hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dollar gap
Dollar gap is an economic term denoting a situation where the stock of US dollars is insufficient to satisfy the demand of foreign customers. The usage of the word "gap"" specifically refers to the positive difference between exports and imports, i.e. US active trade balance of the U.S. after World War II, which led to the difference between the need for dollars and their limited supply.

Export
An export in international trade is a good produced in one country that is sold into another country or a service provided in one country for a national or resident of another country. The seller of such goods or the service provider is an exporter; the foreign buyer is an importer. Services that figure in international trade include financial, accounting and other professional services, tourism, education as well as intellectual property rights.

Exportation of goods often requires the involvement of customs authorities.
Cystoisospora canis
Cystoisospora canis, previously known as Isospora canis, is a microscopic, coccidian parasite that causes an intestinal tract infection in dogs. The intestinal tract infection is coccidiosis caused by a protozoon (one-celled organisms) called coccidia.

Apicomplexan life cycle
Apicomplexans, a group of intracellular parasites, have life cycle stages that allow them to survive the wide variety of environments they are exposed to during their complex life cycle. Each stage in the life cycle of an apicomplexan organism is typified by a cellular variety with a distinct morphology and biochemistry.

Not all apicomplexa develop all the following cellular varieties and division methods. This presentation is intended as an outline of a hypothetical generalised apicomplexan organism.
Kalochori, Kastoria
Kalochori (Greek: Καλοχώρι, before 1926: Δοβρόλιτσα – Dovrolitsa; Macedonian: Добролишта Dobrolišta; Bulgarian: Добролища Dobrolishta,  Добролишча Dobrolishcha in the Kostur dialect), is a small rural village, part of the municipal unit of Kastoria, Kastoria regional unit, Greece. Kalochori is also located 14 kilometers away from the city of Kastoria and 14 kilometers away from the village of Nestorio. It was a part of the former municipal unit of Mesopotamia. The village has an elevation of 721 meters above sea level.

Kostur dialect
The Kostur dialect (Macedonian: Костурски дијалект, romanized: Kosturski dijalekt) is a member of the southwestern subgroup of the southeastern group of dialects of the Macedonian language. The dialect has been regarded as Bulgarian by Bulgarian scholars.
Gmina Teresin
Gmina Teresin is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Sochaczew County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Teresin, which lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south-east of Sochaczew and 41 km (25 mi) west of Warsaw.

The gmina covers an area of 87.98 square kilometres (34.0 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 11,028.

Sochaczew
Sochaczew (Polish pronunciation: [sɔˈxat͡ʂɛf] ⓘ) is a town in central Poland, with 33,456 inhabitants (as of 2023). In the Masovian Voivodeship (since 1999), formerly in Skierniewice Voivodeship (1975–1998). It is the capital of Sochaczew County and is located approximately 50 km (31 mi) west from the capital of Poland Warsaw

Sochaczew has a narrow-gauge railway museum with a line that runs as far as Wilcze Tułowskie. 750 mm-gauge steam trains run on the line on Saturdays from spring to the end of summer.
Stephen Wildman
Stephen Wildman (born 1951) is Emeritus Professor of the History of Art at the University of Lancaster and formerly Director of the Ruskin Library and Research Centre.

Wildman was educated at Bedford Modern School, and Queens' College, Cambridge.  He was a Research Fellow and Director of Studies in History of Art at Queens' College, Cambridge (1976–79), Deputy Keeper of Fine Art at Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery (1980) and also its Curator of Prints and Drawings (1980–96).

He was Chairman of the Birmingham Branch of The Victorian Society between 1987 and 1990. He is also a Companion of the Guild of St George.

Wildman was an Honorary Research Fellow at the University of Birmingham (1991–94), a visiting fellow at Yale University (1994) and has been a committee member of the Walpole Society since 1999.

Bedford Modern School
Bedford Modern School (often called BMS) is a Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference independent school in Bedford, England. The school has its origins in The Harpur Trust, born from the endowments left by Sir William Harpur in the 16th century. BMS comprises a junior school (ages 6–11) and a senior school (ages 11–18).

The school has had four names. In 1873 the school became Bedford Modern School to reflect its modern curriculum, providing an education for the professions. BMS provided education not only for the locality but also for colonial and military personnel abroad, seeking good education for their young families.
Third Test, 1932–33 Ashes series
The Third Test of the 1932–33 Ashes series was one of five Tests in a cricket series between Australia and England. The match was played at the Adelaide Oval in Adelaide from 13 to 19 January 1933, with a rest day on 15 January. England won the match by 338 runs to take a series lead of 2 Tests to 1 with 2 Tests to play.

The Test was noted as the one in which the controversy over the use of "bodyline" tactics by the English team came to a head. These tactics, employed by the England fast bowlers Harold Larwood and Bill Voce on the direction of their captain, Douglas Jardine, engendered much ill-feeling.

Pelham Warner
Sir Pelham Francis Warner, MBE (2 October 1873 – 30 January 1963), affectionately and better known as Plum Warner or "the Grand Old Man" of English cricket, was a Test cricketer and cricket administrator.

He was knighted for services to sport in the 1937 Coronation Honours.
Bykhov Sitting
The Bykhov Sitting, the Bykhov Arrest of the Generals, the Bykhov Capture (Imprisonment) of the Generals were events related to the arrest and detention by the authorities of the Provisional Government of a part of the generals and officers of the Russian Army for participation and support of the Kornilov's Uprising. These persons were kept from September 11 to November 19, 1917, in the prison of the city of Bykhov, Mogilyov Guberniya.

Nikolai Dukhonin
Nikolay Nikolayevich Dukhonin (Russian: Никола́й Никола́евич Духо́нин; 13 December 1876 – 3 December 1917) was a Russian general who was briefly the last supreme commander of the Russian Army after the October Revolution before the Bolsheviks took control of it.
St. Nicholas Avenue
St. Nicholas Avenue is a major street that runs obliquely north-south through several blocks between 111th and 193rd Streets in the New York City borough of Manhattan. St. Nicholas Avenue serves as a border between the West Side of Harlem and Central Harlem. The route, which follows a course that is much older than the grid pattern of the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, passes through the neighborhoods of Harlem, Hamilton Heights, and Washington Heights. It is believed to follow the course of an old Indian trail that became an important road in the 17th century between the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam and the British New England Colonies. In the post colonial era, it became the western end of the Boston Post Road. The road became a street when row housing was being built in Harlem during its rapid urban expansion following the end of the American Civil War.

Tenth Avenue (Manhattan)
Tenth Avenue, known as Amsterdam Avenue between 59th Street and 193rd Street, is a north-south thoroughfare on the West Side of Manhattan in New York City. It carries uptown (northbound) traffic as far as West 110th Street (also known as Cathedral Parkway), after which it continues as a two-way street.
Cardamine pachystigma
Cardamine pachystigma is a species of Cardamine known by the common name serpentine bittercress. It is endemic to California, where it grows in rocky mountainous areas, often on serpentine and volcanic soils.

Cardamine
Cardamine is a large genus of flowering plants in the mustard family, Brassicaceae, known as bittercresses and toothworts. It contains more than 200 species of annuals and perennials. Species in this genus can be found in diverse habitats worldwide, except the Antarctic.  The name Cardamine is derived from the Greek kardaminē, water cress, from kardamon, pepper grass.
Miss Earth United States 2016
Miss Earth United States 2016 is the 12th edition of  Miss Earth United States pageant that was held at Rachel M. Schlesinger Concert Hall in Alexandria, Virginia. Brittany Payne of California crowned her successor Corrin Stellakis of New York as Miss Earth United States 2016. Stellakis represented the United States in the Miss Earth 2016 pageant in the Philippines.

The pageant was the 1st edition under US Earth Productions headed by the new national director, Laura Clark. The pageant held its pre-pageant activities in Washington, D.C. prior to the crowning event.

The crowning moment became popular due to a wardrobe malfunction and the oversized crown. Video of the crowning has reached over 18 million views.

Miss Earth 2016
Miss Earth 2016, the 16th edition of the Miss Earth pageant, with the theme "Empowered to make a Change", was held on October 29, 2016, at the SM Mall of Asia Arena, Pasay, Metro Manila, Philippines. 83 contestants from all over the world competed for the title. Angelia Ong of the Philippines crowned her successor Katherine Espín of Ecuador at the end of the event becoming the second Ecuadorian woman to win the title of Miss Earth and the first since Olga Álava in 2011.

This year's edition also features the newly polished and modified crown created by Florida-based jeweler, Ramona Haar. The crown's original design from the 2009 edition of the pageant to enhance the crown's general appearance and to have an intimate fit to the head of the winner. The confirmation was announced by Miss Earth Organization through their official Facebook account on 30 June 2016.
Château de Calmont d'Olt
The Château de Calmont d'Olt is a castle situated 187 metres higher than the village of d'olt, in the Aveyron département in the commune of Espalion. Perched atop a basalt dyke at an altitude of 535 m, it overlooks the town of Espalion and the valley of the Lot. It provides a panoramic view of the Aubrac highlands.

Trebuchet
A trebuchet (French: trébuchet) is a type of catapult that uses a hinged arm with a sling attached to the tip to launch a projectile. It was a common powerful siege engine until the advent of gunpowder. The design of a trebuchet allows it to launch projectiles of greater weights and further distances than a traditional catapult.

There are two main types of trebuchet. The first is the traction trebuchet, or mangonel, which uses manpower to swing the arm. It first appeared in China by the 4th century BC. It spread westward, possibly via the Avars, and was adopted by the Byzantines, Persians, Arabs, and other neighboring peoples by the sixth to seventh centuries AD.

The later, and often larger and more powerful, counterweight trebuchet, also known as the counterpoise trebuchet, uses a counterweight to swing the arm. It appeared in both Christian and Muslim lands around the Mediterranean in the 12th century, and was carried back to China by the Mongols in the 13th century.
Chatsworth, Derbyshire
Chatsworth is a civil parish in Derbyshire, England, within the area of the Derbyshire Dales and the Peak District National Park.

The population is largely in and around Chatsworth House and is considered to be too low to justify a parish council. Instead, there is a parish meeting, at which all electors may attend.

Most of Chatsworth belongs to the Duke of Devonshire's Chatsworth estate, the villages of which include Beeley, Pilsley and Edensor.

Edensor
Edensor (pronounced /ˈɛnzər/ ⓘ) is a village and civil parish in Derbyshire, England. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 145.

Much of the village is privately owned by the Cavendish family, as the Dukes of Devonshire. Most of the deceased of the family are buried in the churchyard of St Peter's Church.
History of baseball in the United States
The history of baseball in the United States dates to the 19th century, when boys and amateur enthusiasts played a baseball-like game by their own informal rules using homemade equipment. The popularity of the sport grew and amateur men's ball clubs were formed in the 1830–1850s. Semi-professional baseball clubs followed in the 1860s, and the first professional leagues arrived in the post-American Civil War 1870s.

National Association of Professional Base Ball Players
The National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (NAPBBP), often known simply as the National Association (NA), was the first fully-professional sports league in baseball. The NA was founded in 1871 and continued through the 1875 season. It incorporated several professional clubs from the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) of 1857–1870, sometimes called "the amateur Association". In turn, several NA clubs created the succeeding National League of Professional Baseball Clubs (the National League, founded 1876), which joined with the American League of Professional Baseball Clubs (the American League, founded 1901) in the National Agreement of 1903, a "peace pact" that recognized each other as legitimate "major leagues". Following nearly a century of cooperation, the two leagues eventually merged into one organization in 2000 as Major League Baseball (MLB).
Elmopalooza! (soundtrack)
Elmopalooza! is a 1998 children's album featuring songs performed by characters from Sesame Street with special musical guests. First released on CD and cassette in 1998, this album is the soundtrack to the Elmopalooza television special which commemorated Sesame Street's 30th anniversary. This album won the 1999 Grammy Award for Best Musical Album for Children.

The album was re-issued in 2008 by Koch Records with the same tracks, but with new cover art and including a booklet containing the lyrics.

Elmopalooza
Elmopalooza! is a Sesame Street 30th anniversary special that aired on ABC on February 20, 1998. It was taped during the 29th season of Sesame Street, and features music video remakes of several classic songs from the show performed by celebrity guests.
Grace Boland
Grace Boland (born 1976/1977) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin Fingal West constituency since the 2024 general election.

Boland is the daughter of John Boland, a Fine Gael TD and cabinet minister who held roles including Minister for Health, Minister for Education, and Minister for the Environment under Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald. Her uncle and godfather, Cathal Boland, has served as a councillor in Fingal. She is a lawyer and practises in Skerries.

Garret FitzGerald
Garret Desmond FitzGerald (9 February 1926 – 19 May 2011) was an Irish Fine Gael politician, economist, and barrister who served twice as Taoiseach, serving from 1981 to 1982 and 1982 to 1987. He served as Leader of Fine Gael from 1977 to 1987 and was twice Leader of the Opposition between 1977 and 1982; he was previously Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1973 to 1977. FitzGerald served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1969 to 1992 and was a Senator for the Industrial and Commercial Panel from 1965 to 1969.

He was the son of Desmond FitzGerald, the first foreign minister of the Irish Free State. At the time of his death, FitzGerald was president of the Institute of International and European Affairs and a columnist for The Irish Times, and had made occasional appearances on television programmes.
HIF1A
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, also known as HIF-1-alpha, is a subunit of a heterodimeric transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) that is encoded by the HIF1A gene. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019 was awarded for the discovery of HIF.

HIF1A is a basic helix-loop-helix PAS domain containing protein, and is considered as the master transcriptional regulator of cellular and developmental response to hypoxia. The dysregulation and overexpression of HIF1A by either hypoxia or genetic alternations have been heavily implicated in cancer biology, as well as a number of other pathophysiologies, specifically in areas of vascularization and angiogenesis, energy metabolism, cell survival, and tumor invasion. The presence of HIF1A in a hypoxic environment is required to push forward normal placental development in early gestation.
Two other alternative transcripts encoding different isoforms have been identified.

Procollagen-proline dioxygenase
Procollagen-proline dioxygenase, commonly known as prolyl hydroxylase, is a member of the class of enzymes known as alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases. These enzymes catalyze the incorporation of oxygen into organic substrates through a mechanism that requires alpha-Ketoglutaric acid, Fe2+, and ascorbate. This particular enzyme catalyzes the formation of (2S, 4R)-4-hydroxyproline, a compound that represents the most prevalent post-translational modification in the human proteome.
Hungarian Defense
The Hungarian Defense is a chess opening that begins with the moves:

1. e4 e5

2. Nf3 Nc6

3. Bc4 Be7

The Hungarian Defense is a line in the Italian Game typically chosen as a quiet response to the White's aggressive move 3.Bc4. With the move 3...Be7, Black avoids the complexities of the Two Knights Defense (3...Nf6) and Giuoco Piano (3...Bc5).

White has an advantage in space and freer development, so Black must be prepared to defend a cramped position. According to Harding and Botterill, "The Hungarian Defence can only be played for a draw. White should have an edge in most lines."

The opening is seldom seen in modern play. It has been played on occasion by some grandmasters with strong defensive-positional styles, including Reshevsky, Hort, and former world champions Petrosian and Smyslov.

The variation takes its name from a correspondence game between Paris and Pest, Hungary, played from 1842 to 1845, but was first analyzed by Cozio in the 18th century.

Giuoco Piano
The Giuoco Piano (pronounced [ˈdʒwɔːko ˈpjaːno]; Italian for 'Quiet Game') is a chess opening beginning with the moves:

1. e4 e5

2. Nf3 Nc6

3. Bc4 Bc5

"White aims to develop quickly – but so does Black. White can construct a pawn centre but in unfavourable conditions a centre which cannot provide a basis for further active play."

The name "Italian Game" is also commonly used; however, that name is sometimes used instead to describe all openings starting 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4, including 3...Nf6 (the Two Knights Defence) and other less common replies.

The Giuoco Piano is assigned codes C50 to C54 in the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings.
756th Tank Battalion (United States)
The 756th Tank Battalion was an independent tank battalion of the United States Army active during World War II and, as the 73rd Tank Battalion, during the early Cold War. It was later redesignated as the 73rd Armor Regiment, and is perpetuated today by the 73rd Cavalry Regiment.

Separate tank battalion
Separate tank battalions were military formations used by the United States Army during World War II, especially in the European Theater of Operations. These battalions were temporarily attached to infantry, armored, or airborne divisions according to need, though at least one battalion (745th Tank Battalion) spent the entire war in Europe attached to one division. They were also known as general headquarters ("GHQ") tank battalions.
2018 Swiss sovereign-money initiative
The Swiss sovereign money initiative of June 2018, also known as Vollgeld, was a citizens' (popular) initiative in Switzerland intended to give the Swiss National Bank the sole authority to create money.

On 10 June 2018, the initiative was defeated in the vote, with 76% per cent of voters rejecting it.

Positive Money
Positive Money UK is a not-for-profit advocacy group based in London and Brussels that campaigns for monetary reform. Founded in 2010, the organization promotes central bank reforms and alternative monetary policy, with a focus on what it terms "sovereign money" systems.
Rumpole and the Golden Thread
Rumpole and the Golden Thread is a 1983 collection of short stories by John Mortimer about defence barrister Horace Rumpole. They were adapted from his scripts for the TV series of the same name.
The stories were:

"Rumpole and the Female of the Species"

"Rumpole and the Genuine Article"

"Rumpole and the Golden Thread"

"Rumpole and the Last Resort"

"Rumpole and the Old Boy Net"

"Rumpole and the Sporting Life"

Rumpole of the Bailey
Rumpole of the Bailey is a British television series created and written by the British writer and barrister John Mortimer. It stars Leo McKern as Horace Rumpole, a middle-aged London barrister who defends a broad variety of clients, often underdogs. The popularity of the TV series led to the stories being presented in other media, including books and radio.

The "Bailey" of the title is a reference to the Central Criminal Court, the "Old Bailey".
Erromenosteus
Erromenosteus is a genus of extinct, medium-sized brachythoracid arthrodire placoderm from the Late Frasnian of the Kellwasserkalk facies of Late Devonian Bad Wildungen and Bicken, Germany.

The various species had bullet-shaped heads, and curved, crushing jaws.

Arthrodira
Arthrodira (Greek for "jointed neck") is an order of extinct armored, jawed fishes of the class Placodermi that flourished in the Devonian period before their sudden extinction, surviving for about 50 million years and penetrating most marine ecological niches. Arthrodires were the largest and most diverse of all groups of placoderms.
2011 FIA WTCC Race of Italy
The 2011 FIA WTCC Race of Italy was the third round of the 2011 World Touring Car Championship season and the seventh running of the FIA WTCC Race of Italy. It was held on 15 May 2011 at the Autodromo Nazionale di Monza in Monza, Italy.

Both races were won by Robert Huff of Chevrolet RML. Kristian Poulsen claimed his maiden WTCC podium finish in race two when he finished third.

2011 World Touring Car Championship
The 2011 World Touring Car Championship season was the eighth season of the FIA World Touring Car Championship, and the seventh since its 2005 return. The championship, which was open to Super 2000 cars and Diesel 2000 cars, began with the Race of Brazil at Curitiba on 20 March and ended with the Guia Race of Macau at the Guia Circuit on 20 November, after twelve events and twenty-four races.

The series underwent major changes with new circuits Suzuka and Tianma coming into the championship, new drivers such as Pepe Oriola to SUNRED Engineering and Robert Dahlgren with Polestar Racing for the whole season. The series lost the FIA Formula Two Championship as a support championship, but it was replaced by Auto GP. It was also supported by a brand new series, European Production Series which supported the six rounds at Zolder, Monza, Brno, Donington, Oschersleben and Valencia.
Handicrafts and Handlooms Export Corporation of India
Handicrafts and Handlooms Export Corporation of India was an agency of Ministry of Textiles, Government of India established in 1958 with main objectives to  undertake exports of handicrafts, handlooms products, khadi and products of village industries from India and to undertake special promotional measures.

On the 17th of March 2021, the Government of India approved the closure of Handicrafts and Handlooms Export Corporation of India.

Ministry of Textiles
The Ministry of Textiles is an Indian government national agency responsible for the formulation of policy, planning, development, export promotion and regulation of the textile industry in India. This includes all natural, artificial, and cellulosic fibers that go into the making of textiles, clothing and Handicrafts.