hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Union of Progressive Surinamese
The Union of Progressive Surinamese (Dutch: Unie van Progressieve Surinamers) was a political party in Suriname.  It was founded in 2003 by Henry Ori, who was the party's chairman during its whole existence. 
At the 2005 Surinamese general election, in an alliance with the Party for Democracy and Development through Unity, the party won 4.9% of the popular vote and no seats in the National Assembly. During the 2010 elections, the union was one of the four parties in the People's Alliance (VolksAlliantie) before the elections), in which Paul Somohardjo's Pertjajah Luhur (PL) participated as the largest party, where it again failed to secure a seat. In 2013, the party under Ori merged into the Progressive Reform Party (VHP).

Democracy and Development through Unity
Democracy and Development in Unity (Dutch: Democratie en Ontwikkeling in Eenheid) is a political party in Suriname.  The party identifies as reformist, and was founded on 2 December 1999.

The party's by-laws state that its board will be composed of 50% women and it will strive for equal numbers of men and women in all positions, the only party in the country to do so.

The party had one seat in the National Assembly from 2010 to 2020, held by its then-leader Carl Breeveld.  In the 2020 Surinamese general election, the party did not get any seats.
Popular Action Movement
The Popular Action Movement (Arabic: حركة العمل الشعبي, PAM) is a Kuwaiti opposition political group.

Formed in the aftermath of the 2011–12 protests, the PAM first came together in March 2013 by opposition youth groups and former MPs.: 107  Their aims included the  creation of an elected government, a return to the previous voting system, and the legalisation of political parties.: 108  The group was created by members of the Popular Action Bloc, including Ahmed Al-Sadoun and Musallam Al-Barrak, who became the group's general secretary.

In June 2015, general secretary Al-Barrak began serving a two-year prison sentence following criticism of Emir Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah in a speech three years prior. He remained leader throughout his jail time.

Popular Action Bloc
The Popular Action Bloc (Arabic: كتلة العمل الشعبي, Hashd) is a political bloc in Kuwait headed by opposition figurehead Musallam Al-Barrak. The group focuses on populist issues like housing, salary raises, and reform.
John Graham & Company
John Graham & Company, or John Graham & Associates, was an architectural firm, founded in 1900 in Seattle, Washington, by English-born architect John Graham (1873–1955), and maintained by his son John Graham Jr. (1908–1991).

The firm was responsible for many Seattle landmarks and a number of significant structures nationwide, including the Space Needle, Chase Tower of Rochester, New York, and the Westin Seattle.

The firm was merged into the DLR Group on May 19, 1986, and the name saw full deletion in 1998.

Northgate Mall (Seattle)
Northgate Station (formerly Northgate Mall) is an enclosed shopping mall in Seattle, Washington, United States. It is located in the Northgate neighborhood on Interstate 5, adjacent to Northgate Way and Northgate station, a light rail station. The mall is anchored by Barnes & Noble, and Nordstrom Rack.

Northgate opened in 1950. It was the first shopping mall to be built in the post-war United States. The mall was developed by Allied Stores and was initially an open-air facility until being renovated in the 1970s. Now under Simon Property Group ownership, it is currently undergoing redevelopment into a mixed-use complex that includes operational and practice facilities for the Seattle Kraken National Hockey League team.
Jagdstaffel 12
Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 12 was a World War I "hunting group" (i.e., fighter squadron) of the Luftstreitkräfte, the air arm of the Imperial German Army during World War I. As one of the original German fighter squadrons, the unit would score 155 aerial victories (including three wins over observation balloons) during the war, at the expense of seventeen killed in action, eight wounded in action, and one taken prisoner of war.

Wounded in action
Wounded in action (WIA) describes combatants who have been wounded while fighting in a combat zone during wartime, but have not been killed. Typically, it implies that they are temporarily or permanently incapable of bearing arms or continuing to fight. Generally, the Wounded in Action are far more numerous than those killed. Common combat injuries include second and third-degree burns, broken bones, shrapnel wounds, brain injuries, spinal cord injuries, nerve damage, paralysis, loss of sight and hearing, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and limb loss.

For the U.S. military, becoming WIA in combat generally results in subsequent conferral of the Purple Heart, because the purpose of the medal itself (one of the highest awards, military or civilian, officially given by the American government) is to recognize those killed, incapacitated, or wounded in battle.
Away3D
Away3D is an open-source platform for developing interactive 3D graphics for video games and applications, in Adobe Flash or HTML5. The platform consists of a 3D world editor (Away Builder), a 3D graphics engine (Away3D or AwayJS), a 3D physics engine (Away Physics) and a compressed 3D model file format (AWD).

Development is managed by the Away Foundation, a UK-based non-profit focused on building and maintaining free and open-source software resources for high-performance mobile games and applications. The foundation is supported by corporate sponsorship (Adobe, JetBrains among others) and individual donors.

Shadow mapping
Shadow mapping or shadowing projection is a process by which shadows are added to 3D computer graphics.  This concept was introduced by Lance Williams in 1978, in a paper entitled "Casting curved shadows on curved surfaces." Since then, it has been used both in pre-rendered and realtime scenes in many console and PC games.

Shadows are created by testing whether a pixel is visible from the light source, by comparing the pixel to a z-buffer or depth image of the light source's view, stored in the form of a texture.
Żeligowski's Mutiny
Żeligowski's Mutiny (Polish: bunt Żeligowskiego, also żeligiada, Lithuanian: Želigovskio maištas) was a Polish false flag operation led by General Lucjan Żeligowski in October 1920, which resulted in the creation of the Republic of Central Lithuania. Józef Piłsudski, the Chief of State of Poland, surreptitiously ordered Żeligowski to carry out the operation, and revealed the truth only several years afterwards.

The Second Polish Republic formally annexed Vilnius and its region on 4 March 1922 and the area was recognized by the Conference of Ambassadors as Polish territory on 15 March 1923, which was unrecognized by Lithuania, that claimed Vilnius and its region, and by the Soviet Union. The International Court of Justice in The Hague arbitrated in 1931 that Poland broke international law by occupying Vilnius.

Chief of State (Poland)
The Chief of State (Polish: Naczelnik Państwa; Polish pronunciation: [naˈt͡ʂɛlɲik ˈpaj̃stfa]) was the title of the head of state of Poland in the early years of the Second Polish Republic. This office was held only by Józef Piłsudski, from 1918 to 1922. Until 1919, the title was called the Provisional Chief of State (Polish: Tymczasowy Naczelnik Państwa). After 1922, the Polish head of state became the President of Poland.
Voknavolok
Voknavolok (Russian: Вокна́волок, Karelian: Vuokkiniemi) is a rural locality (selo) under the administrative jurisdiction of the town of Kostomuksha of the Republic of Karelia, Russia. Population: 427 (2010 Census).

Kostomuksha
Kostomuksha (Russian: Костому́кша; Karelian: Koštamuš; Finnish: Kostamus; Veps: Kostamukš) is a town in the northwest of the Republic of Karelia, Russia, located 30 kilometers (19 mi) from the border with Finland, on the shore of Lake Kontoki. Population:  29,746 (2002 census); 30,432 (1989 Soviet census).
Spectral risk measure
A Spectral risk measure is a risk measure given as a weighted average of outcomes where bad outcomes are, typically, included with larger weights. A spectral risk measure is a function of portfolio returns and outputs the amount of the numeraire (typically a currency) to be kept in reserve.  A spectral risk measure is always a coherent risk measure, but the converse does not always hold.  An advantage of spectral measures is the way in which they can be related to risk aversion, and particularly to a utility function, through the weights given to the possible portfolio returns.

Cumulative distribution function
In probability theory and statistics, the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a real-valued random variable , or just distribution function of , evaluated at , is the probability that  will take a value less than or equal to .

Every probability distribution supported on the real numbers, discrete or "mixed" as well as continuous, is uniquely identified by a right-continuous monotone increasing function (a càdlàg function)  satisfying  and .

In the case of a scalar continuous distribution, it gives the area under the probability density function from negative infinity to . Cumulative distribution functions are also used to specify the distribution of multivariate random variables.
Al Maliki I Government
The first government of Iraq led by Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki took office on May 20, 2006 following approval by the members of the Iraqi National Assembly. This followed the general election in December 2005. The government succeeded the Iraqi Transitional Government which had continued in office in a caretaker capacity until the new government was formed and confirmed.

This Al Maliki I Government governed Iraq until 2010, to be succeeded by the Al Maliki II Government, which was in office until 2014.

National Shiite Movement
The National Shiite Movement (Arabic: التيار الوطني الشيعي), also known as the Sadrist Movement (Arabic: التيار الصدري, romanized: al-Tayyār al-Sadrī), is an Iraqi Shia Islamic national movement and political party, led by Muqtada al-Sadr.

The Sadrist Movement ended as largest political party in the October 2021 Iraqi parliamentary election, with 73 seats in Parliament, but in June 2022, during the 2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis, Muqtada al-Sadr’s bloc resigned from parliament.
Ideology of the Islamic State
The ideology of the Islamic State, referred to as Islamic Statism or Daeshism, has been described as being a blend of Salafi jihadism, Sunni Islamist fundamentalism, Wahhabism, and Qutbism. Through its official statement of beliefs originally released by its first leader Abu Omar al-Baghdadi in 2007 and subsequently updated since June 2014, the Islamic State defined its creed as "a middle way between the extremist Kharijites and the lax Murji'ites".: 38

Important doctrines of IS include its belief that it represents a restoration of the caliphate of early Islam to which all Muslims are required to pledge allegiance; that a "defiled" Islam must be purged of apostasy, often with bloody sectarian killings, that the final Day of Judgment by God is near and will follow the defeat of the army of "Rome" by IS; that a strict adherence  to following the precepts "established by the Prophet Muhammad and his earliest followers" is necessary, surpassing even that of other Salafi-Jihadi groups.

Al-Qaeda in Iraq
Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) was a Salafi jihadist organization affiliated with al-Qaeda. It was founded on 17 October 2004, and was led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi until its disbandment on 15 October 2006 after he was killed in a targeted bombing on 7 June 2006 in Hibhib, Iraq by the United States Air Force.

The group was started as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in 1999. In 2004 it pledged allegiance to Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda. Under the leadership of al-Zarqawi, AQI was engaged in various militant activities during the early stages of the Iraqi insurgency, with the objective of expelling the U.S.-led coalition and establishing an Islamic state in Iraq. In January 2006, AQI and seven other Sunni guerrilla groups formed the Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC), which on 15 October 2006 disbanded to form the "Islamic State of Iraq."
Solar Crusade
Solar Crusade, the follow-up to Chaos Control, is a rail shooter video game designed and published by Infogrames Multimedia, created using Softimage 3D, and modeled on Silicon Graphics workstations hardware for the Windows 95 operating system and Phillips CD-i video game console. This was the last official released game on the CD-i in its lifetime and the only one to be released in 1999.

Rail shooter
Rail shooter, also known as on-rails shooter, is a subgenre of shoot 'em up video game. Beginning with arcade games such as the 1985 Space Harrier, the gameplay locks the player character into a set path, only allowing for limited or no divergence from it, in a manner similar to a theme park dark ride, which is typically on train tracks. While moving on this path, players must aim and shoot enemies while dodging projectiles and avoiding damage.

Many rail shooters feature a flying protagonist or ship. Some take place while walking, running or driving. While rail shooters saw a resurgence on the Wii due to its Wii Remote control scheme, new games in the genre are considered a rarity in the modern day, although many games of other genres contain rail shooter segments.
Setcontext
setcontext is one of a family of C library functions (the others being getcontext, makecontext and swapcontext) used for context control. The setcontext family allows the implementation in C of advanced control flow patterns such as iterators, fibers, and coroutines. They may be viewed as an advanced version of setjmp/longjmp; whereas the latter allows only a single non-local jump up the stack, setcontext allows the creation of multiple cooperative threads of control, each with its own stack.

Thread (computing)
In computer science, a thread of execution is the smallest sequence of programmed instructions that can be managed independently by a scheduler, which is typically a part of the operating system. In many cases, a thread is a component of a process.

The multiple threads of a given process may be executed concurrently (via multithreading capabilities), sharing resources such as memory, while different processes do not share these resources. In particular, the threads of a process share its executable code and the values of its dynamically allocated variables and non-thread-local global variables at any given time.

The implementation of threads and processes differs between operating systems.
Potato mop-top virus
Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) is a plant pathogenic virus transmitted through the vector Spongospora subterranea that affects potatoes. PMTV belongs to family of Virgaviridae, and the genus Pomovirus (Potato mop-top virus). The virus was first identified in 1966 by Calvert and Harrison in Britain, and is now reported in many other potato cultivating regions of the world including Canada, China, Pakistan, Japan, Tasmania, the United States, some South American countries and many parts of Europe. Many disease management systems have been found to be ineffective against the virus, although a combination of sanitation and vector controls seems to work well.

Stolon
In biology, a stolon (/ˈstoʊlɒn/ ⓘ from Latin stolō, genitive stolōnis – "branch"), also known as a runner, is a horizontal connection between parts of an organism. It may be part of the organism, or of its skeleton. Typically, animal stolons are exoskeletons (external skeletons).
Anarchism in Uruguay
Anarchism in Uruguay held a major importance in the organization of the labor movement. The history of the libertarian movement in Uruguay is closely linked to issues circulating internationally: the immigration of Spanish and Italian workers in particular had a major influence in its development, but the relations between revolutionary movements across Latin America, and in particular with Argentina and Brazil are equally significant.

Comunidad del Sur
La Comunidad del Sur (in English: the Community of the South) is an Uruguayan anarcho-communist, feminist, environmentalist collective and eco-community. Founded in 1955 by Uruguayan students and artists who wanted to live according to anarchist principles, the collective settled in a suburb of Montevideo. Following the 1973 military coup and significant state repression of its members, the community went into exile in Peru and then Sweden, where it founded its publishing house, Nordan, and its graphic workshops, Tryckop. The collective returned to Uruguay after the end of the dictatorship, re-establishing itself as an eco-community.

La Comunidad del Sur and the political stances adopted by its members since the 1960s are relatively important for the evolution and political life of Uruguay on subjects such as feminism, LGBTQI+ struggles, and political ecology. The community's archives are noted as being valuable for studying South American social movements since the 1960s.
High steward (Ancient Egypt)
The high steward (also called chief steward or great overseer of the house; Egyptian: imi-r pr wr) was an important official at the royal court in Ancient Egypt in the Middle Kingdom and in the New Kingdom. He was the main person in charge of the estates supplying the palace and the royal residence with food.
The office appears in the 11th Dynasty. To the earliest title holders belong Henenu and Meketre. After the vizier and the treasurer this was the most important office at the royal court; important title holders of the 12th Dynasty were Siese and Khnumhotep III, both were later in their career appointed vizier.

The title was still very important in the New Kingdom and was in this period often called high steward of the king. An important title holder of the New Kingdom was Senenmut under Hatshepsut, other include Wadjetrenput  serving under the same queen.

Treasurer (Ancient Egypt)
The Treasurer (or often also translated as Chancellor) in Ancient Egypt is the modern translation of the title imi-r ḫtmt (word by word: Overseer of the Seal or Overseer of sealed things). The office is known since the end of the Old Kingdom, where people with this title appear sporadically in the organization of private estates.

In the Middle Kingdom, the office became one of the most important ones at the royal court. At the end of the 18th Dynasty, the title lost its importance, although the famous Bay had this office. In the later New Kingdom the function of a treasurer was overtaken by the overseer of the treasury.

The treasurer was responsible for products coming to the royal palace. They were the main economic administrator of the royal belongings.
Don Geronimo
Michael L. Sorce (born September 18, 1958), better known by his stage name Don Geronimo, is an American radio personality formerly featured on the nationally syndicated radio talk show Don and Mike Show.

WUSA (TV)
WUSA (channel 9) is a television station in Washington, D.C., affiliated with CBS. It is the flagship property of Tegna Inc., which is based in suburban McLean, Virginia. WUSA's studios and transmitter are at Broadcast House on Wisconsin Avenue in northwest Washington's Tenleytown neighborhood. Among CBS affiliates not owned and operated by the network, WUSA is the second-largest by market size (after Tegna's KHOU in Houston).

The station's signal is relayed on a low-power digital translator station, W27EI-D, in Moorefield, West Virginia (which is owned by Valley TV Cooperative). It has a channel-sharing agreement with Silver Spring, Maryland–licensed WJAL (channel 68, owned by Entravision Communications).
Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
The Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese (1947), which was compiled by Yuen Ren Chao and Lien Sheng Yang, made numerous important lexicographic innovations. It was the first Chinese dictionary specifically for spoken Chinese words rather than for written Chinese characters, and one of the first to mark characters for being "free" or "bound" morphemes according to whether or not they can stand alone as a complete and independent utterance.

The Five Thousand Dictionary
The Five Thousand Dictionary: A Chinese-English Dictionary... (1926) or Fenn's Chinese-English Pocket-Dictionary (1942), which was compiled by American missionary Courtenay H. Fenn, is a widely reprinted learners' dictionary that selected Chinese character entries on the basis of common usage. It was the first Chinese-English dictionary to indicate the neutral tone associated with weak syllables.
Badminton at the 2023 European Para Championships – Men's singles SH6
The men's singles SH6 badminton tournament at the 2023 European Para Championships was played from 15 to 20 August 2023 in Rotterdam Ahoy, Rotterdam. A total of 13 players competed at the tournament, three of whom was seeded.

Badminton at the 2023 European Para Championships
Badminton at the 2023 European Para Championships in Rotterdam, Netherlands, were held between 15 and 20 August 2023.

There were ten men's events, nine women's events, and three mixed doubles events. Badminton offers qualification ranking points for the men's and women's singles events players for the 2024 Summer Paralympics.
On the Road to Timbuktu: Explorers in Africa
On the Road to Timbuktu: Explorers in Africa (French: Vers Tombouctou : L'Afrique des explorateurs; German: Auf nach Timbuktu!) is a 1999 documentary film adapted from French historian Anne Hugon's nonfiction book of the same name. Directed by Jean-Claude Lubtchansky, and co-produced by Trans Europe Film, La Sept-Arte and Éditions Gallimard, with voice-over narration by French actors François Marthouret, Yves Lambrecht, and German actor Richard Sammel. The film follows in the footsteps of Mungo Park, René Caillié and Heinrich Barth, the three explorers who have become legends both in Europe and in Africa.

The documentary was broadcast on Arte on 6 November 1999, as part of the channel's television programme The Human Adventure. It has been dubbed into German, however, it is unclear whether the film is available in English.

The Human Adventure (TV series)
The Human Adventure (French: L'Aventure humaine; German: Abenteuer Arte) is a collection of French television documentaries about the distant cultures and worldwide historical sites. The first documentary aired on 4 January 1997 on the Franco-German TV channel Arte. In coproduction with Arte France and Trans Europe Film, in collaboration with Éditions Gallimard, the programme inaugurated the adaptation of the collection "Découvertes Gallimard" in the same year, telecast on Saturday evening at 8:45. Selected documentaries are available in English, for instance, Alexandrie la magnifique and The Mummies of Taklamakan.
Kumuz
The kumuz (Kumyk: къумуз, хомус, romanized: qumuz, xomus) or agach-kumuz (Kumyk: агъач-къумуз, romanized: ağaç-qumuz) is a stringed instrument used by the Kumyks of Dagestan, in the Russian Caucasus. It has three strings and is fretted. Scholars have noticed the similarity in name to the Kyrgyz komuz, but note the kumuz is perhaps more closely related to the other lutes of the Caucasus.

Legendarily, the Kumyk poet Irchi Kozak cured the sick with the music of his agach-kumuz.

Kumyk language
Kumyk (къумукъ тил, qumuq til, قوموق تیل) is a Turkic language spoken by about 520,000 people, mainly by the Kumyks, in the Dagestan, North Ossetia and Chechen republics of the Russian Federation. Until the 20th century Kumyk was the lingua franca of the Northern Caucasus.