hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Older Scots
Older Scots is a distinct historical stage in the development of the Scots language, encompassing its evolution between the 14th and 18th centuries. It is a subfield of study within the wider historical linguistics of Scots. This chronological term is widely used, for example by Scottish Language Dictionaries (formally SNDA), the Oxford Companion to the English Language, and the Cambridge History of English and American Literature. The online Dictionary of the Scots Language includes the Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue.: 902

Older Scots is used for the following periods in the history of the Scots language:

Pre-literary Scots to 1375

Early Scots to 1450

Middle Scots to 1700

History of the Scots language
The history of the Scots language dates from the incursion of Old English into south-eastern Scotland in the 7th century, where it gradually prevailed against Scots Gaelic. The development of Scots as a distinct language was slowed by the incorporation of Scotland into Great Britain in the 17th century, which increased the influence and prestige of English at the expense of Scots. It was also during the 17th century that Scots was introduced to Ireland. Today Scots is spoken by 28% of the population of Scotland and by 2% or 3% of the population of Northern Ireland.
Half-tamlueng coin
The half-tamlueng (Thai: กึ่งตำลึง) was a historic Thai currency unit used during the pre-decimal era of the Thai baht. One half-tamueng was equal to  2 baht, making it one of the biggest denominations in the traditional Thai monetary system.

1877 series was only made in design, but was never released to the public.

Evolution of half-tamlueng

1862

1877

One-baht coin
The one-baht coin is a denomination coin of the Thai baht, the Thai currency unit.

Like all coins in Thailand, its obverse features the King of Thailand, Vajiralongkorn, and previously Bhumibol Adulyadej. The newest set of coins features King Vajiralongkorn's royal monogram on the reverse side while the coins of the previous set featured Wat Phra Sri Rattana Satsadaram or Wat Phra Kaew, the royal temple in Bangkok's Grand Palace complex.

It is commonly called rian baht (Thai:เหรียญบาท) by Thai speakers (rian meaning "coin" in Thai).
Discovery and development of beta-blockers
β adrenergic receptor antagonists (also called beta-blockers or β-blockers) were initially developed in the 1960s, for the treatment of angina pectoris but are now also used for  hypertension, congestive heart failure and certain arrhythmias.   In the 1950s, dichloroisoproterenol (DCI) was discovered to be a β-antagonist that blocked the effects of sympathomimetic amines on bronchodilation, uterine relaxation and heart stimulation. Although DCI had no clinical utility, a change in the compound did provide a clinical candidate, pronethalol, which was introduced in 1962.

Binding selectivity
In chemistry, binding selectivity is defined with respect to the binding of ligands to a substrate forming a complex. Binding selectivity describes how a ligand may bind more preferentially to one receptor than another. A selectivity coefficient is the equilibrium constant for the reaction of displacement by one ligand of another ligand in a complex with the substrate. Binding selectivity is of major importance in biochemistry and in chemical separation processes.
Canada–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations
Canada and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) established diplomatic relations in 1960, following the DRC's independence. Canada maintains an embassy in Kinshasa, and the DRC has one in Ottawa.

Although Canadian links to the Congo date back to the Victorian era, formal involvement began in the 1940s with a push for closer commercial ties. In 1948, Canada appointed a trade commissioner to Léopoldville (now Kinshasa), and in the decades since, relations have generally been characterized by Canadian investment, development assistance, technical cooperation, and ongoing diplomatic engagement.

Official development assistance
Official development assistance (ODA) is a category used by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to measure foreign aid. The DAC first adopted the concept in 1969. It is widely used as an indicator of international aid flow. It refers to material resources given by the governments of richer countries to promote the economic development of poorer countries and the welfare of their people. The donor government agency may disburse such resources to the government of the recipient country or through other organizations. Most ODA is in the form of grants, but some is measured as the concessional value in soft (low-interest) loans.

In 2019, the annual amount of state donor aid counted as ODA was US$168 billion, of which US$152 billion came from DAC donors.
Marina Pierro
Marina Pierro (born 9 October 1956, or 1960) is an Italian actress, model, writer, and film director, who is best known for her artistic relationship with Polish filmmaker Walerian Borowczyk (1923-2006). Pierro and Borowczyk's collaboration lasted approximately ten years and comprised five completed films and one foray into episodic television.

Pierro has been described as an "erotic icon of auteur cinema" and she has referred to herself as Walerian Borowczyk's muse.

Hardcore pornography
Hardcore pornography or hardcore porn is pornography that features detailed depictions of sexual organs or sexual acts such as vaginal, anal, oral, or manual intercourse; ejaculation; or fetish play. The term is in contrast with less-explicit softcore pornography. Hardcore pornography usually takes the form of magazines, photographs, films, and cartoons. Since the mid-1990s, hardcore pornography has become widely available on the internet, much of it without cost, making it more accessible than ever before.
Crown Point (Sierra Nevada)
Crown Point is a mountain with a summit elevation of 11,346 feet (3,458 m) located in the Sierra Nevada mountain range, in Mono County of northern California, United States. The summit is set in the Hoover Wilderness on land managed by Humboldt–Toiyabe National Forest, whereas the lower southwest slope is set within Yosemite National Park and Tuolumne County. The peak is situated approximately five miles southwest of Twin Lakes, one mile southeast of Peeler Lake, three miles southeast of Kettle Peak, and 4.3 miles (6.9 km) west-northwest of Matterhorn Peak. Topographic relief is significant as the northeast aspect rises over 2,100 feet (640 meters) above the Robinson Lakes in one mile. The first ascent of the summit was made in 1905 by George R. Davis, Albert Hale Sylvester, and Pearson Chapman, all with the United States Geological Survey.

Mono County, California
Mono County (/ˈmoʊnoʊ/ MOH-noh) is a county located in the east central portion of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 13,195, making it the fourth-least populous county in California. The county seat is Bridgeport. The county is located east of the Sierra Nevada between Yosemite National Park and Nevada. The only incorporated town in the county is Mammoth Lakes, which is located at the foot of Mammoth Mountain.  Other locations, such as June Lake, are also famous as skiing and fishing resorts. Located in the middle of the county is Mono Lake, a vital habitat for millions of migratory and nesting birds. The lake is located in a wild natural setting, with pinnacles of tufa arising out of the salty and alkaline lake. Also located in Mono County is Bodie, the official state gold rush ghost town, which is now a California State Historic Park.
PureScript
PureScript is a strongly typed, purely functional programming language that transpiles to JavaScript and, with alternate backends, to C++11, Erlang, and Go. It can be used to develop web applications, server side apps, and also desktop applications with use of Electron or via C++11 and Go compilers with suitable libraries. Its syntax is mostly comparable to that of Haskell. Also, it introduces row polymorphism and extensible records. Also, contrary to Haskell, the PureScript language is defined as having a strict evaluation strategy, although there are non-conforming back-ends which implement a lazy evaluation strategy. It is free and open-source software released under a BSD 3-clause license.

Electron (software framework)
Electron (formerly known as Atom Shell) is a free and open-source software framework developed and maintained by OpenJS Foundation. The framework is designed to create desktop applications using web technologies (mainly HTML, CSS and JavaScript, although other technologies such as front-end frameworks and WebAssembly are possible) that are rendered using a version of the Chromium browser engine and a back end using the Node.js runtime environment. It also uses various APIs to enable functionality such as native integration with Node.js services and an inter-process communication module.

Electron was originally built for Atom and is the main GUI framework behind several other open-source projects including GitHub Desktop, Light Table, WordPress Desktop, and Eclipse Theia. It is also used in Microsoft's proprietary code editor Visual Studio Code.
2028 U Sports Women's Ice Hockey Championship
The 2028 U Sports Women's Ice Hockey Championship is scheduled to be held from March 23 to March 26, 2028, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, to determine a national champion for the 2027–28 U Sports women's ice hockey season. The tournament will be hosted by the St. Francis Xavier X-Women.

U Sports women's ice hockey
U Sports women's ice hockey is the highest level of play of women's ice hockey at the university level under the auspices of U Sports, Canada's governing body for university sports. Women's ice hockey has been played in U Sports since the 1997-98 season, when the governing body was known as the Canadian Interuniversity Athletics Union, following a long stint of teams only competing in the OUA. There are 35 teams, all of which are based in Canada, that are divided into four conferences that are eligible to compete for the year-end championship. As these players compete at the university level, they are obligated to follow the rule of standard eligibility of five years.
Eschborn
Eschborn (German pronunciation: [ˈɛʃbɔʁn] ⓘ) is a town in the Main-Taunus district, Hesse, Germany. It is part of the Frankfurt Rhein-Main urban area and has a population of 21,488 (2018). Eschborn is home to numerous corporations due to its proximity to Frankfurt and relatively low business tax rate.

Main-Taunus
Main-Taunus is an electoral constituency (German: Wahlkreis) represented in the Bundestag. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 180. It is located in southern Hesse, comprising the Main-Taunus-Kreis district and small parts of the Hochtaunuskreis district.

Main-Taunus was created for the 2002 federal election. Since 2017, it has been represented by Norbert Altenkamp of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).
H. J. Bartenbach House
The H. J. Bartenbach House is a historic house in Grand Island, Nebraska. It was built in 1937 for Henry J. Bartenbach. It was redesigned in the Streamline Moderne style by architect Gordon Shattuck in 1937–1938. For Joni Gilkerson of the Nebraska State Historical Society, "the house today stands as a notable product of the Moderne Style of architecture in Nebraska, gaining extraordinary significance as one of few recorded examples in the state and as the most important dwelling of the style in Grand Island, the home-town of architect Shattuck." It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since December 8, 1986.

National Register of Historic Places listings in Hall County, Nebraska
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Hall County, Nebraska, United States.  The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 28 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted March 28, 2025.
Valaji
Valaji or Valachi is a rāgam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is a pentatonic scale (audava or owdava rāgam, which means "of 5"). It is a janya rāgam (derived scale), as it does not have all the seven swaras (musical notes). The equivalent of Valaji in Hindustani music is Kalāvati.

Janya
Janya is a term meaning "derive". In Carnatic (South Indian) music a janya raga is one derived from one of the 72 melakarta ragas (fundamental melodic structures). Janya ragas are classified into various types based on a variety of features.
Travis Reed
Travis Reed (born August 6, 1979) is an American former professional basketball player. Reed played college basketball for UCLA and Long Beach State. He played professionally in the Netherlands, Estonia, Romania, Australia and Germany.

DBL All-Star Gala
The Dutch Basketball League All-Star Gala was a yearly basketball event in the Netherlands, organised by the Federatie Eredivisie Basketball (FEB). During the event the yearly All-Star Game was played, which included the best players of a given DBL season. Additionally, a dunk Contest and three-point contest were also held at the event. Since the 2017–18 season, the event is no longer organised by the FEB.
Satanfah Sor.Prateep
Attapon Noppasri (Thai: อรรถพล นพศรี; October 13, 1952 – April 15, 2021), known professionally as Satanfah Sor.Prateep (Thai: สะท้านฟ้า ส.ประทีป), was a Thai professional Muay Thai fighter. He was a one-time Lumpinee Stadium champion and a three-time Rajadamnern Stadium champion across three divisions who was famous during the 1970s and 1980s.

His most notable wins include Apidej SitHirun, Sirimongkol Luksiripat, Neth Saknarong, Buriram Suanmiskawan, Sorasak Sor.Lukbuklo, Khunpon Sakornpitak, Igari Genshuu, and Huasai Sittiboonlert.

Saensak Muangsurin
Boonsong Mansri (Thai: บุญส่ง มั่นศรี; 13 August 1950 – 16 April 2009), known professionally as Saensak Muangsurin (Thai: แสนศักดิ์ เมืองสุรินทร์), was a Thai professional Muay Thai fighter and boxer. He was a Lumpinee Stadium super-lightweight champion in Muay Thai, as well as a WBC super-lightweight world champion in boxing. In 1975, he won a major world boxing title in his third professional fight, 241 days after his debut, which is still the record over 50 years later (later matched by Vasiliy Lomachenko in 2014 in terms of number of bouts). He is also Thailand's heaviest world boxing champion to date. Nicknamed the "World Collapsing Southpaw," he is often regarded as one of the most fearsome punchers in Muay Thai history.
Takamiya temple ruins
The Takamiya temple ruins (高宮廃寺跡, Takamiya Haiji ato), is an archaeological site with the ruins of an Asuka period Buddhist temple located in the Takamiya neighborhood of the city of Neyagawa, Osaka, Japan. The ruined temple grounds were designated as a National Historic Site in 1980.

Asuka period
The Asuka period (飛鳥時代, Asuka jidai; Japanese pronunciation: [a.sɯ̥.ka ((d)ʑiꜜ.dai)]) was a period in the history of Japan lasting from 538 to 710, although its beginning could be said to overlap with the preceding Kofun period. The Yamato polity evolved greatly during the Asuka period, which is named after the Asuka region, about 25 km (16 mi) south of the modern city of Nara.

The Asuka period is characterized by its significant artistic, social, and political transformations, having their origins in the late Kofun period. The introduction of Buddhism marked a change in Japanese society. The Asuka period is also distinguished by the change in the name of the country from Wa (倭) to Nippon (日本).
Epigenetics in learning and memory
While the cellular and molecular mechanisms of learning and memory have long been a central focus of neuroscience, it is only in recent years that attention has turned to the epigenetic mechanisms behind the dynamic changes in gene transcription responsible for memory formation and maintenance. Epigenetic gene regulation often involves the physical marking (chemical modification) of DNA or associated proteins to cause or allow long-lasting changes in gene activity. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications (methylation, acetylation, and deacetylation) have been shown to play an important role in learning and memory.

Methylation
Methylation, in the chemical sciences, is the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group. Methylation is a form of alkylation, with a methyl group replacing a hydrogen atom.  These terms are commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, soil science, and biology.

In biological systems, methylation is catalyzed by enzymes; such methylation can be involved in modification of heavy metals, regulation of gene expression, regulation of protein function, and RNA processing. In vitro methylation of tissue samples is also a way to reduce some histological staining artifacts. The reverse of methylation is demethylation.
Ralph Kimbell
Ralph Raymond Kimbell (12 June 1884 – 4 August 1964) was an English cricketer.  Kimbell's batting and bowling styles are unknown.  He was born in Boughton, Northamptonshire.

Kimbell played his only first-class match for Northamptonshire in the 1908 County Championship against Essex. In this match, he was dismissed for a duck by Johnny Douglas in Northamptonshire's first-innings.  In their second-innings he was dismissed for 4 runs by Bill Reeves.  With the ball, he took 2 wickets, those of Arnold Read and Walter Mead in the Essex first-innings.

Gilbert later made 2 Minor Counties Championship appearances in 1925 for Oxfordshire against Monmouthshire and Berkshire. He died on 4 August 1963.

Bill Reeves
William Reeves (22 June 1875 – 22 March 1944) was an English cricketer, who at the conclusion of his playing career became an umpire, officiating in five Test Matches. According to Dudley Carew he was "the Sam Weller of umpires, quick of retort, ingenious of smile, unfailing in friendliness". R.C. Robertson-Glasgow wrote: "If silence or dullness fell upon the game, there was Bill Reeves to put it right."
Armstrong Hall
Christianity portal

Armstrong Hall (1853–1921) was Archdeacon of Richmond from 1908 until his death.

Armstrong was born at Parkhurst, Isle of Wight and educated at Christ's Hospital and King's College London. After a curacy at  Lee in South-east London he held incumbencies in the Isle of Man, Bristol, Swindon, Isleworth, Perth, NB and Methley.

During World War I he was a Chaplain to the Forces and Deputy Assistant Chaplain General (Northern Command). Later he was an Honorary Chaplain to the King.

Honorary Chaplain to the King
An Honorary Chaplain to the King is a member of the clergy within the United Kingdom who, through long and distinguished service, is appointed to minister to the monarch of the United Kingdom. When the reigning monarch is female, Honorary Chaplains are known as Honorary Chaplains to the Queen. As of 2008 there are 33 appointees.  They are also known as Honorary Chaplains to the Sovereign.

Honorary Chaplains wear a scarlet cassock and a special bronze badge consisting of the royal cypher and crown within an oval wreath. The badge is worn below medal ribbons or miniature medals during the conduct of religious services on the left side of the scarf by chaplains who wear the scarf and on academic or ordinary clerical dress by other chaplains.

Ten ministers of the Church of Scotland are appointed as Chaplains to the King in Scotland.

The monarch may also, as circumstances dictate, appoint extra chaplains.
Chittapur railway station
Chittapur railway station, (station code:CT) is an Indian Railways train station located in Chitapur, Kalaburagi  in the Indian state of Karnataka and serves Chitapur area. It is located on the Begumpet–Wadi line of Secunderabad railway division in South Central Railway zone.

Wadi Junction railway station
Wadi Junction railway station (station code: WADI) is located in Kalaburagi district in the Indian state of Karnataka and serves Wadi. It is a junction station where the Wadi–Secunderabad line meets the Mumbai–Chennai line. Wadi has 4 platforms.
Jennifer Lynch (politician)
Jennifer Lynch is an American politician serving as a member of the Montana House of Representatives for the 73rd district. Elected in November 2022, she assumed office on January 2, 2023. She is the daughter of J. D. Lynch.

J. D. Lynch
John D. Lynch (September 17, 1947 – July 24, 2018) was an American politician in the state of Montana. He was also a teacher, retiring from that profession in 2002. Lynch served in the Montana House of Representatives from 1971 to 1978 and in the State Senate from 1982 to 1999. From 1991 to 1994, he was President pro tempore of the state Senate.
Search-based software engineering
Search-based software engineering (SBSE) applies metaheuristic search techniques such as genetic algorithms, simulated annealing and tabu search to software engineering problems. Many activities in software engineering can be stated as optimization problems. Optimization techniques of operations research such as linear programming or dynamic programming are often impractical for large scale software engineering problems because of their computational complexity or their assumptions on the problem structure. Researchers and practitioners use metaheuristic search techniques, which impose little assumptions on the problem structure, to find near-optimal or "good-enough" solutions.

SBSE problems can be divided into two types:

black-box optimization problems, for example, assigning people to tasks (a typical combinatorial optimization problem).

white-box problems where operations on source code need to be considered.

Genetic algorithm
In computer science and operations research, a genetic algorithm (GA) is a metaheuristic inspired by the process of natural selection that belongs to the larger class of evolutionary algorithms (EA). Genetic algorithms are commonly used to generate high-quality solutions to optimization and search problems via biologically inspired operators such as selection, crossover, and mutation. Some examples of GA applications include optimizing decision trees for better performance, solving sudoku puzzles, hyperparameter optimization, and causal inference.
Diocese of Salem
The Diocese of Salem (Latin: Salemen(sis)) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or diocese of the Catholic Church in India. Its episcopal see is Salem. The Diocese of Salem is a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore.

Salem, Tamil Nadu
Salem (pronounced [seːlam] ⓘ) is a major tier II city in Salem district, located on the banks of the Thirumanimutharu river in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu surrounded by mountains. Salem is the fifth largest urban agglomeration in the state, and the third largest metropolitan region. The city is 124 km2 (48 sq mi) large.
Thomas King (novelist)
Thomas King CC (born April 24, 1943) is an American-born Canadian writer and broadcast presenter who most often writes about First Nations. Though he previously said that he was of partial Cherokee descent, King accepted findings by genealogists in 2025 that he has no Indigenous ancestry.

House of Anansi Press
House of Anansi Press is a Canadian publishing company, founded in 1967 by writers Dennis Lee and Dave Godfrey. The company specializes in finding and developing new Canadian writers of literary fiction, poetry, and non-fiction.