hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Emptiness problem
In theoretical computer science and formal language theory, a formal language is empty if its set of valid sentences is the empty set. The emptiness problem is the question of determining whether a language is empty given some representation of it, such as a finite-state automaton. For an automaton having  states, this is a decision problem that can be solved in  time, or in time  if the automaton has n states and m transitions. However, variants of that question, such as the emptiness problem for non-erasing stack automata, are PSPACE-complete. The emptiness problem in machine learning and formal languages determines if a model or automaton generates the empty language, which is undecidable for certain alternating multi-head finite automata over single-letter alphabets.

The emptiness problem is undecidable for context-sensitive grammars, a fact that follows from the undecidability of the halting problem. It is, however, decidable for context-free grammars.

Undecidable problem
In computability theory and computational complexity theory, an undecidable problem is a decision problem for which it is proved to be impossible to construct an algorithm that always leads to a correct yes-or-no answer. The halting problem is an example: it can be proven that there is no algorithm that correctly determines whether an arbitrary program eventually halts when run.
The Peel Sessions (Pulp album)
The Peel Sessions is a double live album by Pulp released on 23 October 2006, containing the recordings the band made for John Peel's Radio 1 show and live performances which had been broadcast by the BBC.

Sunrise (Pulp song)
"Sunrise" is a song by British rock band Pulp, from their 2001 album We Love Life. It was released as a double-A single with "The Trees" on 8 October 2001 ahead of the album, charting at #23 in the UK Singles Chart. "Sunrise" is also used in the award-winning BBC animated satirical comedy sketch show Monkey Dust.
Elongated pentagonal orthocupolarotunda
In geometry, the elongated pentagonal orthocupolarotunda is one of the Johnson solids (J40). As the name suggests, it can be constructed by elongating a pentagonal orthocupolarotunda (J32) by inserting a decagonal prism between its halves. Rotating either the cupola or the rotunda through 36 degrees before inserting the prism yields an elongated pentagonal gyrocupolarotunda (J41).

A Johnson solid is one of 92 strictly convex polyhedra that is composed of regular polygon faces but are not uniform polyhedra (that is, they are not Platonic solids, Archimedean solids, prisms, or antiprisms). They were named by Norman Johnson, who first listed these polyhedra in 1966.

Pentagonal orthocupolarotunda
In geometry, the pentagonal orthocupolarotunda is one of the Johnson solids  (J32).  As the name suggests, it can be constructed by joining a pentagonal cupola (J5) and a pentagonal rotunda (J6) along their decagonal bases, matching the pentagonal faces. A 36-degree rotation of one of the halves before the joining yields a pentagonal gyrocupolarotunda (J33).

A Johnson solid is one of 92 strictly convex polyhedra that is composed of regular polygon faces but are not uniform polyhedra (that is, they are not Platonic solids, Archimedean solids, prisms, or antiprisms). They were named by Norman Johnson, who first listed these polyhedra in 1966.
Arc Dome
Arc Dome is the highest mountain of the Toiyabe Range in northwestern Nye County, Nevada, United States. It is the thirteenth-highest mountain in the state. Arc Dome also ranks as the second-most topographically prominent peak in Nye County and the eighth-most prominent peak in the state. The peak is located about 53 miles (85 km) north of the community of Tonopah, within the Arc Dome Wilderness of the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest.

Arc Dome is sometimes confused with Toiyabe Dome. The fact that the summit benchmark is marked “Toiyabe Dome” only adds to this confusion. However, these are separate peaks. Toiyabe Dome at 11,361 feet (3,463 m) is about 5 miles (8.0 km) southeast of Arc Dome, above the small community of Carvers, Nevada.

Humboldt–Toiyabe National Forest
The Humboldt–Toiyabe National Forest (HTNF) is the principal U.S. National Forest in the U.S. state of Nevada, and has a smaller portion further west in Eastern California in the state of California. With an area of 6,289,821 acres (25,454.00 km2), it is the largest U.S. National Forest reservation outside of Alaska, further northwest on the North American continent.
Virgo (software)
Virgo is an open source, OSGi-based, Java application server. Virgo supports the deployment of OSGi bundles and unmodified Java web applications as well as OSGi-influenced Shared Libraries WARs and Shared Services WARs.

Virgo is based on the Equinox OSGi implementation, part of the Eclipse project. A few different distributions of Virgo exist: Virgo Nano, Virgo Kernel, Virgo Server for Apache Tomcat (embedding the Apache Tomcat servlet container) and Virgo Jetty Server (embedding the Eclipse Jetty servlet container). Virgo Server for Apache Tomcat is the primary distribution for OSGi development.

Virgo uses Spring Framework which is embedded and made available as a run-time dependency to deployed applications. Virgo is licensed using the Eclipse Public License.

Virgo was originally developed as SpringSource dm Server by SpringSource and is currently maintained by the Eclipse Foundation. SpringSource is now a division of VMware.

Equinox (OSGi)
In computing, Equinox is a sub-project of the Eclipse project that provides a certified implementation of the OSGi R4.x core framework specification. It is a module runtime that allows developers to implement an application as a set of "bundles" using the common services infrastructure.

Equinox began as a project to replace the original Eclipse plug-in runtime in version 3.0 of Eclipse. It was further developed to meet the needs of the Eclipse community. The adaptations were made into the OSGi specification process, with many being incorporated in the R4 release of the OSGi framework specification. Since then, Equinox has been the reference implementation for the OSGi framework specification.
Cobus Wiese
Jacobus Hermanus Wiese (born 2 June 1997) is a South African rugby union player who currently plays for the Bulls in the United Rugby Championship. He can play as a flanker or a lock and was also utilized as a number 8 by Rassie Erasmus in the place of his older brother Jasper Wiese for the Springboks.

Stormers
The Stormers (known for sponsorship reasons as the DHL Stormers) is a South African professional rugby union team based in Cape Town in the Western Cape that competes in the United Rugby Championship, a trans-hemispheric competition that also involves sides from Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales and the domestic Currie Cup competition as the Western Province. They competed in the Super Rugby competition until 2020. They have won one major international championship, the 2021-22 United Rugby Championship, and seven South African 'conference' titles, five in the South African Conference of Super Rugby, and two in the URC equivalent, the South African Shield, while in the Currie Cup having won the competition on a record 34 occasions.
Rajula Tallavalasa
Rajula Tallavalasa is a village on the Kolkata–Chennai National Highway in Visakhapatnam District. It is a village Panchayat under Bhimili mandal Revenue Division. It is 5 kilometres away from bheemunipatnam beach. This is an educated village. This village has 2 government schools. It is 27 kilometres far from Visakhapatnam city but it has frequent government bus transport as well as private transport available for journey to visakhapatnam city. The pin code of Rajula Tallavalasa is 531162.

Visakhapatnam district
Visakhapatnam district  is one of the six districts in the Uttarandhra region of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, headquartered at Visakhapatnam.: 14  It is one of the twenty-six districts in Andhra Pradesh state. The district shares borders with Vizianagaram district in North and South-East and with Anakapalli district in the  south-west and Bay of Bengal in the south respectively.: 15
9th Congress of Colombia
The Ninth Congress of the Republic of Colombia is the current convocation of the legislative branch of the Republic of Colombia, composed of the Senate of Colombia and the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia. It meets in Bogotá from 20 July 2022 to 20 July 2026. In total, it is made up of 108 Senators and 187 Representatives.

Article 114 of the Colombian Constitution of 1991 proclaims Congress as the highest representative body of the legislative power. According to article 114, it is up to the Congress of the Republic of Colombia to reform the Constitution, make laws and exercise political control over the government and administration. Currently, the "Legislative Observatory" of the National University of Colombia and the "Visible Congress" program of the University of Los Andes monitor the Congress of the Republic.

President of the Senate of Colombia
The President of the Senate of Colombia is the leader of the Senate and the Congress of Colombia. The leadership of the congress is assumed by the person elected as President of the Senate of Colombia by members of the Senate in an election held every year on July 20. The President of the Senate serves a term of one year without a chance for reelection in which they also assume the presidency of Congress.
Wyoming Highway 22
Wyoming Highway 22 (WYO 22), also known as the Teton Pass Highway, is a 17.494-mile (28.154 km) state highway in Teton County, Wyoming, United States. It connects Idaho State Highway 33 (SH-33) at the Idaho-Wyoming state line with U.S. Routes 26 / U.S. Route 89 / U.S. Route 189 / U.S. Route 191 (US 26 / US 89 / US 189 / US 191) in Jackson.

U.S. Route 189
U.S. Route 189 is a spur of U.S. Route 89.  It currently runs for 322 miles (518 km) from Provo, Utah at Interstate 15 to Jackson, Wyoming. The highway was not part of the original 1926 U.S. Highway system. The highway was created in the 1930s, absorbing former U.S. Route 530 and a portion of U.S. Route 30S. The portion through Provo Canyon (between Provo and Heber City, Utah) has been designated the Provo Canyon Scenic Byway by the state of Utah.
Kurupi
Curupi (Curupí) or Kurupi is a figure in Guaraní mythology, known particularly for an elongated penis that can wind once or several turns around the waist or torso, or wrap around its arms, and feared as the abductor and rapist of women.

He is one of the seven monstrous children of Tau and Kerana, and as such is one of the central legendary figures in the region of Guaraní speaking cultures. The curupí is one of the most widespread myth in the region.

Lasso
A lasso or lazo (/ˈlæsoʊ/ or /læˈsuː/), also called reata or la reata in Mexico, and in the United States riata or lariat (from Mexican Spanish lasso for roping cattle), is a loop of rope designed as a restraint to be thrown around a target and tightened when pulled. It is a well-known tool of the Mexican and South American cowboys, which was then adopted from the Mexicans by the cowboys of the United States. The word is also a verb; to lasso is to throw the loop of rope around something.
2025 Joe McDonagh Cup
The 2025 Joe McDonagh Cup was the eighth staging of the Joe McDonagh Cup since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 2018.

Offaly, winner of the 2024 final, were promoted to the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship, replaced by Carlow who were relegated back to this competition. Kildare were promoted from the Christy Ring Cup.

The top two teams from the round robin stage played off in a final to decide the winner, both finalists also advancing to the 2025 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship knock-out stages. The bottom team was relegated to Christy Ring Cup.

2018 Joe McDonagh Cup
The 2018 Joe McDonagh Cup is the inaugural edition of the Joe McDonagh Cup since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association and is the second-tier of Hurling for senior county teams (the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship is the first-tier trophy). It is contested by six GAA county teams ranked 11–16 in the 2018 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship. The fixtures were announced on 13 April 2018. The competition began on 5 May 2018.

On 1 July 2018, Carlow won the title following a 2-26 to 1-24 defeat of Westmeath in the final. This was their second successive promotion within the various tiers of hurling, as they were also the 2017 Christy Ring Cup champions.

Meath were relegated from the Joe McDonagh Cup after losing all of their group stage games.

Antrim's Neil McManus was the competition's top scorer with 3-67.
Animal behavior consultant
An animal behavior consultant is a practitioner of applied behavior analysis or clinical animal behaviour, who helps resolve behavior problems in animals, usually companion animals. Animal behavior consultants are usually employed to identify the cause of a behavior problem, to develop an intervention plan to change the problem behavior, and to help the owners learn how to execute that plan. Animal behavior consultants are distinct from animal trainers, in that their primary goal is not to train an animal to have basic manners or to perform a task, such as agility competition for dogs, but to mitigate behaviors that are problems for the animal's owner. Animal behavior consultants may also be known as clinical animal behaviourists, pet behavior counsellors or pet psychologists.

Separation anxiety in dogs
Separation anxiety in dogs describes a condition in which a dog exhibits distress and behavior problems when separated from its handler. Separation anxiety typically manifests within minutes of departure of the handler.  It is not fully understood why some dogs suffer from separation anxiety and others do not. The diagnosis process often leads to a misdiagnosis as it is difficult to differentiate from other medical and behavioral problems. The behavior may be secondary to an underlying medical condition. With chronic stress, impairments to physiological health can manifest. Increased stress in the dog alters hormone levels, thus decreasing natural immunity to various health problems. Separation anxiety can be treated with systematic desensitization and, if necessary, medication. Ignoring, punishing, or leaving the dog to "cry it out" does not solve separation anxiety and can damage the mental health of dogs.
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council, 2023–2027
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council who served in the 58th Parliament were elected at the 2019 and 2023 elections. As members serve eight-year terms, half of the Council was elected in 2019 and did not face re-election in 2023, and the members elected in 2023 will not face re-election until 2031. The President was Matthew Mason-Cox until May 2023 and Ben Franklin from May 2023.

Matthew Mason-Cox
Matthew Ryan Mason-Cox is an Australian politician who served as President of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 4 May 2021 until 9 May 2023. He was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council for the Liberal Party from 28 September 2006 until 3 March 2023, with a short two-week stint as an Independent in May 2021. Mason-Cox was the Minister for Fair Trading between May 2014 and April 2015 in the first Baird ministry (one of the shortest ministerial careers in NSW) and served as Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia in the Legislative Council during 2014 and 2015.
Zuoying–Jiucheng railway station
Zuoying–Jiucheng (Chinese: 左營·舊城; pinyin: Zuǒyíng–Jìuchéng) is a railway station in Kaohsiung, Taiwan served by Taiwan Railway. The station is served by local trains.

Formerly Zuoying, the station was renamed on October 14, 2018, based on the nearby Old City of Zuoying to avoid the confusion with Xinzuoying, when the new underground station was opened.

Old City of Zuoying
The Old City of Zuoying (Chinese: 左營舊城; pinyin: Zuǒyíng Jiùchéng), also known as the Old City of Fongshan County (Chinese: 鳳山縣舊城; pinyin: Fengshan Xiàn Jiùchéng), is a walled city located in Zuoying District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. It was built during the Qing rule period and is one of the first Taiwanese cities fortified by a defensive wall. The city was administrated under the Fongshan County (鳳山縣) of Taiwan Prefecture.
2002 WTA Madrid Open
The 2002 WTA Madrid Open (also known as the Open de España Madrid 2012 or Trofeo Volkswagen for sponsorship reasons) was a professional women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Madrid, Spain from 20 to 25 May 2002. It was the seventh edition of the event on the WTA Tour. It was classified as a Tier III event on the 2002 WTA Tour.

2002 WTA Tour
The 2002 Sanex WTA Tour was the elite professional tennis circuit organized by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for the 2002 tennis season. The WTA Tour calendar comprised the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the WTA Tier I-V Events, the Fed Cup (organized by the ITF) and the year-end championships.

New tournaments created for the 2002 season included the Proximus Diamond Games in Antwerp, Belgium; a new green clay event, the Sarasota Clay Court Classic, in Sarasota, U.S.; and the Nordea Nordic Light Open held in Espoo, Finland. Another new tournament was created to be held in Aarhus, Denmark, but was later cancelled. Also, the French Community Championships moved cities from Knokke-Heist to Brussels, and the Kroger St. Jude Championship was moved from Oklahoma City, U.S. to a new location in Memphis.
Ian Rotten
John Benson Williams (born June 1, 1970) is an American professional wrestler and promoter  better known by his ring name Ian Rotten. He has wrestled in the Global Wrestling Federation (GWF), Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), the  United States Wrestling Association (USWA), and his own wrestling promotion IWA: Mid-South.

Promoter (entertainment)
A promoter works with event production and entertainment industries to promote their productions, including in music and sports. Promoters are individuals or organizations engaged in the business of marketing and promoting live, or pay-per-view and similar events, such as music concerts, gigs, nightclub performances and raves, sports events, and festivals.
Costa Verde (Peruvian region)
Costa Verde (Green Coast) is a geographical area made up of a coastal strip located in the bay of Lima in the cities of Lima and Callao. It covers from the outcrop of the La Punta peninsula in the district of La Punta, in Callao, to the La Chira hill in the district of Chorrillos, Lima.

The area is characterised by its cliffs, which in the upper part are located in the city of Lima, while in the lower part are the beaches facing the shores of the Peruvian sea. Due to its location, Lima stands out for being the only capital in South America that faces the Pacific Ocean.

Near the slopes of the cliff, in the lower part, is the semi-express vehicular route that allows access to several riverside districts. It also has cycle paths and pedestrian paths.

Peninsula of La Punta
The Peninsula of La Punta is a peninsula located at the district of the same name in Callao, Peru. It is the point that separates the bays of Miraflores and Callao, both part of the territorial waters of Peru.
Whatipu Lodge
Whatipu Lodge is a historic lodge located in Whatipu, a historic remote settlement to the west of Auckland. The lodge was originally a 19th-century homestead alongside a timber mill before being converted to accommodation.

Auckland Regional Council
The Auckland Regional Council (ARC) was the regional council (one of the former local government authorities) of the Auckland Region. Its predecessor the Auckland Regional Authority (ARA) was formed in 1963 and became the ARC in 1989. The ARC was subsumed into the Auckland Council on 1 November 2010.
Samuel Lewis Navarro
Samuel Lewis Navarro (born 15 July 1957, in Panama City) is a Panamanian businessman who served as the First Vice President and foreign minister from 2004 to 2009 during the administration of President Martín Torrijos.

Lewis was elected First Vice President of the Republic of Panama for the period 2004-2009 by popular vote on May 2, 2004. He took oath on September 1 together with President Martín Torrijos and Second Vice President Rubén Arosemena. On the same day, Lewis also became the Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was elected to the first Vice Presidency of the Republic on the ballot propositions of "Patria Nueva", a political program endorsed by the Revolutionary Democratic Party and the Popular Party, advocating more employment, more production and zero corruption.

He studied business administration at prestigious academic institutions in the United States, earning a BA from Georgetown University in 1979 and an MBA from American University in 1981, both in Washington, D.C.

Vice President of Panama
The vice president of Panama is the second-highest political position in the Government of Panama. Since 2009, the position of Vice President has been held by three people.

Before 1945 there were positions of presidential designates elected by the National Assembly for a two-year term. The positions of presidential designates were replaced in 1945 by two vice presidents.

According to the current constitution, Vice President is elected in the same ticket as the President of Panama.
High Year of Tenure
High Year Tenure (HYT) is a term used by the United States Armed Forces to describe the maximum number of years enlisted members may serve at a given rank without achieving promotion, after which they must separate or retire. HYT is applicable to enlisted personnel of all six military branches of the United States.

Officers are not subject to HYT, but are instead limited to statutory service limits by pay grade. See Defense Officer Personnel Management Act for officer information.

In the United States Army, soldiers will finish their enlistment contract if they exceed HYT or RCP (retention control point), unless they are reduced in rank.

Separation (United States military)
In the United States Armed Forces, separation means that a person is leaving active duty but not necessarily the service entirely. Separation typically occurs when someone reaches the date of their Expiration of Term of Service and are released from active duty, but still must complete their military reserve obligations. Upon separation, they receive Department of Defense Form 214, Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty (DD 214), which verifies their military service.

Former service members must present DD 214 to receive Veterans Administration benefits. A veteran or next of kin may request a copy of the DD 214 form by going to National Personnel Records Center's website.

When service members complete their full military obligation, they are discharged and receive a formal certificate of discharge, usually an honorable discharge.