hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
International Masonic Association
The International Masonic Association (French: Association maçonnique internationale, also known as the AMI) founded in 1921 and dissolved in 1950, was an international grouping of Masonic obediences. Based in Geneva, the home of the Grand Lodge Alpina of Switzerland, the international was directed along the lines of Continental Freemasonry and heavily influenced by the Grand Orient de France. The organisation was involved in political activities in Europe between the First World War and the Second World War.

Freemasonry in Germany
Freemasonry in Germany (German: Freimaurerei) started in several places during the second quarter of the Eighteenth century. After the extinction of the Rite of Strict Observance, which had a wide following and claimed Templar origins for its higher degrees, the several Grand Lodges in Germany defied all attempts at unification, although a largely ineffectual central organisation came into being with the unification of Germany. During the 1920s Freemasons were harassed alongside Jews by those taken in by the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, and blamed for the German surrender of 1918. This culminated with the suppression of Freemasonry by the Nazis in 1935, with many Masons in Germany and occupied countries being executed or sent to concentration camps. Freemasonry returned to Germany after World War Two. A single central body now represents five "regular" Grand Lodges. Liberal, women's, and mixed lodges also exist.
Linwood H. Rose
Linwood Howard Rose (born 1951) was the fifth president of James Madison University in Harrisonburg, VA. Rose held 11 other positions at JMU before being named acting president in the fall of 1997, chief executive in September 1998, and being formally inaugurated on September 17, 1999.

He has also served as the Deputy Secretary of Education in Virginia and was appointed by President George W. Bush to the National Infrastructure Advisory Committee in 2002.  This was followed by an appointment from Virginia Governor, Bob McDonnell to the Governor's Commission on Higher Education Reform, Innovation and Investment

Rose announced in December 2010 that he planned to end his presidency in June 2012.
He was replaced by Jonathan R. Alger of Rutgers University.

Jonathan R. Alger
Jonathan Roberts Alger is an American lawyer and academic who is the president of American University. Alger became the university's 16th president on July 1, 2024. He previously served as James Madison University's sixth president from 2012 to 2024.

Alger is also a legal scholar with expertise on higher education policy and law and co-taught a seminar on leadership in the James Madison University Honors Program.
Crescenta Valley flood (1933 and 1934)
The Crescenta Valley flood occurred in New Year's Eve 1933 (December 31, 1933) and extended to New Year's 1934 (January 1, 1934) in the Crescenta Valley in Los Angeles County, California, inundating communities in the valley including La Crescenta-Montrose, La Cañada, and Tujunga.  This seemed to have happened because in late 1933, wildfires burned much of the trees and grass in the Crescenta Valley, leaving the cities in the lower parts of the valley vulnerable to flooding. On New Year's Eve, heavy rains led to the collapse of earthen dams, which in turn led to the destruction of many homes in the valley and many deaths.

Crescenta Valley
The Crescenta Valley is a small inland valley in Los Angeles County, California, lying between the San Gabriel Mountains on the northeast and the Verdugo Mountains and San Rafael Hills on the southwest. It opens into the San Fernando Valley at the northwest and the San Gabriel Valley at the southeast. It is nearly bisected by the Verdugo Wash, a smaller valley separating the Verdugo Mountains from the San Rafael Hills. Most of the valley lies at an elevation of over 1,500 feet (460 m).
Maurizio Diana
Maurizio Diana (born August 4, 1939) is an Italian geologist, physicist and painter. In his scientific research activities he is remembered particularly for his efforts in the development of technologies in the field of Cultural Heritage.

ENEA (Italy)
The Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile (ENEA; Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development) is an Italian Government-sponsored research and development agency. The agency undertakes research in areas which will help to develop and enhance Italian competitiveness and employment, while protecting the environment. ENEA is an acronym that stands for Energia Nucleare ed Energie Alternative ("Atomic Energy and Alternative Energy").
Fiach McHugh O'Byrne
Fiach mac Aodha Ó Broin (anglicised as Feagh or Fiach MacHugh O'Byrne) (1534 – 8 May 1597) was Chief of the Name of Clann Uí Bhroin (Clan O'Byrne) and Lord of Ranelagh during the Elizabethan wars against the Irish clans.

County Laois
County Laois (/liːʃ/ LEESH; Irish: Contae Laoise) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Eastern and Midland Region and in the province of Leinster. It was known as Queen's County from 1556 to 1922. The modern county takes its name from Loígis, a medieval kingdom. Historically, it has also been known as County Leix.

Laois County Council is the local authority for the county, and is based in Portlaoise.

At the 2022 census, the population of the county was 91,657, an increase of 56% since the 2002 census.
Adansi-Asokwa (Ghana parliament constituency)
Adansi-Asokwa is one of the constituencies represented in the Parliament of Ghana. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Adansi-Asokwa is located in the Adansi Asokwa District of the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Prominent communities in the Adansi-Asokwa constituency include Bodwesango, Fumso, Aboabo, Anhwiaso, Adiemra, Hwiremoase, and Pipiiso.

Ashanti Region
The Ashanti Region is located in the southern part of Ghana and is the third largest of 16 administrative regions, occupying a total land surface of 24,389 km2 (9,417 sq mi) and making up 10.2 percent of the total land area of Ghana. It is the most populated region in Ghana, with a population of 5,440,463 according to the 2021 census, accounting for around one-sixth of Ghana's total population. The Ashanti Region is known for its gold bar and cocoa production. The largest city and capital of Ashanti is Kumasi.
2008 Final Four (baseball)
The 2008 "Final Four" was an international baseball competition held in Barcelona, Spain on September 14–15, 2008. It featured 4 teams from the professional leagues in Italy and Spain.

In the end Caffè Danesi Nettuno from Nettuno, Italy won the tournament.

European Champion Cup Final Four
The "Final Four" (also called European Champion Cup) is a post-season baseball tournament sanctioned and created by the Confederation of European Baseball (CEB). The tournament features the four best teams in the two European Cups. The champion later represents Europe in the Asia Series.

The most recent edition of the tournament was held in Nettuno, Italy on August 29–30, 2012.
Cathcart Wight-Boycott
Air Commodore Cathcart Michael Wight-Boycott, CBE, DSO & Bar  (18 August 1910 – December 1998) was a British fighter pilot during the Second World War and a senior Royal Air Force officer during the post-war years. In 1961, Wight-Boycott became the 10th Commandant Royal Observer Corps.

No. 29 Squadron RAF
No. 29 Squadron is a squadron of the Royal Air Force which is the Typhoon Operational Conversion Unit. Based at RAF Coningsby in Lincolnshire, the squadron is responsible for aircrew training on the Eurofighter Typhoon FGR4. It originally formed as a unit of the Royal Flying Corps in 1915, and is one of the world's oldest fighter squadrons.
Murray Riley
Murray Stewart Riley (5 October 1925 – 1 April 2020) was an Australian Olympic rowing athlete, who, after leaving a career as a police officer, gained notoriety as a criminal. Riley represented Australia at the 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics in double scull rowing, winning a bronze medal in 1956. He served as a police officer in Sydney from 1943 until 1962, when he resigned after disciplinary charges were leveled against him. After his resignation from the police, Riley embarked on a criminal career that included convictions for drug trafficking and fraud. He was implicated in the Nugan Hand Bank scandal and associated with leading figures in the American Mafia, including Jimmy Fratianno of the Los Angeles crime family and corrupt Teamsters official Michael Rudy Tham. He died in 2020 at the age of 94.

Lenny McPherson
Leonard Arthur McPherson (born Balmain, New South Wales 19 May 1921; died Cessnock, New South Wales, 28 August 1996) was one of the most notorious and powerful Australian career criminals of the late 20th century. McPherson is believed to have controlled most of Sydney's organised crime activity for several decades, alongside his contemporary Abe Saffron (who was dubbed "Mr Sin") and associate, bookmaker George Freeman.
Ponta João Ribeiro
Ponta João Ribeiro is a cape in the northern part of the island of São Vicente, Cape Verde. It is 2.5 km northwest of the city centre of Mindelo. The cape divides the Canal de São Vicente and the Porto Grande Bay. The islet of Ilhéu dos Pássaros is approximately 1.3 km to the west. Near the cape is an abandoned military camp.

Mindelo
Mindelo is a port city in the northern part of the island of São Vicente in Cape Verde. Mindelo is also the seat of the parish of Nossa Senhora da Luz, and the municipality of São Vicente. The city is home to 93% of the entire island's population and is Cape Verde's second most populous city and largest city in Barlavento Islands. Mindelo is also considered the cultural capital of Cape Verde, known for its colourful and animated carnival celebrations, with roots in Portuguese traditions later influenced by the Brazilian culture.
Éditions Albert René
Éditions Albert René is a French publishing house created in 1979 by cartoonist Albert Uderzo, two years after the death of his collaborating scriptwriter René Goscinny. The company Lagardère Publishing (via Hachette Livre) has owned 100% of the publishing house since 2011. Éditions Albert René controls the publication of the Astérix series (from the album Asterix and the Great Divide, 25th album in the series), Jehan Pistolet, Oumpah-Pah and the other joint works of Uderzo and Goscinny.

René Goscinny
René Goscinny (French: [ʁəne ɡɔsini]; Polish: [ɡɔɕˈt͡ɕinnɨ] ⓘ; 14 August 1926 – 5 November 1977) was a French comic editor and writer, who created the Asterix comic book series with illustrator Albert Uderzo. Born in France to a Jewish family from Poland, he spent his childhood in Argentina where he attended French schools and later lived in the United States for a short period of time. There he met Belgian cartoonist Morris. After his return to France, they collaborated for more than 20 years on the comic series Lucky Luke (in what was considered the series' golden age).

He wrote Iznogoud with Jean Tabary. Goscinny also wrote a series of children's books known as Le Petit Nicolas ("Little Nicolas") illustrated by Jean-Jacques Sempé.
Grand Lodge of British Freemasons in Germany
The Grand Lodge of British Freemasonry in Germany (GL BFG) is a Masonic Grand Lodge in Germany working in the English language and following English Masonic traditions.  It was founded as a District Lodge in 1957 and after various transformations (see below) was eventually recognised as Grand Lodge in 1980.  This Grand Lodge is one of the five United Grand Lodges of Germany (VGLvD).  It currently has members from a variety of nations and in addition to the "resident members" in Germany, there are "non-resident members" all over the world.  Currently, 19 lodges work under the GL BFG, mainly in North Rhine-Westphalia, but also in Lower Saxony, Hamburg, Munich, Berlin and also near Frankfurt.

United Grand Lodge of England
The United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) is the governing Masonic lodge for the majority of freemasons in England, Wales, and the Commonwealth of Nations. Claiming descent from the Masonic Grand Lodge formed 24 June 1717 at the Goose & Gridiron Tavern in London, it is considered to be the oldest Masonic Grand Lodge in the world, together with the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland.
HEPBS
HEPBS (N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N'-(4-butanesulfonic acid)) is a zwitterionic organic chemical buffering agent; one of Good's buffers. HEPBS and HEPES have very similar structures and properties, HEPBS also having an acidity (pKa) in the physiological range (7.6-9.0 useful range). This makes it possible to use it for cell culture work.

Buffer solution
A buffer solution is a solution where the pH does not change significantly on dilution or if an acid or base is added at constant temperature. Its pH changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications. In nature, there are many living systems that use buffering for pH regulation. For example, the bicarbonate buffering system is used to regulate the pH of blood, and bicarbonate also acts as a buffer in the ocean.
History of English contract law
The history of English contract law traces back to its roots in civil law, the lex mercatoria and the Industrial Revolution. Modern English contract law is composed primarily of case law decided by the English courts following the Judicature Acts and supplemented by statutory reform. However, a significant number of legal principles were inherited from recording decisions reaching back to the aftermath of the Norman Invasion.

Standard form contract
A standard form contract (sometimes referred to as a contract of adhesion, a leonine contract, a take-it-or-leave-it contract, or a boilerplate contract) is a contract between two parties, where the terms and conditions of the contract are set by one of the parties, and the other party has little or no ability to negotiate more favorable terms and is thus placed in a "take it or leave it" position.

While these types of contracts are not illegal per se, there exists a potential for unconscionability. In addition, in the event of an ambiguity, such ambiguity will be resolved contra proferentem, i.e. against the party drafting the contract language.
Dry Fork (Cheat River tributary)
The Dry Fork is a 39.1-mile-long (62.9 km) tributary of the Black Fork of the Cheat River in the Allegheny Mountains of eastern West Virginia, USA.  Via the Black Fork, the Cheat, and the Monongahela and Ohio rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.  The Dry Fork flows for much of its length in the Monongahela National Forest and drains mostly rural and forested areas. It was traditionally considered one of the five Forks of Cheat.

Monongahela River
The Monongahela River (/məˌnɒŋɡəˈhiːlə/ mə-NONG-gə-HEE-lə, /-ˈheɪ-/ -⁠HAY-), sometimes referred to locally as the Mon (/mɒn/), is a 130-mile-long (210 km) river on the Allegheny Plateau in north-central West Virginia and Southwestern Pennsylvania. The river flows from the confluence of its west and east forks in north-central West Virginia northeasterly into southwestern Pennsylvania, then northerly to Pittsburgh and its confluence with the Allegheny River to form the Ohio River. The river includes a series of locks and dams that makes it navigable.
July 14 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
July 13 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - July 15

All fixed commemorations below are celebrated on July 27 by Old Calendar.

For July 14th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on July 1.

Priscilla and Aquila
Priscilla and Aquila were a first-century Christian missionary married couple described in the New Testament. Aquila is traditionally listed among the Seventy Disciples. They lived, worked, and traveled with the Apostle Paul, who described them as his "fellow workers in Christ Jesus" (Romans 16:3).

Priscilla and Aquila are described in the New Testament as providing a presence that strengthened the early Christian churches. Paul was generous in his recognition and acknowledgment of his indebtedness to them (Romans 16:3–4). Together, they are credited with instructing Apollos, a major evangelist of the first century, and "[explaining] to him the way of God more accurately" (Acts 18:26). They were forced from their home during the persecution under Claudius.

It is thought by some to be possible, in light of her apparent prominence, that Priscilla held the office of presbyter. She also is thought by some to be the anonymous author of the Epistle to the Hebrews.
Colestipol
Colestipol (trade names Colestid, Cholestabyl) is a bile acid sequestrant used to lower blood cholesterol, specifically low-density lipoprotein (LDL).  It is also used to reduce stool volume and frequency, and in the treatment of chronic diarrhea.

Like cholestyramine, colestipol works in the gut by trapping bile acids and preventing them from being reabsorbed. This leads to decreased enterohepatic recirculation of bile acids, increased synthesis of new bile acids by the liver from cholesterol, decreased liver cholesterol, increased LDL receptor expression, and decreasing LDL in blood.

Colestyramine
Colestyramine (INN) or cholestyramine (USAN) (trade names Questran, Questran Light, Cholybar, Olestyr, Quantalan, Vasosan) is a bile acid sequestrant, which binds bile in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent its reabsorption. It is a strong ion exchange resin, which means it can exchange its chloride anions with anionic bile acids in the gastrointestinal tract and bind them strongly in the resin matrix. The functional group of the anion exchange resin is a quaternary ammonium group attached to an inert styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer.

Colestyramine removes bile acids from the body by forming insoluble complexes with bile acids in the intestine, which are then excreted in the feces. As a result of this loss of bile acids, more plasma cholesterol is converted to bile acids in the liver to normalise levels. This conversion of cholesterol into bile acids lowers plasma cholesterol levels.
Budhan Khuh
Budhan Khuh (Urdu: بڈھن کھوہ) is a town located about 7 km from Pir Mahal city and about 18 km from Kamalia city, in Toba Tek Singh District, Punjab, Pakistan. The village number is 666/7 GB.
Bukhari families are the leading land lords at Budhan Khuh. One of the Main names of that area was Syed Zahoor Hussain Shah, who died in a car accident at 30 September 2008. He remained vice Chairman of union council also and was a renowned political and social figure of the area. His Son Syed Hassan Askari is now carrying forward the legacy. Ancestors of these Bukhari's are from Uch Sharif near Bahawalpur. Budhan Khuh town has a rich cultural background, having history back to Sikhs.

Pir Mahal
Pir Mahal (Punjabi: پیر محل) is a city and headquarters of Pir Mahal Tehsil of Toba Tek Singh District in the Punjab province of Pakistan.

In March 2024, media reported that the Punjab government had approved funds to construct five expressways to connect major districts of the province. The five included approval of Rs 66 billion for the 199-km Chichawatni to Pir Mahal- Shorkot to Garhmahraja- Chowk Azam to Layyah Expressway.
2022 World Modern Pentathlon Championships
The 2022 World Modern Pentathlon Championships was held from 23 to 31 July 2022 in Alexandria, Egypt. 170 athletes from 35 countries competed in the championships.

Originally championships were meant to be held in China, but due COVID-19 restriction championships been moved to Egypt.

World Modern Pentathlon Championships
The UIPM World Modern Pentathlon Championships (for Seniors) is an annual global international competition in modern pentathlon. It was first held in 1949 under the organization of the International Modern Pentathlon Union (UIPM).
Buckling spring
A buckling spring is a type of keyswitch mechanism that was popularized by IBM through its keyboards for the PC, PC/AT, 5250/3270 terminals, PS/2, and other systems. It was used by IBM's Model F keyboards (for instance the AT keyboard), and the more common Model M. It is described in U.S. patent 4,118,611 (Model F) and U.S. patent 4,528,431 (Model M), both now expired. According to the original patent: "A non-teasible, snap action, tactile feedback, key mechanism of extreme mechanical simplicity and high reliability is achieved."

Keyswitch
A keyswitch is a type of small switch used for keys on keyboards.

Key switch is also used to describe a switch operated by a key, usually used in burglar alarm circuits. A car ignition is also a switch of this type.
Neufahrn in Niederbayern
Neufahrn i. NB or Neufahrn in Niederbayern (German pronunciation: [ˈnɔʏfaːɐ̯n ʔɪn ˈniːdɐˌbaɪɐn], lit. 'Neufahrn in Lower Bavaria') is a municipality in the district of Landshut in Bavaria in Germany. Its Bavarian name is Neifing.

Neufahrn is located on the Kleine Laber, a river which flows into the Große Laber and then into the Danube.

Landshut (district)
Landshut is a Landkreis (district) in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Kelheim, Straubing-Bogen, Dingolfing-Landau, Rottal-Inn, Mühldorf, Erding and Freising. The city of Landshut is enclosed by, but does not belong to the district. It is nonetheless its administrative seat.
Dairut
Dairut (Coptic: ⲧⲉⲣⲱⲧ terōt Coptic pronunciation: [dæˈroːt]) is a city in Egypt. It is located on the west bank of the Nile, in the Asyut Governorate. This is the point where the Nile divides, and a branch wanders off and eventually ends up in the Faiyum.

Faiyum
Faiyum (/faɪˈjuːm/ fy-YOOM; Egyptian Arabic: الفيوم, romanized: el-Fayyūm, locally [elfæjˈjuːm]) is a city in Middle Egypt. Located 100 kilometres (62 miles) southwest of Cairo, in the Faiyum Oasis, it is the capital of the modern Faiyum Governorate. It is one of Egypt's oldest cities due to its strategic location.
Boston Camera Club
The Boston Camera Club is an amateur photographic organization in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1881, it offers activities of interest to amateur photographers, in both digital and film photography. Supported by member dues, its programs are open free to the public.

F. Holland Day
Fred Holland Day (July 23, 1864 – November 23, 1933) was an American photographer and publisher. He was prominent in literary and photography circles in the late nineteenth century and was a leading Pictorialist. He was an early and vocal advocate for accepting photography as a fine art.
Thiruvankulam
Thiruvankulam is a census town in Thrippunithura municipality, in Ernakulam district, Kerala, India. The area is a part of the Kochi metropolitan area. NH 85 passes through Thiruvankulam. The Karingachira junction is the location of the southern terminus of the Seaport-Airport Road, which connects the Cochin International Airport and the Cochin Port.

In the present day, Thiruvankulam's proximity to the city as well as industrial areas comprising the Kochi refineries and allied industries have contributed to its growth. The economic development of Kochi, as well as the nearby refinery industry have resulted in Thiruvankulam emerging as a major residential area.

Christianity in Kerala
Christianity is the third-largest practiced religion in Kerala, accounting for 18% of the population according to the 2001 Indian census. According to traditional accounts, Thomas the Apostle sailed to the Malabar region in 52 AD and introduced Christianity to the area. However there is no historical evidence of Saint Thomas ever reaching Kerala. Although a minority, the Christian population of Kerala is proportionally much larger than that of India as a whole. A significant portion of the Indian Christian population resides in the state.