hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Intramolecular Heck reaction
The intramolecular Heck reaction (IMHR) in chemistry is the coupling of an aryl or alkenyl halide with an alkene in the same molecule. The reaction may be used to produce carbocyclic or heterocyclic organic compounds with a variety of ring sizes. Chiral palladium complexes can be used to synthesize chiral intramolecular Heck reaction products in non-racemic form.

Β-Hydride elimination
β-Hydride elimination is a reaction in which a metal-alkyl centre is converted into the corresponding metal-hydride-alkene. β-Hydride elimination can also occur for many alkoxide complexes as well. The main requirements are that the alkyl group possess a C-H bond β to the metal and that the metal be coordinatively unsaturated. Thus, metal-butyl complexes are susceptible to this reaction whereas metal-methyl complexes are not. The complex must have an empty (or vacant) site cis to the alkyl group for this reaction to occur.  β-Hydride elimination, which can be desirable or undesirable, affects the behavior of many organometallic complexes.

Moreover, for facile cleavage of the C–H bond, a d electron pair is needed for donation into the σ* orbital of the C–H bond.  Thus, d0 metals alkyls are generally more stable to β-hydride elimination than d2 and higher metal alkyls and may form isolable agostic complexes, even if an empty coordination site is available.
Johann Friedrich Hahn
Johann Friedrich Hahn (28 December 1753 in Gießen – 30 May 1779 in Zweibrücken) was a German lyric poet.

Hahn, an evangelical Lutheran, began his studies on 22 April 1771 at the University of Göttingen, first law, then theology. On 12 September 1772 he helped to establish the Göttinger Hainbund literary group.

After his graduation he became a confidant of Johann Heinrich Voss.

On 11 May 1774, along with Friedrich Leopold Graf zu Stolberg, he became a Freemason in the Zu den drei Rosen lodge of Hamburg. In June 1774 he helped found the Zum goldenen Zirkel lodge in Göttingen, and on 18 November 1774 he was elected Master.

He died on 30 May 1779 at the age of twenty-five.

Johann Heinrich Voss
Johann Heinrich Voss (German: Voß, pronounced [fɔs]; 20 February 1751 – 29 March 1826) was a German classicist and poet, known mostly for his translation of Homer's Odyssey (1781) and Iliad (1793) into German.
Edvard Eilert Christie
Edvard Eilert Christie (10 August 1773 – 14 August 1831) was a Norwegian businessperson and politician.

He was a son of postmaster and merchant in Christianssund, Johann Koren Christie (1745–1823). He was a nephew of Werner Hosewinckel Christie and a brother of noted politician Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie. He was the father of writer Johan Koren Christie, and also an uncle of physicist Hartvig Caspar Christie, politician Hans Langsted Christie and architect Christian Christie, and a granduncle of agricultural teacher Werner Hosewinckel Christie.

Edvard Eilert Christie is best known for serving one term in the Parliament of Norway, being elected in 1824 from the constituency Christianssund og Molde. He was a merchant there, and also a customs officer. He died in 1831.

Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie
Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie (7 December 1778 – 10 October 1849) was a Norwegian attorney. He was a member of the National Assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814 and served as the Norwegian Constituent Assembly secretary.
Adriatic Campaign of World War I
The Adriatic Campaign of World War I was a naval campaign fought between the Central Powers and the Mediterranean squadrons of the Allies, specifically the United Kingdom, France, the Kingdom of Italy, Australia, and the United States.

MAS (motorboat)
Motoscafo armato silurante (torpedo-armed motorboat), alternatively Motoscafo antisommergibili (anti-submarine motorboat) and commonly abbreviated as MAS, was a class of fast torpedo-armed vessels used by the Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy) during World War I and World War II. Originally, "MAS" referred to motobarca armata SVAN (armed motorboat SVAN), Società Veneziana Automobili Navali (Naval Automobile Society of Venice).

The MAS were petrol-engined planing boats with displacements of 20–30 tonnes (depending on the class), a 10-man crew and armament composed of two torpedoes, heavy machine guns and occasionally a 37 mm or 20 mm cannon.

In the context of the unit title Flottiglia MAS (assault craft flotilla; the most famous of which was the Decima MAS of World War II), the term "MAS" is an acronym for Mezzi d'Assalto (assault craft).
Kulm (Saalfeld)
The Kulm is a hill, 481.9 m above sea level (NHN), near Saalfeld in the German state of Thuringia. It lies east of the Saale valley at the western tip of the Saale 'Knee' and is the local hill of the towns of Saalfeld and Rudolstadt. From the Kulm there is a panoramic view over the valleys of the Saale and Rinne, the Orla Basin, the Thuringian Highland and the Ilm-Saale Plateau. Near the Kulm are the villages of Schloßkulm and Dorfkulm, which belong to the municipalities of Uhlstädt-Kirchhasel and Unterwellenborn respectively.

Uhlstädt-Kirchhasel
Uhlstädt-Kirchhasel (German pronunciation: [ˈuːlʃtɛt ˈkɪʁçhaːzl̩]) is a municipality in the district Saalfeld-Rudolstadt, in Thuringia, Germany. On 1 December 2007, the former municipalities Großkochberg and Heilingen were incorporated by Uhlstädt-Kirchhasel.
The valley of the river Saale is the centre of Uhlstädt-Kirchhasel. Both Uhlstädt and Kirchhasel are villages inside this valley, which divides the municipality into a northern and a southern part. The nearest bigger towns are Rudolstadt (about 7 km away), Saalfeld (about 11 km away) and  Jena (about 25 km away).

The 32 local subdivisions of this municipality are:(inhabitants)
Worksop College
Worksop College (formerly St Cuthbert's College) is a British co-educational private school for both boarding and day pupils aged 11 to 18, in Worksop. It sits at the northern edge of Sherwood Forest, in Nottinghamshire, England. Founded by Nathaniel Woodard in 1890, the school is a member of the Woodard Corporation and Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference, and has a strong Anglo-Catholic tradition.

Sherwood Forest
Sherwood Forest consists of the remnants of an ancient Royal Forest in Nottinghamshire, in the East Midlands region of England. It is associated with the legend of Robin Hood. The forest was proclaimed by William the Conqueror and mentioned in the Domesday Book in 1086. The reserve has the highest concentration of ancient trees in Europe.

Today, Sherwood Forest National Nature Reserve encompasses 424.75 hectares (1,049.6 acres), surrounding the village of Edwinstowe and the site of Thoresby Hall. The reserve contains more than a thousand ancient oaks which are known to be more than 500 years old, with the Major Oak being twice that age.
Nadiia Shpilka
Nadiia Shpilka (Ukrainian: Надія Шпилька, born in Khmelnytskyi Oblast) is a Ukrainian weightlifter. At the age of 29, she won bronze at the 2023 European Championships in Yerevan, Armenia. She was third behind her teammate Kamila Konotop and Belgium's Nina Sterckx. She also won the bronze medals in the Snatch and Clean & Jerk events.

Nina Sterckx
Nina Sterckx (born 26 July 2002) is a Belgian weightlifter. She is a four-time medalist at the European Weightlifting Championships and achieved 5th place representing Belgium at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. She also represented Belgium at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, France.

In 2019, Sterckx won the gold medal in the women's junior 49 kg event at the European Junior & U23 Weightlifting Championships in Bucharest, Romania. She also won the gold medal in the women's 55 kg event at the 2022 Junior World Weightlifting Championships held in Heraklion, Greece.
Naalah Bunhan
Naalah Bunhar (Urdu: نالہ بنہاں, also "Bunhā torrent") is a river in, Punjab, Pakistan. It begins in Saral, Chakwal District, and then enters Jhelum District and flows into the River Jhelum near Darapur. It runs south of Tilla Jogian and the Salt Range, where, with rainfall, its width reportedly "spreads over a mile of country". It forms the only ravine in the wide fertile plateau of Jhelum Tehsil that drains into the Jhelum River; all others drain into the Soan River. Many waterfalls from Tilla Jogian also fall into the Bunhar. Near Pind Sawika and Wagh villages, this river's bed takes the form of a desert.

Chakwal District
Chakwal District (Urdu: ضلع چکوال) is a district located on the Pothohar Plateau in Punjab, Pakistan. It is located in the northwestern area of the Punjab province, bordered by Talagang to its west, Rawalpindi to its northeast, Jhelum to its east. The district was created out of parts of Jhelum and Attock in 1985.
English ship Phoenix (1647)
The Phoenix was a fourth rate of the Kingdom of England. Her initial commission was in the Parliamentary Naval Force during the English Civil War. During the First Dutch War she was taken by the Dutch at the Battle of Elba (or Montecristo), but was recaptured during the Battle of Leghorn by a boat attack. After being recommissioned she participated in the Battle of Scheveningen. She went to the Mediterranean in 1658 and remained there until wrecked in December 1664.

Phoenix was the third vessel in the English Navy to bear that name, since it was first used for a 20-gun galleass, purchased in 1545, rebuilt in 1558 and sold in 1573, and then re-used for another 20-gun ship built in 1613 which lasted until 1624.

English ship Phoenix (1613)
Phoenix was described as a pinnace in the service of the English Navy Royal.

Phoenix was the second named vessel since it was used for a 20-gun ship purchased in 1545, rebuilt in 1558 and sold in 1573.
Brahmani (Matrika)
Brahmani (Sanskrit: ब्रह्माणी, IAST: Brahmāṇī) or Brahmi (Sanskrit: ब्राह्मी, IAST: Brāhmī), is one of the seven Hindu mother goddesses known as Sapta Matrikas. She is a form of Saraswati and is considered as the Shakti of the creator god Brahma in Hinduism. She is an aspect of Adi Shakti, possessing the "Rajas Guna" and is therefore the source of Brahma's power.

Mahadevi
Mahadevi (Sanskrit: महादेवी, IAST: Mahādevī), also referred to as Devi, Mahamaya and Adi Parashakti, is the supreme goddess in Hinduism. According to the goddess-centric sect Shaktism, all Hindu gods and goddesses are regarded as manifestations of this great goddess, who is considered to be the ultimate reality or Para Brahman.

Mahadevi is mentioned as the Mulaprakriti (Primordial Goddess) 
in Shakta texts, having five primary forms—Parvati, Lakshmi, Sarasvati, Gayatri and Radha—collectively referred to as Panchaprakriti. Besides these, Goddess Tripura Sundari is often identified with the supreme goddess Mahadevi in Shaktism. Shaktas also worship her as Durga, whilst acknowledging her to have other forms. Author Helen T. Boursier says: "In Hindu philosophy, both Lakshmi (primary goddess in Vaishnavism) and Parvati (primary goddess of Shaivism) are identified as manifestations of this great goddess—Mahadevi—and the Shakti or divine power".
Sir Thomas Clarges, 2nd Baronet
Sir Thomas Clarges, 2nd Baronet (25 July 1688 – 19 February 1759), of Aston, near Stevenage, Hertfordshire, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1713 to 1715.

Clarges was the eldest surviving son of Sir Walter Clarges, 1st Baronet, whom he succeeded circa 31 March 1706 and was educated at St Paul's School.

Clarges was a Member of Parliament  for Lostwithiel from 1713 to 1715.

Clarges was appointed a Gentleman of the privy chamber by 1734 until his death. He married twice; firstly   Katherine, the daughter and coheiress of John Berkeley, 4th Viscount Fitzhardinge and secondly Frances, with whom he had a son Thomas, who predeased him. He was succeeded by his grandson Thomas.

Sir Walter Clarges, 1st Baronet
Sir Walter Clarges, 1st Baronet (4 July 1653 – March 1705/6) was an English Tory politician who served four separate terms in Parliament. An early ally of William of Orange, he inherited large holdings of land but no great ability from his father, Sir Thomas Clarges, and largely used his Parliamentary seat to advance his own business and financial interests.
Gall
Galls (from the Latin galla, 'oak-apple') or cecidia (from the Greek kēkidion, anything gushing out) are a kind of swelling growth on the external tissues of plants. Plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues, similar to benign tumors or warts in animals. They can be caused by various parasites, from viruses, fungi and bacteria, to other plants, insects and mites. Plant galls can be such highly organized structures that their cause can be determined without the actual agent being identified. This applies particularly to insect and mite plant galls. The study of plant galls is known as cecidology.

Chalcid wasp
Chalcid wasps (/ˈkælsɪd/, from Greek  khalkos 'copper', for their metallic colour) are insects within the superfamily Chalcidoidea, part of the order Hymenoptera. The superfamily contains some 22,500 known species, and an estimated total diversity of more than 500,000 species, meaning the vast majority have yet to be discovered and described. The name "chalcid" is often confused with the name "chalcidid", though the latter refers strictly to one constituent family, the Chalcididae, rather than the superfamily as a whole; accordingly, most recent publications (e.g.,) use the name "chalcidoid" when referring to members of the superfamily.

Most chalcid wasps are parasitoids of other insects, though other life styles are known, with the herbivorous fig wasps acting as pollinators. Various species are used as biological pest control agents or in scientific research.
Centralized traffic control
Centralized traffic control (CTC) is a form of railway signalling that originated in North America. CTC consolidates train routing decisions that were previously carried out by local signal operators or the train crews themselves. The system consists of a centralized train dispatcher's office that controls railroad interlockings and traffic flows in portions of the rail system designated as CTC territory. One hallmark of CTC is a control panel with a graphical depiction of the railroad. On this panel, the dispatcher can keep track of trains' locations across the territory that the dispatcher controls. Larger railroads may have multiple dispatcher's offices and even multiple dispatchers for each operating division. These offices are usually located near the busiest yards or stations, and their operational qualities can be compared to air traffic towers.

Railroad switch
A railroad switch (AE), turnout, or (set of) points (CE) is a mechanical installation enabling railway trains to be guided from one track to another, such as at a railway junction or where a spur or siding branches off.
CO-methylating acetyl-CoA synthase
Acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS), not to be confused with acetyl-CoA synthetase or acetate-CoA ligase (ADP forming), is a nickel-containing enzyme involved in the metabolic processes of cells. Together with carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH), it forms the bifunctional enzyme Acetyl-CoA Synthase/Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase (ACS/CODH) found in anaerobic microorganisms such as archaea and bacteria. The ACS/CODH enzyme works primarily through the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway which converts carbon dioxide to Acetyl-CoA. The recommended name for this enzyme is CO-methylating acetyl-CoA synthase.

Methanogenesis
Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane coupled to energy conservation by microbes known as methanogens. It is the fourth and final stage of anaerobic digestion. Organisms capable of producing methane for energy conservation have been identified only from the domain Archaea, a group phylogenetically distinct from both eukaryotes and bacteria, although many live in close association with anaerobic bacteria. The production of methane is an important and widespread form of microbial metabolism. In anoxic environments, it is the final step in the decomposition of biomass.  Methanogenesis is responsible for significant amounts of natural gas accumulations, the remainder being thermogenic.
Subantarctic
The sub-Antarctic zone is a physiographic region in the Southern Hemisphere, located immediately north of the Antarctic region. This translates roughly to a latitude of between 46° and 60° south of the Equator. The subantarctic region includes many islands in the southern parts of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans, especially those situated north of the Antarctic Convergence. Subantarctic glaciers are, by definition, located on islands within the subantarctic region. All glaciers located on the continent of Antarctica are by definition considered to be Antarctic glaciers.

Circles of latitude between the 50th parallel south and the 55th parallel south
Following are circles of latitude between the 50th parallel south and the 55th parallel south. These circles of latitude generally pass through Chile and Argentina, and through minor outlying islands in Oceania.
Wilanów Mosque
The Wilanów Mosque (Polish: Meczet w Wilanowie) is a Sunni Islamic mosque in Warsaw, Poland, located within the Wilanów district. It is palced at 103 Wiertnicza Street, in the neighbourhood of Wilanów Niski. It is operated by the Islamic Cultural Centre, and is part of the Muslim Religious Association. The building was opened in 1993.

Wilanów
Wilanów (Polish pronunciation: [vʲiˈlanuf] ⓘ) is a district of the city of Warsaw, Poland. It is home to historic Wilanów Palace, the "Polish Versailles," and second home to various Polish kings. Wilanów is home to many villas and, despite being relatively far away from the city center, the district ranks among the most expensive in Warsaw.
East Lancs Kinetec
The East Lancs Kinetec is a type of low-floor bus body manufactured by East Lancashire Coachbuilders for single and double-decker MAN Truck & Bus chassis. Both variants, built with Alcan aluminium extrusions, were launched at the 2006 Euro Bus Expo, notably featuring front fascia panels from MAN's integral Lion's City bus.

Low-floor bus
A low-floor bus is a bus or trolleybus that has no steps between the ground and the floor of the bus at one or more entrances, and low floor for part or all of the passenger cabin. A bus with a partial low floor may also be referred to as a low-entry bus or seldom a flat-floor bus in some locations.

Low floor refers to a bus deck that is accessible from the sidewalk with only a single step with a small height difference, caused solely by the difference between the bus deck and sidewalk. This is distinct from high-floor, a bus deck design that requires climbing one or more steps (now known as step entrance) to access the interior floor that is placed at a higher height.  Being low-floor improves the accessibility of the bus for the public, particularly the elderly and people with disabilities, including those using wheelchairs and walkers. Almost all are rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout.
Takemikazuchi
Takemikazuchi (建御雷/武甕槌) is a deity in Japanese mythology, considered a god of thunder and a sword god. He also competed in what is considered the first sumo wrestling match recorded in history.

He is otherwise known as "The kami of Kashima" (Kashima-no-kami), the chief deity revered in the Kashima Shrine at Kashima, Ibaraki (and all other subsidiary Kashima shrines). In the namazu-e or catfish prints of the Edo period, Takemikazuchi/Kashima is depicted attempting to subdue the Namazu, a giant catfish supposedly dwelling at the kaname-ishi (要石; 'pinning rock') of the Japanese landmass and causing its earthquakes.

Takamimusubi
Takamimusubi (高御産巣日, lit. "Exalted Generative Force") is a creation deity in Japanese mythology, who was the second of the first beings to come into existence.

It is speculated that Takamimusubi was originally the tutelary deity for the Japanese imperial family. According to the Kojiki, Takamimusubi was a hitorigami.
2022 1000 Miles of Sebring
The 2022 1000 Miles of Sebring was an endurance sportscar racing event held on the 18 March 2022, as the opening round of the 2022 FIA World Endurance Championship. This was the second running of the race, a 268-lap event or 8 hours (whichever comes first), and the first time the event had been held since the 2019 1000 Miles of Sebring, after due to the 2020 and 2021 races being cancelled by the COVID-19 pandemic.

1000 Miles of Sebring
The 1,000 Miles of Sebring is a sports car race that is held at the Sebring International Raceway, on the site of the former Hendricks Army Airfield World War II Air Base, in Sebring, Florida, United States. It was created for the FIA World Endurance Championship, and was held for the first time on 15 March 2019 as the sixth round of the 2018–19 FIA World Endurance Championship.
M1844 32-pounder howitzer
The M1844 32-pounder howitzer was a bronze smoothbore artillery piece adopted by the United States Army in 1844 and employed during the American Civil War. The muzzleloader fired a 25.6 lb (11.6 kg) common shell to a distance of 1,504 yd (1,375 m) at 5° elevation. It also fired canister shot and spherical case shot. The howitzer was originally designed to be used in a mixed battery with 12-pounder field guns. However, at the time of the American Civil War, the howitzer was replaced by the M1857 12-pounder Napoleon, which combined the functions of both field gun and howitzer. Only a few 32-pounder howitzers were produced, and they were used sparingly as field artillery in the American Civil War because of the weapon's great weight.

Limbers and caissons
A limber is a two-wheeled cart designed to support the trail of an artillery piece, or the stock of a field carriage such as a caisson or traveling forge, allowing it to be towed. The trail is the hinder end of the stock of a gun-carriage, which rests or slides on the ground when the carriage is unlimbered.: 107

A caisson (US: /ˈkeɪsɒn/) is a two-wheeled cart designed to carry artillery ammunition; the British term is "ammunition wagon".

Caissons are also used to bear the casket of the deceased in some state and military funerals in certain Western cultures, including the United States.: 32
Uil
The Uil (Kazakh: Ойыл, romanized: Oyyl; Russian: Уил, romanized: Uil) is a river of Aktobe, Atyrau and West Kazakhstan regions, Kazakhstan. It is 800 kilometres (500 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 31,500 square kilometres (12,200 sq mi).

West Kazakhstan Region
West Kazakhstan Region is a region of Kazakhstan. As of 1 August 2025, it had a population of 695,900. Its administrative centre is Oral (also known as Uralsk), a city of about 250,000 inhabitants.

The region was created as West Kazakhstan Oblast in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic during the Soviet-era. Between 1962 and 1992, it was named Uralsk Oblast. It was renamed in 1993 following the independence of Kazakhstan from the Soviet Union.
Via ad Terram Sanctam
The Via ad Terram Sanctam is an anonymous Old French treatise on the recovery of the Holy Land from around 1300. There is a Latin translation made about the same time that goes under the title Memoria Terre Sancte. Within a century, one excerpt had also appeared in a Hebrew translation.

Alan Forey
Alan John Forey (born 1933) is reader emeritus in history at the University of Durham and an authority on the history of the military orders of the Middle Ages. In 1994, his work was collected and published in the Variorum Collected Studies series as Military Orders and Crusades.