hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Singhal
Singhal (Hindi: सिंघल) is an Indian surname that has origins in the Sanskrit word simha, meaning leonine. Variant spellings include Singla. Among it is one of the 18 Gotra in Aggrawals, Baranwals, lineage.

Notable people with this surname include:

Amit Singhal, former senior vice president of engineering at Uber and former head of Google Inc.'s Core Ranking Team

Anuraag Singhal, Florida judge

Arvind Singhal, Indian writer

Ashok Singhal, ex–International President of the Hindu organisation Vishwa Hindu Parishad

Bhim Singhal, Indian neurologist

Chand Singhal, Indian politician

Ira Singhal, Indian Bureaucrat

Krishan Chandra Singhal, Indian pharmacologist

Lokesh Kumar Singhal, Indian metallurgical engineer

Manimala Singhal, Indian cricketer

Ram Kishan Singhal, Indian politician

Supra Singhal, Ugandan swimmer

Baranwal
Baranwal (also spelled Barnwal, Burnwal, Varnwal, Warnwal or Barnawal) is a part of the larger Bania community of northern India. They originated in north India in the regions today comprising Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand and West Bengal. However, today they have a diaspora spread across India and the world.

The community mostly resides in the regions of Etawah, Azamgarh, Gorakhpur, Kushinagar, Deoria, Ghazipur, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.
Prandtl-D
The Preliminary Research Aerodynamic Design to Lower Drag, or Prandtl-D was a series of unmanned experimental glider-aircraft developed by NASA under aerodynamicist Albion Bowers. The acronym is a reference to early German Aerospace Engineer Ludwig Prandtl, whose theory of the bell-shaped lift distribution deeply influenced Bowers.

The Prandtl-D1 and the Prandtl-D3 models are preserved in the National Air and Space Museum and the California Science Center, respectively.

Glider (aircraft)
A glider is a fixed-wing aircraft that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its lifting surfaces, and whose free flight does not depend on an engine. Most gliders do not have an engine, although motor-gliders have small engines for extending their flight when necessary by sustaining the altitude (normally a sailplane relies on rising air to maintain altitude) with some being powerful enough to take off by self-launch.

There are a wide variety of types differing in the construction of their wings, aerodynamic efficiency, location of the pilot, controls and intended purpose. Most exploit meteorological phenomena to maintain or gain height. Gliders are principally used for the air sports of gliding, hang gliding and paragliding. However some spacecraft have been designed to descend as gliders and in the past military gliders have been used in warfare. Some simple and familiar types of glider are toys such as paper planes and balsa wood gliders.
Dag Hammarskjöld Medal
The Dag Hammarskjöld Medal is a posthumous award given by the United Nations (UN) to military personnel, police, or civilians who lose their lives while serving in a United Nations peacekeeping operation. The medal is named after Dag Hammarskjöld, the second Secretary-General of the United Nations, who died in a plane crash in what is now Zambia in September 1961.

1961 Ndola Transair Sweden Douglas DC-6 crash
On 18 September 1961, a DC-6 passenger aircraft of Transair Sweden operating for the United Nations (UN) crashed near Ndola, Northern Rhodesia (present-day Zambia). The crash resulted in the deaths of all people on board, including Dag Hammarskjöld, the second secretary-general of the United Nations, and 15 others. Hammarskjöld had been en route to ceasefire negotiations with Moïse Tshombe during the Congo Crisis. Three official inquiries failed to conclusively determine the cause. Some historians and military experts like Susan Williams have criticized the official inquiries, pointing to evidence of foul play that had been omitted from the inquiries.

Hammarskjöld's death caused a succession crisis at the UN when the Security Council was tasked with selecting his successor.
Conduct of Employment Agencies and Employment Businesses (Amendment) Regulations 2022
The Conduct of Employment Agencies and Employment Businesses (Amendment) Regulations 2022 (SI 2022/852) is a statutory instrument of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The regulations removed Regulation 7 of the Conduct of Employment Agencies and Employment Businesses Regulations 2003 (SI 2003/3319), which prevented employment agencies from supplying agency workers to employers to replace workers taking part in official industrial action. The regulations were struck down in a High Court case in July 2023, and were quashed from 10 August 2023.

Employment Agencies Act 1973
The Employment Agencies Act 1973 (c. 35) is a United Kingdom act of Parliament and part of a wider body of UK agency worker law. It regulates the conduct of employment agencies which recruit and manage temporary and permanent labour. It applies to approximately 17,000 employment agencies operating in the UK. It was introduced by a private member's bill by Kenneth Lewis, member of parliament for Rutland and Stamford.
Lavochkin
NPO Lavochkin (Russian: НПО Лавочкина, OKB-301, also called Lavochkin Research and Production Association or shortly Lavochkin Association, LA) is a Russian aerospace company. It is a major player in the Russian space program, being the developer and manufacturer of the Fregat upper stage, as well as interplanetary probes such as Fobos-Grunt. As of 2015, it was headed by Sergei Lemeshevskii. On 10 August 2017 the Lavochkin Association's Board of Directors appointed Vladimir Kolmykov Director General of the enterprise.

Lavochkin La-168
The Lavochkin La-168 was a jet fighter developed for the USSR. Like the better known Mikoyan MiG-15 which was ultimately selected and went on to become one of the most successful jet fighters of its era, the Lavochkin La-168  was designed in response to a 1946 request for an advanced swept-wing jet fighter capable of transonic performance.  It was to use new turbojet based on the Rolls-Royce Nene in competition with the design bureaus of Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich, and Aleksandr Yakovlev. A scaled down version of this aircraft would lead to the production of the La-15, which performed well but would be dropped in favor of the MiG-15.
Stara Kulna
Stara Kulna (Ukrainian: Стара Кульна; Romanian: Culmea Veche or Culnaia Veche) is a village in the Kuialnyk rural hromada, in Podilsk Raion, Odesa Oblast, Ukraine.

The village had 1,067 inhabitants in 2001. In the 2001 Ukrainian census, 865 (81.07%) people declared "Moldovan" (Romanian) as their mother language, 143 (13.40%) declared Ukrainian, 55 (5.15%) Russian and 4 (0.37%) other languages.

Kuialnyk rural hromada
Kuialnyk rural hromada (Ukrainian: Куяльницька сільська громада) is a hromada in Podilsk Raion of Odesa Oblast in southwestern Ukraine. Population: 18,167 (2020 est.)

The hromada consists of two rural settlement (Borshi and Chubivka) and 56 villages:
Devotio Moderna
Devotio Moderna (Latin; lit.,  Modern Devotion) was a movement for religious reform that called for apostolic renewal through the rediscovery of genuine pious practices such as humility, obedience, simplicity of life, and integration into the community. It began in the late 14th century, largely through the work of Gerard Groote, and flourished in the Low Countries and Germany in the 15th century but came to an end with the Protestant Reformation. It is most known today through its influence on Thomas à Kempis, the author of The Imitation of Christ, a book that has proved highly influential for centuries.

The movement believed mainly in austerity for Christians at every level, from clergy to layman, and many followers frowned upon such things as church-led celebrations of certain events.

Beguines and Beghards
The Beguines (/beɪˈɡiːnz, ˈbɛɡiːnz/) and the Beghards (/ˈbɛɡərdz, bəˈɡɑːrdz/) were Christian lay religious orders that were active in Western Europe, particularly in the Low Countries, in the 13th–16th centuries. Their members lived in semi-monastic communities but did not take formal religious vows. Although they promised not to marry "as long as they lived as Beguines", to quote an early Rule of Life, they were free to leave at any time. Beguines were part of a larger spiritual revival movement of the 13th century that stressed imitation of Jesus' life through voluntary poverty, care of the poor and sick, and religious devotion.
2003 Internazionali Femminili di Palermo
The 2003 Internazionali Femminili di Palermo was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Palermo, Italy that was part of the Tier V category of the 2003 WTA Tour. It was the 16th edition of the Internazionali Femminili di Palermo and took place from 7 July until 13 July 2003. Ninth-seeded Dinara Safina won the singles title and earned $16,000 first-prize money.

Palermo Ladies Open
The Palermo Ladies Open, is a women's tennis tournament in Palermo, Italy that is played on outdoor clay courts at the Country Time Club. Since 2025, in its 36th edition, it became a WTA 125 event.

The first two editions were part of the Satellite Circuit, but since 1990 it has been part of the WTA Tour. In the past it has also been known as the "Palermo International" and the "Internazionali Femminili di Palermo." The tournament was categorized as either a WTA Tier IV or Tier V event from 1990 to 2008 and became an International Tournament in 2009. In 2014, the license for the event was sold to Kuala Lumpur's Malaysian Open for six years (contract for three years with an option for additional three). The tournament returned to Palermo in 2019 as a WTA International event, replacing Jiangxi International Women's Tennis Open which was moved to the autumn calendar as part of the China Open series.
Demographics of the Arab world
The Arab world consists of the 19 countries in the Middle East and North Africa region. All of them are members of the Arab League, in addition to the 3 non-Arab countries of Comoros, Djibouti and Somalia. As of 2026; the combined population of all the Arab League states was around 450 million people, which includes non-Arab ethnicities in Arab majority countries as well.

The most populous Arab state is Egypt, with a population of 109 million residents. Comoros is the least populated, with around 821,625 inhabitants. The largest city in the Arab World is Cairo, Egypt.

Maghrebi Arabic
Maghrebi Arabic, often known as ad-Dārija to differentiate it from Literary Arabic, is a vernacular Arabic dialect continuum spoken in the Maghreb. It includes the Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian, Libyan, Hassaniya and Saharan Arabic dialects.

Maghrebi Arabic has a predominantly Semitic and Arabic vocabulary, although it contains a significant number of Berber loanwords, which represent 2–3% of the vocabulary of Libyan Arabic, 8–9% of Algerian and Tunisian Arabic, and 10–15% of Moroccan Arabic. Maghrebi Arabic was formerly spoken in Al-Andalus and Sicily until the 17th and 13th centuries, respectively, in the extinct forms of Andalusi Arabic and Siculo-Arabic. The Maltese language is believed to have its source in a language spoken in Muslim Sicily that ultimately originates from Tunisia, as it contains some typical Maghrebi Arabic areal characteristics.
1974 Motherwell District Council election
Elections to Motherwell District Council were held on 7 May 1974, on the same day as the other Scottish local government elections. This was the first election to the district council following the implementation of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973.

The election used the 30 wards created by the Formation Electoral Arrangements in 1974. Each ward elected one councillor using first-past-the-post voting.

Labour took control of the council after winning a majority. The party took 27 of the 30 seats and more than half of the popular vote. The Conservatives and the Liberals both won one seat and one independent candidate was elected.

1974 Scottish local elections
Elections for the Scottish district councils were held on Tuesday 7 May 1974, for both the new regional and district councils, between the two United Kingdom general elections of February and October in that same year.

These were the first elections held to the 53 district councils established by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973.  The Labour Party did reasonably well and the Scottish National Party (SNP) did not.  The councillors acted as "shadow" councils until May 1975, when the provisions of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 came into effect.
Tuber sinoexcavatum
Tuber sinoexcavatum is a species of truffle in the family Tuberaceae. Described as a new species in 2011, it is found in China. The pale yellowish-brown to brown truffles measure up to 3 cm (1.2 in) in diameter. The species is named for its close resemblance to the common European truffle T. excavatum.

Tuberaceae
The Tuberaceae (/ˌtjuːbəˈreɪsii/) are a family of mycorrhizal fungi, in the order Pezizales, that evolved during or after the first major adaptive radiation of Angiosperms in the Jurassic period (140–180 million years ago, Mya).  It includes the genus Tuber, which includes the so-called "true" truffles. It was characterized by the Belgian botanist Barthélemy Charles Joseph du Mortier in 1822. A molecular study of ribosomal DNA by mycologist Kerry O'Donnell in 1997 found that a small clade now redefined as Helvellaceae is most closely related to the Tuberaceae. The mycologist Mary Cloyd Burnley Stifler studied and described this fungal family, donating specimens to herbariums across the United States.
Złotowizna
Złotowizna [zwɔtɔˈvizna] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Brzeźnio, within Sieradz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) north of Brzeźnio, 13 km (8 mi) south-west of Sieradz, and 67 km (42 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Brzeźnio
Brzeźnio [ˈbʐɛʑɲɔ] is a village in Sieradz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Brzeźnio. It lies approximately 15 km (9 mi) south-west of Sieradz and 67 km (42 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.
Volleyball at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's tournament
The 2010 Men's Asian Games Volleyball Tournament was the 14th edition of the event, organized by the Asian governing body, the AVC. It was held in Guangzhou, China from November 13 to November 26, 2010.

Volleyball at the 2010 Asian Games
Volleyball at the 2010 Asian Games was held in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China from November 13 to 27, 2010. In this tournament, 18 teams played  in the men's competition, and 11 teams participated in the women's competition. All matches were played at the Guangwai Gymnasium, the Guangyao Gymnasium and the Zhongda Gymnasium.
Anton Karlsson (golfer)
Karl Oskar Anton Karlsson (born 11 September 1993) is a Swedish professional golfer who has played on the European Tour. He won the 2020 RAM Cape Town Open on the Challenge Tour. His best finish on the European Tour was runner-up at the 2019 Commercial Bank Qatar Masters.

Official World Golf Ranking
The Official World Golf Ranking is a system for rating the performance level of professional golfers. It was started in 1986. The rankings are based on a player's position in individual tournaments (i.e. not pairs or team events) over a "rolling" two-year period. New rankings are calculated each week. During 2018, nearly 400 tournaments on 20 tours were covered by the ranking system. All players competing in these tournaments are included in the rankings. In 2026, 25 tours factored into the world rankings. As well as being of general interest, the rankings have an additional importance, in that they are used as one of the qualifying criteria for entry into a number of leading tournaments.

The chair of the OWGR is former world number twelve and 2008 Masters Tournament champion Trevor Immelman.
PS Cimahi Putra
PS Cimahi Putra (simply known as Citra) is an Indonesian football club based in Cimahi, West Java. They currently compete in the Liga 4.

This team was founded on 27 July 1992 and is the oldest team in Cimahi City. This team is nicknamed Super Elchi (Super Eagles of Cimahi) and also Laskar Pasundan.

Cimahi
Cimahi (Indonesian pronunciation: [t͡ʃimahi] ⓘ) is a landlocked city located immediately west of the larger city of Bandung, in West Java Province, Indonesia and within the Bandung Metropolitan Area. Note that the prefix "Ci" means "river" in Sundanese. It covers an area of 42.42 km2 and had a population at the 2010 Census of 541,177 and at the 2020 Census of 568,400; the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 581,994. The city is a major textile producer, and is home to several military training centres.
Rhetoric of science
Rhetoric of science is a body of scholarly literature exploring the notion that the practice of science is a rhetorical activity. It emerged after a number of similarly oriented topics of research and discussion during the late 20th century, including the sociology of scientific knowledge, history of science, and philosophy of science, but it is practiced most typically by rhetoricians in academic departments of English, speech, and communication.

Ethos
Ethos is a Greek word meaning "character" that is used to describe the guiding beliefs or ideals that characterize a community, nation, or ideology; and the balance between caution and passion. The Greeks also used this word to refer to the power of music to influence emotions, behaviors, and even morals. Early Greek stories of Orpheus exhibit this idea in a compelling way. The word's use in rhetoric is closely based on the Greek terminology used by Aristotle in his concept of the three artistic proofs or modes of persuasion alongside pathos and logos. It gives credit to the speaker, or the speaker is taking credit.
1944 Brooklyn Tigers season
The 1944 Brooklyn Tigers season was their 15th and final season in the league before merging with the Boston Yanks. The team failed to improve on their previous season's output of 2–8, losing all ten games. They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the 13th consecutive season.

1943 Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL) season
The 1943 Brooklyn Dodgers season marked their 14th year in the National Football League (NFL) and their final season before becoming the Brooklyn Tigers. The team failed to improve on their previous season's output of 3–8, winning only two games. They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the 12th consecutive season and were shut out in their first four games.
Jakobsnes
Jakobsnes (Norwegian), Leavanjargg (Skolt Sami), Lávvonjárga (Northern Sami), or Jaakonniemi (Kven) is a village in Sør-Varanger Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. Its population in 2005 was 271. The village lies on the coast of the Bøkfjorden, across the fjord from the town of Kirkenes, about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north of the village of Elvenes.

Kirkenes
Kirkenes (Norwegian: [ˈçɪ̂rkəneːs] ⓘ), known as Girkonjárga in Northern Sami (pronounced [ˈkir̥ː.ko.ˌɲaːrːka]) and Kirkkoniemi in Kven, is a town in Sør-Varanger Municipality in Finnmark county, in the far northeastern part of Norway. The town lies on a peninsula along the Bøkfjorden, an arm of the large Varangerfjorden, and is located just a few kilometres from the Norway–Russia border.

The 2.29-square-kilometre (570-acre) town has a population (2023) of 3,404 and a population density of 1,486 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,850/sq mi). When the neighbouring suburban villages of Hesseng, Skytterhusfjellet, Sandnes and Bjørnevatn are all included with Kirkenes, the urban area reaches a population of almost 8,000.

Although Kirkenes is the Norwegian town closest to the Russian border, the town of Vardø to its north is located further east in Norway.
Khadda Assembly constituency
Khadda is a constituency of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly covering the city of Khadda in the Kushinagar district of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Khadda is one of five assembly constituencies in the Kushi Nagar Lok Sabha constituency. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 329 amongst 403 constituencies.

Kushinagar Lok Sabha constituency
Kushinagar Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 80 Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituencies in Uttar Pradesh state in India. This constituency was created in 2008 as part of the delimitation of parliamentary constituencies, based on the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002.
1996 Calder Cup playoffs
The 1996 Calder Cup playoffs of the American Hockey League began on April 19, 1996. The sixteen teams that qualified, eight from each conference, played best-of-five series for division semifinals and best-of-seven series for division finals and conference finals. The conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Calder Cup. The Calder Cup Final ended on June 13, 1996, with the Rochester Americans defeating the Portland Pirates four games to three to win the sixth Calder Cup in team history. Rochester's Dixon Ward won the Jack A. Butterfield Trophy as AHL playoff MVP.

The Saint John Flames set an AHL playoff record by winning six games in overtime. This record was equaled by the Milwaukee Admirals in 2004.

1995–96 AHL season
The 1995–96 AHL season was the 60th season of the American Hockey League. The AHL expanded by two teams and realigned into two conferences, and four divisions. The Northern Conference includes the North and Atlantic Divisions. The Southern Conference include the South Division and the newly created Central Division.

The league introduces two new trophies for division champions of the regular season. The Frank Mathers Trophy is first awarded for the south division, and the Sam Pollock Trophy is first awarded for the atlantic Division. The John D. Chick Trophy becomes awarded to the central division.

The AHL revives awarding points for overtime losses, last awarded in the 1987–88 AHL season. Eighteen teams played 80 games each in the schedule. The Albany River Rats finished first overall in the regular season. The Rochester Americans won their sixth Calder Cup championship.
The Taming of the Shrew (1967 film)
The Taming of the Shrew is a 1967 historical romance comedy film directed by Franco Zeffirelli, based on William Shakespeare's play about a courtship between two strong-willed people in 16th-century Italy. The film stars Elizabeth Taylor (who also produced) as Kate and Richard Burton as Petruchio, who were both nominated for BAFTA Awards for their acting. It features Cyril Cusack, Michael Hordern, Michael York, and Victor Spinetti in supporting roles.

The Taming of the Shrew premiered with a Royal Film Performance on 27 February 1967. At the 40th Academy Awards,  it was nominated for Best Costume Design and Best Art Direction - Set Decoration. Burton was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Comedy or Musical, and the film was nominated for Best Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical. Burton and Taylor also received BAFTA nominations.

This was one of three Shakespeare film adaptations directed by Zeffirelli, followed by Romeo and Juliet in 1968, and Hamlet in 1990.

Hamlet (1990 film)
Hamlet is a 1990 drama film based on the Shakespearean tragedy of the same name, directed by Franco Zeffirelli and starring Mel Gibson as the eponymous character. The film also features Glenn Close, Alan Bates, Paul Scofield, Ian Holm, Helena Bonham Carter, Stephen Dillane, and Nathaniel Parker. An international co-production between the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy and France, the film was the first produced by Icon Productions, a company co-founded by Gibson.