hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Smart polymer
Smart polymers, stimuli-responsive polymers or functional polymers are high-performance polymers that change according to the environment they are in.

Such materials can be sensitive to a number of factors, such as temperature, humidity, pH, chemical compounds, the wavelength or intensity of light or an electrical or magnetic field and can respond in various ways, such as altering color or transparency, becoming conductive or permeable to water or changing shape (shape memory polymers). Usually, slight changes in the environment are sufficient to induce large changes in the polymer's properties.

Polyacrylic acid
Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA; trade name Carbomer) is a polymer with the formula (CH2−CHCO2H)n. It is a derivative of acrylic acid (CH2=CHCO2H). In addition to the homopolymers, a variety of copolymers and crosslinked polymers, and partially deprotonated derivatives thereof, are known and of commercial value. In a water solution at neutral pH, PAA is an anionic polymer, i.e., many of the side chains of PAA lose their protons and acquire a negative charge. Partially or wholly deprotonated PAAs are polyelectrolytes, with the ability to absorb and retain water and swell to many times their original volume. These properties –  acid–base and water-attracting –  are the basis of many applications.
2021 FIFA Club World Cup squads
Below is a list of the 2021 FIFA Club World Cup squads. Each team had to name a 23-man squad (three of whom had to be goalkeepers). Injury replacements were allowed until 24 hours before the team's first match.

2021 FIFA Club World Cup
The 2021 FIFA Club World Cup (officially known as the FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2021 presented by Alibaba Cloud for sponsorship reasons) was the 18th edition of the FIFA Club World Cup, a FIFA-organised international club football tournament between the winners of the six continental confederations, as well as the host nation's league champions. The tournament was held from 3 to 12 February 2022 in the United Arab Emirates.

Defending champions Bayern Munich did not qualify as they were eliminated in the quarter-finals of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League. The eventual winners of that competition, Chelsea, won the Club World Cup for the first time, beating Al-Hilal of Saudi Arabia 1–0 in the semi-finals before requiring extra time to claim a 2–1 win over Brazilian side Palmeiras in the final.
Phil Hoffman House
The Phil Hoffman House is a house at 807 High Avenue East in Oskaloosa, Iowa.  It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.

It was originally built in 1920 by Phil Hoffman, publisher of the Oskaloosa Herald.  The architect was Frank E. Wetherell, who designed several other notable structures in and around Oskaloosa, including the bandstand located in the center of the town square.  Wetherell was prominent statewide as an architect known for public buildings, residences, and urban planning.  At least 44 extant properties in Oskaloosa are attributed to Wetherell.

Oskaloosa, Iowa
Oskaloosa is a city in, and the county seat of, Mahaska County, Iowa. The population was 11,558 in the 2020 U.S. census. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, Oskaloosa was a national center of bituminous coal mining. Today, Oskaloosa is home to William Penn University, a private university, and Lake Keomah State Park which is located four miles east of the city.
2015 Brest Challenger
The 2015 Brest Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the first edition of the tournament which was part of the 2015 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place at the Brest Arena in Brest, France between 19 and 25 October 2015.

Brest Challenger
The Brest Open Groupe Vert (formerly Open de Brest Crédit Agricole) is a professional tennis tournament played on hardcourts. It is currently part of the ATP Challenger Tour. It is held annually in Brest, France since 2015.
Nina Proll
Nina Proll (born 12 January 1974) is an Austrian actress. She has appeared in more than 50 films and television shows since 1995. She starred in the film September, which was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival.

In 1999 she received the Marcello Mastroianni Award given out at the Venice International Film Festival. Proll participated in the third season of the Austrian television dance competition Dancing Stars in 2007, coming in 5th place.

Marcello Mastroianni Award
The Marcello Mastroianni Award (Italian: Premio Marcello Mastroianni) is one of the awards given out at the Venice International Film Festival.

It was established in 1998 in honor of the Italian actor Marcello Mastroianni, who died at the end of 1996. The award was created to recognize an emerging actor or actress. Since then, several future high profile worldwide actors were awarded: Gael García Bernal, Diego Luna, Hafsia Herzi, Jennifer Lawrence, Jasmine Trinca, Mila Kunis, Tye Sheridan, Paula Beer and Taylor Russell.

Niccolò Senni was the first winner for Shooting the Moon in 1998.
Taft Law School
Taft Law School is a private for-profit online law school in Santa Ana, California. It was founded in 1976 and operates through the Taft University System (William Howard Taft University). The school offers Juris Doctor (J.D.) and Master of Laws (LL.M.) law degree programs.

Although the school is accredited by the Distance Education Accrediting Commission, it is not accredited by the American Bar Association or by the State Bar of California. The Law School Admission Council explains that most states do not "permit graduates of these schools to take the bar examination" nor "admit to their bars a graduate of a non-ABA-approved law school." The California State Bar Committee of Bar Examiners categorizes Taft Law School as a "registered unaccredited correspondence law school." As such, its graduates must pass the First-Year Law Students' Examination, also known as the 'baby bar', in order to be eligible to take the California General Bar Examination.

For-profit higher education in the United States
For-profit higher education in the United States refers to the commercialization and privatization of American higher education institutions. For-profit colleges have been the most recognizable for-profit institutions, and more recently with online program managers, but commercialization has been part of US higher education for centuries. Privatization of public institutions has been increasing since at least the 1980s.
Z/VM
z/VM is the current version in IBM's VM family of virtual machine operating systems. First released in October 2000, z/VM remains in active use and development as of 2024. It is directly based on technology and concepts dating back to the 1960s, particularly IBM's CP/CMS on the IBM System/360-67 (see article History of CP/CMS for historical details). z/VM runs on IBM's IBM Z family of computers and can support large numbers (thousands) of Linux virtual machines. (See Linux on IBM Z.)

On 16 September 2022, IBM released z/VM Version 7.3 which requires z/Architecture, implemented in IBM's EC12, BC12 and later models.

History of CP/CMS
This article covers the History of CP/CMS — the historical context in which the IBM time-sharing virtual machine operating system was built.

CP/CMS development occurred in a complex political and technical milieu.

Historical notes, below, provides supporting quotes and citations from first-hand observers.
Same-sex marriage in the Northwest Territories
Same-sex marriage has been legal in the Northwest Territories since July 20, 2005. The Canadian territory began issuing marriage licences to same-sex couples upon the granting of royal assent to the federal Civil Marriage Act in July 2005. The Northwest Territories had been one of only four provinces and territories, with Alberta, Nunavut and Prince Edward Island, where same-sex marriage had not already been legalised by court challenges prior to the passage of the federal law.

Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada
The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada (ELCIC; French: Église évangélique luthérienne au Canada) is Canada's largest Lutheran denomination, with 80,000 baptized.

Together with Lutheran Church–Canada and the Canadian Association of Lutheran Congregations, it is one of only three all-Canadian Lutheran denominations. The ELCIC is a member of the Lutheran World Federation, the Canadian Council of Churches, the World Council of Churches, and the Anglican-Lutheran North American grouping Churches Beyond Borders. According to the 2021 Canadian census, a larger number of 328,045 adherents identify as Lutheran.
Simple-homotopy equivalence
In mathematics, particularly the area of topology, a simple-homotopy equivalence is a refinement of the concept of homotopy equivalence. Two CW-complexes are simple-homotopy equivalent if they are related by a sequence of collapses and expansions (inverses of collapses), and a homotopy equivalence is a simple homotopy equivalence if it is homotopic to such a map.

The obstruction to a homotopy equivalence being a simple homotopy equivalence is the Whitehead torsion,

A homotopy theory that studies simple-homotopy types is called simple homotopy theory.

Homotopy
In topology, two continuous functions from one topological space to another are called homotopic (from Ancient Greek: ὁμός homós 'same, similar' and τόπος tópos 'place') if one can be "continuously deformed" into the other, such a deformation being called a homotopy (/həˈmɒtəpiː/ hə-MOT-ə-pee; /ˈhoʊmoʊˌtoʊpiː/ HOH-moh-toh-pee) between the two functions. A notable use of homotopy is the definition of homotopy groups and cohomotopy groups, important invariants in algebraic topology.

In practice, there are technical difficulties in using homotopies with certain spaces. Algebraic topologists work with compactly generated spaces, CW complexes, or spectra.
6-MeO-RU-28306
6-MeO-RU-28306, or 6-methoxy-RU-28306, also known as 4,α-methylene-5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4,α-methylene-5-MeO-DMT), is a serotonin receptor modulator and a cyclized tryptamine and partial ergoline. It is the 6-methoxy derivative of RU-28306 (4,α-methylene-DMT) and a cyclized derivative of 5-MeO-DMT. The drug showed affinity for the serotonin-labeled serotonin 5-HT1 receptors and spiperone-labeled serotonin 5-HT2 receptors in rat frontal cortex membranes in vitro (IC50Tooltip half-maximal inhibitory concentration = 96 nM and 1,756 nM, respectively). 6-MeO-RU-28306 robustly reduced hypothalamic 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels and increased circulating corticosterone levels in rodents in vivo, which are both measures of serotonin receptor agonist activity. The chemical synthesis of 6-MeO-RU-28306 has been described. 6-MeO-RU-28306 was first described in the scientific literature by 1988.

Serotonin receptor agonist
A serotonin receptor agonist is an agonist of one or more serotonin receptors. They activate serotonin receptors in a manner similar to that of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT), a neurotransmitter and hormone and the endogenous ligand of the serotonin receptors.
Pectinatella magnifica
Pectinatella magnifica, the magnificent bryozoan, is a member of the Bryozoa phylum, in the order Plumatellida. It is a colony of organisms that bind together; these colonies can sometimes be 60 centimeters (2 feet) in diameter.

The individual organisms termed zooids feed using a lophophore in which cilia on the tentacles capture microscopic organic particles from the water and transport them to the mouth.

These organisms can be found mostly in North America, with some in Europe. They are often found attached to objects, but can be found free floating as well. They form a translucent body with many star-like blooms along the outside. The density of the organism is similar to that of gelatin, and is easily breakable into smaller chunks.

Phylactolaemata
Phylactolaemata is a class of the phylum Bryozoa whose members live only in freshwater environments. Like all bryozoans, they filter feed by means of an extensible "crown" of ciliated tentacles called a lophophore, and like nearly all bryozoans (the only known exception being Monobryozoon), they live in colonies, each of which consists of clones of the founding member. Unlike those of some marine bryozoans, phylactolaemate colonies consist of only one type of zooid, the feeding forms known as autozooids. These are supported by an unmineralized "exoskeleton" made of gelatinous material or protein, secreted by the zooids. The class contains only one extant order, Plumatellida.
Zeunerite
Zeunerite is a green copper uranium arsenate mineral with formula Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2·(10-16)H2O. It is a member of the autunite group. The associated mineral metazeunerite is a dehydration product of zeunerite.

Zeunerite occurs as a secondary mineral in the oxidized weathering zone of hydrothermal uranium ore deposits which contain arsenic. Olivenite, mansfieldite, scorodite, azurite and malachite are found in association with zeunerite.

It was first described in 1872 for an occurrence in the Schneeberg District, Ore Mountains, Saxony, Germany. It was named for Gustav Anton Zeuner (1828–1907).

Mansfieldite
Mansfieldite is an uncommon mineral that was named after an American geologist, George Rogers Mansfield. It has been considered a valid species since 1948. It is a member of the variscite group. Mansfieldite creates a series with scorodite, and it is the aluminium analogue of said gem. Mansfieldite is colorless in transmitted light. It is mostly made out of oxygen (47.54%). Other components include arsenic (37.1%), aluminium (13.36%) and hydrogen (2%). Mansfieldite crystals form due to hydrothermal origin in altered and mineralized andesitic pyroclastic rocks. Due to its size, mansfieldite is hard to see even under a microscope. The pink variation of the mineral is due to cobalt impurities, otherwise it is white to light gray. It can be found in the US, Mexico, France, Algeria, England, Australia, Germany, Algeria and Kazakhstan.
Nivaldo Luiz Rossato
Nivaldo Luiz Rossato (born 26 August 1951) is a senior officer of the Brazilian Air Force and its former commander.

Nivaldo Luiz Rossato was born on 26 August 1951 in São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.  He has an Air Force career background as a fighting aviation group leader with between 3500 and 4600 hours of flight.  Rossato replaced Air Lieutenant Brigadier Juniti Saito on 30 January 2015 as commander of the Brazilian Air Force.

Juniti Saito
Lieutenant-Brigadier Juniti Saito (born April 12, 1942), is a military officer and was the commander of the Brazilian Air Force from 2007 to 2015.

Born in the city of Pompeia, São Paulo, he is the son of Iwataro Saito and Toshike Tamaoki.
Sahih Muslim
Sahih Muslim (Arabic: صحيح مسلم, romanized: Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim) is the second hadith collection of the Six Books of Sunni Islam. Compiled by Islamic scholar Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj (d. 875) in the musannaf format, the work is valued by Sunnis, alongside Sahih al-Bukhari, as the most important source for Islamic religion after the Qur'an.

Sahih Muslim contains approximately 5,500 - 7,500 hadith narrations in its introduction and 56 books. Kâtip Çelebi (died 1657) and Siddiq Hasan Khan (died 1890) both counted 7,275 narrations. Muhammad Fuad Abdul Baqi wrote that there are 3,033 narrations without considering repetitions. Mashhur ibn Hasan Al Salman, a student of Albanian Islamic scholar Al-Albani (died 1999), counted 7,385 total narrations, which, combined with the ten in the introduction, add up to a total of 7,395. Muslim wrote an introduction to his collection of hadith, wherein he clarified the reasoning behind choosing the hadith he chose to

Al-Nawawi
Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi (Arabic: يحيى بن شرف النووي, romanized: Yaḥyā ibn Sharaf al-Nawawī) (October 1233 – 21 December 1277) was a Sunni Shafi'ite jurist and hadith scholar. Al-Nawawi died at the relatively early age of 45. Despite this, he authored numerous and lengthy works ranging from hadith, to theology, biography, and jurisprudence that are still read to this day. Al-Nawawi, along with Abu al-Qasim al-Rafi'i, are leading jurists of the earlier classical age, known by the Shafi'i school as the Two Shaykhs (al-Shaykhayn).
2011 IAAF World Challenge
The 2011 IAAF World Challenge was the second edition of the annual, global circuit of one-day track and field competitions organized by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). The series featured a total of fourteen meetings – one more than the previous year as the Jamaica International Invitational was added to the schedule.

IAAF World Challenge
The IAAF World Challenge was an annual, global circuit of one-day track and field competitions organized by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). First held in 2010, it replaced the IAAF Grand Prix and IAAF Super Grand Prix series to form the second tier of international one-day meetings, after the IAAF Diamond League. Unlike the Diamond League, the IAAF World Challenge comprised stand-alone meetings, and no overall winners are crowned. The series was made defunct at the end of 2019 and was replaced by the World Athletics Continental Tour, which includes series winners for non-Diamond League events.
Pinipel Island
Pinipel Island, also known as Green Island, is the northern of the two atolls making up the Green Islands, east of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea. It is located north of Nissan Island, the southern atoll. It is about 330 feet (101 m) high and cliffy, from 200 to 500 yards (183 to 457 m) wide, except at the north end.

The namesake main island of the atoll makes up for most of its land area. In addition, there are two tiny islets in the north-western part of the atoll, Sentinel Island and Sau (Sale) Island. The population of the atoll, all on the main island, was 901 at the census of population of 2000, distributed among three villages:

Mantoia, in the north of the main island (pop. 394)

Teah (279), close east of Mantoia

Rogos, also called Rokus, in the central part of the main island (228)

New Ireland (island)
New Ireland (Tok Pisin: Niu Ailan; Irish: Éire Nua), or Latangai, is a large island in Papua New Guinea, approximately 7,404 km2 (2,859 sq mi) in area with c. 120,000 people. It is named after the island of Ireland. It is the largest island of New Ireland Province, lying northeast of the island of New Britain. Both islands are part of the Bismarck Archipelago, named after Otto von Bismarck, and they are separated by Saint George's Channel.

The administrative centre of the island and of New Ireland province is the town of Kavieng located at the northern end of the island. While the island was part of German New Guinea, it was named Neumecklenburg ("New Mecklenburg").
Haastia
Haastia is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family, Asteraceae, native to New Zealand.

Species

Haastia × loganii Buchanan, hybrid of Leucogenes leontopodium × Raoulia rubra

Haastia montana Buchanan

Haastia pulvinaris Hook.f.

Haastia recurva Hook.f.

Haastia sinclairii Hook.f.

formerly included

Haastia greenii Hook.f. - Synonym of Raoulia eximia Hook.f.

Haastia pulvinaris
Haastia pulvinaris, or vegetable sheep, is a species of perennial alpine plant that grows in a bizarre, sheep-like formation on scree slopes in the South Island of New Zealand.

It is not actually a sheep; but from far away, the vegetable sheep can look like a flock of them on the rocky slopes where they live.
FIL European Luge Championships 1980
The FIL European Luge Championships 1980 took place in Olang, Italy for the second time after previously hosting the event in 1975. It also marked the last time the championships would be hosted in consecutive years, a tradition started in 1970. Beginning at these championships, the event would be hosted in even-numbered years, a tradition that continued until 2012.

FIL European Luge Championships 1970
The FIL European Luge Championships 1970 took place in Hammarstrand, Sweden. This event was dominated by the rise of the East German team, who won six of the nine available medals at this championship. It was the first time the championships were held after being cancelled in 1968 and 1969 which were also the last cancellation of the European championships.
Erica eugenia
Erica eugenia is a species of jumping spider. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Erica. It was first described by George and Elizabeth Peckham in 1892,.

E. eugenia resembles the related genus Fluda, with which its range overlaps in Panama and Brazil, but can be distinguished by its higher cephalothorax with the cephalic region slightly inclined forward. It is a myrmecomorph, mimicking the ant genus Crematogaster and residing near their nests.

Jumping spider
Jumping spiders are spiders in the family Salticidae, with almost 700 genera and around 7,000 described species, making it the largest family of spiders – comprising 13% of spider species. Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods — being capable of stereoptic color vision — and use sight in courtship, hunting, and navigation.

Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the anterior median pair (the two front middle eyes) being particularly large.
Baker Boy
Danzal James Baker OAM (born 10 October 1996), known professionally as Baker Boy, is a Yolngu rapper, dancer, and artist. Baker Boy is known for performing original hip-hop songs incorporating both English and Yolŋu Matha and is one of the most prominent Aboriginal Australian rappers.

He was made Young Australian of the Year in 2019, and his song "Cool as Hell" was nominated in several categories in the 2019 ARIA Awards. In 2018, he won two awards at the National Indigenous Music Awards, and was named Male Artist of the Year in the National Dreamtime Awards. His debut album, Gela, was released on 15 October 2021 with the songs Cool as Hell and Meditjin. At the 2022 ARIA Music Awards he won five categories from seven nominations.

Didgeridoo
The didgeridoo (/ˌdɪdʒəriˈduː/ ⓘ; also spelt didjeridu, among other variants) is a wind instrument, played with vibrating lips to produce a continuous drone while using a special breathing technique called circular breathing. The didgeridoo was developed by Aboriginal peoples of northern Australia at least 1,000 years ago, and is now in use around the world, though still most strongly associated with Indigenous Australian music. In the Yolŋu languages of the indigenous people of northeast Arnhem Land the name for the instrument is the yiḏaki, sometimes more recently also called mandapul. In the Bininj Kunwok language of West Arnhem Land it is known as mako (pronounced, and sometimes spelt, as mago).

A didgeridoo is usually cylindrical or conical, and can measure anywhere from 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) long. Most are around 1.2 m (4 ft) long. Generally, the longer the instrument, the lower its pitch. Flared instruments play a higher pitch than unflared instruments of the same length.