hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hmong: History of a People
Hmong: History of a People is a book by H. Keith Quincy, PhD, published by the Eastern Washington University Press. It was initially published in 1988 with a revised edition published in 1995.

It chronicles the history of the Hmong people in China; it also documents the modern Hmong with main focus on Hmong in Laos and also some focus on Hmong in Vietnam. In 2005 Robert Entenmann, Ph.D. of St. Olaf College wrote that the book was "the only easily available English-language study of Hmong history." The sources used in the work include historical events and eyewitness interviews. The author, who was an Eastern Washington University (EWU) professor in the Department of Government, received his doctoral degree from Claremont Colleges and specialized in American politics, political theory, and Vietnam. Quincy described himself as a "political philosopher".

Mark Pfeifer
Mark Edward Pfeifer is the editor of the Hmong Studies Journal, and the director of the Hmong Resource Center Library and the Museum at the Hmong Cultural Center in St. Paul, Minnesota.

From 2000 to 2006, he directed the Hmong Resource Center Library at the Hmong Cultural Center (HCC) in St. Paul. From around 2006 to 2011 Pfeifer worked at the Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi as an academic librarian. During that period he assisted HCC with its website.

Since 2010, he has taught anthropology courses online for the State University of New York Polytechnic Institute  in Utica, New York and for Empire State College in Saratoga Springs, New York since 2013.
Synodontis longispinis
Synodontis longispinis is a species of upside-down catfish that is endemic to the Republic of the Congo where it is found in the Sangha River.  It was first described by  Jacques Pellegrin in 1930 as Synodontis batesi longspinis, a subspecies of S. batesi with an especially long dorsal fin spine, but it is presently recognized as its own species.  The species name longispinis is derived from the word longus, meaning long, and the word spinis, meaning spine, which is a reference to the long dorsal fin spine on the fish.

Mochokidae
The Mochokidae are a family of catfishes (order Siluriformes) that are known as the squeakers or upside-down catfish (although not all species swim upside-down). Nine genera and about 200 species of mochokids ae described. All the mochokids are freshwater species originating from Africa.

They have three pairs of barbels, with the nasal barbels absent; sometimes, the mandibular barbels may be branched. The lips are modified into a suckermouth in Atopochilus, Chiloglanis, and Euchilichthys. The adipose fin is usually very long. The dorsal and pectoral fins have spines that are usually strong and with a locking mechanism. They range in size up to 72 cm (28 in) standard length. This group contains many popular species among aquarists, such as Synodontis nigriventris, Synodontis angelicus, and Synodontis multipunctatus.
Arkadiko
Arkadiko (Greek: Αρκαδικό), also Arkadikon (Αρκαδικόν), is a semi-mountainous village in the municipality of Epidavros in Argolis, Greece. It is located on the old national road Greek National Road 70 between Nafplio and Lygourio, on the southwestern foothills of Mount Arachnaio. As of the 2021 census, it has a population of 177. The community has an area of 18.911 km2.

The local community consists of the main village of Arkadiko and the hamlet of Agios Ioannis, located about 1.5 km to the west. The village's former names were Prountzaika (Προυντζαίικα) or Broutzaika (Μπρουτζαίικα), an Arvanitic name indicating it was founded by Albanians who migrated to the area in the Middle Ages.

The area is rich in archaeological sights dating from the Mycenaean era to the Byzantine period.

Arkadiko Bridge
The Arkadiko Bridge or Kazarma Bridge is a Mycenaean bridge near the modern road from Tiryns to Epidauros in Argolis on the Peloponnese, Greece. The stone crossing, which is dated to the Greek Bronze Age, is one of the oldest crossable arch bridges still in existence. It is the oldest preserved bridge in Europe.

The corbel arch bridge was constructed during the Mycenaean Period in a typical Cyclopean style contemporary to the Late Helladic period (III) (ca. 1300–1190 BC). The bridge, which is 22 m (72 ft) long, 5.60 m (18.4 ft) wide at the base and 4 m (13 ft) high, spans a 1-metre (3 ft 3 in) culvert. The width of the roadway is about 2.50 metres (8 ft 2 in).

Arkadiko Bridge was part of a military highway between the two cities of Tiryns to Epidauros which formed part of a wider Hellenic road network. The sophisticated layout of the bridge and the alignment of the road indicate that the bridge could be used by chariots. Three thousand years later, the bridge remains in local use.
Dipropylcyclopentylxanthine
8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX, PD-116,948) is a drug which acts as a potent and selective antagonist for the adenosine A1 receptor. It has high selectivity for A1 over other adenosine receptor subtypes, but as with other xanthine derivatives DPCPX also acts as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and is almost as potent as rolipram at inhibiting PDE4. It has been used to study the function of the adenosine A1 receptor in animals, which has been found to be involved in several important functions such as regulation of breathing and activity in various regions of the brain, and DPCPX has also been shown to produce behavioural effects such as increasing the hallucinogen-appropriate responding produced by the 5-HT2A agonist DOI, and the dopamine release induced by MDMA, as well as having interactions with a range of anticonvulsant drugs.

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
A phosphodiesterase inhibitor is a drug that blocks one or more of the five subtypes of the enzyme phosphodiesterase (PDE), thereby preventing the inactivation of the intracellular second messengers, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) by the respective PDE subtype(s). The ubiquitous presence of this enzyme means that non-specific inhibitors have a wide range of actions, with those in the heart and lungs being some of the first to find therapeutic use.
18th Lok Sabha
The 18th Lok Sabha was formed after general elections were held in India over seven phases from 19 April to 1 June 2024, to elect all members from 543 constituencies of the Lok Sabha. The results were declared on 4 June 2024. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won a plurality of 
seats with 240, followed by the Indian National Congress (INC) with 99 seats With the required absolute majority being 272 seats, having 293 seats, the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) coalition formed the government. Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi (BJP) is the Leader of the House and Rahul Gandhi (INC) is the Leader of the Opposition.

Speaker of the Lok Sabha
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha (IAST: Lok Sabhā Adhyakṣa) is the presiding officer and the highest authority of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. The speaker is elected generally in the first meeting of the Lok Sabha following a general election and ranks 6th in the Order of precedence in India.

The speaker does not enjoy security of tenure and their term is subject to the pleasure of the house i.e. they can be removed anytime by a resolution of the Lok Sabha by a majority of the all the Members of the house. The longest-serving speaker was Balram Jakhar, whose tenure lasted 9 years and 329 days.
Shane Rattenbury
Shane Stephen Rattenbury (born 25 August 1971) is an Australian politician currently serving as  as a member of the multi-member district unicameral Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly since 2008 and as the leader of the ACT Greens since 2012. Rattenburry has represented the electorate of Kurrajong since its inception in 2016 after a redistribution that abolished the former electorate of Molonglo which he represented from 2008.

Rattenbury has previously served as the Attorney-General of the Australian Capital Territory, as well as several other ministry positions in coalition governments with ACT Labor. He was previously the Speaker of the ACT Legislative Assembly, and was the first Speaker in any parliament in the world representing a Green political party.

Speaker of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly
The Speaker of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly is the presiding officer of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly, the unicameral legislature of the Australian Capital Territory.

The current speaker is Jeremy Hanson of the Canberra Liberals.
3C 357
3C 357 is a radio galaxy located in the constellation of Hercules. The redshift of the object is (z) 0.166 and it was first discovered in the Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources survey in 1962 by A.S. Bennett. It is also documented in the Fourth Cambridge survey, designated as 4C 31.47.

Hercules (constellation)
Hercules is a constellation named after Hercules, the Roman mythology hero adapted from the Greek hero Heracles. Hercules was one of the 48 constellations listed by the second-century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations today. It is the fifth-largest of the modern constellations and is the largest of the 50 which have no stars brighter than apparent magnitude +2.5.
Balloonfest '86
Balloonfest '86 was a fundraising event in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, held on September 27, 1986, in which the local chapter of United Way set a world record by releasing almost 1.5 million balloons.
The event was intended to be a harmless publicity stunt. However, the released balloons drifted back over the city and Lake Erie and landed in the surrounding area, causing problems for traffic and a nearby airport. 
In consequence, the organizers faced lawsuits seeking millions of dollars in damages, and cost overruns put the event at a net loss. The event also interfered with a United States Coast Guard search for two boaters who were later found drowned.

The Plain Dealer
The Plain Dealer is the primary newspaper of Cleveland, Ohio. In the fall of 2019, it ranked 23rd in U.S. newspaper circulation, a significant drop since March 2013, when its circulation ranked 17th daily and 15th on Sunday.

As of May 2019, The Plain Dealer had 94,838 daily readers and 171,404 readers on Sunday. The Plain Dealer's media market, the Cleveland-Akron Designated Market Area, has a population of 3.8 million people making it the 19th-largest market in the United States.

As of 2023, Sunday print circulation had declined to 37,000 copies.

In August 2013, The Plain Dealer reduced home delivery to four days a week, including Sunday. A daily version of The Plain Dealer was available electronically as well as in print at stores, newsracks and newsstands.
Castell Dinas Brân
Castell Dinas Brân is a medieval castle, built by the Princes of Powys Fadog, which occupies a prominent hilltop site above the town of Llangollen in Denbighshire, Wales. The presently visible stone castle was probably built in the 1260s by Gruffydd Maelor II, a prince of Powys Fadog, on the site of several earlier structures, including an Iron Age hillfort.

Dinas Brân has been variously translated as the "crow's fortress" or "fortress of Brân", with Brân as the name of an individual or of a nearby stream. An English name, "Crow Castle", has also been used since at least the 18th century.

Richard Gough (antiquarian)
Richard Gough FSA FRS (21 October 1735 – 20 February 1809) was an English antiquarian. He served as director of the Society of Antiquaries of London from 1771 to 1791; published a major work on English church monuments; and translated and edited a new edition of William Camden's Britannia.

He is not to be confused with the Richard Gough who wrote a "History of Myddle", Shropshire, in 1700.
Clay Carr
Clay Carr (April 17, 1909 – April 1957) was an American rodeo cowboy who competed in the 1930s and 1940s. He was a two-time All-Around Cowboy champion in the Rodeo Association of America (RAA), and won three season discipline titles: two in steer roping and one in saddle bronc riding. In 1930, he won the All-Around Cowboy title and two season discipline championships to become the first Triple Crown winner in rodeo history. Carr's championships are recognized by the modern Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA).

Bronc riding
Bronc riding, either  bareback bronc or saddle bronc competition, is a rodeo event that involves a rodeo participant riding a bucking horse (sometimes called a bronc  or bronco) that attempts to throw or buck off the rider. Originally based on the necessary buck breaking skills of a working cowboy, the event is now a highly stylized competition that utilizes horses that often are specially bred for strength, agility, and bucking ability. It is recognized by most rodeo organizations such as the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) and the International Professional Rodeo Association (IPRA).
2005 Armenian Premier League
The 2005 Armenian Premier League season was the fourteenth since its establishment, and started on 12 April 2005. The last matches were played on 6 November 2005. FC Pyunik were the defending champions.

Lernayin Artsakh FC
Lernayin Artsakh FC (Armenian: Լեռնային Արցախ Ֆուտբոլային Ակումբ) is an association football club formerly based in Stepanakert, Artsakh Republic but is registered in the town of Vayk, Vayots Dzor Province, Armenia. The club was founded in 1927 in Soviet Azerbaijan and its current name translates from Armenian as "Mountainous Artsakh".
Iris Prize
The Iris Prize is an international LGBTQ film prize and festival open to films by, for, about or of interest to gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender or intersex audiences, and which must have been completed within two years of the prize deadline. It was launched in 2006 by Berwyn Rowlands.

New York Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, & Transgender Film Festival
NewFest: The New York Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, & Transgender Film Festival, put on by NewFest (legal name The New Festival, Inc.), is the largest LGBTQ film festival in the United States and one of the most comprehensive forums of national and international LGBT film/video in the world.

David Hatkoff has been Executive Director of NewFest since 2019.

Founded in 1988, The New Festival, Inc is a non-profit media arts organization dedicated to showcasing the newest and best LGBT media for the greater New York metropolitan area.

NewFest strives to encourage and foster environments for LGBTQ and allied filmmakers and viewers to represent the diversity and complexity of voices in the LGBTQ community, and to amplify those voices across the nation.
2023 Barishal City Corporation election
The 2023 Barishal City Corporation election was an election in Barisal, Bangladesh, held on 12 June 2023 to elect the next mayor & councillors of Barisal. A total of 276,298 people cast their votes in 894 rooms of 126 polling stations in Barishal City Corporation election.

Islami Andolan Bangladesh
Islami Andolan Bangladesh (Bengali: ইসলামী আন্দোলন বাংলাদেশ, lit. 'Islamic Movement [of] Bangladesh') is an Islamist political party in Bangladesh. It was established by Islamic scholar Syed Fazlul Karim, pir of Charmonai, on 13 March 1987 as the Islami Shasontontro Andolon. Syed Rezaul Karim is the incumbent ameer of the party since 2006.

The party has campaigned in favour of a blasphemy law and organised rallies in support for a restoration of the caretaker government system, as well as demanding punishment of former government minister Abdul Latif Siddique for his comments criticizing Hajj.
Grenoble–Montmélian railway
The railway from Grenoble to Montmélian is a 52 km (32 mi) long railway in southeastern France. It was built by the PLM and opened on 15 September 1864 (as a double track) to provide a link between Grenoble and Montmélian. In September 1991 it was electrified between Grenoble and Gières and electrification of the whole line was realised and in service by 15 December 2013.

Montmélian
Montmélian (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃meljɑ̃] ⓘ; Savoyard: Monmélyan) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. Montmélian station has rail connections to Grenoble, Modane, Bourg-Saint-Maurice and Chambéry.
Cycloramic
Cycloramic is an iOS and Windows Phone application that makes the Apple iPhone and Compatible Windows Phones rotate 360 degrees without user intervention. It switches the phone's vibrator at a specific (undisclosed) frequency to make the phone spin around its vertical axis and track the rotation angle using the gyroscope, compass and accelerometer while taking panoramic images. This "handsfree" feature works only on the iPhone 5 and iPhone 5s standing on one of its flat edges. Because of this limitation, iPhone 4 users take panoramic photos in a guided mode. Another feature of this program is the ability to post process panoramic images into 24-second videos for other uses.
The update introduced on June 22, 2013 added features to store, edit and share the panoramic pictures.

Panorama
A panorama (formed from Greek πᾶν "all" + ὅραμα "view") is any wide-angle view or representation of a physical space, whether in painting, drawing, photography (panoramic photography), film, seismic images, or 3D modeling. The word was coined in the 18th century by the English (Irish descent) painter Robert Barker to describe his panoramic paintings of Edinburgh and London. The motion-picture term panning is derived from panorama.

A panoramic view is also purposed for multimedia, cross-scale applications to an outline overview (from a distance) along and across repositories. This so-called "cognitive panorama" is a panoramic view over, and a combination of, cognitive spaces used to capture the larger scale.
Tverreggi
Tverreggi is a mountain in Skjåk Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 1,765-metre (5,791 ft) tall mountain is located in the Breheimen mountains and inside the Breheimen National Park, about 27 kilometres (17 mi) southwest of the village of Grotli and about 700 metres (2,300 ft) east of the border with Luster Municipality in Vestland county. The mountain is surrounded by several other notable mountains including Dyringshøi and Søverhøi to the northeast, Leirvasshøi to the north, Sprongeggi to the south, and Rivenoskulen and Tverrådalskyrkja to the southeast.

Grotli
Grotli is a village in Skjåk Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The village is located in the Billingsdalen valley at the east end of the lake Breiddalsvatnet, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) west of the village of Bismo. The area has a hotel and skiing centre as well as a few permanent residents and a number of holiday cottages. The Norwegian National Road 15 runs through the village.
George H. Crosby Manitou State Park
George H. Crosby Manitou State Park is a state park of Minnesota, US, located between Tettegouche State Park and Temperance River State Park on the North Shore of Lake Superior, near the communities of Little Marais and Finland. It is situated on the Manitou River and was intentionally left largely undeveloped.

Temperance River State Park
Temperance River State Park is a state park of Minnesota, USA, located between the communities of Schroeder and Tofte on Highway 61 on the North Shore of Lake Superior. It has campsites, picnic areas, and hiking trails on both sides of the Temperance River.
Karate at the 2023 Pan American Games – Men's 75 kg
The men's 75 kg competition of the karate events at the 2023 Pan American Games was held on November 5 at the Contact Sports Center (Centro de Entrenamiento de los Deportes de Contacto) in Santiago, Chile.

Karate at the 2023 Pan American Games
Karate competitions at the 2023 Pan American Games in Santiago, Chile were held between November 3 and 5, 2023 at the Centro de Entrenamiento de los Deportes de Contacto.

12 medal events were contested. Ten of these events were in kumite (five per gender). A further two events (one per gender) in kata were contested. A total of 106 athletes qualified to compete at the games.
Al Arab (magazine)
Al Arab was an Arabic geographic and history magazine which was published between 1966 and 2001. It was one of the publications established by the Saudi Arabian journalist, historian and writer Hamad Al Jassir after Al Yamamah magazine and Al Riyadh daily. Al Arab was first published in Beirut and then in Riyadh.

Al Yamamah (magazine)
Al Yamamah (Arabic: The Dove) is a weekly Arabic magazine published in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. As of 2012 the editor-in-chief of the magazine was Abdullah Al Jahlan. Al Yamamah provides information about the Arab nation's issues and contemporary concerns.
2008 Buenos Aires Grand Prix Race 2
Results from the 2008 Buenos Aires Grand Prix held at Buenos Aires on August 10, 2008, in the Autódromo Oscar Alfredo Gálvez.The race was the second race for the 2008 Buenos Aires Grand Prix of Formula Three Sudamericana.

Autódromo Oscar y Juan Gálvez
The Autódromo de Buenos Aires Oscar y Juan Gálvez is a 45,000 capacity motor racing circuit in Buenos Aires, Argentina built in 1952 under president Juan Perón, named Autódromo 17 de Octubre after the date of Loyalty Day until Perón's overthrow. It was later renamed after Argentinian racing driver brothers, Juan Gálvez (1916–1963) and Oscar Alfredo Gálvez (1913–1989).
Mass injection flow
Mass injection flow (a.k.a. Limbach Flow) refers to inviscid, adiabatic flow through a constant area duct where the effect of mass addition is considered.  For this model, the duct area remains constant, the flow is assumed to be steady and one-dimensional, and mass is added within the duct. Because the flow is adiabatic, unlike in Rayleigh flow, the stagnation temperature is a constant. Compressibility effects often come into consideration, though this flow model also applies to incompressible flow.

For supersonic flow (an upstream Mach number greater than 1), deceleration occurs with mass addition to the duct and the flow can become choked. Conversely, for subsonic flow (an upstream Mach number less than 1), acceleration occurs and the flow can become choked given sufficient mass addition.  Therefore, mass addition will cause both supersonic and subsonic Mach numbers to approach Mach 1, resulting in choked flow.

Perfect gas
In physics, engineering, and physical chemistry, a perfect gas is a theoretical gas model that differs from real gases in specific ways that makes certain calculations easier to handle. In all perfect gas models, intermolecular forces are neglected. This means that one can neglect many complications that may arise from the Van der Waals forces. All perfect gas models are ideal gas models in the sense that they all follow the ideal gas equation of state. However, the idea of a perfect gas model is often invoked as a combination of the ideal gas equation of state with specific additional assumptions regarding the variation (or nonvariation) of the heat capacity with temperature.
Akyol, Dargeçit
Akyol (Kurdish: Derêca) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Dargeçit, Mardin Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Erebiyan tribe and had a population of 115 in 2021.

Dargeçit
Dargeçit (Arabic: كربوران, Kurdish: Kerboran, Syriac: ܟܦܪܒܘܪܐܢ, romanized: Karburan) is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey. Its area is 519 km2, and its population is 27,147 (2022). The town is principally populated by Kurds of the Erebiyan tribe. It is located in the historic region of Tur Abdin.