hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Difference set
In combinatorics, a  difference set is a subset  of size  of a group  of order  such that every non-identity element of  can be expressed as a product  of elements of  in exactly  ways. A difference set  is said to be cyclic, abelian, non-abelian, etc., if the group  has the corresponding property. A difference set with  is sometimes called planar or simple. If  is an abelian group written in additive notation, the defining condition is that every non-zero element of  can be written as a difference of elements of  in exactly  ways. The term "difference set" arises in this way.

Group isomorphism
In abstract algebra, a group isomorphism is a function between two groups that sets up a bijection between the elements of the groups in a way that respects the given group operations. If there exists an isomorphism between two groups, then the groups are called isomorphic. From the standpoint of group theory, isomorphic groups have the same properties and need not be distinguished.
Document comparison
In computing, document comparison, also known as redlining or blacklining, is a process by which changes are identified between two versions of the same document for the purposes of document editing and review. Document comparison is a common task in the legal and financial industries.

The software-based document comparison process compares a reference document to a target document, and produces a third document which indicates (by colored highlighting or by differing font characteristics) information (text, graphics, formulas, etc.) that has either been added to or removed from the reference document to produce the target document.

Common documents formats for comparison include word processing documents (e.g. Microsoft Word), spreadsheets, presentations (e.g. PowerPoint), and Portable Document Format (PDF) documents.

Microsoft Word
Microsoft Word is a word processing program developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25, 1983, under the original name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems. Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), Apple Macintosh running the Classic Mac OS (1985), AT&T UNIX PC (1985), Atari ST (1988), OS/2 (1989), Microsoft Windows (1989), SCO Unix (1990), Handheld PC (1996), Pocket PC (2000), macOS (2001), Web browsers (2010), iOS (2014), and Android (2015).

Microsoft Word has been the de facto standard word processing software since the 1990s when it eclipsed WordPerfect. Commercial versions of Word are licensed as a standalone product or as a component of Microsoft Office, which can be purchased with a perpetual license, as part of the Microsoft 365 suite as a subscription, or as a one-time purchase with Office 2024.
Schoenoplectus californicus
Schoeneoplectus californicus is a species of sedge known by the common names California bulrush, southern bulrush and giant bulrush. It is also sometimes called "tule", but the closely related Schoenoplectus acutus is the species most often referred to by that name.

Schoenoplectus acutus
Schoenoplectus acutus (syn. Scirpus acutus, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Scirpus lacustris  subsp. acutus),  called tule /ˈtuːliː/, common tule, hardstem tule, tule rush, hardstem bulrush, or viscid bulrush, is a giant species of sedge in the plant family Cyperaceae, native to freshwater marshes all over North America. The common name derives from the Nāhuatl word tōllin [ˈtoːlːin], and it was first recognized by the early Spanish explorers and missionaries in New Spain who saw the marsh plants in the Central Valley of California as similar to those in the marshes around Mexico City being used to construct shelters by the indigenous inhabitants.
Expedition to Cherchell
The Expedition to Cherchell was a joint operation by Ahmad al-Kadi and Arudj Reis who marched on Cherchell with an army of 5,000 Kabyles and 800 Turks to depose its ruler who had founded a small independent sovereignty.

In 1516 the locals of Algiers asked Arudj Reis to liberate them from the tribute payments set by the Spaniards.

Arudj Reis set off with his ally, Ahmad al-Kadi and an army composed of 800 Turks and 5,000 Kabyle auxiliaries. Instead of going straight to Algiers, they went to Cherchell where one of his Reis, Kara Hassan, had founded a small sovereignty. Arudj Reis did not want to leave his flank defenceless, he seized the city, put its sovereign to death and left a garrison.

Following the seizure of Cherchell, Arudj Reis and his ally Ahmad al-Kadi marched on Algiers and seized the city.

Cherchell
Cherchell (Arabic: شرشال) is a town on Algeria's Mediterranean coast, 89 kilometers (55 mi) west of Algiers. It is the seat of Cherchell District in Tipaza Province. Under the names Iol and Caesarea, it was formerly a Roman colony and the capital of the kingdoms of Numidia and Mauretania.
True Heroes (TV series)
True Heroes (真心英雄) is a 2003 Singaporean police procedural drama series produced by MediaCorp. It revolves around the daily lives of three police officers named SGT Chen Junhao (Christopher Lee), SGT Cai Kexin (Phyllis Quek) and SSGT Wang Feng (Allan Wu) in the Neighbourhood Police Centre based at Ang Mo Kio Police Division located at Ang Mo Kio in Singapore. It stars Christopher Lee, Phyllis Quek, Allan Wu, Yvonne Lim & Jeanette Aw as the casts of the series. The show was endorsed by the Singapore Police Force, which opened up facilities such as the Ang Mo Kio Police Division and the Old Police Academy facilities, and loaned real police vehicles and equipment for filming purposes.

Loan shark
A loan shark is a person who offers loans at extremely high or illegal interest rates, has strict terms of collection, and generally operates outside the law, often using the threat of violence or other illegal, aggressive, and extortionate actions when seeking to enforce the satisfaction of the debt. As a consistent or repeated illegal business operation or "racket", loan sharking is generally associated with organized crime and certain criminal organizations.
Bendemeer MRT station
Bendemeer MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the Downtown Line in East of Rochor, Singapore.

Despite its name, the station is not located under Bendemeer Road, but under Kallang Bahru. This station serves the commercial developments around Lavender Street and the industrial estates along Kallang Avenue. The famous Jalan Besar Stadium, Lavender MRT station and Boon Keng MRT station are in close proximity.

Lavender MRT station
Lavender MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the East–West Line in Kallang, Singapore. Located under Kallang Road, the station is close to the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority (ICA) Building and Jalan Besar stadium. Planned and built as part of Phase Two of the initial system, the contract for the station's construction was awarded in October 1985, and it was opened in November 1989.
Kamysakty
The Kamysakty (Kazakh: Қамысақты; Russian: Камысакты) is a river in the Aiyrtau and Esil districts, North Kazakhstan Region, Kazakhstan. It is 106 kilometres (66 mi) long and has a catchment area of 1,800 square kilometres (690 sq mi).

Until 1865 the Kamysakty formed the uppermost stretch of the Kamyshlov, a former left tributary of the Irtysh. Its ancient valley can be traced by a residual chain of lakes for almost 500 kilometers (310 mi) all the way to the Irtysh. The river is currently part of the Ishim Water Management Basin.

Irtysh
The Irtysh (/ɜːrˈtɪʃ, ˈɪərtɪʃ/) is a river in Russia, China, and Kazakhstan. It is the chief tributary of the Ob and is also the longest tributary in the world.

The river's source lies in the Mongolian Altai in Dzungaria (the northern part of Xinjiang, China) close to the border with Mongolia.

The Irtysh's main tributaries include the Tobol, Demyanka and the Ishim. The Ob-Irtysh system forms a major drainage basin in Asia, encompassing most of Western Siberia and the Altai Mountains.
Phaeographis delicatula
Phaeographis delicatula is a species of crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It is known from subtropical Florida and Brazil, where it grows on the branches of hardwoods. It is characterized by delicate lirellae (slit-like fruiting bodies) in dense clusters that often branch in a star-like pattern. Chemically, its main lichen substance is stictic acid.

Graphidaceae
The Graphidaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Graphidales. The family contains nearly a hundred genera and more than 2000 species. Although the family has a cosmopolitan distribution, most Graphidaceae species occur in tropical regions, and typically grow on bark. These lichens are characterized by their crust-like growth form and typically partner with orange-pigmented Trentepohlia algae. Many species produce distinctive elongated, slit-like fruiting bodies, and some have unusually large ascospores that can begin germinating almost immediately upon release. The family originated approximately 176 million years ago and has diversified steadily since, with major bursts of new species arising alongside the spread of flowering plants and tropical rainforests.
UNI/O
The UNI/O bus /ˌjuːniˈoʊ/ is an asynchronous serial bus created by Microchip Technology for low speed communication in embedded systems. The bus uses a master/slave configuration, requiring one signal to pass data between devices. The first devices supporting the UNI/O bus were released in May 2008.

Manchester code
In telecommunications and data storage, Manchester code (also known as phase encoding, or PE) is a line code in which the encoding of each data bit is either low then high, or high then low, for equal time. It is a self-clocking signal with no DC component. Consequently, electrical connections using a Manchester code are easily galvanically isolated.

Manchester code derives its name from its development at the University of Manchester, where the coding was used for storing data on the magnetic drums of the Manchester Mark 1 computer.

Manchester code was widely used for magnetic recording on 1600 bpi computer tapes before the introduction of 6250 bpi tapes, which used the more efficient group-coded recording. Manchester code was used in early Ethernet physical layer standards and is still used in consumer IR protocols, RFID and near-field communication. It was and still is used for uploading commands to the Voyager spacecraft.
Le maître du jeu
Le maître du jeu ("The Master of the Game") is a French-language Canadian comedy panel game show, first broadcast on Noovo in 2022. Based on the Taskmaster format created by comedian Alex Horne, it features a group of five comedians attempting to complete a series of challenges, judged by the maître du jeu (the taskmaster), Louis Morissette, with the help of his assistant, Antoine Vézina. It is the second Taskmaster adaptation in the Americas, after the American version. One difference from the original is that there are no tiebreaker tasks, so participants tied for first place all win the episode and share the prize pot.

The show is produced by KOTV, Morissette's production company, in collaboration with Bell Media. It is distributed by Avalon TV.  The first season was broadcast in fall 2022, while the second was broadcast in fall 2023. A third season began broadcasting in fall 2024.

Taskmaster (American TV series)
Taskmaster is an American comedy panel game show which aired for one season in 2018. The series was adapted from the original British version of the same name.

The series stars comedian and actor Reggie Watts in the title role of the Taskmaster. The Taskmaster issues simple comedic and bizarre tasks to a panel of five celebrities contestants who attempt to complete the tasks and earn points. The tasks are administered by British comedian Alex Horne in the role of the Taskmaster's assistant. Horne created the original format of Taskmaster, and reprises his assistant role from the British series.
Multimedia search
Multimedia search enables information search using queries in multiple data types including text and other multimedia formats.
Multimedia search can be implemented through multimodal search interfaces, i.e., interfaces that allow to submit search queries not only as textual requests, but also through other media.
We can distinguish two methodologies in multimedia search:

Metadata search: the search is made on the layers of metadata.

Query by example: The interaction consists in submitting a piece of information (e.g., a video, an image, or a piece of audio) for the purpose of finding similar multimedia items.

Audio search engine
An audio search engine is a web-based search engine which crawls the web for audio content. The information can consist of web pages, images, audio files, or another type of document. Various techniques exist for research on these engines.
Schreder Airmate HP-9
The Schreder Airmate HP-9 is an American high wing, single seat glider that was designed by Richard Schreder and intended to be flown by the designer in the 1960 World Gliding Championships.

Airmate was the name of Schreder's design company.

Richard Schreder
Richard E. Schreder (25 September 1915 – 2 August 2002) was an  American naval aviator and sailplane developer, responsible for design and development of the HP/RS-series kit sailplanes marketed from 1962 until about 1982. Schreder also founded and ran Airmate, a successful drafting supplies company.
Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
The Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of gastroenterology and liver disease. It is published by the Hindawi Publishing Corporation, after having been sold by Pulsus Group in 2015.  It was the official journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology and the Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver, who divested from the journal in December 2016 after the sale to Hindawi. It was established in 1987 as the Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and obtained its current name in 2014.

Canadian Association of Gastroenterology
The Canadian Association of Gastroenterology (CAG) was founded in 1962 to promote the study of the digestive tract in health and disease, including liver disease. The Association is built on broad principles and includes individuals of different disciplines (physicians, surgeons, paediatricians, radiologists, basic scientists). Today, the Association comprises more than 1,100 members. CAG members are actively involved in research, education and patient care in all areas of digestive health and disease, contributing to the economic and social health of all Canadians.  The Canadian Digestive Health Foundation is the foundation of the CAG.
Neural scaling law
In machine learning, a neural scaling law is an empirical scaling law that describes how neural network performance changes as key factors are scaled up or down. These factors typically include the number of parameters, training dataset size, and training cost. Some models also exhibit performance gains by scaling inference through increased test-time compute (TTC), extending neural scaling laws beyond training to the deployment phase.

Mixture of experts
Mixture of experts (MoE) is a machine learning technique where multiple expert networks (learners) are used to divide a problem space into homogeneous regions. MoE represents a form of ensemble learning. They were also called committee machines.
Hass, Syria
Hass (Arabic: حَاسٌّ, romanized: Ḥāss) is a town in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Ma'arrat al-Numan District of the Idlib Governorate. The town has an altitude of 630 meters above sea level. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Hass had a population of 9,595 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims.

Nearby localities include Kafr Nabl to the west, Hish to the south, Kafr Ruma and Maarrat al-Numan to the east, and al-Bara to the north. Hass is well known for its olive groves, and is surrounded by historical sites, including some of the most important Dead Cities, such as Serjilla, Shanshrah, and al-Bara and Kafr Nabl.

Serjilla
Serjilla (Arabic: سرجيلا) is one of the best preserved of the Dead Cities in northwestern Syria, containing about 700 sites. It is located in the Jebel Riha, approximately 65 km north from Hama and 80 km southwest from Aleppo, very close to ruins of another "Dead City", Bara.

The settlement arose in a natural basin and prospered from cultivating of grapes and olives. The presence of a bath complex indicates the wealth of the community.  Serjilla, a Byzantine settlement, was built in 473.  Thomas Joseph Shanan considered Serjilla as "Pompeii of the East".
Diloma
Diloma is a genus of medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

There is also a genus Diloma, F.H.Wind & P.Cepek, 1979 a genus of phytoplankton in the class Prymnesiophyceae

Trochidae
The Trochidae, common name top-snails or top-shells, are a family of various sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subclass Vetigastropoda. This family is commonly known as the top-snails because in many species the shell resembles a toy spinning top.
Fondements de la Géometrie Algébrique
Fondements de la Géometrie Algébrique (FGA) is a book that collected together seminar notes of Alexander Grothendieck. It is an 
important source for his pioneering work on scheme theory, which laid foundations for algebraic geometry in its modern technical developments. 
The title is a translation of the title of André Weil's book Foundations of Algebraic Geometry.
It contained material on descent theory, and existence theorems including that for the Hilbert scheme. The Technique de descente et théorèmes d'existence en géometrie algébrique is one series of seminars within FGA.

Like the bulk of Grothendieck's work of the IHÉS period, duplicated notes were circulated, but the publication was not as a conventional book.

Hilbert scheme
In algebraic geometry, a branch of mathematics, a Hilbert scheme is a scheme that is the parameter space for the closed subschemes of some projective space (or a more general projective scheme), refining the Chow variety.  The Hilbert scheme is a disjoint union of projective subschemes corresponding to Hilbert polynomials. The basic theory of Hilbert schemes was developed by Alexander Grothendieck (1961). Hironaka's example shows that non-projective varieties need not have Hilbert schemes.
Dübs and Company
Dübs & Co. was a locomotive manufacturer in Glasgow, Scotland, founded by Henry Dübs in 1863 and based at the Queens Park Works in Polmadie. In 1903 it amalgamated with two other Glasgow locomotive manufacturers to create the North British Locomotive Company.

Queenstown, Tasmania
Queenstown is a historic mining town in the West Coast region of the island of Tasmania, Australia. It is in a valley on the western slopes of Mount Owen on the West Coast Range.

At the 2021 census, Queenstown had a population of 1,808 people.
Nivolet Pass
The Nivolet Pass ([nivɔlɛ]; Italian: Colle del Nivolet or French: Col du Nivolet) is a mountain pass in the Eastern group of the Graian Alps in northern Italy. It is located at the top of the Orco Valley on the road from Turin to Ceresole Reale, in the Gran Paradiso National Park. Beyond the pass, the road terminates in the upper reaches of the eponymous Valsavarenche valley in the Gran Paradiso mountain group, before the valley descends to Valsavarenche and Villeneuve. The colle forms part of the boundary between the Aosta Valley and the Piedmont region.  The highest point of the paved road is 2,641 m (8,665 ft). Two artificial lakes, Serrù Lake and Agnel Lake, are located immediately below the pass.

The approach road from Agnel Lake was the location of several scenes in the film The Italian Job, including the iconic final bus crash.

Valsavarenche
Valsavarenche (French: [valsavaʁɑ̃ʃ] ⓘ; local Valdôtain: Ouahèntse; known as Valsavara under fascist rule from 1939 to 1946, and as Valsavaranche from 1946 to 1976) is a comune in the Aosta Valley, northern Italy. It is part of the Unité des communes valdôtaines du Grand-Paradis.
CLP(R)
CLP(R) is a declarative programming language. It stands for constraint logic programming (real) where real refers to the real numbers. It can be considered and is generally implemented as a superset or add-on package for a Prolog implementation.

Prolog
Prolog is a logic programming language that has its origins in artificial intelligence, automated theorem proving,  and computational linguistics.

Prolog has its roots in first-order logic, a formal logic. Unlike many other programming languages, Prolog is intended primarily as a declarative programming language: the program is a set of facts and rules, which define relations.  A computation is initiated by running a query over the program.

Prolog was one of the first logic programming languages and remains the most popular such language today, with several free and commercial implementations available. The language has been used for theorem proving, expert systems, term rewriting, type systems,, automated planning,, and question answering as well as its original intended field of use, natural language processing.

Prolog is a Turing-complete, general-purpose programming language, which is well-suited for intelligent knowledge-processing applications.
Lionel Cabral
Lionel Cabral (born 13 January 1994) is currently a member of the Belize national beach soccer team; he also plays for the Paradise Freedom Fighters football team in the Premier League of Belize, the highest competitive football league in Belize. Cabral has also represented the Placencia Assassins FC in the premier league competition. In the 2015 CONCACAF Beach Soccer Championship, Cabral scored two goals for Belize.

Premier League of Belize
The Premier League of Belize is the highest competitive football league in Belize. It was founded on 28 December 2011 after the merger between the Belize Premier Football League and the Super League of Belize. League games usually take place in front of dozens of spectators.
Jodhpur–Bikaner Railway
The Jodhpur–Bikaner Railway (JBR) was a 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge railway, jointly owned and operated by the Jodhpur State and Bikaner State until 1924 when the system was split between the newly formed Jodhpur State Railway and Bikaner State Railway.

Track gauge
In rail transport, track gauge is the distance between the two rails of a railway track. All vehicles on a rail network must have wheelsets that are compatible with the track gauge. Since many different track gauges exist worldwide, gauge differences often present a barrier to wider operation on railway networks.

The term derives from the metal bar, or gauge, that is used to ensure the distance between the rails is correct.

Railways also deploy two other gauges to ensure compliance with a required standard. A loading gauge is a two-dimensional profile that encompasses a cross-section of the track, a rail vehicle and a maximum-sized load: all rail vehicles and their loads must be contained in the corresponding envelope. A structure gauge specifies the outline into which structures (bridges, platforms, lineside equipment etc.) must not encroach.
Hamburg U-Bahn Type DT3
The Type DT3 is a three-car electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the Hamburger Hochbahn AG on the Hamburg U-Bahn.They were first introduced in 1968 to replace the 1911 to 1929-built Type T cars and to speed up the journey times on line U1.

Hamburger Hochbahn
Hamburger Hochbahn AG (German pronunciation: [ˈhambʊʁɡɐ ˈhoːxbaːn]; HHA), founded in 1911, operates the underground system and large parts of the bus system in Hamburg, Germany. Its name comes from the initial name given to the Hamburg metro system, Hochbahn (German: elevated railway).