hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hardinxveld-Giessendam
Hardinxveld-Giessendam (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦɑrdɪŋksfɛlt ˌxisə(n)ˈdɑm] ⓘ) is a municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. It is located about 10 km east of Dordrecht, on the river Beneden-Merwede. The municipality had a population of 18,413 in 2021 and covers an area of 19.35 km2 (7.47 sq mi) of which 2.44 km2 (0.94 sq mi) is water.

The municipality of Hardinxveld-Giessendam consists of the two population centres Giessendam/Neder-Hardinxveld and Boven-Hardinxveld. Until they were merged in 1957, Giessendam and Hardinxveld were two municipalities, consisting of only a few streets and dykes and only a few thousand inhabitants.

The town's economy is for a large part dependent on ship building (e.g. Damen Shipyards Group) and general contracting. Several industry parks are present.

Dordrecht
Dordrecht (Dutch: [ˈdɔrdrɛxt] ⓘ), historically known in English as Dordt (still colloquially used in Dutch, pronounced [dɔrt] ⓘ) or Dort, is a city and municipality in the Western Netherlands, located in the province of South Holland. It is the province's fifth-largest city after Rotterdam, The Hague, Leiden, and Zoetermeer, with a population of 123,000 (2025).

The municipality covers the entire Dordrecht Island, also often called Het Eiland van Dordt ("the Island of Dordt"), bordered by the rivers Oude Maas, Beneden Merwede, Nieuwe Merwede, Hollands Diep, and Dordtsche Kil. Dordrecht is the largest and most important city in the Drechtsteden and is also part of the Randstad, the main conurbation in the Netherlands.

Dordrecht is the oldest city in Holland and has a rich history and culture.
Murray Road Multi-storey Car Park Building
The Murray Road Multi-storey Car Park Building (Chinese: 美利道多層停車場大廈) was a building mostly occupied by a public multi-storey car park in Central, Hong Kong. Built in 1973, the building was sold in 2017 and the land plot is now the site of The Henderson office building. The building was located along Murray Road, after which it was named. Murray Road was named after Sir George Murray, a soldier and politician from Scotland.

Central, Hong Kong
Central (Chinese: 中環), also known as Central District, is the central business district of Hong Kong. It is located in the northeastern corner of the Central and Western District, on the north shore of Hong Kong Island, across Victoria Harbour from Tsim Sha Tsui, the southernmost point of Kowloon Peninsula. The area was the heart of Victoria City, although that name is rarely used anymore.

As the central business district of Hong Kong, it is the area where many multinational financial services corporations have their headquarters. Consulates of many countries are also located in this area, as is Government Hill, the site of the government headquarters until 2011. The area, with its proximity to Victoria Harbour, has served as the centre of trade and financial activities from the earliest days of the British colonial era in 1841, and continues to flourish and serve as the place of administration since the handover to China in 1997.
Ubayd Allah ibn Umar
Ubayd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab (Arabic: عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ بْنُ عُمَرَ بْنُ الْخَطَّاب, romanized: ʿUbayd Allāh ibn ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb; died summer 657) was a son of Caliph Umar (r. 634–644). His killing of Hormuzan, whom he suspected of involvement in his father's assassination in 644, and his pardon by Caliph Uthman (r. 644–656) was opposed by Ali, the cousin of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. When Ali became caliph in 656, he refused Ubayd Allah's appeal to uphold Uthman's pardon, prompting Ubayd Allah to defect to Ali's principal enemy, the governor of Syria Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan. The latter made Ubayd Allah a commander of his elite battalion at the Battle of Siffin, where he was slain.

Wilferd Madelung
Wilferd Ferdinand Madelung FBA (26 December 1930 – 9 May 2023) was a German author and scholar of Islamic history widely recognised for his contributions to the fields of Islamic and Iranian studies. He was appreciated in Iran for his "knowledgeable and fair" treatment of the Shia perspective. In the obituary of the Institute of Ismaili Studies (London) where Madelung worked his last years, it reads: "With particular reference to religious schools and movements in early Islam, his studies, based on a vast array of primary sources, have enriched the discipline’s understanding of almost every major Muslim movement and community – not only early Imami Shi‘ism and the later developments of Twelver, Ismaili and Zaydi Islam but also the lesser known aspects of Sunni, Khariji and the Mu‘tazili schools of theology and philosophy."
Atal Tunnel
Atal Tunnel (Hindi: अटल सुरंग)  is a 9.02-kilometre-long (5.60 mi) road tunnel connecting Manali and Keylong, thus helping in bypassing the Rohtang Pass, Himachal Pradesh in the eastern Pir Panjal range of the Himalayas. It carries two lanes of National Highway 3 and is the longest highway single-tube tunnel above 10,000 feet (3,048 m) in the world. It is named after the former Prime Minister of India, Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

The tunnel reduces the travel time and overall distance between Manali and Keylong on the way to Leh. The route, which previously went through Gramphu, was 116 km (72.1 mi) long and took 5 to 6 hours in good conditions. The new route via the tunnel brings down the total distance travelled to 71 km (44.1 mi) which can be covered in about 2 hours, a reduction of around 3 to 4 hours when compared to the earlier route. Moreover, the tunnel bypasses most of the sites that were prone to road blockades, avalanches, and traffic snarls.

National Highway 3 (India)
National Highway 3, or NH 3, is a national highway in India. It starts from Atari adjacent to the India-Pakistan border near Amritsar and terminates at Leh in Ladakh, via Manali in Himachal Pradesh. The highway passes through Rohtang Pass, climbing a high altitude of 3,969 metres (13,022 ft). Now the 9,500 metres (31,200 ft) long Atal Tunnel helps in vehicles avoiding Rohtang Pass. Next this highway passes through Bara Lacha La or Bara Lacha Pass climbing a high altitude of 4,850 metres (15,910 ft) & again  passes through Taglang La or Taglang Pass climbing a serious altitude of 5,328 metres (17,480 ft). This makes NH-3 the most dangerous road in the world. In winters, this highway faces severe situations. Border Roads Organization known as BRO maintains this highway 24X7 throughout the year. The Headquarters of BRO 38 Battalion is situated in Manali who are tasked with maintaining NH-3 in Manali-Leh stretch.
Scuola Grande dei Carmini
The  Scuola Grande dei Carmini is a confraternity building in Venice, Italy. It is located in the sestiere of Dorsoduro, before Campo dei Carmini and Campo Santa Margherita, upon which its facade looks. It stands, separated by an alley, to the northeast of the church of Santa Maria dei Carmini.

Dorsoduro
Dorsoduro is one of the six historic sestieri (districts) of Venice, Italy, located in the southern part of the city and known for its relatively firm terrain that earned it the name meaning "hard back" or "hard ridge" in Italian, distinguishing it from the more marshy areas of the lagoon. It stretches from the Grand Canal in the north to the Giudecca Canal in the south, encompassing waterfront promenades like the Zattere, the Punta della Dogana viewpoint, and occasionally including the nearby Giudecca island.
Northern Ireland Friends of Israel
Northern Ireland Friends of Israel is a group dedicated to fostering better relations between Northern Ireland and the State of Israel.

The group was launched by the deputy ambassador of Israel, Talya Lador-Fresher, president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, Henry Grunwald and former First Minister Ian Paisley on 12 March 2009 in Belfast at the Great Hall, Stormont.

Until his death on 3 November 2009, Lord Leonard Steinberg served as president. The current president is Gerald Steinberg and the co-chairmen are Steven Jaffe and Andrew Shaw.

The mission statement of Northern Ireland Friends of Israel was launched at a meeting at the Park Avenue Belfast on 6 May 2009 in the presence of the ambassador of Israel, Ron Prosor. The mission statement calls for positive engagement with those who seek "a lasting and just peace between Israel and its neighbours".

Board of Deputies of British Jews
The Board of Deputies of British Jews, commonly referred to as the Board of Deputies, is the largest and second oldest Jewish communal organisation in the United Kingdom, after the Initiation Society which was founded in 1745. Established in 1760 by a group of Sephardic Jews, the board presents itself as a forum for the views of most organisations within the British Jewish community, liaising with the British government on that basis. Notably, while Lord Rothschild was President of the Board of Deputies, the Balfour Declaration was addressed to him and eventually led to the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine. It is affiliated to the World Jewish Congress and the European Jewish Congress. The current president is Phil Rosenberg.
Steenrod algebra
In algebraic topology, a Steenrod algebra was defined by Henri Cartan (1955) to be the algebra of stable cohomology operations for mod  cohomology.

For a given prime number , the Steenrod algebra  is the graded Hopf algebra over the field  of order , consisting of all stable cohomology operations for mod  cohomology. It is generated by the Steenrod squares introduced by Norman Steenrod (1947) for , and by the Steenrod reduced th powers introduced in Steenrod (1953a, 1953b) and the Bockstein homomorphism for .

The term "Steenrod algebra" is also sometimes used for the algebra of cohomology operations of a generalized cohomology theory.

Algebraic topology
Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism, though usually most classify up to homotopy equivalence.

Although algebraic topology primarily uses algebra to study topological problems, using topology to solve algebraic problems is sometimes also possible. Algebraic topology, for example, allows for a convenient proof that any subgroup of a free group is again a free group.
IKCO Tara
The IKCO Tara (Persian: تارا, code name: K132) is a compact (C-segment) sedan produced by Iranian carmaker Iran Khodro since 2021. The Tara is a derivative of the Peugeot 301 and is based on Iran Khodro's IKP1 platform, which is a modified version of the PSA PF1 platform. The platform is shared with the Peugeot 208, Peugeot 2008 and Citroën C-Elysée.

Citroën C-Elysée
Citroën C-Elysée is a subcompact (B-segment) sedan produced by the French manufacturer Citroën since 2012, introduced at the Paris Motor Show the same year. It is closely related to the Peugeot 301, launched the same year. It was facelifted in November 2016.
Siege of Dunlap's Station
The siege of Dunlap's Station was a battle that took place on January 10–11, 1791, during the Northwest Indian War between the Northwestern Confederacy of American Indians and European American settlers in what became the southwestern region of the U.S. state of Ohio. This was one of the Indians' few unsuccessful attacks during this period. It was shortly after the Harmar campaign attacks and unprecedented defeat of U.S. Army forces.

A few months after the siege, the United States Army suffered a major defeat at the hands of the Indians. This small episode, a week after the so-called Big Bottom massacre in what became southeast Ohio, turned into an iconic event: Ohioans believed that Native Americans had tortured innocent American settlers.

Symmes Purchase
The Symmes Purchase, also known as the Miami Purchase, was an area of land totaling roughly 311,682 acres (487.003 sq mi; 1,261.33 km2) in what is now Hamilton, Butler, and Warren counties of southwestern Ohio, purchased by Judge John Cleves Symmes of New Jersey in 1788 from the Continental Congress.
James Morton (baker)
James Patrick Bowie Morton (born 26 May 1991) is a Scottish doctor, baker, author and reality television contestant, based in Glasgow, who rose to fame when he became the runner up on the third series of The Great British Bake Off.

André Simon (wine)
André Simon (28 February 1877 – 5 September 1970) was a French-born wine merchant, gourmet, and prolific writer about wine. Hugh Johnson describes him as "the charismatic leader of the English wine trade for almost all of the first half of the 20th century, and the grand old man of literate connoisseurship for a further 20 years".
Kerubiel
Kerubiel (also known as Cherubiel or Cerubiel) ("The Flames Which Dance Around the Throne of God") is the name of an angel in the apocryphal Book of Enoch.

He is the principal regent who has reign over the Cherubim since Creation, and is one of the most exalted princes of Heaven.

Kerubiel is about Seven Heavens tall with a body made of burning coals that is covered with thousands of eyes. His face is made of fire, his eyes spark of light, and his lashes are lightning bolts. Fire spews forth with every word that he speaks, and he is covered with wings from head to toe. Thunder, lightning, and earthquakes are his constant companions, and the splendor of the Shekinah shines upon him. In Enoch's words, Kerubiel is "full of burning coals...there is a crown of holiness on his head... and the bow of the Shekinah is between his shoulders."

Cherub
A cherub (/ˈtʃɛrəb/; pl.: cherubim; Hebrew: כְּרוּב kərūḇ, pl. כְּרוּבִים kərūḇīm) is one type of supernatural being in the Abrahamic religions. The numerous depictions of cherubim assign to them many different roles, such as protecting the entrance of the Garden of Eden.
System monitor
A system monitor is a hardware or software component used to monitor system resources and performance in a computer system.
Among the management issues regarding use of system monitoring tools are resource usage and privacy. Monitoring can track both input and output values and events of systems.

Computer fan
A computer fan is any fan inside, or attached to, a computer case used for active cooling. Fans are used to draw cooler air into the case from the outside, expel warm air from inside and move air across a heat sink to cool a particular component. Both axial and sometimes centrifugal (blower/squirrel-cage) fans are used in computers. Computer fans commonly come in standard sizes, such as 92 mm, 120 mm (most common), 140 mm, and even 200–220 mm. Computer fans are powered and controlled using 3-pin or 4-pin fan connectors.
Eurolot
Eurolot S.A. (previously styled as EuroLOT) was a Polish regional airline based in Warsaw. Apart from its own flights under the eurolot.com brand, it operated short-haul flights for LOT Polish Airlines, as well as ad hoc charter flights. Its main base was Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport (when operating for LOT), whilst its own flights centre on its hubs at John Paul II Kraków Airport and Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport. The airline had its head office in the LOT Polish Airlines headquarters in Warsaw. Eurolot ended operations on 31 March 2015.  The company slogan was Polish: Zawsze z klasą, Always classy.

ATR 42
The ATR 42 is a regional airliner produced by Franco-Italian manufacturer ATR, with final assembly in Toulouse, France.

On 4 November 1981, the aircraft was launched with ATR, as a joint venture between French Aérospatiale (now part of Airbus) and Aeritalia (now Leonardo S.p.A.).
The ATR 42-300 performed its maiden flight on 16 August 1984 and type certification was granted during September 1985.
Launch customer Air Littoral operated its first revenue-earning flight in December of that year.

The high-wing airliner is powered by two turboprop engines, Pratt & Whitney Canada PW120s.
The number "42" in its name is derived from the aircraft's original standard seating capacity of 42 passengers.

Later variants are upgraded with new avionics, a glass cockpit, and newer engine versions.
The ATR 42 is the basis for the stretched ATR 72, introduced in October 1989.
George Mannings
George Mannings (13 October 1843 – 28 November 1876) was an English first-class cricketer and medical doctor.

The son of George Mannings senior, he was born in October 1843 at Downton, Wiltshire and was educated at Marlborough College. After completing his education, Mannings became a surgeon for the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O). He played first-class cricket for Hampshire against Middlesex at Islington in 1864, in what was only Hampshire's second first-class match. In a match which Middlesex won by an innings and 38 runs, Mannings was run out for 2 runs in Hampshire's first-innings, while in their second-innings he was dismissed for 5 runs by William Catling. Mannings died at Downton in November 1876.

William Catling
William Catling (9 September 1836 – 10 June 1899) was an English first-class cricketer active 1864–65 who played for Middlesex. He was born in Highgate, Middlesex and died in Camden Town. He appeared in eight first-class matches.
Glutaminase
Glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2, glutaminase I, L-glutaminase, glutamine aminohydrolase) is an amidohydrolase enzyme that generates glutamate from glutamine. Glutaminase has tissue-specific isoenzymes. Glutaminase has an important role in glial cells.

Glutaminase catalyzes the following reaction:

Glutamine + H2O → glutamate + NH+4

It is useful in the food industry, as it converts free glutamine into the umami-tasting free glutamate.

Amidohydrolase
Amidohydrolases (or amidases) are a type of hydrolase that acts upon amide bonds.

They are categorized under EC number EC 3.5.1 and 3.5.2.

Examples include:

Beta-lactamase

Histone deacetylase

Urease

The amidohydrolase superfamily is a large protein family of  more than 20,000 members with diverse chemistry and physiologic roles.  Due to its complexity and size, the amidohydrolase superfamily is being used by the Enzyme Function Initiative (EFI) for developing a large-scale strategy for functional assignment of unknown proteins.
Thornton-le-Beans Chapel
Thornton-le-Beans Chapel is in the village of Thornton-le-Beans, North Yorkshire, England.  It is a redundant Anglican chapel of ease. The chapel is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. Since 2010 it has been under the care of the Friends of Friendless Churches.

Friends of Friendless Churches
Friends of Friendless Churches (FoFC), also referred to as 'The Friends', is a registered charity formed in 1957, active in England and Wales, which campaigns for and rescues redundant historic places of worship threatened by demolition, decay, or inappropriate conversion.  As of December 2025, the charity cares for over 70 redundant churches, chapels, and meeting houses in England and Wales.
South African braille
Several braille alphabets are used in South Africa. For English, Unified English Braille has been adopted. Nine other languages have been written in braille: Afrikaans, Ndebele, Sesotho, Northern Sotho, Swazi, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, and Zulu. All print alphabets are restricted to the basic Latin alphabet, with diacritics in some cases; the braille alphabets are likewise basic braille with additional letters to render the diacritics.

The Nguni languages – Ndebele, Swazi, Xhosa, and Zulu – have no diacritics and will not be discussed further.  The braille diacritics are shared by South African languages and are described in the sections that follow.

Punctuation for all South African braille alphabets is as in English Braille.

Northern Sotho
Sepedi is one of South Africa’s twelve official languages and belongs to the Bantu language family, specifically the Sotho-Tswana group. The language is spoken mainly in Limpopo Province, and to a lesser extent in Gauteng, Mpumalanga, and North West.

Sepedi refers to the dialect spoken by the Pedi people. Northern Sotho is the umbrella term for a group of related dialects. The two terms are often used interchangeably, but technically Sepedi is one dialect of Northern Sotho.

As of the 2022 South African Census, approximately 6.2 million people, or 10.0% of the national population, speak Sepedi as their first language. Sepedi ranks as the fifth most spoken first language.
Orphy Robinson
Orphy Robinson MBE (born 13 October 1960) is a British jazz multi-instrumentalist who plays vibraphone, keyboards, saxophone, trumpet, piano, marimba, steelpans and drums. He has written music for television, film and theatre.

Mica Paris
Michelle Antoinette Wallen MBE (born 27 April 1969), known professionally as Mica Paris (/ˈmiːʃə/ MEE-shə), is a British singer, presenter, and actress. Her debut album, So Good, was released in 1988, spawning the singles "My One Temptation" and "Where Is the Love". She has since gone on to release seven further albums: Contribution (1990), Whisper a Prayer (1993), Black Angel (1998), If You Could Love Me (2005), Soul Classics (2005), Born Again (2009), and Gospel (2020). In 2020, Paris played Ellie Nixon on the BBC soap opera EastEnders.
Bryan Baker (fighter)
Bryan Baker (born October 13, 1985) is an American former professional mixed martial artist who competed in the Middleweight division. A professional MMA competitor since 2007, Baker fought in various promotions, most notably World Extreme Cagefighting and Bellator. Baker was also a competitor in the second season of Bellator's Middleweight Tournament in 2010, reaching the final against Alexander Shlemenko.

2010 in Bellator MMA
2010 in Bellator MMA was the second installment of the Bellator Fighting Championships (Bellator FC)-produced series. It started on April 8, 2010, and ended on June 24, 2010. Tournaments were held in the featherweight, lightweight, welterweight and middleweight divisions. The winner of each tournament will get a shot at the current Bellator Champion in his respective weight class. Three of the four current Bellator Champions also fought during this season in "Super Fights". These non-tournament, non-title catch-weight fights were to help prepare the champions in defending their titles against the winners of this season's tournaments sometime in the third season.
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee academics
The University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee is a doctoral-degree granting public research university that consists of 14 colleges and schools, and 70 academic centers, institutes and laboratory facilities. It offers a total of 180 degree programs, including 94 bachelor's, 53 master's and 32 doctorate degrees. The School of Freshwater Sciences is the only graduate school of freshwater science in the U.S. and the third in the world. The School of Architecture and Urban Planning, the College of Nursing and the College of Health Sciences are the largest in Wisconsin.

The university is categorized as an R1 Research University (very high research activity) in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. Per U.S. News & World Report 2012, the university is ranked 121st nationally by America's Best High School guidance counselors as offering the best undergraduate education to their students.

United States National Research Council rankings
The National Research Council rankings are surveys carried out periodically by the United States National Research Council of research doctorate programs in United States higher education. The values, rating rather than ranking programs per subject area, are typically revised about every 10 years after a multi-year survey.