hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wildlife law in England and Wales
Wildlife law in England and Wales is the law relating to the protection of wildlife in England and Wales. Much of existing UK law dates from pre-Victorian times. Wildlife was viewed as a resource to be used; phrases such as "game" or "sporting rights" appear. Public opinion is now much more in favour of protection of birds and mammals rather than the landowners’ interests.

English law
English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales, comprising mainly criminal law and civil law, each branch having its own courts and procedures. The judiciary is independent, and legal principles like fairness, equality before the law, and the right to a fair trial are foundational to the system.
Lyng, West Midlands
Lyng is a residential area of West Bromwich in the West Midlands of England. It is situated in the south of the town near the border with Oldbury - and part of Oldbury's Ring Road actually borders the southern part of the area.

Lyng was developed during the 19th century due to the Industrial Revolution that bought thousands of jobs to the local area. Hundreds of houses were built, but after the Second World War many of these homes were becoming unfit for human habitation. This resulted in extensive demolition work during the 1960s that saw the old homes replaced with new council-owned properties including several high-rise blocks of flats.

Oldbury, West Midlands
Oldbury is a market town in the metropolitan borough of Sandwell, in the county of the West Midlands, England. It is the administrative centre of the borough. At the 2011 census, the town had a population of 13,606, while the 2017 population of the wider built-up area was estimated at 25,488. Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council, which defines Oldbury Town as consisting of the wards of Bristnall, Langley, Oldbury, and Old Warley, gave the population as 50,641 in 2011.
1996 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles
Defending champion Steffi Graf defeated Arantxa Sánchez Vicario in a rematch of the previous year's final, 6–3, 7–5 to win the ladies' singles tennis title at the 1996 Wimbledon Championships. It was her seventh and last Wimbledon singles title, and 20th major singles title overall. It was the second consecutive major final between the two, with Graf winning the French Open crown over Sánchez Vicario a month earlier.

Kimiko Date reached the semifinals, the last time a Japanese woman would do so at a major until Naomi Osaka in 2018.

1996 Wimbledon Championships
The 1996 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London in the United Kingdom. It was the 110th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and was held from 24 June to 7 July 1996.
2006 Asian Men's Junior Handball Championship
The 2006 Asian Men's Junior Handball Championship (10th tournament) took place in Hiroshima from 22 August–31 August. It acts as the Asian qualifying tournament for the 2007 Men's Junior World Handball Championship in Macedonia.

Asian Men's Junior Handball Championship
The Asian Men's Junior Handball Championship is the official competition organised by Asian Handball Federation for junior men's national handball teams of Asia, and takes place every two years.

In addition to crowning the Asian champions, the tournament also serves as a qualifying tournament for the IHF Men's Junior World Championship.
Courtenay, Florida
Courtenay ( /ˈkɔːrtni/; KORT-nee) is an unincorporated community on Merritt Island in Brevard County, Florida, United States. It is part of the Palm Bay–Melbourne–Titusville Metropolitan Statistical Area. Courtenay was settled in the 1870s and 1880s by people from Charleston, South Carolina, and was named for William Ashmead Courtenay, a native of Charleston, Confederate veteran and Charleston businessman who later served two terms as Mayor of Charleston.

Courtenay Parkway, the northern part of which is State Road 3, is a major north–south road on Merritt Island. Both the place and the road are sometimes misspelled Courteney. Historic old St. Luke's Episcopal Church and Cemetery is located in Courtenay.

Florida State Road 3
State Road 3 (SR 3), known locally as both North Courtenay Parkway and North Kennedy Parkway is a north–south road located entirely on Merritt Island, serving as the southern access for the Kennedy Space Center near Cape Canaveral, Florida.  The shortest of the one-digit Florida State Roads, its southern terminus is an intersection with SR 520 on Merritt Island, east of Cocoa.
Coneygree
Coneygree (foaled 23 February 2007) is a retired British Thoroughbred racehorse who competed in National Hunt races. In a career which ran from November 2010 to February 2019 he ran in eighteen races, winning nine times. In March 2015, he became the first novice chaser to win the Cheltenham Gold Cup for more than forty years. His subsequent career was hampered by injury and he did not run again in the Cheltenham Gold Cup after winning it.

Coral Gold Cup
/Ladbrokes Trophy

The Coral Gold Cup is a Premier Handicap National Hunt steeplechase in Great Britain which is open to horses aged four years or older. It is run at Newbury over a distance of about 3 miles and 2 furlongs (3 miles, 1 furlong and 214 yards, or 5,225 metres), and during its running there are twenty-one fences to be jumped. It is a handicap race, and it is scheduled to take place each year in late November or early December.
Floris Visser
Floris Visser (born 1983) is a Dutch opera director and arts administrator. As an internationally acclaimed and award-winning director, he is considered one of the leading talents of his generation. Visser works in renowned opera houses such as Glyndebourne Festival Opera, Zürich Opera House, the Bolshoi Theatre Moscow, the Royal Danish Opera, Dutch National Opera & the Internationale Händelfestspiele. He holds professorships at several prominent institutes for the arts.

Concertgebouw, Amsterdam
The Royal Concertgebouw (Dutch: het Koninklijk Concertgebouw, pronounced [ət ˈkoːnɪŋklə kɔnˈsɛrtxəˌbʌu]) is a concert hall in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The Dutch term "concertgebouw" translates into English as "concert building". Its superb acoustics place it among the finest concert halls in the world, along with New York's Carnegie Hall, Boston's Symphony Hall and the Musikverein in Vienna.

In celebration of the building's 125th anniversary, Queen Beatrix bestowed the royal title "Koninklijk" upon the building on 11 April 2013, as she had on the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra upon its 100th in 1988.
Te Hana
Te Hana is a small town on State Highway 1 near the northern boundary of Auckland. Wellsford is 5 km (3.1 mi) to the south, and Kaiwaka is 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast. Te Hana Creek runs westward on the northern end of the town to the Kaipara Harbour.

Kaipara Harbour
Kaipara Harbour is a large enclosed harbour estuary complex on the north western side of the North Island of New Zealand. The northern part of the harbour is administered by the Kaipara District and the southern part is administered by the Auckland Council. The local Māori tribe is Ngāti Whātua.

By area, the Kaipara Harbour is one of the largest harbours in the world. It covers 947 square kilometres (366 sq mi) at high tide, with 409 square kilometres (158 sq mi) exposed as mudflats and sandflats at low tide.

According to Māori tradition, the name Kaipara had its origins back in the 15th century when the Arawa chief, Kahumatamomoe, travelled to the Kaipara to visit his nephew at Pouto. At a feast, he was so impressed with the cooked root of the para fern, that he gave the name Kai-para to the district. Kaipara comes from the Māori kai meaning "food", and  para meaning "king fern".
Statistical syllogism
A statistical syllogism (or proportional syllogism or direct inference) is a non-deductive syllogism. It argues, using inductive reasoning, from a generalization true for the most part to a particular case.

David Stove
David Charles Stove (15 September 1927 – 2 June 1994) was an Australian philosopher whose writings often challenged prevailing academic orthodoxy. He was known for his critiques of postmodernism, feminism, and multiculturalism.
Langley extrapolation
Langley extrapolation is a method for determining the Sun's irradiance at the top of the atmosphere with ground-based instrumentation, and is often used to remove the effect of the atmosphere from measurements of, for example, aerosol optical thickness or ozone. It is based on repeated measurements with a Sun photometer operated at a given location for a cloudless morning or afternoon as the Sun moves across the sky. It is named for American astronomer and physicist Samuel Pierpont Langley.

Irradiance
In radiometry, irradiance is the radiant flux received by a surface per unit area.  The SI unit of irradiance is the watt per square metre (symbol W⋅m−2 or W/m2). The CGS unit erg per square centimetre per second (erg⋅cm−2⋅s−1) is often used in astronomy. Irradiance is often called intensity, but this term is avoided in radiometry where such usage leads to confusion with radiant intensity. In astrophysics, irradiance is called radiant flux.

Spectral irradiance is the irradiance of a surface per unit frequency or wavelength, depending on whether the spectrum is taken as a function of frequency or of wavelength. The two forms have different dimensions and units: spectral irradiance of a frequency spectrum is measured in watts per square metre per hertz (W⋅m−2⋅Hz−1), while spectral irradiance of a wavelength spectrum is measured in watts per square metre per metre (W⋅m−3), or more commonly watts per square metre per nanometre (W⋅m−2⋅nm−1).
Fort Frank
Fort Frank (Carabao Island, the Philippines) was one of the defense forts at the entrance to Manila Bay established by the United States.  The entire island was designated as Fort Frank, in honor of Brigadier General Royal T. Frank, as part of the Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays built by the Philippine Department of the US Army in the early 1900s.

Philippine Department
The Philippine Department (Filipino: Kagawaran ng Pilipinas/Hukbong Kagawaran ng Pilipinas) was a regular United States Army organization whose mission was to defend the Philippine Islands and train the Philippine Army. On 9 April 1942, during World War II, the organization surrendered to the Japanese. The department and its sub-units were predominantly under the command of American officers, including an American general, while the majority of the troops were enlisted Filipinos, known as the Philippine Scouts (PS). The primary force of this department was the Philippine Division. Of the 22,532 troops, 10,473 were members of the Philippine Division itself.

This unit was formally organized in 1913 and, on 26 July 1941, was attached to US Army Forces – Far East (USAFFE). Following the creation of USAFFE, the Philippine Department became, in effect, a corps area service and logistical command. Tactical command was permanently transferred to USAFFE's control.
Kalsholmen Lighthouse
Kalsholmen Lighthouse (Norwegian: Kalsholmen fyr) is a coastal lighthouse in Meløy Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located on the small island of Kalsholmen, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) west of the village of Støtt and 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) northwest of the village of Bolga.

The lighthouse was first established on the islet of Tennholmen in 1916, but it was destroyed by a windstorm in 1917. In 1919, the lighthouse was then rebuilt on the islet just to the east, Kalsholmen. It was automated in 1993.

The white tower is 13.5 metres (44 ft) tall.  The light on top sits at an elevation of 30.5 metres (100 ft) above sea level.  The 28,800-candela light can be seen for up to 13.5 nautical miles (25.0 km; 15.5 mi).  The light is white, red or green (depending on direction) occulting twice every 8 seconds.

Bolga
Bolga is an island in Meløy Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The 2.4-square-kilometre (0.93 sq mi) island has a population (2017) of 105. It is located west of the islands of Meløya and Åmøya, just off the coast of the Helgeland region. The highest point on the island is the 339-metre (1,112 ft) tall Bolgtinden. Most of the population of the island lives along the eastern shore in the village that is also known as Bolga. It is the only village on the island. There are regular ferry connections from Bolga to the islands of Meløya to the east and to Vassdalsvik and Ørnes on the mainland.
Bór Kunowski
Bór Kunowski (Polish pronunciation: [ˈbur kuˈnɔfskʲi]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Brody, within Starachowice County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) east of Brody, 15 km (9 mi) east of Starachowice, and 49 km (30 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.

Brody, Starachowice County
Brody [ˈbrɔdɨ] is a village in Starachowice County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Brody. It lies approximately 11 km (7 mi) east of Starachowice and 45 km (28 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.
Möbius (crater)
Möbius is a lunar impact crater that is located on the Moon's far side, beyond the eastern limb and northeast of the Mare Marginis. It lies less than one crater diameter to the northwest of the larger, 90-km-diameter Hertz, and just to the southeast of Popov. To the north of Mobius is the crater chain designated Catena Dziewulski, which takes its name from the crater Dziewulski to the north-northwest.

This is a moderately worn crater formation, with a smaller crater intruding into the western rim and a small crater cutting across the rim at the southern end. The rim is relatively low and the interior is marked only by a few tiny craterlets and some higher-albedo markings in the southwestern quadrant.

Prior to naming in 1970 by the IAU, this crater was known as Crater 196.

Dziewulski (crater)
Dziewulski is a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon. It lies between the craters Edison to the north and Popov to the south. The outer rim of this crater has been considerably worn by impacts, particularly along the southwest quadrant where the satellite crater Dziewulski Q overlies the rim and the interior floor. The northern rim is also heavily disrupted, and several small crater lie along the southeast rim. The interior floor and surrounding terrain has been resurfaced.

Beginning at the southern edge, a chain of craters forms a linear formation running to the southeast past Popov. This feature is named Catena Dziewulski.
Manuscript
A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand or typewritten, as opposed to mechanically printed or reproduced in some indirect or automated way. More recently, the term has come to be understood to further include any written, typed, or word-processed copy of an author's work, as distinguished from the rendition as a printed version of the same.

Before the arrival of prints, all documents and books were manuscripts. Manuscripts are not defined by their contents, which may combine writing with mathematical calculations, maps, music notation, explanatory figures, or illustrations.

Papyrus
Papyrus (/pəˈpaɪrəs/ pə-PY-rəs) is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient times as a writing material. It was made from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, a wetland sedge. Papyrus (plural: papyri or papyruses) can also refer to a document written on sheets of such material, joined side by side and rolled up into a scroll, an early form of a book.

Papyrus was first known to have been used in Egypt (at least as far back as the First Dynasty), as the papyrus plant was once abundant across the Nile Delta. It was also used throughout the Mediterranean region. Apart from writing material, ancient Egyptians employed papyrus in the construction of other artifacts, such as reed boats, mats, rope, sandals, and baskets.
Marcus Loane
The Most Reverend Sir Marcus Lawrence Loane KBE (14 October 1911 – 14 April 2009) was an Australian Anglican bishop, the Archbishop of Sydney from 1966 to 1982 and Primate of Australia from 1977 to 1982. He was the first Australian-born Archbishop of Sydney and also the first Australian-born archbishop in the Anglican Church of Australia.

Loane was a prolific author, and his works include several biographies.

Anglican Archbishop of Sydney
The Archbishop of Sydney is the diocesan bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Sydney, Australia and ex officio metropolitan bishop of the ecclesiastical Province of New South Wales.

From 1814 to 1836 the colony of New South Wales was part of the Diocese of Calcutta. In 1836, the Diocese of Australia was formed and the first bishop of Australia enthroned.  By letters patent of 25 June 1847, the Diocese of Australia was split into their four dioceses, one of which being the Diocese of Sydney and its bishop the Bishop of Sydney. The Diocese of Sydney has been led by an archbishop since 1897. Since the first creation of another province within Australia in 1905, the archbishop has also been ex officio metropolitan of the Province of New South Wales.

The archbishop of Sydney is currently assisted by five regional assistant bishops.

On 6 May 2021, Kanishka Raffel, Dean of St Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney since 4 February 2016, was elected as the next archbishop.
Born–Mayer equation
The Born–Mayer equation is an equation that is used to calculate the lattice energy of a crystalline ionic compound. It is a refinement of the Born–Landé equation by using an improved repulsion term.

where:

NA =  Avogadro constant;

M = Madelung constant, relating to the geometry of the crystal;

z+ = charge number of cation

z− = charge number of anion

e = elementary charge, 1.6022×10−19 C

ε0 = permittivity of free space
4πε0 = 1.112×10−10 C2/(J·m)

r0 = distance to closest ion

ρ = a constant dependent on the compressibility of the crystal; 30 pm works well for all alkali metal halides

Madelung constant
The Madelung constant is used in determining the electrostatic potential of a single ion in a crystal by approximating the ions by point charges. It is named after Erwin Madelung, a German physicist.

Because the anions and cations in an ionic solid attract each other by virtue of their opposing charges, separating the ions requires a certain amount of energy. This energy must be given to the system in order to break the anion–cation bonds. The energy required to break these bonds for one mole of an ionic solid under standard conditions is the lattice energy.
Jeffers Garden, Oregon
Jeffers Garden is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Clatsop County, Oregon, United States. Its population was 368 as of the 2010 census.

Astoria Marine Construction Company a site on the National Register of Historic Places in Clatsop County, Oregon is in Jeffers Garden on the Lewis and Clark River and the Jeffers Slough. Due to its historical importance the site is on the National Register of Historic Places in Clatsop County, Oregon.

National Register of Historic Places listings in Clatsop County, Oregon
This list presents the full set of buildings, structures, objects, sites, or districts designated on the National Register of Historic Places in Clatsop County, Oregon, United States, and offers brief descriptive information about each of them. The National Register recognizes places of national, state, or local historic significance across the United States. Out of over 90,000 National Register sites nationwide, Oregon is home to over 2,000, and 62 of those are found  in Clatsop County.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted May 30, 2025.
Matagorda County, Texas
Matagorda County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 36,255. Its county seat is Bay City, not to be confused with the larger Baytown in Harris and Chambers Counties. Matagorda County is named for the canebrakes that once grew along the coast (matagorda is a Spanish word meaning "thick bush").

Matagorda County comprises the Bay City, TX micropolitan statistical area, which is also included in the Houston-The Woodlands, TX combined statistical area.

Chambers County, Texas
Chambers County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 46,571. The county seat is Anahuac. Chambers County is one of the nine counties that comprise Greater Houston, the  Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan statistical area.
Fredrik Stefan Eaton
Fredrik Stefan Eaton OC, OOnt (June 26, 1938 – February 20, 2021) was a Canadian businessman and philanthropist who was a member of the prominent Eaton family. He was the great-grandson of Eaton's department store founder Timothy Eaton.

Eaton family (Toronto)
The Eaton family is a Canadian family of Scottish-Irish Methodist origin. Established in Toronto, the family dynasty began in 1869 when Timothy Eaton (1834–1907) founded Eaton's, which became a national chain of department stores. At its height, the family's net worth was around $2 billion. Although the Eaton's department store chain went bankrupt in 1999, the family still holds considerable wealth.

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and author Rod McQueen have dubbed them as "Canada's royal family", with the CBC describing the Eatons as "homegrown aristocracy", which drew comparisons to the influential Kennedy family. The Eatons were well known for their lavish lifestyle and occasional philanthropy.
The White Man
The White Man was a weekly newspaper that primarily shared information regarding the removal of Native Americans from North Texas. The first publications were printed in the 1860s in Jacksboro, Jack County. The original editors included H. A. Hamner, John R. Baylor, and Isaac Worrall.

The newspaper ceased publication in 1861, when Hamner and Baylor joined the Confederate Army.

Jacksboro, Texas
Jacksboro is a city in Jack County, Texas, in the United States. Its population was 4,184 at the 2020 census. U.S. Highways 281 and 380, and Texas State Highways 114 and 199 intersect at Jacksboro, which is the county seat of Jack County.
Projection matrix
In statistics, the projection matrix , sometimes also called the influence matrix or hat matrix , maps the vector of response values (dependent variable values) to the vector of fitted values (or predicted values). It describes the influence each response value has on each fitted value. The diagonal elements of the projection matrix are the leverages, which describe the influence each response value has on the fitted value for that same observation.

Smoothing spline
Smoothing splines are function estimates, , obtained from a set of noisy observations  of the target , in order to balance a measure of goodness of fit of  to  with a derivative based measure of the smoothness of . They provide a means for smoothing noisy  data. The most familiar example is the cubic smoothing spline, but there are many other possibilities, including for the case where  is a vector quantity.