hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Polish Defense
The Polish Defense is the name commonly given to one of several sequences of chess opening moves characterized by an early ...b5 by Black. The name "Polish Defense" is given by analogy to the Polish Opening, 1.b4. The original line was

1. d4 b5

as played by Alexander Wagner, a Polish player and openings analyst, against Kuhn in the 1913 Swiss Correspondence Championship.  Wagner published an analysis of the opening in Deutsches Wochenschach in 1914, when he was living in Stanislau, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine).

Later the name was also applied to

1. d4 Nf6

2. Nf3 b5

and other lines in which Black plays an early ...b7-b5, which are sometimes called the Polish Defense Deferred.

Glossary of chess
This glossary of chess explains commonly used terms in chess, in alphabetical order. Some of these terms have their own pages, like fork and pin.

For a list of:

unorthodox chess pieces, see Fairy chess piece;

terms specific to chess problems, see Glossary of chess problems;

named opening lines, see List of chess openings;

chess-related games, see List of chess variants;

terms general to board games, see Glossary of board games.
Radiation trapping
Radiation trapping, imprisonment of resonance radiation, radiative transfer of spectral lines, line transfer or radiation diffusion is a phenomenon in physics whereby radiation may be "trapped" in a system as it is emitted by one atom and absorbed by another.

Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)
In physics, absorption of electromagnetic radiation is how matter (typically electrons bound in atoms) takes up a photon's energy—and so transforms electromagnetic energy into internal energy of the absorber (for example, thermal energy).

A notable effect of the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is attenuation of the radiation; attenuation is the gradual reduction of the intensity of light waves as they propagate through a medium.

Although the absorption of waves does not usually depend on their intensity (linear absorption), in certain conditions (optics) the medium's transparency changes by a factor that varies as a function of wave intensity, and saturable absorption (or nonlinear absorption) occurs.
Hater (band)
Hater was an American rock supergroup  that formed in Seattle, Washington in 1993. The band formed as a side project mostly under the direction of Soundgarden bassist Ben Shepherd. Additional members included Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron, guitarist John McBain (ex-Monster Magnet and, later, partner of Cameron and Shepherd in Wellwater Conspiracy), bassist John Waterman for the self-titled album, Devilhead vocalist Brian Wood, brother of Mother Love Bone vocalist Andrew Wood, and Alan Davis on bass for The 2nd.

Mother Love Bone
Mother Love Bone was an American rock band that formed in Seattle, Washington, in 1987. The band was active up until 1990. Frontman Andrew Wood's charisma and songwriting helped to catapult the group to the top of the burgeoning Seattle music scene at the time. Wood died shortly before the scheduled release of the band's debut album Apple, resulting in the breakup of the band. The album was released a few months later, though many recollections of demos, b-sides, and live performances were released and given to the general public as well.

As well as being influential to grunge, they are also considered early pioneers in the alternative metal genre. After Wood's death, the band's remaining members scattered to other projects, with guitarist Stone Gossard and bassist Jeff Ament forming Pearl Jam as the most notable example.
Eucalyptus magnificata
Eucalyptus magnificata, commonly known as blue box or northern blue box, is a species of small tree or sometimes a mallee that is restricted to a small area of New South Wales. It has rough, fibrous or flaky bark on the trunk and larger branches, smooth bark above, broadly lance-shaped to egg-shaped leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white or pale yellow flowers and conical fruit.

Mallee (habit)
Mallee are trees or shrubs, mainly certain species of eucalypts, which grow with multiple stems springing from an underground lignotuber or xylopodium, usually to a height of no more than 10 m (33 ft). The term is widely used for trees with this  growth habit across southern Australia, in the states of Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales and Victoria, and has given rise to other uses of the term, including the ecosystems where such trees predominate, specific geographic areas within some of the states and as part of various species' names.
Korschenbroich
Korschenbroich (German pronunciation: [kɔʁʃn̩ˈbʁoːx] ⓘ; Limburgish: Korsjebrooch) is a town in the Rhein-Kreis Neuss, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated on the river Niers, approx. 13 km west of Neuss and 5 km east of Mönchengladbach.

On May 31, 2025, a Beechcraft Bonanza crashed in a terrace of a residential house in the town. A person on the ground was killed, along with one person on the plane.

Rhein-Kreis Neuss
Neuss is a Kreis (district) in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Nearby are the urban districts Mönchengladbach, Krefeld, Duisburg, Düsseldorf, Cologne, the districts Rhein-Erft-Kreis, Düren, Heinsberg and the district Viersen.
340 BC
Year 340 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Torquatus and Mus (or, less frequently, year 414 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 340 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Satrap
A satrap (/ˈsætrəp/) was a governor of the provinces of the ancient Median and Persian (Achaemenid) Empires and in several of their successors, such as in the Sasanian Empire and the Hellenistic empires. A satrapy is the territory governed by a satrap.

A satrap served as a viceroy to the king, though with considerable autonomy. The word came to suggest tyranny or ostentatious splendour, and its modern usage is a pejorative and refers to any subordinate or local ruler, usually with unfavourable connotations of corruption.
Matías Kranevitter
Claudio Matías Kranevitter (Spanish pronunciation: [maˈti.as kɾaneˈβiteɾ]; born 21 May 1993) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Süper Lig club Fatih Karagümrük.

2015 Copa Libertadores
The 2015 Copa Libertadores de América (officially the 2015 Copa Bridgestone Libertadores for sponsorship reasons) was the 56th edition of the Copa Libertadores de América, South America's premier club football tournament organized by CONMEBOL.

Argentine team River Plate qualified to play in the 2015 FIFA Club World Cup and the 2016 Recopa Sudamericana as the best-placed South American team, before winning the final against Mexican team UANL 3–0 on aggregate to win their third title. San Lorenzo were the defending champions, but they were eliminated in the group stage.
Soltsy
Soltsy (Russian: Сольцы́) is a town and the administrative center of Soletsky District in Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Shelon River, 78 kilometers (48 mi) southwest of Veliky Novgorod, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:  10,086 (2010 Census); 11,264 (2002 Census); 11,782 (1989 Soviet census).

Staraya Russa
Staraya Russa (Russian: Старая Русса, IPA: [ˈstarəjə ˈrusːə]) is a town in Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the Polist River, 99 kilometers (62 mi) south of Veliky Novgorod, the administrative center of the oblast. Its population has steadily decreased over the past years, going from 41,538 recorded in the 1989 Census to 35,511 in the 2002 Census to 31,809 in the 2010 Census.
12th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment
The 12th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment was a volunteer infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. They served primarily in the western theatre of the war, participating in battles and campaigns including the Siege of Vicksburg, the Jackson expedition, the Atlanta campaign, and Sherman's March to the Sea.

XVII Corps (Union army)
XVII Corps was a corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was organized December 18, 1862 as part of Ulysses S. Grant's Army of the Tennessee. It was most notably commanded by Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson and Maj. Gen. Francis P. Blair II, and served in the Western Theater.
Kyntra Bio
Kyntra Bio, Inc. (formerly FibroGen, Inc.) is a biopharmaceutical company headquartered in San Francisco, California. Once regarded as a promising developer of innovative therapies for anemia and fibrotic diseases, with a market capitalization of roughly $4 billion in 2018–19, the company's value collapsed following late-stage trial failures, regulatory setbacks, and a data manipulation scandal. By 2026, Kyntra was mainly reduced to a single early-stage oncology drug candidate.

On January 8, 2026, FibroGen changed its name to Kyntra Bio and ticker symbol to KYNB.

Astellas Pharma
Astellas Pharma Inc. (アステラス製薬株式会社, Asuterasu Seiyaku Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese multinational pharmaceutical company, formed on 1 April 2005 from the merger of Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (山之内製薬株式会社, Yamanouchi Seiyaku Kabushiki-gaisha) and Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (藤沢薬品工業株式会社, Fujisawa Yakuhin Kōgyō Kabushiki-gaisha).

Astellas is a member of the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFJ) keiretsu.
Jean-Moïse Raymond
Jean-Moïse Raymond (January 5, 1787 – February 8, 1843) was a businessman, militia officer and political figure in Lower Canada, and briefly in Canada East (now Quebec), in the Province of Canada.  He was active in a family business inherited from his father, and also served in the Lower Canada militia during the War of 1812, at the Battle of the Châteauguay. As a member of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, he was critical of British government of the province, voting in favour of the Ninety-Two Resolutions, which set out a detailed list of problems with the government.  He opposed the union of Lower Canada with Upper Canada.  Following the union of those two provinces into the Province of Canada, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the new province, but resigned his seat after only one year to take a government appointment.  He died in 1843.

La Prairie, Quebec
La Prairie (French pronunciation: [la pʁɛʁi]) is an off-island suburb (south shore) of Montreal, in southwestern Quebec, Canada, at the confluence of the Saint-Jacques River and the Saint Lawrence River in the Regional County Municipality of Roussillon. The population as of the Canada 2021 Census was 26,406.
Bunuba National Park
Bunuba National Park is a national park in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, 80 kilometres (50 mi) north-east of Fitzroy Crossing. It was declared in August 2023, is located in the Shire of Derby-West Kimberley, and is part of the Central Kimberley and Dampierland bioregions.

The national park is located on the traditional land of the Bunuba people and is jointly managed by the Bunuba Dawangarri Aboriginal Corporation and the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. It stretches from the Danggu Gorge National Park, centred around Geikie Gorge, along the Fitzroy River to Dimond Gorge, covering 220,000 hectares (540,000 acres).

The creation of Bunuba National Park, alongside the Warlibirri National Park, which was created in 2022, aims to protect the Fitzroy and Margaret rivers.

Bunuba
The Bunuba (also known as Bunaba, Punapa, Punuba) are a group of Indigenous Australians and are one of the traditional owners of the southern West Kimberley, in Western Australia. Many now live in and around the town of Fitzroy Crossing.
Marie Eleonore of Dietrichstein
Countess Marie Eleonore of Dietrichstein (1 January 1623 – 20 March 1687), was a German noblewoman, by birth member of the House of Dietrichstein and by her two marriages Countess of Kaunitz and Oppersdorf.

Dietrichstein family
The House of Dietrichstein was one of the oldest and most prominent Austrian noble families originating in the Duchy of Carinthia. The family belonged to the high nobility (German: Hochadel). The Nikolsburg branch was elevated to the rank of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1624, while a member of the Hollenburg branch was elevated to the same dignity in 1684. The family held two territories with imperial immediacy – the Principality of Dietrichstein, along with castles in Carinthia and Moravia, and the Sovereign Barony of Tarasp (now in Switzerland).
58th New York State Legislature
The 58th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6 to May 11, 1835, during the third year of William L. Marcy's governorship, in Albany.

Warren County, New York
Warren County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 65,737. The county seat is Queensbury. The county was established in 1813 and is named in honor of General Joseph Warren, an American Revolutionary War hero of the Battle of Bunker Hill. The county is part of the Capital District region of the state.
ISO 3166-2:SN
ISO 3166-2:SN is the entry for Senegal in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently for Senegal, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 14 regions.

Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is SN, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Senegal. The second part is two letters.

ISO 3166
ISO 3166 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, special areas of geographical interest, and their principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states). The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions.
1996 Wexford Senior Hurling Championship
The 1996 Wexford Senior Hurling Championship was the 86th completed staging of the Wexford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Wexford County Board in 1889. The championship ran from 15 September to 27 October 1996.

Oulart–The Ballagh entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Rathnure in the semi-finals.

The final was played on 27 October 1996 at Wexford Park, between Rathnure and Rapparees, in what was their third meeting in the final overall and a first meeting in the final in 18 years. Rathnure won the match by 1–12 to 0–07 to claim their 16th championship title overall and a first title in six years.

Wexford Senior Hurling Championship
The Wexford Senior Hurling Championship (known for sponsorship reasons as the Pettitt's SuperValu Senior Hurling Championship) is an annual hurling competition contested by top-tier Wexford GAA clubs. The Wexford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association has organised it since 1889.

St Martin's are the title holders after defeating Rathnure by 2-14 to 0–16 in the final.
Sredorek Peak
Sredorek Peak (Bulgarian: връх Средорек, romanized: vrah Sredorek, IPA: [ˈvrɤx srɛdoˈrɛk]) is the peak rising to 1291 m in Korten Ridge east of Kasabova Glacier and west of Sabine Glacier on Davis Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica.

The peak is named after the settlements of Sredorek in eastern and western Bulgaria.

Davis Coast
Davis Coast (64°S 60°W﻿ / ﻿64°S 60°W﻿ / -64; -60) is that portion of the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula between Cape Kjellman and Cape Sterneck. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Captain John Davis, the English-born American sealer who claimed to have made the first recorded landing on the continent of Antarctica at Hughes Bay on this coast in the Cecilia, February 7, 1821.
Księcia Janusza metro station
Księcia Janusza (the Polish for "Duke Janusz") is a M2 metro line Warsaw Metro station in Wola district, by the intersection of Górczewska and Księcia Janusza streets.

The station is 606.1 m in length, and the cubic capacity at 188 480 m³. The green colour scheme of the station refers to the nearby parks: Moczydło Park and Edward Szymański Park.

Moczydło Park
The Moczydło Park (Polish pronunciation: [mɔˈt͡ʂɘ̟.dwɔ]; Polish: Park Moczydło) is an urban park in Warsaw, Poland, within the district of Wola. It is located in the neighbourhood of Koło, between Deotymy, Górczewska, and Czorsztyńska Streers, and Primate of the Millennium Avenue. It was developed in the 1960s.
Logan Ryan
Logan Daniel Ryan (born February 9, 1991) is an American former professional football defensive back who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 11 seasons. He played college football for the Rutgers Scarlet Knights as a cornerback and was selected by the New England Patriots in the third round of the 2013 NFL draft. Ryan also played for the Tennessee Titans, New York Giants, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and San Francisco 49ers. He played cornerback for the first seven seasons of his career before switching to safety in 2020 and playing the position in his last four seasons. Since retiring from playing, Ryan has worked as an NFL color analyst for CBS television broadcasts.

Ryan Tannehill
Ryan Timothy Tannehill III (born July 27, 1988) is an American former professional football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 12 seasons with the Miami Dolphins and Tennessee Titans. He played college football for the Texas A&M Aggies and was selected eighth overall by the Dolphins in the 2012 NFL draft.

In his first seven seasons, Tannehill served as the Dolphins' primary starter. He was traded to the Titans in 2019, becoming the starter midway through the season and leading the team to the AFC Championship Game. Tannehill was also named NFL Comeback Player of the Year and received Pro Bowl honors. During his next two seasons, Tannehill helped the Titans clinch consecutive division titles.
The Last Island
The Last Island: A Naturalist's Sojourn on Triangle Island is a non-fiction memoir, written by Canadian writer Alison Watt, first published in September 2002 by Harbour Publishing. In the book, the author chronicles her return to Triangle Island, a bird sanctuary off the northern tip of Vancouver Island. Watt spent four months studying tufted puffins with her mentor Anne Vallee, returning 16 years later after Vallee's death. The Last Island is written in "beautiful language combined with watercolour paintings" with the power to "transport the reader to the island".

Edna Staebler Award
The Edna Staebler Award for Creative Non-Fiction is an annual literary award recognizing the previous year's best creative nonfiction book with a "Canadian locale and/or significance" that is a Canadian writer's "first or second published book of any type or genre". It was established by an endowment from Edna Staebler, a literary journalist best known for cookbooks, and was inaugurated in 1991 for publication year 1990. The award is administered by Wilfrid Laurier University's Faculty of Arts. Only submitted books are considered.

For purposes of the award, "Creative non-fiction is literary not journalistic. The writer does not merely give information but intimately shares an experience with the reader by telling a factual story using the devices of fiction ... Rather than emphasizing objectivity, the book should have feeling, and should be a compelling, engaging read."
Digital pedagogy
Digital pedagogy is the study and use of contemporary digital technologies in teaching and learning. Digital pedagogy may be applied to online, hybrid, and face-to-face learning environments. Digital pedagogy also has roots in the theory of constructivism.

Educational technology
Educational technology (commonly abbreviated as edutech or edtech) refers to the use of computer hardware, software, and educational theory and practice to facilitate learning and teaching. When referred to with its abbreviation, "EdTech", it often refers to the industry of companies that create educational technology. Scholars such as Tanner Mirrlees and Shahid Alvi (2019) have described the edtech industry as consisting largely of privately owned companies involved in producing and distributing educational technologies for commercial purposes.

In addition to the practical educational experience, educational technology is based on theoretical knowledge from various disciplines such as communication, education, psychology, sociology, artificial intelligence, and computer science. It encompasses several domains, including learning theory, computer-based training, online learning, and mobile learning (m-learning).
Lloyd Wolfe
Lloyd Wolfe was a college football and basketball player. Wolfe was a prominent end for the Tennessee Volunteers of the University of Tennessee during the 1914 to 1916. He and Graham Vowell were credited with stopping Vanderbilt's Rabbit Curry in 1916, a season in which he was selected All-Southern.

Irby Curry
Irby Rice "Rabbit" Curry (August 4, 1894 – August 10, 1918) was an American football quarterback for Vanderbilt University from 1914 to 1916. He was selected as a first-team All-Southern player in 1915 and 1916 and a third-team All-American in 1916. In August 1918, while serving as a pilot in the 95th Aero Squadron during World War I, he was killed in aerial combat over France. He was described as "the player who has most appealed to the imagination, admiration, and affection of the entire university community through the years."
Nitaskinan
52°49′9.8″N 67°11′53.3″W﻿ / ﻿52.819389°N 67.198139°W﻿ / 52.819389; -67.198139

Nitaskinan, also known as Nehirowisi Aski and Atikamekw Territory, is the ancestral country of the Atikamekw people. It is located in the valley of the Saint-Maurice River in Quebec, Canada. It covers an area of 80,000 km2 (31,000 sq mi). On 8 September 2014, the Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw declared unilaterally the sovereignty of the Atikamekw Nation on the Nistaskinan. The objective of this is mainly to obtain a right of review for the projects exploiting the natural resources and to highlight the Atikamekw's identity. "Nitaskinan" means "our (excl.) land" in the Atikamekw language, where "Kitaskinan" means "our (inclusive) land," similar to other Cree languages' use of aski. From a legal perspective, according to the Canadian Indian Act, the Atikamekw have self-administration on three Indian reserves, Manawan, Obedjiwan and Wemotaci, but territory of Nitaskinan covers an area much wider.

Manawan
Manawan (named Manouane until 1991), officially named communauté Atikamekw de Manawan (French for "Atikamekw Community of Manawan"), is a First Nations reserve on the south-western shores of Lake Métabeskéga in the Lanaudière region of Quebec, Canada. It belongs to the Atikamekw of Manawan band of the Atikamekw Nation.

The 5-kilometre (3-mile) by 2-kilometre (1+1⁄4-mile) reserve is an enclave within the Baie-Atibenne unorganized territory, approximately 72 kilometres (45 mi) north of Saint-Michel-des-Saints. It is accessible by gravel road.

The reserve takes its name from the Manouane River that has its source nearby. The standardized writing of the Atikamekw language spells it as Manawan, and this form was adopted on January 8, 1991. It means "place where they gather eggs".