hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Work and labour organization in Upper Canada
The cultural and legal framework within which tradesmen (called "mechanics" in the period) contracted for work, and hired men was similar to that of Great Britain. These immigrants quickly sought to establish and regulate the basic institutions of the trades: Friendly societies, the house of call and apprenticeship. Friendly societies were worker controlled mutual insurance organizations. They provided an income in the case of strike, injury or economic downturn. Their association with specific trades also made them useful vehicles for trade union organization.

Owenism
Owenism is the utopian socialist philosophy of 19th-century social reformer Robert Owen and his followers and successors, who are known as Owenites. Owenism aimed for radical reform of society and is considered a forerunner of the cooperative movement. The Owenite movement undertook several experiments in the establishment of utopian communities organized according to communitarian and cooperative principles. One of the best known of these efforts, which was unsuccessful, was the project at New Harmony, Indiana, which started in 1825 and was abandoned by 1827. Owenism is also closely associated with the development of the British trade union movement, and with the spread of the Mechanics' Institute movement.
2025 Six Nations Under 20s Championship
The 2025 Six Nations Under 20s Championship was the 18th Six Nations Under 20s Championship, an annual northern hemisphere rugby union tournament contested by the under-20 men's national teams of England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. England were the reigning champions, having won their 10th title in 2024, and went into the final day of this year's competition with a chance to win a second straight Six Nations title for the first time since 2013; however, France's 45–40 victory over Scotland in Paris meant France won their fourth Six Nations title, their first since 2018.

Six Nations Under 20s Championship
The Six Nations Under 20s Championship is an international rugby union tournament. It is the under-20s equivalent of the Six Nations Championship. Originally the tournament was in an under-21 format but changed to under-20s in 2008. England were the inaugural winners and they have gone on to be the tournament's most successful team, winning ten titles. Their last title came in 2024. The tournament is played annually during February and March on the same weekends as the senior men's Six Nations.
Segment descriptor
In memory addressing for computer architectures, segment descriptors are a part of the segmentation unit, used for translating a logical address to a linear address or to the address of a page table. Segment descriptors describe the memory segment referred to in the logical address.

Page table
A page table is a data structure used by a virtual memory system in a computer to store mappings between virtual addresses and physical addresses. Virtual addresses are used by the program executed by the accessing process, while physical addresses are used by the hardware, or more specifically, by the random-access memory (RAM) subsystem. The page table is a key component of virtual address translation that is necessary to access data in memory.  The page table is set up by the computer's operating system, and may be read and written during the virtual address translation process by the memory management unit or by low-level system software or firmware.
Manhattan Carnegie Library Building
The Manhattan Carnegie Library Building in Manhattan, Kansas, United States, is a Carnegie Library built in 1904. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

It is a two-story rusticated limestone block building, about 25 by 50 feet (7.6 m × 15.2 m) in plan, with Classical Revival style. It is now used as the annex for the Riley County Courthouse.

Manhattan, Kansas
Manhattan is a city in and the county seat of Riley County, Kansas, United States, although the city extends into Pottawatomie County. It is located in northeastern Kansas at the junction of the Kansas River and Big Blue River. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 54,100.

The city was founded by settlers from the New England Emigrant Aid Company as a Free-State town in the 1850s, during the Bleeding Kansas era. Nicknamed "the Little Apple" as a play on New York City's moniker of the "Big Apple", the city is a college town with a significant student population, because it is home to Kansas State University (KSU).
Para powerlifting at the Commonwealth Games
Para powerlifting is one of the sports at the quadrennial Commonwealth Games. It has been a Commonwealth Games sport since 2002 (with core sport status through 2022), though it was initially held as part of the weightlifting competitions; in contrast to other parasports, it is categorised separately since the able-bodied equivalent is not a Games sport.

The sport made its debut as a single openweight competition for men in 2002; a women's openweight competition followed in 2010, and each gender has contested 2 weight classes since 2014. Nigeria has been the dominant nation in this sport, winning every single gold medal across five Games (and all medals awarded at Delhi 2010).

Commonwealth Games sports
The Commonwealth Games sports comprise all the sports officially recognised and approved by the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF). There are a total of 16 core sports and a further 4 core para-sports that are competed at every games. In addition, the CGF allow organising committees to choose from various optional sports and disciplines to complete their games' program.

At the 1930 British Empire Games, the precursor to the modern Games, there were six sports: athletics, aquatics (swimming and diving), boxing, lawn bowls, rowing, and wrestling.
Tayoktauk
Tayoktauk is a coastal village in Ye Township in the Mon State of south-east Burma. It is located south-west of Ye city.

Nearby towns and villages include Daminzeikkyi (11.0 nm), Thabya (2.2 nm), Khawsa (3.1 nm), Kyaukayan (10.0 nm), Magyi (6.3 nm), Meiktulagale (4.9 nm), and Kyon-ye (4.2 nm).

Ye, Myanmar
Ye (Burmese: ရေးမြို့, IPA: [jé mjo̰] , Mon: ဍုၚ်ရေဝ်listenⓘ) is a town in the southern end of Mon State, Myanmar (Burma). It is the principal town of Ye District and Ye Township. The town is located by the Ye River as it drains into the Gulf of Martaban, and is surrounded by Tenasserim Hills in the east. It has warm, moderate weather. The town's economy is mainly based on betel nut, rubber, fishery production, and trade. Ye is on the Mawlamyaing-Dawei rail line, and has a seaport. The majority of the people are ethnic Mon people. Ye is a center of Mon language education. As of 2014, it had a population of 34,430.

There was a flood in August 2011 after a torrent of rain (12.6 inches on 1 August). 2,000 houses were flooded and some schools and markets were closed because of it.
559 BC
The year 559 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as year 195 Ab urbe condita. The denomination 559 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Cambyses I
Cambyses I (Old Persian: 𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹 Kambūjiya) was king of Anshan from c. 580 to 559 BC and the father of Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II), younger son of Cyrus I, and brother of Arukku. He should not be confused with his better-known grandson Cambyses II.
Ellis Rowan
Marian Ellis Rowan (30 July 1848 – 4 October 1922), known as Ellis Rowan, was a well-known Australian artist and botanical illustrator. She also did a series of illustrations on birds, butterflies and insects.

Margaret Hazzard
Margaret Hazzard (Ivy Margaret Hazzard) 1910 – 19 January 1987 was an Australian author born in Hertfordshire, England.

Hazzard immigrated to Melbourne, Australia in 1960 and established a career as a freelance writer, publishing in The Sydney Morning Herald and the Australian Women's Weekly. She also worked as a teacher, taking short courses in writing fiction and biography at the Centre of Adult Education (CAE) in Melbourne.

In 1970 Hazzard founded the Victorian Branch of the Society of Women Writers and was elected chair from 1970 to 1974.  The Society established the biennial Margaret Hazzard Award in 1980 in recognition of her contribution.

Hazzard moved to Norfolk Island in 1974 where she began her "most prolific writing period".

Hazzard died in 1987 and is buried at Mount Macedon, Victoria.
Bushbury Electric
The Bushbury Electric was an English automobile manufactured by the Star Cycle Factory of Wolverhampton in 1897.  An electric car, it came in three- and four-wheeled models, some of which were controlled by reins.  Power was provided by two large three-speed electric motors placed under the seat, along with the battery.  The vehicle's range was limited.

Star Motor Company
The Star Motor Company was a British car and commercial vehicle maker based in Wolverhampton and active from 1898 to 1932. At its peak Star was the UK's sixth largest car manufacturer and produced around 1000 cars a year.

Star was founded by the Lisle family who like many other vehicle makers started by making bicycles, in their case in 1893 as Sharratt and Lisle. In 1896 this was changed to the Star Cycle Company.
FC Ganju Iwate
FC Ganju Iwate (FCガンジュ岩手, FC Ganju Iwate) is a football (soccer) club based in Hachimantai, a city of Iwate Prefecture in Japan. They play in the Tohoku Soccer League, which is part of Japanese Regional Leagues. The name of the club refers to Mount Iwate, symbol of their prefecture due to this volcano and also present on the club's logo.

Mount Iwate
Mount Iwate (岩手山, Iwate-san) is a stratovolcano complex in the Ōu Mountains of western Iwate Prefecture, in the Tōhoku region of northern Honshū,  Japan. With an elevation of 2,038 metres (6,686 ft), it is the highest in Iwate Prefecture.  It is included as one of the 100 famous mountains in Japan, a book composed in 1964 by mountaineer and author Kyūya Fukada. The mountain is on the borders of the municipalities  of Hachimantai, Takizawa, and Shizukuishi, west of the prefectural capital of Morioka. Much of the mountain is within the borders of the Towada-Hachimantai National Park. The mountain is also referred to as the "Nanbu Fuji" for its resemblance to Mount Fuji.
USS Patrick Henry
USS Patrick Henry (SSBN-599), named after the American Revolutionary War figure and Founding Father Patrick Henry (1736–1799), was a George Washington class nuclear-powered fleet ballistic missile submarine of the United States Navy.  She was later converted into an attack submarine and redesignated SSN-599.

Cape Canaveral
Cape Canaveral (Spanish: Cabo Cañaveral) is a cape in Brevard County, Florida, in the United States, near the center of the state's Atlantic coast. Officially Cape Kennedy from 1963 to 1973, it lies east of Merritt Island, separated from it by the Banana River. It is part of a region known as the Space Coast, and is the site of the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. Since many U.S. spacecraft have been launched from both the station and the Kennedy Space Center on adjacent Merritt Island, the two are sometimes conflated with each other.

Other features of the cape include Port Canaveral, one of the busiest cruise ports in the world, and the Cape Canaveral Lighthouse. The city of Cape Canaveral lies just south of the Port Canaveral District. Mosquito Lagoon, the Indian River, Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge and Canaveral National Seashore are also features of this area.
Bordertown South, South Australia
Bordertown South is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located in the state's south-east within the Limestone Coast region about 255 kilometres (158 mi) east of the state capital of Adelaide  and about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) south of the municipal seat of Bordertown.

Boundaries for the locality were created on 16 March 2000 for the “local name.”

Land use within Bordertown South is “primary production”.

The 2016 Australian census which was conducted in August 2016 reports that Bordertown South had 44 people living within its boundaries.

Bordertown South is located within the federal division of Barker, the state electoral district of MacKillop and the local government area of the Tatiara District Council.

Bordertown, South Australia
Bordertown, formerly Border Town, is a town and locality in the Australian state of South Australia located in the state's east near the state border with Victoria about  250 kilometres (160 mi) east of the state capital of Adelaide. It is where the Dukes Highway and the railway line cross the Tatiara Creek between Adelaide and Melbourne, the capital of Victoria.

Bordertown is the commercial and administrative centre of the Tatiara District Council. Tatiara is the local Aboriginal word for "Good Country".
Al-Qastal, Damascus
Al-Qastal (Arabic: القسطل) is a village in southern Syria, administratively part of the Rif Dimashq Governorate, located on the northeast of Damascus, on the ancient caravan route to Homs and Aleppo, in the Qalamoun Mountains. Nearby localities include Yabroud, an-Nabek, al-Sahel and Deir Atiyah to the north, ar-Ruhaybah, Jayroud, al-Dumayr and al-Qutayfah to the south, and Ma'loula, Assal al-Ward and Hosh Arab to the southwest. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, al-Qastal had a population of 3,486 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims.

Deir Atiyah
Deir Atiyah or Dayr Atiyah (Arabic: دير عطية) is a town in Syria, located between the Qalamoun Mountains and the Eastern Lebanon Mountains Series, 88 kilometres (55 mi) north of the capital Damascus and on the road to the city of Homs. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Deir Atiyah had a population of 10,984  in the 2004 census.

Deir Atiyah enjoys a moderate climate in summer and cold in the winter as it is located at an altitude of 1,250 metres (4,100 ft) above sea level.

The proximity to a desert region, where the average rainfall does not exceed more than 125 millimetres (4.9 in) annually, means that environmental conditions, including poor soil, does not provide adequate resources to economically sustain the local population. Many locals immigrated to the Americas in the early 20th century, to the Persian Gulf countries after the emergence of job opportunities there, and to East Asia.
State Mine railway station
State Mine was a railway yard and signal box on the Wonthaggi line in Bass Coast, Victoria, Australia. It was named for and served the adjacent State Coal Mine which provided black coal for the steam locomotives of the Victorian Railways. The mine opened in 1909 with the branchline opened in 1910. Production declined in the 1930s as larger seams were worked out but remained in operation until 1968 when regular steam operations were phased out.

Facilities included a signal box, classification and marshalling sidings, a weighbridge, an engine shed and repair siding, sidings for timber deliveries, and eight loading sidings.

Bass Coast Shire
The Bass Coast Shire is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the southeastern part of the state. It covers an area of 866 square kilometres (334 sq mi) and in June 2018 had a population of 35,327. It includes the towns of Bass, Cape Paterson, Cape Woolamai, Corinella, Coronet Bay, Cowes, Inverloch, Kilcunda, Lang Lang, Newhaven, Rhyll, San Remo, Summerlands and Wonthaggi as well as the historic locality of Krowera. It also includes the popular tourist destination Phillip Island.

The Shire is governed and administered by the Bass Coast Shire Council; its seat of local government and administrative centre is the council headquarters in Wonthaggi, with other service centres located in Cowes, Grantville and Inverloch. The Shire is named after its most precious asset, the coasts of Bass Strait and Western Port.
Inje Speedium
Inje Speedium is a motor racing circuit in Inje County, South Korea, about 50 km (31 mi) east of Chuncheon and 120 km (75 mi) east of Seoul. The circuit is part of a larger complex, named the Inje Auto Theme Park, that includes a hotel and condominiums. The main course is 3.908 km (2.428 mi), but can be split into separate 2.577 km (1.601 mi) and 1.375 km (0.854 mi) circuits.

Inje County
Inje (Korean: 인제군; MR: Inje-gun) is a county in the state of Gangwon, South Korea. It has the lowest population density of any South Korean county. The county seat is Inje-eup, which located near the center of the county.
The Challenge: Rivals
The Challenge: Rivals is the 21st season of the MTV reality game show, The Challenge. Rivals takes place in Costa Rica, Argentina, and Patagonia. The season featured cast members from The Real World and The Challenge. Rivals marked the first season of The Challenge not to include any cast members from Road Rules.

The season featured a format in which players were teamed with their arch enemies from past seasons of The Real World and The Challenge. The format similar to one suggested the year prior by a reader to the Bill Simmons mailbag on ESPN.com. The season premiered on June 22, 2011, and concluded with the "S#!% They Should Have Shown" special on September 7, 2011.

This is the first edition of the Rivals series, with Rivals II, Rivals III, and The Challenge All Stars: Rivals following in 2013, 2016, and 2025, respectively.

Real World/Road Rules Challenge: The Island
Real World/Road Rules Challenge: The Island is the 16th season of the MTV reality game show, The Challenge (at the time known as Real World/Road Rules Challenge).

The season featured cast members from The Real World, Road Rules and Real World/Road Rules Challenge: Fresh Meat "stranded" on an island off the coast of Panama, where they competed for a buried treasure chest filled with $300,000 in gold. Unlike in previous seasons, the cast was not housed in a luxurious dwelling, but was "forced" to improvise and "work" for the basic necessities of food and shelter, as on the TV series Survivor. There were no predetermined teams. Instead, the cast members had to forge their own alliances. Of the twenty cast members, there were only four winners. The Island premiered on September 10, 2008, and concluded on October 29, 2008.
Harden, New South Wales
Harden–Murrumburrah is a town and community in the Hilltops Region and is located in the South West Slopes of New South Wales in Australia. Harden is adjacent to both the Canberra region of the Australian Capital Territory and the Riverina Region in the southwest area of NSW. The town is a twin town between Harden and Murrumburrah (which is noted as one of the earliest European immigrant settlements in the southwest of New South Wales).

The town is traversed by the Burley Griffin Way, the major link from and between the Riverina and the Hume Highway near Yass, and ultimately Sydney, Canberra and the coast. Cunningham Creek runs along the edge of the town.

The Olympic Highway traverses the western end of the shire and is the major link through the central west to the Blue Mountains and from there to the Sydney region.

Harden is 3½ hours away by road from Sydney, and 1½ hours from Canberra and Wagga Wagga.

Main Southern railway line
The Main Southern railway line (or Great Southern Railway) is a major railway in New South Wales, Australia. It runs from Sydney to Albury, near the Victorian border. The line passes through the Southern Highlands, Southern Tablelands, South West Slopes and Riverina regions.
SpaceLiner
SpaceLiner is a concept for a suborbital, hypersonic, winged passenger supersonic transport, conceived at the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, or DLR) in 2005. In its second role the SpaceLiner is intended as a reusable launch vehicle (RLV) capable of delivering heavy payloads into orbit.

The SpaceLiner is a very long-term project, and does not currently have funding lined up to initiate system development as of 2017. Projections in 2015 were that if adequate funding was eventually secured, the SpaceLiner concept might become an operational spaceplane in the 2040s.

Liquid oxygen
Liquid oxygen, sometimes abbreviated as LOX or LOXygen, is a clear, pale cyan liquid form of dioxygen O2. It was used as the oxidizer in the first liquid-fueled rocket invented in 1926 by Robert H. Goddard, an application which is ongoing.
1984 Porsche Grand Prix
The 1984 Porsche Grand Prix was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts in Filderstadt, West Germany that was part of the 1984 Virginia Slims World Championship Series. It was the seventh edition of the tournament and was held from 15 October until 21 October 1984. Unseeded Catarina Lindqvist won the singles title.

1984 Virginia Slims World Championship Series
The 1984 Virginia Slims World Championship Series was the 12th season since the foundation of the Women's Tennis Association. It commenced in March 1984, and concluded in March 1985 after 53 events.

The Virginia Slims World Championship Series was the elite tour for professional women's tennis organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). It was held in place of the WTA Tour from 1983 until 1989 and featured tournaments that had previously been part of the Toyota Series and the Avon Championships Circuit. It included the four Grand Slam tournaments and a series of other events. ITF World Circuit tournaments were not part of the tour, although they were awarded points for the WTA World Ranking.

Tournaments were categorized by prize money on offer.
History of communication
The history of communication technologies (media and appropriate inscription tools) have evolved in tandem with shifts in political and economic systems, and by extension, systems of power. Communication can range from very subtle processes of exchange to full conversations and mass communication. The history of communication itself can be traced back since the origin of speech circa 100,000 BCE. The use of technology in communication may be considered since the first use of symbols about 30,000 years BCE. Among the symbols used, there are cave paintings, petroglyphs, pictograms and ideograms. Writing was a major innovation, as well as printing technology and, more recently, telecommunications and the Internet.

Idea
In philosophy and in common usage, an idea (from the Greek word: ἰδέα (idea), meaning 'a form, or a pattern') is the result of thought. Also in philosophy, ideas can also be mental representational images of some object. Many philosophers have considered ideas to be a fundamental ontological category of being. The capacity to create  and understand the meaning of ideas is considered to be an essential and defining feature of human beings.

An idea arises in a reflexive, spontaneous manner, even without thinking or serious reflection, for example, when we talk about the idea of a person or a place. A new or an original idea can often lead to innovation. Our actions are based upon beliefs, beliefs are patterns or organized sets of ideas.