hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Damascus, Virginia
Damascus is a small town in Washington County, Virginia, United States. As of the 2020 census, Damascus had a population of 788. It is part of the Kingsport–Bristol (TN)–Bristol (VA) Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is a component of the Johnson City–Kingsport–Bristol, TN-VA Combined Statistical Area (commonly known as the "Tri-Cities" region). The town suffered flooding and devastation as a result of Hurricane Helene in 2024.

Bristol, Virginia
Bristol is an independent city in Virginia, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 17,219. It is the twin city of Bristol, Tennessee, just across the state line, which runs down the middle of its main street, State Street. As an independent city, Bristol is not part of any county, but it is adjacent to Washington County, Virginia. It is a principal city in the Kingsport–Bristol metropolitan area, which had a population of 307,614 in 2020. The metro area is a component of the larger Tri-Cities region of Tennessee and Virginia, with a population of 508,260 in 2020.
Tulane Corporate Law Institute
The Tulane Corporate Law Institute is an annual two-day M&A and corporate law conference that takes place in downtown New Orleans every spring.  It attracts the most high-profile lawyers and bankers from around the United States, as well as judges, journalists, and others who follow the dealmaking world.  The event typically takes place on a Thursday and Friday in late March or early April, at a prominent Canal Street hotel.

The Roosevelt New Orleans
The Roosevelt New Orleans in New Orleans, Louisiana, is a 504-room hotel managed by Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts. The hotel was originally built by Louis Grunewald, a German immigrant, and opened in 1893 as "The Hotel Grunewald."
Thomas Hooker (politician)
Thomas Hooker is a Republican politician from the U.S. state of Michigan. He is currently a member of the Michigan House of Representatives, representing the 77th District which covers the city of Wyoming and Byron Township. Representative Hooker was elected in 2010 and is currently serving his third term as a State Representative. Prior to becoming a member of the Michigan House, Hooker was a school teacher in the Byron Center School District for 37 years. He is being term-limited in 2016, and on August 2, 2016, he won the primary race to be the Republican nominee for Byron Township Supervisor.

Byron Township, Michigan
Byron Township is a civil township of Kent County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 26,927 at the 2020 census, an increase from 20,317 at the 2010 census.

Byron Township is part of the Grand Rapids metropolitan area and is located just southwest of the city of Grand Rapids.
1950 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1950 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 60th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887. The championship began on 1 October 1950 and ended 26 November 1950.

Borris-Ileigh were the defending champions.

On 26 November 1950, Borris-Ileigh won the championship after a 2–07 to 2–03 defeat of Carrick Davins in the final at Thurles Sportsfield. It was their second championship title overall and their second title in succession.

1949 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1949 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 59th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.

Holycross-Ballycahill were the defending champions.

Borris-Ileigh won the championship after a 4–06 to 2–01 defeat of Kickhams in the final. It was their first ever championship title.
Michigan PGA Championship
The Michigan PGA Championship is a golf tournament that is the section championship of the Michigan section of the PGA of America. It has been played annually since 1922 at a variety of courses around the state.

The 2018 event was noticeable for a nearly-forgotten rule that a participant must have 60 days of membership in the Michigan PGA. Ben Cook had the lowest score and received first place money, but Lee Houtteman was awarded the win and an exemption to the first Rocket Mortgage Classic. Cook was still eligible for entry into the PGA Professional Championship.

Rocket Classic
The Rocket Classic is a professional golf tournament in Michigan on the PGA Tour at Detroit Golf Club. It debuted in 2019, replacing the Quicken Loans National on the PGA Tour schedule, and is the first PGA Tour event to be held completely within the Detroit city limits.

For the 2019 season, the event was part of the Open Qualifying Series, giving two non-exempt players entry into The Open Championship at Royal Portrush in Northern Ireland.
William Petre, 12th Baron Petre
William Bernard, 12th Baron Petre (20 December 1817 – 4 July 1884) "a pattern of charity and piety", was an enthusiastic builder of churches. To a greater or lesser extent, he was responsible for new churches in Brentwood, Chipping Ongar, Barking, Romford and Chelmsford and a mortuary chapel (designed by William Wardell, a pupil of Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin) in the grounds of Thorndon Hall (dedicated on 11 September 1857, and used last for interment in 1965), as well as twice extending the chapel at Ingatestone Hall, which then served as the parish church for the locality.

Augustus Pugin
Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (/ˈpjuːdʒɪn/ PEW-jin; 1 March 1812 – 14 September 1852) was an English architect, designer, artist and critic with French and Swiss origins. He is principally remembered for his pioneering role in the Gothic Revival style of architecture. Among his best-known work is the interior and clock tower of the Palace of Westminster, the meeting place of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Pugin designed many churches in England, and some in Ireland and Australia. He was the son of Auguste Pugin, and the father of Edward Welby Pugin, Cuthbert Welby Pugin, and Peter Paul Pugin, who continued his architectural and interior design firm as Pugin & Pugin.
Variation ratio
The variation ratio is a simple measure of statistical dispersion in nominal distributions; it is the simplest measure of qualitative variation.

It is defined as the proportion of cases which are not in the mode category:

where fm is the frequency (number of cases) of the mode, and N is the total number of cases.  While a simple measure, it is notable in that some texts and guides suggest or imply that the dispersion of nominal measurements cannot be ascertained. It is defined for instance by (Freeman 1965).

Just as with the range or standard deviation, the larger the variation ratio, the more differentiated or dispersed the data are; and the smaller the variation ratio, the more concentrated and similar the data are.

Statistical dispersion
In statistics, dispersion (also called variability, scatter, or spread) is the extent to which a distribution is stretched or squeezed. Common examples of measures of statistical dispersion are the variance, standard deviation, and interquartile range. For instance, when the variance of data in a set is large, the data is widely scattered. On the other hand, when the variance is small, the data in the set is clustered.

Dispersion is contrasted with location or central tendency, and together they are the most used properties of distributions.
Cynaropicrin
Cynaropicrin is a sesquiterpene lactone of the guaianolide type found mainly in leaves of artichoke plants. It is one of the compounds that gives the artichoke its characteristic bitterness. It is found in artichoke leaves with an abundance of approximately 87 g/kg, but can hardly be found in other parts of the plant. Cynaropicrin makes up about 0.7% of leaf extracts of the artichoke. It exhibits a large diversity of bioactivities and shows properties such as anti-inflammatory, antifeedant and activation of bitter sensory receptors, but has not yet been used in medicine. Despite its pharmacologically beneficial properties, it can be toxic in higher doses. The compound has attracted attention in recent years as a potential anticancer drug.

Sesquiterpene lactone
Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) are a class of sesquiterpenoids that contain a lactone ring.  They are most often found in plants of the family Asteraceae (daisies, asters).  Other plant families with SLs are Umbelliferae (celery, parsley, carrots) and Magnoliaceae (magnolias). A collection of colorless, lipophilic solids, SLs are a rich source of drugs.  They can be allergenic and toxic in grazing livestock causing severe neurological problems in horses.  Some are also found in corals of the order Octocorallia.
Almond biscuit
An almond biscuit, or almond cookie, is a type of biscuit that is made with almonds. They are a common biscuit in many different cuisines and take many forms.
Types of almond biscuits include almond macaroons, Italian amaretti, Spanish almendrados, Armenian nshablits (Armenian: նաշաբլիթ), qurabiya (a shortbread biscuit made with almonds), Moroccan biscuits and desserts, and Turkish acıbadem kurabiyesi. In addition, Turkish şekerpare are often decorated with an almond.

In Norway, sandbakelse or sandkake are a type of almond cookie that is baked in fluted tins.

In Indonesia, almond crispy cheese is a type of crispy flat almond cookie with almond and cheese on top.

Many types are crisp; some, such as the Italian amaretti morbidi, are soft and chewy.

Biscuit
A biscuit is a flour-based baked food item. Biscuits are typically hard, flat, and unleavened. They are usually sweet and may be made with sugar, chocolate, icing, jam, ginger, or cinnamon. Savoury biscuits are called crackers.

Types of biscuit include biscotti, sandwich biscuits (such as custard creams), digestive biscuits, ginger biscuits, shortbread biscuits, chocolate chip cookies, Anzac biscuits, and speculaas.

The term "biscuit" is used in many English-speaking countries. In the United States and parts of Canada, sweet biscuits are nearly always called "cookies" and savoury biscuits are called "crackers".
Big Boy Peak
Big Boy Peak, at 11,402 feet (3,475 m) above sea level is a peak in the Lemhi Range of Idaho. The peak is located in Butte County on the border of Caribou-Targhee National Forest and Salmon-Challis National Forest. It is about 0.75 mi (1.21 km) southeast of The Riddler and 1 mi (1.6 km) north of Shoshone John Peak. It is the 50th highest peak in Idaho.

Caribou–Targhee National Forest
Caribou–Targhee National Forest is located in the states of Idaho and Wyoming, with a small section in Utah in the United States. The forest is broken into several separate sections and extends over 2.63 million acres (10,600 km2). To the east the forest borders Yellowstone National Park, Grand Teton National Park and Bridger–Teton National Forest. Most of the forest is a part of the 20-million-acre (81,000 km2) Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.
2018 Delaware Senate election
The 2018 Delaware Senate election was held on November 6, 2018, to elect 10 of the 21 members to Delaware's State Senate. The election coincided with the elections for other offices, including U.S. Senate, U.S. House of Representatives, and state house. The primary election was held on September 6, 2018.

Delaware Republicans needed to have a net gain of one seat to flip the chamber from the Democrats, however, Democrats increased their majority in the Senate by gaining one seat (winning 12 seats, compared to nine seats for the Republicans).

2018 Delaware elections
A general election was held in the U.S. state of Delaware on November 6, 2018. Half of Delaware's executive officers were up for election as well as a United States Senate seat and Delaware's at-large seat in the United States House of Representatives. Primary elections were held on September 6, 2018.

In the general election, Democrats took over all statewide offices and defeated two of the highest ranking Republicans in the Delaware General Assembly. Those races were all won by Democratic women, putting a record number of women in statewide elected offices in Delaware. The Democratic Party became the first party to hold all nine statewide offices in Delaware since the Republican Party in 1970.
2018 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group I – Pool A
Pool A of the 2018 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group I was one of two pools in the Asia/Oceania zone of the 2018 Fed Cup. Four teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team and the bottom team proceeding to their respective sections of the play-offs: the top team played for advancement to the World Group II Play-offs, while the bottom team faced potential relegation to Group II.

2018 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group I – play-offs
The play-offs games of the 2018 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group I were the final stages of the Group I Zonal Competition, which involved teams from Asia and Oceania. Using the positions determined in their pools, the eight teams faced off to determine their placing in the 2018 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group I. The winner of the promotional play-off advanced to the World Group II play-offs, while the losers of the relegation play-offs were relegated to the Asia/Oceania Zone Group II in 2019.
Renu Swarup
Dr. Renu Swarup is an Indian geneticist and former Secretary, Government of India, formerly heading the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology. She has actively contributed in the formulation of India's Biotechnology Vision and Strategy. She is credited with the establishment of India's largest microbial resource centre, Microbial Culture Collection.

To acknowledge her support in microbial diversity research in India and simplifying provisions of the Biological diversity Act, 2002, a newly discovered microbial species Natrialba swarupiae has been named in her honour by the National Centre for Cell Science.

In addition to her current role, she holds the position of chairperson, Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC), a Public Sector Company incorporated by the Government of India to promote research and innovation in the Biotech Enterprise with special focus on Start-Ups and SMEs.

National Academy of Sciences, India
The National Academy of Sciences, India, also known as NASI, was established in 1930 and is the oldest science academy of India. It is located in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. Prof. Meghnad Saha was the founder president.
L'ARP
La Société civile des Auteurs Réalisateurs et Producteurs, acronym L'ARP is France's "Guild of Authors, Directors and Producers." It is a Copyright collective that ensures Collective rights management.

L'ARP co-sponsors City of Lights, City of Angels festival in Los Angeles as well as the VCU French Film Festival in Richmond, Virginia.

Collective rights management
Collective rights management is the licensing of copyright and related rights by organisations acting on behalf of rights owners. Collective management organisations (CMOs), sometimes also referred to as collecting societies, typically represent groups of copyright and related rights owners, i.e.; authors (such as writers, composers, painters and photographers), performers (such as musicians, actors and dancers), publishers, phonogram producers, film producers and other rights holders. At the least, rights holders authorize collective rights management organizations to monitor the use of their works, negotiate licenses with prospective users, document correct right management data and information, collect remuneration for use of copyrighted works, ensuring a fair distribution of such remuneration amongst rightsholders. CMOs also act on legal mandates. Governmental supervision varies across jurisdictions.
Byeonsa
Byeonsa (Korean: 변사) is a Korean word that referred to orators that worked in Korean cinema theaters in the silent film era. Byeonsa stood near the screen and narrated and commented on the events of the film. Some performers were particularly popular and audiences would visit theaters not only to see their favorite actors, but specific byeonsa.

Cinema of Korea
The cinema of Korea encompasses the film industries of North Korea and South Korea, as well as the historical film industries of the Korean Empire and Korea during the Japanese occupation. While both countries have relatively robust film industries today, only South Korean films have achieved wide international acclaim. North Korean films typically portray Juche ideology or revolutionary themes.

South Korean films enjoyed a "golden age" during the late 1950s and 1960s, but by the 1970s had become generally considered to be of low quality. Nonetheless, by 2005 South Korea became a nation that watched more domestic than imported films in theatres. This was partially a result of laws placing limits on the number of foreign films able to be shown per theatre per year. It has been noted that Korean movies have consistently outperformed foreign films with very few exceptions in the Korean box office.
My Game About Me: Olympic Challenge
My Game About Me: Olympic Challenge is a free Flash sports game parody, designed by Klint Honeychurch with art by Nathan Stapley. The game was published by Double Fine Productions, and was originally playable on their website.

Like the webcomic it was based on, My Comic About Me, the game is centered on the semi-fictional life of Nathan Stapley.  The game also features characters and locations from the comic.

Sports video game
A sports video game is a video game that simulates the practice of sports. Most sports have been recreated with video games, including team sports, track and field, extreme sports, and combat sports. Some games emphasize playing the sport (such as EA Sports FC, eFootball, EA Sports F1, EA Sports WRC, NBA 2K and TopSpin 2K25), whilst others emphasize strategy and sport management (such as Football Manager and Out of the Park Baseball). Some, such as Need for Speed, Arch Rivals and Punch-Out!!, satirize the sport for comic effect. This genre has been popular throughout the history of video games and is competitive, just like real-world sports. A number of game series feature the names and characteristics of real teams and players, and are updated annually to reflect real-world changes. The sports genre is one of the oldest genres in gaming history.
Tom Woods
Thomas Ernest Woods Jr. (born August 1, 1972) is an American author, podcast host, and libertarian commentator who is currently a senior fellow at the Mises Institute. A proponent of the Austrian School of economics, Woods hosts a podcast, The Tom Woods Show, and formerly co-hosted the weekly podcast Contra Krugman.

Woods' The Politically Incorrect Guide to American History in 2004 interpreted U.S. history through a paleoconservative and, as described by some writers, pro-Confederate lens. This, and his 2009 book Meltdown on the 2008 financial crisis, became New York Times bestsellers. His subsequent writing has focused on promoting libertarianism and libertarian leaning political figures such as former Congressman and presidential candidate Ron Paul. Woods also teaches homeschooling courses on Western civilization and government called The Liberty Homeschooler as part of the Ron Paul Curriculum.

Acton Institute
The Acton Institute for the Study of Religion and Liberty is an American conservative and libertarian think tank in Grand Rapids, Michigan, with an office in Rome. Its stated mission is "to promote a free and virtuous society characterized by individual liberty and sustained by religious principles". Its work supports free market economic policy framed within Judeo-Christian morality. Acton Institute also organizes seminars "to educate religious leaders of all denominations, business executives, entrepreneurs, university professors, and academic researchers in economics principles".
English-language vowel changes before historic /l/
In the history of English phonology, there have been many diachronic sound changes affecting vowels, especially involving phonemic splits and mergers. A number of these changes are specific to vowels which occur before /l/, especially in cases where the /l/ is at the end of a syllable (or is not followed by a vowel).

African-American English
African-American English (AAE) is the group of English dialects spoken predominantly by Black people in the United States and, less often, in Canada. Most commonly, African-American English is an umbrella term that refers to a dialect continuum ranging from African-American Vernacular English to more standard American English. Like all widely spoken language varieties, African-American English shows variation stylistically, generationally, geographically (that is, features specific to singular cities or regions only), in rural versus urban characteristics, in vernacular versus standard registers, etc. There has been a significant body of African-American literature and oral tradition for centuries.
Ebb Tide (The Wire)
"Ebb Tide" is the 14th episode of the American police drama series The Wire, also the first episode of the second season. It was written by David Simon, from a story by Simon and Ed Burns, and was directed by Ed Bianchi. The episode shows Jimmy McNulty adjusting to a new role with the Baltimore Police marine unit and introduces a group of dockworkers who turn to crime due to a lack of legitimate work opportunities. In the United States, the episode premiered June 1, 2003, on HBO.

The episode had over four million viewers on its debut. Critical reception was positive, especially regarding the character development and frank depiction of the American working class.

Sergei Malatov
Sergei "Serge" Malatov (Ukrainian: Сергій Малатов) is a fictional character on the HBO drama series The Wire, played by Chris Ashworth. He acts as a driver and enforcer for The Greek. He is Ukrainian, although Americans often assume he is Russian. He hates this and their subsequent tendency to nickname him "Boris". He is responsible for picking up containers of smuggled goods from the port and taking them to The Greek's front warehouse to be fenced.
Harpiniopsis petulans
Harpiniopsis petulans is a species of crustacean in the family Phoxocephalidae. It was first described by Jerry Laurens Barnard in 1966, from specimens collected from submarine canyons in Southern California.

Phoxocephalidae
Phoxocephalidae is a family of small, shrimp-like crustaceans in the suborder Gammaridea described by Georg Ossian Sars in 1891. It contains Cocoharpinia iliffei, a critically endangered species on the IUCN Red List.

Genera:
Collecting Societies and Industrial Assurance Companies Act 1896
The Collecting Societies and Industrial Assurance Companies Act 1896 (59 & 60 Vict. c. 26) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that consolidated enactments relating to friendly societies and industrial assurance companies in the United Kingdom.

Reading (legislature)
A reading of a bill is a stage of debate on the bill held by a general body of a legislature.

In the Westminster system, developed in the United Kingdom, there are generally three readings of a bill as it passes through the stages of becoming, or failing to become, legislation. Some of these readings may be formalities rather than actual debate. Legislative bodies in the United States also have readings.

The procedure dates back to the centuries before literacy was widespread. Since many members of Parliament were illiterate, the Clerk of Parliament would read aloud a bill to inform members of its contents. By the end of the 16th century, it was practice to have the bill read on three occasions before it was passed.
Missouri Route 142
Route 142 is a highway in southern Missouri.  Its eastern terminus is at Route 53 in southern Poplar Bluff; its western terminus is at Route 101 in Bakersfield.  Route 142 is the southernmost east–west highway in the south-central part of the state.  Despite its length, there are relatively few towns on the route.

Missouri Route 53
Route 53 is a highway in southeastern Missouri.  Its southern terminus is at Route 25 in Holcomb.  Its northern terminus is at Business U.S. Route 67 Business in Poplar Bluff.

Route 53 is one of the original state highways and has remained essentially unchanged since 1922.