hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Udacity
Udacity, Inc. is an American global for-profit massive open online course provider. It was founded by Sebastian Thrun, David Stavens, and Mike Sokolsky.

According to Thrun, the origin of the name Udacity comes from the company's desire to be "audacious for you, the student". While it originally focused on offering university-style courses, it now focuses more on vocational courses for professionals.

Accenture acquired the company in May 2024.

Massive open online course
A massive open online course (MOOC /muːk/) or an open online course is an online course aimed at unlimited participation and open access via the Web. In addition to traditional course materials, such as filmed lectures, readings, and problem sets, many MOOCs provide interactive courses with user forums or social media discussions to support community interactions among students, professors, and teaching assistants (TAs), as well as immediate feedback to quick quizzes and assignments. MOOCs are a widely researched development in distance education, first introduced in 2008, that emerged as a popular mode of learning in 2012.

Early MOOCs (cMOOCs: Connectivist MOOCs) often emphasized open-access features, such as open licensing of content, structure and learning goals, to promote the reuse and remixing of resources.  Some later MOOCs (xMOOCs: extended MOOCs) use closed licenses for their course materials while maintaining free access for students.
Appendix of testis
The appendix testis (or hydatid of Morgagni) is a vestigial remnant of the Müllerian duct, present on the upper pole of the testis and attached to the tunica vaginalis. It is present about 90% of the time.

Testicle
A testicle, also called testis (pl. testes) is the male gonad in all gonochoric animals, including humans, and is homologous to the ovary, which is the female gonad.  Its primary functions are the production of sperm and the secretion of androgens, primarily testosterone.

The release of testosterone is regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland. Sperm production is controlled by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland and by testosterone produced within the gonads.
Røvik Tunnel
The Røvik Tunnel (Norwegian: Røviktunnelen)  is a road tunnel that is part of Norwegian National Road 80 in Fauske Municipality in Nordland county, Norway.  It runs parallel to the Nordland Line between Røvik and Valnesfjord, just west of the town of Fauske.

Before the tunnel was opened on August 30, 2011, National Road 80 used to continue along Skjerstad Fjord through Venset, then turning north to Valnesfjord. The old route is now Norwegian County Road 530. The tunnel shortened the distance between Bodø and Fauske by 6.2 kilometers (3.9 mi).

Fauske Municipality
Fauskeⓘ (Norwegian) or Fuossko (Lule Sami) is a municipality located in Nordland county, Norway. It is part of the traditional district of Salten. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Fauske. Some of the villages in Fauske include Nystad, Venset, Straumsnes, Sjønstå, Valnesfjord, Finneid, and Sulitjelma.

The municipality borders Sweden in the east, Sørfold Municipality to the north, Bodø Municipality to the west, and Saltdal Municipality to the southeast. The town is located on the northern shore of Skjerstad Fjord.

The 1,197-square-kilometre (462 sq mi) municipality is the 90th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Fauske Municipality is the 116th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 9,827. The municipality's population density is 8.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (21/sq mi) and its population has increased by 2.8% over the previous 10-year period.
National Youth Orchestra of China
The National Youth Orchestra of China (NYO-China, Chinese: 中华青少年交响乐团) is a full symphony youth orchestra composed of approximately 100 Chinese musicians aged 14 to 21 years old. Students from all over China audition to participate in a two-week training residency before performing alongside a renowned soloist and conductor in premier venues throughout the world.

The program is provided at no cost to students; all expenses, including travel, housing, and meals, are covered by the organization's supporters.

NYO-China was founded in late 2015 with its first residency and concert tour, featuring Yuja Wang and Olga Kern, taking place in July 2017. Its subsequent seasons included a reduced-scale Chamber Series in 2018 and a Europe Tour in 2019 with Garrick Ohlsson. Ludovic Morlot served as the orchestra's conductor for both its 2017 and 2019 seasons.

National Youth Orchestra of the United States of America
The National Youth Orchestra of the United States of America (NYO-USA) is the national youth orchestra of the United States. Organized by Carnegie Hall's Weill Music Institute, it was established in 2012, and its first concert tour took place in the summer of 2013. Each summer, following an application and audition process, about 100 musicians ages 16 to 19 attend a two-week residency at Purchase College, New York, followed by a national or international tour.
The Namao
The Namao is a ship ported in Gimli, Manitoba, Canada, whose purpose is to conduct research on Lake Winnipeg. It was originally built for the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) but was eventually sold to the Lake Winnipeg Research Consortium (LWRC) who converted it to a Lake Winnipeg research vessel. Scientists using the Namao to research the environmental issues concerning the lake, for example the increasing eutrophication of the lake and the impact of invasive species. Using the Namao, the LWRC integrates education and community outreach into their work to promote sustainable living and development focussed on the youth in local communities surrounding Lake Winnipeg who are affected most by the changing dynamics of the lake.

Lake Winnipeg
Lake Winnipeg (French: Lac Winnipeg) is a 24,514-square-kilometre (9,465-square-mile) lake in North America, in the Canadian province of Manitoba. Its southern end is about 55 kilometres (34 miles) north of the namesake city, Winnipeg. It is the 12th largest lake on Earth, Canada's sixth-largest freshwater lake, and the third-largest freshwater lake contained entirely within Canada. It is relatively shallow, with a mean depth of 12 metres [39 feet]. Its deepest section is a narrow 36-metre (118-foot) deep channel between the northern and southern basins.

The lake's east side has pristine boreal forests and rivers that were inscribed in 2018 as Pimachiowin Aki, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The lake is 416 km (258 mi) from north to south, with remote sandy beaches, large limestone cliffs, and many bat caves in some areas. Manitoba Hydro uses the lake as one of the largest reservoirs in the world. There are many islands, most of them undeveloped.
Gmina Pierzchnica
Gmina Pierzchnica is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Pierzchnica, which lies approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce.

The gmina covers an area of 104.59 square kilometres (40.4 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,778.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Cisów-Orłowiny Landscape Park.

Kielce County
Kielce County (Polish: powiat kielecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, south-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Kielce, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains five towns: Chęciny, 14 km (9 mi) south-west of Kielce, Chmielnik, 32 km (20 mi) south of Kielce, Daleszyce, 17 km (11 mi) south-east of Kielce, Bodzentyn, 25 km (16 mi) east of Kielce, Morawica, 13,7 km (8,5 mi) south of Kielce.

The county covers an area of 2,247.45 square kilometres (867.7 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 206,856, out of which the population of Chęciny is 4,444, that of Chmielnik is 3,681, that of Daleszyce is 2,896, that of Bodzentyn is 2,233, that of Morawica is 1,711, and the rural population is 191,891.
Dhu Samawi
Dhū Samuī (Musnad: 𐩹𐩪𐩣𐩥𐩺, sometimes 𐩪𐩣𐩺), whose name literally means "He of the Heavenly", was a pre-Islamic deity that was worshipped in South Arabia. He was a kind of sky deity who resided in the heavens. He was also associated with camels, especially by the Bedouins.

Ancient South Arabian script
The Ancient South Arabian script (Old South Arabian: 𐩣𐩯𐩬𐩵, romanized: ms3nd; modern Arabic: الْمُسْنَد musnad) branched from the Proto-Sinaitic script in about the late 2nd millennium BCE, and remained in use through the late sixth century CE. It is an abjad, a writing system where only consonants are obligatorily written, a trait shared with its predecessor, Proto-Sinaitic, as well as some of its sibling writing systems, including Arabic and Hebrew.  It is a predecessor of the Ge'ez script, and a sibling script of the Phoenician alphabet and, through that, the modern Latin, Cyrillic, and Greek alphabets.

The script is really two variants: the monumental and the minuscule script, the former for inscriptions, the latter scratched with wooden sticks. The scripts have a common origin but evolved into separate systems.
Why Do You Love Me (Charlotte Lawrence song)
"Why Do You Love Me" is a song by American singer-songwriter Charlotte Lawrence, released on July 19, 2019, through Atlantic and Gold Tooth Records. It was later included in digital edition of her second extended play, Charlotte (2021).

Andrew Watt
Andrew Wotman (born October 20, 1990), known professionally as Andrew Watt or mononymously as Watt, is an American record producer, songwriter and musician from Great Neck, New York. As a songwriter, he signs Wotman, while as a producer he signs Watt.

Watt is a three-time Grammy Award winner, including the 2021 Grammy Award for Producer of the Year; in 2025, he received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Song for co-writing "Never Too Late" from the Elton John documentary of the same name.

Through his career, he has produced for Justin Bieber, Lady Gaga, Post Malone, Miley Cyrus, Elton John, Brandi Carlile, Demi Lovato, the Rolling Stones, Ozzy Osbourne, Pearl Jam, Iggy Pop, Charlotte Lawrence and many others. Watt is also the guitarist of the Earthlings, the backing band for Eddie Vedder's solo performances.
2008 Speedway Grand Prix of Italy
The 2008 Speedway Grand Prix of Italy was the tenth race of the 2008 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on September 27 in the Santa Marina Stadium in Lonigo, Italy. Italian SGP was won by Hans N. Andersen from Denmark. It was his first GP Won in this season.

2008 Speedway Grand Prix
The 2008 Speedway Grand Prix was the 63rd edition of the official World Championship and the 14th season in the Speedway Grand Prix used to determine the Speedway World Champion. It was the second under the promotion of IMG.
Weligama Electoral District
Weligama electoral district was an electoral district of Sri Lanka between August 1947 and February 1989. The district was named after the town of Weligama in Matara District, Southern Province. The 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka introduced the proportional representation electoral system for electing members of Parliament. The existing 160 mainly single-member electoral districts were replaced with 22 multi-member electoral districts. Weligama electoral district was replaced by the Matara multi-member electoral district at the 1989 general elections, the first under the proportional representation system.

Matara Electoral District
Matara electoral district is one of the 22 multi-member electoral districts of Sri Lanka created by the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka. The district is conterminous with the administrative district of Matara in the Southern province. The district currently elects 7 of the 225 members of the Sri Lankan Parliament and had 578,858 registered electors in 2010. The district is the country's Electorate Number 08.
Philosophy of happiness
The philosophy of happiness is the philosophical concern with the existence, nature, and attainment of happiness. Some philosophers believe happiness can be understood as the moral goal of life or as an aspect of chance; indeed, in most European languages the term happiness is synonymous with luck. Thus, philosophers usually explicate on happiness as either a state of mind, or a life that goes well for the person leading it. Given the pragmatic concern for the attainment of happiness, research in psychology has guided many modern-day philosophers in developing their theories.

Republic (Plato)
The Republic (Ancient Greek: Πολιτεία, romanized: Politeia; Latin: De Republica) is a Socratic dialogue authored by Plato around 375 BC, concerning justice (dikaiosúnē), the order and character of the just city-state, and the just man. It is Plato's best-known work, and one of the world's most influential works of philosophy and political theory, both intellectually and historically.

In the dialogue, Socrates discusses with various Athenians and foreigners the meaning of justice and whether the just man is happier than the unjust man. He considers the natures of existing regimes and then proposes a series of hypothetical cities in comparison, culminating in Kallipolis (Καλλίπολις), a utopian city-state ruled by a class of philosopher-kings. They also discuss ageing, love, theory of forms, the immortality of the soul, and the role of the philosopher and of poetry in society. The dialogue's setting seems to be the time of the Peloponnesian War.
Fissurella barbadensis
Fissurella barbadensis is a species of limpet in family Fissurellidae, the keyhole limpets. It is known commonly as the Barbados keyhole limpet and the rugose slit limpet. This species is native to the western Atlantic Ocean, including many islands of the Caribbean.

This limpet is up to 41 millimeters long. It is generally elliptical in shape. It has irregular ribbing on its shell and an irregular margin. It is gray to pinkish white with purple spots and lines. The internal surface has green and white concentric banding. The "keyhole" at the top of the shell has a green coloration internally.

This species lives in the rocky intertidal zone, sometimes in coral reefs.

Fissurellidae
Fissurellidae, commonly called keyhole limpets or slit limpets, is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized limpet-like sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Vetigastropoda.

Their common name derives from the small hole in the apex of their cone-like shells.  Although superficially resembling "true" limpets, they are in fact not closely related to them.
Society (magazine)
Society is a monthly English-language lifestyle and celebrity magazine published in India. It was founded in 1971 by Nari Hira, and is published by Magna Publishing Co. Ltd. in Mumbai. As of 2018, it is edited by Sapna Sarfare.

Society describes itself as "India's leading people and lifestyle magazine," which "has always been the front runner in reporting about the lives of the rich and famous," and covering "the latest news, controversy or achievements of people in the area of business, politics, art, sports, media or spicy details on socialites."

In Pop Culture India!, author Asha Kasbekar describes Society as part of a new wave of 1970s lifestyle magazines, along with Debonair, Gentleman, Inside Outside, Interior, Savvy, and Women's Era.

The magazine also conducts awards to honour achievers in various fields including Society Achievers Award, Society Global Indian Icon Award and Society Pride of India Honour.

Woman's Era
Woman's Era is an Indian fortnightly women interest magazine, published in English. It was started in 1973 by Vishwanath under his publishing house, the Delhi Press. The magazine is owned by the Delhi Press. Divesh Nath has been the managing editor of the magazine since 2002.

Woman's Era covers diverse topics including fashion, cookery, movie and book review, health, relationships, beauty, lifestyle, travel and technology, with comments on socialites and current events. It includes poems and short stories. It is the second most popular women's magazine after Femina, with an All India Index of 80 as surveyed by the Indian Readership Survey (IRS).
Mandalen
Mandalen is a river valley in Agder county, Norway.  The 75-kilometre (47 mi) long valley runs from the lake Øre in Åseral municipality south through the municipality of Lindesnes and it ends at the sea at the town of Mandal in the south.  The river Mandalselva runs through the valley. The side valleys are Ljoslandsdalen and Lognadalen.

Lindesnes
Lindesnes (English: the Naze) is a municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Sørlandet. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Mandal. Other villages in Lindesnes include Åvik, Høllen, Skofteland, Svenevig, Vigmostad, Heddeland, Bjelland, Breland, Koland, Laudal, Øyslebø, Bykjernen, Skjebstad, Sånum-Lundevik, Skogsfjord-Hesland, Krossen, Harkmark, Skinsnes-Ime, and Tregde-Skjernøy.

The 934-square-kilometre (361 sq mi) municipality is the 126th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Lindesnes is the 55th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 23,479. The municipality's population density is 26.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (69/sq mi) and its population has increased by 5.2% over the previous 10-year period.
Dzierżysławice
Dzierżysławice ([d͡ʑɛrʐɨswaˈvit͡sɛ], additional name in German: Dirschelwitz) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Głogówek, within Prudnik County, Opole Voivodeship, southern Poland. It is situated in the historical region of Prudnik Land.

As of 31 December 2021, the village's population numbered 351 inhabitants. A significant portion of them belongs to the German minority in Poland.

Upper Silesia
Upper Silesia (Polish: Górny Śląsk [ˈɡurnɨ ˈɕlɔ̃sk] ⓘ ; Silesian: Gůrny Ślůnsk, Gōrny Ślōnsk; Czech: Horní Slezsko; German: Oberschlesien [ˈoːbɐˌʃleːzi̯ən] ⓘ ; Silesian German: Oberschläsing; Latin: Silesia Superior) is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia, located today mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic. The area is predominantly known for its heavy industry (mining and metallurgy).
North Barningham
North Barningham is a hamlet within the civil parish of Gresham in the English county of Norfolk. The hamlet is 7 miles (11 km) south-west of Cromer, 23.2 miles (37.3 km) north-northwest of Norwich and 138 miles (222 km) north-northeast of London. The hamlet lies 4.6 miles (7.4 km) south of the town of Sheringham. The nearest railway station is at Sheringham for the Bittern Line which runs between Sheringham, Cromer and Norwich. The nearest airport is Norwich International Airport. The hamlet is within the parish of Gresham, which had, in the 2001 census, a population of 443. For the purposes of local government, the hamlet falls within the district of North Norfolk.

Gresham, Norfolk
Gresham is a village and civil parish in North Norfolk, England, five miles (8 km) south-west of Cromer.

A predominantly rural parish, Gresham centres on its medieval church of All Saints. The village also once had a square 14th-century castle, a watermill and a windmill. The moat and some ruins of Gresham Castle survive.
NUTS statistical regions of Belgium
The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) is a geocode standard for referencing the subdivisions of Belgium for statistical purposes. The standard is developed and regulated by the European Union. The NUTS standard is instrumental in delivering the European Union's Structural Funds. The NUTS code for Belgium is BE and a hierarchy of three levels is established by Eurostat. Below these is a further levels of geographic organisation - the local administrative unit (LAU). In Belgium, the LAUs are municipalities.

Municipalities of Belgium
Belgium comprises 565 municipalities (Dutch: gemeenten; French: communes; German: Gemeinden), 285 of them grouped into five provinces in Flanders and 261 others in five provinces in Wallonia, while the remaining 19 are in the Brussels Capital Region, which is not divided in provinces. In most cases, the municipalities are the smallest administrative subdivisions of Belgium, but in municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, on the initiative of the local council, sub-municipal administrative entities with elected councils may be created. As such, only Antwerp, having over 500,000 inhabitants, became subdivided into ten districts (Dutch: districten).

The Belgian arrondissements (Dutch: arrondissementen; French: arrondissements; German: Bezirke), an administrative level between province (or the capital region) and municipality, or the lowest judicial level, are in English sometimes called districts as well.
Green turaco
The green turaco is a group of four taxa of turacos, which once were considered conspecific under the scientific name Tauraco persa, but now are treated as four separate species:

Guinea (or green) turaco, Tauraco persa

Schalow's turaco, Tauraco schalowi

Livingstone's turaco, Tauraco livingstonii

Knysna turaco, Tauraco corythaix

Livingstone's turaco
Livingstone's turaco (Tauraco livingstonii) is a species of bird in the family Musophagidae, which was named for Charles Livingstone, the brother of David Livingstone.

It is distributed through the subtropical lowlands of southeastern Africa. It has an isolated population in Burundi, and is besides found from southern Tanzania to eastern and southern Malawi, eastern Zimbabwe, widely in Mozambique and along the subtropical coast of South Africa.

By appearances and behaviour it has much in common with the Knysna turaco of South Africa, and Schalow's turaco which replaces it on the plateau regions to the west of its range.
2002 ITF Men's Circuit
The 2002 ITF Men's Circuit was the 2002 edition of the third-tier tour for men's professional tennis. It was organised by the International Tennis Federation and is a tier below the ATP Challenger Tour. The ITF Men's Circuit included satellite events and 301 'Futures' tournaments played year round across six continents, with prize money ranging from $10,000 to $15,000.

ITF Men's World Tennis Tour
The ITF Men's World Tennis Tour (formerly ITF Men's Circuit) is a series of professional tennis tournaments held around the world that are organized by the International Tennis Federation (ITF).  The tour represents the lowest rung of the men's professional tennis ladder.  ITF tournaments are incorporated into the ATP rankings, enabling young professionals to progress on to the ATP Challenger Tour and ultimately the full ATP Tour.  Nearly every professional male player has spent some time on the ITF Men's World Tennis Tour.
NGC 6342
NGC 6342 is a globular cluster located in the constellation Ophiuchus. Its Shapley–Sawyer Concentration Class is IV, and it was discovered by the German-born British astronomer William Herschel on 28 May 1786. It is at a distance of 28,000 light years away from Earth.

NGC 6342 is classified as metal-rich, yet has only one generation of stars.

Shapley–Sawyer Concentration Class
The Shapley–Sawyer Concentration Class is a classification system on a scale of one to twelve using Roman numerals for globular clusters according to their concentration. The most highly concentrated clusters such as M75 are classified as Class I, with successively diminishing concentrations ranging to Class XII, such as Palomar 12. (The class is sometimes given with numbers [Class 1–12] rather than with Roman numerals.)

From 1927 to 1929, Harlow Shapley and Helen Sawyer Hogg began categorizing clusters according to the degree of concentration the system has toward the core using this scale. This became known as the Shapley–Sawyer Concentration Class.