hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gozamin
Gozamn (Amharic: ጎዛም።) is one of the woredas in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Part of the East Gojjam Zone, Guzamn is bordered on the southeast by Baso Liben, on the south by the Abay River which separates it from the Oromia Region, on the west by Debre Elias, on the northwest by Machakel, on the north by Sinan, and on the east by Aneded; the Chamwaga River defines part of the border between the Guzamn and Baso Liben woredas. The town and woreda of Debre Marqos is an enclave inside Guzamn. Towns in Guzamn include Chemoga and Yebokile. Sinan woreda was separate from Guzamn.

Landmarks include the fortified mountaintops of Jebelli and Mutera, which was used as a stronghold of the rulers of Gojjam until Birru Goshu was defeated and captured by Kassa Hailu (later known as Tewodros II) in the Battle of Amba Jebelli.

East Gojjam Zone
East Gojjam (Amharic: ምሥራቅ ጎጃም), also called Misraq Gojjam, is one of Zones in Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Its capital is Debre Markos. East Gojjam is named after the former province of Gojjam.

East Gojjam is bordered on the south by the Oromia Region, on the west by West Gojjam, on the north by South Gondar, and on the east by South Wollo; the bend of the Abay River defines the Zone's northern, eastern and southern boundaries. Its highest point is Mount Choqa (also known as Mount Birhan). Towns and cities in East Gojjam include Bichena, Debre Marqos, Debre Werq, and Mota.

This Zone was selected by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in 2004 as one of the several areas for voluntary resettlement for farmers from overpopulated areas; no specific woredas in this Zone were identified in this program. East Gojjam became the new home for a total of 20,000 heads of households and 80,000 total family members.
Clatterford End, High Easter
Clatterford End is a hamlet located partly in the High Easter civil parish of the Uttlesford district, and partly in the Good Easter parish of the Chelmsford district, of Essex, England. The hamlet is 1 mile (1.6 km) south of High Easter village, and 6 miles (10 km) northwest of Chelmsford, the county town and city.

City of Chelmsford
The City of Chelmsford (/ˈtʃɛlmzfərd/) is a local government district with borough and city status in Essex, England. It is named after its main settlement, Chelmsford, which is also the county town of Essex. As well as the settlement of Chelmsford itself, the district also includes the surrounding rural area and the town of South Woodham Ferrers.

The neighbouring districts are Uttlesford, Braintree, Maldon, Rochford, Basildon, Brentwood and Epping Forest.
Astacoides hobbsi
Astacoides hobbsi is a species of southern crawfish in the family Parastacidae.

The IUCN conservation status of Astacoides hobbsi is "VU", vulnerable. The species faces a high risk of endangerment in the medium term. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2016.

Parastacidae
The Parastacidae are the family of freshwater crayfish found in the Southern Hemisphere. The family is a classic Gondwana-distributed taxon, with extant members in South America, Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand, and New Guinea, and extinct taxa also in Antarctica.
BC CSKA Sofia
BC CSKA Sofia (Bulgarian: БК "ЦСКА София") is a Bulgarian professional basketball club based in the capital Sofia and part of the CSKA Sofia sports club.

CSKA Sofia men's team have been champions of Bulgaria 12 times and Bulgarian cup winners 17 times. They played their home games at "CSKA" Hall in Sofia. In 2006–07, they took part in the FIBA EuroCup tournament, which is the last participation of the club in European club tournaments

FIBA Saporta Cup
The FIBA Saporta Cup, founded as FIBA European Cup Winners Cup, was the name of the second-tier level European-wide professional club basketball competition, where the domestic National Cup winners, from all over Europe, played against each other. The competition was organized by FIBA Europe. It was named after the late Raimundo Saporta, a former Real Madrid director.
Voiced labial–retroflex plosive
A voiced labial–retroflex plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in the Yele language. It is a [ɖ] and [b] pronounced simultaneously. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɖ͡b⟩.
Para-IPA ⟨ḍ͡b⟩ is also seen.

Voiced retroflex plosive
A voiced retroflex plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ ɖ ⟩. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a d, the letter that is used for the corresponding alveolar consonant. Many South Asian languages, such as Hindi and Urdu, have a two-way contrast between plain and murmured (breathy voice) [ ɖ ].
Paz Buttedahl
Paz Buttedahl (April 8, 1942 – October 8, 2007) was a Canadian professor at the University of British Columbia and Royal Roads University. She was a researcher and educator specializing in global education and international development issues. She was married to Knute Buttedahl and was the co-founder and president of Buttedahl R & D Associates (BRDA), based in Vancouver, British Columbia. She was also the founder and director of VIA - Vancouver Institute for the Americas, with a main campus in Vancouver and an overseas campus in Santiago, Chile. Buttedahl was a member of the World Academy of Art and Science and participated in the Peacebuilding Commission.

Canadian International Development Agency
The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA; in French: Agence canadienne de développement international; ACDI) was a federal Canadian organization that administered foreign aid programs in developing countries. The agency was merged into the Department of Foreign Affairs in 2013 by the federal government under Prime Minister Stephen Harper.
33rd century BC
The 33rd century BC was a century that lasted from the year 3300 BC to 3201 BC. It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this century and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological analysis. The Bronze Age started in the 33rd century BC.

Century
A century is a period of 100 years or 10 decades. Centuries are numbered ordinally in English and many other languages. The word century comes from the Latin centum, meaning one hundred.  Century is sometimes abbreviated as c.

A centennial or centenary is a hundredth anniversary, or a celebration of this, typically the remembrance of an event which took place a hundred years earlier.
Evidence-Based Nursing (journal)
Evidence-Based Nursing  is a peer-reviewed healthcare journal covering the field of evidence-based nursing. It is published quarterly by the BMJ Publishing Group and RCN Publishing. It is abstracted and indexed by Index Medicus (MEDLINE), Scopus and Excerpta Medica/EMBASE.

The journal performs systematic searches of nursing and medical journals. The selection of content is determined upon the validity and relevance related to nursing science. Submissions are not accepted and are only commissioned.

BMJ (company)
BMJ Group is a British publisher of medical journals, and healthcare knowledge provider of clinical decision tools, online educational resources, and events. Established in 1840, the company is owned by the British Medical Association.
Afrikaans grammar
This article describes the grammar of Afrikaans, a language spoken in South Africa and Namibia from the Indo-European, West Germanic, Low Franconian language family, which arose at the southern tip of Africa under the influence of various other languages and language groups.

The article discusses, among other things, the various synonyms for Afrikaans concepts, common language errors, spelling patterns, the compound and non-compound spelling of words and writing and punctuation marks. It also discusses abbreviations and acronyms, the different types of parts of speech that one finds in Afrikaans, gender, plural and diminutive as well as intensive forms, loanwords and language concepts. The article also focuses on the different parts of speech found in the Afrikaans language, syntax and sentence analysis, gives an overview of literary terminology and finally focuses on figurative and rhetorical language and literary stylistic devices.

Synonym
A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that has a similar or identical meaning to another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in English, words like begin, start, commence, and initiate are synonyms: they are synonymous. The standard test for synonymy is substitution: one form can be used interchangeably without changing the meaning of the sentence.

Words may be synonymous in only one particular sense: for example, long and extended in the context of long time or extended time are synonymous, but long cannot be used in the phrase extended family.

Synonyms with identical meanings share a seme or denotational sememe, whereas those with inexactly similar meanings share a broader denotational or connotational sememe and overlap within a semantic field. The former are sometimes known as cognitive synonyms, and the latter are referred to as near-synonyms, plesionyms, or poecilonyms.
1996 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone
The Asia/Oceania Zone was one of three zones of regional competition in the 1996 Fed Cup. The 1996 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone was a tennis competition held as part of the Fed Cup tournament, which is the premier international team competition in women's tennis. The Asia/Oceania Zone is one of the regional zones in the Fed Cup competition, and teams from this zone compete for the opportunity to advance to the higher stages of the tournament.

1996 Fed Cup
The 1996 Fed Cup was the 34th edition of a competition between national teams in women's tennis. The final took place at Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey in the United States on 28–29 September, with the United States defeating Spain to give the USA their 15th title.
Maizharylgan
Maizharylgan (Kazakh: Майжарылған; Russian: Горы Майжарылган) is a mountain range located in Jambyl Region, Kazakhstan.

Mirny, a mining town in the Moiynkum District, lies roughly 20 kilometers (12 mi) to the northeast of the Maizharylgan. The area is a seasonal grazing ground for local cattle.

Jambyl Region
Jambyl Region, formerly named Dzhambul Region until 1991, is a region of Kazakhstan. The population of the region is 1,209,665 Its administrative center is Taraz, with a population of 335,100. To the south the region borders Kyrgyzstan and nearly borders Uzbekistan in the southwest. Jambyl also borders three other provinces of Kazakhstan: Karaganda Region (to the north), Turkistan Region (to the west), and Almaty Region (to the east). The total area is 144,200 square kilometres (55,700 mi2). The province borders Lake Balkhash to its northeast. The province (and its capital during the Soviet era) was named after the Kazakh akyn (folk singer) Jambyl Jabayev.
AX265 (LG Banter)
The LG Banter (codename AX265) was released on March 23, 2009, and is a successor to the LG Scoop. It has side-slider design and a 1.3-megapixel camera. There are also interchangeable faceplates with two colors: one green and one black. The Banter has two carriers: Alltel Wireless and U.S. Cellular, one with a price of $20 and another one for $50.

LG Rumor (original)
The LG Rumor (known as the LG Rumour and LG Rumeur in English and French Canadian markets respectively, or LG Scoop in other markets) is a mobile phone released by LG Electronics in September 2007. The phone was available in many different colors, and features a slide-out QWERTY keyboard in addition to the standard 12-button keypad, a 1.3 megapixel camera, and a 176x220 pixel screen. It was the first from the LG Rumor line.
PH2
PH2, also known as Kepler-86, or KIC 12735740 (2MASS J19190326+5157453), is an F-type main-sequence star 1,120 light-years (340 parsecs) distant within the constellation Cygnus. Roughly the size and temperature of the Sun, PH2 gained prominence when it was known to be the host of one of 42 planet candidates detected by the Planet Hunters citizen science project in its second data release. The candidate orbiting around PH2, known as PH2b, had been determined to have a spurious detection probability of only 0.08%, thus effectively confirming its existence as a planet.

Located in its parent star's habitable zone, PH2b (or Kepler-86b) is a Jupiter-size gas giant which could in theory host a natural satellite suitable for hosting life. The report of the confirmed detection of PH2b was submitted on January 3, 2013. It was discovered by amateur Pole Rafał Herszkowicz using his laptop and access to the Internet project with data from the Kepler space observatory.

F-type main-sequence star
An F-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence, core-hydrogen-fusing star of spectral type F. The spectral luminosity class is V. They have from around 1.1 to 1.6 times the mass of the Sun and surface temperatures between about 6,000 and 7,200 K. This temperature range gives the F-type stars a whitish hue when observed through the atmosphere. Notable examples include Procyon A, Gamma Virginis A and B, and Tabby's Star.
1986 Volvo U.S. Indoor Championships
The 1986 Volvo U.S. Indoor Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Racquet Club of Memphis in Memphis, Tennessee in the United States that was part of the 1986 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the 16th edition of the tournament was held from February 3 through February 10, 1986. Eighth-seeded Brad Gilbert won the singles title and earned $45,000 first-prize money.

1986 Grand Prix (tennis)
The 1986 Nabisco Grand Prix was the only tennis circuit held that year. The tour consisted of 70 tournaments in 23 different countries. It incorporated three of the four grand slam tournaments, three World Championship Tennis tournaments and the Grand Prix tournaments. The season ending Masters tournament was moved from the January slot to December.
The Challenge: Rivals
The Challenge: Rivals is the 21st season of the MTV reality game show, The Challenge. Rivals takes place in Costa Rica, Argentina, and Patagonia. The season featured cast members from The Real World and The Challenge. Rivals marked the first season of The Challenge not to include any cast members from Road Rules.

The season featured a format in which players were teamed with their arch enemies from past seasons of The Real World and The Challenge. The format similar to one suggested the year prior by a reader to the Bill Simmons mailbag on ESPN.com. The season premiered on June 22, 2011, and concluded with the "S#!% They Should Have Shown" special on September 7, 2011.

This is the first edition of the Rivals series, with Rivals II, Rivals III, and The Challenge All Stars: Rivals following in 2013, 2016, and 2025, respectively.

The Challenge: All Stars season 5
The fifth season of The Challenge: All Stars, also known as The Challenge All Stars: Rivals, premiered on MTV on January 29, 2025, following the prior four seasons airing exclusively on Paramount+. The season features twenty-six cast members from The Real World, Road Rules, Are You the One?, Big Brother, Ex on the Beach, Survivor, Shipwrecked, and 12 Dates of Christmas competing for a $300,000 prize.
Abdication of Juan Carlos I
King Juan Carlos I of Spain announced his pending abdication from the throne on 2 June 2014. An organic law permitting the abdication, required by the 1978 Constitution in its article 57.5, was drafted by the government and approved by the Cortes Generales, and was formally signed on 18 June during a ceremony in the Hall of Columns of the Royal Palace of Madrid. The abdication became effective when it was published in the Official State Gazette at midnight on 19 June.

The Prince of Asturias, Felipe de Borbón y Grecia, succeeded the throne under the name Felipe VI on the abdication of his father. Juan Carlos retained the title of king emeritus with ceremonial functions entrusted to him by Felipe.

Flag of the Second Spanish Republic
The flag of the Second Spanish Republic, known in Spanish as la tricolor (the tricolour), was the official flag of Spain between 1931 and 1939 and the flag of the Spanish Republican government in exile until 1977. Its present-day use in Spain is associated with the modern republican movement, different trade unions and various left-wing political movements.
Marigold New Year's Golden Garden 2026
Marigold New Year's Golden Garden 2026 was a multiple-night professional wrestling event promoted by Dream Star Fighting Marigold. The pay-per-view night of the event took place on January 24, 2026, in Tokyo, Japan, at the Korakuen Hall. The event aired globally on CyberFight's video-on-demand service Wrestle Universe. It portrayed Mayu Iwatani's 15 Anniversary since her professional wrestling debut.

Dream Star Fighting Marigold
Dream Star Fighting Marigold (stylized as Dream Star★Fighting Marigold), referred to simply as Marigold (マリーゴールド, Marīgōrudo) in shorthand, is a Japanese joshi puroresu or women's professional wrestling promotion founded in April 2024.
2013 Toray Pan Pacific Open
The 2013 Toray Pan Pacific Open was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 30th edition of the Toray Pan Pacific Open, and part of the Premier Series of the 2013 WTA Tour. It took place at the Ariake Coliseum in Tokyo, Japan, from September 22 through 28, 2013. Seventh-seeded Petra Kvitová won the singles title.

2013 WTA Tour
The 2013 WTA Tour was the elite professional tennis circuit organized by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for the 2013 tennis season. The 2013 WTA Tour calendar comprised the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation, the WTA Premier tournaments (Premier Mandatory, Premier 5, and regular Premier), the WTA International tournaments, the Fed Cup (organized by the ITF), and the year-end championships (the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Tournament of Champions). Also included in the 2013 calendar is the Hopman Cup, which was organized by the ITF and does not distribute ranking points.
Minimax theorem
In the mathematical area of game theory and of convex optimization, a minimax theorem is a theorem that claims that

under certain conditions on the sets  and  and on the function . It is always true that the left-hand side is at most the right-hand side (max–min inequality) but equality only holds under certain conditions identified by minimax theorems. The first theorem in this sense is von Neumann's minimax theorem about two-player zero-sum games published in 1928, which is considered the starting point of game theory. Von Neumann is quoted as saying "As far as I can see, there could be no theory of games ... without that theorem ... I thought there was nothing worth publishing until the Minimax Theorem was proved". Since then, several generalizations and alternative versions of von Neumann's original theorem have appeared in the literature.

Convex optimization
Convex optimization is a subfield of mathematical optimization that studies the problem of minimizing convex functions over convex sets (or, equivalently, maximizing concave functions over convex sets).  Many classes of convex optimization problems admit polynomial-time algorithms, whereas mathematical optimization is in general NP-hard.
Wholesale line rental
Wholesale line rental (WLR) is a service in which a telecommunications operator takes control of all the connections made through a telephone line from the native operator and collects the subscription fee from the subscribers.

With WLR the alternative telecoms provider buys a wholesale product from the incumbent (usually in conjunction with a wholesale call product such as CPS) and is then able to produce a single bill for the end user covering calls and line rental. Broadband services can also be provided by the WLR operator (and included in a single bill) if a separate wholesale DSL product is purchased from the incumbent, but this is optional.

As part of the United Kingdom PSTN switch-off, BT Openreach is due to retire its Wholesale Line Rental service. Providers are expected to implement Voice over IP to replace copper PSTN voice and ISDN connections.

Telephone line
A telephone line or telephone circuit (or just line or circuit industrywide) is a single-user circuit on a telephone communication system. It is designed to reproduce speech of a quality that is understandable. It is the physical wire or other signaling medium connecting the user's telephone apparatus to the telecommunications network, and usually also implies a single telephone number for billing purposes reserved for that user.

Telephone lines are used to deliver consistent landline telephone service and digital subscriber line (DSL) phone cable service to the premises. Telephone overhead lines are connected to the public switched telephone network. The voltage at a subscriber's network interface is typically 48 V between the ring and tip wires, with tip near ground and ring at –48 V.
Isfahan City Center
Isfahan City Center is a large commercial and entertainment complex in Isfahan, Iran. As of October 2023, it is the second largest shopping mall after Iran Mall in Iran, and the fourth largest in the world.

Iran Mall
The Iran Mall (Persian: ایران مال) is the world’s largest shopping mall, located in northwest Tehran, Iran, by Chitgar Lake.

The multi-purpose complex was designed on land with an area of 317,000 square metres (3,410,000 sq ft) and seven floors. Its infrastructure area in the first phase is 1,350,000 m2 (14,500,000 sq ft), which will be increased to 1,600,000 m2 (17,000,000 sq ft) when all the development phases are completed.

The first phase with the capacity of 267,000 m2 (2,870,000 sq ft) of gross leasable area and 708 retail units was opened on 1 May 2018.

Over 1,200 contractors and 25,000 workers took part in the construction of Iran Mall. The facility is owned by Ayandeh Bank. The original idea of building such a large complex came from the well-known Iranian entrepreneur, Ali Ansari, who has also been the chief executive of constructing the Iran Mall.
Arabic parts
In astrology, the Arabic parts or lots are constructed points based on mathematical calculations of three horoscopic entities such as planets or angles. The distance between two of the points is added to the position of the third (very often the ascendant) to derive the location of the lot.

Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
Abu Ma‘shar al-Balkhi, Latinized as Albumasar (also Albusar, Albuxar, Albumazar; full name Abū Maʿshar Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar al-Balkhī  ابومَعْشَر جعفر بن محمد بن عمر بلخی;
10 August 787 – 9 March 886, AH 171–272), was an early Persian Muslim astrologer, thought to be the greatest astrologer of the Abbasid court in Baghdad. While he was not a major innovator, his practical manuals for training astrologers profoundly influenced Muslim intellectual history and, through translations, that of western Europe and Byzantium.
2014 Newcastle Knights season
The 2014 Newcastle Knights season was the 27th in the club's history. Coached by Wayne Bennett and captained by Kurt Gidley, they competed in the NRL's 2014 Telstra Premiership, finishing the regular season in 12th place (out of 16).

Newcastle Knights
The Newcastle Knights are an Australian professional rugby league team based in Newcastle, the largest city in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. The club competes in the National Rugby League (NRL) premiership. Playing in red and blue, the Knights joined the top-tier competition in 1988, 79 years after the previous Newcastle based team, the Newcastle Rebels had departed the Sydney competition with the formation of a separate league competition based in the Newcastle region.

The club has won the premiership twice (1997 and 2001) and is one of only two clubs (the other being the Wests Tigers) that has never lost a grand final in which it has participated. Notable players include: Paul Harragon, Robbie O'Davis, Danny Buderus and rugby league Immortal Andrew Johns. The team's home ground is McDonald Jones Stadium.