hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Transition system
In theoretical computer science, a transition system is a concept used in the study of computation . It is used to describe the potential behavior of discrete systems.  It consists of states and transitions between states, which may be labeled with labels chosen from a set; the same label may appear on more than one transition. If the label set is a singleton, the system is essentially unlabeled, and a simpler definition that omits the labels is possible.

Transition systems coincide mathematically with abstract rewriting systems (as explained further in this article) and directed graphs. They differ from finite-state automata in several ways:

The set of states is not necessarily finite, or even countable.

The set of transitions is not necessarily finite, or even countable.

No "start" state or "final" states are given.

Transition systems can be represented as directed graphs.

Discrete system
In  theoretical computer science, a discrete system is a system with a countable number of states. Discrete systems may be contrasted with continuous systems, which may also be called analog systems. A final discrete system is often modeled with a directed graph and is analyzed for correctness and complexity according to computational theory. Because discrete systems have a countable number of states, they may be described in precise mathematical models.

A computer is a finite-state machine that may be viewed as a discrete system. Because computers are often used to model not only other discrete systems but continuous systems as well, methods have been developed to represent real-world continuous systems as discrete systems. One such method involves sampling a continuous signal at discrete time intervals.
Bantam Presidency
Bantam Presidency was a presidency established by the British East India Company and based at the Company factory at Bantam in Java. Founded in 1617, the Presidency exercised its authority over all the Company factories in India, including the agencies of Madras, Masulipatnam and Surat. The factors at Bantam were instrumental in founding the colony of Madraspatnam in 1639 with the Fort St. George, which later grew into the modern city of Madras. The Presidency of Bantam was twice downgraded, first in 1630 before being restored in 1634 and for the second time in 1653, when owing to the hostility of Dutch traders, the Presidency was shifted to Madras.

Bantam remained an agency under the suzerainty of Madras and then Surat until Bantam was captured by the Dutch in 1682 and the English factory closed.

Fort St. George
Fort St. George (or historically, White Town) is a fortress at the coastal city of Chennai, India. Founded in 1639, it was the first English (later British) fortress in India. The construction of the fort provided the impetus for further settlements and trading activity, in what was originally an uninhabited land. Thus, it is a feasible contention to say that the city (named Madras since before the arrival of the Europeans until July 1996) evolved around the fortress. The fort currently houses the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly and other official buildings.
Maestro Josinho
Josinho D'Souza (Goan Konkani: Juzinho; né Souza; 15 July 1941 – 8 May 2017), known professionally as Maestro Josinho, was an Indian saxophonist and playwright who worked on the Konkani stage. Described by The Navhind Times as a leading saxophonist in tiatrs, D'Souza is regarded as one of the stalwarts of the Konkani stage. Throughout his career spanning over five decades, his music has been featured in approximately 3000 tiatrs and 250 audio cassettes.

Velim, Goa
Velim (English: /veɪliːm/ ⓘ; formerly known as Velliapura – the official name until 1310 CE) is a large village situated in Salcete, neighbouring Quepem taluka, and falls under South Goa district, in the coastal state of Goa. It has access to the Arabian Sea via the Sal river that flows through it and shares its borders with neighbouring villages and towns of Assolna, Ambelim, Betul, and Cuncolim. The village consists of 22 hamlets or subdivisions which have been organized into 9 wards. As of 2020, the village has a total population of about 8,600 residents residing in 2568 households. It is a part of the Velim Assembly constituency.
Beta Piscis Austrini
Beta Piscis Austrini is a binary star system in the southern constellation of Piscis Austrinus that makes part of a triple star system. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from β Piscis Austrini, and abbreviated Beta PsA or β PsA. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +4.29.  Based upon an annual parallax shift of 22.84 mas as seen from the Earth, the star is located 143 light years from the Sun. These coordinates are a source of X-ray emission with a luminosity of 88.5×1020 W, which is most likely coming from a source other than the A-type stars.

Bayer designation
A Bayer designation is a stellar designation in which a specific star is identified by a Greek or Latin letter followed by the genitive form of its parent constellation's Latin name. The original list of Bayer designations contained 1564 stars. The brighter stars were assigned their first systematic names by the German astronomer Johann Bayer in 1603, in his star atlas Uranometria. Bayer catalogued only a few stars too far south to be seen from Germany, but later astronomers (including Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille and Benjamin Apthorp Gould) supplemented Bayer's catalog with entries for southern constellations.
E. P. Taylor
Edward Plunket Taylor, CMG (January 29, 1901 – May 14, 1989), was a Canadian business tycoon, investor, and philanthropist. He was a famous breeder of Thoroughbred race horses, and a major force behind the evolution of the Canadian horse-racing industry. Known to his friends as "Eddie," he is all but universally recorded as "E. P. Taylor".

Edward L. Bowen
Edward Louis Bowen (December 23, 1942 – January 20, 2025) was an American Thoroughbred horse racing historian and author, and the president of the Grayson-Jockey Club Research Foundation, an institution involved in funding equine research.
Speed skating at the 1928 Winter Olympics – Men's 5000 metres
The 5000 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1928 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Monday, 13 February 1928. Thirty-three speed skaters from 14 nations competed.

Speed skating at the 1928 Winter Olympics
At the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, four speed skating events were scheduled, all for men, but medals were only awarded for three events, because the 10.000 m event was not completed. The Allround event, which was only organized in 1924, was removed from the program. The competitions were held on Monday, 13 February 1928 and on Tuesday, 14 February 1928.

In the 10,000-meter race, Irving Jaffee was leading the competition, having outskated Norwegian defending world champion Bernt Evensen in their heat, when rising temperatures thawed the ice.  In a controversial ruling, the Norwegian referee canceled the entire competition. Although the International Olympic Committee reversed the referee's decision and awarded Jaffee the gold medal, the International Skating Union later overruled the IOC and restored the ruling. Evensen, for his part, publicly said that Jaffee should be awarded the gold medal, but that never happened.
Zahedan railway station
Zahedan Railway Station (Persian: ایستگاه راه آهن زاهدان) is located in Zahedan, Iran. It serves as the terminus for the Quetta–Taftan Railway Line and Bam-Zahedan railway. It also serves as the break of gauge between Pakistan Railways 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge and Islamic Republic of Iran Railways 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge. It is one of the three stations in Iran which are served by Pakistan Railways.

Quetta–Taftan Line
The Quetta–Taftan Line, also known as Spezand–Zaheden Railway Line (also referred to as Main Line 4 or ML-4) is one of four main railway lines in Pakistan, operated and maintained by Pakistan Railways. Inward from Pakistan's most western edge, it begins at Spezand Junction and has services that continue beyond Koh-e-Taftan station in high mountains, west. Its length is 732 km (455 mi) to the Iranian border, a few kilometres further west of that station. It has ten active stations, of which seven are in Pakistan and three are in Iran. Many or all primary services since 1940 (and 1922 to 1931) terminate on the natural continuation in eastern Iran at the high city of Zahedan, which sees a change of gauge (of track and rolling stock) for accessing the Trans-Iranian Railway. This section is difficult to maintain due to Nushki Desert and Mountain Ranges.
Gah Maro Peuhl
Gah Maro Peuhl  is a town in the Nikki arrondissement in the Borgou Department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Nikki. According to the population census in 2013, the village had a total population of 897.

9°56′8″N 3°12′20.7″E﻿ / ﻿9.93556°N 3.205750°E﻿ / 9.93556; 3.205750

Borgou Department
Borgou [bɔʁ.ɡu] is one of the twelve departments of Benin. Borgou borders the country of Nigeria and the departments of Alibori, Atakora, Collines and Donga. The capital of Borgou is Parakou. The department of Borgou was bifurcated in 1999, with its northern territory transferred to the newly created Alibori Department.

According to the 2013 census, the total population of the department was 1,214,249, with 607,013 males and 607,236 females. The proportion of women was 50.00%. The total rural population was 56.40%, while the urban population was 43.60%. The total labour force in the department was 271,652, of which 25.20% were women. The proportion of households with no level of education was 64.30%.
2005 Swedish Open
The 2005 Swedish Open, also known by its sponsored name Synsam Swedish Open, was a men's tennis event played on outdoor clay courts in Båstad, Sweden. It was the 58th edition of the Swedish Open tournament and was part of the International Series of the 2005 ATP Tour. The tournament was held from 10 July through 16 July 2005. First-seeded Rafael Nadal won the singles title.

2005 ATP Tour
This is a list of the tournaments played in the 2005 season of Men's tennis (calendar year), including ATP events and ITF events (This does not include the ITF Men's Circuit, only the ATP circuit). Changes were made to match format during this season. The third set of doubles matches was no longer played as a traditional set. Instead it was played as a match tie break first to 10 and clear by 2, to decide the winner.
Peninsula Commute
The Peninsula Commute, also known as the Southern Pacific Peninsula or just Peninsula, was the common name for commuter rail service between San Jose and San Francisco on the San Francisco Peninsula. This service ran as a private, for-profit enterprise beginning in 1863. Due to operating losses, the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) petitioned to discontinue the service in 1977. Subsidies were provided through Caltrans in 1980 to continue service, and it was renamed Caltrain in 1985.

Bay Area Rapid Transit
Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) is a rapid transit system serving the San Francisco Bay Area in California. BART serves 50 stations along six routes and 131 miles (211 kilometers) of track, including eBART, a 9-mile (14 km) spur line running to Antioch, and Oakland Airport Connector, a 3-mile (4.8 km) automated guideway transit line serving Oakland San Francisco Bay Airport. With an average of 186,000 weekday passenger trips as of the fourth quarter of 2025 and 55,483,900 annual passenger trips in 2025, BART is the seventh-busiest rapid transit system in the United States.

BART is operated by the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District which formed in 1957. The initial system opened in stages from 1972 to 1974. The system has been extended several times, most recently in 2020, when Milpitas and Berryessa/North San José stations opened as part of the under construction Silicon Valley BART extension in partnership with the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA).
Wilsthorpe, Derbyshire
Prior to 1866, Wilsthorpe was originally a hamlet and civil parish situated between the villages of Breaston 0.97 miles (1.56 km) to the west and Long Eaton 0.94 miles (1.51 km) to the east in Derbyshire and lies approximately 7.75 miles (12.47 km) east of the city of Derby. According to the University of Nottingham English Place-names project, the settlement name Wilsthorpe could mean 'Willow-tree wood clearing'; salh (Anglian) A willow-tree or a sallow, pers.n. (Old English) pers.n. Personal name, hlāw (Old English) A tumulus or a hill, and thorp (Old Norse) for a small village. The site where the hamlet once stood, along with 76% of the former parish area, is now a suburb of Long Eaton.

Long Eaton
Long Eaton is a town in the Erewash district of Derbyshire, England. It lies just north of the River Trent, about 6 miles (9.7 km) south-west of Nottingham and 9 miles (14 km) south-east of Derby. The town population was 37,760 at the 2011 census. It has been part of the Erewash borough since 1 April 1974, when Long Eaton Urban District was disbanded.
Greenmuseum.org
Greenmuseum.org was a nonprofit online museum of environmental art. Since its launch in 2001, greenmuseum.org had become a source for information about this global art movement, which includes ecoart (or ecological art), land art, art in nature and related terms. It was formed by a group of artists in the San Francisco Bay Area who were interested in ecology who had observed that a museum did not exist that was dedicated to the history art and ecology.

Ecological art
Ecological art, or ecoart, is an art genre and artistic practice that seeks to preserve, remediate and/or vitalize the life forms, resources and ecology of Earth. Ecological art practitioners do this by applying the principles of ecosystems to living species and their habitats throughout the lithosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere, including wilderness, rural, suburban and urban locations. Ecological art is a distinct genre from Environmental art in that it involves functional ecological systems-restoration, as well as socially engaged, activist, community-based interventions. Ecological art also addresses politics, culture, economics, ethics and aesthetics as they impact the conditions of ecosystems. Ecological art practitioners include artists, scientists, philosophers and activists who often collaborate on restoration, remediation and public awareness projects.
1949 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship
The 1949 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship was the 28th staging of the All-Ireland Junior Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1912.

Meath entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten in the Leinster Championship.

The All-Ireland final was played on 9 October 1949 at Cusack Park in Ennis, between London and Clare, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. London won the match by 3–07 to 3–06 to claim their second championship title overall and a first title in 11 years.

1948 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship
The 1948 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship was the 27th staging of the All-Ireland Junior Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1912.

Cork entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Limerick in the Munster final.

The All-Ireland final replay was played on 31 October 1948 at Páirc Tailteann in Navan, between Meath and London, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Meath won the match by 2-07 to 2-05 to claim their second championship title overall and a first title in 21 years.
Strafgesetzbuch section 86a
The German Strafgesetzbuch (StGB; English: Criminal Code) in section § 86a outlaws use of symbols of "unconstitutional organizations" and terrorism outside the contexts of "art or science, research or teaching". The law does not name the individual symbols to be outlawed, and there is no official exhaustive list. However, the law has primarily been used to suppress fascist, Nazi, communist, extremist and Russian militarist symbols. The law, adopted during the Cold War, most notably affected the Communist Party of Germany, which was banned as unconstitutional in 1956; the Socialist Reich Party, which was banned in 1952; and several small far-right parties.

The law prohibits the distribution or public use of symbols of unconstitutional groups—in particular, flags, insignia, uniforms, slogans and forms of greeting.

Black Standard
The Black Banner or Black Standard (Arabic: الراية السوداء, romanized: ar-rāyat as-sawdāʾ), also known as the Banner of the Eagle (Arabic: راية العقاب, romanized: rāyat al-ʿuqāb) or simply as The Banner (Arabic: الراية, romanized: ar-rāyah) is one of the Islamic flags flown by the Islamic prophet Muhammad according to Muslim tradition. It was historically used by Abu Muslim in his uprising leading to the Abbasid Revolution in 747 and is therefore associated with the Abbasid Caliphate in particular. It is also a symbol in Islamic eschatology (heralding the advent of the Mahdi), though this tradition is weak according to hadithic standards.
Listed buildings in Maltby, South Yorkshire
Maltby is a civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England. The parish contains 40 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, three are at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The parish contains the town of Maltby and a large area to the southeast of the town. This area includes the country house of Sandbeck Park, which is listed together with a number of associated buildings and structures. Also in the area is Roche Abbey, and items in its grounds are listed. The other listed buildings include houses and cottages, a church and a tomb in the churchyard, a market cross, former watermills, farmhouses and farm buildings, mileposts, and a war memorial.

Roche Abbey
Roche Abbey is a now-ruined abbey in the civil parish of Maltby, Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England. It is in the valley of Maltby Dyke, known locally as Maltby Beck, and is administered by English Heritage.  It is a scheduled monument and Grade II* listed in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.
2020–21 Euro Hockey Tour
The 2020–21 Euro Hockey Tour was the 25th season of Euro Hockey Tour. It started in November 2020 and lasted until May 2021. It consisted of Karjala Tournament, Channel One Cup, Beijer Hockey Games and Carlson Hockey Games.

Czech Hockey Games
The Czech Hockey Games, also sponsored as Betano Hockey Games, is an annual ice hockey event held in Czech Republic. It is part of the Euro Hockey Tour. It was previously sponsored as the Pragobanka Cup, Česká Pojišťovna Cup, KAJOTbet Hockey Games, and Carlson Hockey Games.
Rural Municipality of Rhineland
The Rural Municipality of Rhineland is a former rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Manitoba. Since 1876, the area made up part of the Mennonite West Reserve. The R.M. of Rhineland was originally incorporated as a rural municipality on February 14, 1880 and later absorbed the neighbouring RM of Douglas in January 1891.  It ceased on January 1, 2015 as a result of its provincially mandated amalgamation with the towns of Gretna and Plum Coulee to form the Municipality of Rhineland.

The RM was located in the southern part of the province, along its border with the state of North Dakota in the United States. It had a population of 4,125 persons in the 2006 census, a slight decrease from the 4,183 reported in the 2001 Census. There is a national historic site in the former RM's territory at Neubergthal, which was officially designated in 1998 as Neubergthal Street Village.

Plum Coulee
Plum Coulee is an unincorporated urban community in the Municipality of Rhineland within the Canadian province of Manitoba that held town status prior to January 1, 2015. It is west of Altona, one hour southwest of Winnipeg and 22 kilometres from the United States border. It is also the former home to the Plum Coulee Xpress hockey club. It has an artificial beach located in town called Sunset Beach.
Notre Dame Gate
The Notre Dame Gate, also known as the Notre Dame de la Grace Gate (Italian: Porta della Maria Vergine delle Grazie), the Cottonera Gate, the Żabbar Gate (Maltese: Il-Mina ta' Ħaż-Żabbar) or Bieb is-Sultan (Maltese for "King's Gate"), is the main gate of the Cottonera Lines, located in Cottonera, Malta. The gate was built in 1675 in the Baroque style, and it is currently used as the headquarters of the heritage organization Fondazzjoni Wirt Artna.

French occupation of Malta
The island of Malta was occupied by France from 1798 to 1800. The Knights Hospitaller surrendered to Napoleon Bonaparte following the French landing in June 1798. In Malta, the French established a constitutional tradition in Maltese history (as part of the French First Republic), granted free education for all, and theoretically established freedom of the press, although only the pro-French newspaper Journal de Malte was actually published during the occupation.

The French abolished nobility, slavery, the feudal system, and the inquisition. The only remaining architectural reminder of the French occupation is probably the defacement of most coats of arms on the façades of buildings of the knights. The Maltese soon rebelled against the French and drove the French garrison into Valletta and the Grand Harbour fortifications where they were besieged for more than two years. The French surrendered Malta when their food supplies were about to run out.
Haverslev
Haverslev is a village, with a population of 797 (1 January 2025), in Rebild Municipality, North Jutland Region in Denmark. It is located 11 km east of Aars, 14 km south of Støvring, 11 km west of Arden and 10 km north of Nørager

Haverslev Church is located in the village.

Aars
Aars or Års, (Danish pronunciation: [ˈɒˀs]) is a Danish town with a population of 8,708 (1 January 2025) in Himmerland, Denmark. Administratively, Aars is the municipal seat of Vesthimmerland Municipality and biggest town of Vesthimmerland Municipality, Region Nordjylland since 2007 and it was also the seat of the mayor in the now abolished Aars Municipality. The town was founded in the 14th century. It is one of the four principal towns of Vesthimmerland, the other ones being Farsø, Løgstør and Aalestrup. Aars is a former railway town. It is currently the 77th largest city in Denmark just behind Nivå but in front of Løgten in Aarhus Municipality. It is the 11th biggest town/city in Region Nordjylland in front of Skagen but just behind Sæby. The town has the nickname Cimbri's town (Danish: Kimbrenes by).