in his hometown Kongsberg.

In 1936 he finished eighth in the alpine skiing combined event.

Born in Kongsberg, he represented Kongsberg IF.

In his retirement he worked as lathe operator in Kongsberg.

Kongsberg IF
Kongsberg Idrettforening is a Norwegian sports club from Kongsberg, founded in 1899. It has sections for athletics, gymnastics, alpine skiing, ski jumping, cross country skiing, telemark skiing, snowboarding, speed skating, ice hockey, football, and cycling.

It is best known for its ski jumpers, including Sigmund Ruud, Birger Ruud, Asbjørn Ruud, Hans Beck, Hilmar Myhra, Petter Hugsted and Arnholdt Kongsgård. Snowboarder Stine Brun Kjeldaas also represented Kongsberg IF.

Its first national athletics team member was sprinter Erik Brofoss, who later served as Government Minister and as director in the International Monetary Fund system. Javelin thrower Bjørn Grimnes and decathlete Trond Skramstad, both former Olympic competitors, also represented Kongsberg IF.

The men's football team plays in the Third Division, the fourth tier of Norwegian football.
Outline of artificial intelligence
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to artificial intelligence:

Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines or software. It is also the name of the scientific field which studies how to create computers and computer software that are capable of intelligent behavior.

Stuart J. Russell
Stuart Jonathan Russell OBE FRS (born 1962) is a British computer scientist known for his contributions to artificial intelligence (AI). He is a professor of computer science at the University of California, Berkeley and was from 2008 to 2011 an adjunct professor of neurological surgery at the University of California, San Francisco. He holds the Smith-Zadeh Chair in Engineering at University of California, Berkeley. He founded and leads the Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence (CHAI) at UC Berkeley and the International Association for Safe and Ethical Artificial Intelligence (IASEAI). Russell is the co-author with Peter Norvig of the authoritative textbook of the field of AI: Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach used in more than 1,500 universities in 135 countries.
Elsworth (skipjack)
The  Elsworth  is a Chesapeake Bay skipjack, built in 1901 at Hudson, Maryland. She is a 39.9-foot-long (12.2 m) two-sail bateau, or "V"-bottomed deadrise type of centerboard sloop. She has a beam of 14.3', a depth of 3.1', and a gross registered tonnage of 8 tons.  She is one of the 35 surviving traditional Chesapeake Bay skipjacks and a member of the last commercial sailing fleet in the United States.

She is owned by the Echo Hill Outdoor School and used for educational excursions on the Chester River and Chesapeake Bay. The Echo Hill School acquired the Elsworth in 1988 and rebuilt her starting in 1996. The Elsworth is kept at the public pier in Chestertown, Maryland alongside the Schooner Sultana.

She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. She is assigned Maryland dredge number 22.

HMS Sultana (1768)
HMS Sultana was a small Royal Navy schooner that patrolled the American coast from 1768 through 1772. Her role was to prevent smuggling and to collect customs duties. She was retired and sold in 1773 when unrest in Britain's American colonies required larger, better armed patrol craft.
The War of Eustrath
The War of Eustrath is a turn-based tactical role-playing game developed and published by South Korean studio iQubi Inc. and released on June 4, 2010 for iOS, with an HD version being released on January 30, 2011.

It received mostly positive reception from critics, who praised its gameplay and story while criticizing its poor localization.

Tactical role-playing game
Tactical role-playing game (abbreviated TRPG), also known as strategy role-playing game or simulation RPG (both abbreviated SRPG), is a video game genre that combines core elements of role-playing video games with those of tactical (turn-based or real-time) strategy video games. The formats of tactical RPGs are much like traditional tabletop role-playing games and strategy games in appearance, pacing, and rule structure. Likewise, early tabletop role-playing games are descended from skirmish wargames such as Chainmail, which were primarily concerned with combat.
Patent opposition proceedings
Patent opposition proceedings are administrative mechanisms within the patent law framework that allow third parties to formally challenge the validity of a pending patent application (pre-grant opposition) or a granted patent (post-grant opposition). These opposition proceedings serve as a crucial check within the patent system, ensuring that patents are granted only for inventions that genuinely meet all legal requirements, thereby maintaining the integrity and quality of the patent landscape.

Patentability
Within the context of a national or multilateral body of law, an invention is patentable if it meets the relevant legal conditions to be granted a patent. By extension, patentability also refers to the substantive conditions that must be met for a patent to be held valid.
Non-representational theory
Non-representational theory is a form of theory developed in human geography. It is the work of Nigel Thrift .  The theory is based on using social theory, conducting geographical research, and the 'embodied experience.'

Human geography
Human geography, also known as anthropogeography, is a branch of geography that studies how people interact with places. It focuses on the spatial relationships between human communities, cultures, economies, people, lifestyle and their environments.  Examples include patterns like urban sprawl and urban redevelopment. It looks at how social interactions connect with the environment using both qualitative (descriptive) and quantitative (numerical) methods. This multidisciplinary field draws from sociology, anthropology, economics, and environmental science, helping build a more complete understanding of how human activity shapes the spaces we live in.
UAAP Season 80 basketball tournaments
The UAAP Season 80 basketball tournaments were the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP) basketball tournaments for the 2017–18 school year. The tournaments are divided into men's, women's and juniors' divisions, for male and female college players and male high school players, respectively. The host school for the seniors' division was Far Eastern University, while Ateneo de Manila University was the sub-host for the juniors' division. The De La Salle Green Archers, NU Lady Bulldogs, and FEU Baby Tamaraws are the defending champions for the men's, women's and juniors respectively.

The senior men’s tournament began on September 9, 2017 and the games for the women's division followed on September 10. The juniors' tournament began on November 11.

Attorney Rene Saguisag, Jr. who was appointed UAAP's executive director served as commissioner for the third straight season.

UAAP Season 80
UAAP Season 80 was the 2017–18 athletic year of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP) (UAAP). This season was hosted by the Far Eastern University.

The eight member universities of the UAAP competed in the league's 28 events from 15 sports to vie for the overall championship. This season's sports events included the inaugural 3-on-3 basketball as a demonstration sport held at FEU Manila.
Cameraria milletiae
Cameraria milletiae is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Sarawak and Selangor, Malaysia.

The wingspan is 4.5–5.3 mm.

The larvae feed on Milletia sericea. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

Gracillariidae
Gracillariidae is an important family of insects in the order Lepidoptera and the principal family of leaf miners that includes several economic, horticultural or recently invasive pest species such as the horse-chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella.
MS-DOS 7
MS-DOS 7 is a real mode operating system for IBM PC compatibles. Unlike earlier versions of MS-DOS, it was not released separately by Microsoft, but included in the Windows 9x family of operating systems. Windows 95 RTM reports it as MS-DOS 7.0, and Windows 95 OSR 2.x and Windows 98 report as 7.1. The real-mode MS-DOS 7.x is contained in the IO.SYS file.

File Allocation Table
File Allocation Table (FAT) is a file system developed for personal computers and was the default file system for the DOS and Windows 9x operating systems. Originally developed in 1977 for use on floppy disks, it was adapted for use on hard disks and other devices. The increase in disk drive capacity over time drove modifications to the design that resulted in versions: FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, and exFAT.

FAT was replaced with NTFS as the default file system on Microsoft operating systems starting with Windows XP. Nevertheless, FAT continues to be commonly used on relatively small capacity solid-state storage technologies such as USB flash drives, SD cards, MultiMediaCards (MMC) and eMMC because of its compatibility across operating systems and embedded systems, and ease of implementation.