hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of science policy
Through history, the systems of economic support for scientists and their work have been important determinants of the character and pace of scientific research.  The ancient foundations of the sciences were driven by practical and religious concerns and or the pursuit of philosophy more generally.  From the Middle Ages until the Age of Enlightenment, scholars sought various forms of noble and religious patronage or funded their own work through medical practice.  In the 18th and 19th centuries, many disciplines began to professionalize, and both government-sponsored "prizes" and the first research professorships at universities drove scientific investigation.  In the 20th century, a variety of sources, including government organizations, military funding, patent profits, corporate sponsorship, and private philanthropies, have shaped scientific research.

Big science
Big science is a term used by scientists and historians of science to describe a series of changes in science which occurred in industrial nations during and after World War II, as scientific progress increasingly came to rely on large-scale projects usually funded by national governments or groups of governments. Individual or small group efforts, or small science, are still relevant today as theoretical results by individual authors may have a significant impact, but very often the empirical verification requires experiments using constructions, such as the Large Hadron Collider, costing between $5 and $10 billion.
Bird's Neck Isthmus
The Bird's Neck Isthmus is an isthmus in western New Guinea. It connects the main mass of the island to its two large western peninsulas, the Bird's Head Peninsula, also known as the Vogelkop or Doberai Peninsula, and the Bomberai Peninsula. The isthmus is mostly covered in lowland tropical rain forest.

Bird's Head Peninsula
The Bird's Head Peninsula (Indonesian: Kepala Burung, Dutch: Vogelkop, meaning Bird's Head in Indonesian and Dutch) or Doberai Peninsula (Indonesian: Semenanjung Doberai) is a large peninsula that makes up the northwest portion of the island of New Guinea, comprising the Indonesian provinces of Southwest Papua and West Papua.  It is often referred to as The Vogelkop, and is so named because its shape looks like a bird's head on the island of New Guinea. The peninsula at the opposite end of the island (in Papua New Guinea) is called the Bird's Tail Peninsula. The peninsula just to the south is called the Bomberai Peninsula.
TON S180
TON S180 (abbreviation of Tonantzintla S180) is a Seyfert galaxy located in the southern constellation of Cetus. It is located 827 million light years from Earth. The galaxy is classified as a quasi-stellar object (QSO) because of its high luminosity and is located 3.6 degrees northeast from NGC 253, and 2.8 degrees southeast from NGC 247.

Cetus (constellation)
Cetus (/ˈsiːtəs/ SEE-təss) is a constellation, sometimes called 'the whale' in English. The Cetus was a sea monster in Greek mythology which both Perseus and Heracles needed to slay. Cetus is in the region of the sky that contains other water-related constellations: Aquarius, Pisces and Eridanus.
Louise Boyer
Anne Louise, Duchess of Noailles (1632–22 May 1697), was a French courtier. She served as dame d'atour to the queen dowager of France, Anne of Austria, from 1657 until 1666.

The daughter of Antoine Boyer, Lord of Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, and Françoise de Wignacourt, Louise married Anne de Noailles, who became the first Duke of Noailles in 1646. He predeceased her, dying on 15 February 1678. She did not remarry and died on 22 May 1697.

She had two notable children:

Anne Jules de Noailles, 2nd Duke of Noailles (1650–1708) and Marshal of France, married Marie-Françoise de Bournonville.

Louis Antoine de Noailles, cardinal de Noailles (1651–1729), never married.

Louis Antoine de Noailles
Louis Antoine de Noailles, Cardinal de Noailles (27 May 1651 – 4 May 1729), second son of Anne de Noailles, 1st Duke of Noailles, was a French bishop and cardinal. His signing of the Unigenitus bull in 1728 would end the formal Jansenist controversy.
William Winthrop Kent
William Winthrop Kent (February 23, 1860 – November 6, 1955) was an American architect who studied under H. H. Richardson and was one of the designers of Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City.

David and John Jardine
The brothers David Jardine (July 1, 1840 – June 4, 1892) and John Jardine (1838 – June 23, 1920) were Scottish-born American architects in practice in New York City. After immigrating to the United States in 1850, David Jardine opened an office in 1855. In 1865 he and brother John Jardine formed the partnership of D. & J. Jardine, which would become "one of the more prominent, prolific and versatile architectural firms in the city in the second half of the 19th century". After the death of David Jardine, the firm was continued by his brothers and their partners under the names Jardine, Kent & Jardine, Jardine, Kent & Hill, Jardine, Hill & Murdock and Jardine, Murdock & Wright. It was dissolved c. 1941, after about 86 years of continuous practice.
Know Your Place
"Know Your Place" is the ninth episode of the fourth season of the HBO original series The Wire. Written by Kia Corthron from a story by Ed Burns & Kia Corthron, and directed by Alex Zakrzewski, it originally aired on November 12, 2006.

Kima Greggs
Shakima "Kima" Greggs is a fictional character on the HBO drama The Wire, played by actress Sonja Sohn. Greggs is a determined and capable police detective in the Baltimore Police Department. Openly lesbian, she often displays a hardened, cynical demeanor, and has had problems with infidelity, alcohol, and relationships. She plays a key role in all of her BPD details' main cases.
Abel Fontoura da Costa
Abel Fontoura da Costa (9 December 1869 – 7 December 1940) was a Portuguese colonial administrator, a military officer, a politician and a scientist.

He attended the Royal Military College and enlisted into the Navy in 1887. His highest rank was Captain. In 1901, he took part in a commission that marked the boundary between Portuguese Angola and Congo Free State. He was governor of Cape Verde from 11 September 1915 until 9 March 1918. He was Minister of Agriculture in 1923, in the government of António Maria da Silva. He was the director of the Escola Náutica from 1936 to 1939.

He received the following decorations:

Commander of the Military Order of Avis of Portugal (11 March 1919)

Grand Officer of the Military Order of Avis of Portugal (19 October 1920)

António Maria da Silva
António Maria da Silva, GCTE (European Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐ̃ˈtɔni.u mɐˈɾi.ɐ ðɐ ˈsilvɐ, ɐ̃ˈtɔnju -]; 26 May 1872 in Lisbon – 14 October 1950 in Lisbon) was a Portuguese politician. An engineer, he was a prominent member of the Portuguese Republican Party. He was Prime Minister (President of the Council of Ministers) for four times, during the Portuguese First Republic. After his party's victory in the legislative elections of 8 November 1925, he was invited to form a government. He led a great campaign against President Manuel Teixeira Gomes, that forced him to resign. He was the last Prime Minister of the 1st Republic, resigning two days after the 28 May 1926 military movement.

For his services, he was awarded with the Grand Cross of the Military Order of the Tower and Sword.
Sporting Club Casablanca
The Sporting Club Casablanca is a Moroccan women's football club competing in the Moroccan Women's Championship. The club is based in the city of Casablanca and plays its matches at the Ba Mohammed Stadium in the Sbata neighborhood.

2023 CAF Women's Champions League
The 2023 CAF Women's Champions League was the 3rd edition of the annual African women's association football club tournament organized by the Confederation of African Football, it was hosted by Ivory Coast from 5 to 19 November 2023. The winners of this edition will automatically qualify for the group stage of the following edition of the tournament. The qualification draw was conducted on 5 July 2023 at the Mohammed VI Football Academy in Rabat, Morocco.

AS FAR are the defending champions.
Kiymbi Dam
The Kiymbi Dam [aka Bendera Hydroelectric Powerstation] is a major hydroelectric dam and power station that was opened on the Kiymbi (or Kyimbi) river in 1959. It has been neglected and requires rehabilitation. New initiatives have been undertaken to rehabilitate the dam.

Société Nationale d'Électricité
Société Nationale d'Électricité (SNEL) is the national electricity company of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.  Its head office building is located in the district of La Gombe in the capital city, Kinshasa.  SNEL operates the Inga Dam facility on the Congo River, and it also operates Thermal power stations.
Denise Bombardier
Denise Bombardier CM CQ (French pronunciation: [dəniz bɔ̃baʁdje]; born Marie Louise Yvette Denise Bombardier, January 18, 1941 – July 4, 2023) was a Canadian journalist, essayist, novelist and media personality who worked for the French-language television network Radio-Canada for over 30 years.

Bombardier was a defender of the international Francophonie and often invited by Bernard Pivot to discuss the psyche of the French and the situation of the French language in France.

Bernard Pivot
Bernard Pivot (French: [bɛʁnaʁ pivo]; 5 May 1935 – 6 May 2024) was a French journalist, interviewer and host of cultural television programmes. He was chairman of the Académie Goncourt from 2014 to 2020.
South Karelia
South Karelia (or Southern Karelia, Finnish: Etelä-Karjala; Swedish: Södra Karelen) is a region of Finland. It borders the regions of Kymenlaakso, South Savo and North Karelia, as well as Russia (Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast).

Saimaa
Saimaa (/ˈsaɪmɑː/ SY-mah, Finnish: [ˈsɑi̯mɑː]; Swedish: Saimen) is a lake located in the Finnish Lakeland area in southeastern Finland. With a surface area of approximately 4,279 square kilometres (1,652 sq mi), it is the largest lake in Finland, and the fourth-largest natural freshwater lake in Europe.

The name Saimaa likely comes from a non-Uralic, non-Indo European substrate language. Alternatively, it has been proposed that the name may be connected to the Sami word sápmi.
Grand Forks County, North Dakota
Grand Forks County is a county in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 73,170, and was estimated to be 73,771 in 2024, making it the third-most populous county in North Dakota. The county seat and the largest city is Grand Forks. Grand Forks County is included in the Grand Forks Metropolitan statistical area, aka Greater Grand Forks or Grand Cities area, with its core cities being Grand Forks ND and East Grand Forks MN.

Grand Forks Public Schools
Grand Forks Public Schools (GFPS) is a system of K-12 schools in Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States. GFPS comprises two school districts: the Grand Forks School District and the Grand Forks Air Force Base School District. There are twelve elementary schools, four middle schools, and two high schools. GFPS also operates an alternative high school, an adult learning center, and a Head Start program. GFPS employs 1,100 people and instructs 7,200 students. The current superintendent is Terry Brenner.
Bachachereh-ye Olya
Bachachereh-ye Olya (Persian: بچاچره عليا, also Romanized as Bachāchereh-ye ‘Olyā; also known as Bachāchereh and Nahr-e Bachāchereh) is a village in Noabad Rural District, Arvandkenar District, Abadan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 32, in 5 families.

Nowabad Rural District
Nowabad Rural District (Persian: دهستان نوآباد) is in Arvandkenar District of Abadan County, Khuzestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Abtar. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Alam (علم).
First Macedonian War
The First Macedonian War (214–205 BC) was fought by Rome, allied (after 211 BC) with the Aetolian League and Attalus I of Pergamon, against Philip V of Macedon, contemporaneously with the Second Punic War (218–201 BC) against Carthage.  There were no decisive engagements, and the war ended in a stalemate.

During the war, Macedon attempted to gain control over parts of Illyria, but without success. It is commonly thought that these skirmishes in the east prevented Macedon from aiding the Carthaginian general Hannibal in the war with Rome. The Peace of Phoenice (205 BC) formally ended the war.

Aetolia
Aetolia (Greek: Αἰτωλία, romanized: Aitōlía) is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth, corresponding to the eastern part of the modern regional unit of Aetolia-Acarnania. Ancient Aetolia was the core of the Aetolian League and also included parts of modern Evrytania.
Dardana Fortress
The Dardana Fortress (Albanian: Kalaja e Dardanës) is an archaeological site of the Bronze Age, Iron Age and late antiquity in eastern Kosovo. It is located on a hill to the northwest of Kamenica. It was a hilltop settlement and fortress of the Dardani in classical antiquity. It was rebuilt in the late Roman period as part of the fortification system in the Roman province of Dardania. The site was discovered in the 1970s, but excavations did not start in earnest until 2012. One of the very earliest finds at the site is a funerary stele found accidentally at the foot of the hill in 1992. Its interpretation has helped shed light on Illyrian burial customs, and excavations at the site have contributed to knowledge about the trade patterns between Dardania and the Mediterranean region. Similar sites have been discovered in recent years in the Kamenica region.

Dardania (Roman province)
Dardania (/dɑːrˈdeɪniə/; Latin: Dardania; Ancient Greek: Δαρδανία) in the Central Balkans, initially an unofficial region in Moesia (87–284), and then a province administratively part of the Diocese of Moesia (293–337). It was named after the tribe of the Dardani who inhabited the region in classical antiquity before the Roman conquest. During the late Imperial period the Dardanian territory was the homeland of many Roman emperors, notably Constantine the Great and Justinian I.
Ignatius Chombo
Ignatius Morgen Chiminya Chombo (1 August 1952) is a former Zimbabwean politician who was Finance Minister of Zimbabwe in 2017. Previously he has served in the Cabinet of Zimbabwe as Minister of Home Affairs from 2015 to 2017, Minister of Local Government, Public Works and Urban Development from 2000 to 2015.

Grace Mugabe
Grace Ntombizodwa Mugabe (formerly Goreraza, née Marufu; born 23 July 1965) is a Zimbabwean entrepreneur, politician and the widow of the late President Robert Mugabe. She served as the First Lady of Zimbabwe from 1996 until her husband's resignation in November 2017, a week after he was ousted from power in the 2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état. Starting as a secretary to Mugabe, she rose in the ranks of the ruling ZANU–PF party to become the head of its Women's League and a key figure in the Generation 40 faction. At the same time, she gained a reputation for privilege and extravagance during a period of economic turmoil in the country. She was given the nickname Gucci Grace due to her extravagance. She was expelled from the party, with other G40 members, during the 2017 coup.

Mugabe was cited as one of the Top 100 most influential Africans by New African magazine in 2014.
1st federal electoral district of Guanajuato
The 1st federal electoral district of Guanajuato (Spanish: Distrito electoral federal 01 de Guanajuato) is one of the 300 electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of 15 such districts in the state of Guanajuato.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative session by means of the first-past-the-post system. Votes cast in the district also count towards the calculation of proportional representation ("plurinominal") deputies elected from the second region.

The current member for the district, elected in the 2024 general election, is Luis Gerardo Sánchez Sánchez of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).

Electoral regions of Mexico
The electoral regions (Spanish: circunscripciones electorales) of Mexico are geographic areas composed of various states used for the election of the 200 proportional representation legislators to the Chamber of Deputies.

The country is split into five separate regions. Each of the five regions elects 40 deputies, who are selected according to party lists in the regions. To distinguish them from those elected in the 300 single-member constituencies, they are often referred to as 
"plurinominal deputies".

In contrast, the 32 senators-at-large elected to the Senate by the principle of proportional representation are drawn from party lists covering the entire country; the electoral regions therefore play no role in Senate elections.
L'ambassadrice
L'ambassadrice is an opera or opéra comique in 3 acts by composer Daniel Auber. The work's French language libretto was written by Eugène Scribe and Jules-Henri Vernoy de Saint-Georges. The opera's world premiere was staged by the Opéra-Comique at the Théâtre des Nouveautés in Paris on 21 December 1836. It was revived in Paris on 4 January 2013  by the opera company Les Frivolités Parisiennes at the initiative of two research fellows who specialized in nineteenth-century historically informed performance, Pierre Girod (vocal coach) and Charlotte Loriot (stage director).

Opéra comique
Opéra comique (French: [ɔpeʁa kɔmik]; plural: opéras comiques) is a genre of French opera that contains spoken dialogue and arias. It emerged from the popular opéras comiques en vaudevilles of the Fair Theatres of St Germain and St Laurent (and to a lesser extent the Comédie-Italienne), which combined existing popular tunes with spoken sections. Associated with the Paris theatre of the same name, opéra comique is not necessarily comical or shallow; Carmen, perhaps the most famous opéra comique, is a tragedy.
Juan José Torres
Juan José Torres González (5 March 1920 – 2 June 1976) was a Bolivian socialist politician and military leader who served as the 50th president of Bolivia from 1970 to 1971, when he was ousted in a coup that resulted in the dictatorship of Hugo Banzer. He was popularly known as "J.J." (Jota-Jota). Juan José Torres was murdered in 1976 in Buenos Aires, in the frame of the United States-backed campaign Operation Condor.

President of Bolivia
The president of Bolivia (Spanish: Presidente de Bolivia), officially known as the president of the Plurinational State of Bolivia (Spanish: Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia), is head of state and head of government of Bolivia and the captain general of the Armed Forces of Bolivia.

According to the Bolivian Constitution, the president is elected by popular vote to a five-year term and may serve a maximum of two terms. A strict and inviolable two-term limit is enshrined in the Bolivian Constitution. If no candidate wins a majority (defined as either more than 50%, or alternatively at least 40% and at least 10% more than the second-place candidate), the top two candidates advance to a runoff election.

Rodrigo Paz is the 68th and current president of Bolivia, having assumed office on 8 November 2025.
Wellington Province (Victoria)
Wellington Province was an electorate of the Victorian Legislative Council, the upper house of the Victorian Parliament.

Wellington Province was created in the redistribution of provinces in 1882, under which the Central and Eastern Provinces were abolished and the Wellington, North Central, South Yarra, North Yarra, South Eastern and Melbourne Provinces were formed.

Wellington Province was defined by the Legislative Council Act 1881 (which took effect from the 1882 elections) as consisting of the following divisions: Talbot Shire, Talbot Borough, Clunes, Tullaroop, Carisbrook, Maryborough, Creswick Shire, Creswick Borough, Bungaree, Ballaarat City, Ballaarat East and Sebastopol.

Wellington was abolished in 1940, soon after new provinces of Ballarat, Doutta Galla, Higinbotham and Monash were created in 1937.

Doutta Galla Province
Doutta Galla Province was an electorate of the Victorian Legislative Council until 2006. It was abolished from the 2006 state election in the wake of the Bracks Labor government's reform of the Legislative Council.
Saigon, Ho Chi Minh City
Saigon (Vietnamese: Phường Sài Gòn) is a ward of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. It is one of the 168 new wards, communes and special zones of the city following the reorganization in 2025.

Saigon ward is the city's de facto downtown, central business district and administrative center. Prior to the ward's establishment, Saigon was the historic and colloquial name for Ho Chi Minh City's central area, roughly corresponding to the former District 1. It was also the official name for the capital city of the State of Vietnam (as Đô thành Sài Gòn-Chợ Lớn), the Republic of Vietnam (as Đô thành Sài Gòn), and the Republic of South Vietnam (as Thành phố Sài Gòn-Gia Định).

Ba Son Shipyard
Saigon Naval Shipyard is a former French Navy, Republic of Vietnam Navy (RVNN) and Vietnam People's Navy (VPN) base in Saigon Vietnam.

The 57-acre (230,000 m2) base, located on the southwest bank of the Saigon River about 30 miles (48 km) from the South China Sea, represented the largest single industrial complex in South East Asia. Officially known as the Ba Son Corporation (Tổng công ty Ba Son), the modern incarnation of the shipyard is now based in the Phú Mỹ II Industrial Park, Phú Mỹ, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, being one of the major shipyards in Vietnam.
Black Rock Forest
Black Rock Forest is a 3,920-acre (15.9 km2) forest and biological field station maintained by Black Rock Forest Consortium. It is located in the western Hudson Highlands region of the U.S. state of New York, in Orange County, mostly in the town of Cornwall, with the southern fringe overlapping into the neighboring town of Highlands.

Established by a local physician, Dr. Ernest G. Stillman, in 1927, the forest was the property of Harvard University from 1949 until 1989. The Consortium has invested heavily in facilities to improve its research and educational missions and promote sustainability, erecting several green buildings in the middle of the forest with guest facilities, classrooms, and laboratories. Its educational facilities are used by groups at every level, from elementary grades to college undergraduates. Over 400 papers have been published from research done in the forest.

Cornwall-on-Hudson, New York
Cornwall-on-Hudson is a riverfront village in the town of Cornwall, Orange County, New York, United States. It lies on the west bank of the Hudson River, approximately  50 miles (80 km) north of New York City. The population as of the 2020 census was 3,075. It is part of the Kiryas Joel–Poughkeepsie–Newburgh metropolitan area as well as the larger New York metropolitan area.
KWOZ
KWOZ is a radio station airing a country music format licensed to Mountain View, Arkansas, broadcasting on 103.3 MHz FM.  The station serves the areas of Searcy, Mountain Home, Batesville, and Newport, and is owned by WRD Entertainment, Inc.

Mountain Home, Arkansas
Mountain Home is a city in and the county seat of Baxter County, Arkansas, United States, in the southern Ozark Mountains near the northern state border with Missouri. As of the 2020 census, Mountain Home had a population of 12,825. A total of 41,307 persons lived within the city and micropolitan area combined, which encompasses the majority of Baxter County.