hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Outline of semiotics
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to semiotics:

Semiotics – study of meaning-making, signs and sign processes (semiosis), indication, designation, likeness, analogy, metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication. Semiotics is closely related to the field of linguistics, which, for its part, studies the structure and meaning of language more specifically. Also called semiotic studies, or semiology (in the Saussurean tradition).

Meaning-making
In psychology, meaning-making is the process of how people (and other living beings) construe, understand, or make sense of life events, relationships, and the self.

The term is widely used in constructivist approaches to counseling psychology and psychotherapy, especially during bereavement in which people attribute some sort of meaning to an experienced death or loss. The term is also used in educational psychology.

In a broader sense, meaning-making is the main research object of semiotics, biosemiotics, and other fields. Social meaning-making is the main research object of social semiotics and related disciplines.
The Greens–Ecologist Left of the Valencian Country
The Greens–Ecologist Left of the Valencian Country (Spanish: Els Verds–Esquerra Ecologista del País Valencià; EV–EE) was a green political party in the Valencian Community founded in 2004 as a split from The Greens (EV/LV), in response to EV/LV's alliance with the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) for both the 2004 Spanish general and European Parliament elections.

In 2014 it joined with Equo's regional branch to form Greens Equo of the Valencian Country.

Greens Equo of the Valencian Country
Greens Equo of the Valencian Country (Catalan: Verds Equo del País Valencià, VerdsEquo) is a valencianist and ecologist political party based in the Valencian Country, Spain.  VerdsEquo is a part of the Compromís coalition, and is the Valencian branch of Greens Equo. From July 2025, the party started to name themselves as "Greens-Commitment" (Catalan: Verds–Compromís)
Central de Acción y Unificación Sindical
The Central de Acción y Unificación Sindical (Spanish for "Centre for Trade Union Action and Unification") is a national trade union centre in Nicaragua. CAUS was founded in 1973, as the trade union wing of the Communist Party of Nicaragua.

As of 1983, CAUS had 1939 members belonging to 15 affiliated unions. It mainly worked in manufacturing, agricultural and fishing sectors.

Trade union federation
Organizers within trade unions have sought to increase the bargaining power of workers in regards to collective bargaining by acting in collaboration with other trade unions. Multi-union organizing can take place on an informal basis, or on a more formal basis via an umbrella organization comprising multiple trade unions. Such umbrella organizations may be referred to as a trade union federation, trade union confederation, or trade union centre.
Eric Ramsey
Eric Ramsey was a defensive back for Auburn University's football team in the early 1990s who used a tape recorder to secretly record conversations between his football coaches and Booster "Corky" Frost regarding an illicit player payment scheme. Ramsey's allegations also included racist practices at Auburn, including disapproval of inter-racial dating in the community and segregation of black and white players in the resident athletic dorm. After his tapes were revealed, Auburn received strict penalties and NCAA probation. This scandal prompted Coach Pat Dye's resignation and preceded the hiring of Samford University football coach Terry Bowden.

Aundray Bruce
Aundray Bruce (born April 30, 1966) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). As a college football player, he played defensive end for the Auburn Tigers before the Atlanta Falcons selected him with the first overall pick in the 1988 NFL draft. He played in the NFL for the Falcons and Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders.
Ford Falcon (XD)
The Ford Falcon (XD) is a full-size car that was produced by Ford Australia from 1979 to 1982. It was the first iteration of the fourth generation of the Falcon and also included the Ford Fairmont (XD)—the luxury-oriented version.

Motorsport Australia
Motorsport Australia, formerly the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport (CAMS), is the nationally recognised governing and sanctioning body for four-wheeled motorsport in Australia. It is affiliated with the Federation Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA).
New York and Boston Rapid Transit Company
The New York and Boston Rapid Transit Company planned to build an air-line railroad between New York City and Boston, Massachusetts.

Charles F. Conant acted as financial agent for the group of investors.

The idea was to start the railroad at the Boston and Lowell Railroad's terminal in Boston (now part of North Station), and run it along the B&L's new alignment (which had been made obsolete by the 1887 merger with the Boston and Maine Railroad), splitting at the merge with the old alignment, and heading southwest across Cambridge parallel to the Grand Junction Railroad. After crossing the Charles River the path continued through rural Massachusetts to Willimantic, New Haven and Bridgeport, Connecticut, entering Manhattan at High Bridge and going down the west side of Central Park to a terminal at Columbus Circle.

Boston and Maine Railroad
The Boston and Maine Railroad (reporting mark BM; commonly known as Boston & Maine, abbreviated B&M) was a U.S. Class I railroad in northern New England. It was chartered in 1835, and became part of what was the Pan Am Railways network in 1983, most of which was purchased by CSX in 2022.

At the end of 1970, B&M operated 1,515 route-miles (2,438 km) on 2,481 miles (3,993 km) of track, not including Springfield Terminal. That year, it reported 2,774 million ton-miles (4,464 million kilometres) of revenue freight and 92 million passenger-miles (148 million kilometres).
Melon (band)
Melon was a group formed by former Plastics members Toshio Nakanishi and Chica Sato.  When Plastics broke up in 1982, Toshio and Sato went to New York City and formed Melon with  friends Percy Jones of Brand X, Dougie Bowne of The Lounge Lizards, and Bernie Worrell of Funkadelic, trying to merge funk with Japanese and became known as a quirky, exotic, pop band.  Chica's appearances in Toshi's projects since Melon have dwindled, but Toshio continues collaborating music acts, changing sounds and names: Tycoon To$h, Group of Gods, Love T.K.O., Major Force and Skylab being some of the most often used.

Plastics (band)
Plastics, or the Plastics, were a short-lived Japanese new wave band who rose to prominence in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Their music was a major influence on Japanese pop music and their songs have been covered by many bands, most notably Polysics, Pizzicato Five, and Stereo Total.

In September 2007, Rolling Stone Japan ranked their debut album Welcome Plastics at No. 19 on their list of the "100 Greatest Japanese Rock Albums of All Time".
Peapod
Peapod Online Grocer (US), LLC is an American online grocery delivery service. By February 2022, it changed its name to Peapod Digital Labs.

The company is based in Chicago, Illinois, and operated in several US cities. It is owned by Netherlands-based Ahold Delhaize, which operates Stop & Shop, Food Lion, Giant-Landover in the US, and other supermarkets in the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Czech Republic, Greece, Serbia and Romania. It used to deliver from its own Chicago-area and other warehouses in the Midwest until its Midwest operations ceased in early 2020.

Peapod online grocery had operations in 24 US urban markets, and was once the largest online grocery delivery company in the United States.

Online grocer
An online grocer is a supermarket or grocery store that allows  ordering via websites or mobile apps. The order can either be collected by the customer or delivered to the customer by drivers engaged by the grocer, a food delivery service, or by delivery drones and robots.
1880 Southern Luzon earthquakes
The 1880 Southern Luzon earthquakes, were one of the most destructive tremors on record in the history of the country. The shocks continued, with greater or less interruption, from July 14–25, 1880; highlighted by three violent quakes measuring Mw 7.0, Mw  7.6, and Mw  7.2 respectively. The sequence destroyed churches and other buildings, producing loss of life. Coinciding with the tectonic activity was an increase in volcanic activity in the Taal Volcano of southwestern Luzon.

Manila, together with the provinces of Cavite, Bulacan, Laguna, Pampanga, and Nueva Ecija were the chief victims from the convulsions, with Manila and Laguna receiving the full brunt of the quakes. In many places, buildings were converted into shapeless heaps of ruins, and the materials of their prosperity buried beneath the rubbish.

Bahay kubo
The báhay kúbo, kubo, or  payág (in the Visayan languages), is a type of stilt house indigenous to the Philippines. It is the traditional basic design of houses among almost all the lowlanders of the entire Philippines. Often serving as an icon of Philippine culture, its design heavily influenced the Spanish colonial-era bahay na bato's architecture.

The English term nipa hut is also usually used interchangeably with báhay kúbo, although not all báhay kúbo use nipa materials or are huts. Both "nipa hut" and báhay kúbo are also used incorrectly to refer to similar but different vernacular architecture in the Philippines.
Chess South Africa
Chess South Africa (CHESS SA, previously CHESSA) is the national governing body for the sport of chess in South Africa. Chess South Africa is affiliated to the World Chess Federation (FIDE), and to the African Chess Confederation (ACC). Chess South Africa administers the official national chess rating system based on the elo rating system and grants national titles to players that distinguish their ability. CHESS SA is affiliated with SASCOC, and organises national competitions such as the South African Closed Chess Championship and the South African Open Chess Championship. CHESS SA was established in 1996 following unification discussions among several chess ruling bodies in existence during the apartheid era.

South Africa produced its first chess grandmaster in 2015 through Kenny Solomon. Kenny Solomon did not attain the required rating of 2500, but he earned the accolade by winning the African Chess Championship in December 2014.

South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee
The South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee (SASCOC) (Afrikaans: Suid-Afrikaanse Sportkonfederasie en Olimpiese Komitee) is the National Olympic Committee (NOC) and National Paralympic Committee (NPC) for South Africa, and the responsible body for South Africa at the Commonwealth Games. It is also responsible for high-performance sport in the country and coordinates the relationship with various international sports federations.
Glean Technologies
Glean Technologies, Inc. is an American technology company specializing in enterprise-grade artificial intelligence (AI) and search capabilities.

According to Reuters, its valuation is $7.2 billion as of June 2025.

Venture round
A venture round is a type of funding round used for venture capital financing, by which startup companies obtain investment, generally from venture capitalists and other institutional investors. The availability of venture funding is among the primary stimuli for the development of new companies and technologies.
Zagnanado
Zagnanado [za.ɲɑ̃.na.do] or  Zangnanado  [zɑ̃.ɲɑ̃.na.do] is a town, arrondissement, and commune in the Zou Department of southern-central Benin. It is located 47 kilometres from Abomey and 165 kilometres north of Cotonou. The commune covers an area of 750 square kilometres and as of 2013 had a population of 132,401 people.

Cotonou
Cotonou (French pronunciation: [kɔtɔnu]; Fon: Kútɔ̀nú) is the largest city and seat of government of Benin. Its official population count was 679,012 in 2012; however, over two million people live in the larger urban area. The urban area continues to expand, notably toward the west. The city lies in the southeast of the country, between the Atlantic Ocean and Lake Nokoué.

Cotonou is the seat of government of the Republic of Benin, where most of the government buildings are situated, government departments operate and foreign embassies are located, but the official capital, where the national legislature sits, is the smaller city of Porto-Novo.
Divjot Sabarwal
Divjot Sabarwal is an Indian television actress known for portraying the character of Karantiya in Zee TV's soap opera Mrs. Kaushik Ki Paanch Bahuein and Bhavna in Star Plus's Suhani Si Ek Ladki. She also starred in Zee TV's Pavitra Rishta as Madhuri. She appeared in the films Chillar Party, A Thursday, and Jogi.

Zee TV
ZEE TV, also known as Z TV, is an Indian Hindi language general entertainment pay television channel owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises. It was launched on 1 October 1992 as the oldest privately owned television channel in India. It now broadcasts worldwide.
Punta Sommeiller
Punta Sommeiller (in Italian) or Pointe Sommeiller (in  French) is a mountain of the Province of Turin, Italy and of Savoie, France. It lies in the Cottian Alps range. It has an elevation of 3,333 metres (10,935 ft) above sea level.

Military Geographic Institute (Italy)
43°46′38″N 11°15′36″E﻿ / ﻿43.777323°N 11.260037°E﻿ / 43.777323; 11.260037

The Military Geographic Institute (Italian: Istituto Geografico Militare, IGM) is an Italian public organization, dependent on the Italian Army general staff (Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito). It is the national mapping agency for Italy.
Dramatic portrayals of Reinhard Heydrich
Dramatic portrayals of Reinhard Heydrich number among the more numerous of any Second World War figure, comparable to Adolf Hitler as well as war films depicting Erwin Rommel. Reinhard Heydrich has been portrayed in both television and film, and was one of the few high ranking Nazis to be depicted in a dramatic film while the Second World War was still ongoing.

The Man in the High Castle
The Man in the High Castle is an alternative history novel by Philip K. Dick, first published in 1962, which imagines a world in which the Axis powers won World War II. The story occurs in 1962, fifteen years after the end of the war in 1947, and depicts the life of several characters living under Imperial Japan or Nazi Germany as they rule a partitioned United States. The eponymous character is the mysterious author of a novel-within-the-novel entitled The Grasshopper Lies Heavy, a subversive alternative history of the war in which the Allied powers are victorious.

Dick's thematic inspirations include the alternative history of the American Civil War, Bring the Jubilee (1953), by Ward Moore, and the I Ching, a Chinese book of divination that features in the story and the actions of the characters. The Man in the High Castle won the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1963, and was adapted to television for Amazon Prime Video as The Man in the High Castle in 2015.
ISO 3166-2:RU
ISO 3166-2:RU is the entry for Russia in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for some of the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1. ISO 3166-2:RU contains no codes for the Russian-administered Crimea, Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, Sevastopol, and Zaporizhzhia, which are internationally recognized as part of Ukraine and do have codes in Ukraine's entry in ISO 3166-2.

Currently for Russia, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for the following federal subjects:

21 republics

nine administrative territories

46 administrative regions

two autonomous cities

one autonomous region

four autonomous districts

Each code consists of two parts separated by a hyphen. The first part is RU, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Russia. The second part is either of the following:

two letters: republics

three letters: all other subdivisions

ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are two-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to represent countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. They are the most widely used of the country codes published by ISO (the others being alpha-3 and numeric), and are used most prominently for the Internet's country code top-level domains (with a few exceptions). They were first included as part of the ISO 3166 standard in its first edition in 1974.
Social class in Sri Lanka
Social class in Sri Lanka  is often described as casteless, though caste is still found on the island in both a symbolic and a practical sense. Caste is also used in an analogous sense to refer to the new social class divisions that have appeared in recent decades. The combination of ethnic nationalist movements that saw caste as an island-wide dividing tool, strong emphasis on providing access to education and healthcare regardless of background, and historic lack of discrimination among the colonial civil service played a factor in eradicating the caste system in most sectors of the island's society. Although the Buddhist culture actively fought against all forms of class discrimination, many Buddhist organizations used caste as a method to extract surplus from temple property.

Eastern Province, Sri Lanka
The Eastern Province (Sinhala: නැගෙනහිර පළාත Næ̆gĕnahira Paḷāta, Tamil: கிழக்கு மாகாணம் Kiḻakku Mākāṇam) is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the first level administrative division of the country. The provinces have existed since the 19th century but did not have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. Between 1988 and 2006 the province was temporarily merged with the Northern Province to form the North Eastern Province. The capital of the province is Trincomalee. Kalmunai is the largest and most populous city of Eastern Province.
Saratov State Medical University
The Saratov State Medical University (SSMU) (рус. Саратовский государственный медицинский университет им. В. И. Разумовского; Saratov State Medical University named after V.I. Razumovsky; Razumovsky University) is a public university located in Saratov, Saratov Oblast, Russia.

Aleksandr Bogomolets
Oleksandr Oleksandrovych Bogomolets (Ukrainian: Олександр Олександрович Богомолець; Russian: Александр Александрович Богомолец, romanized: Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Bogomolets; 24 May 1881 – 19 July 1946) was a Soviet and Ukrainian pathophysiologist.

His father was the physician and revolutionary Oleksandr Mykhailovych Bogomolets (1850–1935).

He was president of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and director of the Institute of clinical Physiology in Kyiv. His laboratories were located in Georgia, where he had a permanent research unit attached to the Academy of Sciences (1937). According to Zhores Medvedev, this was made possible by Stalin, who wanted members of the Experimental Institute to study the extension of life expectancy. He developed antireticular cytotoxic serum. In 1938, in Kyiv, Oleksandr Bogomolets convened the world’s first scientific conference on aging and longevity.
Clarence Irvine
Clarence Shortridge Irvine (16 December 1898 – 7 September 1975) was a United States Air Force (USAF) lieutenant general who was involved in the development and deployment of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, Convair B-36A Peacemaker, Boeing B-47 Stratojet, Boeing B-52 Stratofortress and the Rockwell B-1 Lancer bomber. He flew aircraft in several films, including Wings and Hell's Angels.

Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)
The Distinguished Service Medal (DSM) is a military decoration of the United States Army that is presented to soldiers who have distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious service to the government in a duty of great responsibility. The performance must be such as to merit recognition for service that is clearly exceptional. The exceptional performance of normal duty will not alone justify an award of this decoration.

The Army's Distinguished Service Medal is equivalent to the Naval Service's Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Air and Space Forces' Distinguished Service Medal, and the Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal. Prior to the creation of the Air Force's Distinguished Service Medal in 1960, United States Air Force airmen were awarded the Army's Distinguished Service Medal.
Miss Brazil 2006
Miss Brazil 2006 (Portuguese: Miss Brasil 2006) was the 52nd edition of the Miss Brazil pageant. It was held on 8 April 2006 at Claro Hall in Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil and was hosted by Nayla Micherif and Nivaldo Prieto. Carina Beduschi of Santa Catarina crowned her successor Rafaela Zanella of Rio Grande do Sul at the end of the event. Zanella represented Brazil at the Miss Universe 2006 pageant and placed in the Top 20. 1st Runner-Up, Maria Cláudia Barreto of Acre, represented the country at Miss International 2006. This year's pageant had Natalie Glebova, Miss Universe 2005, as a special guest.

Miss International 2006
Miss International 2006, the 46th Miss International pageant, was held both in Tokyo, Japan, and Beijing, China. The contestants arrived in Tokyo, Japan on October 12 and the finals was held on November 11, 2006, at the Beijing Exhibition Center in Beijing, China. 53 contestants competed. Precious Lara Quigaman of the Philippines crowned her successor Daniela Di Giacomo of Venezuela.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 940
United Nations Security Council resolution 940 was adopted on 31 July 1994. After recalling resolutions 841 (1993), 861 (1993), 862 (1993), 867 (1993), 873 (1993), 875 (1993), 905 (1994), 917 (1994) and 933 (1994), the Council permitted a United States-led force to restore President Jean-Bertrand Aristide and authorities of the Government of Haiti, and extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) for an additional six months.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 875
United Nations Security Council resolution 875, adopted unanimously on 16 October 1993, after recalling resolutions 841 (1993), 861 (1993), 862 (1993), 867 (1993) and 873 (1993), the council, aware of the continued failure of parties in Haiti implement the Governors Island Agreement, widened international sanctions and imposed a naval blockade against the country.

The sanctions were a further measure aimed at removing the military junta in Haiti and restoring democracy. Acting under Chapter VII and Chapter VIII of the United Nations Charter, the Council called upon member states to halt inward maritime shipping as necessary in order to inspect and verify their cargoes and destinations, as well as implement restrictions on petroleum and liquefied natural gas in accordance with previous resolutions.

The resolution concluded by stating that further measures would be taken if necessary to ensure compliance.
Valea Danului
Valea Danului is a commune in Argeș County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Bănicești, Bolculești, Borobănești, Valea Danului, and Vernești.

The commune is situated in the southern foothills of the Făgăraș Mountains, at an altitude of 481 m (1,578 ft), on the banks of the Valea Danului River. It is located in the northwestern part of Argeș County, 7 km (4.3 mi) from Curtea de Argeș and 44 km (27 mi) from the county seat, Pitești.

Curtea de Argeș
Curtea de Argeș (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈkurte̯a de ˈardʒeʃ] ⓘ) is a city in Romania on the left bank of the river Argeș, where it flows through a valley of the Southern Carpathians (the Făgăraș Mountains), on the railway from Pitești to the Turnu Roșu Pass. It is part of Argeș County. The city also administers one village, Noapteș.

On 7 July 1947 the total rainfall in Curtea de Argeș was 205.7 mm (8.10 in) in 20 minutes, which is a world record.