hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Westminster Trained Bands
The Westminster Trained Bands were a part-time military force established in 1572, recruited from residents of the City of Westminster. As part of the larger London Trained Bands, they were periodically embodied for home defence, such as during the 1588 Spanish Armada campaign. Although service was technically restricted to London, the Trained Bands formed a major portion of the Parliamentarian army in the early years of the First English Civil War. After the New Model Army was established in April 1645, they returned to their primary function of providing security for the palaces of Westminster and Whitehall. Following the 1660 Stuart Restoration, the City of London Militia Act 1662 brought them under the direct control of the Crown, with the Trained Bands becoming part of the British Army.

Trained band
Trained bands were companies of part-time militia in England, Wales and the Americas. First organized in the 16th century and dissolved in the 18th. The term was used after this time to describe the London militia.

In England and Wales, organised by county, they were supposed to drill on a regular basis, although this was rarely the case in practice. The regular army was formed from the Trained Bands in the event of war, though the inability or unwillingness of many of the bands to serve outside of their home regions often left the army short on manpower compared to the paper strength implied by the Trained Bands rolls. They later became common in the American colonies, where they are normally referred to as Trainbands. Similar organisations include the Dutch Schutterij, and the Swiss militia, elements of which remain in existence today.
Clinician
A clinician is a health care professional typically employed at a skilled nursing facility or clinic. Clinicians work directly with patients rather than in a laboratory, community health setting or in research. A clinician may diagnose, treat and care for patients as a psychologist, clinical pharmacist, clinical scientist, nurse, occupational therapist, speech-language pathologist, physiotherapist, dentist, optometrist, physician assistant, clinical officer, physician, paramedic, or chaplain. Clinicians undergo and take comprehensive training and exams to be licensed and some complete graduate degrees (master's or doctorates) in their field of expertise.

The main function of a clinician is to manage a sick person in order to cure their illness, reduce pain and suffering, and extend life considering the impact of illness upon the patient and their family as well as other social factors.

Paramedic
A paramedic is a healthcare professional trained in the medical model, whose main role has historically been to respond to emergency calls for medical help outside of a hospital. Paramedics work as part of the emergency medical services (EMS), most often in ambulances. They also have roles in emergency medicine, primary care, transfer medicine and remote/offshore medicine.  The scope of practice of a paramedic varies between countries, but generally includes autonomous decision making around the emergency care of patients.

Not all ambulance personnel are paramedics, although the term is sometimes used informally to refer to any ambulance personnel. In some English-speaking countries, there is an official distinction between paramedics and emergency medical technicians (or emergency care assistants), in which paramedics have additional educational requirements and scope of practice.
2020 Atlanta United FC season
The 2020 Atlanta United FC season was the fourth season of Atlanta United FC's existence, and the twelfth year that a professional soccer club from Atlanta, Georgia competed in the top division of American soccer. Atlanta United played their home games at Mercedes-Benz Stadium. Outside of MLS, the team made their second appearance in the CONCACAF Champions League, and were set to participate in the 2020 U.S. Open Cup as defending champions, before the tournament's cancelation due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Following the club's elimination from the MLS is Back Tournament, manager Frank de Boer was fired, with Atlanta United 2 manager Stephen Glass taking over as interim manager for the remainder of the season. The 2020 season was the first time Atlanta United FC finished worse than fourth in the Supporters' Shield table and failed to qualify for the MLS Cup playoffs.

MLS is Back Tournament
The MLS is Back Tournament took place during the 2020 Major League Soccer season to mark the league's return to action after being suspended as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Of the 26 Major League Soccer teams, 24 participated in the tournament; FC Dallas and Nashville SC withdrew after several of their players tested positive for COVID-19 just before their first matches. The tournament was held behind closed doors from July 8 to August 11, 2020, at the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex in the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. The tournament featured a group stage, which was counted toward the 2020 MLS regular season standings, followed by knockout rounds. The tournament champion, Portland Timbers, qualified for the 2021 CONCACAF Champions League, and the 2020 season resumed upon completion of the tournament.
Last Whites of the East End
Last Whites of the East End is a documentary which aired on BBC One on 24 May 2016. It presents a portrait of the London Borough of Newham, close to the East End with the lowest percentage of White British people in the country, due both to immigration and the migration of long-time residents, particularly to nearby Essex.

Before and after its broadcast, the documentary's content and claims were criticised by Newham officials, including Mayor Sir Robin Wales. The BBC maintained that it was a balanced broadcast.

Newham Recorder
The Newham Recorder is a local weekly newspaper distributed in the London Borough of Newham. It is published weekly, on a Wednesday, in the tabloid format by Newsquest Media Group Limited, the UK's second largest independently owned regional media business, with a digital edition updated throughout the day.
Dinaelurus
Dinaelurus is a genus of the Nimravidae, an extinct family of feliform mammalian carnivores, also known as "false saber-toothed cats".  Assigned to the subfamily Nimravinae, Dinaelurus was endemic to North America during the Oligocene epoch (32.6—27.2 mya), existing for approximately 5.4 million years. Including supplementary materials

Nimravinae
The Nimravinae are a subfamily of the Nimravidae, an extinct family of feliform mammalian carnivores, sometimes known as false saber-toothed cats. They were found in Eurasia and North America from the Late Eocene through the Late Oligocene epochs (Bartonian through Chattian stages, 35.37—25.9 mya), spanning about 17.37 million years. Including supplementary materials Centered in North America, the radiation of the Nimravinae from the Eocene to Oligocene was the first radiation of cat-like carnivorans. This subfamily would later disperse into Africa and gave rise to Barbourofelinae.
Rancho Cuca
Rancho Cuca was a 2,174-acre (8.80 km2) Mexican land grant in present-day San Diego County, California, given in 1845 by Governor Pío Pico to María Juana de los Angeles.  The grant was located south of Palomar Mountain.

Palomar Mountain
Palomar Mountain (/ˈpæləmɑːr/ PAL-ə-mar; Spanish: Monte Palomar [paloˈmaɾ]) is a mountain ridge in the Peninsular Ranges in northern San Diego County, California. It is known as the location of Palomar Observatory and the Hale Telescope, and known for Palomar Mountain State Park.
Folignano
Folignano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Ascoli Piceno in the Italian region Marche, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) south of Ancona and about 6 kilometres (4 mi) southeast of Ascoli Piceno. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 9,214 and an area of 14.8 square kilometres (5.7 sq mi).

The municipality of Folignano contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Castel Folignano, Case di Coccia, Sant'Antonio, San Cipriano, San Benedetto, Piane di Morro and Villa Pigna.

Folignano borders the following municipalities: Ascoli Piceno, Civitella del Tronto, Maltignano, Sant'Egidio alla Vibrata.

The historical center of the town is divided in several zone: Capolavilla (head of the town), Spiazzo (Square), Colle Pasquale (Pasquale hill), Pielavilla (feet of the town).

Ancona
Ancona (/æŋˈkoʊnə/, also US: /ænˈ-, ɑːnˈ-/; Italian: [aŋˈkoːna] ⓘ) is a city and a seaport in the Marche region of central Italy. The city of Ancona has an estimated population of around 99,469 as of 2025. Ancona is the capital of the homonymous province and of the region. The city is located 280 km (170 mi) northeast of Rome, on the Adriatic Sea, between the slopes of the two extremities of the promontory of Monte Conero, Monte Astagno and Monte Guasco. The hilly nature around Ancona is a strong contrast to the flatter coastline in areas further north.

Ancona is one of the main ports on the Adriatic Sea, especially for passenger traffic, and is the main economic and demographic centre of the region.

As a result of Ancona's unique elbow shape facing the sea, Ancona is one of the few cities in the world and the only city in Italy where it is possible to see both sunrise and sunset over the sea.
Russian espionage in the United States
Russian espionage in the United States has occurred since at least the Cold War (as the Soviet Union), and likely well before.  According to the United States government, by 2007 it had reached Cold War levels.

Active measures
Active measures (Russian: активные мероприятия, romanized: aktivnye meropriyatiya, designated "executive action" by the U.S. Government) is a term used to describe political warfare conducted by the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. The term, which dates back to the 1920s, includes operations such as espionage, propaganda, sabotage and assassination, based on foreign policy objectives of the Soviet and Russian governments. Active measures have continued to be used by the administration of Vladimir Putin.
Portrait of a Tearful Woman
Portrait of Tearful Woman is a hand colored photograph by American visual artist Man Ray, created in 1936. It was originally a black and white photograph but the artist worked it by hand to create the final result. As such it can be considered that unites Man Ray's artistry both as a photographer and as a painter. The original negative of the photograph is held at the Musée National d'Art Moderne, in Paris.

Man Ray
Man Ray (born Emmanuel Radnitzky; August 27, 1890 – November 18, 1976) was an American-born, French-naturalized visual artist who spent most of his career in Paris. He was a significant contributor to the Dada and Surrealist movements, although his ties to each were informal. He produced major works in a variety of media but considered himself a painter above all.

He was a photography innovator as well as a fashion and portrait photographer, and is noted for his work with photograms, which he called "rayographs" in reference to himself.
Street Eaters
Street Eaters are an American rock band from Berkeley, California. The band's sound, which they self-title using the moniker Truewave, has been described by critics as "powerful post-punk" that is simultaneously "bombastic and sharp, channel[ing] the raw approach to rock 'n' roll once taken by 1970s and 1980s innovators such as Wipers, Gang of Four, and X...the weird era between punk and new wave" while "wrap[ping] themselves in atmosphere like Savages".

Reflecting drummer/lead vocalist Megan March's background as a graduate of the avant-garde Mills College music program, Street Eaters is noted for ambitious album themes and making forays into Sonic Youth–esque sound collage soundscapes, most notably on their 2017 album The Envoy (a concept album based on the Ursula K LeGuin books The Dispossessed and Left Hand of Darkness) and its 2018 instrumental companion release Inhabitations of Time.

X (American band)
X is an American punk rock band formed in Los Angeles. The original members are vocalist Exene Cervenka, vocalist-bassist John Doe, guitarist Billy Zoom and drummer D. J. Bonebrake. The band released seven studio albums from 1980 to 1993. After a period of inactivity during the mid-to-late 1990s, X reunited in the early 2000s and continued to tour. In June 2024, X announced a final album and farewell tour, but went on to clarify that they would still perform live together as a group, albeit not in a "touring" capacity.

X achieved limited mainstream success but influenced various genres of music, including punk rock, Americana, and folk rock. In 1991, Music critic Robert Hilburn identified them as one of the most influential bands of their era. In 2003, X's first two studio albums, Los Angeles and Wild Gift, were ranked by Rolling Stone as being among the 500 greatest albums of all time. Los Angeles was ranked 91st on Pitchfork's Top 100 Albums of the 1980s.
Khachaghbyur
40°10′20″N 45°41′19″E﻿ / ﻿40.17222°N 45.68861°E﻿ / 40.17222; 45.68861

Khachaghbyur (Armenian: Խաչաղբյուր) is a village in the Vardenis Municipality of the Gegharkunik Province of Armenia. The village is located immediately to the south of the Lusakunk village and to the west of Vardenis.

Vardenis
40°10′50″N 45°43′12″E﻿ / ﻿40.18056°N 45.72000°E﻿ / 40.18056; 45.72000
Vardenis (Armenian: Վարդենիս [vɑɾtʰɛˈnis]) is a town in the Vardenis Municipality of Gegharkunik Province, Armenia. It is in the Masrik River valley, on the territory of the Masrik artesian basin at 2,006 metres (6,581 feet) above sea level, near the southeastern shores of Lake Sevan. It is  170 kilometres (110 miles) by road east of the capital Yerevan, and 75 kilometres (47 miles) southeast of the provincial centre Gavar. The administrative territory of Vardenis comprises 3,006 hectares (7,430 acres), of which 736 hectares (1,820 acres) is occupied by the town itself. Vardenis obtained its status as an urban settlement in 1995. In the 2011 census the population was 12,685, and in the 2022 census it was 12,466.
Ashanti United S.C.
Ashanti United SC is a football club in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

They play in the second level of Tanzanian professional football, the Tanzanian First Division League, They played in the Tanzanian Premier League in the 2014/15 season.
10,000-capacity Chamazi Stadium is their home stadium.

Chamazi Stadium
The Chamazi Stadium officially known as the Azam Complex Stadium (Kiwanja cha Michezo cha Chamazi, in Swahili)  is a multi-use stadium in Chamazi ward of Temeke MC in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Azam FC.  The stadium holds 10,000 people.

The ground has been recognized by the African football federation and it can used to play the international matches.This season the stadium has been the only stadium in Tanzania which met CAF standards, all international matches involving Tanzania clubs are played in this stadium.Also some teams from around east Africa have been using this stadium as their home ground.Dar es salaam Young Africans have been having five star performances in this stadium to the extent some fans are proposing the stadium to be renamed Yanga complex.

Azam FC drew an average home attendance of 2,358 in the 2023–24 Tanzanian Premier League.
Ecological Society of Germany, Austria and Switzerland
The Ecological Society of Germany, Austria and Switzerland is a learned society for the promotion of scientific ecology in German-speaking countries. The society is the world's third largest scientific society in the field of ecology after the Ecological Society of America and the British Ecological Society.

British Ecological Society
The British Ecological Society is a learned society in the field of ecology that was founded in 1913. It is the oldest ecological society in the world. The Society's original objective was "to promote and foster the study of Ecology in its widest sense" and this remains the central theme guiding its activities today. The Society had, circa 2024 around 7,000 members of which 14% are students. Of its members in 2013, 42% were outside the United Kingdom, in a total of 92 countries. The head office is located in London.
Fire of Moscow (1571)
The Fire of Moscow occurred on 24 May 1571, when the Crimean  and Ottoman army (approx. 40,000 Tatar horsemen, 13,000 irregular Turks and 7,000 janissaries) led by the khan of Crimea Devlet I Giray, together with its allied tribal contingents bypassed the Serpukhov defensive fortifications on the Oka River, crossed the Ugra River into the Moscow suburbs, and rounded the flank of the 36,000–40,000 men of the Russian army.

Moskva (river)
The Moskva (/məsˈkvɑː/ məs-KVAH or /ˈmɒskvə/ MOS-kvə; Russian: Москва) is a river that flows through Western Russia. It rises about 140 km (90 mi) west of Moscow and flows roughly east through the Smolensk and Moscow Oblasts, passing through central Moscow. About 110 km (70 mi) southeast of Moscow, at the city of Kolomna, it flows into the Oka, itself a tributary of the Volga, which ultimately flows into the Caspian Sea.
Proverbs 3
Proverbs 3 is the third chapter of the Book of Proverbs in the Hebrew Bible, or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of several wisdom literature collections, with the heading in 1:1 may be intended to regard Solomon as the traditional author of the whole book, but the dates of the individual collections are difficult to determine. The book probably obtained its final shape in the post-exilic period. This chapter is a part of the first collection of the book.

Proverbs 9
Proverbs 9 is the ninth chapter of the Book of Proverbs in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of several wisdom literature collections, with the heading in 1:1 may be intended to regard Solomon as the traditional author of the whole book, but the dates of the individual collections are difficult to determine, and the book probably obtained its final shape in the post-exilic period. This chapter is a part of the first collection of the book.
Scouting in the United States
Scouting in the United States is dominated by 1 million-member Scouting America and the Girl Scouts of the USA and other associations that are recognized by one of the international Scouting organizations. Other scouting organizations such as Trail Life USA and American Heritage Girls continue to grow steadily. There are also a few smaller, independent groups that are considered to be "Scout-like" or otherwise Scouting related.

Outdoor Service Guides
Outdoor Service Guides (OSG) (formerly known as the Baden-Powell Service Association (BPSA)) is an inclusive, co-ed scouting organization in the United States of America. OSG accepts scouts without regard to gender, gender identity, race, sexual orientation, economic circumstances, religion (or lack of), or other differentiating factors.  OSG seeks to welcome communities who have been traditionally underserved by Scouting, including LGBTQIA+, BIPOC and females.
HSC distinction courses
Distinction courses were an advanced placement program (not to be confused with the US Advanced Placement program) available to Higher School Certificate (HSC) students in New South Wales, Australia, who have been accelerated in at least one subject by at least one year. For the bulk of the program, three courses were available, Comparative literature, Cosmology, and Philosophy, and are run via distance education and directly administered by the NSW Board of Studies. The programs were no longer run after the 2010 HSC.

Board of Studies
The Board of Studies was the state government education board in New South Wales, Australia from 1990 to 2013. It provided educational leadership by developing the curriculum from Kindergarten to Year 12 and awarding the secondary school credentials Record of School Achievement and Higher School Certificate.

The Board of Studies amalgamated with the NSW Institute of Teachers on 1 January 2014 to form the Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW (BOSTES).
Hari Prasad Upreti
Hari Prasad Upreti is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the CPN (UML) currently serving as a member of the 2nd Federal Parliament of Nepal. In the 2022 Nepalese general election, he was elected from the Sarlahi 3 (constituency)
He assumed the role of Defence Minister in the Coalition Government formed by Prime Minister Prachanda in January 2023.

2nd Federal Parliament of Nepal
The Second Federal Parliament of Nepal, was elected by the 2022 general elections on 20 November 2022. The elections elected 275 Members of Parliament (MPs), 165 for each constituency and 110 through the party list, to the House of Representatives. The parliament convened for the first time on 9 January 2023 and was dissolved on 12 September 2025 following the 2025 Gen Z protests.
Pipestone (electoral district)
Pipestone was a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. Located in southeastern Saskatchewan, this district was created as Whitewood before the 1st Saskatchewan general election in 1905. In 1908 the riding was redrawn and renamed "Pipestone", after the Pipestone Creek that flowed through the district.

This constituency was abolished before the 8th Saskatchewan general election in 1934 into Cannington, Moosomin and Qu'Appelle-Wolseley. It is now part of the Moosomin constituency.

Qu'Appelle-Wolseley
Qu'Appelle-Wolseley is a former provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. This district was created before the 8th Saskatchewan general election in 1934 by combining the constituencies of South Qu'Appelle and Wolseley. Redrawn and renamed "Indian Head-Wolseley" in 1975, the riding was dissolved before the 23rd Saskatchewan general election in 1995.

It is now part of the Indian Head-Milestone and Regina Wascana Plains constituencies.
Matthew Clancy
Matthew Clancy is a former Gaelic footballer who played for Galway. He won All-Ireland medals at under-21 and senior level. He plays his club football with Oughterard in Galway.

Clancy won the 2003 Sigerson Cup while playing for NUI Galway.

Pádraic Joyce
Pádraic Joyce (born 1 April 1977) is a Gaelic football manager and former player who played as a forward. He has been manager of the senior Galway county team since 2019.

Joyce won the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship twice with Galway as a player and received three All Star Awards. He won four Galway Senior Football Championships while playing for the Killererin club. He also captained Ireland in the International Rules Series.

In May 2020, the Irish Independent named Joyce at number sixteen in its "Top 20 footballers in Ireland over the past 50 years".
Water supply and sanitation in the European Union
Water supply and sanitation (WSS) is the responsibility of each member state of the European Union (EU), but in the 21st century union-wide policies have come into effect. Water resources are limited and supply and sanitation systems are under pressure from urbanisation and climate change. Indeed, the stakes are high as the European Environmental Agency found that one European out of ten already suffers a situation of water scarcity and the IEA measured the energy consumption of the water sector to be equivalent to 3,5% of the electricity consumption of the EU.

Population equivalent
Population equivalent (PE) or unit per capita loading, or equivalent person (EP), is a parameter for characterizing industrial wastewaters. It essentially compares the polluting potential of an industry (in terms of biodegradable organic matter) with a population (or certain number of people), which would produce the same polluting load.: 65  In other words, it is the number expressing the ratio of the sum of the pollution load produced during 24 hours by industrial facilities and services to the individual pollution load in household sewage produced by one person in the same time. This refers to the amount of oxygen-demanding substances in wastewater which will consume oxygen as it bio-degrades, usually as a result of bacterial activity.