hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Troest
Troest is a Danish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Jóhan Troest Davidsen (born 1988), Faroese footballer

Jonas Troest (born 1985), Danish footballer

Magnus Troest (born 1987), Danish footballer

Stina Troest (born 1994), Danish hurdler

Scandinavian family name etymology
Heritable family names were generally adopted rather late within Scandinavia. Nobility were the first to take names that would be passed on from one generation to the next. Later, clergy, artisans and merchants in cities took heritable names. Family names (surnames) were still used together with primary patronyms (father's name plus an affix denoting relationship), which were used by all social classes. This meant that most families until modern times did not have surnames. Scandinavian patronyms were generally derived from the father's given name with the addition of a suffix meaning 'son' or 'daughter' or by occupation like Møller - ( Miller ) naming tradition remained commonly used throughout the Scandinavian countries during the time of surname formation.
Forms of the patronymic suffixes include: -son, -sen, -fen, -søn, -ler, -zen, -zon/zoon, and -sson,'datter'.
Brassenx
Brassenx was a barony of Upper Landes, in the southwest of France. Its historical capital was Arjuzanx. Its main town is now Morcenx. The etymology of Brassenx is a male Gallo-Roman name: Braccius, plus the pre-Celtic suffix: -incum.

During the English occupation, Arjuzanx became the capital of the barony of Brassenx, where Edward III of England in 1338 published the laws and customs (fors et coutumes) of Brassenx.

Landes (department)
Landes (French pronunciation: [lɑ̃d] ⓘ; Gascon and Occitan: Lanas [ˈlanəs]; Basque: Landak) is a department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, Southwestern France, with a long coastline on the Atlantic Ocean to the west. It also borders Gers to the east, Pyrénées-Atlantiques to the south, Lot-et-Garonne to the north-east, and Gironde to the north. Located on the Atlantic coast, it had a population of 413,690 as of 2019. Its prefecture is Mont-de-Marsan.

The department is the second-largest department in France and it covers the Forest of Landes. The southwestern part of the department is part of the wider conurbation of Biarritz and Bayonne across the Pyrénées-Atlantique border.
Glossary of American politics
This glossary of American politics defines terms and phrases used in politics in the United States. The list includes terms specific to U.S. political systems (at both national and sub-national levels), as well as concepts and ideologies that occur in other political systems but which nonetheless are frequently encountered in American politics.

Necessary and Proper Clause
The Necessary and Proper Clause, also known as the Elastic Clause, is a clause in Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution:

The Congress shall have Power... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.

Since the landmark decision McCulloch v. Maryland, the US Supreme Court has ruled that this clause grants implied powers to the US Congress in addition to its enumerated powers.
Tella, Mali
Tella is a village and rural commune in the Cercle of Sikasso in the Sikasso Region of southern Mali. The commune covers an area of 511 square kilometers and includes six villages. In the 2009 census it had a population of 4,372. The village of Tella, the administrative center (chef-lieu) of the commune, is 82 km northwest of Sikasso.

Sikasso
Sikasso (Bambara: ߛߌߞߊߛߏ tr. Sikaso) is a city in the south of Mali and the capital of the Sikasso Cercle and the Sikasso Region.  It is Mali's second largest city with 225,753 residents in the 2009 census. The city is a large centre and trading port, and was the capital of the Kénédougou Kingdom between 1877 and 1898.
Sarzana
Sarzana (Italian: [sarˈdzaːna], Emilian: [sarˈzana]; Ligurian: Sarzann-a) is a town, comune (municipality) and former short-lived Catholic bishopric in the Province of La Spezia, Liguria, Italy. It is 15 kilometres (9 mi) east of La Spezia, on the railway to Pisa, at the point where the railway to Parma diverges to the north. In 2023, it had a population of 21,786.

Diocese of Brugnato
The Diocese of Brugnato (Latin: Dioecesis Brugnatensis) was a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church located in the city of Brugnato in the Province of La Spezia in what is now Italy. On 25 November 1820, it was united with and suppressed to the Diocese of Luni e Sarzana to form the Diocese of Luni, Sarzana e Brugnato.
Jimmy Winkfield Stakes
The Jimmy Winkfield Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race run at Aqueduct Racetrack on Long Island, New York at the beginning of each year. The event is for three-year-olds and currently set at a distance of seven furlongs on the dirt.

The Jimmy Winkfield Stakes is named for U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee James Winkfield, the last African American jockey to win the Kentucky Derby. He won it twice: with His Eminence in 1901 and with Alan-a-Dale in 1902.

This race was formerly known as the Best Turn from 1985 to 2004.

Aqueduct Racetrack
Aqueduct Racetrack is a Thoroughbred horse racing facility and casino in the South Ozone Park and Jamaica neighborhoods of Queens, New York City, United States. Aqueduct is the only racetrack within New York City limits. Its races usually run from late October/early November through April.

The track has three courses: the main track (dirt), with a circumference of 1+1⁄8 miles (1.8 km), whose infield holds the 1 mile (1.6 km) Main Turf Course and the Inner Turf Course, measuring 7.065 furlongs (1.421 km). The track has seating capacity of 17,000 and total capacity of 40,000.

The racetrack and the adjacent headquarters of the New York Racing Association (NYRA) sit on a 172-acre (70 ha) site controlled by the New York State Franchise Oversight Board, which leases about 72.6 acres (29.4 ha) to the Resorts World New York City casino and hotel.
Athletics at the 2011 Pan American Games – Men's 20 kilometres walk
The men's 20 kilometres walk competition of the athletics events at the 2011 Pan American Games took place on the 23 of October at the Guadalajara Circuit and Route. The defending Pan American Games champion is Jefferson Pérez of Ecuador.

Athletics at the 2007 Pan American Games – Men's 20 kilometres walk
The Men's 20 km Race Walking event at the 2007 Pan American Games took place on July 22, 2007 in the Parque do Flamengo in Rio de Janeiro. Ecuador's Jefferson Pérez defended his title, defeating his compatriot Rolando Saquipay.
Gaygalan Awards
Established by Swedish magazine QX in 1999, the Gaygalan Awards are an annual event created to hand out prizes for LGBT achievements. In 2004, the gala was broadcast for the first time on Sveriges Television when it was held at Hamburger Börs with Annika Lantz as the host.

Don't Ever Wipe Tears Without Gloves
Don't Ever Wipe Tears Without Gloves (Swedish: Torka aldrig tårar utan handskar) is a 2012 three-part Swedish TV drama about the impact of AIDS in Stockholm's gay community in the early 1980s. It is based on the Swedish novelist Jonas Gardell's trilogy with the same name, with each episode covering one of the three novels that are subtitled Love, Disease and Death.

The three-part drama was produced by Sveriges Television, and aired the first time on SVT1 on 8, 15 and 22 October 2012.

In September 2013, it was announced that the BBC had bought the series, and the first episode was aired on BBC Four on 2 December 2013 to mark World AIDS Day.
Lévy-Biche LB.2
The Levy Biche LB.2 was a single seat French sesquiplane fighter aircraft designed to be used from aircraft carriers. With a watertight fuselage, jettisonable wheeled undercarriage and small under-wing floats, it could survive emergency sea touchdowns; it could also be fitted with seaplane type floats.

French Naval Aviation
French Naval Aviation (often abbreviated in French to: Aéronavale (contraction of Aéronautique navale), or Aviation navale, or more simply l'Aéro) is the naval air arm of the French Navy. The long-form official designation is Force maritime de l'aéronautique navale. Born as a fusion of aircraft carrier squadrons and the naval patrol air force, the Aéronavale was created in 1912. The force is under the command of a flag officer officially titled Admiral of Naval Aviation (ALAVIA) with his headquarters at Toulon naval base. It has a strength of around 6,800 military and civilian personnel. It operates from four airbases in Metropolitan France and several detachments in foreign countries or French overseas territories. Carrier-borne pilots of the French Navy do their initial training at Salon-de-Provence Air Base after which they undergo their carrier qualification with the US Navy.
Bolsón night lizard
The bolsón night lizard (Xantusia bolsonae) is a species of night lizard in the family Xantusiidae. The species, which was originally described by Robert G. Webb in 1970, is endemic to the state of Durango in Mexico. Not much is known about the lizard at present, as it appears to be simultaneously rare and rather secretive in nature.

Bolsón de Mapimí
The Bolsón de Mapimí is an endorheic, or internal drainage, basin in which no rivers or streams drain to the sea, but rather toward the center of the basin, often terminating in swamps and ephemeral lakes. It is located in the center-north of the Mexican Plateau. The basin is shared by the states of Durango, Coahuila, Chihuahua, and Zacatecas. It takes its name from Mapimí, a town in Durango.

The largest city in the basin is Torreón. Parts of the basin host much industrial and agricultural activity. However, most of the region is sparsely populated.
Elena Popovska
Elena Popovska (Macedonian: Елена Поповска; born January 6, 1990) is a Macedonian swimmer, who specialized in sprint freestyle events. She represented the Republic of Macedonia at the 2008 Summer Olympics, placing among the top 50 swimmers in the 100 m freestyle.

Popovska was invited by FINA through the Universality rule to compete as a lone female swimmer for Macedonia in the men's 100 m freestyle at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Swimming against fellow Olympic debutants Madeleine Scerri of Malta and Olga Hachatryan of Turkmenistan in heat one, Popovska overhauled a minute barrier with a lifetime best of 59.93 to blaze her way for the second spot and forty-seventh overall on the evening prelims, but failed to advance to the semifinals.

Olga Hachatryan
Olga Hachatryan (born July 6, 1992) is a Turkmenistani swimmer who specialized in sprint freestyle events. Hachatryan represented Turkmenistan at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where she swam in the women's 100 m freestyle event, against Malta's Madeleine Scerri and Macedonia's Elena Popovska. She finished the race in last place for both the first heat and the overall standings, with a time of 1:14.77.
Pineywoods cattle
The Pineywoods is an endangered American breed of triple-purpose cattle. It derives from cattle of Iberian origin brought to Americas by the conquistadores in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. It is one of three such criollo breeds and is found mainly in Alabama, Georgia and Mississippi, between the ranges of the other two breeds, the Florida Cracker to the east and the Texas Longhorn to the west.: 270

In the twenty-first century it is an endangered breed; in 2023 its conservation status was listed by the Livestock Conservancy as 'threatened', the second level of concern of the association..

Texas Longhorn
The Texas Longhorn is an American breed of beef cattle, characterized by its long horns, which can span more than 8 ft (2.4 m) from tip to tip. It derives from cattle brought from the Iberian Peninsula to the Americas by Spanish conquistadors from the time of the Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus until about 1512. For hundreds of years the cattle lived a semi-feral existence on the rangelands; they have a higher tolerance of heat and drought than most European breeds. The coat can be of any color or mix of colors; in some 40% of the cattle it is some shade of red, often a light red.

In the twenty-first century, the Longhorn is considered a part of the cultural heritage of Texas.: 343
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Opposition)
The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Opposition) (Czech: Komunistická strana Československa (opozice), German: Kommunistischen Partei der Tschechoslowakei (Opposition)), or simply the Communist Opposition, was a political party in Czechoslovakia 1929–1938, which was aligned with the Right Opposition in the international communist movement. During its early phase the Communist Opposition had a significant role in leading trade unions, but over time the influence of the group declined and by 1932 the majority of the group merged into the Social Democratic Workers Party.

Right Opposition
The Right Opposition (Russian: Правая оппозиция, romanized: Pravaya oppozitsiya) or Right Tendency (Правый уклон, Praviy uklon) in the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was a label formulated by Joseph Stalin in Autumn of 1928 for the opposition against certain measures included within the first five-year plan, an opposition which was led by Nikolai Bukharin, Alexei Rykov, Mikhail Tomsky, and their supporters within the Soviet Union that did not follow the so-called "general line of the party". It is also the name given to "right-wing" critics within the Communist movement internationally, particularly those who coalesced in the International Communist Opposition, regardless of whether they identified with Bukharin and Rykov.
Merlin Airways
Merlin Airways is an American airline based in Billings, Montana, United States. It operates freight services under contract to FedEx Express and UPS Airlines. The airline previously conducted FAR Part 121 passenger operations in Alaska and Texas as well as providing charter service for gambling junkets.  As of 1999 the company has ceased passenger operations to focus on the main aspect of its business, which is providing freight services to FedEx and UPS. Its headquarters is Billings, Montana, with hubs at Miami International Airport and at Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport, San Juan, Puerto Rico.

FedEx Express
FedEx Express is an American cargo airline based in Memphis, Tennessee, United States. As of 2023, it was the world's largest cargo airline in terms of fleet size and freight tons flown. It is the namesake and leading subsidiary of FedEx Corporation, delivering freight and packages to more than 375 destinations over 220 countries and territories across six continents each day.

The company's global "Super Hub" is located at Memphis International Airport. In the United States, FedEx Express has a national hub at Indianapolis International Airport, and regional hubs at airports in Anchorage, Fort Worth, Greensboro, Miami, Newark, Oakland and Ontario. International regional hubs are located at airports in Cologne/Bonn, Dubai, Bengaluru, Delhi, Guangzhou, Istanbul, Liege, Milan, Mumbai, Osaka, Paris, Seoul, Shanghai, Singapore, Taipei, Tokyo, and Toronto.
Open Arts Network
The Open Arts Network was a national network of membership-based arts organizations with the goals of sharing resources and reducing duplication of effort. The Open Arts Network was started by Fractured Atlas in 2004.  Fractured Atlas discontinued the network in 2017.

As of May 2007, the following organizations were members of the Open Arts Network:

Fractured Atlas

3rd Ward

ACCI Gallery

Art for Progress

Artfag Mafia

ArtistShare

Asian American Arts Alliance

Atlanta Coalition of Performing Arts

Austin Circle of Theaters

Black Rock Coalition

Children's Museum of the Arts

College Art Association

Columbia University School of the Arts Alumni Association

Dance Theater Workshop

Elizabeth Foundation for the Arts

The Field

International Forum of Visual Practitioners

Lower Manhattan Cultural Council

New York Folklore Society

Shooting People

Theatre Bay Area

Theatre Puget Sound

Williamsburg Gallery Association

Women's Caucus for Art

Women's Caucus for Art
The Women's Caucus for Art (WCA), founded in 1972, is a non-profit organization based in New York City, which supports women artists, art historians, students, educators, and museum professionals. The WCA holds exhibitions and conferences to promote women artists and their works and recognizes the talents of artists through their annual Lifetime Achievement Award. Since 1975 it has been a United Nations-affiliated non-governmental organization (NGO), which has broadened its influence beyond the United States. Within the WCA are several special interest causes including the Women of Color caucus, Eco-Art Caucus, Jewish Women Artist Network, International Caucus and the Young Women's Caucus. The founding of the WCA is seen as a "great stride" in the feminist art movement.
Harrow History Prize
The Harrow History Prize or the Townsend Warner Preparatory Schools History Prize is an annual history competition for children at British preparatory schools. It currently attracts around 800 entrants each year from the top private schools of England.

Preparatory school (United Kingdom)
A preparatory school (or, shortened: prep school) in the United Kingdom is a fee-charging private primary school that caters for children up to approximately the age of 13.  The term "preparatory school" is used as it prepares the children for the Common Entrance Examination in order to secure a place at an independent secondary school, typically one of the English public schools.  They are also preferred by some parents in the hope of getting their child into a state selective grammar school. Most prep schools are inspected by the Independent Schools Inspectorate, which is overseen by Ofsted on behalf of the Department for Education.
1966 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship
The 1966 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship  was the third staging of the All-Ireland Under-21 Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1964. The championship began on 27 March 1966 and ended on 3 November 1966

Wexford entered the championship as the defending champions.

The All-Ireland final, the only one to have gone to two replays, was eventually decided on 3 November 1966 at Croke Park in Dublin, between Cork and Wexford, in what was their first ever championship meeting. Cork won the match by 9-09 to 5-09 to claim their first championship title.

Cork's Charlie McCarthy and Seánie Barry were the championship's top scorers.

1965 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship
The 1965 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship was the second staging of the All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship. The championship began on 28 March 1965 and ended on 12 September 1965.

Wexford won the title after defeating Tipperary 3-7 to 1-4 in the final.
Giv'at Ze'ev
31°51′51″N 35°10′11″E﻿ / ﻿31.86417°N 35.16972°E﻿ / 31.86417; 35.16972

Giv'at Ze'ev (Hebrew: גִּבְעַת זְאֵב) is an urban Israeli settlement in the West Bank, five kilometers northwest of Jerusalem. The settlement was founded in 1977 on the site of the abandoned Jordanian military camp, adjacent to the site of ancient Gibeon. While it lies within the borders of the Matte Binyamin Regional Council, it is a separate municipal entity. In 2023 it had a population of 24,193.

The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.

Gibeon (ancient city)
Gibeon (Hebrew: גִּבְעוֹן‎, romanized: Giḇəʻōn; Ancient Greek: Γαβαων, romanized: Gabaōn) was a Canaanite and later an Israelite city, which was located north of Jerusalem. According to Joshua 11:19, the pre-Israelite-conquest inhabitants, the Gibeonites, were Hivites; according to 2 Samuel 21:2, they were Amorites, there can be also expected that they were a mingled people, since the city of Jerusalem (whose king discovered the aliance in the narrative of the book of Joshua Joshua 10:1) has her nativity disclosed in Ezekiel 16:3. The remains of Gibeon are located in the southern portion of the Arab-majority village of al-Jib in Area C of the West Bank.
Smilax canariensis
Smilax canariensis is a species of flowering plants of the Smilacaceae family. It occurs in Madeira and the Canary Islands. The species was first described by Carl Ludwig Willdenow in 1806. Its Spanish name is zarzaparrilla canaria.

Smilacaceae
Smilacaceae, the greenbriers, is a family of flowering plants. While they were often assigned to a more broadly defined family Liliaceae, most recent botanists have accepted the two as distinct families, diverging around 55 million years ago during the Early Paleogene.  One characteristic that distinguishes Smilacaceae from most of the other members of the Liliaceae-like Liliales is that it has true vessels in its conducting tissue. Another is that the veins of the leaves, between major veins, are reticulate (net-shaped), rather than parallel as in most monocots.
D/M/1 queue
In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, a D/M/1 queue represents the queue length in a system having a single server, where arrivals occur at fixed regular intervals and job service requirements are random with an exponential distribution. The model name is written in Kendall's notation. Agner Krarup Erlang first published a solution to the stationary distribution of a D/M/1 and D/M/k queue, the model with k servers, in 1917 and 1920.

Kendall's notation
In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, Kendall's notation (or sometimes Kendall notation) is the standard system used to describe and classify a queueing node. D. G. Kendall proposed describing queueing models using three factors written A/S/c in 1953 where A denotes the time between arrivals to the queue, S the service time distribution and c the number of service channels open at the node. It has since been extended to A/S/c/K/N/D where K is the capacity of the queue, N is the size of the population of jobs to be served, and D is the queueing discipline.

When the final three parameters are not specified (e.g. M/M/1 queue), it is assumed K = ∞, N = ∞ and D = FIFO.
Iran Marine Fund
Iran Marine Fund (IMF) is a state-owned enterprise of the Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade
of The Islamic Republic of Iran that works to convert the country's marine capacities into sustainable national interests.

The fund was established to enable sustainable development in Iran's marine industry. It acts as an interface between the government and the private sector, while also providing developmental and strategic support. The Marine Industries Development Fund was established by Article 1 of the Marine Industries Development and Support Law, approved on 5 August 2008, by the Islamic Consultative Assembly. The Fund was approved by the Council of Ministers on 2 July 2010.

Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade
The Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade (Persian: Vezārate Sannat, Madan va Tejārat) is an Iranian government body responsible for the regulation and implementation of policies applicable to domestic and foreign trade and also regulation and implementation of policies applicable to industrial and mine sectors that formed on 3 August 2011. The ministry resulted from the merger of the Ministry of Industries and Mines and Ministry of Commerce.
Austin Stack
Augustine Mary Moore Stack (7 December 1879 – 27 April 1929) was an Irish republican and politician who served as Minister for Home Affairs from 1921 to 1922. He was a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1918 to 1927.

Hunger strike
A hunger strike is a method of non-violent resistance where participants fast as an act of political protest, usually with the objective of achieving a specific goal, such as a policy change. Hunger strikers that do not take fluids are named dry hunger strikers.

In cases where an entity (usually the state) has or is able to obtain custody of the hunger striker (such as a prisoner), the hunger strike is often terminated by the custodial entity through the use of force-feeding.