hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Amarnath land transfer controversy
On 26 May 2008, the government of India and the state Government of Jammu and Kashmir reached an agreement to transfer 99 acres (0.40 km2) of forest land to the Shri Amarnathji Shrine Board (SASB) in the main Kashmir Valley to set up temporary shelters and facilities for Hindu pilgrims to Amarnath Temple. This caused a controversy, with demonstrations from the Kashmir valley against the land transfer and protests from the Jammu region supporting it. The largest demonstration saw more than 500,000 protesters at a single rally, among the largest in Kashmir's history.

All Parties Hurriyat Conference
All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC) is an alliance of several political, social and religious organizations formed on 9 March 1993, as a united political front to raise the cause of Kashmiri independence in the Kashmir conflict. Mehmood Ahmed Saghar was the first convener of the APHC-PAK chapter when the alliance was established in 1993. The alliance has historically been viewed positively by Pakistan as it contests the claim of the Indian government over the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The organisation is split into two main factions, the Mirwaiz and Geelani factions. Mirwaiz Umar Farooq is the founder and chairman of Mirwaiz faction and Masarat Alam Bhat is the interim chairman of Geelani faction, who succeeded Syed Ali Shah Geelani, the founder of the faction after his death.
Chushul Chakzam
The Chushul Chakzam (Tibetan: ཆུ་ཤུལ་ལྕགས་ཟམ), or simply Chakzam which literally means "iron bridge" in Standard Tibetan, was a suspension bridge that spanned the Yarlung Tsangpo river in modern-day Qüxü County near Lhasa, Tibet. It was built in 1430 by Thang Tong Gyalpo. The southern bridgehead was built on the mountain Chowuri, which is sacred in Tibetan Buddhism. This mountain was a site where Guru Rinpoche and Trisong Detsen had meditated during the 8th Century. When it was built, its main section was the longest unsupported span in the world, with a central span estimated at around 150 yards (140 metres).

In 1444, a monastery Chaksam Chuwori (Tibetan: ལྕགས་ཟམ་ཆུ་བོ་རི) was founded on the southern bridgehead. During its existence, the monastery served as the seat of Chakzampa school of Tibetan Buddhism. Supported by the bridge toll, the monastery at one point hosted about 100 monks. The monastery was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution.

Qüxü County
Qüxü County is a county in the Lhasa southwest of the main center of Chengguan, Tibet, China.
It is mountainous in the northwest, flatter near the Lhasa River, which runs through the east of the county, and the Yarlung Tsangpo—forming the southern border.
The population as of 2000 was 29,690, mostly engaged in agriculture or animal husbandry. The county is home to the Nyethang Drolma Lhakhang Temple.
Star Keys
The Star Keys (Māori: Motuhope; Moriori: Motchu Hopo) are group of five rocky islets in the Chatham Archipelago, about 12 kilometres (7 mi) east of Pitt Island.  The archipelago is part of New Zealand, whose South Island lies 800 kilometres (497 mi) to the west.

The largest of the Star Keys is Round Islet.

Pitt Island
Pitt Island (Moriori: Rangihaute, Māori: Rangiauria) is the second largest island in New Zealand's Chatham Islands, with an area of 65 square kilometres (25 sq mi).  It lies about 770 kilometres (480 mi) to the east of New Zealand's main islands, and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the southeast of Chatham Island, from which it is separated by Pitt Strait. The island is hilly; its highest point (Waihere Head) rises to 241 metres (791 ft) above sea level. As of 2011, Pitt Island had a population of about 38 people.

Pitt Island's Kahuitara Point is the first populated location on Earth to observe a sunrise in each new year, based on local time zone.
The 30% Iron Chef
"The 30% Iron Chef" is the twenty second and final episode in the  third season of the American animated television series Futurama, and the 54th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 14, 2002.

Futurama season 3
The third season of Futurama began airing on January 21, 2001 and concluded after 22 episodes on December 8, 2002. The entire season is included within the Volume Three DVD box set, which was released on March 9, 2004.

The complete 22 episodes of the season have been released on a box set called Futurama: Volume Three, on DVD and VHS. It was first released in Region 2 on June 2, 2003, with releases in other regions following in 2003 and 2004 and is based in 3003 and 3004. The season was re-released as Futurama: Volume 3, with entirely different packaging to match the newer season releases on July 17, 2012.
Dedication (ritual)
Dedication is a ceremony to mark the official completion or opening of something. Such rituals include ceremonial ship launching and a variety of events for buildings including builders' rites or an opening ceremony. Many religions have specific dedication rituals, which serve to consecrate items, places, or people to sacred purpose, such as the dedication of churches or Child dedication.

Builders' rites
Builders' rites are ceremonies attendant on the laying of foundation stones, including ecclesiastical, masonic or other traditions connected with foundations or other aspects of construction.

One such custom is that of placing a few coins, newspapers, etc. within a cavity beneath the stone. Should the stone later be removed, the relics may be found. Though this tradition is still practiced, such memorials are likely deposited in the hope that they will never be disturbed. Another such rite is topping out, when the last beam (or its equivalent) is placed atop a structure during its construction.
Immigration Act of 1917
The Immigration Act of 1917, or the Burnett Act, was a United States Act that aimed to restrict immigration by imposing literacy tests on immigrants, creating new categories of inadmissible persons, and barring immigration from the Asia–Pacific region. The most sweeping immigration act the United States had passed until then was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 in marking a turn toward nativism. The 1917 act governed immigration policy until it was amended by the Immigration Act of 1924; both acts were revised by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952.

Anarchist Exclusion Act of 1903
The Anarchist Exclusion Act, or the Immigration Act of 1903, was a law of the United States regulating immigration. It codified previous immigration law, and added four inadmissible classes: anarchists, people with epilepsy, beggars, and importers of prostitutes. It had minimal impact and its provisions related to anarchists were expanded in the Immigration Act of 1918.
Cholesteryl oleyl carbonate
Cholesteryl oleyl carbonate (COC) is an organic chemical, a carbonate ester of cholesterol and oleyl alcohol with carbonic acid. It is a liquid crystal material forming cholesteric liquid crystals with helical structure. It is a transparent liquid, or a soft crystalline material with melting point around 20 °C. It can be used with cholesteryl nonanoate and cholesteryl benzoate in some thermochromic liquid crystals.

It is used in some hair colors, make-ups, and some other cosmetic preparations.

It can be also used as a component of the liquid crystals used for liquid crystal displays.

Carbonate ester
In organic chemistry, a carbonate ester (organic carbonate or organocarbonate) is an ester of carbonic acid. This functional group consists of a carbonyl group flanked by two alkoxy groups. The general structure of these carbonates is R−O−C(=O)−O−R′ and they are related to esters (R−O−C(=O)−R′), ethers (R−O−R′) and also to the inorganic carbonates.

Monomers of polycarbonate (e.g. Makrolon or Lexan) are linked by carbonate groups. These polycarbonates are used in eyeglass lenses, compact discs, and bulletproof glass. Small carbonate esters like dimethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate are used as solvents, dimethyl carbonate is also a mild methylating agent.
Huthwaite
Huthwaite is a village in the Ashfield district, in Nottinghamshire, England, located to the west of Mansfield, close to the Derbyshire boundary. It is in the Huthwaite and Brierley ward of Ashfield District Council. Before 1907 the village was known as Hucknall-under-Huthwaite and also Dirty Hucknall.

Mansfield
Mansfield /ˈmænzfiːld/ is a market town and the administrative centre of the Mansfield District in Nottinghamshire, England. It is the largest town in the wider Mansfield Urban Area and the second largest settlement in Nottinghamshire (following the city of Nottingham). Henry III granted Mansfield the Royal Charter of a market town in 1227. The town lies in the Maun Valley, 12 miles (19 km) north of Nottingham. The district had a population of 110,500 at the 2021 census. Mansfield is the one local authority in Nottinghamshire with a publicly elected mayor, the Mayor of Mansfield. Mansfield in ancient times became the pre-eminent in importance amongst the towns of Sherwood Forest.
The Swingles discography
The Paris-based Swingle Singers recorded regularly for Philips in the 1960s and early 1970s and the successor London-based group continued to record, for Columbia / CBS, Virgin Classics and other record labels from 1974 to the present.

Philips Records
Philips Records was a record label founded by Dutch electronics company Philips and in 1999 was absorbed into Dutch-American music corporation Universal Music Group. It was founded as Philips Phonographische Industrie in 1950. In 1946, Philips acquired the company which pressed records for British Decca's Dutch outlet in Amsterdam.
John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset
John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset (c. 1373 – 16 March 1410), known as the Marquess of Somerset and Marquess of Dorset from 1397–99, was an English-French nobleman and politician. Beaufort was the second son of John of Gaunt (1340–1399; third surviving son of King Edward III), eldest of the four children by his mistress Katherine Swynford, whom he later married in 1396.

The Beaufort children were declared legitimate twice by parliament, first during the reign of King Richard II, in 1397, which was confirmed by Henry IV, as well as by Pope Boniface IX in September 1396.

Pope Boniface IX
Pope Boniface IX (Latin: Bonifatius IX; Italian: Bonifacio IX; c. 1350 – 1 October 1404, born Pietro Tomacelli Cybo) was head of the Catholic Church from 2 November 1389 to his death, in October 1404. He was the second Roman pope during the Western Schism. In this time, the Avignon claimants, Clement VII and Benedict XIII, maintained the Roman Curia in Avignon, under the protection of the French monarchy. He is the last pope to date to take on the pontifical name "Boniface".
Monwar Hossain Nannu
Monwar Hossain Nannu (Bengali: মনোয়ার হোসেন নান্নু; 27 August 1948 – 16 February 2008) was a Bangladeshi  football player during the 1970s and early 1980s.  Initially, he played as an attacking midfielder for Abahani Krira Chakra in the First Division. Following an injury in the mid-1970s, he moved to the central defender position and excelled in that position as well. He was a member of Bangladesh's first national football team.

National Sports Awards (Bangladesh)
The National Sports Awards are given by the Ministry of Youth and Sports of the government of Bangladesh for specific contributions in the field of games and sports. The award was introduced in 1976. As of 2011, total 175 sports personalities won the award.
WSKB
WSKB (89.5 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve Westfield State University and the Westfield, Massachusetts, area.  The station is owned by the Trustees of Westfield State University. It airs a college radio modern rock format.

The station was assigned the WSKB call letters by the Federal Communications Commission and began operations in October 1974.

Westfield, Massachusetts
Westfield is a city in Hampden County, in the Pioneer Valley of western Massachusetts, United States. Westfield was first settled by Europeans in 1660. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 40,834 at the 2020 census.
Fotos Politis
Fotos Politis (Greek: Φώτος Πολίτης; 1890–1934) was a Greek stage director.

He was one of the most prominent figures in the revival of the ancient Greek tragedies in the 20th century. A literary and theater reviewer and playwright, who was responsible for the creation of what came to be called "the theatrical tradition of the National Theater of Greece", he developed original teaching methods for aspiring young actors in Athenian drama schools while the rehearsals for the plays that he staged were known for their long duration and exhaustive intensity. Politis felt an obligation to educate not only the actors, corrupted by the French "Théâtre de boulevard" of the time, but also the general public by bringing it in contact with the masterpieces of ancient Greek tragedy, Shakespeare, classical European theater and avant-garde theater.

11 September 1922 Revolution
The 11 September 1922 Revolution (Greek: Επανάσταση της 11ης Σεπτεμβρίου 1922) was an uprising by the Greek army and navy against the government in Athens, which installed a "Revolutionary Committee" in its place. The uprising took place on 24 September 1922, although the date was "11 September" on the Julian calendar still in use at the time in Greece.
Gorgopotamos railway station
Gorgopotamos railway station (Greek: Σιδηροδρομικός σταθμός Γοργοποτάμου, romanized: Sidirodromikós stathmós Gorgopotámou) is a railway station situated between the Gorgopotamos Bridge and the village of Gorgopotamos. The station opened on 8 March 1904. It is served by local trains to Athens and Leianokladi. The old station buildings were located at the kilometer position 215 + 151 at an altitude of 93.75 meters The station is 2 hours and 49 minutes from Athens.

Hellenic State Railways
Hellenic State Railways or SEK (Greek: Σιδηρόδρομοι Ελληνικού Κράτους, Sidirodromi Ellinikou Kratous; Σ.Ε.Κ.) was a Greek public sector entity (legal person of public law, Greek: Ν.Π.Δ.Δ.) which was established on 18 March 1920 by the law 2144/20 and operated most Greek railway lines until 1970.
Hubballi–Varanasi Weekly Express
The  Varanasi - Hubballi Weekly Express is an Express train belonging to South Western Railway zone that runs between Varanasi Junction and Hubballi Junction in India. It is currently being operated with 17324/17323 train numbers on a weekly basis.

South Western Railway zone
The South Western Railway (abbreviated SWR) is one of the 19 railway zones of Indian Railways, headquartered at Hubballi in the Indian state of Karnataka. SWR was created from carving out the routes from Southern Railways, South Central Railways and Central Railways in 2003.
Carswell (publisher)
Carswell is a Canadian information source servicing legal, tax, accounting, and human resource professionals. Founded in 1864, it was purchased by the International Thomson Organization in 1987, and has since been a subsidiary of its successors, The Thomson Corporation (1989-2008), and Thomson Reuters (2008-).

International Thomson Organization
International Thomson Organization (ITO) was a Canadian holding company that was active from 1978 to 1989, with interests in publishing, travel, and natural resources. It was created as a part of a corporate restructuring of the Thomson Organization, originally founded by Roy Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet in 1959, which included among others, ownership of the The Times newspaper (later sold from the company in 1981). It merged with Thomson Newspapers to become the Thomson Corporation in 1989.
Rose E. Collom
Rose Eudora Collom (née Wilson, 20 December 1870 – 26 December 1956) was an American botanist and plant collector. She was the first paid botanist of the Grand Canyon National Park. She discovered several plant species, some of which were named in her honor, and collected numerous plant specimens.

Lindenwood University
Lindenwood University is a private university in St. Charles, Missouri, United States. Founded in 1832 by George Champlin Sibley and Mary Easton Sibley as The Lindenwood School for Girls, it is the second-oldest higher-education institution west of the Mississippi River.

Lindenwood offers undergraduate and graduate degrees through nine colleges and schools. Its enrollment was 6,992 students in 2021. The main academic and residential campus is located 24 miles (39 km) northwest of St. Louis, Missouri, in St. Charles.
Muhammad Ayub Khuhro
Muhammad Ayub Khuhro (Sindhi: محمد ايوب کهڙو) (14 August 1901 – 1980) was a Pakistani politician who served as the Chief Minister of Sindh for three terms, and as the Defence Minister in the Feroz Khan Noon Ministry.

In 1946, Khuhro was elected by the Sindh Provincial Assembly to be among the three members to represent the province in the Constituent Assembly of India but he abdicated attendance until the Mountbatten Plan sanctioned the creation of Pakistan and its own constituent assembly.

Hamida Khuhro, an academic, is his daughter and has written his biography.

Chief Minister of Sindh
The chief minister of Sindh (Sindhi: وزيراعلي, Urdu: وزیر اعلىٰ—Wazīr-e Aʿlá) is the elected head of government of Sindh and serves alongside the Chief Secretary.  is the vacant Chief Minister of Sindh,

The chief minister is the head of the provincial government alongside the Chief Secretary. The Chief Minister of Sindh is elected by the Provincial Assembly of Sindh and is the leader of the provincial Legislature. The office of Chief Minister is located in Karachi, the capital of the Sindh province and is known as the CM Secretariat.
Cityliner (train)
The Cityliner (シティライナー) was a limited express train service operated in Japan by the private railway operator Keisei Electric Railway between Keisei Ueno in Tokyo and Keisei Narita in Chiba Prefecture via the Keisei Main Line. The Cityliner service was introduced from 17 July 2010, initially operating between Keisei Ueno and Narita Airport, replacing the former Skyliner services, which were transferred to the new Narita Sky Access route from that date.

Keisei Electric Railway
The Keisei Electric Railway Company, Ltd. (stylized as K'SEI since 2001) is a major private railway in Chiba Prefecture and Tokyo, Japan. The name Keisei is the combination of the kanji 京 from Tokyo (東京) and 成 from Narita (成田), which the railway's main line connects; the combination uses different readings than the ones used in the city names. The railway's main line runs from Tokyo to Narita and the eastern suburb cities of Funabashi, Narashino, Yachiyo, and Sakura. Keisei runs an airport limited express train called the Skyliner from Ueno and Nippori to Narita International Airport.

In addition to its railway business, the Keisei Electric Railway Company owns large bus and taxi services and some real estate holdings. It owns a controlling share of the Oriental Land Company which owns and manages the Tokyo Disney Resort. Keisei is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 index.
NGC 772
NGC 772 (also known as Arp 78 or the Fiddlehead Galaxy) is a large unbarred spiral galaxy approximately 106 million light-years away in the constellation Aries.  It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 29 November 1785.

Unbarred spiral galaxy
An unbarred spiral galaxy is a type of spiral galaxy without a central bar, or one that is not a barred spiral galaxy.  It is designated with an SA in the galaxy morphological classification scheme. A nearby example of an unbarred spiral is the Triangulum Galaxy.

Unbarred spiral galaxies are one of three general types of spiral galaxies under the de Vaucouleurs classification system, the other two being intermediate spiral galaxy and barred spiral galaxy. Under the Hubble tuning fork, it is one of two general types of spiral galaxy, the other being barred spirals.
Sharplin Falls
Sharplin Falls (Māori: Tāhekura) is a waterfall on Bowyers Stream in the Staveley district of mid-Canterbury in the South Island of New Zealand. The waterfall is located within a scenic reserve, and there is a popular walking track to a viewing platform. Sharplin Falls is located in a deep gully beneath the fault scarp that separates Mount Somers / Te Kiekie from Mount Winterslow, near the small settlement of Staveley. The falls and 1.3-kilometre-long (0.81 mi) access track are located within the 247 ha (610 acres) Sharplin Falls Scenic Reserve. The track to the falls passes through mixed beech forest that provides habitat for endemic birds including fantail (piwakawaka), bellbird (korimako), tomtit (miromiro), and kererū (the New Zealand pigeon). The forest includes Metrosideros umbellata (southern rātā), a species that has limited distribution in Canterbury.

Mount Somers / Te Kiekie
Mount Somers / Te Kiekie is a mountain in the South Island of New Zealand, located in the foothills of the Southern Alps. At 1,688 metres (5,538 ft), it is prominently visible from the Canterbury Plains. The area around the mountain offers opportunities for day walks and overnight tramping.
2007 Miami Hurricanes football team
The 2007 Miami Hurricanes football team, representing the University of Miami was Randy Shannon's first as head coach of his alma mater. It was also the last in which Miami played its home games in the Miami Orange Bowl. Miami was 5–7 for the season, which was their first losing season since going 5–6 in 1997.

Randy Shannon
Randy Leonard Shannon (born February 24, 1966) is an American football coach and former player. He is the co-defensive coordinator and linebackers coach for Florida State University, positions he has held since 2022. Shannon was the head coach at the University of Miami from 2007 to 2010 and has served as an assistant coach for the National Football League (NFL)'s Miami Dolphins and several college teams, including stints as the defensive coordinator for the Miami Hurricanes, the Florida Gators, and the UCF Knights. He won the Frank Broyles Award as the nation's top collegiate assistant coach while at Miami in 2001.

Shannon was born and raised in the Liberty City neighborhood of Miami, Florida. As a football player, he played linebacker for the Miami Hurricanes from 1985 to 1988 followed by two seasons in the NFL with the Dallas Cowboys, all under head coach Jimmy Johnson.
Princess Joséphine of Lorraine
Joséphine de Lorraine (Marie Joséphine Thérèse; 26 August 1753 – 8 February 1797) was a princess of the House of Lorraine by birth and Princess of Carignan by virtue of marriage. She was the paternal grandmother of King Charles Albert of Sardinia, from whom the modern royal house of Italy descends.

Princess of Carignano
The Princess of Carignano was a woman married to the Prince of Carignano of the House of Savoy. The list ends with Charles Albert, in 1831, after he became King of Sardinia.  But the Queens of Sardinia and later Italy used the title "Princess of Carignano" as part of their full title which included many other titles.

The fief of Carignano had belonged to the counts of Savoy since 1418; Carignano was erected by Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy into a principality as an appanage for his third son, Thomas Francis. The fact that it was part of Piedmont, only twenty km. south of Turin, meant that it could be a "princedom" for Thomas in name only, being endowed neither with independence nor revenues of substance. Instead of receiving a significant patrimony, Thomas was wed in 1625 to Marie de Bourbon, sister and co-heiress of Louis de Bourbon, comte de Soissons, who would be killed in 1641 while fomenting rebellion against Cardinal Richelieu.