hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Foucault knife-edge test
The Foucault knife-edge test is an optical test to accurately measure the shape of concave curved mirrors. It is commonly used by amateur telescope makers for figuring primary mirrors in reflecting telescopes. It uses a relatively simple, inexpensive apparatus compared to other testing techniques.

Curved mirror
A curved mirror is a mirror with a curved reflecting surface. The surface may be either convex (bulging outward) or concave (recessed inward). Most curved mirrors have surfaces that are shaped like part of a sphere, but other shapes are sometimes used in optical devices. The most common non-spherical type are parabolic reflectors, found in optical devices such as reflecting telescopes that need to image distant objects, since spherical mirror systems, like spherical lenses, suffer from spherical aberration. Distorting mirrors are used for entertainment. They have convex and concave regions that produce deliberately distorted images. They also provide highly magnified or highly diminished (smaller) images when the object is placed at certain distances. Convex mirrors are often used for security and safety in shops and parking lots.
Molos Gulf
The Molos Gulf (Greek: Κόλπος Μώλου - Kolpos Molou) is a bay of the Ionian Sea on the east coast of the island Ithaca, western Greece. It penetrates deep into the island and cuts it nearly into two parts, that are only connected by the 620 m wide isthmus of Aetos.

The main town of the island, Vathy, is situated on a branch on the southeastern side of the gulf. There are two uninhabited islets in the gulf: Lazareto and Skartsoumponisi.

Ionian Sea
The Ionian Sea is an elongated bay of the Mediterranean Sea. It is connected to the Adriatic Sea to the north, and is bounded by Southern Italy, including Basilicata, Calabria, Sicily, and the Salento peninsula to the west, southern Albania (and western Apulia, Italy) to the north, and the west coast of Greece, including the Peloponnese.

All major islands in the sea, which are located in the east of the sea, belong to Greece. They are collectively named the Ionian Islands, the main ones being Corfu, Kefalonia, Zakynthos, Lefkada, and Ithaca.

There are ferry routes between Patras and Igoumenitsa, Greece, and Brindisi and Ancona, Italy, that cross the east and north of the Ionian Sea, and from Piraeus westward. Calypso Deep, the deepest point in the Mediterranean at 5,109 m (16,762 ft), is in the Ionian Sea, at 36°34′N 21°8′E﻿ / ﻿36.567°N 21.133°E﻿ / 36.567; 21.133. The sea is one of the most seismically active areas in the world.
Labored breathing
Labored respiration or labored breathing is an abnormal respiration characterized by evidence of increased effort to breathe, including the use of accessory muscles of respiration, stridor, grunting, or nasal flaring.

Tachypnea
Tachypnea, also spelt tachypnoea, is a respiratory rate greater than normal, resulting in abnormally rapid and shallow breathing.

In adult humans at rest, any respiratory rate of 12–20 per minute is considered clinically normal, with tachypnea being any rate above that. Children have significantly higher resting ventilatory rates, which decline rapidly during the first three years of life and then steadily until around 18 years. Tachypnea can be an early indicator of pneumonia and other lung diseases in children, and is often an outcome of a brain injury.
Macoma nasuta
Macoma nasuta, commonly known as the bent-nosed clam, is a species of bivalve found along the Pacific Ocean coast of North America. It is about 6 cm (2.4 in) long. It is often found buried in sands of 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in) in depth. This rounded clam has no radial ribs. Archaeological data supports the use of this species by Native Americans such as the Chumash peoples of central California.

Neritic zone
The neritic zone (or sublittoral zone) is the relatively shallow part of the ocean above the drop-off of the continental shelf, approximately 200 meters (660 ft) in depth.
From the point of view of marine biology it forms a relatively stable and well-illuminated environment for marine life, from plankton up to large fish and corals, while physical oceanography sees it as where the oceanic system interacts with the coast.
Karl Ernst Adolf von Hoff
Karl Ernst Adolf von Hoff (1 November 1771 in Gotha – 24 May 1837 in Gotha) was a German natural historian and geologist.

After studying law, physics and natural history, in 1791 he was appointed to a diplomatic post by Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. From 1832 onwards he was the director of Gotha's royal science and art collections and he also wrote the five-volume Geschichte der durch Überlieferung nachgewiesenen natürlichen Veränderungen der Erdoberfläche from 1822 to 1841.

Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (Gotha, 30 January 1745 – Gotha, 20 April 1804) was the reigning Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg from 1772 to 1804. He was the third but second surviving son of Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and Luise Dorothea of Saxe-Meiningen. The death of his older brother Frederick in 1756 made him the heir to the duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.
Salyan Khalanga
Salyan or Salyan Khalanga is the headquarters of Salyan District in the mid-west 'hills' of Nepal. It is located at 28°22'31N 82°9'42E at 1,530 metres elevation (5,020 feet).

Rapti Highway from Tulsipur follows the Sarda River 3 km. (1.9 miles) east of the town at 1,000 meters (3,280 feet) elevation.  As of 2010, it was being extended north to Musikot, Rukum District. A spur road from this highway climbs up to Salyan Khalanga and the town has bus connections to Tulsipur, Ghorahi and Mahendra Highway. It is also the birthplace of Chandra Bahadur Dangi, who was known for being the shortest male ever.

Musikot, Western Rukum
Musikot (Nepali: मुसिकोट) is a municipality and the district headquarter of Western Rukum District in Karnali Province of Nepal that was established as Musikot Khalanga on 2 December 2014 by merging the two former Village development committees Musikot and Khalanga. From 2014 until 2018, Musikot was called Musikot Khalanga and until 2017 served as the district headquarter of Rukum District. It lies on the bank of Sani Bheri River. It borders with Eastern Rukum in the east, Sanibheri rural municipality in the west, Banfikot rural municipality in the north and Tribeni rural municipality and Rolpa district in the south.

Once a red fort of CPN (Maoist Centre), Musikot is now ruled by Nepali Congress since the year 2022 and Maoists have finally lost both mayoral and deputy mayoral post.
Wonosobo Regency
Wonosobo Regency (Indonesian: Kabupaten Wonosobo, pronounced [kabuˌpat̪ɛn wɔnɔˈsɔbɔ]; Javanese: Kabupatèn Wanasaba) is a regency (kabupaten) in Central Java province in Indonesia. The regency seat is located in the town of Wonosobo, located at 7°22′07″S 109°53′54″E﻿ / ﻿7.3684940°S 109.8983841°E﻿ / -7.3684940; 109.8983841,on the Dieng Plateau, about 120 km from Semarang City. Wonosobo Regency shares borders with Temanggung and Magelang Regencies to the east, Purworejo Regency to the south, Kebumen Regency and Banjarnegara Regency to the west, and Batang Regency and Kendal Regency to the north. The regency's area is 1,011.62 km2 and its population was 754,883 at the 2010 census and 879,124 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 920,506 (comprising 468,526 males and 451,980 females).

Purworejo Regency
Purworejo is a regency (Indonesian: kabupaten; Javanese: ꦥꦸꦂꦮꦉꦗ, romanized: Purwareja) in the southern part of Central Java province in Indonesia. It covers an area of 1,081.45 km2 and had a population of 695,427 at the 2010 Census and 769,880 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 795,033 (comprising 398,135 males and 396,898 females). Its capital is the town of Purworejo.
Gustav Hamel
Gustav Wilhelm Hamel (25 June 1889 – missing 23 May 1914) was a pioneer British aviator.  He was prominent in the early history of aviation in Britain, and in particular that of Hendon airfield, where Claude Graham-White was energetically developing and promoting flying.

Neufchâtel-Hardelot
Neufchâtel-Hardelot (French pronunciation: [nøʃɑtɛl aʁdəlo]; West Flemish: Nieuwkasteel-Hardelo) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France about 8 miles (13 km) south of Boulogne. The commune's western border is the English Channel.
Aornum
Aornum (Ancient Greek: Ἄορνον) was an oracle in Ancient Greece, located in Thesprotia in a cave called Charonium (Χαρώνειον ἄντρον or χάσμα) which gave forth poisonous vapours. The name of the cave, "Charon's Cave", reflects the belief that it was an entrance for Hades, the Greek underworld. In a version of the myth, Orpheus travels to Aornum to recover his wife, Eurydice, from Hades.

Oracle
An oracle is a person or thing considered to provide insight, wise counsel or prophetic predictions, most notably including precognition of the future, inspired by deities. If done through occultic means, it is a form of divination.
Benincasa
Benincasa is a genus of flowering plants in the cucumber family, Cucurbitaceae. It includes two species native to Indomalaya and Australasia:

Benincasa fistulosa (Stocks) H.Schaef. & S.S.Renner – tinda

Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. – wax gourd

Wax gourd
Benincasa hispida, the wax gourd, also called ash gourd, white gourd, winter gourd, winter melon, tallow gourd, ash pumpkin, dongah or Chinese preserving melon, is a species of vine.

The wax gourd is native to South and Southeast Asia. It is grown, especially in Asia, for its very large fruit, eaten as a vegetable when mature. One variety of the plant, called chi qua (Benincasa hispida var. chieh-qua), is commonly used in Asian cuisine.
DF-space
In the mathematical field of functional analysis, DF-spaces, also written (DF)-spaces are locally convex topological vector space having a property that is shared by locally convex metrizable topological vector spaces. They play a considerable part in the theory of topological tensor products.

DF-spaces were first defined by Alexander Grothendieck and studied in detail by him in (Grothendieck 1954). 
Grothendieck was led to introduce these spaces by the following property of strong duals of metrizable spaces: If  is a metrizable locally convex space and  is a sequence of convex 0-neighborhoods in  such that  absorbs every strongly bounded set, then  is a 0-neighborhood in  (where  is the continuous dual space of  endowed with the strong dual topology).

Strong dual space
In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, the strong dual space of a topological vector space (TVS)  is the continuous dual space  of  equipped with the strong (dual) topology or the topology of uniform convergence on bounded subsets of  where this topology is denoted by  or  The coarsest polar topology is called weak topology. 
The strong dual space plays such an important role in modern functional analysis, that the continuous dual space is usually assumed to have the strong dual topology unless indicated otherwise. 
To emphasize that the continuous dual space,  has the strong dual topology,  or  may be written.
Ballı, Derik
Ballı (Kurdish: Zorava) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Derik, Mardin Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Metînan tribe and had a population of 352 in 2021.

Derik, Turkey
Derik (Kurdish: Dêrîka Çiyayê Mazî) is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,381 km2, and its population is 62,028 (2022). Derik is situated in Mardin Province within the predominantly Kurdish-speaking region of southeastern Turkey. The district's population is largely Kurdish-speaking, reflecting the broader demographic character of Mardin Province.
Chomino
Chomino [xɔˈminɔ] (German: Kummin) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Świerzno, within Kamień County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) south-west of Świerzno, 11 km (7 mi) south-east of Kamień Pomorski, and 60 km (37 mi) north of the regional capital Szczecin.

Before 1637 the area was part of Duchy of Pomerania. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Świerzno, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Świerzno (Polish: [ˈɕfjɛʐnɔ]; German: Schwirsen) is a village in Kamień County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Świerzno. It lies approximately 12 km (7 mi) east of Kamień Pomorski and 66 km (41 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

The village has a population of 670.
Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders baseball
For information on all Middle Tennessee State University sports, see Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders

The Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, United States. The team is a member of Conference USA, which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I. Middle Tennessee's first baseball team was fielded in 1912. The team plays its home games at Reese Smith Jr. Field in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. The Blue Raiders are coached by Jerry Meyers.

Reese Smith Jr. Field
Reese Smith Jr. Field is a baseball park located on the campus of Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU) in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, United States. It is home of the Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders baseball team, a member of the Division I Conference USA.  The park was built in 1979 and has a capacity of 2,600 people. It was renovated in 1989.

The field is named after Reese Smith, Jr., a former baseball player at Middle Tennessee.  The field was dedicated to him on April 12, 1983.
Yudai Township
Yudai Township (simplified Chinese: 玉带乡; traditional Chinese: 玉带鄉; pinyin: Yùdài Xiāng; lit. 'jade belt') is a township under the administration of Wanyuan City in far northeastern Sichuan province, China. As of 2018, it has seven villages under its administration.

Wanyuan
Wanyuan (simplified Chinese: 万源; traditional Chinese: 萬源; pinyin: Wànyuán; lit. 'ten thousand springs') is a county-level city in the northeast of Sichuan province, China, located near the trisection of Sichuan, Chongqing, and Shaanxi. Tamping Township is its municipality seat. Wanyuan has more than 406,685 inhabitants.
Political positions of Bernie Sanders
Bernie Sanders is an American politician who has served as a senator from Vermont since 2007. Having held various public offices since 1981, he is an independent and a self-described democratic socialist.

In 2016 Sanders campaigned for the Presidency of the United States in the Democratic primaries. His proposed policies emphasize reducing economic inequality and expanding social programs and workers' rights.

Since the election, Sanders has criticized the Donald Trump presidencies. In February 2019, Sanders announced his candidacy in the Democratic Party primaries for the 2020 presidential election, later withdrawing in April 2020. The political practice based on the positions and rhetoric of Sanders has been colloquially referred to as Sandersism.

Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act
The Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) is a United States federal law that imposed sanctions on Iran, North Korea, and Russia. It accomplishes this goal by preventing U.S. companies from doing business with sanctioned entities. The bill was passed by the Senate on July 27, 2017, 98–2, after it passed the House 419–3. It was signed into law on August 2, 2017, by President Donald Trump, who nevertheless believed that the legislation was "seriously flawed".
Kobalt (tools)
Kobalt is a line of hand and mechanics' tools, power tools, and tool storage products owned by the American home improvement chain Lowe's. It is the house brand for both Lowe's in North America and their joint venture with the now defunct Masters Home Improvement in Australia.

Private label
A private label, also called a private brand or private-label brand, is a brand owned by a company, offered by that company alongside and competing with other businesses' brands. A private-label brand is almost always offered exclusively by the firm that owns it. However, in rare instances, the brand is licensed to another company. The term often describes products, but can also encompass services.

The most common definition of a private label product is one that is outsourced: company A makes a product for company B, which company B then offers under their brand name. However, it can also define products made in retailer-owned firms. For example, in 2018, The Kroger Company had 60% of its private brands produced by third parties; the remaining 40% was manufactured internally by plants owned by Kroger. Private-label producers are usually anonymous, sometimes by contract. In other cases, they are allowed to mention their role publicly.
Western Pomeranian dialects
Western Pomeranian (Polish: zachodniopomorski) is an extinct ethnolect formerly spoken in Western Pomerania possibly until the end of the 17th century. It bordered the now extinct Polabian language to the west and Kashubian and Slovincian to the east and was a transitional dialect between them. It was considered part of the Pomeranian language. It later saw East Low German influence beginning in the 13th-14th centuries.

No documents were ever written in this language and all linguistic evidence comes from toponyms; other traces can be seen in the names of rivers, lakes, forests and given names and surnames.

Pomeranian language
The Pomeranian language (Polish: pomorszczyzna or język pomorski; German: Pomoranisch or die pomoranische Sprache) is in the Pomeranian group of Lechitic languages (Polish: grupa pomorska języków lechickich; German: die pomoranische Gruppe der lechischen Sprachen) within the West Slavic languages.

In medieval contexts, it refers to the dialects spoken by the Slavic Pomeranians. In modern contexts, the term is sometimes used synonymously with "Kashubian" and may also include extinct Slovincian.

The name Pomerania comes from Slavic po moře, which means "[land] by the sea".
Foreign key
A foreign key is a set of attributes in a table that refers to the primary key of another table, linking these two tables. In the context of relational databases, a foreign key is subject to an inclusion dependency constraint that the tuples consisting of the foreign key attributes in one relation, R, must also exist in some other (not necessarily distinct) relation, S; furthermore that those attributes must also be a candidate key in S.

In other words, a foreign key is a set of attributes that references a candidate key. For example, a table called TEAM may have an attribute, MEMBER_NAME, which is a foreign key referencing a candidate key, PERSON_NAME, in the PERSON table. Since MEMBER_NAME is a foreign key, any value existing as the name of a member in TEAM must also exist as a person's name in the PERSON table; in other words, every member of a TEAM is also a PERSON.

Database trigger
A database trigger is procedural code that is automatically executed in response to certain events on a particular table or view in a database. The trigger is mostly used for maintaining the integrity of the information on the database. For example, when a new record (representing a new worker) is added to the employees table, new records should also be created in the tables of the taxes, vacations and salaries. Triggers can also be used to log historical data, for example to keep track of employees' previous salaries.
Hillquarter
Hillquarter is a townland in Athlone, County Westmeath, Ireland. The townland, which is in the civil parish of St. Mary's, stands to the north of the town on the coast of the River Shannon and the adjoining Lough Ree. Coosan borders the townland to the east, and Clonbrusk is to the south.

Clonbrusk
Clonbrusk (Irish: Cluain Bhorraisc) is a townland in Athlone, County Westmeath, Ireland. The townland is in the civil parish of St. Mary's.

The townland covers the north section of the town, bordered by the River Shannon to the west, which forms the border with County Roscommon, and by the townlands of Athlone, Cloghanboy (Cooke), Cloghanboy (Homan), Coosan to the east.
Jafarabad, Rostaq
Jafarabad (Persian: جعفرآباد, also Romanized as Ja‘farābād) is a village in Rostaq Rural District, Rostaq District, Darab County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 28, in 6 families.

Rostaq Rural District (Darab County)
Rostaq Rural District (Persian: دهستان رستاق) is in Rostaq District of Darab County, Fars province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Lay Zangan. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Rostaq, now a city.
2013 Dothan Pro Tennis Classic
The 2013 Dothan Pro Tennis Classic was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the thirteenth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2013 ITF Women's Circuit, offering a total of $50,000 in prize money. It took place in Dothan, Alabama, United States, on April 15–21, 2013.

Hardee's Pro Classic
The Hardee's Pro Classic (formerly known as the Movie Gallery Pro Tennis Classic and the Dothan Pro Tennis Classic) is a tennis tournament held on outdoor clay courts at the Westgate Tennis Center in Dothan, Alabama. It has been held since 2001 and is part of the ITF Women's Circuit as a $80,000 event. In the past it has been a $25,000 event (2001) and a $75,000 event (2002–2009).
Castel Vittorio
Castelvittorio (Ligurian: Caste, locally U Casté) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Imperia in the Italian region Liguria, located about 120 kilometres (75 mi) southwest of Genoa and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of Imperia.

Castelvittorio borders the following municipalities: Apricale, Bajardo, Isolabona, Molini di Triora, Pigna and Triora.

The parish church of St. Stephen houses 16th or 17th century bas-relief, a Crucifixion of Jesus by Marcello Venusti (late 16th century) and a crucifix by Anton Maria Maragliano.

Bajardo
Bajardo (also Baiardo) (Ligurian: Baiardu) is a comune in the Province of Imperia in the Italian region Liguria. It is about 110 kilometres (68 mi) southwest of Genoa and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) west of Imperia.

Its principal settlement, Bajardo itself, is a medieval village which stands at an elevation of 900 metres (3,000 ft) on a peak at the head of the basin of the Nervia torrent.
Anne Whateley
Anne (or Anna) Whateley is the name given to a woman who is sometimes supposed to have been the intended wife of William Shakespeare before he married Anne Hathaway. Most scholars believe that Whateley never existed, and that her name in a document concerning Shakespeare's marriage is merely a clerical error. However, several writers on Shakespeare have taken the view that she was a real person, and a rival to Hathaway for Shakespeare's hand. She has also appeared in imaginative literature on Shakespeare and in Shakespeare authorship speculations. Shakespeare's biographer Russell A. Fraser describes her as "a ghost", "haunting the edges of Shakespeare's story". She has also been called "the first of the Shakespearean Dark Ladies".

Shakespeare's sonnets
William Shakespeare (c. 23 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) wrote sonnets on a variety of themes. When discussing or referring to Shakespeare's sonnets, it is almost always a reference to the 154 sonnets that were first published all together in a quarto in 1609. However, there are six additional sonnets that Shakespeare wrote and included in the plays Romeo and Juliet, Henry V and Love's Labour's Lost. There is also a partial sonnet found in the play Edward III.