hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Positive-definite function on a group
In mathematics, and specifically in operator theory, a positive-definite function on a group relates the notions of positivity, in the context of Hilbert spaces, and algebraic groups. It can be viewed as a particular type of positive-definite kernel where the underlying set has the additional group structure.

Operator theory
In mathematics, operator theory is the study of linear operators on function spaces, beginning with differential operators and integral operators. The operators may be presented abstractly by their characteristics, such as bounded linear operators or closed operators, and consideration may be given to nonlinear operators. The study, which depends heavily on the topology of function spaces, is a branch of functional analysis.

If a collection of operators forms an algebra over a field, then it is an operator algebra. The description of operator algebras is part of operator theory.
C.D.R. Penelense
Clube Desportivo Recreativo Penelense is a Portuguese sports club from Penela.

The men's football team plays in the Honra B AF Coimbra. The team played in the 2012–13 Terceira Divisão and contested the Taça de Portugal the same year.

Penela
Penela (Portuguese pronunciation: [pɨˈnɛlɐ] ⓘ) is a municipality located in Coimbra District, in Portugal. It contains the town of Penela with about 3,300 inhabitants. The town's main tourist attraction is the Penela Castle. The population of the municipality in 2011 was 5,983, in an area of 134.80 km². It is among the oldest recognized municipalities in the whole country (1137).
Retroperistalsis
Retroperistalsis is the reverse of the involuntary smooth muscle contractions of peristalsis. It usually occurs as a precursor to vomiting. Local irritation of the stomach, such as bacteria or food poisoning, activates the emetic center of the brain which in turn signals an imminent vomiting reflex. Retroperistalsis begins in the small intestine and pyloric sphincter. Food then moves in the opposite direction, often from the duodenum into the stomach.

Retroperistalsis occurs pathologically during vomiting and physiologically at the first part of the duodenum where it protects from high acidity of food, and also at the terminal ileum, where an amount of water and electrolytes are absorbed to assist defecation.

Duodenum
The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine in most vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In mammals, it may be the principal site for iron absorption.
The duodenum precedes the jejunum and ileum and is the shortest part of the small intestine.

In humans, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25–38 centimetres (10–15 inches) long connecting the stomach to the jejunum, the middle part of the small intestine. It begins with the duodenal bulb, and ends at the duodenojejunal flexure marked by the  suspensory muscle of duodenum. The duodenum can be divided into four parts: the first (superior), the second (descending), the third (transverse) and the fourth (ascending) parts.
Maktoum bin Hasher Al Maktoum
Sheikh Maktoum bin Hasher Al Maktoum was the Ruler of Dubai from April 1894–February 1906. The fifth Maktoum Ruler since the establishment of the dynasty in 1833. Maktoum's short but 'liberal and enlightened' reign was to transform the coastal port. He was responsible for the establishment of the trading community of Dubai, encouraging disaffected merchants from Lingeh to bring their businesses to Dubai after the Persian government had introduced unpopular taxes.

Trucial States
The Trucial States, also known as the Trucial Coast, or the Trucial Sheikhdoms, or Trucial Oman, was a group of tribal confederations in southeastern Arabia south of the Persian Gulf whose leaders had signed protective treaties with the British Empire between 1820 and 1892.

The Trucial States remained an informal British protectorate until the treaties were revoked on 1 December 1971. The following day, six of the sheikhdoms—Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain and Fujairah—formed the United Arab Emirates; the seventh, Ras Al Khaimah, joined on 10 February 1972.
St Jerome's Church, Llangwm
The Church of St Jerome stands in the settlement of Llangwm Uchaf, (upper) Llangwm, in a remote part of Monmouthshire, Wales. Originally constructed in the twelfth century, in an Early English style, it was heavily restored in the nineteenth century.  The church has a "large and unusual" tower, an "outstanding" late medieval rood screen and Victorian interior fittings of "exceptional quality". After being declared redundant by the Church in Wales, the church is now administered by the Friends of Friendless Churches. It was designated a Grade I listed building on 19 August 1955.

John Newman (architectural historian)
John Arthur Newman FSA (14 December 1936 – 19 April 2023) was an English architectural historian. He was the author of several of the Pevsner Architectural Guides and was the advisory editor to the series.
Yves Bissouma
Yves Bissouma (born 30 August 1996) is a professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur. Born in the Ivory Coast, he represents the Mali national team.

Having begun his senior career at Real Bamako, he signed his first professional contract at French Ligue 1 club Lille in 2016. Two years later he signed for Brighton & Hove Albion for an undisclosed fee. After four seasons as a Premier League regular, he transferred to Tottenham for £30 million in 2022, where he won the UEFA Europa League in 2025.

Bissouma made his senior international debut for Mali in 2016, and was chosen for four Africa Cup of Nations tournaments. He was named in the CAF Team of the Year in 2024.

2016 African Nations Championship
The 2016 African Nations Championship, also known for short as the 2016 CHAN and for sponsorship purposes as the Orange African Nations Championship, was the 4th edition of the biennial African association football tournament organized by CAF featuring national teams consisting of players playing in their respective national leagues. It was held in Rwanda from 16 January to 7 February 2016.

The defending champions Libya failed to qualify for this edition. It was the first edition which featured the semi-final stage consisting of the runners-up from all 4 groups and the last to be sponsored by Orange as French energy and petroleum giant Total was set to take over from the following edition onward.
1922 United States Navy aircraft designation system
From 1922 until 1962, the United States Navy, the United States Marine Corps and the United States Coast Guard used a system to designate their aircraft that included information about a craft's role and its manufacturer. For a listing of all such designations, see the list of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962).

Hull classification symbol
The United States Navy, United States Coast Guard, and United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) use a hull classification symbol (sometimes called hull code or hull number) to identify their ships by type and by individual ship within a type. The system is analogous to the pennant number system that the Royal Navy and other European and Commonwealth navies use.
Mohd Amri Yahyah
Mohd Amri bin Yahyah also known as Amri Yahyah  (born 21 January 1981) is a former Malaysian professional footballer who last played for Malaysia A1 Semi-Pro League club PT Athletic. He has also represented the Malaysian national team. Amri plays mainly as a forward, but also as an attacking midfielder.

Amri spent most of his successful career at Selangor where he made 427 appearances, scoring 138 goals. He had another successful career with Johor Darul Ta'zim from 2014 until 2016 making 103 appearances scoring 22 goals.

On 16 December 2023, Amri announced his retirement via Sabah's social media. The 2023 Malaysia Super League final match against Kedah Darul Aman was to be his last as a professional footballer. Amri has played more than 600 matches in his career, scoring 188 goals for club and country. However he came out of retirement in May 2024 to play for Malaysia second division club PT Athletic.

Malaysia FA Cup
The Malaysia FA Cup (Malay: Piala FA) is an annual football competition in Malaysia, established in 1990. It was previously managed by the Football Association of Malaysia, before being transferred to the Malaysian Football League in the 2016 season.

The winners of the competition are awarded a slot in the AFC Champions League Two. The current title holders are Johor Darul Ta'zim, which won their fifth title in 2025.
La Molina (ski resort)
La Molina is a ski resort in the Pyrenees mountains of northeastern Spain, in the municipality of Alp in the comarca of Cerdanya in Girona, Catalonia. Together with Masella, it forms the Alp 2500 resort.

It is the site of the first ski lift in Spain, opened on 28 February 1943, and Spain's first ski school, which opened a year later.

It is served by a RENFE / Rodalies train station.

Cerdanya (comarca)
Cerdanya (Catalan pronunciation: [səɾˈðaɲə]; Spanish: Baja Cerdaña, pronounced [ˈbaxa θeɾˈðaɲa]; French: Basse-Cerdagne, pronounced [bɑs sɛʁdaɲ, bas-]) is a comarca in northern Catalonia, in the Pyrenees, on the border of Catalonia with France and Andorra. Within Catalonia, Cerdanya is divided between Catalan provinces of Girona and Lleida. Cerdanya's neighbouring comarques are Alt Urgell, Berguedà, and Ripollès.

Cerdanya is in the "vegueria" of Alt Pirineu, according to "Vegueries of Catalonia law".

The area is sometimes called Baixa Cerdanya ([ˈbaʃə səɾˈðaɲə]; literally "Lower Cerdanya") to distinguish it from Alta Cerdanya ("Upper Cerdanya") which was ceded to France by the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, dividing the wider Cerdanya.

"Subcomarques" include la Batllia or petita Cerdanya, and el Baridà.

Llívia is a Catalan exclave in Cerdanya, completely surrounded by French territory.
Eldoret East Constituency
Eldoret East Constituency was a former electoral constituency in Kenya. It was one of three constituencies in the former Uasin Gishu District, now Uasin Gishu County. The constituency was established for the 1988 elections.

Uasin Gishu County
Uasin Gishu County, also referred to as Eldoret County is one of the 47 counties of Kenya located in the former Rift Valley Province. Eldoret city has the county's largest population centre as well as its administrative and commercial centre. It is bordered by Elgeyo-Marakwet to the East, Trans Nzoia to the North, Kakamega to the west, Nandi and Kericho to the South West and Baringo to the South East.  It is a highland plateau with altitudes falling gently from 2,700 metres (8,900 ft) above sea level to about 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) above sea level. The topography is higher to the east and declines gently towards the western border".

Uasin Gishu is located on a plateau and has a cool and temperate climate. The county borders Trans-Nzoia County to the north, Elgeyo-Marakwet and Baringo counties to the east, Kericho County to the south, Nandi County to the south and south-west and Kakamega County to the west.
Manuela Zinsberger
Manuela Zinsberger (Austrian German: [manuˈeːla ˈtsɪnsˌbɛrɡɐ]; born 19 October 1995) is an Austrian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for English Women's Super League club Arsenal and the Austria national team. She previously played for Bayern Munich.

2021–22 FA WSL
The 2021–22 FA WSL season (also known as the Barclays FA Women's Super League for sponsorship reasons) was the eleventh season of the FA Women's Super League (WSL) since it was formed in 2010. It was the fourth season after the rebranding of the four highest levels in English women's football.

On 4 May 2022, Birmingham City were relegated following a 6–0 defeat away at Manchester City with one game remaining. Members of the WSL since it was founded in 2011, it ended Birmingham's twenty-year stint as a top-flight club having last been promoted as the 2001–02 FA Women's Premier League Northern Division champions.

Chelsea successfully defended the title by beating Manchester United 4–2 in the final matchday, winning their third consecutive and fifth overall WSL title.
Tornoceratidae
Tornoceratidae is a family of goniatitid ammonoids from the middle and upper Devonian.  The family is included in the suborder Tornoceratina and the superfamily Tornoceratoidea.

Tornoceratids are subdiscoidal goniatitids with biconvex growth lines and sutures that form 6 to 10 lobes, the ventral one undivided, the lateral ones originating as subdivisions of external and internal lateral saddle. They are derived from the Anarcestida.

Tornoceratina
Tornoceratina is one of two suborders included in the Goniatitida, characterized by generally involute, subdiscoidal shells and by sutures in which the ventral ones are undivided.

Sutural lobes increase in number during the course of life of the individual, typically developed from the internal and external saddles. The siphuncle is prochoanitic, with septal necks projecting forward.

Derivation  is from the Anarcestida in the middle Devonian.
Mauger of Hauteville
Mauger of Hauteville (also Latin Malgerius or Italian Maugerio) was a younger (probably the second) son of Tancred of Hauteville by his second wife, Fressenda.  He travelled to the Mezzogiorno with his brother William and his elder half-brother Geoffrey around 1053, though some sources indicate him coming later, c.1056.

He soon distinguished himself and was invested with the county of the Capitanate soon after his arrival (either 1053 or 1057) by Humphrey, his half brother and count of Apulia, but he did not long survive to hold it.  According to Goffredo Malaterra, he died in 1054, though other chroniclers have him dying in 1057 or as late as 1060, after assisting his elder full brother Robert Guiscard, Humphrey's successor, in an expedition against the new army of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine X, sent to recover Langobardia.  Whenever he died, his fief went to William, who passed it to Geoffrey out of fraternal affection (according to Malaterra).

Goffredo Malaterra
Gaufredo (or Geoffrey, or Goffredo) Malaterra (Latin: Gaufridus Malaterra) was an eleventh-century Benedictine monk and historian, possibly of Norman origin. He travelled to the southern Italian peninsula, passing some time in Apulia before entering the monastery of Sant'Agata at Catania, on the isle of Sicily. Malaterra indicates that, prior to his arrival in Catania, he had spent an undefined period away from monastic life, in the worldly service of "Martha".
Zabian Dowdell
Zabian Dowdell (born September 10, 1984) is an American former professional basketball player. Born in Pahokee, Florida, he played basketball for his hometown's high school. He played college basketball for the Virginia Tech Hokies from 2003 to 2007. In his senior season he was named in the First-team All-ACC and the ACC All-Defensive team. Following his graduation from college, Dowdell played professionally mainly in Europe, also having brief stints in the NBA and the NBA D-League.

LNB Élite
The LNB Élite, currently known for sponsorship reasons as Betclic Élite, is a professional basketball league in France and is the highest level of the French basketball system. The competition has existed since 1921. Since 1987, the Ligue Nationale de Basket (LNB) has governed the league.

Formerly known as the LNB Pro A, each season consists of 16 teams. The bottom two placed teams from each season are relegated to the second tier level Élite 2. The winner of the play-offs of the league are crowned the French national champions.
Eric Louw
Eric Hendrik Louw (21 November 1890 – 24 June 1968) was a South African diplomat and politician. He served as the Minister of Finance from 1954 to 1956, and as the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1955 to 1963.

Minister of International Relations and Cooperation
The Minister of International Relations and Cooperation is the foreign minister of the South African government, with political responsibility for South Africa's foreign relations and the Department of International Relations and Cooperation. The present minister is Ronald Lamola, who was appointed by President Cyril Ramaphosa on 30 June 2024.

After the creation of the Union of South Africa as a British dominion in 1910, its foreign relations were initially carried out by the British Foreign Office. However, in 1927 the South African government established a Department of External Affairs. From 1927 until 1955, the prime minister also served as foreign minister.
Ri-verbs
In Icelandic grammar, the ri-verbs (Icelandic: ri-sagnir) are the four verbs in the language that have a -ri suffix in the past tense as opposed to a suffix containing a dental consonant such as /d/, /ð/, or /t/. Along with the preterite-present verbs (e.g. kunna and eiga), they are the only verbs which inflect with a mixed conjugation

Icelandic grammar
Icelandic grammar is the set of structural rules that describe the use of the Icelandic language.

Icelandic is a heavily inflected language. Icelandic nouns are assigned to one of three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, or neuter), and are declined into four cases (nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive). Nominals decline into two numbers: singular and plural, and verbs conjugate for person, number, tense, mood, and voice.
2020 12 Hours of Monza
The 2020 Hankook 12 Hours of Monza was the 1st running of the 12 Hours of Monza. It is the third round of both the 2020 24H GT Series and the 2020 24H TCE Series, the second round of the Europe Series, being held on from 10 to 11 July at the Autodromo Nazionale di Monza. The race was won by Jürgen Häring, Taki Konstantinou and Alfred Renauer driving for Herberth Motorsport.

2020 24H TCE Series
The 2020 24H Touring Car Endurance Series powered by Hankook was the fifth season of the Touring Car Endurance Series (TCES). Creventic was the organiser and promoter of the series. The races were contested with touring cars.
Toyotomi Hidekatsu
Toyotomi Hidekatsu (豊臣 秀勝, 1569 – October 14, 1592) was Toyotomi Hideyoshi's nephew (later adopted) and a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period. He was the lord of Gifu Castle between 1591-1592.

He was the second son of Hideyoshi's sister, Tomo, with Miyoshi Kazumichi. His childhood name was Kokichi and given that he is often confused with Hashiba Hidekatsu (fourth son of the Oda Nobunaga and also adopted son of Toyotomi Hideyoshi), historians refer to him as Kokichi Hidekatsu for convenience. He married Oeyo, daughter of Oichi and Azai Nagamasa and the sister of Yodo-dono.

In 1592, he participated in the Japanese invasions of Korea launched by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, where he died of illness at Karashima (Kyosaito) [called Geoje Island, Korea].

His daughter Toyotomi Sadako married the regent Kujō Yukiie and become Kita no mandokoro.

Oichi
Oichi (お市; 1547 – June 14, 1583) was a female historical figure in the late Sengoku period.  She is known primarily as the mother of three daughters who became prominent figures in their own right – Yodo-dono, Ohatsu  and Oeyo. Oichi was the younger sister of Oda Nobunaga; and she was the sister-in-law of Nōhime, the daughter of Saitō Dōsan. She was descended from the Taira and Fujiwara clans.

She was an influential figure in Japanese history in the Sengoku period. Although remembered mainly for her tragic life as sister of Oda Nobunaga, Japan's first unifier since Ōnin War, Oichi is also famous for her honorable conduct, her beauty and determination. She was present at two historically significant battles, the siege of Odani and the siege of Kitanosho, sieges that led to the extermination of the powerful Azai and Shibata clans, respectively.
Schlotheim
Schlotheim (German pronunciation: [ˈʃloːthaɪm] ⓘ) is a town and a former municipality in the Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis district, in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) east of Mühlhausen. Since December 2019, it is part of the town Nottertal-Heilinger Höhen.

Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis
Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis is a Kreis (district) in the north of Thuringia, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) the districts Eichsfeld, Kyffhäuserkreis, Sömmerda, Gotha, Wartburgkreis and the district Werra-Meißner in Hesse.
Sudoku Gridmaster
Sudoku Gridmaster (known as Puzzle Series Vol. 3: Sudoku in Japan and Sudoku Master in Europe) is a puzzle video game developed by A.I and published by Hudson Soft for the Nintendo DS. It was published by Nintendo outside Japan as part of the Touch! Generations series.

Puzzle video game
Puzzle video games make up a broad genre of video games that emphasize puzzle solving. The types of puzzles can test problem-solving skills, including logic, pattern recognition, sequence solving, spatial recognition, and word completion. Many puzzle games involve a real-time element and require quick thinking, such as Tetris (1985) and Lemmings (1991).
Scouting and Guiding in Albania
The Scout and Guide movement in Albania is served by

Girl Scouts of Albania (Vajzat Udhëheqëse të Shqipërisë), member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts

Scouts of Albania, an organization founded in 2021, which became a WOSM member in 2024.

The following organizations are defunct or their current status is unknown:

Besa Skaut Albania, former member of WOSM (2002 to 2005) and original organization from which Beslidhja Skaut Albania spun off

Beslidhja Skaut Albania, former member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) (2005 to 2014)

Shoqata Skaut Shqipëtarë, spin-off of Beslidhja Skaut Albania

Shoqata e Guidave dhe Skoutëve në Shqipëri, formerly working towards membership in the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts

Udhëhequset dhe Skautistet e Europes with contacts to the Union Internationale des Guides et Scouts d'Europe

Beslidhja Skaut Albania
Beslidhja Skaut Albania, also known as Organizata Skautiste Shqiptare Beslidhja Skaut Albania, is a scouting organization in Albania. It was founded in 2004 and became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 2005, with membership terminated in 2014. The coeducational Beslidhja Skaut Albania has 1,730 members as of 2011.

The Albanian Scouting movement also previously recognized by the World Organization of the Scout Movement was Besa Skaut Albania, the Organization of Albanian Honorable Scouts, until 2005.
Earl of Gainsborough
Earl of Gainsborough is a title that has been created twice, once in the Peerage of England and once in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The first creation ended in extinction when the sixth Earl died without heirs. However, the title was revived in 1841 for a female-line relative.

Charles Middleton, 1st Baron Barham
Admiral Charles Middleton, 1st Baron Barham, PC (14 October 1726 – 17 June 1813) was a Royal Navy officer and politician. As a junior officer he saw action during the Seven Years' War. Middleton was given command of a guardship at the Nore, a Royal Navy anchorage in the Thames Estuary, at the start of the American War of Independence, and was subsequently appointed Comptroller of the Navy. He went on to be First Naval Lord and then First Lord of the Admiralty.
Eurocopter MH-65 Dolphin
The Eurocopter MH-65 Dolphin is a twin-engined helicopter operated by the United States Coast Guard (USCG) for medevac-capable search and rescue (SAR) and armed Airborne Use of Force missions. It is a variant of the French-built Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin (SA366).

Barrett M82
The Barrett M82 (standardized by the U.S. military as the M107) is a recoil-operated, semi-automatic anti-materiel rifle developed by Barrett Firearms Manufacturing and produced in the United States.

Also called the Light Fifty (due to its chambering of the .50 BMG 12.7×99mm NATO cartridge), the weapon is classified in three variants: the original M82A1 (and M82A3) models, the bullpup M82A2 model, and the Barrett M107A1, with an attached QDL adapter muzzle brake (designed to accept a suppressor, and made lighter with the use of aluminum and titanium). The M82A2 is no longer manufactured, though the XM500 can be seen as its successor.

Despite being designated as an anti-materiel rifle, the M82 can also be deployed in an anti-personnel role.