hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rogues' Gallery (TV series)
Rogues' Gallery was a British television series produced by Gramada Television, which first aired on ITV between 1968 and 1969, as a self contained six episode story within season one of the ITV Sunday Night Theatre anthology series. It was set around London's Newgate Prison in the 18th century.

ITV Sunday Night Theatre
ITV Sunday Night Theatre, originally titled ITV Saturday Night Theatre and often shortened to simply Sunday Night Theatre or Saturday Night Theatre, is a British television anthology series screened on ITV, whose episodes were contributed by various companies in the ITV network.
TS Royalist (1971)
TS Royalist is the name of two vessels. The original was a brig launched in 1971 and owned and operated as a sail training ship by the Marine Society & Sea Cadets of the United Kingdom. At the end of her service she was replaced by a new vessel bearing the same name.

Sail training
From its modern interpretations to its antecedents when maritime nations would send young naval officer candidates to sea (e.g., see Outward Bound), sail training provides an unconventional and effective way of building many useful skills on and off the water.
Seder Olam Zutta
Seder Olam Zutta (Hebrew: סדר עולם זוטא‎) is an anonymous chronicle from 803 CE, called "Zuta" (= "smaller," or "younger") to distinguish it from the older Seder Olam Rabbah. This work is based upon, and to a certain extent completes and continues, the older aforementioned chronicle. It consists of two main parts: the first, comprising about three-fifths of the whole, deals with the chronology of the 50 generations from Adam to Jehoiakim (who, according to this chronicle, was the first of the Babylonian exilarch), the second deals with 39 generations of exilarchs, beginning with Jehoiachin and going until the 9th century CE.

Moritz Steinschneider
Moritz Steinschneider (Yiddish: משה שטיינשניידער; 30 March 1816 – 24 January 1907) was a Moravian bibliographer and Orientalist, and an important figure in Jewish studies and Jewish history. He is credited as having invented the term antisemitism.
Infiniti QX50
The Infiniti QX50, formerly the Infiniti EX until 2013, is a crossover SUV marketed by Infiniti, Nissan's luxury division between 2007 and 2025. It was produced over two generations: one generation under both EX and QX50 nameplates, and the second generation under the QX50 nameplate. The first generation model was also marketed as the Nissan Skyline Crossover in Japan.

The first generation QX50 was a minor model update of the EX with its nameplate changed to QX50 to align with the marque's new Q and QX nomenclature introduced for model year 2013 (China) and model year 2015 (United States). The second-generation QX50 entered production in November 2017 as a 2019 model.

V6 engine
A V6 engine is a six-cylinder piston engine where the cylinders and cylinder blocks share a common crankshaft and are arranged in a V configuration.

The first V6 engines were designed and produced independently by Marmon Motor Car Company, Deutz Gasmotoren Fabrik and Delahaye. Engines built after World War II include the Lancia V6 engine in 1950 for the Lancia Aurelia, and the Buick V6 engine in 1962 for the Buick Special.  The V6 layout has become the most common layout for six-cylinder automotive engines.
Hilderic of Spoleto
Hilderic was the Lombard Duke of Spoleto briefly from 739 to 740. He was the first appointee of Liutprand, King of the Lombards, against the rebellious Thrasimund II.

Liutprand took Spoleto on 16 June 739 and appointed Hilderic as replacement duke. Thrasimund fled to Rome, where Liutprand besieged him. Peace was soon mediated between king and pope by the envoys of Charles Martel, Duke of the Franks. In the meantime, Thrasimund took advantage and united with a papal army and the forces of Godescalc of Benevento and retook his duchy in December 740. He killed Hilderic.

Liutprand, King of the Lombards
Liutprand was king of the Lombards from 712 to 744. He is chiefly remembered for his multiple phases of law-giving, in fifteen separate sessions from 713 to 735 inclusive, and his long reign, which brought him into a series of conflicts, mostly successful, with most of Italy. Liutprand is often regarded as the most successful Lombard monarch, notable for the Donation of Sutri in 728, which was the first accolade of sovereign territory to the Papacy.
Synodontis polyodon
Synodontis polyodon is a species of upside-down catfish native to Gabon where it occurs in the Ogowe River basin.  It was first described by French zoologist Léon Vaillant in 1895, based upon a holotype discovered in the Ogooué River, near Adouma, Gabon.  The specific name "polyodon" comes from the Greek words poly, meaning "many" and odon, meaning "tooth", referring to the many teeth in this species.

Mochokidae
The Mochokidae are a family of catfishes (order Siluriformes) that are known as the squeakers or upside-down catfish (although not all species swim upside-down). Nine genera and about 200 species of mochokids ae described. All the mochokids are freshwater species originating from Africa.

They have three pairs of barbels, with the nasal barbels absent; sometimes, the mandibular barbels may be branched. The lips are modified into a suckermouth in Atopochilus, Chiloglanis, and Euchilichthys. The adipose fin is usually very long. The dorsal and pectoral fins have spines that are usually strong and with a locking mechanism. They range in size up to 72 cm (28 in) standard length. This group contains many popular species among aquarists, such as Synodontis nigriventris, Synodontis angelicus, and Synodontis multipunctatus.
Spencer Roane
Spencer Roane (April 4, 1762 – September 4, 1822) was a Virginia lawyer, politician and jurist.  He served in the Virginia House of Delegates for six years and a year in the Commonwealth's small executive branch (Council of State). The majority of his public career was as a judge, first of the General Court and later (for 27 years) on the Court of Appeals (which later became the Supreme Court of Virginia).

Essex County, Virginia
Essex County is a United States county located in the Middle Peninsula of the Commonwealth of Virginia.  The county is bordered by the Rappahannock River on the north and King and Queen County on the south. As of the 2020 census, the county's population was 10,599. The county seat is the historic town of Tappahannock.

The county was created in 1692, when the old Rappahannock County was dissolved to form the new Essex and Richmond counties, and was named to honor Essex in England.  Due to the region's location on the Rappahannock River, it was one of the early areas visited by English explorer John Smith.  Smith's three trips led to him being captured, attacked and finally making peace with the resident indigenous Powhatan people.
Women of the Indian independence movement
The Indian independence movement was a series of events aimed at ending the British rule in India, which lasted till 1947. Women played a significant and prominent role in the Indian independence movement. The participation of women in the movement started as early as the eighteenth century.

Jhansi State
Jhansi was an independent princely state ruled by the Maratha Newalkar dynasty under suzerainty of British India from 1804 till 1853, when the British authorities took over the state under the terms of the Doctrine of Lapse, and renamed it the Jhansi State. Before the takeover, it was under the Peshwas from 1728 to 1804. The fortified town of Jhansi served as its capital.

Historically, the principality of Jhansi in Bundelkhand had been held by a tributary chief of the Peshwa, who ceded his rights in the Jhansi Province to the British after the defeat of the Maratha Empire. Lord Hastings rewarded the chief with hereditary rule over the province.
The State of Jhansi was, however, reclaimed and ruled by Rani Laxmi Bai (also known as Manikarnika), one of the leading figures of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, from August 1857 to June 1858. The state flag was a saffron banner associated with Hinduism.
Kenneth Posner
Kenneth Posner is an American lighting designer, working on Broadway, Off-Broadway, and in American regional theatre.  His most notable designs include the musicals Wicked and Hairspray, two highly regarded musicals of the early 21st century. In 2007, he won the Tony Award for Best Lighting Design in a Play for his work on The Coast of Utopia (Part 2 - Shipwreck).

The Merchant of Venice
The Merchant of Venice is a play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1596 and 1598. A merchant in Venice named Antonio defaults on a large loan taken out on behalf of his dear friend, Bassanio, and provided by a Jewish moneylender, Shylock, with seemingly inevitable fatal consequences.

Although classified as a comedy in the First Folio and sharing certain aspects with Shakespeare's other romantic comedies, the play is most remembered for its dramatic scenes, and it is best known for the character Shylock and his famous demand for a "pound of flesh".

The play contains two famous speeches, that of Shylock, "Hath not a Jew eyes?" on the subject of humanity, and that of Portia on "the quality of mercy". Debate exists on whether the play is antisemitic, with Shylock's insistence on his legal right to the pound of flesh being in opposition to his seemingly universal plea for the rights of all people suffering discrimination.
Ayyavazhi phenomenology
Ayyavazhi phenomenology is the phenomenological variations found in Ayyavazhi society, worship centers etc. from their holy text Akilattirattu Ammanai.

Though the Ayyavazhi's and its worship centers accept those in Akilam as the guideline to be followed, there are considerable misunderstandings and inclusions in the socio-religious society of Ayyavazhi. Many practices, rituals and ideas are phenomenologically adapted from the pre-existing traditions which in turn counters the teachings of Akilam.

Worship centers of Ayyavazhi
The Pathis and Nizhal Thangals, are centers of worship and religious learning for the followers of Ayyavazhi which are established in different parts of India. They served as centres for propagation of the beliefs and practices of Ayyavazhi. There are more than 8000 worship centers throughout India, mostly in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The Pathis are given religious importance than the Nizhal Thangals and are considered as primary worship centers.  Since Ayyavazhi is not an organised religion, Swamithoppepathi serves, religiously but not officially, as the headquarters of all.
St Pancras and Somers Town (ward)
St Pancras and Somers Town is a ward in the London Borough of Camden, in the United Kingdom. The ward was established for the May 2002 election. The population of this ward at the 2011 Census was 13,818. In 2018, the ward had an electorate of 8,798. The Boundary Commission projects the electorate to rise to 9,332 by 2025.

The ward underwent boundary changes for the 2022 election. Some of its area was transferred to the King's Cross ward, and some of the area of the Camden Town with Primrose Hill ward were transferred to St Pancras and Somers Town.

King's Cross (ward)
King's Cross is an electoral ward in the London Borough of Camden, in the United Kingdom. The ward has existed since the creation of the borough on 1 April 1965 and was first used in the 1964 elections. It returns councillors to Camden London Borough Council. The ward was subject to boundary revisions in 1971, 1978 and 2002 which also adjusted the number of councillors returned. The most recent change in 2022 significantly altered the boundaries of the ward. The ward has been dominated by councillors standing as Labour Party candidates throughout its existence.
Surbiton Hockey Club
Surbiton Hockey Club is a professional field hockey club based in Long Ditton, Surrey, England. The club is one of the oldest hockey clubs in the world, being established in 1874. The home ground is based in Long Ditton, at Sugden Road. The women's team have been champions of England on nine occasions and the men's team have been champions of England three times.

Women's England Hockey League
The Women's England Hockey League is a field hockey league organised by England Hockey that features women's teams from England.  From 2011–2020 it was sponsored by Investec and was referred to as the Investec Women's Hockey League.
Cēsis district
Cēsis district (Latvian: Cēsu rajons) was an administrative division of Latvia, located in the Vidzeme region, in the country's north-east. It bordered the former districts of Valmiera and Valka to the north, Limbaži and Riga to the west, Gulbene to the east, Ogre and Madona to the south. It was organized into two cities, a municipality and twenty one parishes, each with a local government authority. The center of the district was the city of Cēsis.

Districts were eliminated during the administrative-territorial reform in 2009.

Valka district
Valka district (Latvian: Valkas rajons) was an administrative division of Latvia, located in Vidzeme region, in the country's north-east. The district's area was 2441 km2. The population was 31,314 inhabitants in 2008.
The district contained 4 towns and 17 parishes.  The towns are: Valka (6459), Smiltene (5996), Strenči (1474), and  Seda (1692).

Districts were eliminated during the administrative-territorial reform in 2009.
GWR Joseph Armstrong locomotives (Wolverhampton)
Between 1854 when the Shrewsbury and Chester and Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railways were absorbed by the Great Western Railway, and 1864 when he moved south to Swindon Works, Joseph Armstrong occupied the post of the GWR's Locomotive Superintendent, Northern Division, at Wolverhampton Works. For ten years the task of providing new locomotives for the GWR's newly acquired standard gauge lines fell jointly to Armstrong and to his superior Daniel Gooch, the railway's principal Locomotive Superintendent who was based at Paddington.

This article deals with the new locomotives designed by Armstrong during his Wolverhampton years. For his later, Swindon locomotives, see the individual articles as listed in the table of GWR Locomotives at the foot of the article.

George Armstrong (engineer)
George Armstrong (5 April 1822 – 11 July 1901) was an English railway engineer. He was in charge of standard gauge steam locomotives for the Great Western Railway at Stafford Road Works, Wolverhampton, from 1864 to 1897. He was the younger brother of his colleague Joseph Armstrong, but thanks to the special requirements of the GWR at a time when it was split in two by the broad and standard gauges, the brothers were able to work largely independently of each other. George is best remembered for his 0-4-2 and 0-6-0 tank engines; these were long-lived, and even when life-expired they were replaced by Collett and Hawksworth with remarkably similar locomotives, the well-known 1400, 5700 and 1600 classes.
Occamism
Occamism (or Ockhamism) is the philosophical and theological teaching developed by William of Ockham (1285–1347) and his disciples, which had widespread currency in the 14th century.

Occamism differed from the other Scholastic schools on two major points: (1) that only individuals exist, rather than supra-individual metaphysical universals, essences, or forms (universals are the mind's abstract products and have no independent existence), and (2) the reduction of ontology.

William of Ockham
William of Ockham or Occam OFM (/ˈɒkəm/ OK-əm; Latin: Gulielmus Occamus; c. 1287 – 9/10 April 1347) was an English Franciscan friar, scholastic philosopher, apologist, and theologian, who was born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey. He is considered to be one of the major figures of medieval thought and was at the centre of the major intellectual and political controversies of the 14th century. He is widely known for Occam's razor, the methodological principle that bears his name, and also produced significant works on logic, physics and theology. Ockham is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration corresponding to the commonly ascribed date of his death on 10 April.
Woolpit
Woolpit (/ˈwʊlpɪt/ WUUL-pit) is a village in the English county of Suffolk, midway between the towns of Bury St. Edmunds and Stowmarket. In 2011 Woolpit parish had a population of 1,995. It is notable for the 12th-century legend of the green children of Woolpit and for its parish church, which has especially fine medieval woodwork. Administratively Woolpit is a civil parish, part of the district of Mid Suffolk.

Bury St Edmunds
Bury St Edmunds (/ˈbɛri sənt ˈɛdməndz/), commonly referred to locally as Bury, is a cathedral as well as market town and civil parish in the West Suffolk district, in the county of Suffolk, England. The town is best known for Bury St Edmunds Abbey and St Edmundsbury Cathedral. Bury is the seat of the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich of the Church of England, with the episcopal see at St Edmundsbury Cathedral. The town, originally called Beodericsworth, was built on a grid pattern by Abbot Baldwin around 1080. It is known for brewing and malting (Greene King brewery) and for a British Sugar processing factory, where Silver Spoon sugar is produced. The town is the cultural and retail centre for West Suffolk and tourism is a major part of the economy. The built up area had a population of 41,280 at the 2021 census.
Voiced retroflex fricative
A voiced retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʐ⟩. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a z (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant).

Subapical consonant
A subapical consonant is a consonant made by contact with the underside of the tip of the tongue. The only common subapical articulations are in the postalveolar to palatal region, which are called "retroflex".

Most so-called retroflex consonants are more properly called apical. True subapical retroflexes are found in the Dravidian languages of Southern India.

Occasionally, the term "sublaminal" is used for "subapical", which might be better used for sounds pronounced between the underside of the tongue and the floor of the mouth, such as sucking-teeth and the slapped clicks of Sandawe.
Rurubu River
The Ruvubu River (also spelt Rurubu and Ruvuvu) is a river in central Africa whose waters gather from the most distant, southern portion of the Nile basin. It has a total length of 416 kilometres (258 miles) and a drainage basin of 14,000 km2 (5,400 sq mi). It rises in the north of Burundi, near the town of Kayanza and then does a southward arc through Burundi, being joined by the Ruvyironza River near Gitega. From there it runs northeast, through the Ruvubu National Park, up to the Tanzanian border. After a stretch along the border, the Ruvubu crosses properly into Tanzania, before joining the Kagera River on the Tanzania–Rwanda border approximately 2 km (1.2 mi) upstream from Rusumo Falls.: 17

The Ruvubu gets its name from the Kirundi word for hippopatamus, imvubu, because the river is home to a large population of hippos.

Natural regions of Burundi
The Natural regions of Burundi (French: Régions naturelles du Burundi) are geographical subdivisions of Burundi that date to colonial times.
They can be broadly grouped into the Plain zone in the west beside Lake Tanganyika and the East African Rift valley, the Congo-Nile ridge, the Central Plateaus and the Depressions to the north, east and south of the plateaus.
M2 (Johannesburg)
The M2 is a major highway and metropolitan route in Greater Johannesburg, South Africa. It is named the Francois Oberholzer Freeway. It runs just to the south of the Johannesburg Central Business District eastwards where it connects with the N3 (only a short segment goes to the west of the Johannesburg CBD) and enters Germiston, ending near its CBD. The north–south M1 intersects with the M2 just to the south-west of the Johannesburg CBD.

Metropolitan routes in Johannesburg
Metropolitan Routes in Johannesburg, also called Metro Roads or Metro Routes are designated with the letter M, and are usually major routes around Johannesburg and some areas declared part of Greater Johannesburg (including the town of Krugersdorp and the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality).
Magomed Nurutdinov
Magomed Nurutdinov/Mahamed Nurudzinau (born February 5, 1982) is a Belarusian amateur boxer who boxed at the Olympics 2008 at welterweight and later became European champion.

At the 2005 World Championships he beat Konstantin Buga, Adam Trupish and Neil Perkins but lost the final to Cuban Erislandi Lara.

At the 2006 European Championships he was edged out by little-known Zoran Mitrovic, at the 2007 World Championships he won two bouts then was outclassed 6:26 by local hero and eventual winner Demetrius Andrade.

At the Olympics he was upset by John Jackson 2:4.

He won the bronze medal at the 2010 European Amateur Boxing Championships at Moscow, Russia after losing in the Semifinals against Alexis Vastine from France.

Alexis Vastine
Alexis Vastine (17 November 1986 – 9 March 2015) was a French boxer who won a bronze medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the Light Welterweight division. He also competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics, where he was eliminated in the quarterfinals in a controversial decision. He died in the Villa Castelli helicopter collision during the filming of French TV reality show Dropped for the TF1 network.
Goleminov Point
Goleminov Point (Bulgarian: Големинов нос, ‘Goleminov Nos’ \go-le-'mi-nov 'nos\) is the rocky point on the northwest coast of Alexander Island in Antarctica projecting 400 m westwards into Lazarev Bay southeast of the terminus of Manolov Glacier.

The feature is named after the Bulgarian composer, Marin Goleminov (1908-2000).

Alexander Island
Alexander Island, also known as Alexander I Island, Alexander I Land, Alexander Land, Alexander I Archipelago, and Zemlja Alexandra I, is the largest island of Antarctica. It lies in the Bellingshausen Sea west of Palmer Land, Antarctic Peninsula from which it is separated by Marguerite Bay and George VI Sound. The George VI Ice Shelf entirely fills George VI Sound and connects Alexander Island to Palmer Land. The island partly surrounds Wilkins Sound, which lies to its west. Alexander Island is about 390 kilometres (240 mi) long in a north–south direction, 80 kilometres (50 mi) wide in the north, and 240 kilometres (150 mi) wide in the south. Alexander Island is the second-largest uninhabited island in the world, after Devon Island.
Otting
Otting (German pronunciation: [ˈɔtɪŋ]) is a municipality  in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany.

The village is located between Augsburg and Nuremberg, about 5 km east of Wemding and about 6 km west of Monheim.

Monheim, Bavaria
Monheim (German pronunciation: [ˈmoːnˌhaɪm] ⓘ) is a town in the Donau-Ries district, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated 15 km northeast of Donauwörth, and 27 km east of Nördlingen. It lies in the Regierungsbezirk Schwaben.
Species-typical behavior
The ethological concept of species-typical behavior is based on the premise that certain behavioral similarities are shared by almost all members of a species. Some of these behaviors are unique to certain species, but to be 'species-typical' they do not have to be unique, they simply have to be characteristic of that species.

Ethology
Ethology is a branch of zoology that studies the behaviour of non-human animals. It has its scientific roots in the work of Charles Darwin and of American and German ornithologists of the late 19th and early 20th century, including Charles O. Whitman, Oskar Heinroth, and Wallace Craig. The modern discipline of ethology is generally considered to have begun during the 1930s with the work of the Dutch biologist Nikolaas Tinbergen and the Austrian biologists Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch, the three winners of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Ethology combines laboratory and field science, with a strong relation to neuroanatomy, ecology, and evolutionary biology.