hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mali Sadky
Mali Sadky (Ukrainian: Малі Садки) is a village in Ukraine, Ternopil Oblast, Kremenets Raion, Shumsk urban hromada.  After the liquidation of the Shumsk Raion on 19 July 2020, the village became part of the Kremenets Raion.

Shumsk urban hromada
Shumsk urban territorial hromada (Ukrainian: Шумська територіальна громада, romanized: Shumska miska terytorialna hromada) is a hromada in Ukraine, in Kremenets Raion of Ternopil Oblast. The administrative center is the city of Shumsk. Its population is 24,466 (2022 estimate) It was formed on 24 July 2015.
Verbandsgemeinde
A Verbandsgemeinde (German pronunciation: [fɛɐ̯ˈbantsɡəˌmaɪndə] ⓘ; plural Verbandsgemeinden [fɛɐ̯ˈbantsɡəˌmaɪndn̩] ⓘ) is a low-level administrative unit in the German federal states of Brandenburg, Rhineland-Palatinate and Saxony-Anhalt. A Verbandsgemeinde is typically composed of a small group of municipalities.

Administrative division
Administrative divisions (also administrative units, administrative regions, subnational entities, or constituent states, as well as many similar generic terms) are geographical areas into which a particular independent sovereign state is divided. Such a unit usually has an administrative authority with the power to take administrative or policy decisions for its area. Administrative divisions are often used as polygons in geospatial analysis.
1994 Torneo di Viareggio
The 1994 winners of the Torneo di Viareggio (in English, the Viareggio Tournament, officially the Viareggio Cup World Football Tournament Coppa Carnevale), the annual youth football tournament held in Viareggio, Tuscany, are listed below.

Torneo di Viareggio
The Torneo di Viareggio (English: Viareggio Tournament), officially named the Viareggio Cup World Football Tournament Coppa Carnevale, is a youth association football tournament held annually in the commune of Viareggio, Italy and its surrounding areas. Established in 1949, the Torneo di Viareggio is considered one of the most important youth football tournaments in the world.

It coincides with the Carnival of Viareggio, starting on the third Monday of Carneval. The tournament runs for a fortnight, and finishes on the last Monday of Carnival. For this reason, it is also known as Coppa Carnevale (English: Carnival Cup).
Languages of Bolivia
The languages of Bolivia include Spanish and several dozen indigenous languages, most prominently Aymara, Quechua, Chiquitano, Guaraní and the Bolivian Sign Language (closely related to the American Sign Language). Indigenous languages and Spanish are official languages of the state according to the 2009 Constitution. The constitution says that all indigenous languages are official, listing 36 specific indigenous languages, of which some are extinct. Spanish and Quechua are spoken primarily in the Andes region, Aymara is mainly spoken in the Altiplano around Lake Titicaca, Chiquitano is spoken in the central part of Santa Cruz department, and Guarani is spoken in the southeast on the border with Paraguay and Argentina.

Varieties of American Sign Language
American Sign Language (ASL) developed in the United States, starting as a blend of local sign languages and French Sign Language (FSL). Local varieties have developed in many countries, but there is little research on which should be considered dialects of ASL (such as Bolivian Sign Language) and which have diverged to the point of being distinct languages (such as Malaysian Sign Language).

The following are sign language varieties of ASL in countries other than the US and Canada, languages based on ASL with substratum influence from local sign languages, and mixed languages in which ASL is a component. Distinction follow political boundaries, which may not correspond to linguistic boundaries.
Doi-Hopf module
In quantum group, Hopf algebra and weak Hopf algebra, the Doi-Hopf module is a crucial construction that has many applications. It's named after Japanese mathematician Yukio Doi (土井 幸雄) and  German  mathematician Heinz Hopf. The concept was introduce by Doi in his 1992 paper "unifying Hopf modules".

Weak Hopf algebra
In mathematics, weak bi-algebras are a generalization of bialgebras that are both algebras and coalgebras but for which the compatibility conditions between the two structures have been "weakened". In the same spirit, weak Hopf algebras are weak bialgebras together with a linear map S satisfying specific conditions; they are generalizations of Hopf algebras.

These objects were introduced by Böhm, Nill and Szlachányi. The first motivations for studying them came from quantum field theory and operator algebras. Weak Hopf algebras have quite interesting representation theory; in particular modules over a semisimple finite weak Hopf algebra is a fusion category (which is a monoidal category with extra properties). It was also shown by Etingof, Nikshych and Ostrik that any fusion category is equivalent to a category of modules over a weak Hopf algebra.
Branchinecta mexicana
Branchinecta mexicana is a species of fairy shrimp in the family Branchinectidae. It is found in Central America.

The IUCN conservation status of Branchinecta mexicana is "CR", critically endangered. The species faces an extremely high risk of extinction in the immediate future. The IUCN status was reviewed in 1996.

Branchinectidae
Branchinectidae is a family in the order Anostraca (fairy shrimp), containing two genera – Branchinecta and Archaebranchinecta. The majority of the species are in the genus Branchinecta, with only Archaebranchinecta pollicifera and the fossil Archaebranchinecta barstowensis in the second genus.
1946 Los Angeles Rams season
The 1946 Los Angeles Rams season was the team's ninth year with the National Football League and the first season in Los Angeles. The team moved to Los Angeles from Cleveland immediately after winning the 1945 NFL Championship Game.

The 1946 team is best remembered for its inclusion of two African-American players, halfback Kenny Washington and end Woody Strode – the first in the NFL since the 1933 season. The team finished with a record of 6-4-1, good for second place in the NFL's Western Conference.

Kenny Washington (American football)
Kenneth Stanley Washington (August 31, 1918 – June 24, 1971) was an American professional football player who was the first African-American to sign a contract with a National Football League (NFL) team in the modern (post-World War II) era. He played college football for the UCLA Bruins.
NGC 4084
NGC 4084 is an elliptical galaxy located 315 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. NGC 4084 was discovered by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on April 26, 1865. NGC 4084 is an isolated member of the Coma Supercluster and is classified as a LINER galaxy.

Low-ionization nuclear emission-line region
A low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER) is a type of galactic nucleus that is defined by its spectral line emission.  The spectra typically include line emission from weakly ionized or neutral atoms, such as O, O+, N+, and S+.  Conversely, the spectral line emission from strongly ionized atoms, such as O++, Ne++, and He+, is relatively weak.  The class of galactic nuclei was first identified by Timothy Heckman in the third of a series of papers on the spectra of galactic nuclei that were published in 1980.
Nicola, British Columbia
Nicola is an unincorporated community in the Nicola region of south central British Columbia. The place is on the north side of the Nicola River at the southwestern end of Nicola Lake. On BC Highway 5A, the locality is by road about 11 kilometres (7 mi) northeast of Merritt, 77 kilometres (48 mi) southeast of Spences Bridge, and 90 kilometres (56 mi) southwest of Kamloops.

British Columbia Highway 5A
Highway 5A is Highway 5's pre-1986 alignment south of Kamloops.  Unlike the main route, a section of BC Highway 5 known as the Coquihalla, which is a twinned highway consisting of at least 4 lanes at any given point, the 182 km (113 mi) long Highway 5A is only two lanes, with one four lane section between Highway 5 and Highway 97C (known as the Okanagan Connector), lasting along BC Highway 5A for approximately 23 km (14 mi).
Miss World Venezuela 2000
Miss World Venezuela 2000 was the first Miss World Venezuela pageant. It was held at the Venevisión Studios in Caracas, Venezuela on July 15, 2000.

At the end of the event, Martina Thorogood of Miranda crowned Vanessa Cárdenas of Zulia as Miss World Venezuela 2000. She represented Venezuela at the Miss World 2000 pageant.

Miss World Venezuela
Miss World Venezuela (Spanish: Miss Venezuela Mundo) is a Venezuelan beauty pageant operated by the Cisneros Group. Founded in 2000, it currently selects Venezuelan representatives to Miss World. The current national director of Miss World Venezuela is Miss Universe 2013, Gabriela Isler.

The current Miss World Venezuela is Mística Núñez of Falcón, who was crowned on 12 November 2025 at the Venevisión Studios in Caracas, Venezuela.
Gavrilo Princip Park
Gavrilo Princip Park (Serbian: Парк Гаврила Принципа, romanized: Park Gavrila Principa) is a park in Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. Originating from 1836, it is one of the oldest parks in the city and in 1864 it was declared the first public park in Belgrade. Named Financial Park until 2017, it is located in the municipality of Savski Venac.

Belgrade Fortress
The Belgrade Fortress (Serbian: Београдска тврђава, Beogradska tvrđava, Hungarian: Nándorfehérvár), consists of the old citadel (Upper and Lower Town) and Kalemegdan Park (Large and Little Kalemegdan) on the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, in an urban area of modern Belgrade, Serbia. Located in Belgrade's municipality of Stari Grad, the fortress constitutes the specific historical core of the city. As one of the most important representatives of Belgrade's cultural heritage, it was originally protected right after World War II, among the first officially declared cultural monuments in Serbia. The fortress was declared a Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1979, and is protected by the Republic of Serbia. It is the most visited tourist attraction in Belgrade, with Skadarlija being the second. Since the admission is free, it is estimated that the total number of visitors (foreign, domestic, citizens of Belgrade) is over 2 million yearly.
Pauloff Harbor, Alaska
Pauloff Harbor is an unincorporated community with no year-round population on the west side of Pavlov Harbor on the northern coast of Sanak Island, 50 miles (80 km) southeast of False Pass, in the Aleutians East Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. The primary means of transportation is boats and float planes from False Pass or King Cove.
While a post office was established in 1949, the village has no permanent population at present or public facilities, although a village corporation operates from a post office box in Sand Point, where most of the corporation shareholders live.

King Cove, Alaska
King Cove (Aleut: Agdaaĝux̂) is a city in Aleutians East Borough, Alaska, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 938, up from 792 in 2000, but at the 2020 census this had reduced to 757.
Brian Jeffares
Brian Robert Jeffares MNZM JP is a New Zealand local-body politician. He is an elected member of Taranaki Regional Council and the Taranaki District Health Board, and was mayor of Stratford from 1998 to 2007.

Jeffares has a background in building and real estate, and also some radio work. Jeffares and his wife Diann have three children. Jeffares is chairman of the Taranaki Electricity Trust, the Stratford Health Trust, and a former trustee of the Taranaki Rescue Helicopter Trust.

In the 2008 New Year Honours, Jeffares was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to local-body affairs and the community.

Mayor of Stratford, New Zealand
The mayor of Stratford officiates over the Stratford District Council. The mayor is elected directly using the first-past-the-post electoral system.

The current mayor is Neil Volzke. Volzke was first elected as mayor in a 2009 by-election following the death of previous mayor John Edwards.
1986 Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 crash
On 19 October 1986, a Tupolev Tu-134 jetliner with a Soviet crew carrying President Samora Machel and 43 others from Mbala, Zambia to the Mozambican capital Maputo crashed at Mbuzini, South Africa. Nine passengers and one crew member survived the crash, but President Machel and 33 others died, including several ministers and senior officials of the Mozambican government.

A board of inquiry blamed the captain for failing to react to the ground proximity warning system. Another theory was that the crew had set the aircraft's VOR receivers to the wrong frequency, causing them to receive signals from a different airport, or even that a false beacon had been used to lure the crew off course. While there was widespread suspicion in other nations that South Africa, which was hostile towards Machel's government at the time, was involved in the incident, no conclusive evidence was ever presented to support that allegation.

South African Police
The South African Police (SAP) was the national police force and law enforcement agency in South Africa from 1913 to 1994; it was the de facto police force in the territory of South West Africa (Namibia) from 1939 to 1981. After South Africa's transition to majority rule in 1994, the SAP was reorganized into the South African Police Service (SAPS).
Nick Goolab
Nicholas Anthony Goolab (born 30 January 1990) is a British distance runner. He is the former British 5k record holder, previously held the English 5k and 10k titles concurrently, and has represented Great Britain at World and European cross country and track championships.

Andrew Butchart
Andrew Butchart (born 14 October 1991) is a British runner who competed in the 5000 metres event at the 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympics. He is the current Scottish record holder in the 3000, 5000 and 10,000 metre events. In June 2023, he broke the parkrun world record.
Fróði Benjaminsen
Fróði Benjaminsen (born 14 December 1977) is a Faroese former footballer who played as a defender or midfielder. Benjaminsen previously played for HB Tórshavn, B68 Toftir, Fram Reykjavík, B36 Tórshavn and Skála ÍF. He made 95 appearances for the Faroe Islands and captained the national team since 2008. In 2015, he retired from the national team, but continued to play at club level until 2022. On 16 August 2016, Benjaminsen came out of international retirement to play against Hungary in the FIFA World Cup 2018 qualification phase.

Faroe Islands Super Cup
The Faroe Islands Super Cup (in Faroese: Stórsteypadystur, or simply Stórsteypið) is a football competition contested between the Faroe Islands Premier League champions and the winners of the Faroe Islands Cup from the previous season.
Grozești, Mehedinți
Grozești is a commune in Mehedinți County, Oltenia, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Cârceni, Grozești, Păsărani, and Șușița.

The commune is located in the eastern part of Mehedinți County, 67 km (42 mi) from the county seat, Drobeta-Turnu Severin, on the border with Gorj County. The closest towns are Turceni, in Gorj County, and Filiași, 22 km (14 mi) to the southeast, across the Jiu River, in Dolj County.

Drobeta-Turnu Severin
Drobeta-Turnu Severin (Romanian pronunciation: [droˈbeta ˈturnu seveˈrin] ⓘ), colloquially Severin, is a city in Mehedinți County, Oltenia, Romania, on the northern bank of the Danube, close to the Iron Gates. It is one of six Romanian county seats lying on the river Danube. "Drobeta" is the name of the ancient Dacian and Roman towns at the site, and the modern town of Turnu Severin received the additional name of Drobeta during Nicolae Ceaușescu's national-communist dictatorship as part of his myth-making efforts.
Grainsby
Grainsby is a hamlet and civil parish in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated 5 miles (8 km) south from Grimsby, and just to the west from the A16 road. The nearest village is North Thoresby, 1 mile (1.6 km) to the south-east.

Grainsby church is dedicated to St Nicholas.

A16 road (England)
The A16 road is a principal road of Lincolnshire in the East Midlands region of England, connecting the port of Grimsby and Peterborough, where it meets the A1175, A47 & A1139 then on to the A1 and the A605; the latter, in turn, giving a through route to Northampton and the west, and south west of England. Its length is 78 miles (126 km). The road was "de-trunked", with responsibility largely returned to Lincolnshire County Council from the Highways Agency in 2002.
Cornelia (mother of the Gracchi)
Cornelia (c. 190s – c. 115 BC) was the second daughter of Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, a Roman general prominent in the Second Punic War, and Aemilia Paulla. Although drawing similarities to prototypical examples of virtuous Roman women, such as Lucretia, Cornelia puts herself apart from the rest because of her interest in literature, writing, and her investment in the political careers of her sons. She was the mother of the Gracchi brothers, and the mother-in-law of Scipio Aemilianus.

Tribune
Tribune (Latin: Tribunus) was the title of various elected officials in ancient Rome.  The two most important were the tribunes of the plebs and the military tribunes.  For most of Roman history, a college of ten tribunes of the plebs acted as a check on the authority of the senate and the annual magistrates, holding the power of ius intercessionis to intervene on behalf of the plebeians, and veto unfavourable legislation.  There were also military tribunes, who commanded portions of the Roman army, subordinate to higher magistrates, such as the consuls and praetors, promagistrates, and their legates.  Various officers within the Roman army were also known as tribunes.  The title was also used for several other positions and classes in the course of Roman history.
Approach chord
In music, an approach chord (also chromatic approach chord and dominant approach chord) is a chord one half-step higher or lower than the goal, especially in the context of turnarounds and cycle-of-fourths progressions, for example the two bar 50s progression:

may be filled in with approach chords:

F9 being the half-step to Em, A♭m being the half-step to Am, D♯7 being the half-step to D7, and G♭7 being the half-step to G. G being I, Em being vi, Am being ii, and D7 being V7 (see ii-V-I turnaround and circle progression).

An approach chord may also be the chord immediately preceding the target chord such as the subdominant (FMaj7) preceding the tonic (CMaj7) creating a strong cadence through the contrast of no more than two common tones: FACE – CEGB.

Approach chords may thus be a semitone or a fifth or fourth from their target.

Approach chords create the harmonic space of the modes in jazz rather than secondary dominants.

Chord (music)
A chord is the simultaneous sound of two or more musical notes. The most common chord has three notes and is known as a triad. Added tone chords, extended chords, and tone clusters can have more than three notes and are common in contemporary classical music and jazz.

An arpeggio is a chord where notes are sounded separately. A series of chords is sometimes called a chord progression. There are several ways to notate chords including figured bass, Roman numerals, the Nashville Number System, and alphabetical chord notation.
Confucian court examination system in Vietnam
The Confucian court examination system in Vietnam (Vietnamese: Khoa cử Việt Nam; chữ Hán: 科舉越南) was a civil service examination system for selecting civil officials. Established in 1075 under the Lý dynasty and lasting until 1919 under the Nguyễn dynasty, this system was heavily influenced by the Chinese imperial examination model. The examinations evaluated candidates' understanding of ethical and political principles in the Confucian classics. Candidates were required to demonstrate literary competence through established classical forms, including kinh nghĩa (經義; exegesis of the classics), thơ - phú (詩-賦; regulated verse and rhapsodic prose), chế - chiếu - biểu (制-詔-表; edicts and memorials) and văn sách (文策; policy essays and discourses).

Juren
Juren (Chinese: 舉人; lit. 'recommended man') was a rank achieved by people who passed the xiangshi (Chinese: 鄉試) exam in the imperial examination system of imperial China. The xiangshi is also known, in English, as the provincial examination. It was a rank higher than the shengyuan rank, but  lower than the jinshi rank, which was the highest degree.

To achieve the juren rank, candidates, who had to already hold the shengyuan rank, had to pass the provincial qualifying examination, held every three years in the provincial capital. A second, less widespread pathway to gaining the juren rank was through office purchase.

Those with the juren rank gained gentry status and experienced social, political and economic privileges accordingly.

The juren title was also awarded in the military examination system in imperial China.
Highway Beautification Act
In the United States, highway beautification is the subject of the Highway Beautification Act (HBA), passed in the Senate on September 16, 1965 and in the U.S. House of Representatives on October 8, 1965, and signed by the President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 22, 1965. This created "23 USC 131" or Section 131 of Title 23, United States Code (1965), commonly referred to as "Title I of the Highway Beautification Act of 1965, as Amended", and nicknamed "Lady Bird's Bill." It was the pet project of the First Lady, Lady Bird Johnson, who believed that beauty, and generally clean streets, would make the U.S. a better place to live.

The act called for control of outdoor advertising, including removal of certain types of signs, along the nation's growing Interstate Highway System and the existing federal-aid primary highway system. It also required certain junkyards along Interstate or primary highways to be removed or screened and encouraged scenic enhancement and roadside development.

John A. Volpe
John Anthony Volpe (/ˈvoʊlpi/ VOHL-pee; December 8, 1908 – November 11, 1994) was an American businessman, diplomat, and politician from Massachusetts.  A son of Italian immigrants, he founded and owned a large construction firm. Politically, he was a Republican in increasingly Democratic Massachusetts, serving as its 61st and 63rd Governor from 1961 to 1963 and 1965 to 1969, as the United States Secretary of Transportation from 1969 to 1973, and as the United States Ambassador to Italy from 1973 to 1977.  As Secretary of Transportation, Volpe was an important figure in the development of the Interstate Highway System at the federal level.
Oriol Romeu
Oriol Romeu Vidal (Spanish pronunciation: [oˈɾjol roˈmew]; born 24 September 1991) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for EFL Championship club Southampton.

Romeu began his career at Barcelona, playing mainly in their reserves at Barcelona B. In 2011, he joined Chelsea for €5 million, spending time on loan at Valencia and VfB Stuttgart before moving to Southampton four years later. He played 256 times for Southampton during his first spell with the club. Romeu joined Girona in 2022 before returning to Barcelona in July 2023. He spent the 2024–25 season on loan at former club Girona. Romeu rejoined Southampton in November 2025.

Romeu represented Spain up to under-21 level, and was part of their under-17 team which won the 2008 European Championship. He also played for the country at the 2012 Olympics.

2010 Supercopa de España
The 2010 Supercopa de España was a two-legged Spanish football match-up played on 14 August and 21 August 2010. It was contested by Sevilla, the 2009–10 Copa del Rey winners, and Barcelona, the 2009–10 La Liga winners.

Barcelona won 5–3 on aggregate for their record-breaking ninth Supercopa de España title.