hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2016 Uri attack
The 2016 Uri attack was carried out on 18 September 2016 by four militants from Jaish-e-Mohammed against an Indian Army brigade headquarters near the town of Uri in the Indian Jammu and Kashmir. 19 Indian soldiers were killed in the attack, and 19–30 others were injured. It was reported by the BBC as having been "the deadliest attack on security forces in Kashmir in two decades".

Jaish-e-Mohammed, a Pakistan-based jihadist organization (designated as a terrorist organization by the India, Australia, the US, and UK among others, and proscribed by Pakistan in 2002), was involved in the planning and execution of the attack. At the time it was carried out, the Kashmir Valley was experiencing high levels of violent unrest.

Hafiz Saeed
Hafiz Muhammad Saeed (born 5 June 1950) is a Pakistani militant and religious preacher convicted of terrorism. He co-founded Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), a Pakistan-based Islamist militant organization that is designated as a terrorist group by the United Nations Security Council, India, the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union, Australia, and Russia.

In July 2019, three months before the scheduled reviewal of Pakistan's action plan by the Financial Action Task Force, Saeed was arrested by Pakistani authorities and sentenced to an 11-year prison sentence. In early April 2022, he was sentenced an additional 31 years for terror financing.

The Pakistan Army claimed to have jailed him, but Indian media found him housed in a military-protected residence in the centre of Lahore with a private park, vehicles, a mosque, a madrasa, and additional bodyguards.
Zygo Corporation
Zygo Corporation, or simply Zygo which is a manufacturer headquartered at Middlefield, Connecticut, specializes in optical systems and equipment. Their metrology product lines include 3D measuring microscopes using coherence scanning interferometry, laser Fizeau interferometers for testing optical components, laser displacement interferometers, and heterodyne optical encoders for stage position metrology. Zygo's optics business manufactures both optical assembly and custom optics for medical instruments and national labs. Over 750 patents have been awarded since the Company's founding.

Coherence scanning interferometry
Coherence scanning interferometry (CSI) is any of a class of optical surface measurement methods wherein the localization of interference fringes during a scan of optical path length provides a means to determine surface characteristics such as topography, transparent film structure, and optical properties.  CSI is currently the most common interference microscopy technique for  areal surface topography measurement.
The term "CSI" was adopted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

The technique encompasses but is not limited to instruments that use spectrally broadband, visible sources (white light) to achieve interference fringe localization.  CSI uses either fringe localization alone or in combination with interference fringe phase, depending on the surface type, desired surface topography repeatability and software capabilities. The table below compiles alternative terms that conform at least in part to the above definition.
Digital newsstand
A digital newsstand is a digital distribution platform for downloadable newspapers, magazines and journals. Examples include (but are not limited to) Apple's Newsstand and Google Play Newsstand – both of which have been discontinued – Amazon Kindle Newsstand and Magzter. It is an online development of the traditional brick-and-mortar type of newsstand.

Amazon Kindle
Amazon Kindle is a series of e-readers designed and marketed by Amazon. Amazon Kindle devices enable users to browse, buy, download, and read e-books, newspapers, magazines,  Audible audiobooks, and other digital media via wireless networking to the Kindle Store. The hardware platform, which Amazon subsidiary Lab126 developed, began as a single device in 2007. Currently, it comprises a range of devices, including e-readers with E Ink electronic paper displays and Kindle applications on all major computing platforms. All Kindle devices integrate with Windows and macOS file systems and Kindle Store content and, as of March 2018, the store had over six million e-books available in the United States.
John Plytos
John Plytos (Greek: Ἰωάννης Πλύτος) was a senior official and provincial governor of the Despotate of Epirus and the Empire of Thessalonica under Theodore Komnenos Doukas.

The sebastos John Plytos served as governor (doux) of Krujë (where his friend, Gregory Kamonas, had ruled in c. 1215), of Ohrid, and of Veroia. He was later raised to the rank of panhypersebastos and appointed as mesazon (chief minister) of Theodore Komnenos Doukas.

Gregorios Kamonas
Gregorios Kamonas[a] (fl. c. 1215 – ?) was a Greek-Albanian lord who ruled the Principality of Arbanon after c. 1215. Demetrios Chomatenos (1216–1236) mentioned him as having the title of sebastos, given to him by the emperor Alexios III Angelos after 1205, during his stay in the Despotate of Epirus at the court of his nephew Michael I Komnenos Doukas. He first married the daughter of Gjin Progoni, then married Serbian princess Komnena Nemanjić, the daughter of King Stefan Nemanjić and widow of Dimitri Progoni, thus inheriting the rule of Arbanon. He strengthened ties with Serbia and secured Arbanon through an Orthodox alliance. He had a daughter together with Komnena, who married Golem of Kruja, the next lord of Kruje.
Principal subalgebra
In mathematics, a principal subalgebra of a complex simple Lie algebra is a 3-dimensional simple subalgebra whose non-zero elements are regular.

A finite-dimensional complex simple Lie algebra has a unique conjugacy class of principal subalgebras, each of which is the span of an sl2-triple.

Regular element of a Lie algebra
In mathematics, a regular element of a Lie algebra or Lie group is an element whose centralizer has dimension as small as possible.
For example, in a complex semisimple Lie algebra, an element  is regular if its centralizer in  has dimension equal to the rank of , which in turn equals the dimension of some Cartan subalgebra  (note that in earlier papers, an element of a complex semisimple Lie algebra was termed regular if it is semisimple and the kernel of its adjoint representation is a Cartan subalgebra).
An element  a Lie group is regular if its centralizer has dimension equal to the rank of .
Arun Rural Municipality
Arun (Nepali: अरुण) is one of seven rural municipalities (गाउँपालिका) of Bhojpur District of Province No. 1 of Nepal. There are a total of 9 municipalities in Bhojpur of which 2 are urban and 7 are rural.

According to MoFALD Arun has an area of 154.76 square kilometres (59.75 sq mi) and the total population of the municipality is 17, 687 as of Census of Nepal 2011. Champe, Yangpang, Pyauli, Charambi, Jarayotar and Yaku VDCs were merged to form Arun Rural Municipality. Pyauli is the Headquarter of this newly formed rural municipality.

Champe
Champe is a village development committee in Bhojpur District in the Kosi Zone of eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2974 persons living in 561 individual households.
Debrett's People of Today
Debrett's People of Today was a reference work published by Debrett's containing biographical details of approximately 25,000 notable people from across the spectrum of British society, a rival to the longer-established Who's Who. Those included were chosen on significance and merit.

In its early years, the series was called Debrett's Distinguished People of Today. The last volume appeared in 2017.

Debrett's
Debrett's (/dəˈbrɛts/) is a British publisher, etiquette coaching, and financial advisory company founded in 1769 by John Debrett. The company is best known for cataloguing the lineage of nobility and landed gentry in the UK.
Burçaklar, Alanya
Burçaklar is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Alanya, Antalya Province, Turkey. Its population is 301 (2022). It is located between Alanya and Gündoğmuş. In 2001 it passed from the Gündoğmuş District to the Alanya District.

Gündoğmuş
Gündoğmuş (Turkish: [ˈɟyndoːmuʃ]) is a municipality and district of Antalya Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,175 km2, and its population is 7,188 (2022). It is 182 km from the city of Antalya, off the road from Akseki to Manavgat.

The town was previously a village named Eksere in the district of Akseki and was renamed Gündoğmuş in 1936.
Hesselbach Roman Fort
Hesselbach Fort was a Roman numerus fort along the older Odenwald Line of the Neckar-Odenwald Limes. This archaeological site is located in Hesselbach, a district of the town of Oberzent in the Odenwaldkreis, Hesse, Germany. It is the most thoroughly studied military installation of the Odenwald Limes and the southernmost Roman fort in Hesse. Hesselbach Fort serves as a reference point for nearly all other forts along the Odenwald Limes, with insights gained here applied in Roman provincial archaeology to interpret the entire Limes section between the rivers Main and Neckar.

Contubernium (Roman army unit)
The contubernium (Latin for 'tenting-together') was the smallest sub-subunit organized unit of soldiers in the Roman Army and was composed of eight legionaries, essentially the equivalent of a modern squad, although unlike modern squads, contubernia seemingly had no tactical significance in Roman military organization or battle. It was likely used to maintain morale and group solidarity by keeping soldiers in close contact with each other.  The men within the contubernium were known as contubernales. Ten contubernia, each led by a decanus experienced soldier who assumed leadership when there were no orders from above, were grouped into a centuria of 100 men (eighty legionaries plus twenty support staff), which was commanded by a centurion. Soldiers of a contubernium shared a tent, equipment and a mule for transporting supplies, and could be rewarded or punished together as a unit (see decimation).
Adam de la Halle
Adam de la Halle (1245–50 – 1285–8/after 1306) was a French poet-composer trouvère. Among the few medieval composers to write both monophonic and polyphonic music, in this respect he has been considered both a conservative and progressive composer, resulting in a complex legacy: he cultivated admired representatives of older trouvère genres, but also experimented with newer dramatic works. Adam represented the final generation of the trouvère tradition and "has long been regarded as one of the most important musical and literary figures of thirteenth-century Europe".

Adam's literary and musical works include chansons and jeux-partis (poetic debates) in the style of the trouvères; polyphonic rondel and motets in the style of early liturgical polyphony; and a musical play, Jeu de Robin et Marion (c. 1282–83), which is considered the earliest surviving secular French play with music. He was a member of the Confrérie des jongleurs et bourgeois d'Arras, a fraternity of jongleurs.

Trouvère
Trouvère (/truːˈvɛər/, French: [tʁuvɛʁ]), sometimes spelled trouveur (/truːˈvɜːr/, French: [tʁuvœʁ]), is the Northern French (langue d'oïl) form of the langue d'oc (Occitan) word trobador, the precursor of the modern French word troubadour. Trouvère refers to poet-composers who were roughly contemporary with and influenced by the trobadors, both composing and performing lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages, but while the trobadors composed and performed in Old Occitan, the trouvères used the northern dialects of France. One of the first known trouvères was Chrétien de Troyes (fl. 1160s–1180s) and the trouvères continued to flourish until about 1300. Some 2130 trouvère poems have survived; of these, at least two-thirds have melodies.
Popanyinning, Western Australia
Popanyinning is a small town in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, along Great Southern Highway between Pingelly and Narrogin. At the date of the 2021 census, Popanyinning had a population of 208.

Wheatbelt (Western Australia)
The Wheatbelt is one of nine regions of Western Australia defined as administrative areas for the state's regional development, and a vernacular term for the area converted to agriculture during colonisation. It partially surrounds the Perth metropolitan area, extending north from Perth to the Mid West region, and east to the Goldfields–Esperance region.  It is bordered to the south by the South West and Great Southern regions, and to the west by the Indian Ocean, the Perth metropolitan area, and the Peel region.  Altogether, it has an area of 154,862 square kilometres (59,793 sq mi) (including islands).

The region has 42 local government authorities, with an estimated population of 75,000 residents. The Wheatbelt accounts for approximately three per cent of Western Australia's population.
Prince des poètes
Prince des poètes (French: Prince of poets) is an honorific and unofficial title given in France to French-speaking poets of various nationalities.

Poets who have held the title include Pierre de Ronsard (16th century), Charles Marie René Leconte de Lisle (1885–1894), Paul Verlaine (1894–1896), Stéphane Mallarmé (1896–1898), Léon Dierx (1898–1912), Paul Fort (1912–1960), Jules Supervielle (1960), Jean Cocteau (1960–1963), Maurice Carême (1972–1978), and Léopold Sédar Senghor (1978–2001).

Leconte de Lisle
Charles Marie René Leconte de Lisle (French: [ʃaʁl maʁi ʁəne ləkɔ̃t də lil]; 22 October 1818 – 17 July 1894) was a French poet of the Parnassian movement. He is traditionally known by his surname only, Leconte de Lisle.
Pine Log Creek
Pine Log Creek is a stream in the U.S. state of Georgia It begins in Cherokee County, flows northwesterly through Bartow County, and then ends in Gordon County as a tributary of Salacoa Creek. Little Pine Log Creek is a tributary that joins it in Gordon County.

Pine Log Creek was named after the pine foot log at a Cherokee village along its course.

Gordon County, Georgia
Gordon County is a county in the Northwest region of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 57,544. The county seat is Calhoun. Gordon County comprises the Calhoun, GA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Atlanta–Athens-Clarke County–Sandy Springs, GA-AL CSA.
The Misfortunes of Elphin
The Misfortunes of Elphin is an 1829  short historical romance by Thomas Love Peacock, set in 6th century Wales, which recounts the adventures of the bard Taliesin, the princes Elphin ap Gwythno and Seithenyn ap Seithyn, and King Arthur.  Peacock researched his story from early Welsh materials, many of them untranslated at the time; he included many loose translations from bardic poetry, as well as original poems such as "The War-Song of Dinas Vawr".  He also worked into it much satire of the Tory attitudes of his own time.  Elphin has been highly praised for its sustained comic irony, and by some critics is considered the finest Arthurian literary work of the Romantic period.

Marilyn Butler
Marilyn Speers Butler, Lady Butler, FRSA, FRSL, FBA (née Evans; 11 February 1937 – 11 March 2014) was a British literary critic. She was King Edward VII Professor of English Literature at the University of Cambridge from 1986 to 1993, and Rector of Exeter College, Oxford, from 1993 to 2004. She was the first female head of a formerly all-male Oxford or Cambridge college. She won the British Academy's Rose Mary Crawshay Prize in 1973.
Portrait of Ferdinand VI as a Boy
Portrait of Ferdinand VI as a Boy is a c. 1723 painting by the French painter Jean Ranc, measuring 144 by 116 cm. It is held in the Museo del Prado, in Madrid.

It shows the future Ferdinand VI of Spain aged 10, wearing the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece and of a knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit.

Ferdinand VI
Ferdinand VI (Spanish: Fernando; 23 September 1713 – 10 August 1759), called the Learned (el Prudente) and the Just (el Justo), was King of Spain from 9 July 1746 until his death in 1759. He was the third ruler of the Spanish Bourbon dynasty. He was the son of King Philip V and Queen Maria Luisa.

Ferdinand succeeded his father upon the latter's death in 1746. In 1749, he authorized a general imprisonment of the Roma (Gypsy) population, resulting in the imprisonment of 9,000. Otherwise, his reign proved peaceful as he successfully avoided involving Spain in any European conflicts. Moderate changes to Spain were initiated under the king, including reforms of taxation, advance commerce, and the Spanish navy, as well as a ban on freemasonry. However, the last years of Ferdinand's reign were marked by mental instability, much like his direct predecessor Philip V. Upon his death, Ferdinand was succeeded by his younger half-brother, Charles III.
CJTM
CJTM, branded as Met Radio, is a low-powered AM campus and community radio station, owned and operated by Toronto Metropolitan Media Inc. (formerly Radio Ryerson Inc.) at Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University), which was granted a broadcast license by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission on December 11, 2014.

The station broadcasts on 1280 kHz with a signal strength of 99 watts as well as online. The station officially launched on the AM band under the call sign CJRU on March 31, 2016, after several weeks of test transmissions.

The 1280 AM frequency was previously used by CFBN. In July 2023, the station announced its call sign change to CJTM and rebrand to Met Radio, as part of the institution's overall renaming from Ryerson University to Toronto Metropolitan University.

National Campus and Community Radio Association
The National Campus and Community Radio Association/L'Association nationale des radios étudiantes et communautaires (NCRA/ANREC) is a non-profit organization of campus radio and community radio stations in Canada.

It represents the interests of the sector to government (particularly the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)) and other agencies, and promotes community radio in Canada. Since 1981, it has helped lower tariffs affecting radio stations and assisted new stations to launch, as well as to obtain operating funds. Core initiatives include GroundWire, Dig Your Roots, !earshot, Women’s Hands and Voices, the Community Radio Fund of Canada, sector-wide mailing lists, and an annual radio conference.

The head office of the NCRA/ANREC is located in Ottawa. A majority of English-language campus and community radio stations in Canada are members of the NCRA.
Heraldic flag
In heraldry and vexillology, a heraldic flag is a flag containing coats of arms, heraldic badges, or other devices used for personal identification.

Heraldic flags include banners, standards, pennons and their variants, gonfalons, guidons, and pinsels.  Specifications governing heraldic flags vary from country to country, and have varied over time.

Arthur Charles Fox-Davies
Arthur Charles Fox-Davies (28 February 1871 – 19 May 1928) was a British expert on heraldry. His Complete Guide to Heraldry, published in 1909, has become a standard work on heraldry in England. A barrister by profession, Fox-Davies worked on several notable cases involving the peerage, and also worked as a journalist and novelist.
Kingdom of Tunisia
The Kingdom of Tunisia (French: Royaume de Tunisie; Arabic: المملكة التونسية el-Mamlka et-Tūnsīya) was a short-lived country established as a monarchy on 20 March 1956 after Tunisian independence and the end of the French protectorate period. It lasted for a period of one year and five months between 20 March 1956, the day of the independence, until 25 July 1957, the day of the declaration of the republic. Its sole monarch was Muhammad VIII al-Amin (also known as Lamine Bey) who appointed the prime ministers Tahar Ben Ammar and Habib Bourguiba.

On 25 July 1957, the monarchy was abolished with Tunisia reorganizing as a republic. The National Constituent Assembly, the country's legislature, appointed Bourguiba as head of state until the 1959 general elections, which Bourguiba won.

Code of Personal Status in Tunisia
The Code of Personal Status (CPS) (Arabic: مجلة الأحوال الشخصية) is a series of progressive Tunisian laws aiming at the institution of equality between women and men in a number of areas. It was promulgated by beylical decree on August 13, 1956 and came into effect on January 1, 1957. This Code is one of the most significant deeds of Habib Bourguiba, who was Prime Minister and later President.

The code outlawed polygamy, set minimum ages for marriage, required mutual consent for marriage, and allowed either spouse to file for divorce in secular court. Bourguiba's successor, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, reaffirmed the government's commitment to the Code. He himself introduced modifications that reinforced it, in particular with the July 1993 amendment.
Lycaeninae
Lycaeninae, the coppers, are a subfamily of the gossamer-winged butterflies (Lycaenidae).

The relationships of the Lycaenidae are not fully resolved. Sometimes the Polyommatinae and Theclinae are included in the Lycaeninae; in particular the Theclinae tribe Eumaeini contains many similar taxa. Consequently, the delimitation of the Lycaeninae is by no means definitely resolved; many genera await conformation of placement. Regardless, it is today generally considered better to restrict the Lycaeninae to the immediate relatives of the type genus Lycaena, and one or two clades close to that group.

Theclinae
The subfamily Theclinae is a group of butterflies, often referred to as hairstreaks, with some species instead known as elfins or by other names. The group is part of the family Lycaenidae, the "gossamer-winged butterflies". There are many tropical species as well as a number found in the Americas. Tropical hairstreaks often have iridescent blue coloration above, caused by reflected light from the structure of the wing scales rather than by pigment. Hairstreaks from North America are commonly brown above. Few Theclinae are migratory. Members of this group are described as 'thecline'.
Honda VFR1200F
The Honda VFR1200F is the 7th generation Honda sport touring motorcycle from the VF and VFR line motorcycles powered by a transverse mounted V4 engine. The VFR1200F  has several new technologies including the first dual clutch transmission offered on a motorcycle.

When the sixth generation VFR800 was discontinued, it was followed by both the 2014 VFR800F (RC79) and the larger VFR1200.

The VFR1200F was discontinued in 2017, as it no longer complied with new emission standards and noise regulations.

Crankpin
A crankpin or crank pin, also known as a rod bearing journal, is a mechanical device in an engine which connects the crankshaft to the connecting rod for each cylinder. It has a cylindrical surface, to allow the crankpin to rotate relative to the "big end" of the connecting rod.

The most common configuration is for a crankpin to serve one cylinder. However, many V engines have each crankpin shared by each pair of cylinders.
Mount Phillips (Canada)
Mount Phillips is a mountain located on the border of Jasper National Park (Alberta) and Mount Robson Provincial Park (British Columbia). It is Alberta's 61st highest peak, and British Columbia's 84th highest peak. It was named in 1923 by J. Norman Collie after Donald "Curly" Phillips, a Jasper area outfitter and guide who made the disputed first ascent of Mount Robson in 1909.

Mount Robson Provincial Park
Mount Robson Provincial Park is a provincial park in the Canadian Rockies with an area of 2,249 km2. The park is located entirely within British Columbia, bordering Jasper National Park in Alberta. The B.C. legislature created the park in 1913, the same year as the first ascent of Mount Robson by a party led by Conrad Kain. It is the second-oldest park in the provincial system.  The park is named for Mount Robson, which has the highest point in the Canadian Rockies and is located entirely within the park.