hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Showtime Arabia
Showtime Arabia was Showtime Networks pay television service in the Middle East and North Africa. It was a joint venture between Kuwaiti holding company KIPCO (79% stake) and American media firm Viacom Inc. (21% stake). The company was incorporated in the Cayman Islands and had its headquarters at Dubai Media City in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Showtime Arabia was one of three Pay TV networks in the Middle East and North Africa, it offered motion pictures, sporting events and original content, some of which was localized. It had the exclusive rights to broadcast the Barclays Premier League in the Middle East and North Africa. On 12 July 2009, the company announced a merger with competitor Orbit Communications Company to form Orbit Showtime Network (OSN).

Showtime Networks
Showtime Networks, Inc. is a subsidiary of American media conglomerate Paramount Skydance Corporation under its networks division that oversees the company's premium cable television channels, including its flagship namesake service. It was founded on September 6, 1983.
Magnetic immunoassay
Magnetic immunoassay (MIA) is a type of diagnostic immunoassay using magnetic beads as labels in lieu of conventional enzymes (ELISA), radioisotopes (RIA) or fluorescent moieties (fluorescent immunoassays) to detect a specified analyte. MIA involves the specific binding of an antibody to its antigen, where a magnetic label is conjugated to one element of the pair. The presence of magnetic beads is then detected by a magnetic reader (magnetometer) which measures the magnetic field change induced by the beads. The signal measured by the magnetometer is proportional to the analyte (virus, toxin, bacteria, cardiac marker, etc.) concentration in the initial sample.

Radioimmunoassay
A radioimmunoassay (RIA) is an immunoassay that uses radiolabeled molecules in a stepwise formation of immune complexes. A RIA is a very sensitive in vitro assay technique used to measure concentrations of substances, usually measuring antigen concentrations (for example, hormone levels in blood) by use of antibodies.

The RIA technique is extremely sensitive and extremely specific, and although it requires specialized equipment, it remains among the least expensive methods to perform such measurements. It requires special precautions and licensing, since radioactive substances are used.

In contrast, an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) is an immunoassay that uses radiolabeled molecules but in an immediate rather than stepwise way.

A radioallergosorbent test (RAST) is an example of radioimmunoassay. It is used to detect the causative allergen for an allergy.
Mensacarcin
Mensacarcin is a highly oxygenated polyketide first isolated from soil-dwelling Streptomyces bottropensis bacteria.

The molecule is a secondary metabolite, and can be obtained in large amounts from its producing organism.

Due to its unique properties it is an important model for drug development against melanoma and other cancers.

Polyketide
In organic chemistry, polyketides are a class of natural products derived from a precursor molecule consisting of a chain of alternating ketone (>C=O, or its reduced forms) and methylene (>CH2) groups: [−C(=O)−CH2−]n. First studied in the early 20th century, discovery, biosynthesis, and application of polyketides has evolved. It is a large and diverse group of secondary metabolites caused by its complex biosynthesis which resembles that of fatty acid synthesis. Because of this diversity, polyketides can have various medicinal, agricultural, and industrial applications. Many polyketides are medicinal or exhibit acute toxicity. Biotechnology has enabled discovery of more naturally occurring polyketides and evolution of new polyketides with novel or improved bioactivity.
Osen Municipality
Osen is a municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Fosen region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Osen. The other main village is Seter. Most residents live in the coastal areas or in the Steinsdalen valley.

The 387-square-kilometre (149 sq mi) municipality is the 239th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Osen Municipality is the 340th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 898. The municipality's population density is 2.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (6.0/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 9.9% over the previous 10-year period.

Beisfjord massacre
The Beisfjord massacre (Norwegian: Beisfjord-massakren) was a massacre on 18 July 1942 at Beisfjord Camp No. 1 (German: Lager I Beisfjord; Norwegian: Beisfjord fangeleir) in the village of Beisfjord in Narvik Municipality, Norway of 288 political prisoners. The massacre had been ordered a few days earlier by Josef Terboven, the Reichskommissar for Nazi-occupied Norway.
Revolutionary Serbia
Revolutionary Serbia, or Karađorđe's Serbia, was the state established by the Serbian revolutionaries in Ottoman Serbia (Sanjak of Smederevo) after the start of the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire in 1804. The Sublime Porte first officially recognized the state as autonomous in January 1807, however, the Serbian revolutionaries rejected the treaty and continued fighting the Ottomans until 1813. Although the first uprising was crushed, it was followed by the Second Serbian Uprising in 1815, which resulted in the creation of the Principality of Serbia, as it gained semi-independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1817.

Principality of Serbia
The Principality of Serbia (Serbian: Књажество Србија, romanized: Knjažestvo Srbija) was an autonomous, later sovereign state in the Balkans that came into existence as a result of the Serbian Revolution. Its creation was negotiated first through an unwritten agreement between Miloš Obrenović, leader of the Second Serbian Uprising, and Ottoman official Marashli Pasha, followed by a series of decrees of the Sublime Porte in 1828–1833. Its de facto independence ensued in 1867, following the evacuation of the remaining Ottoman troops from the Belgrade Fortress and the country; its independence was recognized internationally in 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin. In 1882 the country was elevated to the status of kingdom.
Poddutoori Ganga Reddy
Poddutoori Ganga Reddy  (7 June 1933 – 3 January 2008) was an Indian politician and was Member of Parliament of India. He was a member of the 4th and 5th Lok Sabhas. Reddy represented the Adilabad constituency of Andhra Pradesh (now in Telangana) and was a member of the Congress political party. He died on 3 January 2008

4th Lok Sabha
The 4th Lok Sabha was in session from 4 March 1967 to 27 December 1970. Its members were elected in February and March 1967. 13 sitting members from the Rajya Sabha were elected to the 4th Lok Sabha in the general election.

Indira Gandhi was again the Prime Minister, as in the 3rd Lok Sabha. Her premiership would continue into the following Lok Sabha, the 5th, which was constituted after the 1971 Indian general election.
K. N. Ninan
Karachepone N. Ninan (born 31 August 1950) is an ecological economist. Dr. Ninan was born in Nairobi, Kenya where he had his early school education. Thereafter he relocated to India where he continued his high school and college education.

Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is an intergovernmental organization established to improve communication between science and policy on issues of biodiversity and ecosystem services. 
It serves a similar role to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Panel on Chemicals, Waste and Pollution (ISPCWP). The IPBES Bureau has agreed, on the basis of a proposal by the secretariat for the purposes of brand unity and brand recognition, to adopt a common pronunciation of the IPBES acronym. In keeping with widespread linguistic convention, the acronym is officially pronounced as “ip-bes” – “ip” as in “hip” and “bes” as in “best”.

In January 2026, United States President Donald Trump announced that the United States would withdraw from the organization.
Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia
The Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia (WWF) was an Australian trade union that existed from 1902 to 1993. After a period of negotiations between other Australian maritime unions, it was federated in 1902 and first federally registered in 1907; its first general president was Billy Hughes.

In 1993 the WWF merged with the Seamen's Union of Australia to form the Maritime Union of Australia.

Nationalist Party (Australia)
The Nationalist Party, also known as the National Party, was an Australian political party. It was formed in February 1917 from a merger between the Liberal Party and the National Labor Party, the latter formed by Prime Minister Billy Hughes and his supporters after the 1916 Labor Party split over World War I conscription. The Nationalist Party was established as a 'united' non-Labor opposition that had remained a political trend once the Labor party established itself in federal politics. The party  was in government (from 1923 in coalition with the Country Party) until electoral defeat in 1929. From that time it was the main opposition to the Labor Party until it merged with pro-Joseph Lyons Labor defectors to form the United Australia Party (UAP) in 1931. The party is a direct ancestor of the Liberal Party of Australia, the main centre-right party in Australia.
Samorost 3
Samorost 3 is a puzzle point-and-click adventure game developed by Amanita Design. It is the third video game title in the Samorost series and the sequel to Samorost 2. It is the first game in the series that is full-length and with high-definition graphics. The story takes place across five planets and four moons. The game was originally scheduled for 2015.

Samorost 3 has sold over 300,000 units as of February 2017.

Puzzle video game
Puzzle video games make up a broad genre of video games that emphasize puzzle solving. The types of puzzles can test problem-solving skills, including logic, pattern recognition, sequence solving, spatial recognition, and word completion. Many puzzle games involve a real-time element and require quick thinking, such as Tetris (1985) and Lemmings (1991).
Talkspurt
In digital telephony, a talkspurt is a continuous segment of speech between silent intervals where only background noise can be heard. Segmenting speech streams into talkspurts allows bandwidth to be conserved by not sending excess data in silent intervals, and also allows synchronization, buffering and other parameters of the communications system to be readjusted in the intervals between talkspurts.

The term "talkspurt" is not a recent coinage: it was in use as long ago as 1959, during the development of time-assignment speech interpolation systems.

The talkspurt/silence distinction is used in a wide variety of digital speech transport systems, including GSM and packetized speech systems such as voice over IP.

Silence between talkspurts may sometimes be replaced by comfort noise.

Telephony
Telephony (/təˈlɛfəni/ tə-LEF-ə-nee) is the field of technology involving the development, application, and deployment of telecommunications services for the purpose of electronic transmission of voice, fax, or data, between distant parties. The history of telephony is intimately linked to the invention and development of the telephone.

Telephony is commonly referred to as the construction or operation of telephones and telephonic systems and as a system of telecommunications in which telephonic equipment is employed in the transmission of speech or other sound between points, with or without the use of wires. The term is also used frequently to refer to computer hardware, software, and computer network systems, that perform functions traditionally performed by telephone equipment. In this context the technology is specifically referred to as Internet telephony, or voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP).
Air Force Home Guard
The Air Force Home Guard (Danish: Flyverhjemmeværnet), is part of the Danish Home Guard. Its mission is to support the Royal Danish Air Force, the police and other national authorities in their emergency management by securing airports, performing aerial environmental patrols of national waters.

Royal Danish Air Force
The Royal Danish Air Force (Danish: Flyvevåbnet, lit. 'The Flying weapon') (RDAF) is the aerial warfare force of the Kingdom of Denmark and one of the four branches of the Danish Armed Forces. Initially being components of the Army and the Navy, it was made a separate service in 1950. Its main purpose is to serve as enforcer of Danish airspace and to provide air support to Danish group troops on the battlefield.
Arbirlot
Arbirlot (Gaelic: Obar Eilid) is a village in a rural parish of the same name in Angus, Scotland. The current name is usually presumed to be a contraction of Aberelliot: 467  or Aber-Eliot,: 147  both meaning the mouth of the Elliot. It is situated west of Arbroath. The main village settlement is on the Elliot Water, 2+1⁄2 miles (4 km) from Arbroath. There is a Church of Scotland church and a primary school. The school lies 1 mile (1.6 km) further west, in the approximate geographic centre of the parish.

Statistical Accounts of Scotland
The Statistical Accounts of Scotland are a series of documentary publications, related in subject matter though published at different times, covering life in Scotland in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.

The Old (or First) Statistical Account of Scotland was published between 1791 and 1799 by Sir John Sinclair of Ulbster. The New (or Second) Statistical Account of Scotland published under the auspices of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland between 1834 and 1845. These first two Statistical Accounts of Scotland are among the finest European contemporary records of life during the agricultural and industrial revolutions.

A Third Statistical Account of Scotland was published between 1951 and 1992.
Investigations of a Dog
"Investigations of a Dog" (German: "Forschungen eines Hundes") is a short story by Franz Kafka written in 1922. It was published posthumously in Beim Bau der Chinesischen Mauer (Berlin, 1931). The first English translation by Willa and Edwin Muir was published by Martin Secker in London in 1933. In 1946 it was published by Schocken Books in The Great Wall of China: Stories and Reflections. Told from the perspective of a dog, the story concerns the nature and limits of knowledge, by way of the dog's inquiries into the practices of his culture.

"Investigations of a Dog" was written in September and October 1922, soon after Kafka ended work on his unfinished novel The Castle. Similar to other Kafka stories such as "A Report to an Academy", "Josephine the Singer", and "The Burrow", the protagonist is an animal.

A Report to an Academy
"A Report to an Academy" (German: "Ein Bericht für eine Akademie") is a short story by Franz Kafka, written and published in 1917. In the story, an ape named Red Peter, who has learned to behave like a human, presents to an academy the story of how he effected his transformation. The story was first published by Martin Buber in the German monthly Der Jude, along with another of Kafka's stories, "Jackals and Arabs" ("Schakale und Araber"). The story appeared again in a 1919 collection titled Ein Landarzt (A Country Doctor).
Really? Really!
Really? Really! is the third eroge visual novel in the Shuffle! series created by Navel for Microsoft Windows. It is a continuation of Kaede's path from the first Shuffle! visual novel, and has a linear plot. The limited edition was released on November 24, 2006 at a retail price of ¥9,240 (about US$79.73). Navel released a "soft" version (without explicit sexual content, like Shuffle! On The Stage for Shuffle!) of Really? Really! on Nintendo DS in 2009. The DS version was released on June 25, 2009 by Kadokawa Shoten. It was localized by MangaGamer and released on June 6, 2014 (PC version only).

Eroge
An eroge (エロゲー, erogē, pronounced [eɾoɡe(ː)]), also called an H-game (エッチゲーム, ecchi game), is a Japanese genre of erotic video game. The term encompasses a wide variety of Japanese games containing erotic content across multiple genres. The first eroge were created in the 1980s, and many well-known companies in the Japanese gaming industry originally produced and distributed them. Some eroge are primarily focused on erotic content, while others, such as Key's Kanon, only contain occasional scenes in an otherwise non-erotic work. Games in the latter category are often re-released with sexual content removed for general audiences. Throughout its history, the genre has faced controversy for its use of explicit sexual content, and as a result has been banned from several console platforms.
National road 43 (Poland)
National road 43 is a national road in Poland. It runs through Lódź, Opole and Silesian, and is 75.5 km (46.9 mi) in length. The highway connects Wieluń with Częstochowa. The road runs concurrent with national road 42 between Rudniki and Jaworzno for approximately 4 km, and has a short concurrency with national road 46 in Częstochowa.

National roads in Poland
According to classes and categories of public roads in Poland, a national road (Polish: Droga krajowa) is a public trunk road controlled by the Polish central government authority, the General Directorship of National Roads and Motorways (Polish: Generalna Dyrekcja Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad). All motorways and expressways in Poland are classified as part of the national roads network.

Other types of roads in Poland are under the control of entities at voivodeship, powiat and gmina levels: voivodeship roads, powiat roads and gmina roads.
Polygonum aviculare
Polygonum aviculare or common knotgrass is a plant related to buckwheat and dock. It is also called prostrate knotweed, birdweed, pigweed and lowgrass. It is an annual found in fields and wasteland, with white flowers from June to October. It is widespread across many countries in temperate regions, apparently native to Eurasia, naturalized in temperate parts of the Southern Hemisphere.

Rumex
The docks and sorrels, genus Rumex, are a genus of about 200 species of annual, biennial, and perennial herbs in the buckwheat family, Polygonaceae. Members of this genus are common perennial herbs with a worldwide native distribution in temperate and subtropical climates.

Some are nuisance weeds (and are sometimes called dockweed or dock weed), but some are grown for their edible leaves. Rumex species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species, and are the only host plants of the butterflies Lycaena dispar and Lycaena rubidus.
Riccardo Ferri
Riccardo Ferri Cavaliere OMRI (Italian pronunciation: [rikˈkardo ˈfɛrri]; born 20 August 1963) is an Italian former footballer who played as a defender, in the role of centre-back. At international level, he represented Italy at the 1984 Summer Olympics, at UEFA Euro 1988, and at the 1990 FIFA World Cup.

His older brother, Giacomo, was also a footballer and is currently a member of the technical staff at Torino.

1988–89 Serie A
The 1988–89 Serie A was won by Internazionale, who won the title comfortably by an 11-point margin over runners-up Napoli. Milan's triumph in the European Cup meant Italy would be entering two teams – both the two giant Milan sides – into the European Cup for the 1989–90 season. Relegated to Serie B were Torino, Pescara, Pisa and Como.
Pir Ilahi Bux
Pir Ilahi Bux or Pir Ilahi Buksh  (Sindhi: پير الاهي بخش; Urdu: پیر الٰہی بخش) was a Pakistani politician and activist who was a prominent member of the Pakistan Movement and served as the Chief Minister of Sindh from 1948 to 1949.

Pir Mazhar Ul Haq
Pir Mazhar Ul Haq (Urdu: پیر مظہر الحق; born 14 September 1947) is a Pakistani politician who remained a member of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh from 1988 to 2013. He also remained as the Education minister of Sindh.
Calledapteryx
Calledapteryx is a monotypic scoopwing moth genus in the family Uraniidae. Its only species, Calledapteryx dryopterata, the brown scoopwing moth, is found in eastern North America. Both the genus and species were first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1868.

Uraniidae
The Uraniidae are a family of moths containing four subfamilies, 90 genera, and roughly 700 species.  The family is distributed throughout the tropics of the Americas, Africa and Indo-Australia.  Some of the tropical species are known for their bright, butterfly-like colors and are called sunset moths (for example Chrysiridia rhipheus).  Such moths are apparently toxic and the bright colors are a warning to predators.

The family Uraniidae contains both diurnal and nocturnal species.  The day-flying species are usually more strikingly colored and vibrant than the nocturnal ones.  Many diurnal species also have iridescent scales and multiple tails, which often led them to be mistaken for butterflies.  In sharp contrast, the nocturnal species are generally small, pale-colored insects.  The Uraniidae are similar to the geometer moths, to which they are related, but a different wing veining pattern distinguishes them.
Confluaria
Confluaria is a genus of flatworms belonging to the family Hymenolepididae. It contains six species, with the seventh species added in 2008.

Confluaria capillaris (Rudolphi, 1810)

Confluaria furcifera (Krabbe, 1869)

Confluaria islandica Vasileva, Skirnisson & Georgiev, 2008

Confluaria japonica (Yamaguti, 1935)

Confluaria krabbei Vasileva, Kornyushin & Genov, 2001

Confluaria podicipina (Szymanski, 1905)

Confluaria pseudofurcifera Valiseva, Georgiev & Genov, 2000

Hymenolepididae
The Hymenolepididae are family of cyclophyllid tapeworms. Their characteristic feature is the small number of testes (one to four).  The unilateral genital pores and large external seminal vesicle allow for easy recognition.  Most species are small, transparent, and easy to study. The family contains over 90 genera with over 900 species, having as their definitive host birds (c. 700 species) or mammals (about 250 species). Most reside in the intestines of their definitive hosts. The majority of species with known lifecycles have arthropods as intermediate hosts.
Volvo I-Shift
The Volvo I-Shift is an automated manual transmission developed by Volvo subsidiary Volvo Powertrain AB for Volvo Trucks and Volvo Buses, with 12 forward gears and 4 reverse gears. It became available for trucks in 2001 and later buses in 2004.

Volvo Trucks
Volvo Trucks (Swedish: Volvo Lastvagnar, pronounced [ˈvɔlːvʊ ˈlastˌvɑŋːnar])  is a truck manufacturing division of Volvo based in Gothenburg, Sweden.

Volvo Trucks was a separate company within Volvo. The Volvo Group was reorganised on 1 January 2012 and as a part of the process, Volvo Trucks ceased to be a separate company and was instead incorporated into Volvo Group Trucks along Volvo's other truck operations, as Renault Trucks and Mack Trucks.

The first Volvo truck rolled off the production lines in 1928, and in 2016 Volvo Trucks employed more than 52,000 people around the world. With global headquarters in Gothenburg, Sweden, Volvo manufactures and assembles its trucks in eight wholly owned assembly plants and nine factories owned by local interests. Volvo Trucks produces and sells over 190,000 units annually.