hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Quantum heterostructure
A quantum heterostructure is a heterostructure in a substrate (usually a semiconductor material), where size restricts the movements of the charge carriers forcing them into a quantum confinement. This leads to the formation of a set of discrete energy levels at which the carriers can exist. Quantum heterostructures have sharper density of states than structures of more conventional sizes.

Quantum heterostructures are important for fabrication of short-wavelength light-emitting diodes and diode lasers, and for other optoelectronic applications, e.g. high-efficiency photovoltaic cells.

Examples of quantum heterostructures confining the carriers in quasi-two, -one and -zero dimensions are:

Quantum wells

Quantum wires

Quantum dots

Heterojunction
A heterojunction is an interface between two layers or regions of dissimilar semiconductors. These semiconducting materials have unequal band gaps as opposed to a homojunction. It is often advantageous to engineer the electronic energy bands in many solid-state device applications, including semiconductor lasers, solar cells and transistors. The combination of multiple heterojunctions together in a device is called a heterostructure, although the two terms are commonly used interchangeably. The requirement that each material be a semiconductor with unequal band gaps is somewhat loose, especially on small length scales, where electronic properties depend on spatial properties. A more modern definition of heterojunction is the interface between any two solid-state materials, including crystalline and amorphous structures of metallic, insulating, fast ion conductor and semiconducting materials.
Buck Jones
Buck Jones (born Charles Frederick Gebhart; December 12, 1891 – November 30, 1942) was an American actor, known for his work in many popular Western movies. In his early film appearances, he was credited as Charles Jones.

Grape-Nuts
Grape-Nuts is a brand of breakfast cereal made from flour, salt and dried yeast, developed in 1897 by C. W. Post, a former patient and later competitor of the 19th-century breakfast food innovator Dr. John Harvey Kellogg. Post's original product was baked as a rigid sheet, then broken into pieces and run through a coffee grinder.
Reichsgau Tirol-Vorarlberg
The Reichsgau Tyrol-Vorarlberg (German: Reichsgau Tirol-Vorarlberg) was an administrative division of Nazi Germany consisting of Vorarlberg and North Tyrol (both in Austria). It existed from 1938 to 1945. It did not include East Tyrol (Lienz), which was instead part of Reichsgau Carinthia.

After the Italian Armistice with the Allies the Italian provinces of Belluno, South Tyrol and Trentino were placed under direct German control as the Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills (Operationszone Alpenvorland, OZAV), which was de facto annexed and administered as part of Tyrol-Vorarlberg.

Gauleiter
A Gauleiter (German pronunciation: [ˈɡaʊlaɪtɐ] ⓘ) was a regional leader of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) who served as the head of a Gau or Reichsgau. Gauleiter was the third-highest rank in the Nazi political leadership, subordinate only to Reichsleiter and to the Führer himself. The position was effectively abolished with the fall of the Nazi regime on 8 May 1945.
Brownlow baronets
There have been two baronetcies created for members of the Brownlow family, both in the Baronetage of England. Both titles are now extinct.

The Brownlow Baronetcy, of Belton in the County of Lincolnshire, was created in the Baronetage of England on 26 July 1641 for John Brownlow. The title became extinct on his death in 1679.

The Brownlow Baronetcy, of Humby in the County of Lincolnshire, was created in the Baronetage of England on 27 July 1641 for William Brownlow. He was the younger brother of the 1st Baronet of Belton, created a baronet one day before. For more information on this creation, see Viscount Tyrconnel.

The ancestral seat of the Brownlow family was Belton House in Lincolnshire, built by Sir John Brownlow, 3rd Baronet, of Humby (1659–1697)

Sir John Brownlow, 3rd Baronet
Sir John Brownlow, 3rd Baronet (26 June 1659 – 16 July 1697) of Belton House near Grantham in Lincolnshire, was an English member of parliament. He built the grand mansion of Belton House, which survives today.
Burswood, Western Australia
Burswood is an inner southeastern suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located immediately across the Swan River from Perth's central business district (CBD). Its local government area is the Town of Victoria Park. Burswood is the location of the State Tennis Centre, Perth Stadium, Belmont Park Racecourse, and the Crown Perth casino and resort complex.

Causeway bus station
Causeway bus station is a Transperth bus station in Victoria Park, Western Australia. It is located at the eastern end of The Causeway under the bridge carrying the Great Eastern Highway and Canning Highway. It has seven stands and is served by 19 Transperth routes operated by Path Transit, Swan Transit and Transdev WA. The station was previously known as Victoria Park transfer station. On 28 January 2024, the station was renamed to its current name to prevent confusion with the nearby Victoria Park railway station.
Harrah's Atlantic City
Harrah's Resort Atlantic City is a casino hotel in the marina district of Atlantic City, New Jersey, owned by Vici Properties and operated by Caesars Entertainment. Harrah's is one of the largest hotels in New Jersey.

The casino is one of three in the marina district (away from the Boardwalk and ocean beach) of the city, along with the Borgata and the Golden Nugget. Harrah's was the first to be located in the district and remained the only resort there until Trump's Castle (later Trump Marina, now the Golden Nugget) was opened in 1985. It was the fifth casino to open in Atlantic City after the legalization of gambling.

Caesars Entertainment
Caesars Entertainment, Inc., formerly Eldorado Resorts, Inc., is an American hotel and casino entertainment company founded and based in Reno, Nevada, that operates more than 50 properties. Eldorado Resorts acquired Caesars Entertainment Corporation and changed its own name to Caesars Entertainment on July 20, 2020.
Satomi Takano
Satomi Takano (Japanese: 高野聡美, Takano Satomi; born June 19, 1990) is a Japanese mixed martial artist, currently competing in the atomweight division of Pancrase. She is the current Pancrase Atomweight champion and the former Shooto Super Atomweight champion.

2022 in Rizin Fighting Federation
The year 2022 was the eighth year in the history of the Rizin Fighting Federation, a mixed martial arts promotion based in Japan.

Rizin events were broadcast through a television agreement with Fuji Television. However, due to several controversies, the promotion would be dropped by the network by May of that year. Rizin would since begin broadcasting on events via PPV on their new streaming service, RIZIN STREAM PASS, and various other streaming platforms in Japan.

In North America and Europe, Rizin events were available via PPV on LIVENow. Starting with Super Rizin & Rizin 38 in 2022, Integrated Sports would produce English-language PPVs of Rizin events for FITE.
Facebook Bluetooth Beacon
The Facebook Bluetooth Beacon is a hardware beacon released by Facebook in 2015. The beacon uses a bluetooth connection to communicate with the Facebook app on the user's smartphone, informing it of the phone's location. The technology allows location-specific advertising to be pushed to the user's Facebook feed.

In June 2015, Facebook gave free beacons to a number of businesses in the United States.

Facebook Platform
The Facebook Platform is the set of services, tools, and products provided by the social networking service Facebook for third-party developers to create their own applications and services that access data in Facebook.

The current Facebook Platform was launched in 2010.  The platform offers a set of programming interfaces and tools which enable developers to integrate with the open "social graph" of personal relations and other things like songs, places, and Facebook pages. Applications on facebook.com, external websites, and devices are all allowed to access the graph.
Birkbeck Fells
Birkbeck Fells is a township located in part of the parishes of Crosby Ravensworth, Orton and Shap in the historic county of Westmorland. It is a large mountainous district, and was described in the mid nineteenth century as containing around thirty scattered houses. The area is drained by Birk Beck and Bretherdale Beck, both of which are tributaries of the River Lune.

A map of 1858 shows that at the time Birkbeck Fells consisted of several detached parts to the north of Brethedrale and west of the hamlet of Greenholme, together with the undivided moor of Birkbeck Fells Common

It is notable for being the birth-place of Nicholas Close whom Henry VI of England appointed to oversee the construction of King's College Chapel, Cambridge.

Birk Beck
Birk Beck is a minor river in Cumbria.

Rising on the fells near Shap, the beck runs south-by-south east, picking up Wasdale Beck (running east and draining Yarlside and Gargill) and Bretherdale Beck (flowing east from Demmings Moss and Bretherdale Bank) before falling into the River Lune near the head of the Lune Gorge by Castle Howe close to Old Tebay.
Garth Brooks & the Magic of Christmas
Garth Brooks & the Magic of Christmas is the second Christmas album by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released on November 23, 1999, peaked at number seven on the Billboard 200 chart, and number one on the Top Country Albums chart. Two years after this album's release, Brooks released a reissue of this album, Songs from Call Me Claus, which contained most of the songs from this release.  The only tracks which were not carried over were "White Christmas", "God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen", and "Go Tell It on the Mountain" (all of which are remixed versions of the same songs from his first Christmas album, Beyond the Season).

Beyond the Season
Beyond the Season is the first Christmas album by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released on August 25, 1992, by Liberty Records, and peaked at number 2 on both of Billboard magazine's Billboard 200 and Top Country Albums sales charts that year.  Beyond the Season was also the best-selling Christmas/holiday album of 1992 in the United States with sales of 1,542,000 copies for the year according to Nielsen SoundScan. As of November 2014, the album has cumulative sales of 2,650,000 copies in the U.S. and is the seventeenth best-selling Christmas/holiday album in the U.S. during the entire SoundScan era (March 1991 – present).
Kiryandongo Refugee Settlement
Kiryandongo Refugee Settlement is a major refugee camp located in Bweyale in Kiryandongo District, Uganda. The settlement serves as a home for refugees from multiple countries including Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Kenya, Sudan, and South Sudan.

Gulu
Gulu is a city in the Northern Region of Uganda and is the commercial and administrative centre of Gulu District.

The coordinates of the city of Gulu are 2°46'54.0"N 32°17'57.0"E. The city id Kampala is 333 kilometres (207 mi) from Kampala by road. Gulu is served by Gulu Airport.
Trần Văn Đôn
Trần Văn Đôn (Vietnamese pronunciation: [t͡ɕən˨˩ van˧˧ ʔɗon˧˧]; August 17, 1917 – 1998) was a general in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, and one of the principal figures in the 1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état which overthrew President Ngô Đình Diệm.

George McTurnan Kahin
George McTurnan Kahin (January 25, 1918 – January 29, 2000) was an American historian and political scientist. He was one of the leading experts on Southeast Asia and a critic of United States involvement in the Vietnam War. After completing his dissertation, which is still considered a classic on Indonesian history, Kahin became a faculty member at Cornell University. At Cornell, he became the director of its Southeast Asia Program and founded the Cornell Modern Indonesia Project. Kahin's incomplete memoir was published posthumously in 2003.
Les Hoffman
H. Leslie Hoffman (1906 – June 24, 1971) was an American businessman. He was the founder and CEO of Hoffman Radio from 1941 to 1971, which changed its name to Hoffman Radio and Television in 1948. In the 1950s, he formed Hoffman Electronics Corporation, based in El Monte, California, consisting of several electronic divisions involved with consumer, industrial and military products. He was married to Elaine Stevely Hoffman (1906–1989). Together in 1954, they formed the H. Leslie Hoffman and Elaine S. Hoffman Foundation, Pasadena, a philanthropic organization. He and his wife Elaine were large donors and supporters of the University of Southern California (USC) and were directly involved with its growth, academic growth and stature. Hoffman served on the Board of Trustees at USC for 17 years.

Vanguard 1
Vanguard 1 (Harvard designation: 1958-Beta 2, COSPAR ID: 1958-002B) is an American satellite that was the fourth artificial Earth-orbiting satellite to be successfully launched, following Sputnik 1, Sputnik 2, and Explorer 1. It was launched 17 March 1958. Vanguard 1 was the first satellite to have solar electric power. Although communications with the satellite were lost in 1964, it remains the oldest artificial object still in orbit, together with the upper stage of its launch vehicle.

Vanguard 1 was designed to test the launch capabilities of a three-stage launch vehicle as a part of Project Vanguard, and the effects of the space environment on a satellite and its systems in Earth orbit. It also was used to obtain geodetic measurements through orbit analysis. Vanguard 1, being small and light enough to carry with one hand, was described by the Soviet Premier, Nikita Khrushchev, as "the grapefruit satellite".
KSCR (AM)
KSCR (1320 AM) was a radio station airing a soft adult contemporary format. Licensed to Eugene, Oregon, United States, the station served the Eugene-Springfield area. The station, established in 1962, was owned by Cumulus Media. It had been granted a construction permit by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to change its transmitter site, and decrease day power to 600 watts and night power to 40 watts.

Cumulus Media
Cumulus Media, Inc. is a broadcasting company of the United States and is the second largest owner and operator of AM and FM radio stations in the United States ahead of Audacy and behind iHeartMedia. As of June 2019, Cumulus lists ownership of 428 stations in 87 media markets. It also owns and operates Westwood One. Its headquarters are located in Atlanta, Georgia. Its subsidiaries include Cumulus Broadcasting LLC, Cumulus Licensing LLC and Broadcast Software International Inc.
HMS Gay Bruiser
HMS Gay Bruiser was a Gay-class fast patrol boat of the Royal Navy. She was built by Vosper, Portchester, and launched on 19 December 1952.  She was the third ship to be launched in her class.

The ship was reported to have been at the Wessex Power Units Yard during the early 1960s.

Gay-class patrol boat
The Gay class were a class of twelve fast patrol boats that served with the Royal Navy from the early 1950s. All were named after types of soldiers or military or related figures, prefixed with 'Gay'. The class could be fitted as either motor gun boats or motor torpedo boats, depending on the type of armament they carried.
Anthology of Interest I
"Anthology of Interest I" is the sixteenth episode in the  second season of the American animated television series Futurama, and the 29th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 21, 2000. This episode, as well as the later "Anthology of Interest II", serves to showcase three "imaginary" stories, in a manner similar to the "Treehouse of Horror" episodes of Matt Groening's other animated series The Simpsons.

The episode is noteworthy for featuring the addition of Scruffy, the Janitor, to the staff of Planet Express, and as a recurring cast member, after his previous appearance as a stagehand during the Beastie Boys concert in "Hell Is Other Robots".

Futurama season 2
The second season of Futurama began airing on November 21, 1999 and concluded after 19 episodes on December 3, 2000.  Halfway through the season on February 6, 2000, Fox moved the show from its original timeslot of 8:30pm (following The Simpsons) to 7pm.  At this time, the show lost half of its viewers.

The original 72-episode run of Futurama was produced as four seasons; Fox broadcast the episodes out of the intended order, resulting in five aired seasons.

This list features the episodes in original production order, as featured on the DVD box sets.

The full nineteen episodes of the season have been released on a box set called Futurama: Volume Two, on DVD and VHS. It was first released in the United Kingdom on November 11, 2002, with releases in other regions in 2003. The season was re-released as Futurama: Volume 2, with entirely different packaging to match the newer seasons released on July 17, 2012.
Nieuport-Delage NiD-120
The Nieuport-Delage NiD 120 was a French single-seat parasol monoplane fighter aircraft built during the 1930s. It was built in several versions that were fitted with different engines. Rejected for service with the French Air Force (Armée de l'Air) after a fatal crash in 1933, only a dozen aircraft were built for the Peruvian Air Force (Cuerpo de Aviación del Perú). Deliveries began at the end of 1934, but the NiD 121s were only service for a few years before a crippling shortage of spare parts after the French aviation industry was nationalized after a series of strikes in 1936. The Peruvian Air Force had exhausted its inventory of spares by early 1939 and the surviving aircraft were scrapped in  late 1940.

Lorraine Pétrel
The Lorraine 12H Pétrel was a French V-12 supercharged, geared piston aircraft engine. It was produced by Société Lorraine, which in 1937 was nationalized as Société Nationale de Construction de Moteurs (SNCM).

During the 1930s, Société Lorraine continued its tradition of building large water-cooled aeroengines. These later engines were named after birds: Eider, Courlis (en:curlew), Pétrel, and Sterna. The last two remained in production in 1938. The Pétrel was initially rated at 370 kW (500 hp), but later developed to give 640 kW (860 hp).  It powered a variety of mostly French aircraft in the mid-1930s, several on an experimental basis.
History of Poland in the Middle Ages
This article covers the history of Poland in the Middle Ages. This time covers roughly a millennium, from the 5th century to the 16th century. It is commonly dated from the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, and contrasted with a later Early Modern Period. The time during which the rise of humanism in the Italian Renaissance and the Reformation unfolded is generally associated with the transition out of the Middle Ages, with European overseas expansion as a succeeding process, but such dates are approximate and based upon nuanced arguments.

Duchy of Prussia
The Duchy of Prussia (German: Herzogtum Preußen, Polish: Księstwo Pruskie, Lithuanian: Prūsijos kunigaikštystė) or Ducal Prussia (German: Herzogliches Preußen; Polish: Prusy Książęce) was a duchy in the region of Prussia established as a result of secularization of the Monastic Prussia, the territory that remained under the control of the State of the Teutonic Order until the Protestant Reformation in 1525.
Land of Ev
The Land of Ev is a fictional country in the Oz books of L. Frank Baum and his successors. The country was first visited in Baum's third Oz novel, 1907's Ozma of Oz, and was the first of Baum's countries that surround the Land of Oz. This book introduced the Nome King, a recurring villain who lives underground beneath the Land of Ev.

Princess Ozma
Princess Ozma of Oz, formerly known as Tippetarius, is a fictional character from the Land of Oz, created by American author L. Frank Baum. She appears for the first time in the second Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904), and in every Oz book thereafter.
Ministry of Defence (Slovenia)
The Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: Ministrstvo za Obrambo Republike Slovenije; Slovene abbreviation MORS) is a ministry of the Republic of Slovenia, in charge of Slovenia's defence against external enemies and natural disasters.

The Ministry is led by the Minister of Defence of the Republic of Slovenia, who is appointed by the Slovenian Prime Minister and approved by the National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia. The Minister is also part of the government.

The Ministry is located on Vojkova 55 in Ljubljana (Kardeljeva platform).

National Assembly (Slovenia)
The National Assembly (Slovene: Državni zbor Republike Slovenije, pronounced [dəɾˈʒàːwni ˈzbɔ́ɾ ɾɛˈpúːblikɛ slɔˈʋèːnijɛ] or [-ˈzbɔ̀ːɾ-]; short form državni zbor) is the general representative body of Slovenia. According to the Constitution of Slovenia and the Constitutional Court of Slovenia, it is the major part of the distinctively incompletely bicameral Slovenian Parliament, the legislative branch of the Republic of Slovenia. It has 90 members, elected for a four-year term. 88 members are elected using the party-list proportional representation system and the remaining two, using the Borda count, by the Hungarian and Italian-speaking ethnic minorities, who have an absolute veto in matters concerning their ethnic groups.

As of May 2022, the 9th National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia is in session.
Noah Majestic 2022
NOAH Majestic 2022 was a two-night professional wrestling event promoted by CyberFight's sub-brand Pro Wrestling Noah. It took place on April 29 and 30, 2022, in Tokyo, Japan, at the Ryogoku Kokugikan. The event aired on CyberAgent's AbemaTV online linear television service and CyberFight's streaming service Wrestle Universe.

CyberFight
CyberFight Co., Ltd. (Japanese: 株式会社CyberFight, Hepburn: Kabushiki gaisha Saibāfaito), operating simply as CyberFight (CF), is a Japanese professional wrestling parent company based in Tokyo. It is a subsidiary of the CyberAgent digital advertising company. CyberFight serves as an umbrella brand for three promotions: Pro Wrestling Noah, DDT Pro-Wrestling and Tokyo Joshi Pro Wrestling.
Alberese railway station
Alberese railway station is a disused Italian railway station on the Tirrenica railway line, located south to the village of Alberese, at the border between the municipalities of Grosseto and Magliano in Toscana, Province of Grosseto, Tuscany.

Magliano in Toscana
Magliano in Toscana is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Grosseto in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 130 kilometres (81 miles) south of Florence and about 25 kilometres (16 miles) southeast of Grosseto.

Magliano in Toscana borders the following municipalities: Grosseto, Manciano, Orbetello, Scansano.

Nearby was found the Lead Plaque of Magliano.
Archaeoglobaceae
Archaeoglobaceae are a family of the Archaeoglobales. All known genera within the Archaeoglobaceae are hyperthermophilic and can be found near undersea hydrothermal vents. Archaeoglobaceae are the only family in the order Archaeoglobales, which is the only order in the class Archaeoglobi.

Hyperthermophile
A hyperthermophile is an organism that thrives in extremely hot environments—from 60 °C (140 °F) upward. An optimal temperature for the existence of hyperthermophiles is often above 80 °C (176 °F). Hyperthermophiles are often within the domain Archaea, although few bacterial examples exist. Some of them are able to live at temperatures greater than 100 °C (212 °F), deep in the ocean where high pressures increase the boiling point of water. Many hyperthermophiles are also able to withstand other environmental extremes, such as high acidity or high radiation levels. Hyperthermophiles are a subset of extremophiles. Their existence may support the possibility of extraterrestrial life, showing that life can thrive in environmental extremes.