hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stochastic gradient descent
Stochastic gradient descent (often abbreviated SGD) is an iterative method for optimizing an objective function with suitable smoothness properties (e.g. differentiable or subdifferentiable). It can be regarded as a stochastic approximation of gradient descent optimization, since it replaces the actual gradient (calculated from the entire data set) by an estimate thereof (calculated from a randomly selected subset of the data). Especially in high-dimensional optimization problems this reduces the very high computational burden, achieving faster iterations in exchange for a lower convergence rate.

The basic idea behind stochastic approximation can be traced back to the Robbins–Monro algorithm of the 1950s. Today, stochastic gradient descent has become an important optimization method in machine learning.

Subderivative
In mathematics, the subderivative (or subgradient) generalizes the derivative to convex functions which are not necessarily differentiable. The set of subderivatives at a point is called the subdifferential at that point. Subderivatives arise in convex analysis, the study of convex functions, often in connection to convex optimization.

Let  be a real-valued convex function  defined on an open interval of the real line. Such a function need not be differentiable at all points: For example, the absolute value function  is non-differentiable when . However, as seen in the graph on the right (where  in blue has non-differentiable kinks similar to the absolute value function), for any  in the domain of the function one can draw a line which goes through the point  and which is everywhere either touching or below the graph of f. The slope of such a line is called a subderivative.
Severn Bridge, Ontario
Severn Bridge is a small community in the Town of Gravenhurst, of the District of Muskoka in the province of Ontario, Canada.  It is located approximately 160 kilometres north of Toronto, on the Severn River, roughly halfway between Orillia and Gravenhurst.  Its population was around 300 in 1992.  It was founded in the nineteenth century.  The village is served by important road, rail, water links and its postal services and rural route are handled in Washago, Ontario.

Trillium Lakelands District School Board
The Trillium Lakelands District School Board (TLDSB, known as English-language Public District School Board No. 15 prior to 1999) administers public school education for students in a large area of central Ontario, Canada, including the municipalities of the City of Kawartha Lakes, Haliburton County, and the District Municipality of Muskoka. It manages 41 elementary schools, 7 secondary schools and 7 Adult Education and Training Centres.
Henry Booth
Henry Booth  (4 April 1788 – 28 March 1869) was a British corn merchant, businessman and engineer, known especially for pioneering the construction and management of the Liverpool & Manchester Railway (L&M), the world's first steam locomotive rail transportation of both passengers and freight.

Enabling act
An enabling act is a piece of legislation by which a legislative body grants an entity which depends on it (for authorization or legitimacy) for the delegation of the legislative body's power to take certain actions. For example, enabling acts often establish government agencies to carry out specific government policies in a modern nation. The effects of enabling acts from different times and places vary widely.
Badminton at the 2023 European Para Championships – Women's singles SU5
The women's singles SU5 badminton tournament at the 2023 European Para Championships was played from 15 to 20 August 2023 in Rotterdam Ahoy, Rotterdam. A total of 8 players competed at the tournament, two of whom was seeded.

Badminton at the 2023 European Para Championships
Badminton at the 2023 European Para Championships in Rotterdam, Netherlands, were held between 15 and 20 August 2023.

There were ten men's events, nine women's events, and three mixed doubles events. Badminton offers qualification ranking points for the men's and women's singles events players for the 2024 Summer Paralympics.
Balagansky District
Balagansky District (Russian: Балаганский райо́н) is an administrative district, one of the thirty-three in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Balagansky Municipal District. The area of the district is 6,634.7 square kilometers (2,561.7 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Balagansk. Population: 9,194 (2010 Census); 9,973 (2002 Census). The population of Balagansk accounts for 44.7% of the district's total population.

Ust-Udinsky District
Ust-Udinsky District (Russian: Усть-Удинский райо́н) is an administrative district, one of the thirty-three in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Ust-Udinsky Municipal District. The area of the district is 20,400 square kilometers (7,900 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Ust-Uda. Population: 14,385 (2010 census); 16,747 (2002 Census); 28,790 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Ust-Uda accounts for 36.0% of the district's total population.
Little Shashiskau River
The Little Shashiskau River is a river in northern Cochrane District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is part of the James Bay drainage basin, and is a right tributary of the Shashiskau River.

The river begins at an unnamed lake in the Shashiskau Hills and flows north then northwest to Shashiskau Lake as a right tributary of the Shashiskau River. The Shashiskau River flows via the Kesagami River and the Harricana River to James Bay.

Kesagami River
The Kesagami River is a river in northern Cochrane District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is part of the James Bay drainage basin, and is a left tributary of the Harricana River. The lower two-thirds of the river, from about Kesagami Lake and downstream for 112 kilometres (70 mi) to its mouth, are part of Kesagami Provincial Park.
Frickenhofer Höhe
The Frickenhofer Höhe is hill range, up to 565.4 m above sea level (NHN), in the German state of  Baden-Württemberg. Most of the range falls within the county of im Ostalbkreis but its northern spurs reach into Schwäbisch Hall. The elongated plateau-like region is named after the village of Frickenhofen, a settlement on the narrow northwest tip of the hills in the municipality of Gschwend.

Schwäbisch Hall (district)
Schwäbisch Hall ([ˈʃvɛːbɪʃ ˈhal]) is a Landkreis (district) in the northeast of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from north clockwise) Main-Tauber, the Bavarian district Ansbach, Ostalbkreis, Rems-Murr, and Hohenlohe.
NGC 5273
NGC 5273 is a lenticular galaxy located 54 million light-years away in the northern constellation of Canes Venatici. This galaxy was discovered by William Herschel on May 1, 1785. It is positioned 1+1⁄4° to the southeast of the star 25 Canum Venaticorum.

The morphological classification of this galaxy is SA0(s), indicating it is lenticular in form. It displays a faint, unbarred spiral structure within a generally elliptical profile. NGC 5273 is classified as a type 1.5 Seyfert galaxy, with the X-ray emission from its active galactic nucleus undergoing significant absorption. However, data collected between the year 2000 and 2022 suggest this is a changing–look Seyfert, with the type ranging from 1 to 1.8/1.9. The activity level shows strong variability, allowing reverberation mapping of the supermassive black hole at the core. This object has an estimated mass of (4.7±1.6)×106 M☉.

Canes Venatici
Canes Venatici (/ˈkeɪniːz vɪˈnætɪsaɪ/ KAY-neez vin-AT-iss-eye) is one of the 88 constellations designated by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). It is a small northern constellation that was created by Johannes Hevelius in the 17th century. Its name is Latin for 'hunting dogs', and the constellation is often depicted in illustrations as representing the dogs of Boötes the Herdsman, a neighboring constellation.

Cor Caroli is the constellation's brightest star, with an apparent magnitude of 2.9. La Superba (Y CVn) is one of the reddest naked-eye stars and one of the brightest carbon stars. The Whirlpool Galaxy is a spiral galaxy tilted face-on to observers on Earth, and was the first galaxy whose spiral nature was discerned. In addition, quasar TON 618 is one of the most massive black holes with the mass of 66 billion solar masses.
Newhouse Farmhouse, Llanvetherine
Newhouse Farmhouse, Llanvetherine, Monmouthshire is a farmhouse dating from the late-16th century. It is a Grade II* listed building. Its associated barns and stable block have their own Grade II listings.

John Newman (architectural historian)
John Arthur Newman FSA (14 December 1936 – 19 April 2023) was an English architectural historian. He was the author of several of the Pevsner Architectural Guides and was the advisory editor to the series.
Bonanza Peak (Washington)
Bonanza Peak is a tall peak in the North Cascades in the U.S. state of Washington and the Glacier Peak Wilderness of the Wenatchee National Forest. At 9,516 feet (2,900 m) in elevation, it is the highest point in Chelan County, and the highest non-volcanic peak in Washington. and the Cascade Range as a whole. Bonanza Peak's prominence is 3,711 feet (1,131 m), making it the 26th most prominent peak in Washington. The nearest higher peak is Glacier Peak, 14.4 miles (23.2 km) to the southwest.

Bonanza Peak is flanked with three large glaciers: Company Glacier to the north, Mary Green Glacier to the east, and Isella Glacier to the south.

Glacier Peak Wilderness
Glacier Peak Wilderness is a 566,057-acre (229,075 ha), 35-mile-long (56 km), 20-mile-wide (32 km) wilderness area  located within portions of Chelan, Snohomish, and Skagit counties in the North Cascades of Washington. The area lies within parts of Wenatchee National Forest and Mount Baker National Forest and is characterized by heavily forested stream courses, steep-sided valleys, and dramatic glacier-crowned peaks. The dominant geologic feature of the area is 10,541-foot (3,213 m) Glacier Peak. It is the most remote major volcanic peak in the Cascade Range and is the third most heavily glaciated volcano in the lower forty-eight states behind Mount Rainier and Mount Baker. Glacier Peak is a volcanic cone of basalt, pumice, and ash which erupted during periods of heavy glaciation.
Bubeník
Bubeník (feminine: Bubeníková) is a Czech and Slovak surname, meaning 'drummer'. A similar surname with the same etymology is Bubeníček. Notable people with the surname include:

Matúš Bubeník (born 1989), Slovak athlete

Wolfgang Bubenik (born 1981), Austrian football player

Zoltán Bubeník (born 1966), Czech surgeon general

Czech name
Czech names are composed of a given name and a family name (surname). Czechs typically get one given name – additional names may be chosen by themselves upon baptism but they generally use one. With marriage, the bride typically adopts the bridegroom's surname.
King's Variety Store
King's Variety Store was a chain of discount stores founded in 1915 by M.H. King in Burley, Idaho. At its peak, King's had 27 stores in Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming.

A typical King's store ranged from 10,000 square feet (930 m2) to 20,000 square feet (1,900 m2) and carried a wide variety of value priced merchandise. Most King's stores were located in smaller towns that only had a grocery store as its major retail store.

In February 2017, King's announced it would close all of its stores, and ceased operations that May.

Burley, Idaho
Burley (/ˈbʊrliː/) is a city in Cassia and Minidoka counties in southern Idaho, United States. The population was 11,704 at the 2020 census, up from 10,345 in 2010. The city is the county seat of Cassia County.

Burley is the principal city of the Burley, Idaho, Micropolitan Statistical Area, which comprises Cassia and Minidoka counties. Burley is the largest city in Cassia and Minidoka counties (collectively called the “Mini-Cassia” area), and the third-largest city in Idaho's Magic Valley region, after Twin Falls and Jerome.
Kashagawigamog Lake
Kashagawigamog Lake is a lake in Haliburton County, Ontario, Canada. It is in the "cottage country" area of central Ontario and has many cottages along its shores. It is the central lake in a five-lake chain running southwest from the town of Haliburton to as far as Minden. Connected to Grass Lake and Head Lake to the east, Soyers Lake to the north, and Canning Lake to the west, the lake is long and narrow. The lake is essentially a widening of the Drag River, which flows from Drag Lake into the chain of lakes at Head Lake and out again at Canning Lake where a dam is controlled by the Trent-Severn Waterway.

Residents of Kashawigamog Lake are represented by the Lake Kashagawigamog Organization.

Head Lake (Haliburton County)
Head Lake is a lake in the village of Haliburton, in Haliburton County, Ontario, Canada. Haliburton Village is in south central Ontario, about 25 km (15 mi) east of the village of Minden and approximately 50 km (31 mi) south-west of the panhandle of Algonquin Park. From Ontario's largest city, Toronto, it is just over 200 km (124 mi) to Haliburton, and from the national capital of Ottawa, it is about 300 km (186 mi).

Head Lake is in the Great Lakes Basin. The primary inflow and outflow is the Drag River, arriving at the east from Drag Lake and leaving at the southwest to Grass Lake. The Drag River then flows via the Burnt River and Trent River to Lake Ontario.

Ontario Highway 118 follows the east shore of the lake.
Durazzano
Durazzano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Benevento in the Italian region Campania, located about 30 km northeast of Naples and about 30 km west of Benevento. As of 1 January 2020, it had a population of 2,171 and an area of 13.2 km2.

Durazzano borders the following municipalities: Cervino, Sant'Agata de' Goti, Santa Maria a Vico, Valle di Maddaloni.

Benevento
Benevento (Italian: [beneˈvɛnto] ⓘ; Beneventano: Biniviento [biniˈvjendə]) is a city and comune (municipality) of Campania, Italy, capital of the province of Benevento. It is situated on a hill 130 metres (427 feet) above sea level at the confluence of the Calore Irpino (or Beneventano) and the Sabato. As of June 30, 2025, Benevento has 55,319 inhabitants. It is also the seat of a Catholic archbishop.

Benevento occupies the site of the ancient Beneventum, originally Maleventum or even earlier Maloenton. In the imperial period, its founder was deemed to have been Diomedes after the Trojan War.

Due to its artistic and cultural significance, the Santa Sofia Church in Benevento was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011, as part of a group of seven historic buildings inscribed as Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.).

The patron saint of Benevento is Saint Bartholomew, the Apostle, whose relics are kept at the Cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta.
NA-260 Chagai-cum-Nushki-cum-Kharan-cum-Washuk
NA-260 (Chagai-cum-Nushki-cum-Kharan-cum-Washuk)  (این اے-260، چاغی-بمع-نوشکی-بمع-خاران-بمع-واشوک)is a constituency for the National Assembly of Pakistan. It comprises the districts of Chagai, Nushki and Kharan from the province of Balochistan. It was created in 2018 out of two former constituencies namely NA-268 (Chagai-cum-Nushki-cum-Kharan)NA-270 (Panjgur-cum-Washuk-cum-Awaran)by taking out areas of Chagai and Kharan districts respectively and merging with areas of Nushki District and Washuk Districts to create this constituency.

Chagai District
Chaghi District (Balochi: چاگۓ دمگ; Urdu: ضلع چاغی), also known as Chaghi District, is the largest district of Pakistan by area, located in the northwestern corner of the Balochistan province of Pakistan. The district shares its border with two countries: Afghanistan and Iran.
Nangloi Jat Assembly constituency
Nangloi Jat Assembly constituency  is one of the seventy Delhi assembly constituencies of Delhi in northern India.
Nangloi Jat assembly constituency is a part of North West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency).

North West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency
North West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 7 Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituencies in the Indian National Capital Territory of Delhi. This constituency came into existence in 2008 as part of the implementation of the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002. This constituency is reserved for the candidates from the Scheduled castes.
Židikai
Židikai (Samogitian: Žėdėkā) is a town in Mažeikiai district municipality, Lithuania. It is located 21 km (13 mi) west of Mažeikiai. Židikai is the seat of Židikai elderate. Židikai is known for being the home of Marija Pečkauskaitė – Šatrijos Ragana, a famous Lithuanian writer (1877–1930) for the last 15 years of her lifetime.

Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania
The Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania or Act of 11 March (Lithuanian: Aktas dėl Lietuvos nepriklausomos valstybės atstatymo) was an independence declaration by Lithuania adopted on 11 March 1990, signed by all members of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania led by Sąjūdis. The act emphasized restoration and legal continuity of the interwar-period Lithuania, which was occupied by the Soviet Union and annexed in June 1940. In March 1990, it was the first of the 15 Soviet republics to declare independence, with the rest following to continue for 21 months, concluding with Kazakhstan's independence in 1991. These events (part of the broader process dubbed the "parade of sovereignties") led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991.
Rupes Boris
Rupes Boris is a short fault or ridge in the lunar surface that is located in the northwestern quadrant of the Moon's near side, within Mare Imbrium. Its name was adopted in 1985 by the International Astronomical Union, and was taken from the tiny nearby crater Boris. The selenographic coordinates of this feature are 30°30′N 33°30′W﻿ / ﻿30.5°N 33.5°W﻿ / 30.5; -33.5, and it has a length of just 4 km.

It has been proposed that Rupes Boris is not actually a lunar escarpment, but may be a ridge of ejecta from the nearby crater Delisle.

Mare Imbrium
Mare Imbrium /ˈɪmbriəm/ (Latin imbrium, the "Sea of Showers" or "Sea of Rains") is a vast lava plain within the Imbrium Basin on the Moon and is one of the larger craters in the Solar System. The Imbrium Basin formed from the collision of a proto-planet during the Late Heavy Bombardment. Basaltic lava later flooded the giant crater to form the flat volcanic plain seen today. The basin's age has been estimated using uranium–lead dating methods to approximately 3.9 billion years ago, and the diameter of the impactor has been estimated to be 250 ± 25 km. The Moon's maria (plural of mare) have fewer features than other areas of the Moon because molten lava pooled in the craters and formed a relatively smooth surface. Mare Imbrium is not as flat as it would have originally been when it first formed as a result of later events that have altered its surface. Mare Imbrium was the location of the first robotic rover deployed on an extraterrestrial body.
Crockham Hill
Crockham Hill is a village in the Sevenoaks district of Kent, England. It is about 3 miles (5 km) south of Westerham, and Chartwell is nearby. The village has a population of around 270 people. It contains a 19th-century pub, the Royal Oak, and Holy Trinity church.

Westerham
Westerham is a town and civil parish in the Sevenoaks District of Kent, England. It is located 3.4 miles east of Oxted and 6 miles west of Sevenoaks, adjacent to the Kent border with both Greater London and Surrey.
It is recorded as early as the 9th century, and was mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 in a Norman form, Oistreham (compare Ouistreham in Normandy, Oistreham in 1086). Hām is Old English for a village or homestead, and so Westerham means a westerly homestead. The River Darent flows through the town, and formerly powered three watermills. The total population in 2021 was 4,498.
3RPH Warrnambool
3RPH Warrnambool (callsign 3RPH/T) is a radio station based in Warrnambool, Victoria.  It is part of the Vision Australia Radio network, a reading and information service for those persons unable to read or easily access information in print. The station is run and operated by volunteers.

There is another station in the network with the same 3RPH/T callsign, 3RPH Warragul

When not broadcasting local programs, the station is a relay of 3RPH in Melbourne.

On July 2, 2018, 3RPH swapped frequencies with 3YB to allow them to broadcast on 94.5 FM MHz. In addition, 3YB donated $25,000 to the Vision Australia Warrnambool Branch and 3RPH new 882 Frequency extended from 800 to 2,000 Watts covering the entire South West.

3RPH
3RPH is a community radio station owned and operated by Vision Australia as part of the Vision Australia Radio network. The station broadcasts a radio reading service to Melbourne, Victoria, with repeater services in Warragul and Warrnambool, Victoria.

The station had its origins in 1974, when the Radio for the Blind Committee began broadcasting a half-hour program on ABC radio and a 45-minute program on 3CR in Melbourne.

The station was then licensed to commence programming on its own frequency, broadcasting from 12 December 1982 at 1705 kHz

In 1983 the station moved its signal to 1629 kHz, before moving to 1179 kHz, vacated by 3KZ, in 1990. The switch to 1179 also led to the station expanding to 24-hour programming.

3RPH is also a member of Radio Print Handicapped Network and a BBC World Service partner station.
1877 AAC Championships
The 1877 AAC Championships was an outdoor track and field competition organised by the Amateur Athletic Club (AAC). The championships were held on 26 March 1877, at the Lillie Bridge Grounds in London.

Lillie Bridge Grounds
The Lillie Bridge Grounds was a sports ground on the Fulham side of West Brompton, London. It opened in 1866, coinciding with the opening of West Brompton station. It was named after the local landowner, Sir John Scott Lillie (1790–1868) and the Lillie bridge over the West London Line, that links Old Brompton Road with Lillie Road. The grounds were adjacent to the railway on the south side of Lillie Road. Although geographically near to present day Stamford Bridge, there was never direct access, there being the 13-acre now defunct Western Hospital site between the two. The ground was the scene in its day of many sports including athletics, boxing, cricket, cycling and football, and hosted the FA Cup Final in 1873. It closed in 1888 following a riot reported in The Times.
Terry Lamb
Terence John Lamb OAM (born 15 September 1961), also nicknamed "Baa", is an Australian former rugby league footballer and coach. He played 350 games, with the Western Suburbs (1980–1983) and Canterbury (1984–1996).

Lamb was known for his support of the ball-carrier - his ability to be in the right place at the right time netted him 164 tries. This earned him the moniker of "The Back-up Man". He also kicked 386 goals and 44 field goals, for 1,442 points in first grade. He played for New South Wales in State of Origin and Australia. Lamb is the only player to appear in every match of a Kangaroo Tour.

Australian Rugby League Commission
The Australian Rugby League Commission Limited (ARL), formerly the Australian Rugby Football League Limited is an Australian rugby league football competition operator.

It was founded in 1986 as the Australian Rugby Football League Limited and succeeded the Australian Rugby Football League Board of Control which had been formed in 1924. Since its inception, the ARL has administered the Australian national team and represented Australia in international rugby league matters. Prior to 1998, the code in Australia had been principally administered by individual state leagues on a domestic basis, and the ARL on a national and international basis.