hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Machine to machine
Machine to machine (M2M) is direct communication between devices using any communications channel, including wired and wireless. M2M communication can include industrial instrumentation, where a sensor communicates the data it records (such as temperature or inventory level), as well as telematics, which uses M2M to enable a fleet telematics system to monitor mobile assets. Such communication was originally accomplished by having a remote network of machines relay information back to a central hub for analysis, which would then be rerouted into a system like a personal computer.

More recent machine to machine communication has changed into a system of networks that transmits data to personal appliances. The expansion of IP networks has made M2M communication quicker and easier while using less power, and it is a component of the Internet of Things (IoT). These networks also allow new business opportunities for consumers and suppliers.

Smart meter
A smart meter is an electronic device that records information—such as consumption of electric energy, voltage levels, current, and power factor—and  communicates the information to the consumer and electricity suppliers. Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) differs from automatic meter reading (AMR) in that it enables two-way communication between the meter and the supplier.
Liu Gang
Liu Gang (Chinese: 刘刚; born 30 January 1961) is a Chinese-born American aerospace engineer, computer scientist, optical physicist, political activist, and writer. He founded the Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation. He was a prominent student leader at the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Liu holds an M.A. in physics from Peking University and an M.A. in computer science from Columbia University. After his exile to the United States in 1996, Liu studied technology and physics at Bell Labs in New Jersey. Liu was employed at Morgan Stanley as a Wall Street IT analyst.

Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.

In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics.
2024 Special Honours
As part of the British honours system, Special Honours are issued at the Monarch's pleasure at any given time. The Special Honours refer to the awards made within royal prerogative, operational honours, political honours and other honours awarded outside the New Year Honours and Birthday Honours.

Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom and the British Overseas Territories, personal bravery, achievement, or service are rewarded with honours. The honours system consists of three types of award:

Honours are used to recognise merit in terms of achievement and service;

Decorations tend to be used to recognise specific deeds;

Medals are used to recognise service on a particular operation or in a specific theatre, long or valuable service, and good conduct.

Appointments to the various orders and awards of other honours are usually published in The London Gazette.
Dalton Town with Newton
Dalton Town with Newton is a civil parish in Westmorland and Furness Unitary Authority, in the county of Cumbria, England. The parish includes the town of Dalton-in-Furness and the hamlet of Newton. In 2011 it had a population of 8,125. The parish touches Aldingham, Askam and Ireleth, Lindal and Marton and Urswick.

Aldingham
Aldingham is a village and civil parish in the Westmorland and Furness Unitary Authority of Cumbria, England. Historically in Lancashire, it is situated on the east coast of the Furness peninsula, facing into Morecambe Bay, and is about 8 miles (13 km) east of Barrow-in-Furness, and 6 miles (9.7 km) south of Ulverston. The parish includes the nearby villages of Baycliff, Dendron, Leece, Gleaston, Newbiggin, Roosebeck, Scales and a number of smaller hamlets. According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 1,187, reducing to 1,105 at the 2011 Census.
Plantation, Florida
Plantation is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States. It is a part of the South Florida metropolitan area. The city's name comes from the previous part-owner of the land, the Everglades Plantation Company, and their unsuccessful attempts to establish a rice plantation in the area. As of the 2020 US census, the population was 91,750.

Arbor Day Foundation
The Arbor Day Foundation is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit membership organization dedicated to planting trees. The Arbor Day Foundation has more than one million members and has planted more than 500 million trees in neighborhoods, communities, cities and forests throughout the world. The Foundation's stated mission is "to inspire people to plant, nurture, and celebrate trees."
Battle of Beecher Island
The Battle of Beecher Island, also known as the Battle of Arikaree Fork, was an armed conflict between several of the Plains Native American tribes and Forsyth's Scouts, a company of selected civilian frontiersmen, recruited and commanded by Brevet-Colonel George Alexander Forsyth.  The battle occurred in late September 1868 with Forsyth and the scouts making a stand at Beecher Island, on the Arikaree River, then known as part of the North Fork of the Republican River, near present-day Wray, Colorado, named afterwards for Lieutenant Fredrick H. Beecher, Forsyth's executive officer killed during the battle.

Arapaho
The Arapaho (/əˈræpəhoʊ/ ə-RAP-ə-hoh; French: Arapahos, Gens de Vache) are a Native American people historically living on the plains of Colorado and Wyoming. They were close allies of the Cheyenne tribe and loosely aligned with the Lakota and Dakota.

By the 1850s, Arapaho bands formed two tribes, namely the Northern Arapaho and Southern Arapaho. Since 1878, the Northern Arapaho have lived with the Eastern Shoshone on the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming and are federally recognized as the Northern Arapaho Tribe of the Wind River Reservation. The Southern Arapaho live with the Southern Cheyenne in Oklahoma. Together, their members are enrolled as the federally recognized Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes.
Nida, Lithuania
Nida (German: Nidden, Kursenieki: Nīde) is a resort settlement in Lithuania, the administrative centre of Neringa municipality. Located on the Curonian Spit between the Curonian Lagoon and the Baltic Sea, it is the westernmost point of Lithuania and the Baltic states, close to the border with the Russian Kaliningrad Oblast exclave. In 2025, it had around 1500 permanent residents.

Curonians
The Kursenieki are also sometimes known as Curonians.

The Curonians (Latvian: kurši; Lithuanian: kuršiai)  or Kurs (obsolete) were a medieval Baltic tribe living on the shores of the Baltic Sea in the 5th–16th centuries, in what are now western parts of Latvia and Lithuania. They eventually merged with other Baltic tribes contributing to the ethnogenesis of present-day Latvians and Lithuanians.  Curonians gave their name to the region of Courland (Kurzeme), Kuršėnai town, Curonian spit and many other localities. They spoke the Curonian language.
SLAMF1
Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLAMF1 gene. Recently SLAMF1 has also been designated CD150 (cluster of differentiation 150).

SLAMF1 belongs to the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family. As other receptors from this family, SLAMF1 is expressed in different types of hematopoietic cells and it plays a role in the regulation of the immune system.

Natural killer T cell
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a heterogeneous group of T cells that express characteristics of both T and natural killer cells. Natural killer T cells are a distinct type of cells and should not be confused as natural killer cells or killer T cells (cytotoxic T cells). NKT cells recognize the non-polymorphic CD1d molecule, an antigen-presenting molecule that binds self and foreign lipids and glycolipids. They constitute only approximately 1% of all peripheral blood T cells. Their function is to produce and release cytokines, kill other cells, and communicate with other cells in the immune system. They have been found to play a role in various autoimmune diseases.
2011–12 CWHL season
The 2011–12 CWHL season was the fifth in league history. Regular season play begun on October 22, 2011, as the defending champion Montreal Stars hosted the Brampton Thunder. The league expanded from five teams to six as Team Alberta (CWHL) joined the league for competitive play. The 2012 Clarkson Cup in Niagara Falls was also contested between the Stars and Thunder, with Montreal winning its second consecutive title.

Markham Thunder
The Markham Thunder was a professional women's ice hockey team in the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL). From 1998 through 2017, the franchise was known as the Brampton Thunder and Brampton Canadettes-Thunder before relocating from Brampton, Ontario, to Markham, Ontario, for the 2017–18 season. The CWHL ceased operations in 2019 and no further statements or actions were taken with the franchise.
2000 Grand National
The 2000 Grand National (known as the Martell Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 153rd official renewal of the Grand National steeplechase that took place at Aintree Racecourse in England on 8 April 2000.

The race was won in a time of 9 minutes 9.7 seconds and by a distance of 1+1⁄4 lengths by 10/1 shot Papillon, ridden by jockey Ruby Walsh. The winner was trained by his father Ted Walsh and ran in American Betty Moran's colours of green with ice blue piping. The field was limited to a maximum of 40 competitors of which 17 completed the course without mishap. None of the horses who failed to complete the course were injured.

Aintree Racecourse
Aintree Racecourse is a racecourse in Aintree, Merseyside, England, near to Liverpool. The racecourse is the venue for the Grand National steeplechase, which takes place annually in April over three days. Aintree also holds meetings in May, October (Sunday), November and December (both Saturdays).

The Aintree Racecourse had suffered three major disruptions in post-war history, starting with the 1993 Grand National due to a series of false starts and no winner was announced, followed by the 1997 Grand National, postponed to Monday because of an IRA bomb threat and the 2023 Grand National was delayed due to Animal Rights protesters.
Andy Murad
Andy Murad is an American mixed martial artist currently competing in the Welterweight division of Bellator MMA. A professional competitor since 2003, he has also formerly competed for King of the Cage.

Welterweight (MMA)
The welterweight division in mixed martial arts contains different weight classes:

The UFC's welterweight division, which groups competitors within 156 to 170 lb (71 to 77 kg)

The ONE Championship's welterweight division, with upper limit at 83.9 kg (185.0 lb)
Arab Banking Corporation
Arab Banking Corporation (also called Bank ABC) is an international bank with headquarters in the Diplomatic Area of Manama, Bahrain. It was incorporated as a joint stock company in 1980 through a special decree by the Amir of Bahrain. It obtained an offshore banking unit licence from the Bahrain Monetary Agency on 7 April 1980, and began operations in the same month. The bank is listed on the Bahrain Bourse and its major shareholders are the Central Bank of Libya (59.37%) and Kuwait Investment Authority (40.63%). Its network spreads across 17 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Europe, the Americas and Asia. It is expanding its retail banking network in the MENA region.

Bank ABC is a provider of trade finance, treasury, project and structured finance, syndication, corporate and institutional banking as well as Islamic banking services.

Central Bank of Bahrain
The Central Bank of Bahrain (CBB) is the central bank of Bahrain. It is a public corporate entity that was established by the Central Bank of Bahrain and Financial Institutions Law 2006. on 6 September 2006.

Decree No. 64 of 2006 with respect to promulgating the Central Bank of Bahrain and Financial Institutions Law established the Central Bank of Bahrain in place of the Bahrain Monetary Agency. The Bank is located in the Diplomatic Area of Manama, in Bahrain.

Its responsibilities include, implement monetary policy, supervise and regulate the banking sector, acting as the government's fiscal agent, encouraging the growth of Bahrain as a major international financial centre, and to manage the foreign currency, cash and gold reserves of the Kingdom.
Siege of Arrah
The siege of Arrah (27 July – 3 August 1857) took place during the Indian Mutiny (also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857). It was the eight-day defence of a fortified outbuilding, occupied by a combination of 18 civilians and 50 members of the Bengal Military Police Battalion, against 2,500 to 3,000 mutinying Bengal Native Infantry sepoys from three regiments and an estimated 8,000 men from irregular forces commanded by Kunwar Singh, the local zamindar or chieftain who controlled the Jagdishpur estate.

An attempt to break the siege failed, with around 290 casualties out of around 415 men in the relief party. Shortly afterwards, a second relief effort consisting of 225 men and three artillery guns—carried out despite specific orders that it should not take place—dispersed the forces surrounding the building, suffering two casualties, and the besieged party escaped. Only one member of the besieged group was injured.

Jagdishpur estate
The Jagdishpur Raj was a  feudatory zamindari controlled by a cadet branch of the Ujjainiya dynasty. It was situated in modern-day Jagdishpur, in the erstwhile Shahabad district (now in Bhojpur district) of Bihar. The capital of the principality was the town of Jagdishpur by which the principality derived its name.
Gmina Czempiń
Gmina Czempiń is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Kościan County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Czempiń, which lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) north-east of Kościan and 29 km (18 mi) south of the regional capital Poznań.

The gmina covers an area of 142.46 square kilometres (55.0 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 11,259 (out of which the population of Czempiń amounts to 5,135, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 6,124).

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Chłapowski Landscape Park.

Kościan
Kościan ([ˈkɔɕt͡ɕan]) (German: Kosten) is a town on the Obra canal in west-central Poland, with a population of 23,952 inhabitants as of June 2014. Situated in the Greater Poland Voivodeship, it is the capital of Kościan County.
Saitama Rapid Railway Line
The Saitama Rapid Railway Line (埼玉高速鉄道線, Saitama Kōsoku Tetsudō sen) is a mostly underground rapid transit line in Japan operated by the third sector operating company Saitama Railway Corporation. Funded by Saitama Prefecture, local municipal governments, and Tokyo Metro, it forms a continuation of the Tokyo Metro Namboku Line, starting at Akabane-iwabuchi Station in Tokyo and ending at Urawa-Misono Station in Saitama. The line is used as the main means of transportation to Saitama Stadium 2002. On 27 November 2015, the route was nicknamed the "Saitama Stadium Line". The line symbol used in the station numbering is "SR".

Third-sector railway
In Japan, third-sector railways (第三セクター鉄道, dai-san sekutā tetsudō), sometimes translated as semi-public sector railways, are railways operated by a joint corporation that has been invested in by both the public and private sectors, which maintain a public–private partnership. These lines are most often operated by small companies owned by both a prefectural or municipal government and smaller private interests, who both invest in and manage the line. Third-sector lines are generally former lines of the JR Group – or, before 1987, Japanese National Railways (JNR) – that have been divested from the companies.

Examples of lines that were proposed for abolishment or transfer to third-sector companies throughout the 20th century include the Deficit 83 Lines and specified local lines.
Tairawhiti Polytechnic
Tairawhiti Polytechnic was a public New Zealand tertiary education institution. The main campus is based in Gisborne in the North Island. It provides full- and part-time education leading to certificates, diplomas, and applied bachelor's degrees. On 1 January 2011, Tairawhiti Polytechnic merged with Eastern Institute of Technology in Napier.

Gisborne, New Zealand
Gisborne is a city in northeastern New Zealand and the largest settlement in the Gisborne District (or Gisborne Region). It has a population of 38,100 (June 2025). Gisborne District Council has its headquarters in the central city.
Beethoven's violin sonatas
Ludwig van Beethoven composed the following violin sonatas between 1797 and 1812.

Violin Sonata in A major (Beethoven), Hess 46 (fragmentary)

Violin Sonata No. 1 in D, Op. 12, No. 1

Violin Sonata No. 2 in A, Op. 12, No. 2

Violin Sonata No. 3 in E-flat, Op. 12, No. 3

Violin Sonata No. 4 in A minor, Op. 23

Violin Sonata No. 5 in F, Op. 24 ("Spring")

Violin Sonata No. 6 in A, Op. 30, No. 1

Violin Sonata No. 7 in C minor, Op. 30, No. 2

Violin Sonata No. 8 in G, Op. 30, No. 3

Violin Sonata No. 9 in A, Op. 47 ("Kreutzer")

Violin Sonata No. 10 in G, Op. 96

Violin Sonata No. 5 (Beethoven)
The Violin Sonata No. 5 in F major, Op. 24, is a four movement work for violin and piano by Ludwig van Beethoven. It was first published in 1801.  The work is commonly known as the Spring Sonata (Frühlingssonate), although the name "Spring" was apparently given to it after Beethoven's death.  The sonata was dedicated to Count Moritz von Fries, a patron to whom Beethoven also dedicated two other works of the same year—the String Quintet in C major, Op. 29 and the Violin Sonata No. 4—as well as his later Symphony No. 7 in A major.

The autograph manuscript of the sonata is preserved in the Austrian National Library.
Basin View
Basin View is a town in New South Wales, Australia in the City of Shoalhaven, on the shores of St Georges Basin. It is roughly 25 km south of Nowra, and approximately 200 km south of Sydney. At the 2016 census, the population of Basin View was 1,554.

City of Shoalhaven
The City of Shoalhaven is a local government area in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia. The area is about 200 kilometres (120 mi) south of Sydney. The Princes Highway passes through the area, and the South Coast railway line traverses the northern section, terminating at Bomaderry. At the 2021 census, the population was 108,531.
Arborist
An arborist, or (less commonly) arboriculturist, is a professional in the practice of arboriculture, which is the cultivation, management, and study of individual trees, shrubs, vines, and other perennial woody plants in dendrology and horticulture.

Arborists generally focus on the health and safety of individual plants and trees, rather than managing forests or harvesting wood (silviculture or forestry).  An arborist's scope of work is therefore distinct from that of either a forester or a logger.

Tree preservation order
A tree preservation order (TPO) is a part of town and country planning in the United Kingdom. A TPO is made by a local planning authority (usually a local council) to protect specific trees or a particular area, group or woodland from deliberate damage and destruction if those trees are important for the amenity of the area. In Scotland TPOs can also be used to protect trees of historic or cultural significance. TPOs make the felling, lopping, topping, uprooting or otherwise willful damaging of trees without the permission of the local planning authority a legal offence, although different TPOs have different degrees of protection.

They can be made very quickly and in practice it is normal for a council to make an emergency TPO in less than a day in cases of immediate danger to trees.
Dwindle Distribution
Dwindle Distribution is an American skateboarding distributor based in El Segundo, California. It is a component of Transom Capital Group Limited. The company was founded by Steve Rocco and Rodney Mullen. Its formation is recognized as a key event in the creation of a skateboard company owned by people actively involved in the skateboarding lifestyle.

El Segundo, California
El Segundo (/ˌɛl səˈɡʌndoʊ/ EL sə-GUN-doh, Spanish: [el seˈɣundo]; Spanish for 'The Second') is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Located on Santa Monica Bay, it was incorporated on January 18, 1917, and is part of the South Bay Cities Council of Governments. The population was 17,272 as of the 2020 census, a 3.7% increase from 16,654 in the 2010 census. A significant center of the oil and aerospace industries in Southern California, roughly three quarters of the city's land is dedicated exclusively to industrial and commercial uses, including a Chevron oil refinery which takes up more than a quarter of the city.
Spences Reefs
Spences Reefs is a pair of reefs consisting of two islets, with a combined area of 0.65 ha, in Tasmania, Australia.

They are close to the south-east corner of Little Green Island and part of the Great Dog Island Group, lying in eastern Bass Strait between Flinders and Cape Barren Islands in the Furneaux Group.  The islets are part of the Franklin Sound Islands Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because it holds over 1% of the world populations of six bird species.

Cape Barren Island
Cape Barren Island, officially truwana / Cape Barren Island, is a 478-square-kilometre (185 sq mi) island in Bass Strait, off the north-east coast of Tasmania, Australia. It is the second-largest island of the Furneaux Group, with the larger Flinders Island to the north, and the smaller Clarke Island to the south. The highest point on the island is Mount Munro at 715 metres (2,346 ft). The name of the island derives from the cape on the south-eastern point of the island, which was named "Cape Barren"  by Tobias Furneaux in March 1773. Australia's only native goose, the Cape Barren goose, was first documented by European explorers on the island. The number of permanent residents is variously estimated around 65-80 (2021/2025), most of whom live in a settlement called "The Corner".
Bug Heroes
Bug Heroes is a 2011 shooter game developed and published by the American studio Foursaken Media. After releasing for Android and iOS on January 6, 2011, a spinoff entitled Bug Heroes Quest was released on August 2, 2011, and a sequel called Bug Heroes 2 was released on February 19, 2014.

Shooter game
Shooter video games, or shooters, are a subgenre of action video games where the focus is on the defeat of the character's enemies using ranged weapons given to the player. Usually these weapons are firearms or some other long-range weapons, and can be used in combination with other tools such as grenades for indirect offense, armor for additional defense, or accessories such as telescopic sights to modify the behavior of the weapons. A common resource found in many shooter games is ammunition, armor or health, or upgrades which augment the player character's weapons.

Shooter games test the player's spatial awareness, reflexes, and speed in both isolated single player or networked multiplayer environments. Shooter games encompass many subgenres that have the commonality of focusing on the actions of the avatar engaging in combat with a weapon against both code-driven NPC enemies or other avatars controlled by other players.