hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Knyahinin
Knyahinin (Belarusian: Княгінін, romanized: Kniahinin; Russian: Княги́нин, romanized: Knyaginin) is an agrotown in Myadzyel District, Minsk Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Knyahinin selsoviet. It is located 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Myadzyel and 100 kilometres (62 mi) from the capital Minsk. In 1998, it had a population of 1,056. In 2010, it had a population of 834.

Myadzyel district
Myadzyel district or Miadziel district (Belarusian: Мядзельскі раён, romanized: Miadzielski rajon; Russian: Мядельский район) is a district (raion) of Minsk region in Belarus. Its administrative center is the town of Myadzyel. As of 2024, it has a population of 24,326.

Four of the main lakes of Belarus are situated in this district: Narach (the largest one), Svir (8th largest), Myadel (11th largest) and Myastro (15th largest).
Compound matrix
In linear algebra, a branch of mathematics, a (multiplicative) compound matrix is a matrix whose entries are all minors, of a given size, of another matrix. Compound matrices are closely related to exterior algebras, and their computation appears in a wide array of problems, such as in the analysis of nonlinear time-varying dynamical systems and generalizations of positive systems, cooperative systems and contracting systems.

Triangular matrix
In mathematics, a triangular matrix is a special kind of square matrix. A square matrix is called lower triangular if all the entries above the main diagonal are zero. Similarly, a square matrix is called upper triangular if all the entries below the main diagonal are zero.

Because matrix equations with triangular matrices are easier to solve, they are very important in numerical analysis. By the LU decomposition algorithm, an invertible matrix may be written as the product of a lower triangular matrix L and an upper triangular matrix U if and only if all its leading principal minors are non-zero.
Prague Fringe Festival
The Prague Fringe Festival is an annual event held every May and June in Prague, Czech Republic. It is a fringe festival, on the model of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Founded in 2001, the festival regularly programmes more than 200 artists in about 45 productions, and 250 performances in genres including theatre, comedy, cabaret, spoken-word, and children's shows.

The Prague Fringe Festival takes place in eight venues around Mala Strana, varying from the medieval basement of a hotel to more traditional black-box theatres, with several different performances in each space each day.

The 2020 Prague Fringe was scheduled to take place from 22 May until  30 May and would have marked the event's 19th anniversary; however in March 2020 organisers announced that due to the ongoing 2020 coronavirus pandemic, the festival had been rescheduled for October 2020.

Fringe theatre
Fringe theatre is theatre that is produced outside of the main theatre institutions, and that is often small-scale and non-traditional in style or subject matter. The term comes from the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. In London, the fringe are small-scale theatres (often referred to as the London Fringe and not included as West End theatres), and the equivalent of off-Broadway and Off-off-Broadway theatres in New York City, as well as Europe's "free theatre" groups.

In unjuried theatre festivals, also known as fringe festivals or open-access festivals, all submissions are accepted, and sometimes the participating acts may be chosen by lottery, in contrast to juried festivals in which acts are selected based on their artistic qualities. Unjuried festivals (such as the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Edmonton Fringe Festival, Adelaide Fringe, and Fringe World) permit artists to perform a wide variety of works.
Top Chef Masters season 2
The second season of the American reality competition show Top Chef Masters was announced on October 22, 2009. In addition, it was announced that Gail Simmons would be added as a critic. The season premiered on April 7, 2010 with 22 chefs competing against each other in weekly challenges. In the season finale that premiered on June 9, 2010, Marcus Samuelsson was crowned Top Chef Master.

Top Chef Masters
Top Chef Masters is an American reality competition series that aired on the cable television network Bravo between June 10, 2009 and September 25, 2013. A spinoff of Bravo's hit show Top Chef, the show was produced by Magical Elves and mostly filmed in Los Angeles. Professional chefs competed to win $100,000, an amount won by Rick Bayless, Marcus Samuelsson, Floyd Cardoz, Chris Cosentino, and Douglas Keane. A combination of Stone, James Oseland, Gael Greene, Jay Rayner, Gail Simmons, Ruth Reichl, Krista Simmons, Francis Lam, and Lesley Suter judged each series, while Kelly Choi hosted the first two series and Curtis Stone hosted the final three.
Anastatus japonicus
Anastatus japonicus is a species of parasitic wasp in the family Eupelmidae. It is an egg parasitoid and will parasitize various forestry and agricultural pests such as the brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys). The species is widespread and can be found in most countries north of the Equator.

Eupelmidae
Eupelmidae is a family of parasitic wasps in the superfamily Chalcidoidea. The larvae of the majority are primary parasitoids, commonly on beetle larvae, though many other hosts are attacked, including spiders. Details of the life history varies considerably (e.g., some attack eggs and others are hyperparasites). They are found throughout the world in virtually all habitats.
Lachlan Shire
Lachlan Shire is a local government area in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia. The Shire is located adjacent to the Lachlan River, the Lachlan Valley Way and the Broken Hill railway line.

The largest town and council seat is Condobolin.  The Shire also includes the towns and villages of Albert, Burcher, Fifield, Lake Cargelligo, Tottenham and Tullibigeal.

The mayor of Lachlan Shire Council is Cr. John Medcalf OAM, who is unaligned with any political party.

Fifield, New South Wales
Fifield is a small town in central New South Wales, renowned for its deposits of alluvial gold and platinum, as well as the companies trying to find their source. At the 2011 census, Fifield and the surrounding area had a population of 287 people.

Fiefield Post Office opened on 6 September 1893, was renamed Fifield in 1894 and closed in 1981.
Osceola Air Force Station
Osceola Air Force Station (ADC ID: P-35, NORAD ID: Z-35) is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station.  It is located 5.6 miles (9.0 km)  south-southeast of Osceola, Wisconsin.  It was closed in 1975.

AN/FPS-6 Radar
The AN/FPS-6 Radar was a long-range height finding radar used by the United States Air Force's Air Defense Command. The AN/FPS-6 radar was introduced into service in the late 1950s and served as the principal height-finder radar for the United States for several decades thereafter. It was also used by the Royal Air Force alongside their AMES Type 80s. Built by General Electric, the S-band radar operated on a frequency of 2700 to 2900 MHz. Between 1953 and 1960, about 450 units of the AN/FPS-6 and the mobile AN/MPS-14 version were produced. The AN/FPS-90 and AN/FPS-116 radars were identical to the AN/FPS-6 except for receiver modifications.

In accordance with the Joint Electronics Type Designation System (JETDS), the "AN/FPS-6" designation represents the 6th design of an Army-Navy electronic device for fixed ground search radar. The JETDS system also now is used to name all Department of Defense electronic systems.
New Chaucer Society
The New Chaucer Society is a professional academic organization dedicated to the study of Geoffrey Chaucer and the Middle Ages, founded in 1977. It is currently based at the University of Iceland in Reykjavik, Iceland. The society's institutional home rotates based on the Executive Director's home university.

Frederick James Furnivall
Frederick James Furnivall FBA (4 February 1825 – 2 July 1910) was an English philologist, best known as one of the co-creators of the New English Dictionary. He founded a number of learned societies on early English literature and made pioneering and massive editorial contributions to the subject, of which the most notable was his parallel text edition of The Canterbury Tales. He was one of the founders of and teachers at the London Working Men's College and a lifelong campaigner against injustice.
2009 German Grand Prix
The 2009 German Grand Prix (officially the Formula 1 Grosser Preis Santander von Deutschland 2009)  was the ninth race of the 2009 Formula One season. It was held on 12 July 2009 at the Nürburgring in Nürburg, Germany; the earliest German Grand Prix on the calendar (a feat since beat by the 2013 race), since 1926.

Australian Mark Webber took both his first pole position and his first Grand Prix win, with Sebastian Vettel coming in second, giving Red Bull their third 1-2 of 2009. Championship leader Jenson Button could only manage fifth. This was the last race for Toro Rosso driver Sébastien Bourdais who was dropped in favour of test driver Jaime Alguersuari for the Hungarian Grand Prix.

1926 German Grand Prix
The 1926 German Grand Prix was an auto race held at the AVUS track on 11 July 1926. It was the first ever German Grand Prix. The race was held in heavy rain, and was won by Germany's native son, Rudolf Caracciola.

Recognising a lack of available vehicles for the new Grand Prix formula (for example, the 1926 French Grand Prix had just three starters), the organisers decided to admit a diverse field vaguely described as sports cars. These were divided into three classes based on engine capacity: Class D (2L-3L), Class E (1.5L-2L) and Class F (1.1L to 1.5L). The race start was staggered, with class D released first, followed by class E, and finally class F, at 2-minute intervals.

The race was marred by an accident involving driver Adolf Rosenberger, whose car crashed into one of the marshals' huts, killing three people.

The German Grand Prix would not return to the AVUS track until 1959.
Bobby Simpson (golfer)
Robert S. Simpson was a Scottish professional golfer who achieved success in winning two Western Opens in 1907 and 1911, as well as finishing fourth in the U.S. Open in 1904. Simpson was from Carnoustie, Scotland. He apprenticed under Robert Simpson, a Scottish golf club-maker and golf course architect, who was also from Carnoustie and part of a famous golf family of six brothers. The two Simpsons however were not related. Bobby Simpson did apprentice in Scotland as a club-maker under the other Robert Simpson prior to leaving for the United States to become a golf professional.

Willie Anderson (golfer)
William Law Anderson (21 October 1879 – 25 October 1910) was a Scottish-American golfer who became the first man to win four U.S. Opens, with victories in 1901, 1903, 1904, and 1905. Although Bobby Jones, Ben Hogan, and Jack Nicklaus equalled his total of four championships, Anderson remains the only man to win three consecutive U.S. Open titles, as of 2026. He is a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame.
R1 (New York City Subway car)
The R1 was the first New York City Subway car type built for the Independent Subway System (IND). 300 cars were manufactured between 1930 and 1931 by the American Car and Foundry Company, numbered 100 through 399, all arranged as single units. Nicknamed City Cars, the R1s were the first of five subway car classes collectively referred to as the R1–9 fleet, with future passenger stock orders – including contracts R4, R6, R7/A, and R9 – being virtually identical, with minor mechanical and cosmetic variations.

The first R1s were delivered in 1931, in anticipation for the opening of the IND Eighth Avenue Line. For their time, the R1s introduced several improvements to subway car design that greatly sped up the flow of passengers in and out of trains. The R40s, R42s, R44s, and R46s gradually replaced the fleet of R1s, with the final run taking place in 1976. Several R1 cars were saved for preservation, while the rest were scrapped.

American Car and Foundry Company
ACF Industries, originally the American Car and Foundry Company (abbreviated as ACF), is an American manufacturer of railroad rolling stock. One of its subsidiaries was once (1925–54) a manufacturer of motor coaches and trolley coaches under the brand names of (first) ACF and (later) ACF-Brill. Today, the company is known as ACF Industries LLC and is based in St. Charles, Missouri. It is owned by investor Carl Icahn.
Preradical
In mathematics, a preradical is a subfunctor of the identity functor in the category of left modules over a ring with identity. The class of all preradicals over R-mod is denoted by R-pr. There is a natural order in R-pr given by, for any two preradicals  and , , if for any left R-module M, . With this order R-pr becomes a big lattice.

Functor
In mathematics, specifically category theory, a functor is a mapping between categories.  Functors were first considered in algebraic topology, where algebraic objects (such as the fundamental group) are associated to topological spaces, and maps between these algebraic objects are associated to continuous maps between spaces.   Nowadays, functors are used throughout modern mathematics to relate various categories. Thus, functors are important in every area of mathematics where category theory is applied.

The words category and functor were borrowed by mathematicians from the philosophers Aristotle and Rudolf Carnap, respectively.  The latter used functor in a linguistic context;
see function word.
Les Valseurs
Les Valseurs is a French film production & distribution company founded in 2013 by Damien Megherbi and Justin Pechberty.

They received the 2019 César Award for Best Animated Short Film for Wicked Girl (2017) by Ayce Kartal and an Oscar nomination for the short film Nefta Football Club by Yves Piat in January 2020. On 21 December 2022, they were shortlisted for the 95th Academy Awards under the category Best Live Action Short Film with Sideral (2021).

Critics' Week
Critics' Week (French: Semaine de la critique), until 2008 called International Critics' Week (Semaine internationale de la critique), is a parallel section to the Cannes Film Festival organized by the French Syndicate of Cinema Critics.
Ribnovo
Ribnovo is an isolated mountainous village in Garmen Municipality, in Blagoevgrad Province, 
Bulgaria. It is situated in the Dabrash part of the Rhodope Mountains at 1152 meters altitude, 14 kilometers north-northwest from Garmen and 64 kilometers southeast of Blagoevgrad by air. 
The village can be reached by a 20 kilometers asphalt mountainous road from Ognyanovo through the villages Skrebatno and Osikovo.

Garmen
Garmen (Bulgarian: Гърмен) is a village  in Blagoevgrad Province in Bulgaria and is the seat of Garmen Municipality. It is located in southwestern Bulgaria in the Western Rhodope Mountains in the Chech region 75 kilometers southeast of Blagoevgrad and 127 kilometers southeast of Sofia.
Greek Crimea
Greek Crimea concerns the ancient Greek settlements on the Crimean Peninsula. Greek city-states first established colonies along the Black Sea coast of Crimea in the 7th or 6th century BC. Several colonies were established in the vicinity of the Kerch Strait, then known as the Cimmerian Bosporus. The density of colonies around the Cimmerian Bosporus was unusual for Greek colonization and reflected the importance of the area.  The majority of these colonies were established by Ionians from the city of Miletus in Asia Minor. By the mid-1st century BC the Bosporan Kingdom became a client state of the late Roman Republic, ushering in the era of Roman Crimea during the Roman Empire.

Yevpatoria
Yevpatoria (Ukrainian: Євпаторія, romanized: Yevpatoriia; Russian: Евпатория, romanized: Yevpatoriya; Crimean Tatar: Kezlev, Кезлев; Greek: Ευπατορία, romanized: Eupatoría) is a city in western Crimea, north of Kalamita Bay. Yevpatoria serves as the administrative center of Yevpatoria Municipality, one of the districts (raions) into which Crimea is divided. It had a population of 105,719 (2014 Census).
Badr-B
The Badr-B (Urdu: بدر-۲; also known as Badr-II, meaning Full Moon-2) was Pakistan's second spacecraft and the first Earth observation satellite launched into Sun-synchronous orbit on 10 December 2001 at 09:15 by SUPARCO — Pakistan's national space agency. Badr-B was a microsatellite, weighing approximately 70 kg, and contained a computerized system to conduct studies on gravity gradients. Badr-B was a research satellite to explore the upper atmosphere and the near space, carrying a large array of instruments for geophysical research.

The Badr-B payload was equipped with several CCD cameras, compact dosimeter, a telemetry system, charge detector and a temperature control unit. It is intended to complete and update the Islamabad Mission Control Center (IMCC) and to test the remote sensing CCD instruments.

Pakistan Academy of Sciences
The Pakistan Academy of Sciences (Urdu: پاکستان اکادمی برائے سائنس) (abbreviated as: PAS), is a learned society of sciences, which described itself as "a repository of the highest scientific talent available in the country."

Established in 1953 in Lahore, Punjab, the academy acts as a consultative forum and scientific advisor to the Pakistan government on important aspects on the affairs of all forms of science– the social and physical sciences. Regulating affairs of by its Charter and laws approved by the fellows, the academy is governed by a council that is chaired by its President.

Due to its utmost importance, the fellowship of the academy is extremely restricted, only to the scholars of the high merit who have made outstanding contributions to the advancement of scientific knowledge.
Dante station (Naples)
Dante is a Naples Metro on Line 1. It opened on 27 March 2002 as one-station extension from Museo. The station is located between Museo and Toledo. On 28 March 2011 the line was further extended to Università as non-stop shuttle service, as Toledo and Municipio stations were not yet ready.

The station is named after Piazza Dante, which, in turn, is named after Dante Alighieri.

Toledo station (Naples)
Toledo is a Naples Metro station located directly on Via Toledo street. It is served by the Line 1. The station was opened on April 17, 2012 on the earlier completed section to Università.

According to the British newspaper The Daily Telegraph, this station is the most beautiful subway station in Europe and the world, a recognition echoed by CNN’s rankings.

In 2013, it won the Emirates LEAF Award as Public Building of the Year. In 2015, it received the International Tunnelling Association Award—known as the "Academy Award of Underground Works"—beating entries from Sydney and Jerusalem.
Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, Bridge No. 6
Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, Bridge No. 6 is a steel vertical-lift bridge consisting of two parallel spans, carrying two tracks each, across the Calumet River in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The structure is currently owned by Norfolk Southern Railway but disused and kept in a raised position.

The current structure replaces an earlier swing bridge on the same site, built for the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway. When the United States Army Corps of Engineers began calling for its replacement in 1909, both single- and double-leaf bascule bridge options were considered, as well as vertical-lift options. Construction began on foundations for a single, four-track vertical-lift span before changing to the two parallel two-track spans that were completed in 1915.

The bridge was designated as a Chicago Landmark on December 12, 2007.

Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway
The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, established in 1869, and sometimes referred to as the Lake Shore, was a major part of the New York Central Railroad's Water Level Route from Buffalo, New York, to Chicago, Illinois, primarily along the south shore of Lake Erie (in New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio) and across northern Indiana. The line's trackage remains a major rail transportation corridor used by Amtrak passenger trains and several freight lines; in 1998, its ownership was split at Cleveland, Ohio, between CSX Transportation to the east and Norfolk Southern Railway in the west.
Dayal Nagar
Dayal Nagar is a village of Nadia district in the state of West Bengal, India. It is situated at a distance 23 km from Krishnagar, district headquarters. It is 2.5 km away (towards South) from Bethuadahari.

Bethuadahri
Bethuadahari is a town in the Nakashipara CD block in the Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision of the Nadia district of the state of West Bengal, India. It is almost 28  km from the district headquarters Krishnanagar. Bethuadahari Wildlife Sanctuary is in Bethuadahari (Nakashipara area) of Nadia District, West Bengal, India. The sanctuary is located beside National Highway 12 (old no NH 34). The sanctuary covers 67 hectares (170 acres), and was established in 1980 to preserve a portion of the central Gangetic alluvial zone.
Bill Withers (snooker player)
W. A. "Bill" Withers was a Welsh player of English billiards and snooker. He defeated Fred Davis in the preliminary match for the 1937 World Snooker Championship, and lost 1–30 to Joe Davis in the quarter-finals. In the qualifying competition for the 1950 World Snooker Championship, he played Willie Smith, and lost 7–28. Withers won the Welsh amateur billiards championship in March 1928.

Glossary of cue sports terms
The following is a glossary of traditional English-language terms used in the three overarching cue sports disciplines: carom billiards referring to the various carom games played on a billiard table without pockets; pool, which denotes a host of games played on a table with six pockets; and snooker, played on a large pocket table, and which has a sport culture unto itself distinct from pool. There are also games such as English billiards that include aspects of multiple disciplines.
Silva Kaputikyan
Silva Kaputikyan (Armenian: Սիլվա Կապուտիկյանⓘ; 20 January 1919 – 25 August 2006) was an Armenian poet and political activist. One of the best-known Armenian writers of the twentieth century, she is recognized as "the leading poetess of Armenia" and "the grand lady of twentieth century Armenian poetry". Although a member of the Communist Party, she was a noted advocate of Armenian national causes.

Her first collection of poems were published in the mid-1940s. By the 1950s she had established herself as a significant literary figure in Soviet Armenia. Besides Armenian she also wrote in Russian and many of her works were translated to other languages. In the later Soviet period she frequently addressed political and other issues.

Thomas de Waal
Thomas Patrick Lowndes de Waal (born 1966) is a British journalist and writer on the Caucasus. He is a senior fellow at Carnegie Europe. He is best known for his 2003 book Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War.