hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Authorship of the Bible
The books of the Bible represent the culmination of intricate literary processes spanning multiple generations, with numerous unnamed scribes, compilers, and revisers contributing layers of material over extended periods, contrasting sharply with traditional attributions to singular prophetic or apostolic figures.

Contemporary biblical studies reveals how these texts evolved from communal oral performance through sophisticated scribal workshops of the Second Temple era, subsequently transmitted via manuscript copying networks, transformed by print technology, and refined through modern scholarly editions.

Archaeological discoveries including the Dead Sea Scrolls alongside extensive documentation of textual variation, encompassing hundreds of thousands of divergent readings preserved in manuscript collections worldwide, illuminate a dynamic, fluid compositional landscape where discrete literary fragments coalesced into comprehensive biblical books.

First Epistle of John
The First Epistle of John is the first of the Johannine epistles of the New Testament, and the fourth of the catholic epistles. There is no scholarly consensus as to the authorship of the Johannine works. Most scholars believe the three Johannine epistles have the same author, but there is no consensus if this was also the author of the Gospel of John.

This epistle was probably written in Ephesus between 95 and 110 AD. The author advises Christians on how to discern true teachers: by their ethics, their proclamation of Jesus in the flesh, and by their love. The original text was written in Koine Greek. The epistle is divided into five chapters.
Mimallonidae
Mimallonidae (mimallonids), sometimes known as "sack-bearer" moths for the larval case-building behavior, are a family of Lepidoptera containing over 300 named species in 43 genera. These moths are found only in the New World, with most taxa occurring in the Neotropics. Adult moths are externally similar to those belonging to some of the other Macroheterocera families Bombycoidea and Drepanoidea, and thus have been variously treated as belonging to either one of these or other superfamilies.

Bombycoidea
Bombycoidea is a superfamily of moths, including the silk moths, giant silk moths, sphinx moths, saturniids, and relatives. The superfamily Lasiocampoidea is a close relative and was historically sometimes merged in this group. After many years of debate and shifting taxonomies, the most recent classifications treat the superfamily as containing 10 constituent families.
George Rose (actor)
George Walter Rose (19 February 1920 – 5 May 1988) was an English actor and singer in theatre and film. He won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical for roles in My Fair Lady and The Mystery of Edwin Drood.

Richard Burton's Hamlet
Richard Burton's Hamlet is a common name for both the Broadway production of William Shakespeare's tragedy that played from April 9 to August 8, 1964 at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre, and for the filmed record of it that has been released theatrically and on home video.
1988 La Flèche Wallonne
The 1988 La Flèche Wallonne was the 52nd edition of La Flèche Wallonne cycle race and was held on 13 April 1988. The race started in Spa and finished in Huy. The race was won by Rolf Gölz of the Superconfex team.

La Flèche Wallonne
La Flèche Wallonne (pronounced [la flɛʃ walɔn], French for "The Walloon Arrow") is a men's professional cycle road race held in April each year in Wallonia, Belgium. It is part of the UCI World Tour.

The first of two Belgian Ardennes classics, La Flèche Wallonne is today normally held mid-week    between the Amstel Gold Race and Liège–Bastogne–Liège. At one time, La Flèche Wallonne and Liège–Bastogne–Liège were run on successive days as "Le Weekend Ardennais" (both races are organised by Amaury Sport Organisation). Only eight riders have achieved the "Ardennes double" by winning both races in the same year: Alejandro Valverde three times (in 2006, 2015 and 2017), Ferdi Kübler twice (in 1951 and 1952), Stan Ockers (1955), Eddy Merckx (1972), Moreno Argentin (1991), Davide Rebellin (2004), Philippe Gilbert (2011), and Tadej Pogačar (2023).

Since 1998, a women's event has been held on the same day, part of the UCI Women's World Tour.
Masataka Nakazawa
Masataka Nakazawa (born 17 September 1952) is a Japanese researcher in optical communication engineering. He is a distinguished professor at Tohoku University in Japan. His pioneering work on erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) has made a significant contribution to the development of global long-distance, high-capacity optical fiber network.

Optica (society)
Optica, founded as the Optical Society of America (later the Optical Society), is a professional society of individuals and companies with an interest in optics and photonics. It publishes journals, organizes conferences and exhibitions, and carries out charitable activities.
UEM Edgenta
UEM Edgenta Berhad (MYX: 1368, "UEM Edgenta") is a Malaysian total asset business. Listed on the Main Market of Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad with market capitalisation of RM2.3 billion as at 30 August 2017, UEM Edgenta provides consultancy primarily to healthcare, infrastructure, and real estate.

It is the largest highway maintenance operator in Malaysia. It is a member of UEM Group.

Bursa Malaysia
Bursa Malaysia (MYX or MSX; lit. 'Malaysian Bourse'  or 'Malaysia Exchange') is the stock exchange in Malaysia. It is one of the largest bourses in ASEAN. It is based in Kuala Lumpur and was previously known as the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE). It provides full integration of transactions, offering a wide range of currency exchange and related services, including trading, settlement, clearing and savings services.

Along with the Securities Commission of Malaysia, the stock exchange regulates the capital market in Malaysia and, through its facilities, upholds the duty to manage and maintain order in the trading of stocks, bonds and derivatives.
Haninah ben Ahi R. Joshua
Hanina(h) ben Ahi Rabbi Joshua (Hebrew: חנינא בן אחי רבי יהושע), or Hananiah ben Ahi Rabbi Joshua (Hebrew: חנניה בן אחי רבי יהושע), meaning 'Haninah/Hananiah son of the brother of Rabbi Yehoshua' was a Jewish Tanna sage of the third generation. Unlike many other Tannaitic sages, he is not recognized by his father's name, but rather with his uncle's name, R. Joshua ben Hananiah. He does not appear on the Mishnah at all. Sometimes he is recorded in baraitas as merely Hananiah, which can lead to confusion with Hananiah ben Akavia.

Judah ben Bathyra
Judah ben Bathyra or simply Judah Bathyra (also Beseira, Hebrew: יהודה בן בתירא) was an eminent tanna. The Mishnah quotes 17 laws by R. Judah, and the Baraita about 40; he was also a prolific aggadist. He was a member of the Bnei Bathyra family.
Carl Ludwig II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
Carl Ludwig II, 5th Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (German: Karl Ludwig Wilhelm Leopold Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg; 25 October 1829 – 16 May 1907), was the eldest son of Ernst I, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg. He was the fifth Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg.

Hohenlohe-Langenburg
Hohenlohe-Langenburg (German pronunciation: [hoːənˌloːə ˈlaŋənbʊɐ̯k]) was a German county and later principality in the Holy Roman Empire. It was located around Langenburg in what is now northeastern Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Starting in medieval times and continuing until 1806, this small state was ruled by a branch of the House of Hohenlohe, first as lords, then as counts and ultimately as ruling princes of the Holy Roman Empire after 1764. The princely House of Hohenlohe-Langenburg still owns and lives in Langenburg Castle today.
South Devon Railway Buffalo class
The ten Buffalo class locomotives were 0-6-0ST broad gauge locomotives operated on the South Devon Railway, Cornwall Railway and West Cornwall Railway. They were designed for goods trains but were also used on passenger trains when required.

These locomotives were built by the Avonside Engine Company and designed for easy conversion to standard gauge after the broad gauge was converted on 21 May 1892.

The locomotives of the three railways were operated as a combined fleet by the South Devon Railway but each was accounted to the railway that ordered it. On 1 February 1876 the South Devon Railway was amalgamated with the Great Western Railway, the locomotives were given numbers by their new owners but continued to carry their names too.

Avonside Engine Company
The Avonside Engine Company was a locomotive manufacturer in Avon Street, St Philip's, Bristol, England. The business originated in 1837 under the name of Henry Stothert and Company, and was reorganised twice before assuming the Avonside name in 1864.The company was wound up in 1934.
Outline of Star Trek
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Star Trek:

Star Trek is an American science fiction entertainment franchise, created by Gene Roddenberry, which started in 1966 with the television series Star Trek (now known as Star Trek: The Original Series). With spin-offs, the franchise now includes twelve television series (nine live action, and three animated) totalling 814 episodes across 38 television seasons, as well as 13 feature films. The Star Trek franchise also includes a large number of novels, comic books, video games and other materials, which are generally considered non-canon.

Spacecraft in Star Trek
The Star Trek franchise features many spacecraft. Various space vessels make up the primary settings of the Star Trek television series, films, and expanded universe; others help advance the franchise's stories. Throughout the franchise's production, spacecraft have been depicted by numerous physical and computer-generated models. Producers worked to balance often tight budgets with the need to depict convincing, futuristic vessels.

Beyond their media appearances, Star Trek spacecraft have been marketed as models, books, and rides. Filming models have sold for thousands of dollars at public auction.
Spiderr
Spiderr is the sixth solo studio album by the Swedish rapper Bladee. It was released by Year0001 on 30 September 2022. It was produced by Whitearmor with contributions from Gud and Joakim Benon, and contains guest appearances from Ecco2K and Wondha Mountain. Bladee announced Spiderr on Instagram in September 2022, alongside the release of its lead single "Drain Story". Spiderr is a pop and hip-hop album that builds upon his previous albums while using new sounds. It received positive reviews from multiple publications, subsequently appearing on the best albums of the year list compiled by The Line of Best Fit and best hip-hop albums of the year list compiled by Slant Magazine.

Anthony Fantano
Anthony Nicholas Fantano (/fænˈtænoʊ/ fan-TAN-oh; born October 28, 1985) is an American music critic and internet personality who runs The Needle Drop, a YouTube channel with a tie-in website and Twitch streaming channel. Self-billed as "The Internet's Busiest Music Nerd", as a social media influencer Fantano discusses and reviews music from a variety of genres online. He also runs the channel Fantano where he talks about events in the music industry solo or with guests and conducts interviews.
Haute-Saône
Haute-Saône (French: [ot soːn] ⓘ; Frainc-Comtou: Hâte-Saône; English: Upper Saône) is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of northeastern France. Named after the river Saône, it had a population of 235,313 in 2019. Its prefecture is Vesoul; its sole subprefecture is Lure.

Battle of the Lisaine
The Battle of the Lisaine, also known as the Battle of Héricourt, was fought from 15 January to 17 January 1871 between German and French forces.  The French were led by Charles Denis Bourbaki, and were attempting to relieve the Siege of Belfort. The Germans prepared XIV Corps (Baden) and several other divisions, some 40,000–45,000 men, to halt the French advance of about 110,000 men. The Germans had their outer posts overran quite swiftly but the Prussians forced back and counterattacked the French forces, breaking the morale of French troops and leaving them to either die or retreat. In the end their efforts failed, and they were forced to flee into Switzerland where they were all interned soon after.

47°30′N 6°48′E﻿ / ﻿47.5°N 6.8°E﻿ / 47.5; 6.8
Pancreatic disease
Pancreatic diseases are diseases that affect the pancreas, an organ in most vertebrates and in humans and other mammals located in the abdomen. The pancreas plays a role in the digestive and endocrine system, producing enzymes which aid the digestion process and the hormone insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels. The most common pancreatic disease is pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas which could come in acute or chronic form. Other pancreatic diseases include diabetes mellitus, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, cystic fibrosis, pseudocysts, cysts, congenital malformations, tumors including pancreatic cancer, and hemosuccus pancreaticus.

Chronic pancreatitis
Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing inflammation of the pancreas that alters the organ's normal structure and functions. It can present as episodes of acute inflammation in a previously injured pancreas, or as chronic damage with persistent pain or malabsorption. It is a disease process characterized by irreversible damage to the pancreas as distinct from reversible changes in acute pancreatitis. Tobacco smoke and alcohol misuse are two of the most frequently implicated causes, and the two risk factors are thought to have a synergistic effect with regard to the development of chronic pancreatitis. Chronic pancreatitis is a risk factor for the development of pancreatic cancer.
Minister for Institutional Reforms
The minister for institutional reforms (Italian: ministro per le riforme istituzionali) is one of the positions in the Italian government.

The current minister is Elisabetta Casellati, a member of the Forza Italia, who held the office since 22 October 2022 in the cabinet of Giorgia Meloni.

Council of Ministers (Italy)
The Council of Ministers (Italian: Consiglio dei Ministri, CdM) is the principal executive organ of the Government of Italy. It comprises the President of the Council (the Prime Minister of Italy), all the ministers, and the Undersecretary to the Prime Minister. Deputy ministers (Italian: viceministri) and junior ministers (Italian: sottosegretari) are part of the government, but are not members of the Council of Ministers.
Galang Lake
29°56′49″N 93°39′43″E﻿ / ﻿29.94690912355619°N 93.6618604124651°E﻿ / 29.94690912355619; 93.6618604124651

Galong Lake (Chinese: 嘎朗湖, Tibetan: དགའ་ལྷང་མཚོ), or Galang Tso, Galang Co, is located in Bomê County, Nyingchi, Tibet Autonomous Region, this alpine wetland spans 1.5 km2 at 3,200 meters in elevation within the Galong National Wetland Park.

Nyingchi
Nyingchi (Tibetan: ཉིང་ཁྲི་གྲོང་ཁྱེར།, Wylie: nying khri grong khyer), also known as Linzhi (Chinese: 林芝; pinyin: Linzhi) or Nyingtri, is a prefecture-level city in the southeast of the Tibet Autonomous Region in China. The administrative seat of Nyingchi is Bayi District.

Nyingchi is the location of Buchu Monastery.
Haganeshreppur
Haganeshreppur was a hreppur, an old Icelandic municipality, in Fljót, in the northernmost part of Skagafjörður County, Iceland.

The hreppur united with Holtshreppur in 1898 (or 1899) when Fljótahreppur was divided in two. The two hreppurs reunited under the old name on April 1, 1988.

On June 6, 1998, Fljótahreppur joined with 10 other local governments to form Skagafjörður County.

Skagafjörður (municipality)
Skagafjörður (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈskaːɣaˌfjœrðʏr̥] ⓘ) is a municipality that covers most of the land area of the region around the fjord with the same name (see Skagafjörður for details on the region) in northern Iceland.
GTFS
GTFS, or the General Transit Feed Specification, is a general transit feed specification which defines a common data format for public transportation schedules and associated geographic information. GTFS contains only static or scheduled information about public transport services, and is sometimes known as GTFS Static or GTFS Schedule to distinguish it from the GTFS Realtime extension, which defines how information on the realtime status of services can be shared.

Comma-separated values
Comma-separated values (CSV) is a plain text data format for storing tabular data where the fields (values) of a record are separated by a comma and each record is a line (i.e. newline separated). CSV is commonly-used in software that generally deals with tabular data such as a database or a spreadsheet. Benefits cited for using CSV include simplicity of use and human readability. CSV is a form of delimiter-separated values. A CSV file is a file that contains CSV-formatted data.

CSV is not limited to a particular character encoding. It works just as well with Unicode (i.e. UTF-8 or UTF-16) as with ASCII – although particular programs may have limitations. Unlike many proprietary data formats, CSV data normally survives naïve translation from one character set to another. CSV does not, however, provide a way to indicate the character encoding, so that must be communicated separately.
CineVista Theatres
CineVista Theatres was a movie theatre chain in Puerto Rico founded in the 1990s. After CineVista went bankrupt and started closing its theatres, Caribbean Cinemas became the only theatre chain in Puerto Rico.

Hatillo, Puerto Rico
Hatillo (Spanish pronunciation: [aˈtiʝo]) is a town and municipality located in Puerto Rico's north coast, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Lares and Utuado to the south, Camuy to the west, and Arecibo to the east. According to the 2000 Census, Hatillo is spread over nine barrios and Hatillo Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city). It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Khairulla Usmanov
Khairulla Abdrakhmanovich Usmanov (Russian: Хайрулла Абдрахманович Усманов;  December 16, 1866, Orenburg Governorate — June 14, 1915, Orenburg) was a mullah and deputy of the Second Imperial Duma from the Orenburg Governorate in 1907.

Orenburg Governorate
Orenburg Governorate (Russian: Оренбургская губерния, romanized: Orenburgskaya guberniya) was an administrative-territorial unit (Governorate) of the Russian Empire. Its capital in 1797–1802 and 1865–1928 was Orenburg, and Ufa in 1802–1865.

The governorate was created in 1744 from the lands annexed from Siberian and Astrakhan Governorates. In 1782, the governorate, along with Chelyabinsky Uyezd of Perm Viceroyalty were transformed into Ufa Viceroyalty, which was divided into Ufa and Orenburg Oblasts. In 1796, Ufa Viceroyalty was renamed Orenburg Governorate, and in 1865 it was split in two—a smaller Orenburg Governorate, and Ufa Governorate.

In 1919, Chelyabinsk Governorate was split off from Orenburg Governorate, and in 1928 the governorate was merged into a newly created Middle Volga Oblast.
Diane Duane
Diane Duane (born May 18, 1952) is an American science fiction and fantasy author, long based in Ireland. Her works include the Young Wizards young adult fantasy series and the Rihannsu Star Trek novels.

The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang
The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang is an American animated science fiction comedy series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions and Paramount Television and originally broadcast during the Saturday morning schedule on ABC from November 8, 1980, until November 28, 1981. It is a spin-off of the live-action sitcom Happy Days.
Rio Grande class K-28
The Denver and Rio Grande Western K-28 is a class of ten 3 ft (914 mm) gauge narrow gauge 2-8-2 "Mikado" type steam locomotives built in 1923 by the Schenectady Locomotive Works of the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) for the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. They were the first new narrow gauge locomotives ordered by the railroad since 1903.  They initially comprised class E-4-148-S, but were reclassified K-28 in 1924 when the railroad reorganized into the Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad. The designation K-28 follows the D&RGW class-naming format of a letter, “K” for Mikado type,  and a number “28” for its rated tractive effort of approximately 28,000 pounds.

2-8-2
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-8-2 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, usually in a leading truck, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles and two trailing wheels on one axle, usually in a trailing truck. This configuration of steam locomotive is most often referred to as a Mikado, frequently shortened to Mike.

It was also at times referred to on some railroads in the United States as the McAdoo Mikado and, during World War II, the MacArthur.

The notation 2-8-2T indicates a tank locomotive of this wheel arrangement, the "T" suffix indicating a locomotive on which the water is carried in tanks mounted on the engine rather than in an attached tender.
Trachypepla roseata
Trachypepla roseata is a species of moth in the family Oecophoridae. This species is endemic to New Zealand and is found in the Nelson and Tasman regions of the South Island. It frequents forest habitat and is on the wing in January. It is classified as "Data Deficient" by the Department of Conservation.

Oecophoridae
Oecophoridae (concealer moths) is a family of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. The phylogeny and systematics of gelechoid moths are still not fully resolved, and the circumscription of the Oecophoridae is strongly affected by this.
Aedes washinoi
Aedes washinoi, commonly known as Washino's willow mosquito, is a species of mosquito in the genus Aedes, family Culicidae. It belongs to the Aedes increpitus complex and was first described in 1992 by Lanzaro and Eldridge. Named after Robert K. Washino, a prominent entomologist, this species is primarily found in California and Oregon in the western United States. It breeds in woodland depressions filled with water, especially in areas with willow and cottonwood trees. Known for its aggressive day-biting behavior, A. washinoi can become a significant pest in large numbers, though it is not a major vector of human diseases.

Aedes
Aedes (also known as the tiger mosquito or colloquially "dengue mosquito") is a genus of mosquitoes originally found in tropical and subtropical zones, but now found on all continents except Antarctica. Some species have been spread by human activity: Aedes albopictus, a particularly invasive species, was spread to the Americas, including the United States, in the 1980s, by the used-tire trade.

It was first described and named by German entomologist Johann Wilhelm Meigen in 1818; the generic name comes from Ancient Greek ἀηδής (aēdēs), meaning 'unpleasant' or 'odious'. The type species for Aedes is Aedes cinereus.
Piper PA-20 Pacer
The PA-20 Pacer and PA-22 Tri-Pacer, Caribbean, and Colt are an American family of light strut-braced high-wing monoplane aircraft built by Piper Aircraft from 1949 to 1964.

The Pacer is essentially a four-place version of the two-place PA-17 Vagabond, with conventional landing gear, a steel tube fuselage and an aluminum frame wing covered with fabric, much like Piper's famous Cub and Super Cub. The Tri-Pacer is a development of the Pacer with tricycle landing gear, while the Colt is a two-seat flight training version of the Tri-Pacer. Prized for their ruggedness, spacious cabins, and, for the time, impressive speed, many of these aircraft continue to fly.

Factory installed 108 hp (81 kW), 125 hp (93 kW), 135 hp (101 kW), 150 hp (110 kW), and 160 hp (120 kW) engine options were available, and 180 hp (130 kW) engine after-market conversions have been offered.

Lycoming O-320
The Lycoming O-320 is a large family of naturally aspirated, 320 cu in (5.2 L) air-cooled, horizontally-opposed four-cylinder, direct-drive engines produced by Lycoming Engines. Introduced in 1953, it is commonly used on light aircraft such as the Cessna 172 and Piper Cherokee, and remains in production as of 2024.  Different variants are rated for 150 or 160 horsepower (112 or 119 kilowatts).