hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of taxation in the United States
The history of taxation in the United States begins with the colonial protest against British taxation policy in the 1760s, leading to the American Revolution. The independent nation collected taxes on imports ("tariffs"), whiskey, and (for a while) on glass windows. States and localities collected poll taxes on voters and property taxes on land and commercial buildings. In addition, there were the state and federal excise taxes. State and federal inheritance taxes began after 1900, while the states (but not the federal government) began collecting sales taxes in the 1930s.  The United States imposed income taxes briefly during the Civil War and the 1890s. In 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment was ratified, allowing Congress to levy an income tax on individuals and entities.

Intestacy
Intestacy is the condition of the estate of a person who dies without a legally valid will, resulting in the distribution of their estate under statutory intestacy laws rather than by their expressed wishes. Alternatively this may also apply where a will or declaration has been made, but only applies to part of the estate; the remaining estate forms the "intestate estate". Intestacy law, also referred to as the law of descent and distribution, which varies by jurisdiction, refers to the body of law (statutory and case law), that establishes a hierarchy for inheritance, typically prioritizing close relatives such as spouses, children, and then extended family members and determines who is entitled to the property from the estate under the rules of inheritance.
Bank of New Zealand Te Aro branch building
The Bank of New Zealand Te Aro branch building is a historic building on the corner of Manners and Cuba Street, Wellington, New Zealand.

The building, designed by William Turnbull (son of Thomas Turnbull), is one of Wellington's earliest reinforced concrete and steel structures. It features Corinthian columns and ornate projecting cornice. It was refurbished in the early 1980s.

The building, classified as a Category 1 Historic Place (places of "special or outstanding historical or cultural heritage significance or value") by Heritage New Zealand, housed a Burger King restaurant until April 2020.

Bank of New Zealand
Bank of New Zealand (BNZ) is one of the four largest banks in New Zealand. Established in 1861, it provides retail, business, and institutional banking services through a nationwide branch and digital network. Since 1992, BNZ has operated as a subsidiary of the Australia-based National Australia Bank (NAB), while retaining a New Zealand board of directors. Headquartered in Auckland, the bank has played a central role in the country’s financial system, including periods of government ownership during the late 20th century. Today, BNZ remains a major participant in New Zealand’s banking sector, with a market share comparable to its three main competitors ANZ, ASB, and Westpac.

The Bank of New Zealand in Australia (BNZA) is a former entity, now owned by NAB.
Engle Lake
Engle Lake, originally named Laguna del Muerto (Lake of the Deadman) by the Spanish, is a seasonal lake in the Jornada del Muerto region in Sierra County, New Mexico.  It lies at an elevation or 4,715 feet (1,437 m) in the depression in the Jornada Del Muerto basin. : 155–157

Cañon del Muerto (Sierra County, New Mexico)
Cañon del Muerto is a canyon, in Sierra County, New Mexico.

The mouth of the Cañon del Muerto, was originally considered to flow into the Rio Grande. Its lower reach was later renamed McRae Canyon, with Cañon del Muerto having its mouth at its confluence with McRae Canyon at 33°11′21″N 107°07′32″W﻿ / ﻿33.18917°N 107.12556°W﻿ / 33.18917; -107.12556 at an elevation of 4,460 feet (1,360 meters), below an unnamed arroyo flowing from the east, at an elevation of 4,573 feet (1,394 meters). Cañon del Muerto's source is at an elevation of 4,770 feet (1,450 meters) at 33°08′39″N 107°07′10″W﻿ / ﻿33.14417°N 107.11944°W﻿ / 33.14417; -107.11944.
Conductores de Venezuela
Conductores de Venezuela is a giant ceramic mural on a wall outside the Covered Gymnasium at the Central University of Venezuela, facing out to the Francisco Fajardo freeway. It was designed by cartoonist Pedro León Zapata and installed over a period of years in the late 1990s; it depicts cartoon Venezuelan people driving, with several vehicles having important Venezuelans from history behind the wheel.

Covered Gymnasium (Central University of Venezuela)
The Covered Gymnasium of UCV (informally known as "La Cachucha", The Hat, because of its particular shape) is a multi-purpose gym located in the University City of Caracas. Its spaces are public property that is administered by the Central University of Venezuela through the UCV sports department.
Queen Elizabeth Oak
The Queen Elizabeth Oak is a large sessile oak tree (Quercus petraea) in Cowdray Park near the village of Lodsworth in the Western Weald, West Sussex, England. It lies within the South Downs National Park.  It has a girth of 12.5–12.8 metres (41–42 ft), and is about 800–1,000 years old. According to this estimate it began to grow in the 11th or 12th century AD.  In June 2002, The Tree Council designated the Queen Elizabeth Oak, one of fifty Great British Trees, in recognition of its place in the national heritage.  According to the Woodland Trust, the tree is the third largest sessile oak tree to be recorded in the United Kingdom after the Pontfadog Oak in Wales and the Marton Oak in Cheshire, although this tree is now fragmented.

According to legend, Queen Elizabeth I stood near the tree with an arrow ready in her bow waiting for a stag to be driven within range for her to shoot it, although she was unsuccessful.

Pontfadog Oak
The Pontfadog Oak was a sessile oak tree (Quercus petraea) that stood on Cilcochwyn farm above the village of Pontfadog, in the Ceiriog Valley west of Chirk in the county borough of Wrexham, Wales, until it was blown over in the early hours of 18 April 2013. At the time it was reputed to be the oldest and largest oak tree in the United Kingdom.

Known as "Wales's national tree", its girth was over 16 metres (53 ft) in 1881.

In 1996 using Forestry Commission techniques, its age was estimated as between 1,181 and 1,628 years.
Proximal operator
In mathematical optimization, the proximal operator is an operator associated with a proper, lower semi-continuous convex function  from a Hilbert space 
to , and is defined by:

For any function in this class, the minimizer of the right-hand side above is unique, hence making the proximal operator well-defined. The proximal operator  is used in proximal gradient methods, which is frequently used in optimization algorithms associated with non-differentiable optimization problems such as total variation denoising.

Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.

In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics.
Record Collection (album)
Record Collection is the third studio album by British DJ and producer Mark Ronson. The album was released under the moniker Mark Ronson & The Business Intl. and was released on 27 September 2010 in the UK and on 28 September 2010 in the US.

Sharon Jones & the Dap-Kings
Sharon Jones & the Dap-Kings were an American funk and soul band signed to Daptone Records. They were part of a revival movement of mid-1960s to mid-1970s style funk and soul music. They released their debut album Dap Dippin' in 2002, the first of seven studio albums. Their 2014 album Give the People What They Want was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album. After Sharon Jones' death in 2016, the band released the posthumous album Soul of a Woman in 2017 and a compilation of cover songs in 2020.

The Dap-Kings, the Daptone house band, are notable for their collaborations with Mark Ronson, including their contributions to Amy Winehouse's Back to Black. The band continued to work and perform together through 2018.
Corsair (film)
Corsair is a 1931 American pre-Code crime drama written, produced and directed by Roland West. The film is based on the 1931 novel Corsair, a Pirate in White Flannels by Walton Green and takes place in and was shot during the era of Prohibition in the United States. The film stars Chester Morris and Thelma Todd (credited as Alison Loyd).

Rum-running
Rum-running, or bootlegging, is the illegal business of smuggling alcoholic beverages where such transportation is forbidden by law. The term rum-running is more commonly applied to smuggling over water; bootlegging is applied to smuggling over land.

Smuggling circumvents alcohol taxes and outright prohibition of alcohol sales.
Jagdfliegerführer Ostpreussen
Jagdfliegerführer Ostpreußen was initially part of 1st Fighter Division of the German Luftwaffe in World War II. It was formed 15 September 1943 in Neuhausen. On 8 September 1944 the Stab relocated to Königsberg-Seewiesen and subordinated to the Luftflotte 6 (Air Fleet 6) in January 1945. The Stab relocated again on 27 February 1945, this time to Treuenbrietzen. The unit was disbanded on 27 February 1945.

Luftflotte 6
Luftflotte 6 (Air Fleet 6) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II.  It was formed on May 5, 1943 from Luftwaffenkommando Ost in Central Russia (Smolensk). The Luftwaffe units listed here were detached in Belarus, East Poland, East Prussia, Ukraine, Slovakia and in Russian-occupied lands for air support of Axis forces in the sector; with command offices in Pryluky and Belarus during June 26, 1944 within the Eastern front.
Charles Muir Campbell
Charles Muir Campbell (September 1, 1795 – October 12, 1874) was a Scottish businessman in early Princeton, New Jersey, an early pioneer farmer in Illinois, and he spent the remainder of his life in Springfield, Illinois, where he was a justice of the peace.  While in New Jersey, he was one of the initial subscribers to the American Colonization Society.

Basking Ridge, New Jersey
Basking Ridge is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Bernards Township in the Somerset Hills region of Somerset County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

Settled during colonial times, Basking Ridge is in the Raritan Valley and is a commercial hub for northern-central New Jersey and is a commuter town of New York City. It was home to the old AT&T Headquarters, now operated by Verizon. Basking Ridge is the current headquarters for Collabera, Verizon Wireless, Peraton Labs, Lawyer.com and Barnes & Noble College Booksellers. The community also hosts a train station along the Gladstone Branch (one of the two branches of the Morris & Essex Lines), which connects to Hoboken Terminal and New York Penn Station.

The community of Basking Ridge is part of greater Bernards Township, which also includes the neighborhoods of Liberty Corner, Lyons and West Millington.

It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census with a population of 7,196.
Callicarpa cana
Callicarpa cana is a species name previously used to describe two different species of beautyberry:

Callicarpa cana  L. is accepted as Callicarpa candicans var. candicans (Burm.f.) Hochr.

Callicarpa cana Gamble is accepted as Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl

Callicarpa candicans
Callicarpa candicans, or the malayan lilac, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family. It is native Indochina, southern China, Malesia, New Guinea, northern Australia, and Micronesia.

Several infraspecific taxa are accepted:

Callicarpa candicans var. candicans (Burm.f.) Hochr. – southeastern China, Indochina, Malesia, New Guinea, and northern Australia

Callicarpa candicans f. glabriuscula (H.J.Lam) Fosberg – western Caroline Islands

Callicarpa candicans var. integrifolia (H.J.Lam) Fosberg – Caroline Islands

Callicarpa candicans var. paucinervia (Merr.) Fosberg – Marianas (Chamorro: hamlag)

Callicarpa candicans var. ponapensis Fosberg – Caroline Islands (Pohnpei)
FK Mladá Boleslav
FK Mladá Boleslav is a Czech professional football club based in the city of Mladá Boleslav. Since 2004, the club has been participating in the Czech First League.

In the Czech First League, Mladá Boleslav were runners up in 2005–06 and on third place in 2006–07 and 2013–14. The club won the Czech Cup in 2010–11 and 2015–16. In 2024–25, the club participated in the European Cups for the tenth time and qualified for the group stage for the third time.

2018–19 Czech First League
The 2018–19 Czech First League, known as the Fortuna liga for sponsorship reasons, was the 26th season of the Czech Republic's top-tier football league. The defending champions were Viktoria Plzeň, who won their fifth Czech title the previous season. The season was the first with a new league structure in which 16 clubs play each other home and away, until the league is split up into championship, Europa League and relegation groups. Dukla Prague lost seven consecutive games at the start of the season, becoming the first team in the Czech First League to do so.
Sort (C++)
sort is a generic function in the C++ Standard Library for doing comparison sorting. The function originated in the Standard Template Library (STL).

The specific sorting algorithm is not mandated by the language standard and may vary across implementations, but the worst-case asymptotic complexity of the function is specified: a call to sort must perform no more than O(N log N) comparisons when applied to a range of N elements.

Partial sorting
In computer science, partial sorting is a relaxed variant of the sorting problem. Total sorting is the problem of returning a list of items such that its elements all appear in order, while partial sorting is returning a list of the k smallest (or k largest) elements in order. The other elements (above the k smallest ones) may also be sorted, as in an in-place partial sort, or may be discarded, which is common in streaming partial sorts. A common practical example of partial sorting is computing the "Top 100" of some list.

In terms of indices, in a partially sorted list, for every index i from 1 to k, the i-th element is in the same place as it would be in the fully sorted list: element i of the partially sorted list contains order statistic i of the input list.
Dreams and visions in Middle-earth
J. R. R. Tolkien repeatedly uses dreams and visions in his Middle-earth writings to create literary effects, allowing the narrative to transition between everyday reality and awareness of other kinds of existence. He follows the conventions of the dream vision in early medieval literature, and the tradition of English visionary writing of Edmund Spenser and John Milton.

A large number of dreams are described in The Lord of the Rings. Scholars have identified multiple functions for these, including hinting at panpsychism—with mind as a reality throughout the world and guidance by the godlike Valar, providing glimpses of paradise, and suggesting that evil characters can place false images in men's minds. A special case is the otherworldly Elvish land of Lothlórien, which resembles the dreamland of the medieval poem Pearl.

Rivendell
Rivendell (Sindarin: Imladris) is a valley in J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional world of Middle-earth, representing both a homely place of sanctuary and a magical Elvish otherworld. It is an important location in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, being the place where the quest to destroy the One Ring begins.

Rivendell's feeling of peace may have contributed to the popularity of The Lord of the Rings during the war-troubled 1960s. Scholars have noted that Rivendell is the home of Elvish song, from the hymn to Elbereth, recalling Tolkien's Catholicism, to the complex Song of Eärendil with its multiple poetic devices. Others have written that it resembles the Celtic Otherworld of Tír na nÓg and that it physically recalls the valley of Lauterbrunnen in Switzerland, where Tolkien went hiking in 1911.
Liu Xin (scholar)
Liu Xin (c. 46 BCE – 23 CE), courtesy name Zijun, was a Chinese astronomer, classicist, imperial librarian, mathematician, and politician during the Western Han and Xin dynasties. He later changed his name to Liu Xiu (劉秀) due to the naming taboo of Emperor Ai of Han. He was the son of Imperial librarian Liu Xiang and an associate of other eminent thinkers such as the philosopher Huan Tan. Liu was a prominent supporter of the Old Text classics.

Joseph Needham
Noel Joseph Terence Montgomery Needham (/ˈniːdəm/; 9 December 1900 – 24 March 1995) was a British biochemist, historian of science and sinologist known for his scientific research and writing on the history of Chinese science and technology, initiating publication of the multivolume Science and Civilisation in China. He called attention to what has come to be known as the Needham Question, of why and how China had ceded its leadership in science and technology to Western countries.

He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1941 and a fellow of the British Academy in 1971. In 1992, Queen Elizabeth II conferred on him the Order of the Companions of Honour, and the Royal Society noted he was the only living person to hold these three titles.
Phi Kappa Nu
Phi Kappa Nu (ΦΚΝ) was a local fraternity on the campus of Howard College (now Samford University) in Birmingham, Alabama, United States. Through mergers, it helped establish Theta Kappa Nu, which later joined Lambda Chi Alpha.

Samford University
Samford University is a private Christian university in Homewood, Alabama, United States. Homewood is an inner-suburb of Birmingham. Samford was founded by Baptists in 1841 as Howard College and located until 1887 in Marion, Alabama. It is governed by an independent board of trustees, which requires board members to be Baptists.

In fall 2025, the university enrolled 6,324 students from 44 states, 1 U.S. territory, and 16 other countries, marking the 17th consecutive record-setting year for enrollment.
1933 Los Angeles Angels season
The 1933 Los Angeles Angels season was the 31st season in the history of the Los Angeles Angels baseball team. The 1933 team won the Pacific Coast League (PCL) pennant with a 114–73 record. Jack Lelivelt was the team's manager. The team played its home games at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles.

The Angels dominated the 1933 All-Pacific Coast League baseball team, claiming six of the twelve first-team spots. The first-team honorees were pitchers Buck Newsom and Dick Ward, third baseman Gene Lillard, shortstop Carl Dittmar, and outfielders Tuck Stainback and Jigger Statz.

Tuck Stainback
George Tucker Stainback (August 4, 1911 – November 29, 1992) was an American professional baseball outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for 13 seasons with the Chicago Cubs (1934–1937), St. Louis Cardinals (1938), Philadelphia Phillies (1938), Brooklyn Dodgers (1938–1939), Detroit Tigers (1940–1941), New York Yankees (1942–1945), and Philadelphia Athletics (1946).
1998 North Carolina House of Representatives election
The 1998 North Carolina House of Representatives election was held on November 3, 1998, to determine which party would control the North Carolina House of Representatives for the following two years in the 144th North Carolina General Assembly. All 120 house seats were up for election. Prior to the election 61 seats were held by Republicans and 59 were held by Democrats. The election coincided with elections for other offices including the U.S. Senate, U.S. House, and State Senate. Democrats made a net gain of 7 seats, thereby regaining control of the North Carolina House of Representatives after having previously lost it following the 1994 election.

1998 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina
The United States House of Representative elections of 1998 in North Carolina were held on 3 November 1998 as part of the biennial election to the United States House of Representatives.  All twelve seats in North Carolina, and 435 nationwide, were elected.

The Republicans won seven seats to the Democrats' five.  Eleven incumbents won re-election, while Democrat Bill Hefner's retirement in the 8th district allowed Republican Robin Hayes to enter the House for the first time.  The Libertarian Party ran in every district, almost quadrupling their total vote share, but their vote was smaller than the margin of victory in all races.
Bernard Ato V
Bernard Ato V (died 1163) was the Viscount of Nîmes of the Trencavel family from 1129 to his death. He was then succeeded by his son and successor Bernard Ato VI.

In 1138, Bernard Ato swore an oath of fidelity to Alfonso Jordan, Count of Toulouse, along with his brothers Roger of Carcassonne and Raymond of Béziers. Nevertheless, because his father Bernard Ato IV had supported William IX of Aquitaine in his attempt to take Toulouse and because his lands controlled the roads between Alfonso's Languedocian and Provençal lands, Bernard Ato and Alfonso were fundamentally at odds. Alfonso even seized some castles in the vicinity of Nîmes itself.

Alfonso Jordan
Alfonso Jordan, also spelled Alfons Jordan or Alphonse Jourdain (1103–1148), was the Count of Tripoli (1105–09), Count of Rouergue (1109–48) and Count of Toulouse, Margrave of Provence and Duke of Narbonne (1112–48).
Washington State Route 107
State Route 107 (SR 107) is a 7.93-mile-long (12.76 km) state highway serving Grays Harbor County in the U.S. state of Washington. The highway travels northeast from U.S. Route 101 (US 101) south of Cosmopolis to an interchange with US 12 in Montesano. SR 107 was created during the 1964 highway renumbering as the successor to a branch of Primary State Highway 9 (PSH 9), established earlier in 1937.

Washington State Department of Transportation
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT or WashDOT, both /ˈwɒʃdɒt/) is a governmental agency that constructs, maintains, and regulates the use of transportation infrastructure in the U.S. state of Washington. Established in 1905, it is led by a secretary and overseen by the governor. WSDOT is responsible for more than 20,000 lane-miles of roadway, nearly 3,000 vehicular bridges and 524 other structures. This infrastructure includes rail lines, state highways, state ferries (considered part of the highway system) and state airports.