hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Operation Sunshine
Operation Sunshine was an anti-demolition operation in occupied Norway from October 1944 to May 1945. It was planned by Norwegian military personnel in the United Kingdom in cooperation with British forces, and part of an effort to protect essential installations and industry, in particular large power stations, against destruction in a possible scorched earth action by the Germans towards the end of World War II.

German occupation of Norway
The occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany during the Second World War began on 9 April 1940 after Operation Weserübung. Conventional armed resistance to the German invasion ended on 10 June 1940, and Nazi Germany controlled Norway until the capitulation of German forces in Europe on 8 May 1945. Throughout this period, a pro-German government named Den nasjonale regjering ('the National Government') ruled Norway, while the Norwegian king Haakon VII and the prewar government escaped to London, where they formed a government in exile. Civil rule was effectively assumed by the Reichskommissariat Norwegen (Reich Commissariat of Norway), which acted in collaboration with the pro-German puppet government. This period of military occupation is, in Norway, referred to as the "war years", "occupation period" or simply "the war".
Hellenic Society for Systemic Studies
The Hellenic Society for Systemic Studies (Greek: Ελληνική Εταιρεία Συστημικών Μελετών, ΕΕΣΜ) is a scientific non-profit society that was established in 2003. It is a member of the International Society for the Systems Sciences, the International Federation of Systems Research and the European Union for Systemics. Its founding and first president is Nikitas Assimakopoulos.

International Society for the Systems Sciences
The International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS) is a worldwide organization for systems sciences. The overall purpose of the ISSS is:

to promote the development of conceptual frameworks based on general system theory, as well as their implementation in practice. It further seeks to encourage research and facilitate communication between and among scientists and professionals from various disciplines and professions at local, regional, national, and international levels.

Conceived in 1954 as the Society for the Advancement of General Systems Theory, and started in 1955/56, the Society for General Systems Research became the first interdisciplinary and international co-operation in the field of systems theory and systems science. In 1988 it was renamed the International Society for the Systems Sciences.
Lilla Cabot Perry
Lilla Cabot Perry (born Lydia Cabot; January 13, 1848 – February 28, 1933) was an American artist who worked in the American Impressionist style, rendering portraits and landscapes in the free form manner of her mentor, Claude Monet. Perry was an early advocate of the French Impressionist style and contributed to its reception in the United States. Perry's early work was shaped by her exposure to the Boston School of artists and her travels in Europe and Japan. She was also greatly influenced by Ralph Waldo Emerson's philosophies and her friendship with Camille Pissarro. Although it was not until the age of thirty-six that Perry received formal training, her work with artists of the Impressionist, Realist, Symbolist, and German Social Realist movements greatly affected the style of her oeuvre.

Société des Artistes Indépendants
The Société des Artistes Indépendants (French pronunciation: [sɔsjete dez‿aʁtist(z‿)ɛ̃depɑ̃dɑ̃], Society of Independent Artists) or Salon des Indépendants (pronounced [salɔ̃ dez ͜ ɛ̃depɑ̃dɑ̃]) was formed in Paris on 29 July 1884. The association began with the organization of massive exhibitions in Paris, choosing the slogan "sans jury ni récompense" ("without jury nor reward"). Albert Dubois-Pillet, Odilon Redon, Georges Seurat and Paul Signac were among its founders. For the following three decades their annual exhibitions set the trends in art of the early 20th century, along with the Salon d'Automne. This is where artworks were often first displayed and widely discussed. World War I brought a closure to the salon, though the Artistes Indépendants remained active. Since 1920, the headquarters has been located in the vast basements of the Grand Palais (next door to the Société des Artistes Français, the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, the Société du Salon d'Automne, and others).
2023 Saudi Tour
The 2023 Saudi Tour was a road cycling stage race that took place between 30 January and 3 February 2023 in Saudi Arabia. The race is rated as a category 2.1 event on the 2023 UCI Asia Tour calendar, and is the seventh edition of the Saudi Tour.

2023 UCI Asia Tour
The 2023 UCI Asia Tour was the 19th season of the UCI Asia Tour. The season began on 13 November 2022 with the Tour de Okinawa and ended in October 2023.

The points leader, based on the cumulative results of previous races, wore the UCI Asia Tour cycling jersey.

Throughout the season, points were awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races and the final general classification standings of each of the stages races and one-day events. The quality and complexity of a race also determined how many points were awarded to the top finishers, the higher the UCI rating of a race, the more points were awarded.

The UCI race classifications from highest to lowest were as follows:

Multi-day events: 2.1 and 2.2

One-day events: 1.1 and 1.2
Cromer Ridge
Cromer Ridge is a ridge of old glacial moraines (terminal moraine) that stands next to the coast adjacent to Cromer, Norfolk, England. Cromer Ridge seems to have been the front line of the ice sheet for some time at the last glaciation, which is shown by the large size of the feature. All the material that was dredged up from the North Sea was poured out of the glaciers to form a ridge.

Located on the North Norfolk coast, Cromer Ridge is among the highest land of East Anglia reaching 335 feet (102 m), and is 8.7 miles (14.0 km) long. It is characterised by its irregular, undulating, intimate and well-wooded topography and by substantial areas of heather in the west. Small, enclosed arable fields, hedgebanks, sunken lanes and sparse settlement are also characteristic features of the ridge. The crumbling cliffs at the coast are of glacial sands and gravels with some chalk exposures.

Cromer Ridge was formed during the Anglian glaciation around 450,000 years ago.

North Norfolk
North Norfolk is a local government district in Norfolk, England. Its council is based in Cromer, and the largest town is North Walsham. The district also includes the towns of Fakenham, Holt, Sheringham, Stalham and Wells-next-the-Sea, along with numerous villages and surrounding rural areas.

The district lies on the north coast of Norfolk, facing the North Sea, with much of its coastline lying within the Norfolk Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Some south-eastern parts of the district lie within The Broads. The neighbouring districts are Great Yarmouth, Breckland, Broadland and King's Lynn and West Norfolk.
Optoro
Optoro is a reverse logistics technology company that works with retailers, manufacturers, and third-party logistics (3PL) companies to manage returned and excess merchandise. These products, which range from consumer electronics to home goods to clothing, are automatically listed on online marketplaces, including Amazon, eBay, Buy.com and Best Buy. Optoro also liquidates goods in bulk through its other proprietary website.

Venture round
A venture round is a type of funding round used for venture capital financing, by which startup companies obtain investment, generally from venture capitalists and other institutional investors. The availability of venture funding is among the primary stimuli for the development of new companies and technologies.
Charles Powell Leslie (1821–1871)
Charles Powell Leslie (13 September 1821 – 26 June 1871) was a British Conservative politician and landowner. He was member of parliament for Monaghan between 1843 and 1871, and Lord Lieutenant of Monaghan between 1858 and 1871. He was the third of his name; his father, and grandfather, also represented Monaghan.

Leslie was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he matriculated in 1839. He played one first class cricket match for Oxford University Cricket Club against Marylebone Cricket Club at Lord's on 16–17 March 1841.

He was squire of Castle Leslie, Glaslough, County Monaghan. He was unmarried, died without issue, and was succeeded as MP by his younger brother Sir John Leslie, 1st Baronet.

Charles Powell Leslie (1731–1800)
Charles Powell Leslie (1731–1800), of Castle Leslie, Glaslough, County Monaghan, was an Irish landowner and politician. He was member of the Irish Parliament for Hillsborough (1771–1776) and County Monaghan (1783–1800).

He was the son of Robert Leslie and Frances (née Rogerson), daughter of Sir John Rogerson, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, and Elizabeth Ludlow, niece of the regicide Edmund Ludlow. His grandfather was Rev. Charles Leslie.

In 1765, Leslie married Prudence Penelope, daughter of Arthur Hill-Trevor, 1st Viscount Dungannon and Anne Stafford. His children from this marriage included Charles Powell Leslie and Rev. John Leslie. In 1785, he married Mary Anne (née Tench) with whom he had one son and four daughters.

Leslie was appointed High Sheriff of Wicklow for 1766.
B virus
B-virus, sometimes called Herpes B, is a virus of the genus Simplexvirus that infects macaque monkeys. B virus is very similar to Herpes simplex virus 1, and as such, this neurotropic virus is not found in the blood.

In the natural host, the virus exhibits pathogenesis similar to that of cold sores in humans. There have been a number of accidental infections and fatalities of researchers working with rhesus monkeys (Rhesus macaque). When humans are zoonotically infected with B virus, they can present with a severe encephalitis, resulting in permanent neurological dysfunction or death. Severity of the disease increases for untreated patients, with a case fatality rate of approximately 80%. Early diagnosis and subsequent treatment are crucial to human survival of the infection.

Simplexvirus
Simplexvirus is a genus of viruses in the order Herpesvirales, in the family Herpesviridae, in the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae. Humans and mammals serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with this genus include skin vesicles or mucosal ulcers, rarely encephalitis, and meningitis.
2022 Championnats Banque Nationale de Granby
The 2022 Championnats Banque Nationale de Granby was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the twenty-seventh (men) and tenth (women) editions of the tournament, which was part of the 2022 ATP Challenger Tour and a WTA 250 tournament on the 2022 WTA Tour. It took place in Granby, Quebec, Canada between 21 and 28 August 2022. This year marked the first year the tournament was upgraded to a WTA Tour tournament from an ITF Women's World Tennis Tour tournament.

2022 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour in 2022 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2022 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 184 tournaments with prize money ranging from $37,520 up to $159,360. It was the 45th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 14th under the name of Challenger Tour.
David Nakhid
David Nakhid (born 15 May 1964) is a Trinidad and Tobago politician and former professional footballer who serves as a Senator for the United National Congress.

He played as a midfielder and represented Trinidad and Tobago internationally between 1992 and 2005, playing in three CONCACAF Gold Cup editions: 1996, 1998, and 2000. He later entered the Senate of Trinidad and Tobago.

Al Mabarra Club
Al Mabarra Club (Arabic: نادي المبرة الرياضي) is a football club based in Beirut, Lebanon, that competes in the Lebanese Premier League.

Established in 1987, the club has experienced periods of both relegation and promotion throughout its history. They first played in the Lebanese Premier League in 1989, and won one Lebanese FA Cup in 2008.

The club is affiliated with the Al-Mabarrat Charitable Organization, and is known for its social and community-oriented foundation. Mabarra have Shia ties.
Nyanza Lac
4°20′36″S 29°36′19″E﻿ / ﻿4.34333°S 29.60528°E﻿ / -4.34333; 29.60528

Nyanza Lac is a city in southern Burundi, in Makamba Province. The city is located on the shores of Lake Tanganyika, to the south of Mutambara and close to the border with Tanzania.

The Rwaba River flows southwest to enter Lake Tanganyika just north of Nyanza Lac.
The river drains the sedimentary plain of Nyanza-Lac, which is about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) wide and backed by high ground.

Makamba Province
Makamba was a province of Burundi. The province had a population of 430,899 (2008 census) and covers an area of 1,960 km2.  The provincial capital was Makamba. Makamba had six communes. In 2025, it was merged into the new province of Burunga.
Grand Blanc Township, Michigan
Grand Blanc Township is a charter township of Genesee County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 39,846 at the 2020 census, a slight increase from 37,508 at the 2010 census. The city of  Grand Blanc was formed out of part of the township's survey area. The Charter Township is the largest suburb of Flint.

Charter township
A charter township is a form of local government in the U.S. state of Michigan. While all townships in Michigan are organized governments, a charter township has been granted a charter, which allows it certain rights and responsibilities of home rule that are generally intermediate between those of a city (a semi-autonomous jurisdiction in Michigan) and a village. Unless it is a home-rule village, a village is subject to the authority of any township in which it is located.

Of Michigan's 1,240 townships, 143 are charter townships. A number of charter townships are among the most populous municipalities in Michigan. For example, Clinton Township and Canton Township, both in Metro Detroit, were respectively the 8th and 9th most populous municipalities in Michigan at the 2020 census. The most recent township to become a charter township is Brady Township in Kalamazoo County, which adopted charter status on January 3, 2024.
Anka year
Anka year (Odia: ଅଙ୍କ Aṅka) system is a unique regnal year system used in the state of Odisha, India and was instituted by the rulers of the Eastern Ganga dynasty for dating their reigns. It had a number of features that mark the regnal year different from that actual duration of the year elapsed during the reign. The system still survives today and is used in the Odia calendar (panji) to mark the titular regnal year of the Gajapati Maharaja (King of Puri) which is currently held by Divyasingha Deva IV of the Bhoi dynasty, whose title carries the legacy of the historical ruling monarchs of Odisha.

Regnal year
A regnal year is a year of the reign of a sovereign, from the Latin regnum meaning kingdom, rule. Regnal years considered the date as an ordinal, not a cardinal number. For example, a monarch could have a first year of rule, a second year of rule, a third year of rule, and so on, but not a zeroth year of rule.

Applying this ancient epoch system to modern calculations of time, which include zero, is what led to the debate over when the third millennium began. Regnal years are "finite era names", contrary to "infinite era names" such as Christian era, Jimmu era, Juche era, and so on.
Mid-Columbia Libraries
Mid-Columbia Libraries is a library system in Eastern Washington. There were 270,125 people in its service area in 2023, which spans the Tri-Cities metropolitan area except for Richland, which retains a city library: West Richland, Kennewick, and Pasco, and surrounding Benton, Franklin, and parts of Adams Counties are part of Mid-Columbia. It was founded in 1948, originally to serve patrons in unincorporated parts of the counties.

As of 2025, the cities of Kennewick, Benton City, Connell, Mesa, and Kahlotus have annexed into the district, while Pasco, West Richland, and Prosser have contracts with the district. In 2025, Mid-Columbia Libraries entered into a reciprocal borrowing agreement with the Richland Public Library, Walla Walla County Rural Library District, Walla Walla Public Library, and Columbia County Rural Library District.

West Richland, Washington
West Richland is a city in Benton County, Washington. The population was 16,295 at the time of the 2020 census. The city is part of the Tri-Cities metropolitan area, whose principal cities (the Tri-Cities) are Richland, Kennewick, and Pasco.
2015–2018 Iraqi protests
As sequel to protests in 2011, 2012 and 2013, Iraqi citizens have also in 2015 up until 2018 often and massively protested against the corruption and incompetence in their government which according to analysts and protesters had led to long-running problems in electricity supplies, clean water availability, Iranian interference in Iraqi politics, high unemployment, and a stagnant economy.

The muhasasa quota agreements of 2003–2006 (distributing ministerial positions including budgets over 'ethnic and religious groups', thus undermining and obliterating any sense of Iraqi national unity) were considered the root of most of those Iraqi problems.

Basra Governorate
The Basra Governorate (Arabic: محافظة البصرة‎ Muḥāfaẓa al-Baṣra), also called Basra Province, is a governorate in southern Iraq bordering Kuwait to the south and Iran to the east. The capital is the city of Basra, located in the Basrah district. Other districts of Basra include Al-Qurna, Al-Zubair, Al-Midaina, Shatt Al-Arab, Abu Al-Khaseeb and Al-Faw located on the Persian Gulf. It is the only governorate with a coastline.
Prvoslav Radojević
Prvoslav Radojević (Serbian Cyrillic: Првослав Радојевић; fl. 1280) was a Serbian nobleman in the service of Queen Helen of Anjou (consort 1245–76; dowager 1276–1314), with the title of kaznac (chamberlain, camerarius). The title-holder was among the foremost at the Serbian court, taking care of state finances. He was a provincial kaznac, as opposed to the royal (statewide) veliki kaznac. Queen Helen was the consort of king Stefan Uroš I (r. 1243–76) and mother of kings Stefan Dragutin (r. 1276–82) and Stefan Milutin (r. 1282–1321). The Queen governed Zeta and Trebinje during the rule of her sons, until 1309. Prvoslav Radojević is mentioned as serving the Queen in Trebinje in a document dated 8 February 1280 (Pervosclavus Radoevich camerarius Domine Regine in Tribigna). This also shows that Queen Helen had her own kaznac in Trebinje. His office was succeeded by Mrnjan, who is known to have held that office between 1288 and 1290 (possibly somewhat earlier).

Stefan Uroš I
Stefan Uroš I (Serbian Cyrillic: Стефан Урош I; c. 1223 – 1 May 1277), known as Uroš the Great (Serbian: Урош Велики, romanized: Uroš Veliki)[a] was the King of Serbia from 1243 to 1276, succeeding his brother Stefan Vladislav. He was one of the most important rulers in Serbian history. During his reign the foundations were laid for the expansion of the Serbian medieval state, which would become an empire in the middle of the 14th century.
Silverliner
Silverliner is the name given to a series of electric multiple unit (EMU) railcars in commuter rail service in the Philadelphia area since 1958.  As of the introduction of the Silverliner V in 2009–2010, there have been 5 generations of Silverliner cars, identified by the Roman numerals I through V placed after the name Silverliner.  The Silverliner name came from the classes' shiny stainless steel body shell, which contrasted with the painted and frequently rusting carbon steel railcars used by the Pennsylvania and Reading Railroads between 1915 and 1936.  Applied to the first large production order in 1963, the cars made such an impression that the name has since been applied to all subsequent MU classes purchased by SEPTA for the Regional Rail services.

Dynamic braking
Dynamic braking is the use of an electric traction motor as a generator when slowing a vehicle such as an electric or diesel–electric locomotive. It is termed "rheostatic" if the generated electrical power is dissipated as heat in brake grid resistors, and "regenerative" if the power is returned to the supply line. Dynamic braking reduces wear on friction-based braking components, and regeneration lowers net energy consumption. Dynamic braking may also be used on railcars with multiple units, light rail vehicles, electric trams, trolleybuses, and electric and hybrid electric automobiles.
William FitzAlan, 2nd Lord of Oswestry and Clun
William FitzAlan was a Norman nobleman who lived in Oswestry and Clun near Shrewsbury, along the medieval Welsh Marches. William was the son of William FitzAlan, controlling the castles of Clun and Oswestry and later became the High Sheriff of Shropshire. Many people today will often confuse William with his father, as their death dates are similar by 5 years.  Because of this, it is important to know that this William was married to Mary Erington, the daughter of Thomas.  William's father William (d. 1210) married the daughter of Hugh de Lacy, whose name is never mentioned in any documents. When William came to inherit his lands in 1210, King John demanded a fee of 10,000 marks; unable to pay, William was unable to inherit. He only outlived his father by a few years, dying around Easter 1215. The estates were eventually reclaimed by his younger brother John Fitzalan.

High Sheriff of Shropshire
This is a list of sheriffs and high sheriffs of Shropshire

The sheriff is the oldest secular office under the Crown. Formerly the high sheriff was the principal law enforcement officer in the county but over the centuries most of the responsibilities associated with the post have been transferred elsewhere or are now defunct so that its functions are now largely ceremonial. From 1204 to 1344 the Sheriff of Staffordshire served also as the Sheriff of Shropshire.

Under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, on 1 April 1974 the office previously known as sheriff was retitled high sheriff. The high sheriff changes every March.
Faustina Bordoni
Faustina Bordoni (30 March 1697 – 4 November 1781) was an Italian mezzo-soprano. Her husband was the German composer Johann Adolph Hasse; the Johann Adolph Hasse Museum in Hamburg is dedicated to him and partly to Bordoni.

Leonardo Vinci
Leonardo Vinci (1690 – 27 May 1730) was an Italian Baroque composer known chiefly for his 40 or so operas; comparatively little of his work in other genres survives. A central proponent of the Neapolitan School of opera, his influence on subsequent opera composers such as Johann Adolph Hasse and Giovanni Battista Pergolesi was considerable.
James Carroll (Dublin politician)
James Carroll (29 March 1907 – 30 July 1973) was an Irish politician. Carroll was elected to Dáil Éireann as an independent Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin South-West constituency at the 1957 general election. He had stood at the 1954 general election for the same constituency but was unsuccessful. He was re-elected at the 1961 general election but lost his seat at the 1965 general election. He served as Lord Mayor of Dublin from 1957 to 1958.

Lord Mayor of Dublin
The Lord Mayor of Dublin (Irish: Ardmhéara Bhaile Átha Cliath) is the honorary title of the chairperson (Irish: Cathaoirleach [ˈkahiːɾˠl̠ʲəx]) of Dublin City Council which is the local government body for the city of Dublin, the capital of Ireland. The incumbent, since June 2025, is Fine Gael councillor Ray McAdam. The office holder is elected annually by the members of the council.