hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
4950th Test Group
The 4950th Test Group (Nuclear) is an inactive United States Air Force unit.  It was last was assigned to Air Force Special Weapons Center, stationed at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico.  It was inactivated on 16 August 1961.

The mission of the unit was to serve as a permanent United States Air Force Air Task Group for atmospheric testing.  With the phase-down of atmospheric testing activities as a result of the 1958 moratorium between the United States and Soviet Union, in August 1961 the unit was disestablished.

Operation Hardtack II
Operation Hardtack II was a series of 37 nuclear tests conducted by the United States in 1958 at the Nevada Test Site. These tests followed the Operation Argus series and preceded the Operation Nougat series.

With test moratoriums on the horizon, American weapons labs rushed out many new designs. A hard deadline for testing was set at midnight (0000 hrs), 31 October 1958, as negotiations were set to start that day, and the schedule shows it, with 29 tests executed in October, four of them on the last day.  One other test was cancelled because weather delays postponed it across the midnight deadline.  After the conclusion of Hardtack II, the United States announced a unilateral testing moratorium, which the Soviet Union joined after two last tests on 1 and 3 November.  In September 1961, the Soviet Union resumed nuclear testing — including the test of the most powerful nuclear device ever designed, the Tsar Bomba, in October — and the United States followed suit with Operation Nougat.
Frederick Hutton (scientist)
Captain Frederick Wollaston Hutton FRS FGS (16 November 1836 – 27 October 1905) was an English-born New Zealand scientist who applied the theory of natural selection to explain the origins and nature of the natural history of New Zealand. Whilst an army officer, he embarked on an academic career in geology and biology, to become one of the most able and prolific nineteenth century naturalists of New Zealand.

Royal Society of New Zealand
The Royal Society of New Zealand, branded as the Royal Society Te Apārangi, is a not-for-profit body in New Zealand providing funding and policy advice in the fields of sciences and the humanities. These fundings (i.e., Marsden grants and research fellowships) are provided on behalf of the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment.
Margat
Margat, also known as Marqab (Arabic: قلعة المرقب, romanized: Qalʻat al-Marqab, lit. 'Castle of the Watchtower'), is a castle near Baniyas, Syria, which was a Crusader fortress and one of the major strongholds of the Knights Hospitaller. It is located around 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the Mediterranean coast and approximately 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) south of Baniyas. The castle remained in a poor state of preservation until 2007 when some reconstruction and renovation began.

Ibn Battuta
Ibn Battuta (/ˌɪbən bætˈtuːtɑː/; 24 February 1304 – 1368/1369) was a Maghrebi Muslim traveller, explorer and scholar. Over a period of 30 years from 1325 to 1354, he visited much of Africa, Asia, and the Iberian Peninsula. Near the end of his life, Ibn Battuta dictated an account of his journeys, titled A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling, commonly known as The Rihla. Ibn Battuta travelled more than any other explorer in pre-modern history, totalling around 117,000 km (73,000 mi), surpassing Zheng He with about 50,000 km (31,000 mi) and Marco Polo with 24,000 km (15,000 mi).
Toudao, Helong
Toudao is a town in Helong, Yanbian, Jilin. Toudao Town administers Jiangbei Community, Jiangnan Community, Yanfeng Village, Mingxing Village, Sanhe Village, Longping Village, Longxin Village, Guangxin Village, Longhai Village, Longhu Village, Xinmin Village, Longyuan Village, Longshui Village, Changren Village, Longmen Village, Qinglong Village, Xinbei Village and Zhenxing Village.

The population is 32,036 and there are 10,438 households. 75% of the total population are ethnically Korean. Toudao covers an area of 513 sq km.

Toudao is known for its rice production. Three state-owned forest farms are located in Toudao.

The Ancient Tombs at Longtoushan are located in Toudao.

Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain
The Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain are the burial sites of twelve royal figures from the Balhae (Bohai) kingdom. It is located on Longtou Mountain, southeast of Toudao Town (头道镇) in Helong, Jilin Province, China, a region possibly called the "Western Field of the Ran Valley" (染谷之西原) by the Balhae people. The mausoleum of Princess Chŏnghyo is located here.
Hyperbolic link
In mathematics, a hyperbolic link is a link in the 3-sphere with complement that has a complete Riemannian metric of constant negative curvature, i.e. has a hyperbolic geometry. A hyperbolic knot is a hyperbolic link with one component.

As a consequence of the work of William Thurston, it is known that every knot is precisely one of the following: hyperbolic, a torus knot, or a satellite knot. As a consequence, hyperbolic knots can be considered plentiful. A similar heuristic applies to hyperbolic links.

As a consequence of Thurston's hyperbolic Dehn surgery theorem, performing Dehn surgeries on a hyperbolic link enables one to obtain many more hyperbolic 3-manifolds.

Dehn surgery
In topology, a branch of mathematics, a Dehn surgery, named after Max Dehn, is a construction used to modify 3-manifolds.  The process takes as input a 3-manifold together with a link.  It is often conceptualized as two steps: drilling then filling.
Qing dynasty coinage
Qing dynasty coinage was based on a bimetallic standard of copper and silver coinage. The Manchu-led Qing dynasty was proclaimed in 1636 and ruled over China proper from 1644 until its overthrow in 1912 as a result of the Xinhai Revolution. The Qing saw the transformation of a traditional cash coin–based cast coinage monetary system into a modern currency system with machine-struck coins, while the old traditional silver ingots would slowly be replaced by silver coins based on those of the Mexican peso. After the Qing dynasty was abolished, its currency was replaced by the Chinese yuan of the Republic of China.

Chinese dragon
The Chinese dragon or loong (/lʊŋ/ LUUNG) is a legendary creature in Chinese mythology, Chinese folklore, and Chinese culture generally. Chinese dragons have many animal-like forms, such as turtles and fish, but are most commonly depicted as snake-like with four legs. Academicians have identified four reliable theories on the origin of the Chinese dragon: snakes, Chinese alligators, thunder worship and nature worship. They traditionally symbolize potent and auspicious powers, particularly control over water and weather.
Retniowiec
Retniowiec [rɛtˈɲɔvjɛt͡s] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lipce Reymontowskie, within Skierniewice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) north of Lipce Reymontowskie, 14 km (9 mi) west of Skierniewice, and 38 km (24 mi) north-east of the regional capital Łódź.

Lipce Reymontowskie
Lipce Reymontowskie [ˈlipt͡sɛ rɛjmɔnˈtɔfskʲɛ] (until 1984 Lipce) is a village in Skierniewice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Lipce Reymontowskie. It lies approximately 16 km (10 mi) south-west of Skierniewice and 36 km (22 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.

Polish novelist Władysław Stanisław Reymont, after whom the village was renamed in 1983, placed the plot of his novel The Peasants in the village of Lipce.
Hill 62 Memorial
The Canadian Hill 62 (Sanctuary Wood) Memorial is a war memorial that commemorates the actions of the Canadian Corps in defending the southern stretches of the Ypres Salient between April and August 1916 including actions in battle at the St Eloi Craters, Hill 62, Mount Sorrel and Sanctuary Wood. These battles marked the first occasion in which Canadian divisions engaged in planned offensive operations during World War I. In those actions the Canadians reconquered vital high-ground positions that denied the Germans a commanding view of the town of Ypres itself.

Ypres
Ypres (/ˈiːprə/ EE-prə, French: [ipʁ] ⓘ;  Dutch: Ieper [ˈipər] ⓘ; West Flemish: Yper; German: Ypern [ˈyːpɐn] ⓘ) is a Belgian city and municipality in the province of West Flanders. Though 
the Dutch name Ieper is the official one, the city's French name Ypres is most commonly used in English. The municipality comprises the city of Ypres/Ieper and the villages of Boezinge, Brielen, Dikkebus, Elverdinge, Hollebeke, Sint-Jan, Vlamertinge, Voormezele, Zillebeke, and Zuidschote. Together, they are home to about 34,900 inhabitants.

During the First World War, Ypres (or "Wipers" as it was commonly known by the British troops) was the centre of the Battles of Ypres between German and Allied forces.
909 Walnut
909 Walnut (formerly Fidelity National Bank & Trust Building, Federal Office Building and 911 Walnut) is a twin-spired, 35-story, 471-foot (144 m) residential skyscraper in Downtown Kansas City, Missouri. It was Missouri's tallest apartment building until the conversion of the Kansas City Power & Light building and the tenth-tallest habitable building in Missouri.

In 1997, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

Downtown Kansas City
Downtown Kansas City is the central business district (CBD) of Kansas City, Missouri and the Kansas City metropolitan area which contains 3.8% of the area's employment. It is between the Missouri River in the north, to 31st Street in the south; and from the Kansas–Missouri state line eastward to Bruce R. Watkins Drive as defined by the Downtown Council of Kansas City; the 2010 Greater Downtown Area Plan formulated by the City of Kansas City defines the Greater Downtown Area to be the city limits of North Kansas City and Missouri to the north, the Kansas–Missouri state line to the west, 31st Street to the south and Woodland Avenue to the east. However, the definition used by the Downtown Council is the most commonly accepted.

In March 2012, downtown Kansas City was selected as one of America's Best downtowns by Forbes magazine for its rich culture in arts, numerous fountains, upscale shopping, and local cuisine such as barbecue.
Erando Karabeci
Erando Karabeci (born 6 September 1988) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Tirana . He mainly operates in the centre of midfield, but he can also play out wide as well as in a more defensive role in the midfield.

Albania national under-21 football team
The Albania national under-21 football team is the national under-21 football team of Albania and is controlled by the Football Association of Albania. The team competes in the UEFA European Under-21 Championship, which is held every two years.

Following the realignment of UEFA's youth competitions in 1976, the Albanian under-21 team was formed.
Radagast
Radagast the Brown is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. A wizard and associate of Gandalf, he appears briefly in The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, The Silmarillion, and Unfinished Tales.

His role in Tolkien's writings is so slight that it has been described as a plot device, though scholars have noted his contribution to the evident paganism in Middle-earth. He played a more significant role in Peter Jackson's The Hobbit film series, where he was portrayed by Sylvester McCoy. Some aspects of his characterisation were invented for the films, but the core elements of his character—namely communing with animals, skill with herbs, and shamanistic ability to change his shape and colours—are all described in Tolkien's works. He is also a character in role-playing video games based on Tolkien's writings.

Valar
The Valar (['valar]; sing. Vala) are characters in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth writings. They are "angelic powers" or "gods" subordinate to the one God (Eru Ilúvatar). The Ainulindalë describes how some of the Ainur choose to enter the world (Arda) to complete its material development, after its form is determined by the Music of the Ainur. The mightiest of these are called the Valar, or "the Powers of the World", and the lesser spirits are called the Maiar.

The Valar are mentioned briefly in The Lord of the Rings, but Tolkien had developed them earlier, in material published posthumously in The Silmarillion, especially the "Valaquenta" (Quenya: "Account of the Valar"), The History of Middle-earth, and Unfinished Tales. Scholars have noted that the Valar resemble angels in Christianity but that Tolkien presented them rather more like pagan gods. Their role in providing what the characters in Middle-earth experience as luck or providence is also discussed.
Halal Product Assurance Organizing Agency
The Halal Product Assurance Organizing Agency (Indonesian: Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Produk Halal, BPJPH), also known as Halal Indonesia, is an Indonesian government cabinet-level agency in charge of organizing halal certifications. The agency is led by Haikal Hassan since 22 October 2024 (2024-10-22).

Along with the Hajj Management Authority, this agency results from a spin-off of the Ministry of Religious Affairs. Previously, halal organizing affairs were the responsibility of the Halal Product Assurance Organizing Body. The agency later separated and made into an independent agency.

Non-ministerial government body
Non-ministerial government body (Indonesian: Lembaga Pemerintah Nonkementerian, LPNK), was known as Non-departmental government body (Lembaga Pemerintah Nondepartemen, LPND), is  Indonesian state body for specific government task from the President. Chief of LPNK is directly responsible to the President or relevant minister.
1989 Taipei Women's Championships
The 1989 Taipei Women's Championships was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Taipei, Taiwan that was part of the Category 1 tier of the 1989 WTA Tour. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and was held from 24 April through 30 April 1989. First-seeded Anne Minter won the singles title.

Taipei Women's Championships
The Taipei Women's Championships is a defunct WTA Tour-affiliated women's tennis tournament played from 1986 to 1989 and from 1992 to 1994. It was held in Taipei, Taiwan and played on indoor carpet courts from 1986 to 1988, and on outdoor hard courts in 1989 and from 1992 to 1994. The 1980s tours were sponsored partly by Virginia Slims, and the 1990s events were sponsored by Kraft Foods and Procter & Gamble, the latter of which were named P&G Taiwan Women's Open or Taiwan Open in short. Anne Minter and Shi-Ting Wang were the most successful players at the tournament, each winning the singles competition twice.
Claxtonola Records
Claxtonola was a jazz record label founded in 1918 by the Brenard Manufacturing Company in Iowa City, Iowa. It reissued Paramount, Black Swan, and Gennett Records masters on the Claxtonola and National labels. The label closed in 1925. The company also sold phonographs.

Paramount Records
Paramount Records was an American record label known for its recordings of jazz and blues in the 1920s and early 1930s, including such artists as Ma Rainey, Tommy Johnson, Blind Blake and Blind Lemon Jefferson.
Civil flag
A civil flag is a version of the national flag that is flown by civilians on non-governmental installations or craft. The use of civil flags was more common in the past to denote buildings or ships not crewed by the military.

In some countries, the civil flag is the same as the state flag but without the coat of arms or national emblem, such as in the case of the flags of Peru or Serbia. In others, it is an alteration of the war flag.

In Scandinavia, state and war flags can be double and triple-tailed variants of the Nordic cross flag. Many countries, particularly those with a British heritage, still have distinctive civil flags (technically civil ensigns) for use at sea, many based on the Red Ensign.

War flag
A war ensign, also known as a military flag, battle flag, or standard, is a variant of a national flag for use by a country's military forces when on land. The nautical equivalent is a naval ensign. Under the strictest sense of the term, few countries today currently have distinct war flags, most using a flag design that is also the state flag or general national flag for this purpose.
HMS Neasham
HMS Neasham (M2712/IMS49) was a Ham-class minesweeper for the Royal Navy. The names of the Ham-class vessels were all chosen from villages ending in -ham. HMS Neasham was named after Neasham in County Durham.

Despite being completed on 15 November 1957, Neasham was held in operational reserve in a land cradle at Rosneath on the Clyde until 1967.  She was then transferred to the Royal Australian Navy, arriving in Sydney as deck cargo on the merchant ship Gladstone Star on 29 July 1968.

After a period at the RAN base at Garden Island, New South Wales, Neasham was converted into a diving tender and renamed HMAS Porpoise (DTV 1002/Y.280) on 13 June 1973. Porpoise was sold in 1989 to property developer Keith Williams, owner of Sea World on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.  She was later converted into a luxury motor yacht and renamed Achilles III.

Ham-class minesweeper
The Ham class was a class of inshore minesweepers (IMS), known as the Type 1, of the British Royal Navy. The class was designed to operate in the shallow water of rivers and estuaries. All of the ships in the class are named for British place names that end with -"ham". The parent firm that was responsible for supervising construction was Samuel White of Cowes, Isle of Wight.
Louisiana Highway 824
Louisiana Highway 824 (LA 824) is a collection of three state-maintained streets located in the Lincoln Parish town of Dubach that have a total length of 0.38 miles (0.61 km).  All three routes were established in the 1955 Louisiana Highway renumbering and are presently unsigned. As of 2017, the routes are currently under agreement to be transferred to local control.

1955 Louisiana Highway renumbering
In 1955, Louisiana passed a law that undertook a comprehensive revision to the state highway classification and numbering system. The new system designated roads by importance to travel patterns and rectified the previous numbering system under new unified designations.
Silicene
Silicene is a two-dimensional allotrope of silicon, with a hexagonal honeycomb structure similar to that of graphene. Contrary to graphene, silicene is not flat, but has a periodically buckled topology; the coupling between layers in silicene is much stronger than in multilayered graphene; and the oxidized form of silicene, 2D silica, has a very different chemical structure from graphene oxide.

Field-effect transistor
The field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor that uses an electric field to control the current through a semiconductor. It comes in two types: junction FET (JFET) and metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET). FETs have three terminals: source, gate, and drain. FETs control the current by the application of a voltage to the gate, which in turn alters the conductivity between the drain and source.

FETs are also known as unipolar transistors since they involve single-carrier-type operation. That is, FETs use either electrons (n-channel) or holes (p-channel) as charge carriers in their operation, but not both. Many different types of field-effect transistors exist. Field effect transistors generally display very high input impedance at low frequencies. The most widely used field-effect transistor is the MOSFET.
Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938)
Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (10 May 1907 – 6 September 1938), was heir apparent to the throne of Spain from birth until the abolition of the monarchy in 1931. He renounced his rights to the defunct throne in 1933. Alfonso was the eldest son of King Alfonso XIII of Spain and Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg.

Alfonso's renunciation of his rights as heir to the Spanish throne in order to marry Cuban commoner Edelmira Sampedro caused controversy at the time. A similar situation would take place three years later in Britain with his second cousin Edward VIII, who would abdicate as King of the United Kingdom and Emperor of India to marry an American divorcee, Wallis Simpson.

He died at the age of 31 as a result of a car crash. Though appearing to have sustained minor injuries, his haemophilia, inherited through his great-grandmother Queen Victoria, led to fatal internal bleeding.

Order of Charles III
The Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Charles III (Spanish: Real y Distinguida Orden Española de Carlos III; Abbr.: OC3), originally the Royal and Much Distinguished Order of Charles III (Spanish: Real y Muy Distinguida Orden de Carlos III), is a knighthood and one of the three preeminent orders of merit bestowed by the Kingdom of Spain, alongside the Order of Isabella the Catholic (established in 1815) and the Order of Civil Merit (established in 1926). It was established by the King of Spain Charles III by means of the Royal Decree of 19 September 1771, with the motto Virtuti et mérito. It rewards political appointees, foreign heads of state and high-ranking government officials for their actions in benefit to Spain and the Crown.
Semi-field study
A semi-field study or semifield study is a type of scientific investigation which is intermediate between laboratory study and open field research. This may be in a large enclosure in a lab, mixing some of the greater space of a field with the greater control, difficulty of escape, ease of access, predictable environment, and lowered chance of accidental escape of the lab; or an enclosure in a field, combining the realistic biotic and abiotic features of the field environment with some of the difficulty of escape of the lab setting.

Field research
Field research, field studies, or fieldwork is the collection of raw data outside a laboratory, library, or workplace setting. The approaches and methods used in field research vary across disciplines. For example, biologists who conduct field research may simply observe animals interacting with their environments, whereas social scientists conducting field research may interview or observe people in their natural environments to learn their languages, folklore, and social structures.

Field research involves a range of well-defined, although variable, methods: informal interviews, direct observation, participation in the life of the group, collective discussions, analyses of personal documents produced within the group, self-analysis, results from activities undertaken off- or on-line, and life-histories. Although the method generally is characterized as qualitative research, it may (and often does) include quantitative dimensions.