hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Constant curvature
In mathematics, constant curvature is a concept from differential geometry. Here, curvature refers to the sectional curvature of a space (more precisely a differentiable manifold) and is a single number that determines its local geometry. The sectional curvature is said to be constant if it has the same value at every point and for every two-dimensional tangent plane at that point. For example, a sphere is a surface of constant positive curvature.

Sectional curvature
In Riemannian geometry, the sectional curvature is one of the ways to describe the curvature of Riemannian manifolds. The sectional curvature K(σp) depends on a two-dimensional linear subspace σp of the tangent space at a point p of the manifold. It can be defined geometrically as the Gaussian curvature of the surface which has the plane σp as a tangent plane at p, obtained from geodesics which start at p in the directions of σp (in other words, the image of σp under the exponential map at p). The sectional curvature is a real-valued function on the 2-Grassmannian bundle over the manifold.

The sectional curvature determines the Riemann curvature tensor completely.
Guild Wars (video game)
Guild Wars is a multiplayer online action role-playing game developed by ArenaNet, a subsidiary of South Korean game publisher NCSOFT, and released in 2005. As the original installment of the Guild Wars series, its campaign was retroactively titled Prophecies to differentiate it from the content of subsequent releases. The game contains a co-operative role-playing portion and a competitive Player versus Player (PvP) portion. In PvP, players may use either their co-operative characters or PvP-exclusive characters who are inherently maximum level and have account-based access to unlocked content.

A rerelease of the game titled Guild Wars Reforged, with upgraded visuals and audio, a redesigned high-DPI–friendly interface, a new quest-tracking system, and full modern controller support was officially released on December 3, 2025.

Player versus environment
Player versus environment (PvE), also known as player versus monster (PvM), and commonly misinterpreted as player versus entity or player versus enemy, is a term used for both single-player and online games, particularly MMORPGs, CORPGs, MUDs, other online role-playing video games and survival games to refer to fighting computer-controlled enemies – in contrast to player versus player (PvP) which is fighting other players in the game. In survival games a large part may be fighting the elements, controlling hunger and thirst, learning to adapt to the environment and exploration.

Usually a PvE mode can be played alone, with human companions or with AI companions. The PvE mode may contain a storyline that is narrated as the player progresses through missions. It may also contain missions that may be done in any order.
Anna Fredericka Philippine of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg
Anna Fredericka Philippine of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg (4 July 1665 - 25 February 1748), was a German noblewoman member of the House of Oldenburg and by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Zeitz-Pegau-Neustadt.

Born in Wiesenburg, Margraviate of Brandenburg, she was the thirteenth of fifteen children born from the second marriage of Philip Louis, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg with Anna Margaret of Hesse-Homburg. From her fourteen full-siblings, only seven survive adulthood: Frederick, Sophie Elisabeth (by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Zeitz), Charles Louis, Eleanor Margaret (by marriage Princess of Liechtenstein), William Christian, Magdalene Sophie (Abbess in Quedlinburg) and Johanna Magdalene Louise. In addition, she had two further older half-siblings from her father's first marriage with Catharina of Waldeck-Wildungen, of whom only one survive: Dorothea Elisabeth (by her two marriages Countess of Sinzendorf, Rabutin and Marchioness de Fremonville).

Saxe-Zeitz
The Duchy of Saxe-Zeitz (German: Herzogtum Sachsen-Zeitz) was a territory of the Holy Roman Empire established in 1657 as a secundogeniture of the Electoral Saxon house of House of Wettin. Its capital was Zeitz. The territory fell back to the Wettin electoral line in 1718.
2010 Skyrunner World Series
The 2010 Skyrunner World Series was the 9th edition of the global skyrunning competition, Skyrunner World Series, organised by the International Skyrunning Federation from 2002.

Same format of the seasons 2008 and 2009.

Skyrunner World Series
The Skyrunner World Series is an annual international championship of skyrunning (high altitude endurance races) and the official International Skyrunning Federation (ISF) race circuit for mountain running. Each year the Skyrunner World Series presents a global Sky Racing calendar, attracting mountain running athletes from almost every country.
Oka V Chitram
Oka V Chitram (styled Oka 'V' Chitram) (transl. A 'V' film/An oddity) is a 2006 Indian  Telugu-language comedy film written and directed by Teja, and produced by Dasari Narayana Rao and Siri Media Pvt Ltd. It stars Aadhi Pinisetty, Vamsi Krishna, Poonam Kaur and Madhu Shalini. The music was composed by Sri Murali. The film is inspired by the American film Bowfinger and the Malayalam film Udayananu Tharam. Aadhi Pinisetty made his acting debut in the film under the name Pradeep Pinisetty.

Bowfinger
Bowfinger is a 1999 American satirical comedy film directed by Frank Oz. The film depicts a down-and-out filmmaker in Hollywood attempting to make a film on a small budget with a star who does not know that he is in the movie. It was written by Steve Martin, who also stars alongside Eddie Murphy in two roles, and also features Heather Graham as an ambitious would-be starlet.

Bowfinger was released in the United States by Universal Pictures on August 13, 1999, to positive reviews, and grossed $98.6 million against a $55 million budget. The film is considered by many as one of Murphy's best and most underappreciated films.
Jonathan Gold
Jonathan Gold (July 28, 1960 – July 21, 2018) was an American food and music critic. He was for many years the chief food critic for the Los Angeles Times and also wrote for LA Weekly and Gourmet, in addition to serving as a regular contributor on KCRW's Good Food radio program. Gold often chose small, traditional immigrant restaurants for his reviews, although he covered all types of cuisine. In 2007, while writing for the LA Weekly, he became the first food critic to win the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism.

Pulitzer Prize for Criticism
The Pulitzer Prize for Criticism has been presented since 1970 to a newspaper writer in the United States who has demonstrated 'distinguished criticism'.  Recipients of the award are chosen by an independent board and officially administered by Columbia University. The Pulitzer Committee issues an official citation explaining the reasons for the award.
Seán Treacy (Galway hurler)
Seán Treacy (born 1965) is an Irish hurling coach and former player. At club level he played with Portumna, while he also lined out at inter-county level with various Galway teams. Treacy is the current coach of the Clare senior hurling team.

2005–06 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship
The 2005–06 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship was the 36th staging of the All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship, the Gaelic Athletic Association's premier inter-county club hurling tournament. The championship ran from 15 October 2005 to 17 March 2006.

James Stephens of Kilkenny were the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Portumna in the All-Ireland semi-final. Calry/St Joseph's of Sligo, Celbridge of Kildare and Garryspillane of Limerick made their championship debuts.

The All-Ireland final was played at Croke Park in Dublin on 17 March 2006, between Portumna of Galway and Newtownshandrum of Cork, in what was a first championship meeting between the teams. Portumna won the match by 2–08 to 1–06 to claim a first title.

Eoin Larkin was the championship's top scorer with 2–27.
Enver Pasha's campaign in Bukhara
In January 1922, the Basmachi movement under the command of Turkish general Enver Pasha launched a military campaign to wrest control of Bukhara and Khorezm from Soviet forces led by Mikhail Frunze, Semyon Budyonny and Kamenev. The Basmachis seized most of the Bukharan and Khorezm People's Soviet Republics, challenging Soviet authority in the region by May, but Soviet counter-offensives in June forced the Basmachis to end their operation. The campaign formed part of the broader Basmachi Movement against Soviet rule in Central Asia following the Russian Civil War.

Qarshi
Qarshi (/kɑːrˈʃiː/ kar-SHEE; Uzbek: [qarˈʃɨ]) is a city in southern Uzbekistan. It is the capital of Qashqadaryo Region. Administratively, Qarshi is a district-level city, that includes the urban-type settlement Qashqadaryo. It has a population of 278,300 (2021 estimate). It is about 520 km south-southwest of Tashkent, and about 335 km north of Uzbekistan's border with Afghanistan. It is located at latitude 38° 51' 48N; longitude 65° 47' 52E at an altitude of 374 meters. The city is important in natural gas production, but Qarshi is also famous for its production of woven flat carpets.
Helen Whitaker
Lady Helen Whitaker (12 August 1890 – 2 August 1929) was county commissioner for Hampshire Girl Guides from 1917 to 1924 and Commissioner for British Guides Abroad. She was one of the earliest recipients of the Silver Fish Award, Girl Guiding's highest adult honour.

Silver Fish Award
The Silver Fish Award is the highest adult award in Girlguiding. It is awarded for outstanding service to Girlguiding combined with service to world Guiding. The award has changed greatly since it first appeared in 1911, initially being awarded to girls on completion of a number of badges, then via numerous stages to the highest award in the Guiding movement worldwide, and then on to its position as a Girlguiding award.
Capital Circle
Capital Circle is a circular road surrounding Capital Hill in the centre of Canberra, Australia's capital city. It is one of three concentric roads on the hill, with State Circle the outermost and Parliament Drive the innermost. There are no buildings on Capital Circle. Parliament Drive surrounds New Parliament House.

Roads named for each of Australia's state capitals converge at Capital Circle or State Circle. The main roads leading from the circle are Commonwealth Avenue to the north and Canberra Avenue and Adelaide Avenue to the south.

Canberra Avenue
Canberra Avenue is a major road in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. It is the primary link between the nation's capital and the city of Queanbeyan, New South Wales which lies on the territory's eastern border. The route also passes historic two historic landmarks; Manuka Oval, opened in 1929 and the Church of Saint Andrew in the suburb of Forrest.
Condenser (heat transfer)
In systems involving heat transfer, a condenser is a heat exchanger used to condense a gaseous substance into a liquid state through cooling. In doing so, the latent heat is released by the substance and transferred to the surrounding environment. Condensers are used for efficient heat rejection in many industrial systems. Condensers can be made according to numerous designs and come in many sizes ranging from rather small (hand-held) to very large (industrial-scale units used in plant processes). For example, a refrigerator uses a condenser to get rid of heat extracted from the interior of the unit to the outside air.

Condensers are used in air conditioning, industrial chemical processes such as distillation, steam power plants, and other heat-exchange systems. The use of cooling water or surrounding air as the coolant is common in many condensers.

Vapor
In physics, a vapor (American English) or vapour (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences) is a substance in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical temperature, which means that the vapor can be condensed to a liquid by increasing the pressure on it without reducing the temperature of the vapor. A vapor is different from an aerosol. An aerosol is a suspension of tiny particles of liquid, solid, or both within a gas.

For example, water has a critical temperature of 647 K (374 °C; 705 °F), which is the highest temperature at which liquid water can exist at any pressure. In the atmosphere at ordinary temperatures gaseous water (known as water vapor) will condense into a liquid if its partial pressure is increased sufficiently.

A vapor may coexist with a liquid (or a solid). When this is true, the two phases will be in equilibrium, and the gas-partial pressure will be equal to the equilibrium vapor pressure of the liquid (or solid).
Haya people
The Haya (or Bahaya; Swahili: Wahaya) are a Bantu ethnic group based in Kagera Region, northwestern Tanzania, on the western side of Lake Victoria. With over one million people, it is estimated that Haya make up approximately 4% of the population of Tanzania. Historically, the Haya have had a complex kingship-based political system. Agriculture, particularly banana farming, is central to Haya economic life. They are credited with the independent development of carbon steel dating to 2000 years ago using pre-heating techniques.

Empire of Kitara
Kitara (sometimes spelt as Kittara or Kitwara, also known as the Chwezi Empire) was an ancient legendary state that covered significant parts of western Uganda and is regularly mentioned in the oral traditions of the Banyoro, Batooro, and Banyankole.
Princession Orchestra
Princession Orchestra (プリンセッション・オーケストラ, Purinsesshon Ōkesutora) is a Japanese anime television series created by Aria Entertainment and King Records and produced by Silver Link. It is originally conceived by Akifumi Kaneko and Noriyasu Agematsu, the creative duo behind Senki Zesshō Symphogear with direction from Shin Oonuma and Manta Aisora as main writer. It premiered on TV Tokyo and other TXN stations on April 6, 2025. The series uses music and idols as its main motifs while the overall theme is after Alice in Wonderland.

Silver Link
Silver Link, Inc. (株式会社シルバーリンク, Kabushiki-gaisha Shirubā Rinku; stylized as SILVER LINK.) is a Japanese animation studio. It was founded by ex-Frontline animation producer Hayato Kaneko in December 2007 and is based in Tokyo.
Facility (Japan)
A facility (施設等機関, Shisetsu-tō Kikan) is a collective term for Japanese organizations such as test and research laboratories, inspection and certification institutes, educational and training facilities, medical and rehabilitation facilities, reformatory and internment facilities, and work facilities that are established under the Cabinet Office or other governmental organizations (ministries, commissions and agencies) set forth in Article 3, paragraph 2 of the National Government Organization Act. It is distinguished from an extraordinary organ. The classification was created on 1 July 1985 when an amendment to the National Government Organization Act was put into effect.

Cabinet Office (Japan)
The Cabinet Office (内閣府, Naikaku-fu) (CAO) is an agency of the Cabinet of Japan. It is responsible for handling the day-to-day affairs of the Cabinet.

The Cabinet Office is formally headed by the Prime Minister.
M. Rengasamy
M. Rengasamy is an Indian politician and was elected member for the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from the Thanjavur constituency in 2011, 2016 representing Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party. Currently he represents the Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam party. He lost the assembly by-elections in 2019.

He was one of the 18 members who were disqualified were disqualified by Speaker P. Dhanapal as they withdrew support to Chief Minister Edappadi K. Palaniswami and became loyal to rebel leader T.T.V. Dhinakaran and joined his party Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam.

T. T. V. Dhinakaran
Thiruthuraipoondi Thiruvenkatam Vivekananda Dhinakaran (born 13 December 1963) is an Indian politician who popularly known as TTV is founding General Secretary of Amma Makkal Munneetra Kazhagam. His cadres revered him as Makkal Selvar. In the past he was the Treasurer of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Party and served as the Member of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. He was expelled from the AIADMK in August 2017. He also served as former Member of the 15th Tamil Nadu Assembly from Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar (2017-2021). He is the nephew of V. K. Sasikala. He won the highly anticipated RK Nagar by-election in December 2017. On 15 March 2018 Dhinakaran launched his political party named Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazhagam.
Dennis Rommedahl
Dennis Rommedahl (Danish pronunciation: [ˈʁʌməˌtɛˀl]; born 22 July 1978) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a right winger. During his 19-year professional career, he won four Eredivisie titles with PSV Eindhoven, and also played for several other Dutch clubs in between stints in England and Greece.

The fourth-most capped national player for Denmark, he appeared in 126 matches and scored 21 goals for his country, and was a member of the Danish squads at the 2002 World Cup, Euro 2004, the 2010 World Cup and Euro 2012. He was nominated for Danish Footballer of the Year in 2007, but did not win the award until 2010.

2007 Johan Cruyff Shield
The twelfth edition of the Johan Cruyff Shield (Dutch: Johan Cruijff Schaal) was held on 11 August 2007 between 2006–07 Eredivisie champions PSV Eindhoven and 2006–07 KNVB Cup winners Ajax. Ajax won the match 1–0.
Gambit Esports
Gambit Esports, formerly Gambit Gaming, is an inactive Russian esports organization owned by telecommunications company MTS. It was established in January 2013 after the acquisition of the former League of Legends roster of Moscow Five.

Gambit has teams competing in Apex Legends, Dota 2, Fortnite Battle Royale, and Valorant. It previously had a League of Legends team competing in the European League of Legends Championship Series (EU LCS), and later the League of Legends Continental League (LCL).

Intel Extreme Masters
The Intel Extreme Masters (IEM) is a series of international esports tournaments held in countries around the world. These Electronic Sports League (ESL) sanctioned events, sponsored by Intel, as of 2025 currently host events in Counter-Strike 2. Other game titles were hosted in the past, including StarCraft II and League of Legends. The body that owns the league is Savvy Games Group. The League has operated 17 seasons as of 2023. The highest tier of events, known as Masters Championships, are held in the summer in Cologne, Germany and in the new year in Poland, offering the most prize money. Other events, known as Masters events, are held in numerous cities around the globe, which have included Dallas, Shanghai and Sydney.
Oriental Land (Qingpu)
Oriental Land is a park located in Qingpu District, Shanghai City, under the jurisdiction of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission and Oriental Pearl. It has a land area of 5600 acres and a water area of 2000 acres.

Oriental Land is a AAAA-level Tourist Attraction of China and a Chinese National Environmental Science Base.

Oriental Pearl Tower
The Oriental Pearl Tower is a futurist TV tower in Lujiazui, Shanghai. Built from 1991 to 1994, the tower was the tallest structure in China until the completion of nearby World Financial Center in 2007. Its status as Shanghai's first AAAAA tourist attraction, the tower's unique architecture, height, and fifteen observation decks have made it a cultural icon of the city.
Robert Dobbie
Robert Dobbie (1901–2000) was a Pastor hailing from Dundee, Scotland who taught Old Testament at the Universities of Glasgow (1946–1947), St. Andrews (1947–1955), Toronto (1955–1969) and at Carleton (1969–1974).

Robert Dobbie was active in contributing to Old Testament scholarship.  Wolfgang Roth was a student at Dobbie in Toronto.  Dobbie also used to compose hymns.

Dobbie was a member of the Society of Biblical Literature and was at one time elected as Vice-President of the Canadian section of the Society of Biblical Literature.  Dobbie used to contribute to Old Testament scholarship through his writings which appeared in biblical journals like The Expository Times, Vetus Testamentum, Canadian Journal of Theology, Scottish Journal of Theology, International Review of Missions.

Dobbie last taught at Carleton University where he was Visiting Professor of Religion from 1969 onwards.

Society of Biblical Literature
The Society of Biblical Literature (SBL), founded in 1880 as the Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis, is an American-based learned society dedicated to the academic study of the Bible and related ancient literature. Its current stated mission is to "foster biblical scholarship". Membership is open to the public and consists of over 8,300 individuals from over 100 countries. As a scholarly organization, SBL has been a constituent society of the American Council of Learned Societies since 1929.
Department of Financial Studies
The Department of Financial Studies (DFS) is a department of the University of Delhi offering programs in finance. Tracing its roots in the Delhi School of Economics, the DFS was carved out of the Department of Commerce of the university in 1987 to provide training in the field of finance. The DFS is located at the South Campus of the university.

DFS was rated AA by TIME (the Triumphant Institute of Management Education), making it one of the top 30 business schools in India.

Eminent financial policy personalities of India including C. B. Bhave, Kamalesh Chandra Chakrabarty and M. Damodaran have served on its advisory board for the Master of Finance and Control course. The past deans of the department include some of the best known financial management educationists like Professors M. Y. Khan, C. P. Gupta and I. M. Pandey.

Delhi School of Economics
Delhi School of Economics (DSE), popularly referred to as D School, is an institution of higher learning within the Delhi University. The Delhi School of Economics is situated in University of Delhi's North Campus in Maurice Nagar. Established in 1949, the campus of the Delhi School of Economics houses the University of Delhi's departments of Economics, Sociology, Geography and Commerce, as well as the Ratan Tata Library. Out of the four academic departments, the Departments of Economics, Sociology and Geography come under the Faculty of Social Sciences, while the Department of Commerce comes under the Faculty of Commerce and Business Studies.

Many of its former faculty members and alumni have gone ahead to become economists, social scientists, writers, heads of states and journalists. It presently offers multiple post graduate and doctoral level programmes in a wide range of disciplines.
16th New York State Legislature
The 16th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from November 6, 1792, to March 12, 1793, during the sixteenth year of George Clinton's governorship, in New York City.

Tioga County, New York
Tioga County /taɪˈoʊɡə/ is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 48,455. Its county seat is Owego. Tioga County is part of the Binghamton metropolitan area. The county is part of the Southern Tier region of the state.

The county's name is a corruption of Iroquois De-yoh-ho-gah, meaning "at the forks" or "where it forks."
Foster Farm
Foster Farm,  nicknamed "the Farm", is a neighbourhood in the Britannia area of Bay Ward in the west end of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is roughly bounded to the north by Richmond Road, to the east by Pinecrest Road, to the west by the former Ottawa/Nepean city limits and the south by the Highway 417, the Queensway.  It is bordered by Fairfield Heights, Queensway Terrace North, Redwood, Michele Heights. The total population of this area according to the 2016 Canada Census was 3,636.

Redwood, Ottawa
45°20′40″N 75°47′37″W﻿ / ﻿45.344545°N 75.793476°W﻿ / 45.344545; -75.793476

Redwood is a neighbourhood located in Ottawa's west end. The boundaries of the neighbourhood is Greenbank Road to the east, Baseline Road to the south, Morrison Drive (old Ottawa-Nepean border line) to the west and Highway 417 to the north.

Its sister neighbourhoods are Qualicum, Leslie Park, and Queensway Terrace.