hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Supplier-induced demand
In economics, supplier induced demand (SID) may occur when asymmetry of information exists between supplier and consumer. The supplier can use superior information to encourage an individual to demand a greater quantity of the good or service they supply than the Pareto efficient level, should asymmetric information not exist. The result of this is a welfare loss.

Demand
In economics, demand is the quantity of a good that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices during a given time. In economics "demand" for a commodity is not the same thing as "desire" for it. It refers to both the desire to purchase and the ability to pay for a commodity.

Demand is always expressed in relation to a particular price and a particular time period since demand is a flow concept. Flow is any variable which is expressed per unit of time. Demand thus does not refer to a single isolated purchase, but a continuous flow of purchases.
Mollweide's formula
In trigonometry, Mollweide's formula is a pair of relationships between sides and angles in a triangle.

A variant in more geometrical style was first published by Isaac Newton in 1707 and then by  Friedrich Wilhelm von Oppel in 1746. Thomas Simpson published the now-standard expression in 1748. Karl Mollweide republished the same result in 1808 without citing those predecessors.

It can be used to check the consistency of solutions of triangles.

Let   and  be the lengths of the three sides of a triangle.
Let   and  be the measures of the angles opposite those three sides respectively.  Mollweide's formulas are

Spherical trigonometry
Spherical trigonometry is the branch of spherical geometry that deals with the metrical relationships between the sides and angles of spherical triangles, traditionally expressed using trigonometric functions. On the sphere, geodesics are great circles. Spherical trigonometry is of great importance for calculations in astronomy, geodesy, and navigation.

The origins of spherical trigonometry in Greek mathematics and the major developments in Islamic mathematics are discussed fully in History of trigonometry and Mathematics in medieval Islam. The subject came to fruition in Early Modern times with important developments by John Napier, Delambre and others, and attained an essentially complete form by the end of the nineteenth century with the publication of Isaac Todhunter's textbook Spherical trigonometry for the use of colleges and Schools.
Since then, significant developments have been the application of vector methods, quaternion methods, and the use of numerical methods.
Ellen Moers
Ellen Moers (1928–1979) was an American academic and literary scholar. She is best known for her pioneering contribution to gynocriticism, Literary Women (1976). and leading her to write Literary Women.  In the latter she established the existence of a strong nineteenth-century tradition of (international) women writers—her identification within it of what she called 'female Gothic' proving especially influential.

In the fast-moving world of feminist scholarship, her book would be challenged in the following decade as under-theorised and ethnocentric; but continued nonetheless to serve as a significant stepping-stone for future scholarship.

Gynocriticism
Gynocriticism or gynocritics is the term coined in the seventies by Elaine Showalter to describe a new literary project intended to construct "a female framework for the analysis of women's literature".

By expanding the historical study of women writers as a distinct literary tradition, gynocritics sought to develop new models based on the study of female experience to replace male models of literary creation, and so "map the territory" left unexplored in earlier literary criticisms.
Salvia repens
Salvia repens (creeping sage) is a herbaceous perennial native to South Africa (the Cape Provinces, KwaZulu-Natal, the Free State and the Northern Provinces) and Lesotho, growing at elevations between 1,500 and 8,000 feet in open country and amongst shrubs. It has also adapted to grassland, grassy slopes, and shale banks. It was described and named by botanist George Bentham in 1833, based on a description by William John Burchell, with repens referring to the creeping rootstock.

Salvia repens is small and upright, reaching 2 feet, high with branched erect stems. The slender oblong leaves appear torn on the edges. The 1 foot inflorescence has spaced whorls of 6-8 flowers, which vary in color from purple or deep blue to white. The calyx and leaves have oil glands the give off an herblike fragrance when brushed. In cultivation it can spread rapidly and take over a large area.

Northern Provinces
The Northern Provinces of South Africa is a biogeographical area used in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD). It is part of the WGSRPD region 27 Southern Africa. The area has the code "TVL". It includes the South African provinces of Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Limpopo (Northern Province) and North West, together making up an area slightly larger than the former Transvaal Province.
Kshitiz Sharma
Kshitiz Sharma (born 21 April 1990) is an Indian cricketer.

He made his Twenty20 cricket debut for Delhi in the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy on 22 March 2013. In January 2018, he was bought by the Chennai Super Kings in the 2018 IPL auction.

He made his List A debut for Delhi in the 2017–18 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 7 February 2018. Ahead of the 2018–19 Ranji Trophy, he transferred from Delhi to Arunachal Pradesh. He made his first-class debut for Arunachal Pradesh in the 2018–19 Ranji Trophy on 1 November 2018. He was the leading run-scorer for Arunachal Pradesh in the tournament, with 498 runs in seven matches.

2018–19 Ranji Trophy
The 2018–19 Ranji Trophy was the 85th season of the Ranji Trophy, the premier first-class cricket tournament that took place in India between November 2018 and February 2019. Vidarbha were the defending champions. The final took place between Vidarbha and Saurashtra, starting on 3 February 2019. Vidarbha defeated Saurashtra by 78 runs in the final, to become the sixth team in the tournament's history to retain their title.
Maren Grøthe
Maren Grøthe (born 14 July 2001) is a Norwegian politician currently serving as a member of the Storting for Sør-Trøndelag since 2025. A member of the Centre Party, she was the youngest person elected as a representative in the Storting.

Melhus Municipality
Melhus is a municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Gauldalen region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Melhus. Other villages include Gåsbakken, Hovin, Korsvegen, Kvål, Ler, Lundamo, Storsand, and Øysand.

The 694-square-kilometre (268 sq mi) municipality is the 166th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Melhus Municipality is the 74th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 17,560. The municipality's population density is 25.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (66/sq mi) and its population has increased by 10.8% over the previous 10-year period.

Agriculture is important in Melhus Municipality. The extensive lowland areas in the almost flat valley surrounding the Gaula River are dominated by grain fields. Many inhabitants work in the nearby city of Trondheim, a 20-minute drive north from Melhus.
NGC 7028
NGC 7028 is the designation of a celestial object in the constellation of Delphinus. The object was supposedly discovered by the German astronomer Albert Marth on 17 September 1863. However, its identification is uncertain, and the object is considered lost. No galaxies or nebulous objects are at the coordinates that he gave.

One candidate is a spiral galaxy designated UGC 11676, or CGCG 448-039. It has an apparent magnitude of 14.8, and is "very faint, small, very little extended", just as Marth described. While the declination of this object matches that of Marth's description, the right ascension is 2.5 arcminutes off.

Delphinus
Delphinus is a small constellation in the Northern Celestial Hemisphere, close to the celestial equator. Its name  is the Latin version for the Greek word for dolphin (δελφίς). It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations recognized by the International Astronomical Union. It is one of the smaller constellations, ranked 69th in size. Delphinus' five brightest stars form a distinctive asterism symbolizing a dolphin with four stars representing the body and one the tail. It is bordered (clockwise from north) by Vulpecula, Sagitta, Aquila, Aquarius, Equuleus and Pegasus.

Delphinus is a faint constellation with only two stars brighter than an apparent magnitude of 4, Beta Delphini (Rotanev) at magnitude 3.6 and Alpha Delphini (Sualocin) at magnitude 3.8.
Ossonis
Ossonis is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:

Ossonis clytomima Pascoe, 1867

Ossonis hirsutipes Aurivillius, 1922

Ossonis indica Breuning, 1954

Ossonis mentaweiensis Schwarzer, 1930

Ossonis modiglianii Breuning, 1950

Ossonis sumatrensis (Pic, 1936)

Ossonis clytomima
Ossonis clytomima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe in 1867. It is known from Malaysia and Borneo. It contains the varietas Ossonis clytomima var. flavotibialis.
George London (colonial administrator)
Sir George Ernest London, CMG (6 April 1889 – 1957) was a British colonial administrator.

The son of Henry London, George London was educated at Warwick School and Downing College, Cambridge. He entered the Colonial Administrative Service in 1911. He was for a time in the Federated Malay States before the First World War, during which he served with the Gloucestershire Regiment and the Royal Engineers.

Returning to Malaya after the war, he rose to the rank of under-secretary to the government. He then went to the Gold Coast as Colonial Secretary, stepping down in 1944. From 1944 to 1945 he was a member of Newfoundland Commission of Government.

London was appointed a CMG in 1936 and knighted in 1942.

He married, in 1916, Helen Mary Reger, daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel F. P. Reger, and they had a son and a daughter.

Warwick School
Warwick School is a British public school (independent boarding and day school) for boys, in the market town of Warwick, in Warwickshire, England.

Known as King's School, Warwick until around 1900, it is believed to have been founded by Æthelflæd of Mercia in 914 AD, making it the fifth-oldest surviving school in England, after King's School, Canterbury; King's School, Rochester; St Peter's School, York; and Wells Cathedral School. It may also be the oldest surviving school founded by a woman and the oldest public school in the world to remain open only to boys. Its headmasters have been members of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference since 1896.

The school is part of the Warwick Independent Schools Foundation, which also owns The King's High School for Girls and Warwick Preparatory School.
1998 GM Goodwrench Service Plus 400
The 1998 GM Goodwrench Service Plus 400 was the second stock car race of the 1998 NASCAR Winston Cup Series and the 33rd iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, February 22, 1998, in Rockingham, North Carolina, at North Carolina Speedway, a 1.017 miles (1.637 km) permanent high-banked racetrack. The race took the scheduled 393 laps to complete. Hendrick Motorsports driver Jeff Gordon would manage to claw his way after an initial bad start to the race within the closing laps to take his 30th career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory and his first of the season. To fill out the podium, Penske-Kranefuss Racing driver Rusty Wallace and Roush Racing driver Mark Martin would finish second and third, respectively.

1998 NASCAR Winston Cup Series
The 1998 NASCAR Winston Cup Series was the 50th season of professional stock car racing in the United States and the 27th modern-era cup series. The season included 33 races and three exhibition races, beginning with the Daytona 500 at Daytona International Speedway and ending with the NAPA 500 at Atlanta Motor Speedway. Jeff Gordon won the Driver's Championship, the third of his career, and his third in the last four seasons.
Mongolian dollar
The dollar (Mongolian: доллар) was the currency of Mongolia between 1921 and 1925. Treasury notes were issued under Baron Ungern in 1921. The denominations were 10, 20, 50 and 100 dollars. It was intended to replace the Chinese yuan at par but, according to European travellers of the time, was worthless. Further banknotes were printed in 1924, in denominations of 50 cents, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 25 dollars, but were not issued. The dollar, together with other circulating currencies, was replaced by the tögrög in 1925.

Yuan (currency)
The yuan (/juːˈɑːn, -æn/ yoo-A(H)N; sign: ¥; Chinese: 圓/元; pinyin: yuán; [ɥæ̌n] ⓘ) is the base unit of a number of former and present-day currencies throughout China.

A yuan (Chinese: 圓/元; pinyin: yuán) is also known colloquially as a kuai (simplified Chinese: 块; traditional Chinese: 塊; pinyin: kuài; lit. 'lump'; originally a lump of silver). One yuan is divided into 10 jiao (Chinese: 角; pinyin: jiǎo; lit. 'corner') or colloquially mao (Chinese: 毛; pinyin: máo; lit. 'feather'). One jiao is divided into 10 fen (Chinese: 分; pinyin: fēn; lit. 'small portion').
St James Holdings
St James Holdings Limited was a company set up by tycoon Mike Ashley, specifically to acquire shares of Newcastle United Football Club during his 2007 takeover. The company name was a reference to St James' Park, the stadium of Newcastle United.

In 2021 company sold its holding in the club to a consortium consisting of PCP Capital Partners, Reuben Brothers and the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia (PIF).

St James' Park
St James' Park is a football stadium in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. It is the home of Newcastle United. With a seating capacity of 52,264, it is the 9th largest football stadium in England.

St James' Park has been the home ground of Newcastle United since 1892 and has been used for football since 1880. Throughout its history, the desire for expansion has caused conflict with local residents and the local council. This has led to proposals to move at least twice in the late 1960s, and a controversial 1995 proposed move to nearby Leazes Park. Reluctance to move has led to the distinctive lop-sided appearance of the present-day stadium's asymmetrical stands.

Besides club football, St James' Park has also been used for international football, at the 2012 Olympics, for the rugby league Magic Weekend, rugby union World Cup, Premiership and England Test matches, charity football events, rock concerts, and as a set for film and reality television.
José Andrés Martínez
José Andrés Martínez Torres (born 7 August 1994) is a Venezuelan professional footballer who plays as a midfielder Venezuela national team. Martínez has been referred to by the nickname "el Brujo" (Spanish for "the Wizard").

2018 Copa Venezuela
The 2018 Copa Venezuela was the 49th edition of the competition. It began with the first stage on 11 July 2018 and concluded with the second leg of the final on 31 October 2018. Primera División side Mineros were the defending champions, but they were disqualified from the competition in the second stage.

Zulia were the champions after beating Aragua 3–1 on aggregate in the final, and qualified to the 2019 Copa Sudamericana.
Panacea Society
The Panacea Society was a millenarian religious group in Bedford, England. Founded in 1919, it followed the teachings of the Devonshire prophetess Joanna Southcott, who died in 1814, and campaigned for Southcott's sealed box of prophecies to be opened according to her instructions. The society believed Bedford (within a three mile radius of their church) to be the original site of the Garden of Eden.

Millenarianism
Millenarianism or millenarism (from Latin  millenarius 'containing a thousand' and  -ism) is the belief held by a religious, social, or political group or movement in a coming fundamental transformation of society, after which "all things will be changed". Millenarianism exists in various cultures and religions worldwide, with various interpretations of what constitutes a transformation.

These movements believe in radical changes to society after a major cataclysm or transformative event.

Millenarianist movements can be secular (not espousing a particular religion) or religious in nature, and are therefore not necessarily linked to millennialist movements in Christianity.

Traditional Christian millenarianism has roots in "Jewish apocalyptic belief, Zoroastrianism, and Babylonian astrology",
mediated through the Biblical canon.
Kyushu proportional representation block
The Kyushu proportional representation block (九州比例ブロック, Kyūshū hirei burokku) is one of eleven proportional representation (PR) blocks for the House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan. It consists of the Kyushu region and Okinawa Prefecture, and consists of the prefectures of Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Ōita, Miyazaki, Kagoshima, and Okinawa. Proportional voting blocks were first introduced in the 1996 General Election. The block elects 20 members to the House of Representatives.

Miyazaki Prefecture
Miyazaki Prefecture (宮崎県, Miyazaki-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [mʲi.jaꜜ.(d)za.kʲi, -ja.(d)za.kʲi̥ꜜ.keɴ, -(d)zaꜜ.kʲi̥.keɴ]) is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyūshū. Miyazaki Prefecture has a population of 1,028,215 as of 1 January 2025 and has a geographic area of 7,735 km2 (2,986 sq mi). Miyazaki Prefecture borders Ōita Prefecture to the north, Kumamoto Prefecture to the northwest, and Kagoshima Prefecture to the southwest.

Miyazaki is the capital and largest city of Miyazaki Prefecture, with other major cities including Miyakonojō, Nobeoka, and Hyūga. Miyazaki Prefecture is located in southeastern Kyūshū on Japan's Pacific coast, with its coastline extending from Nobeoka near the entrance to the Bungo Channel to Shibushi Bay in Kushima.
Parvesh Shaheen
Muhammad Parvesh Shaheen (also spelled Mohammad Perwesh Shaheen; Pashto: محمد پرویش شاھین, born 12 October 1944) is a Pakistani historian and author from Manglawar, Swat. Shaheen is the author of more than 45 books in Pashto, Urdu and English. He has a library of over 30,000 preserved texts.

Pashto Academy
Pashto Academy (Pashto: پښتو اکېډمي) is a language regulatory institution based at the University of Peshawar in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan responsible for the standardisation, advancement, and promotion of the Pashto language in Pakistan. It was established in 1955 with the support of the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, with Maulana Abdul Qadir serving as its first director. It was created following the precedent the Pashto Tolana in Kabul having been set up in 1937.  It is a research and publication institution with a focus on Pashto linguistic development and research. Areas studied and researched by the academy include Pashtun culture, literature, history, and the arts.
Liam Pilkington
Liam Pilkington (2 June 1894 – 26 March 1977), also known as William Pilkington and Billy Pilkington, was a member of the IRA during the Irish War of Independence. Pilkington was General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the 3rd Western Division, IRA, from 1921 to 1923. After the conclusion of the Irish War of Independence Pilkington joined the Anti-Treaty IRA during the Irish Civil War. He attempted to become a politician for a short while, but was ultimately unsuccessful. Disillusioned due to the Irish Civil War, Pilkington became a Catholic priest for the remainder of his life. He served as a priest in South Africa and Wales before retiring to Liverpool, England, where he died.

Provisional Government of Ireland (1922)
The Provisional Government of Ireland (Irish: Rialtas Sealadach na hÉireann) was the provisional government for the administration of Southern Ireland from 16 January 1922 to 5 December 1922. It was a transitional administration for the period between the ratification of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the establishment of the Irish Free State. Its legitimacy was disputed by the Anti-Treaty members of Dáil Éireann.
St. Vincent Bay, British Columbia
St. Vincent Bay was a cannery town on the South Coast of British Columbia, Canada, located on the northwest bank of Jervis Inlet near Hotham Sound, and just northeast of the Saltery Bay ferry terminal on the upper Sunshine Coast, and opposite the mouth of Sechelt Inlet. It was utilized as a log sort and booming ground.  It has now been transformed into a quarry for aggregate.

49°49′N 124°05′W﻿ / ﻿49.817°N 124.083°W﻿ / 49.817; -124.083

Saltery Bay
Saltery Bay is an unincorporated community on the Sunshine Coast of southern British Columbia, Canada. It is located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of the city of Powell River. It is adjacent to Saltery Bay Provincial Park.
Spetsnaz (band)
Spetsnaz (named for the Russian word for "Special Forces") is an EBM duo, formed in Örebro, Sweden by Stefan Nilsson and Pontus Stålberg in 2001.

Inspired by pioneering artists such as Nitzer Ebb, Front 242, Die Krupps and DAF, Spetsnaz was formed as a reaction against Futurepop and to revive what Nilsson and Stålberg saw as "old school" EBM music. The band name was taken from one of the street gangs in the 1979 film The Warriors.

Die Krupps
Die Krupps (German pronunciation: [diː ˈkʁʊps]) ("The Krupps") is a German industrial metal/EBM band, formed in 1980 by Jürgen Engler, Ralf Dörper, and Bernward Malaka in Düsseldorf.

The band has had a diverse range of musical influences over time, including the percussive industrial Stahlwerksynfonie (1981) then to a more synth-pop styled Volle Kraft voraus! (1982) and Entering the Arena (1985), with the latter album featuring their first English-language material. The band later established itself as an industrial metal band, releasing four albums predominantly in this genre, from 1992 to 1997 with each labelled 1 to 4. The band has released additional albums since 1997, including the predominantly electro-industrial Als wären wir für immer (2010) and The Machinists of Joy (2013), before revisiting the metal sound they had pursued in the 90s with V – Metal Machine Music.
National Refinery Limited
National Refinery Limited (NRL) is a Pakistani oil refinery based in Korangi Creek, Karachi. It is part of Attock Group.

It is a petroleum refinery and petrochemical complex engaged in the manufacture and sale of asphalts, BTX, fuel products and lubes for domestic consumption and export. National Refinery Limited is the second largest capacity refinery of Pakistan in terms of crude oil processing facilities and is the only lube oil refinery of Pakistan.

Wax
Waxes are a diverse class of organic compounds that are lipophilic solids that are  malleable near ambient temperatures.  They include higher alkanes and lipids, typically with melting points above about 40 °C (104 °F), melting to give low viscosity liquids. Waxes are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents such as hexane, benzene and chloroform.  Natural waxes of various types are produced by plants and animals and occur in petroleum.