hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Quantum spin liquid
In condensed matter physics, a quantum spin liquid is a phase of matter that can be formed by interacting quantum spins in certain magnetic materials.  Quantum spin liquids (QSL) are generally characterized by their long-range quantum entanglement, fractionalized excitations, and absence of ordinary magnetic order.

The quantum spin liquid state was first proposed by physicist Phil Anderson in 1973 as the ground state for a system of spins on a triangular lattice that interact antiferromagnetically with their nearest neighbors, i.e. neighboring spins seek to be aligned in opposite directions. Quantum spin liquids generated further interest when in 1987 Anderson proposed a theory that described high-temperature superconductivity in terms of a disordered spin-liquid state.

Fractionalization
In quantum mechanics, fractionalization is the phenomenon whereby the quasiparticles of a system cannot be constructed as combinations of its elementary constituents. One of the earliest and most prominent examples is the fractional quantum Hall effect, where the constituent particles are electrons but the quasiparticles carry fractions of the electron charge.  Fractionalization can be understood as deconfinement of quasiparticles that together are viewed as comprising the elementary constituents. In the case of spin–charge separation, for example, the electron can be viewed as a bound state of a 'spinon' and a 'holon (or chargon)', which under certain conditions can become free to move separately.
Llanera, Asturias
Llanera is a municipality in the Autonomous Community of the Principality of Asturias, Spain. It is bordered on the north by Gijón and Corvera de Asturias, on the south by Oviedo, on the east by Gijón and Siero, and on the west by Illas and Las Regueras. Its capital is located 11 km from Oviedo, 20 km from Avilés, and 22 km from Gijón.

Renfe, the national railroad organization, has stations in Lugo de Llanera, Villabona y Ferroñes.

The municipality has an important industrial sector. There are industrial parks at Silvota and Asipo.

There is a penitentiary in Villabona.

Lugo de Llanera was founded as a Roman settlement, named Lucus Asturum. It is situated at the fork of the Roman roads to Astorga and Cantabria.

Siero
Siero is a municipality of the autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain. With a population of 52,194 as of 2023, Siero is the fourth most populous municipality in Asturias. It has a total of 29 parishes, with the largest being Lugones; its capital parish is La Pola Siero. It is located centrally within Asturias, and the northernmost point of Siero is about 10 km from Asturias' largest city, Gijón, and the shores of the Cantabrian Sea.
North Dakota Highway 38
North Dakota Highway 38 (ND 38) is a 36.332-mile-long (58.471 km) north–south state highway in the U.S. state of North Dakota. ND 38's southern terminus is at Interstate 94 (I 94)/US Highway 52 (US 52) south of Buffalo, and the northern terminus is at ND 32 west of Hope.

Interstate 94 in North Dakota
Interstate 94 (I-94) runs east–west for 352.4 miles (567.1 km) through the southern half of the US state of North Dakota, from the Montana state line east to the Red River at Fargo. The route generally follows the route of the Northern Pacific Railway.
Pandiagonal magic cube
In recreational mathematics, a pandiagonal magic cube is a magic cube with the additional property that all broken diagonals (parallel to exactly two of the three coordinate axes) have the same sum as each other. Pandiagonal magic cubes are extensions of diagonal magic cubes (in which only the unbroken diagonals need to have the same sum as the rows of the cube) and generalize pandiagonal magic squares to three dimensions.

In a pandiagonal magic cube, all 3m planar arrays must be panmagic squares. The 6 oblique squares are always magic. Several of them may be panmagic squares.
A proper pandiagonal magic cube has exactly 9m2 lines plus the 4 main space diagonals summing correctly (no broken space diagonals have the correct sum.)

The smallest pandiagonal magic cube has order 7.

Diagonal magic cube
The class of diagonal magic cubes is the second of the six magic cube classes (when ranked by the number of lines summing correctly), coming after the simple magic cubes.

In a diagonal magic cube of order m, all 6m of the diagonals in the m planes parallel to the top, front, and sides of the cube must sum correctly. This means that the cube contains 3m simple magic squares of order m.
Because the cube contains so many magic squares, it was considered for many years to be "perfect" (although other types of cubes were also sometimes called a "perfect magic cube").

It is now known that there are three higher classes of cubes.

The (proper) diagonal magic cube has a total of 3m2  + 6m + 4 correctly summing lines and 3m + 6 simple magic squares.

The new definition perfect magic cube has a total of 13m2 correct lines and 9m pandiagonal magic squares.
Mesoamerican pine–oak forests
The Mesoamerican pine–oak forests is a composite ecoregion of southern Mexico and Central America, designated by the World Wildlife Fund as one of their Global 200 ecoregions, a list of priority ecoregions for conservation.

These forests include montane subtropical forests where pine and oak trees predominate, stretching across several major mountain ranges, including the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Sierra Madre del Sur. Ecoregions include:

Central American montane forests

Central American pine–oak forests

Chimalapas montane forests

Sierra Madre del Sur pine–oak forests

Sierra Madre de Oaxaca pine–oak forests

Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests

Chimalapas montane forests
The Chimalapas montane forests is a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion in southern Mexico. It includes the montane tropical forests of the Chimalapas region on the boundary between Chiapas and Oaxaca.
Isochromosome
An isochromosome is an unbalanced structural abnormality in which the arms of the chromosome are mirror images of each other. The chromosome consists of two copies of either the long (q) arm or the short (p) arm because isochromosome formation is equivalent to a simultaneous duplication and deletion of genetic material. Consequently, there is partial trisomy of the genes present in the isochromosome and partial monosomy of the genes in the lost arm.

Homologous chromosome
Homologous chromosomes or homologs are a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during meiosis. Homologs have the same genes in the same loci, where they provide points along each chromosome that enable a pair of chromosomes to align correctly with each other before separating during meiosis. This is the basis for Mendelian inheritance, which characterizes inheritance patterns of genetic material from an organism to its offspring parent developmental cell at the given time and area.
Steve Bull
Stephen George Bull MBE (born 28 March 1965) is an English former professional footballer who is best remembered for his 13-year spell at Wolverhampton Wanderers. He played there from 1986 until his retirement from playing in 1999, and holds the club's goalscoring record with 306 goals, which included 18 hat-tricks for the club.

He was capped 13 times for the England team between 1989 and 1990, scoring four goals.

1988–89 Football League
The 1988–89 season was the 90th completed season of the Football League.

No European qualification took place due to the Heysel Stadium disaster suspension in place.

Prior to the 1986–87 season membership of the Football League was dependent on a system of election by the other member teams.  From 1986 that system came to an end, and instead, the club finishing last in the Fourth Division was automatically demoted to Conference. This season the casualty was Darlington.
Andrés D'Alessandro
Andrés Nicolás D'Alessandro (born 15 April 1981) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. He has played top-flight football in Argentina, Germany, England, Spain, Brazil and Uruguay.

He won an Olympic gold medal with Argentina in 2004 and also played at that year's Copa América.

In 2020, he was awarded Brazilian citizenship.

2010 FIFA Club World Cup
The 2010 FIFA Club World Cup (officially known as the FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2010 presented by Toyota for sponsorship reasons) was a football tournament that was played from 8 to 18 December 2010. It was the seventh FIFA Club World Cup and was hosted by the United Arab Emirates.

Defending champions Barcelona did not qualify as they were eliminated in the semi-finals of the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League by eventual champions Internazionale. African representatives TP Mazembe of DR Congo defeated South America's Internacional of Brazil in the semi-finals to become the first team from outside Europe or South America to reach a Club World Cup final. However, Mazembe were unable to pass the final hurdle, as they lost 3–0 to Internazionale in the final. It was Inter's third world title, having won the Club World Cup's predecessor – the Intercontinental Cup – in 1964 and 1965.
B movies (Hollywood Golden Age)
The B movie, whose roots trace to the silent film era, was a significant contributor to Hollywood's Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s. As the Hollywood studios made the transition to sound film in the late 1920s, many independent exhibitors began adopting a new programming format: the double feature. The popularity of the twin bill required the production of relatively short, inexpensive movies to occupy the bottom half of the program. The double feature was the predominant presentation model at American theaters throughout the Golden Age, and B movies constituted the majority of Hollywood production during the period.

Double feature
The double feature is a motion picture industry practice in which movie theaters would exhibit two films for the price of one, supplanting an earlier format in which the presentation of one feature film would be followed by various short subject reels.
Verbiv, Naraiv rural hromada, Ternopil Raion, Ternopil Oblast
Verbiv (Ukrainian: Вербів, Polish: Wierzbów, Russian: назва) is a village in Ternopil Raion of Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine. It belongs to Naraiv rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

Until 18 July 2020, Verbiv belonged to Berezhany Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three. The area of Berezhany Raion was merged into Ternopil Raion.

Naraiv rural hromada
Naraiv rural territorial hromada (Ukrainian: Нараївська територіальна громада, romanized: Naraivska silska terytorialna hromada) is a hromada in Ukraine, in Ternopil Raion of Ternopil Oblast. The administrative center is the village of Naraiv. Its population is 6,656 (2022 estimate) Established on 5 April 2019.
Raúl de Tomás
Raúl de Tomás Gómez (Spanish pronunciation: [raˈul de toˈmas ˈɣomeθ]; born 17 October 1994) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a striker for La Liga club Rayo Vallecano.

He began as a youth team player at Real Madrid, making only one substitute appearance for the first team but playing and scoring regularly on loans to Córdoba, Valladolid and Rayo Vallecano of the Segunda División, winning promotion to La Liga with the last of those teams. In 2019 he joined Portuguese club Benfica for a €20 million fee, returning to Spain's top flight with Espanyol six months later for the same price and signing for Rayo again in 2022.

De Tomás made his full debut for Spain in 2021.

2019 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira
The 2019 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira was the 41st edition of the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira. It was played between the champions of the 2018–19 Primeira Liga, Benfica, and the winners of the 2018–19 Taça de Portugal, crosstown rivals Sporting CP, on 4 August 2019.
Benfica won the match 5–0 and thus secured their eighth title overall.
College and university rankings
College and university rankings order higher education institutions based on various criteria, with factors differing depending on the specific ranking system. These rankings can be conducted at the national or international level, assessing institutions within a single country, within a specific geographical region, or worldwide. Rankings are typically conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments, or academics.

In addition to ranking entire institutions, specific programs, departments, and schools can be ranked. Some rankings consider measures of wealth, excellence in research, selective admissions, and alumni success. Rankings may also consider various combinations of measures of specialization expertise, student options, award numbers, internationalization, graduate employment, industrial linkage, historical reputation and other criteria.

Research Assessment Exercise
The Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) was an exercise undertaken approximately every five years on behalf of the four UK higher education funding councils (HEFCE, SHEFC, HEFCW, DELNI) to evaluate the quality of research undertaken by British higher education institutions. RAE submissions from each subject area (or unit of assessment) are given a rank by a subject specialist peer review panel. The rankings are used to inform the allocation of quality weighted research funding (QR) each higher education institution receives from their national funding council.  Previous RAEs took place in 1986, 1989, 1992, 1996 and 2001. The most recent results were published in December 2008. It was replaced by the Research Excellence Framework (REF) in 2014.

Various media have produced league tables of institutions and disciplines based on the 2008 RAE results. Different methodologies lead to similar but non-identical rankings.
Asinate Serevi
Asinate Serevi (born 16 April 1995) is a Fijian rugby union player. She represented the United States in international rugby before switching to play for Fiji in 2022. She competed for Fiji in their Rugby World Cup debut in 2022.

Australia women's national rugby union team
The Australia women's national rugby union team, commonly called the Wallaroos, represent Australia in women's rugby union. They compete annually in the Pacific Four Series, the Laurie O'Reilly Cup against New Zealand, and have competed at Women's Rugby World Cups since 1998.

Australian women have been playing rugby since the late 1930s, in regional areas of New South Wales. In 1992 the first National Women's Tournament was held in Newcastle, NSW. The following year the Australian Women's Rugby Union was established, and it was declared that the national women's team would be called the Wallaroos. It was chosen because it was the name of one of Australia's oldest clubs, the Wallaroo Football Club, which was formed in 1870.
Al-Busayrah
Al-Busayrah (Arabic: الْبُصَيْرَة, romanized: al-Buṣayrah) is a town in eastern Syria, administratively part of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate. The town is located, at the confluence of the Euphrates and Khabur Rivers, southeast of Deir ez-Zor. Nearby localities include Muhassan to the northwest and al-Asharah, Mayadin and Hajin to the southeast. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Al-Busayrah had a population of 6,199 in the 2004 census. The town was known by its Latin name, Circesium, under the Roman Empire.

During the Syrian Civil War, the city was part of the Islamic State until the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) captured it on 12 November 2017, bringing it under the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria. On 6 August 2024, Syrian Army Backed Tribal Forces claimed to have captured the city amid an announced offensive in the region.

Mayadin
Mayadin (Arabic: ٱلْمِيَادِين/ALA-LC: al-Miyādīn) is a town in eastern Syria. It is the capital of the Mayadin District, part of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate. Mayadin is about 44 kilometers southeast of Deir ez-Zor. The Euphrates River flows through the town. In the 2004 census, the population was 44,028, making it the second most populous town in the governorate.
Udeini
Udeini is a tribe in the species-rich subfamily Spilomelinae in the pyraloid moth family Crambidae. The tribe was erected by Richard Mally, James E. Hayden, Christoph Neinhuis, Bjarte H. Jordal and Matthias Nuss in 2019.

Udeoides
Udeoides is a genus of snout moths of the subfamily Spilomelinae in the family Crambidae. The genus was described by Koen Maes in 2006 and distinguished from the related genus Udea. All six species are distributed in the Afrotropical realm.
Galeotto Manfredi
Galeotto Manfredi (1440 – May 31, 1488) was an Italian condottiero and lord of Faenza.

Born in Faenza, Romagna, he was the son of Astorre II Manfredi. In 1477, after a failed attempt of military conquest, he succeeded as lord of Faenza to his brother Carlo, taking advantage of a rebellion against him. In his youth years he had fought under the famous condottiero Bartolomeo Colleoni for the Republic of Venice. In 1483 he was made commander of the Florentine Army, and fought in the Wars in Lombardy.

In 1481 he married Francesca Bentivoglio, daughter of Giovanni II Bentivoglio, lord of Bologna. Galeotto was killed by her in an attack of jealousy in May 1488. He was succeeded by his son Astorre.

Bartolomeo Colleoni
Bartolomeo Colleoni (Italian pronunciation: [bartoloˈmɛːo kolleˈoːni]; 1400 – 2 November 1475) was an Italian condottiero who served as the captain-general of the Republic of Venice. Colleoni gained a reputation as one of the foremost tacticians and disciplinarians of the 15th century. He is also credited with refurbishing the Roman baths at Trescore Balneario.
1990 NCAA Division I men's lacrosse tournament
The 1990 NCAA Division I lacrosse tournament was the 20th annual tournament hosted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association to determine the team champion of men's college lacrosse among its Division I programs, held at the end of the 1990 NCAA Division I men's lacrosse season.

Syracuse defeated Loyola Maryland in the championship game, 21–9. However, Syracuse's participation in the tournament was later vacated by the NCAA Committee on infractions because coach Roy Simmons, Jr.'s wife co-signed a car loan with Paul Gait.

The championship game was played at Rutgers Stadium at Rutgers University in Piscataway, New Jersey, with 19,070 fans in attendance.

NCAA Division I men's lacrosse tournament
The NCAA Division I men's lacrosse tournament is an annual tournament organized by the NCAA to determine the national champion of men's collegiate field lacrosse among its Division I members in the United States. It has been held every year since 1971, except 2020.

From 1936 through 1970, the United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (USILA) awarded the Wingate Memorial Trophy annually to the collegiate champion based on regular season records.

Syracuse has been the most successful program since 1970 with 10 national titles, followed by Johns Hopkins with 9 national titles in the NCAA era.

Cornell is the reigning national champion, winning the school's fourth title in 2025.
1968 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship
The 1968 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship was the 47th staging of the All-Ireland Junior Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1912.

Wicklow were the defending champions.

The All-Ireland final was played on 6 October 1968 at Glebe Park in Birmingham, between Warwickshire and Kerry, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Warwickshire won the match by 1–14 to 1–09 to claim their first ever All-Ireland title.

All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship
The All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship was a hurling competition organized by the Gaelic Athletic Association in Ireland. The competition was originally contested by the second teams of the strong counties, and the first teams of the weaker counties. In the years from 1961 to 1973 and from 1997 until now, the strong counties have competed for the All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship instead. The competition was then restricted to the weaker counties. The competition was discontinued after 2004 as these counties now compete for the Nicky Rackard Cup instead.

From 1974 to 1982, the original format of the competition was abandoned, and the competition was incorporated in Division 3 of the National Hurling League. The original format, including the strong hurling counties was re-introduced in 1983.
Kutama
The Kutama (Berber: Ikutamen; Arabic: كتامة, romanized: Kutāma) were a Berber tribe in northern Algeria classified among the Berber confederation of the Bavares. The Kutama are attested much earlier, in the form Koidamousii by the Greek geographer Ptolemy.

The Kutama played a pivotal role in establishing the Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171), forming the bulk of the Fatimid army which eventually overthrew the Aghlabids who controlled Ifriqiya, and which then went on to conquer Egypt, Sudan, Hijaz and the southern Levant in 969–975. The Kutama remained one of the mainstays of the Fatimid army until well into the 11th century.

Béjaïa
Béjaïa (/bɪˈdʒaɪə/ bij-EYE-ə; Arabic: بجاية, romanized: Bijāya, pronounced [biˈdʒaːja], locally [ˈb(d)ʒæːjə]), formerly known as Bougie and Bugia, is a Mediterranean port city and commune on the Gulf of Béjaïa in Algeria; it is the capital of Béjaïa Province.
Sigmodal
Sigmodal (Rectidon) is a barbiturate derivative. It has sedative, hypnotic and anticonvulsant properties, and was used in surgical anaesthesia in the 1950s, and frequently appeared in drug mixtures in the 60s.

It was never widely used compared to better known barbiturates such as thiopental, and has now been replaced by newer drugs with a better safety profile.

Barbiturate
Barbiturates are a class of depressant drugs that are chemically derived from barbituric acid. They are effective when used medically as anxiolytics, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants, but have physical and psychological addiction potential as well as overdose potential among other possible adverse effects. They have been used recreationally for their anti-anxiety and sedative effects, and are thus controlled in most countries due to the risks associated with such use.

Barbiturates have largely been replaced by benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines ("Z-drugs") in routine medical practice, particularly in the treatment of anxiety disorders and insomnia, because of the significantly lower risk of overdose, and the lack of an antidote for barbiturate overdose. Despite this, barbiturates are still in use for various purposes: in general anesthesia, epilepsy, treatment of acute migraines or cluster headaches, acute tension headaches, euthanasia, capital punishment, and assisted suicide.
Thaxterogaster caesiophylloides
Thaxterogaster caesiophylloides is a species of mushroom-forming fungus in family Cortinariaceae. It grows on the ground in mesic coniferous forests of Fennoscandia and Slovakia. It was first described scientifically in 2014 as Cortinarius caesiophylloides and later reclassified in 2022. The fungus produces fruiting bodies with sticky caps 4–8 cm across that have apricot to red-brown colours with darker zones. The mushroom is characterized by its pale grey gills with a bluish tint in youth, a whitish stipe with a distinct bulb at the base, and broadly almond-shaped spores.

Cortinariaceae
The Cortinariaceae are a large family of gilled mushrooms found worldwide, containing over 3200 species. The family takes its name from its largest genus, the varied species of the genus Cortinarius. Many genera formerly in the Cortinariaceae have been placed in various other families, including Hymenogastraceae, Inocybaceae and Bolbitiaceae.

The deadly toxin orellanine has been found in at least 34 Cortinariaceae.