hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic dimension
In mathematics, the intrinsic dimension of a subset can be thought of as the minimal number of variables needed to represent the subset. The concept has widespread applications in geometry, dynamical systems, signal processing, statistics, and other fields. Due to its widespread applications and vague conceptualization, there are many different ways to define it rigorously. Consequently, the same set might have different intrinsic dimensions according to different definitions.

The intrinsic dimension can be used as a lower bound of what dimension it is possible to compress a data set into through dimension reduction, but it can also be used as a measure of the complexity of the data set or signal. For a data set or signal of N variables, its intrinsic dimension M satisfies 0 ≤ M ≤ N, although estimators may yield higher values.

Lebesgue covering dimension
In mathematics, the Lebesgue covering dimension or topological dimension of a topological space is one of several different ways of defining the dimension of the space in a
topologically invariant way.
Women in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
The Russian invasion of Ukraine, that began on 24 February 2022, has had a significant impact on women across Ukraine and Russia, both as combatants and as civilians. In Ukraine, the invasion has seen a significant increase in women serving in the military as well as a significant number of women leaving the country as refugees. In Russia, women have led the anti-war movement.

First Lady of Ukraine Olena Zelenska has stated that "Our resistance, as our future victory, has taken on a particularly feminine face," and has praised Ukraine's women for serving in the military, raising their children in wartime, and providing essential services. The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women has called the invasion "a crisis for women and girls," stating that "from heightened trafficking and gender-based violence to the loss of crucial livelihoods and rising poverty levels, women and girls of Ukraine are facing severe impacts."

Romani people in Ukraine
The presence of Romani people in Ukraine, locally referred to as the Tsyhany (Ukrainian: цигани [ˈtsɪɦɐnɪ]), was first documented in the early 15th century. The Romani maintained their social organizations and folkways, shunning non-Romani contacts, education and values, often as a reaction to anti-Romani attitudes and persecution. They adopted the language and faith of the dominant society, being Orthodox in most of Ukraine, Catholic in Western Ukraine and Zakarpattia Oblast, and Muslim in Crimea.
Saga (bush cricket)
Saga is a genus of bush crickets or katydids in the subfamily Saginae, originally described by Toussaint de Charpentier in 1825. It is the only genus in the tribe Sagini; species have been recorded from southern Europe and western and central Asia.

Tettigoniidae
Insects in the family Tettigoniidae are commonly called katydids (especially in North America) or bush crickets. They have previously been known as "long-horned grasshoppers". More than 8,000 species are known. Part of the suborder Ensifera, the Tettigoniidae are the only extant (living) family in the superfamily Tettigonioidea.

Many species are nocturnal in habit, having strident mating calls and may exhibit mimicry or camouflage, commonly with shapes and colours similar to leaves.
Biblical clothing
The clothing of the people in biblical times was made from wool, linen, animal skins, and perhaps silk. Most events in the Hebrew Bible and New Testament take place in ancient Israel, and thus most biblical clothing is ancient Hebrew clothing. They wore underwear and cloth skirts.

Complete descriptions of the styles of dress among the people of the Bible is impossible because the material at hand is insufficient. Assyrian and Egyptian artists portrayed what is believed to be the clothing of the time, but there are few depictions of Israelite garb. One of the few available sources on Israelite clothing is the Bible.

Ephod
An ephod (Hebrew: אֵפוֹד, romanized: ʾēp̄ōḏ; /ˈɛfɒd/ or /ˈiːfɒd/) was a type of apron that, according to the Hebrew Bible, was worn by the High Priest of Israel, an artifact and an object to be revered in ancient Israelite culture, and was closely connected with oracular practices and priestly ritual.

In the Books of Samuel and Books of Chronicles, David is described as wearing an ephod when dancing in the presence of the Ark of the Covenant (2 Samuel 6:14, 1 Chronicles 15:27) and one is described as standing in the sanctuary at Nob, with a sword behind it (1 Samuel 21:9). In the book of Exodus and the Book of Leviticus, one is described as being created for the High Priest to wear as part of his official vestments (Exodus 28:4+, 29:5, 39:2+; Leviticus 8:7).
Slyrs
Slyrs (German pronunciation: [ˈʃliːɐ̯s]) is a German whisky distillery in Schliersee, a small town in the Oberbayern region of Bavaria.  The distillery is controlled by the Stetter family, which also operates a schnapps distillery previously used to distill Slyrs whisky.

According to Andrea Stetter, one of Slyrs' managing directors, Slyrs whisky is fundamentally different from Scotch, with "... a mild, fruity taste ...", and "... can be drunk as soon as it is three years old."

German whisky
German whisky is a distilled beverage produced in Germany made from grains traditionally associated with the production of whisky. The distillation of German-made whisky is a relatively recent phenomenon having only started in the last 30 years. The styles produced resemble those made in Ireland, Scotland and the United States: single malts, blends, and bourbon styles. There is no standard spelling of German whiskies with distilleries using both "whisky" and "whiskey", and one even using "Whesskey", a play on the word whisky and Hessen, the state in which it is produced. There are currently 23 distilleries in Germany producing whisky.
1-Arseno-3-phosphoglycerate
1-Arseno-3-phosphoglycerate is a compound produced by the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, present in high concentrations in many organisms, from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and arsenate in the glycolysis pathway.
The compound is unstable and hydrolyzes spontaneously to 3-phosphoglycerate, bypassing the energy producing step of glycolysis.

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (abbreviated GAPDH) (EC 1.2.1.12) is an enzyme of about 37 kDaTooltip kilodaltons that catalyzes the sixth step of glycolysis and thus serves to break down glucose for energy and carbon molecules. In addition to this long established metabolic function, GAPDH has recently been implicated in several non-metabolic processes, including transcription activation, initiation of apoptosis, ER-to-Golgi vesicle shuttling, and fast axonal, or axoplasmic transport. In sperm, a testis-specific isoenzyme GAPDHS is expressed.
Silver Run, Mississippi
Silver Run is an unincorporated community situated approximately 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Wiggins, Mississippi. The community is part of the Gulfport-Biloxi metropolitan area.  The name, Silver Run, was derived from a natural stream that flows through the southwestern portion of Stone County, Mississippi.

Gulfport–Biloxi metropolitan area
The Gulfport–Biloxi Metropolitan Statistical Area is a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) in the Mississippi Gulf Coast region that includes four counties – Hancock, Harrison, Jackson and Stone. The principal cities are Gulfport and Biloxi. The 2010 census placed the Gulfport-Biloxi MSA population at 388,488, though as of 2019, it was estimated to have increased to 417,665.  The area was significantly impacted by Hurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005, and prior to the hurricane, had experienced steady to moderate population growth. However, growth has since rebounded, with the population steadily increasing every year throughout the 2010s.
Wacker-Arena
The Wacker-Arena is a multi-use stadium in Burghausen, Germany. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of SV Wacker Burghausen. Opened in 2001, the stadium is able to hold 10,000 people.

Burghausen, Altötting
Burghausen (German pronunciation: [bʊʁkˈhaʊzn̩] ⓘ) is the largest town in the Altötting district of Upper Bavaria in Germany. It is situated on the Salzach river, near the border with Austria. Burghausen Castle rests along a ridgeline, and is the longest castle in the world (1,051 m).
Daxu, Anhui
Daxu (Chinese: 大圩; pinyin: Dàxū) is a town in Baohe District, Hefei, Anhui Province, China. As of 2020, it administers the following 15 villages:

Nandou Village (南斗村)

Xiaonan Village (晓南村)

Xuxi Village (圩西村)

Shenfu Village (沈福村)

Xiaoxing Village (晓星村)

Xuetang Village (学塘村)

Xugui Village (许贵村)

Donglin Village (东林村)

Xinmin Village (新民村)

Ciyun Village (慈云村)

Yudun Village (余墩村)

Huanggang Village (黄港村)

Yinghe Village (迎河村)

Motan Village (磨滩村)

Xinhe Village (新河村)

Baohe, Hefei
Baohe District (simplified Chinese: 包河区; traditional Chinese: 包河區; pinyin: Bāohé Qū) is one of four urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Hefei, the capital of Anhui Province, East China, located on the northwest shore of Lake Chao. The district has an area of 294.94 km2 (113.88 sq mi) and a population of 817,686 inhabitants. It governs 7 subdistricts and 2 towns.
Angke railway station
Angke station (AK) (Indonesian: Stasiun Angke) is a railway station located in Tambora, West Jakarta, Indonesia. It is served by the Cikarang Loop Line of the KRL Commuterline. This station has three tracks with tracks 2 and 3 as the through tracks.

In early 2008, the station was cleared from hundreds of illegal huts on the land near the station.

Before February 2017, this station was used for the beginning and end of local train trips serving Banten, such as Langsam, Banten Express, and Patas Merak, while the KRL Commuterline ran without stopping at this station. For Kalimaya and Rangkas Jaya trains, the beginning and end of the trip remained from Tanah Abang Station.

Since February 2017 the station has been reactivated for KRL with Angke-Bogor, Angke-Depok, and Angke-Nambo routes. All local trains that previously serve this station were combined as Lokal Merak train and the relation was changed to Rangkasbitung–Merak.

West Jakarta
West Jakarta (Indonesian: Jakarta Barat; Betawi: Jakarté Bèkulon), abbreviated as Jakbar, is one of the five administrative cities of the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Indonesia. West Jakarta is not self-governed and does not have a city council, hence it is not classified as a proper municipality. It had a population of 2,281,945 at the 2010 Census and 2,434,511 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 2,611,515 (comprising 1,312,120 males and 1,299,395 females). The administrative center of West Jakarta is at Puri Kembangan.

West Jakarta is bordered by Tangerang Regency and North Jakarta to the north, Central Jakarta to the east, South Jakarta to the south, and Tangerang city to the west.
Ben Hill County Jail
The Ben Hill County Jail is a historic building in Fitzgerald, Georgia, located on Pine Street. It was built in 1909 in the Romanesque style, the first jail in the 1906-created county. It was designed by J. Reginald MacEachron, selected by a design competition in which 14 architects submitted proposals for the county's courthouse and jail. It is two stories high on a raised basement. It originally had an elaborately corbeled battlemented tower, but it was shortened between 1920 and 1935. The south entrance leads to the sheriff's living quarters which was used by the sheriff and his family until the 1950s. It was used until not too long before 1982.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Fitzgerald, Georgia
Fitzgerald is a city in and the county seat of Ben Hill County in the south central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of 2020, its population was 9,006. It is the principal city of the Fitzgerald micropolitan statistical area, which includes all of Ben Hill and Irwin counties. A small portion of Fitzgerald is in Irwin County.

The city is an agricultural marketing center that grows cotton, tobacco, and peanuts. It is also home to diverse manufactures including textiles, lumber, and metal products.

The city is home to the Blue and Gray Museum, the Grand Theatre, the Milton Hopkins Memorial Nature Preserve, and the Fitzgerald chicken topiary. The Ben Hill Irwin Campus of Wiregrass Georgia Technical College is in Fitzgerald.
Spring Hill, Santa Rosa County, Florida
Spring Hill (also known as Springhill) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Santa Rosa County, Florida, United States. Its population was 169 at the 2020 census, up from 160 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Pensacola—Ferry Pass—Brent, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Ferry Pass, Florida
Ferry Pass is a census-designated place (CDP) in Escambia County, Florida. It is considered to be a community within Pensacola. It is a principal community in the Pensacola—Ferry Pass—Brent, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area, and is located north of Pensacola city limits. The population was 29,921 at the 2020 United States census, up from 28,921 at the 2010 United States census. The University of West Florida, located in Ferry Pass, is the only university located in the Pensacola metropolitan area.
Camelon
Camelon (/ˈkeɪmələn/; Scots: Caimlan, Scottish Gaelic: Camalan) is a large settlement within the Falkirk council area, Scotland. The village is in the Forth Valley, 1.3 miles (2.1 km) west of Falkirk, 1.3 miles (2.1 km) south of Larbert and 2.6 miles (4.2 km) east of Bonnybridge. The main road through Camelon is the A803 road which links the village to Falkirk. At the time of the 2001 census, Camelon had a population of 4,508.

Bonnybridge
Bonnybridge (Scottish Gaelic: Drochaid Bhunaich; Scots: Bonniebrig) is a village in the Falkirk council area of Scotland. It is 4.0 miles (6.4 km) west of Falkirk, 5.3 miles (8.5 km) north-east of Cumbernauld and 8.3 miles (13.4 km) south-southwest of Stirling. The village is situated near the Bonny Water which runs through the town and lies north of the Forth and Clyde Canal. To the south-east of Bonnybridge is a well-preserved section of the Antonine Wall, and the remnants of Rough Castle Fort, the most complete of the surviving Roman forts of the wall.

According to the 2001 Census, the population stands at 6,870 residents. However, the Bonnybridge settlement area, which includes Banknock, Denny, Dunipace and Haggs has a total population of around 24,370.
Italian destroyer Andrea Doria
Andrea Doria is a destroyer of the Italian Navy. She and her sister Caio Duilio form the Andrea Doria class; in turn these two ships, and the French vessels Forbin and Chevalier Paul, belong to the Horizon class. Andrea Doria has the hull number D 553 according to NATO classification.

French frigate Forbin
Forbin (D620) is a large anti-air frigate of the French Navy, lead ship of the Horizon class. Her first task is protecting aircraft carriers, capital ships or civilian ships from supersonic missile attacks; her complement of medium-range anti-air missiles allows her to support the defences of another ship under attack and avoid their saturation. She is also capable of monitoring and controlling operations carried out from the sea by friendly aircraft. Forbin is the sixth vessel of the French Navy named after the 17th century admiral Claude Forbin-Gardanne.
Kingdom of Jarin
The Kingdom of Jarin was an early medieval kingdom centered in Northeast Africa. According to Al-Yaqubi, it was one of six Beja kingdoms that existed in the region during the 9th century. The kingdom's territory was located between Gash-Barka and Massawa. The king of Jarin rule extended from Massawa on the Red Sea coast, to the frontier of Gash-Barka having borders with the Baqlin kingdom.It was one of the six Beja kingdoms noted by Al-Yaqubi.

Gash-Barka region
Gash-Barka (Tigrinya: ጋሽ-ባርካ, Arabic: ‎‎‎إقليم قاش بركة) is an administrative region of Eritrea. It is situated in the south-west of the country, bordering the Anseba region to the north, and the Maekel (Central) and Debub (Southern) regions to the east; the country of Sudan lies to the west and Ethiopia to the south.

The capital of Gash-Barka is Barentu. Other towns include Agordat (the former capital), Molki, Sebderat and Teseney. As of 2005, the region had a population of 708,800 compared to a population of 625,100 in 2001. The net growth rate was 11.81 per cent. The total area of the province was 33,200 km2 and the density was 21.35 persons per km2., making up roughly one-third of Eritrea. The region is dubbed as the "breadbasket" of the country as it is rich in agriculture. The region is also rich in marble, and other important minerals, including gold. In Ougaro, there are some old mineshafts and machinery from the days when the Italians mined gold there.
Presses de l'Université Laval
Presses de l'Université Laval (PUL) is a university press associated with Université Laval, located in Quebec City, Canada. Founded in 1950, it was the first official university press established in Quebec. Presses de l'Université Laval is a member of the Association of Canadian University Presses, and it was previously a member of the Association of American University Presses.

Université Laval
Université Laval is a public research university in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The university traces its roots to the Séminaire de Québec, founded by François de Montmorency-Laval in 1663, making it the oldest institution of higher education in Canada and the first North American institution to offer higher education in French. The university, which was founded in Old Québec, moved to a new campus in the 1950s in the suburban borough of Sainte-Foy–Sillery–Cap-Rouge. It is ranked among the top 10 Canadian universities in research funding and holds four Canada Excellence Research Chairs.
Settlement conference
A settlement or pre-trial conference is a meeting between opposing sides of a lawsuit at which the parties attempt to reach a mutually agreeable resolution of their dispute without having to proceed to a trial. Such a conference may be initiated through either party, usually by the conveyance of a settlement offer; or it may be ordered by the court as a precedent (preliminary step) to holding a trial. Each party, the plaintiff and the defendant, is usually represented at the settlement conference by their own counsel or attorney. Conferences are frequently conducted by a judge or other neutral party, in the form of a mediation.

Settlement offer
A settlement offer or  offer to settle is an offer to resolve an outstanding issue or account. This may involve a statutory offer to compromise in a civil lawsuit.  In either case, it involves communication from one party to the other suggesting a settlement, or an agreement to fully and finally resolve the outstanding issue, account, or dispute. In some jurisdictions, if one party makes a settlement offer, and the other party rejects it, this rejection can limit the ability of the other party to recover costs that would have been saved had the settlement offer been accepted.
Far Away from the Sun
Far Away from the Sun is the debut studio album by Swedish black metal band Sacramentum, released through Adipocere Records on 15 May 1996.

The album's musical style has been compared to melodic black metal contemporaries such as Dissection and Unanimated, and it is frequently cited as an overlooked classic in the genre.

Kristian Wåhlin
Kristian Wåhlin (born 4 December 1971) is a Swedish musician, singer, graphic designer and album cover artist for many bands in the  extreme metal scene worldwide. He is often credited under his pseudonym Necrolord.
James Temple Fisher
James Temple Fisher (1828 – 3 January 1905) was a 19th-century Member of Parliament from Canterbury, New Zealand.

Fisher arrived in New Zealand on the Charlotte Jane, one of the First Four Ships.

He represented the Heathcote electorate from 1876 to 1881, when he was defeated.

He was Postmaster-General and Commissioner of Telegraphs in the Grey Ministry, from 15 October 1877 to 8 October 1879.

He died on 3 January 1905 at his home in south Colombo Street in the Heathcote district. He is buried at Barbadoes Street Cemetery.

First Four Ships
The First Four Ships refers to the four sailing vessels chartered by the Canterbury Association which left Plymouth, England, in September 1850 to transport the first English settlers to new homes in Canterbury, New Zealand. The colonists or settlers who arrived on the first four ships are known as the Canterbury Pilgrims.
Polk County, Georgia
Polk County is a county in the Northwest region of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 42,853. The county seat is Cedartown. The county was created on December 20, 1851, by an act of the Georgia General Assembly and named after James K. Polk, the eleventh President of the United States. Polk County comprises the Cedartown, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Northwest Georgia
Northwest Georgia is a region of the state of Georgia in the United States. It includes 12 counties (listed in the section below), which at the 2010 census had a combined population of 753,032. Northwest Georgia includes some of the southernmost portions of the Appalachian Mountains, as opposed to Northeast Georgia, which holds the southernmost Blue Ridge, known locally as the North Georgia Mountains.

Bartow, Floyd, Haralson, Paulding, and Polk Counties are located on the outer northern fringe of the Atlanta metropolitan area, while the other counties are part of the Chattanooga, Tennessee metropolitan area. Much of the region is included in Georgia's 14th congressional district and is represented by Marjorie Taylor Greene.
Frederick Deacon
Frederick Horace Deacon (January 1829 – 20 November 1875, in Brixton, London) was a British chess master. He is mainly notable for spurious claims to have drawn against Paul Morphy, making himself both notorious and unpopular.

He won a match against W. Gilby (2–1) and lost a match to Charles Edward Ranken (0–2) at London 1851 (Provincial, Samuel Boden won).
Deacon won matches against Edward Löwe (7½–2½) in 1851, and Carl Mayet (5–2) in 1852. He claimed to have drawn against Paul Morphy (1–1) in 1858.

He took 2nd, behind George Henry Mackenzie, at London 1862 (handicap), shared 11th at London 1862 (the 5th BCA Congress, Adolf Anderssen won), and lost a match to Wilhelm Steinitz (1½–5½) at London 1863.

Charles Ranken
Charles Edward Ranken (5 January 1828 – 12 April 1905) was a Church of England clergyman and a minor British chess master. He co-founded and was the first president of the Oxford University Chess Club. He was also the editor of the Chess Player's Chronicle and a writer for the British Chess Magazine. Ranken is best known today as the co-author of Chess Openings Ancient and Modern (1889), one of the first important opening treatises in the English language.
Mesopsocus unipunctatus
Mesopsocus unipunctatus is a species of barklouse found across the Holarctic. It is a member of the Mesopsocidae family. It is a generalist that occurs on branches of deciduous and coniferous trees, as well as lower hedgerows and shaded meadows.

Mesopsocidae
Mesopsocidae is a family of Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera) belonging to the suborder Psocomorpha. Members of the family are characterized by their free areola postica. The family includes more than 70 species.