hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Particulate inorganic carbon
Particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) can be contrasted with dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), the other form of inorganic carbon found in the ocean. These distinctions are important in chemical oceanography. Particulate inorganic carbon is sometimes called suspended inorganic carbon. In operational terms, it is defined as the inorganic carbon in particulate form that is too large to pass through the filter used to separate dissolved inorganic carbon.

Most PIC is calcium carbonate, CaCO3, particularly in the form of calcite, but also in the form of aragonite. Calcium carbonate makes up the shells of many marine organisms. It also forms during whiting events and is excreted by marine fish during osmoregulation.

Marine biogenic calcification
Marine biogenic calcification is the production of calcium carbonate by organisms in the global ocean.

Marine biogenic calcification is the biologically mediated process by which marine organisms produce and deposit calcium carbonate minerals to form skeletal structures or hard tissues. This process is a fundamental aspect of the life cycle of some marine organisms, including corals, mollusks, foraminifera, certain types of plankton, and other calcifying marine invertebrates. The resulting structures, such as shells, skeletons, and coral reefs, function as protection, support, and shelter and create some of the most biodiverse habitats in the world. Marine biogenic calcifiers also play a key role in the biological carbon pump and the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients, alkalinity, and organic matter.
Canada in the Second Boer War
The request by the British for Canadian assistance during the Second Boer War was met with division. English Canadians (including Irish Canadians) were pro-war while French Canadians were anti-war. Pro-war Canadians were pro-Empire and claimed that the war "pitted British Freedom, justice and civilization against Boer backwardness" while anti-war Canadians claimed that the war amounted to "a British colonial venture". The debate over involvement in the war caused a split in the Liberal Party's voter base.

Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)
Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) (LdSH(RC)) is a regular armoured regiment of the Canadian Army. Currently based in Edmonton, Alberta, the regiment is part of 3rd Canadian Division's 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group. Members of the regiment are commonly called Strathconas or Strats as a short form. It was one of the last regiments in the British Empire to be created and raised by a private individual, Donald Alexander Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal.

The regimental motto is "Perseverance". The colonel-in-chief of the regiment is King Charles III, while the colonel of the regiment is Colonel(Ret’d) Jamie Cade. The current commanding officer is Lieutenant-Colonel A. Nitu, and the regimental sergeant major is Chief Warrant Officer N. Mills.
Jacob Smith (fur trader)
Jacob Smith (Wahbesins "The Young Swan"; c. 1773 – 1825), was a fur trader in the Michigan Territory, the founder of Flint, Michigan, and an American spy best known for developing close relations with many Native American tribes in the Michigan Territory and brokering significant land treaties on behalf of the United States government.

Working as an intelligence gatherer and confidential agent for the United States in the War of 1812, Smith was captured at Fort Mackinac in an attempt to inform Lieutenant Porter Hanks of the impending war. Smith served as a captain in the War of 1812 and was present during the surrender of Detroit under General William Hull. Smith also served as an interpreter-liaison to Native Americans for the United States and helped negotiate the release of several Euro-Anerican families taken prisoner by Native American tribes.

Flint River (Michigan)
The Flint River is a 78.3-mile-long (126.0 km) river in the Flint/Tri-Cities region of Michigan in the United States. The river's headwaters are in Columbiaville in Lapeer County and flows through the counties of Lapeer, Genesee, and Saginaw. The cities of Lapeer, Flint, Flushing, and Montrose are along its course.
Ponti, Piedmont
Ponti is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Turin and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southwest of Alessandria.

Ponti borders the following municipalities: Bistagno, Castelletto d'Erro, Denice, Monastero Bormida, Montechiaro d'Acqui, and Sessame.

Alessandria
Alessandria (Italian: [alesˈsandrja] ⓘ; Piedmontese: Lissandria [liˈsɑŋdrja]) is a city and commune in Piedmont, Italy, and the capital of the Province of Alessandria. With a population of 92,518, it is the 3rd-largest city in Piedmont and the 53rd-largest in Italy.

Known for the famous hat manufacturing company Borsalino and for its proximity to the historical site of the battle of Marengo, led by Napoleon, the town is an important agricultural, industrial and logistic hub within its region and Italy's North-West. With a surface extension that makes it Piedmont's largest municipality and a population of 92 839 inhabitants  (the third most popolous city in the region), Alessandria is located in the centre of the so-called "industrial triangle", whose vertices are Turin, Milan and Genoa. Alessandria is also home to one of the headquarters of the University of Eastern Piedmont, which is an academic institution that has a tripolar structure shared with Vercelli and Novara.
Buffalo (EP)
Buffalo is the four-track eponymous extended play by Australian rock band, Buffalo, originally released in 1974 on the Vertigo label. The line-up for the EP was Paul Balbi on drums, John Baxter on lead guitar, Jimmy Economou on drums, Alan Milano on vocals, Dave Tice on lead vocals, and Peter Wells on bass guitar. It compiled tracks from previous singles by the band. The EP has never been reissued after its original pressing, and is now considered a rare collectable. However, tracks from the EP appeared on remastered and reissued versions of Buffalo's studio albums, Dead Forever... and Volcanic Rock, via the Aztec Music label.

Dead Forever...
Dead Forever... is the debut album by Australian rock band Buffalo, recorded and originally released in 1972. 

The album was remastered and reissued in March 2006 by Australian record label Aztec Music on CD with additional tracks, including an A-side and B-side released by the pre-Buffalo outfit Head.
Woodcroft, New South Wales
Woodcroft is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Woodcroft is located 37 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Blacktown and is part of the Greater Western Sydney region. Woodcroft Lake is on Bricketwood Drive and the Neighbourhood Centre is beside it. It is popular among the community. The suburb contains many play areas.

Blacktown City Council
Blacktown City Council is a local government area in Western Sydney, situated on the Cumberland Plain, approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) west of the Sydney central business district, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Established in 1906 as the Blacktown Shire and becoming the Municipality of Blacktown in 1961 before gaining city status in 1979, the City occupies an area of 246.9 square kilometres (95.3 sq mi) and has a population of 410,419, making it the most populous local government area in Sydney. It is a member council of the Hawkesbury River County Council.

The Mayor of Blacktown City Council is Councillor Brad Bunting following the death of then-mayor Tony Bleasdale OAM, a member of the Australian Labor Party who died 3 May 2024.
Carl Burger
Carl V. Burger (June 18, 1888 – December 30, 1967) was an American "artist and writer of children's books about animals and natural history." He is known for his children's and youth literature illustrations of The Incredible Journey by Sheila Burnford and the Newbery Medal honor novels Old Yeller by Fred Gipson and Little Rascal by Sterling North.

Fred Gipson
Frederick Benjamin Gipson (February 7, 1908 – August 14, 1973) was an American writer and screenwriter. He is best known for writing the 1956 novel Old Yeller, which became a popular 1957 Walt Disney film. Gipson was born on a farm near Mason in the Texas Hill Country, the son of Beck Gipson and Emma Deishler.  After working at a variety of farming and ranching jobs, he enrolled in 1933 at the University of Texas at Austin. There he wrote for the Daily Texan and The Ranger, but he left school before graduating to become a newspaper journalist.
Tom Cohen
Tom Dana Cohen (born August 13, 1953) is an American media and cultural theorist, currently a professor at the University at Albany, State University of New York.  He has published books on film studies, comparative literature, theory, cultural studies, Alfred Hitchcock, and Paul de Man. Cohen has also published broadly on American authors and ideology, including Edgar Allan Poe, Walt Whitman, Mikhail Bakhtin, William Faulkner and pragmatism, as well as on Alfred Hitchcock, Greek philosophy and continental philosophy.

He is the editor (with Claire Colebrook) of the Critical Climate Change Book Series at Open Humanities Press and has lectured and taught  internationally, including in China and Fulbright sponsored work in Thailand. He has been awarded a Distinguished Visiting Professorship by Shanghai Municipality in Shanghai.

Paul de Man
Paul de Man (/dəˈmɑːn/; Dutch: [də mɑn]; December 6, 1919 – December 21, 1983), born Paul Adolph Michel Deman, was a Belgian-born American literary critic and literary theorist. He was known particularly for his importation of German and French philosophical approaches into Anglo-American literary studies and critical theory. Along with Jacques Derrida, he was part of an influential critical movement that went beyond traditional interpretation of literary texts to reflect on the epistemological difficulties inherent in any textual, literary, or critical activity. This approach aroused considerable opposition, which de Man attributed to "resistance" inherent in the difficult enterprise of literary interpretation itself.

After his death, de Man became a subject of further controversy when his history of writing pro-Nazi and anti-Jewish propaganda for the wartime edition of Le Soir, a major Belgian newspaper during German occupation, came to light.
ENGIE Brasil
ENGIE Brasil formerly Tractebel Energia is a major Brazilian utility company, headquartered in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. It is one of the largest private electricity producers in Brazil. Its 11 plants, six of them hydroelectric and the remainder thermal, have an installed capacity of 9,000 MW. ENGIE Brasil's major shareholder is ENGIE, the Paris-based utility company.

The company originated as Gerasul, short for Centrais Geradoras do Sul do Brasil SA ('Power plants of the South of Brazil' in English) which was sold to Tractebel by Brazil's Eletrosul in 1998. Gerasul held Eletrosul's power generation assets in the southern Brazilian states of Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul. Gerasul changed its name to Tractebel Energia in 2002.

ENGIE owns around 68% of ENGIE Brasil stocks, which is traded on B3, the Sao Paulo Stock Exchange.

B3 (stock exchange)
B3 S.A. – Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão (in English, B3 – Brazil Stock Exchange and Over-the-Counter Market), formerly BM&FBOVESPA, is a stock exchange located in São Paulo, Brazil, and the second oldest in the country.

Its current form can be traced back to May 8, 2008, when the São Paulo Stock Exchange (Bovespa) and the Brazilian Mercantile and Futures Exchange (BM&F) merged, creating BM&FBOVESPA. On March 30, 2017, BM&FBOVESPA merged with CETIP, creating B3. It also has offices in Rio de Janeiro, Shanghai, and London.

The benchmark indicator of B3 is the Índice Bovespa, more commonly known as Ibovespa. There were 475 companies traded at Bovespa as of October 2022. On June 7, 2021, the Ibovespa index reached its record market closing above 130,776 points.
Alfatar
Alfatar (Bulgarian: Алфатар [aɫfɐˈtar]) is a town in Silistra Province, Northeastern Bulgaria, located in 18 km (11 mi) to the south of the town of Silistra. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Alfatar Municipality. As of December 2009, the town had a population of 1,714.

The Alfatar Peninsula on Robert Island, South Shetland Islands is named after Alfatar.

Silistra
Silistra (Bulgarian: Силистра [siˈlistrɐ]; Turkish: Silistre; Romanian: Silistra or Dârstor) is a town in Northeastern Bulgaria. The town lies on the southern bank of the lower Danube river, and is also the part of the Romanian border where it stops following the Danube. Silistra is the administrative center of the Silistra Province and one of the important towns of the historical region of Dobruja.

Silistra is a major cultural, industrial, transportation, and educational center of Northeastern Bulgaria. There are many historical landmarks including a richly-decorated Late Roman tomb, remains of the medieval fortress, an Ottoman fort, and an art gallery.
Austertana
Austertana (Norwegian), Juovlavuotna (Northern Sami), or Jouluvuono (Kven) is a village in Deatnu-Tana Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway.  The village is located along one of the inner bays of the large Tanafjorden, east of Rustefjelbma in northeastern Tana.  The village is home to the Austertana Chapel.  Austertana has the world's second largest quartzite quarry.

The Norwegian County Road 890 runs through the village.  That road is the only road access to Båtsfjord Municipality and Berlevåg Municipality to the northeast on the Varanger Peninsula.

Berlevåg Municipality
Berlevågⓘ (Northern Sami: Bearalváhki) is a municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Øst-Finnmark. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Berlevåg.

There are two settlements in the municipality of Berlevåg: the village of Berlevåg and the village of Kongsfjord. The village of Berlevåg is by far the biggest; Kongsfjord only has around 45 inhabitants. Kjølnes Lighthouse is located along the shore, east of the village of Berlevåg.

The 1,122-square-kilometre (433 sq mi) municipality is the 100th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Berlevåg is the 341st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 892. The municipality's population density is 0.8 inhabitants per square kilometre (2.1/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 15.6% over the previous 10-year period.
Tudor Vladimirescu (1854)
Tudor Vladimirescu is the oldest operational paddle steamer in the world, built in 1854 as a tugboat for the Austrian company DDSG. Currently, the ship is owned by Navrom Galați and is primarily used as a protocol ship for government and local officials and can be rented for luxury cruises.

Paddle steamer
A paddle steamer is a steamship or steamboat powered by a steam engine driving paddle wheels to propel the craft through the water. Earlier ships that are driven by a paddle wheel under manual power are known as paddle wheelers.

In the early 19th century, paddle wheels were the predominant way of propulsion for steam-powered boats. In the late 19th century, paddle propulsion was largely superseded by the screw propeller and other marine propulsion systems that have a higher efficiency, especially in rough or open water.

Paddle wheels continue to be used by some ships that operate as excursion boats, floating restaurants, and casinos; these include replica vessels, and are often diesel powered.

Small pedal-powered paddle boats are also found, typically as novelty attractions.
2C-DB
2C-DB, also known as 2,5-dimethoxy-4,6-dibromophenethylamine or as 6-bromo-2C-B, is a psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine and 2C families related to 2C-B. It is the 6-bromo derivative of 2C-B and the 4,6-dibromo derivative of 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-H). The drug has a dose range of 20 to 35 mg orally and a duration of 6 to 8 hours. For comparison, 2C-B has a dose of 12 to 24 mg and a duration of 4 to 8 hours. 2C-DB is described as having largely the same effects as 2C-B. However, it is said that the drug may have somewhat greater visual effects than 2C-B. 2C-DB was synthesized and tested by P. Rausch in the 1990s or 2000s. It was described in the scientific literature by Daniel Trachsel in 2013, who cited personal communication with Rausch as the source for the information. The drug is a controlled substance in Canada under phenethylamine blanket-ban language.

2C-H
2C-H, also known as 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2,5-DMPEA) or as DMPEA-4, is a chemical compound of the phenethylamine and 2C families. It is the parent compound of the 2C drugs, which are also known as 4-substituted 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamines.
Jewish geography
Jewish geography is a popular game sometimes played when Jews meet each other for the first time and try to identify people they know in common. The game has become something of an informal social custom in the Jewish community, and it is often surprisingly easy for strangers who play it to discover mutual acquaintances and establish instant context and connection.

American social historian Etan Diamond notes that non-Jews "often find it astonishing that such links are made so easily, but given both the relative smallness of the Jewish community—and the even smaller size of the Orthodox Jewish community—and the extensive overlapping social circles within these communities, it should not surprise too much". He gives an example Jewish geography conversation of "You're from [insert name of city here]? Do you know  [insert person's name here]?" getting a response of "Sure, he sits behind my uncle in synagogue" or "I met her once at a youth group convention".

Small-world experiment
The small-world experiment comprised several experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram and other researchers examining the average path length for social networks of people in the United States. The research was groundbreaking in that it suggested that human society is a small-world-type network characterized by short path-lengths. The experiments are often associated with the phrase "six degrees of separation", although Milgram did not use this term himself.
Alereon
Alereon, Inc, is a fabless semiconductor company. It uses ultrawideband (UWB) radio technology to develop Certified Wireless USB and WiMedia Alliance-compliant UWB integrated circuits (ICs). Headquartered in Austin, Texas, Alereon also has offices in Korea and Hong Kong.

Fabless manufacturing
Fabless manufacturing is the design and sale of hardware devices and semiconductor chips while outsourcing their fabrication (or fab) to a specialized manufacturer called a semiconductor foundry. These foundries are typically, but not exclusively, located in mainland China and Taiwan. Fabless companies can benefit from lower capital costs while concentrating their research and development resources on the end market. Some fabless companies and pure play foundries (like TSMC) may offer integrated-circuit design services to third parties.
First United Methodist Church (Albuquerque, New Mexico)
First United Methodist Church is an historic Methodist church in downtown Albuquerque, New Mexico. The church was chartered in 1880 and the original building, constructed between 1880 and 1882, was the first church in New Town. By the turn of the century, the original sanctuary was found inadequate and was demolished. In 1904, a new sanctuary, now known as the Fellowship Hall, was built to replace this original adobe church on the same site.  The architect was Charles Frederick Whittlesey and Tiffany-style windows were installed some short time after the completion of the building.

By 1955, this sanctuary itself was outgrown and so a larger sanctuary was built on the property. The building was added to the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties in 1975 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties
The New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties is a register of historic and prehistoric properties located in the state of New Mexico. It is maintained by the New Mexico Historic Preservation Division of the New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs. The Cultural Properties Review Committee meets at least six times a year. The committee lists properties in the State Register and forwards nominations to the National Register.
Jordan sunshine recorder
A Jordan sunshine recorder is a type of sunshine recorder invented in the 19th century by T. B. Jordan with later modifications by his son, J. B. Jordan. The device consists of a cylinder with two small apertures through which sunlight can pass. Two sheets of photosensitive paper are placed inside the cylinder and the recorder is positioned in such a way that the sunlight falling through the apertures leaves a path on the paper as the sun moves through the sky during the day. The Jordan recorder was criticized as producing less consistent results than the Campbell–Stokes recorder due to difficulty in precisely interpreting the sun paths recorded.

Sunshine recorder
A sunshine recorder is a device that records the amount of sunshine at a given location or region at any time. The results provide information about the weather and climate as well as the temperature of a geographical area. This information is useful in meteorology, science, agriculture, tourism, and other fields. It has also been called a heliograph.

There are two basic types of sunshine recorders. One type uses the Sun itself as a time-scale for the sunshine readings. The other type uses some form of clock for the time scale.

Older recorders required a human observer to interpret the results; recorded results might differ among observers. Modern sunshine recorders use electronics and computers for precise data that do not depend on a human interpreter. Newer recorders can also measure the global and diffuse radiation.
Dean Bridge
The Dean Bridge spans the Water of Leith in the city of Edinburgh on the A90 road to Queensferry on the Firth of Forth. It carries the roadway, 447 feet (136 m) long and 39 feet (12 m) broad, on four arches of 90 feet (27 m) span, rising 106 feet (32 m) above the river bed. The bridge was one of the last major works before retirement of the bridge designer, civil engineer Thomas Telford, and was completed in 1831 when he was seventy-three years old.

Before the bridge was built the river had been crossed since medieval times at a ford, later by a single-arch stone bridge near the same spot, at the foot of Bell's Brae in the Dean Village. The private Dean Gardens lie under the east side of the bridge on the north bank of the Water of Leith. The Water of Leith Walkway passes under the bridge on the south bank.

The Dean Bridge is part of one of the routes proposed in 2025 for the expanded Edinburgh Trams network to Granton.

City of Edinburgh Council
The City of Edinburgh Council (Scottish Gaelic: Comhairle Baile Dhùn Èideann) is the local government authority covering the City of Edinburgh council area. Almost half of the council area is the built-up area of Edinburgh, capital of Scotland. With a population of 530,680 in 2024, it is the second most populous local authority area in Scotland.

The council took on its current form in 1996 under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994, replacing the City of Edinburgh District Council of the Lothian region, which had been created in 1975. The history of local government in Edinburgh, however, stretches back much further. Around 1130, David I made the town a royal burgh and a burgh council, based at the Old Tolbooth is recorded continuously from the 14th century.

The council is currently based in Edinburgh City Chambers with a main office nearby at Waverley Court.