hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium
Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), also known as nitrate/nitrite ammonification, is the result of anaerobic respiration by chemoorganoheterotrophic microbes using nitrate (NO3−) as an electron acceptor for respiration. In anaerobic conditions microbes which undertake DNRA oxidise organic matter and use nitrate (rather than oxygen) as an electron acceptor, reducing it to nitrite, and then to ammonium (NO3− → NO2− → NH4+).

Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium is more common in prokaryotes but may also occur in eukaryotic microorganisms. DNRA is a component of the terrestrial and oceanic nitrogen cycle. Unlike denitrification, it acts to conserve bioavailable nitrogen in the system, producing soluble ammonium rather than unreactive nitrogen gas (N2).

Primary production
In ecology, primary production is the synthesis of organic compounds from atmospheric or aqueous carbon dioxide.  It principally occurs through the process of photosynthesis, which uses light as its source of energy, but it also occurs through chemosynthesis, which uses the oxidation or reduction of inorganic chemical compounds as its source of energy.  Almost all life on Earth relies directly or indirectly on primary production. The organisms responsible for primary production are known as primary producers or autotrophs, and form the base of the food chain. In terrestrial ecoregions, these are mainly plants, while in aquatic ecoregions algae predominate in this role. Ecologists distinguish primary production as either net or gross, the former accounting for losses to processes such as cellular respiration, the latter not.
Radosław Wojtaszek
Radosław Wojtaszek (born 13 January 1987) is a Polish chess grandmaster. He is a six-time Polish champion.

Wojtaszek has acted as Viswanathan Anand's second, assisting the former world chess champion in his successful title defence match against Vladimir Kramnik, in 2010 against Veselin Topalov, in 2012 against Boris Gelfand, in 2013 and in 2014 against Magnus Carlsen.

Biel Chess Festival
The Biel International Chess Festival is an annual chess tournament that takes place in Biel/Bienne, Switzerland. It consists of two events, the Grandmaster Tournament, held with the round-robin system, and the Master Open Tournament (MTO), held with the Swiss system. The Grandmaster Tournament has taken place since 1977. The city of Biel hosted three Interzonal Tournaments, in 1976, 1985 and 1993.
Shweli River
Shweli River (Burmese: ရွှေလီမြစ်; Chinese: 瑞丽江) is a river in China and Myanmar (Burma), also known as the Nam Mao (Shan: ၼမ်ႉမၢဝ်း; Tai Nüa: ᥘᥛᥳ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ) in Shan or Dai, and Ruili River in Chinese. The middle and upper reaches of the river are called the Longchuan River (龙川江) or Long River (龙江) in Chinese, or the Nam Yang (Tai Nüa: ᥘᥛᥳ ᥕᥣᥒᥰ) in Dai. The river forms 26 km of the boundary between Burma and China, and it is one of the tributaries of Myanmar's chief river, the Ayeyarwady, and originates in Yunnan Province of China. It flows through northern Shan state and Sagaing Division, and enters the Ayeyarwady at Inywa, 60 kilometres (37 mi) north of Tagaung and south of Katha.

Shan language
Shan is the native language of the Shan people and is mostly spoken in Shan State, Myanmar. It is also spoken in pockets in other parts of Myanmar, in Northern Thailand, in Yunnan, in Laos, in Cambodia, in Vietnam and decreasingly in Assam and Meghalaya. Shan is a member of the Kra–Dai language family and is related to Thai. It has five tones, which do not correspond exactly to Thai tones, plus a sixth tone used for emphasis. The term Shan is also used for related Northwestern Tai languages, and it is called Tai Yai or Tai Long in other Tai languages. Standard Shan, which is also known as Tachileik Shan, is based on the dialect of the city of Tachileik.

In 2019, Ethnologue estimated there were 3.3 million Shan speakers, including 3.2 million in Myanmar. The Mahidol University Institute for Language and Culture estimates there are gave the number of Shan speakers in Thailand as 95,000 in 2006. Many Shan speak local dialects as well as the language of their trading partners.
Tomislav Piplica
Tomislav Piplica (born 5 April 1969) is a Bosnian football manager who formerly played as goalkeeper. His nickname is "Pipi" and he is considered to be a cult-goalkeeper, in Germany as well as in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team
The Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team (Bosnian: Fudbalska reprezentacija Bosne i Hercegovine; Croatian: Nogometna reprezentacija Bosne i Hercegovine; Serbian: Фудбалска репрезентација Босне и Херцеговине) represents Bosnia and Herzegovina in men's international football competitions, and is governed by the Football Association of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Until 1992, Bosnian footballers played for Yugoslavia.

Bosnia and Herzegovina achieved their best result when they reached the 2014 FIFA World Cup as winners of their qualifying group. They were eliminated after narrow group stage losses to Argentina and Nigeria and a win over Iran.

The national team has never taken part in a  UEFA European Championship.

The team's highest FIFA World Ranking was 13th, achieved in August 2013.
Orleans-Franklin-1 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012
The Orleans-Franklin-1 Representative District is a one-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont.  It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 United States census.  The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010.  A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 United States census.

The Orleans-Franklin-1 District includes all of the Orleans County towns of Jay, Lowell, Troy, and Westfield, and the Franklin County town of Montgomery.

As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The one member Orleans-Franklin-1 District had a population of 4,223 in that same census, 4.04% above the state average.

Jay, Vermont
Jay is one of the northernmost towns in Orleans County, Vermont, United States, located on the Canada–US border. The population was 551 at the 2020 census. Jay is named for John Jay, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. The US Census Bureau estimated that the town's population had increased by 13.1% between 2000 and 2005, the seventh largest increase in the state.  Jay is also home to the Jay Challenge, a three-part stage-race, typically held in July.
Siddhivinayak metro station
Siddhivinayak (also known as ICICI Lombard - Siddhivinayak for sponsorship reasons) is an underground metro station located in the Prabhadevi area, on the North–South corridor of the Aqua Line 3 of the Mumbai Metro in Mumbai, India. The station opened to the public on 10 May 2025, under a naming rights agreement between ICICI Lombard and the Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation Ltd (MMRC).

ICICI Lombard
ICICI Lombard General Insurance Company Limited is an Indian general insurance company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. ICICI is engaged with general insurance, reinsurance, insurance claims management and investment management.

The company has a Gross Written Premium of ₹217.71 billion (FY2023). It offers policy insurance and renewal through its intermediaries and website. It markets assurance products including Car Insurance, Health Insurance, International Travel Insurance, Overseas Student Travel Insurance, Two Wheeler Insurance, Home Insurance and Weather Insurance.
85 to Africa
85 to Africa is the second studio album by Nigerian-American recording artist Jidenna. It was released on August 23, 2019 through Wondaland and Epic Records. It follows the release of both his debut effort The Chief and the EP Boomerang (both released in 2017). The album features guest appearances from GoldLink, St. Beauty, Mr Eazi, Mereba and Seun Kuti. Reviews for the record were positive, often praising the production and lyrical content. 85 to Africa charted at number 112 on the Billboard 200. The accompanying singles "Tribe", "Sufi Woman", "Zodi", and "Sou Sou" were released.

The Chief (album)
The Chief is the debut studio album by Nigerian-American hip hop recording artist Jidenna, released on February 17, 2017, by Wondaland and Epic Records. It features guest appearances from fellow labelmates Roman GianArthur, Nana Kwabena, Janelle Monáe and St. Beauty. The album's artwork pays homage to Boz Scaggs' 1980 album Middle Man. It garnered positive reviews from critics for its globe-trotting, genre-hopping production and showcasing Jidenna's charismatic delivery and knack for narrative storytelling. The Chief debuted at number 38 on the Billboard 200 and spawned four singles: "Long Live the Chief", "Chief Don't Run", "Little Bit More" and "The Let Out".
Damdami Taksal
The Damdamī Ṭaksāl, Jatha Bhindra(n), or Sampardai Bhindra(n) is an orthodox Khalsa Sikh cultural and educational organization, based in India. They are known for their teachings of vidya as well as gurbani santhiya. Its headquarters are located in the town of Mehta Chowk, approximately 40 km north of the city of Amritsar. It has been described as a seminary or “moving university” of the Sikh countryside.

The Damdami Taksal borrows many foundational aspects from the Giani Samparda (headed by the Giani family), the Girivari Samparda, the Damdami Samparda, the Namdhari Samparda and the Dera Naurangabad.

Sant (religion)
A sant (Sanskrit: सन्त्; IAST: Sant; [sɐn̪t̪]) is a human being revered as a "truth-exemplar" for their abnormal level of "self, truth, [and] reality" in Indian religions, particularly Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, and Buddhism. In Sikhism it is used to describe a being who has attained spiritual enlightenment and divine knowledge and power through union with God.
Chris Greatwich
Christopher Robert Barbon Greatwich (born 30 September 1983) is a former professional footballer who midfielder. Born in England, he played for the Philippines national team.

He was the assistant head coach of the Philippines in 2018 to 2020. He has previously played for Morris County Colonials, Kaya FC.

Hartwick College
Hartwick College is a private liberal arts college in Oneonta, New York. The institution's origin is rooted in the founding of Hartwick Seminary in 1797 through the will of John Christopher Hartwick. In 1927, the seminary became a four-year college and moved from Hartwick to its Oneonta location. As of 2011 the college had 1,103 undergraduate students from 30 states and 22 countries, 187 faculty members, and a student-faculty ratio of 11:1.
2013 Tour de France Mountains classification
The 2013 Tour de France King of the Mountains is Nairo Quintana. He won the mountains classification of the 2013 Tour de France which is in place to decide the best climber of the tour. The race featured 5 Hors catégorie climbs, 6 Category-one climbs, 12 Category-two climbs, 16 Category-three climbs, and 17 Category-four climbs. That means the 2013 Tour de France included 28 mountain climbs or altitude finishes ranked Category-two, Category-one or Hors catégorie compared to 25 in 2012, 23 in 2011 and 25 in 2010. 4 of these climbs are in Corsica, 2 in the Massif Central, 7 in the Pyrenees and 15 in the Alps.
Notable climbs in this year's tour include Col de Pailheres, Col de la Madeleine, Annecy-Semnoz, Mont Ventoux and Alpe d'Huez (twice).

Combativity award in the Tour de France
The combativity award is a prize given in the Tour de France for the most combative rider overall during the race. Historically, it favored constant attackers as it was based on the distance spent in a breakaway, included winning checkpoints and outright stage wins. Today, the winner is chosen by a jury. Besides the overall winner, the jury also awards a combativity award to the most aggressive rider at the end of each stage, with this rider allowed to wear a golden number the following race day.

The 1981 Tour de France marked the last time the winner of the general classification also won the combativity award.
Cyclic set
In music, a cyclic set is a set, "whose alternate elements unfold complementary cycles of a single interval." Those cycles are ascending and descending, being related by inversion since complementary:

In the above example, as explained, one interval (7) and its complement (-7 = +5), creates two series of pitches starting from the same note (8):

According to George Perle, "a Klumpenhouwer network is a chord analyzed in terms of its dyadic sums and differences," and, "this kind of analysis of triadic combinations was implicit in," his, "concept of the cyclic set from the beginning".

A cognate set is a set created from joining two sets related through inversion such that they share a single series of dyads.

The two cycles may also be aligned as pairs of sum 7 or sum 5 dyads. All together these pairs of cycles form a set complex, "any cyclic set of the set complex may be uniquely identified by its two adjacency sums," and as such the example above shows p0p7 and i5i0.

Dyad (music)
In music, a dyad (less commonly, diad) is a set of two notes or pitches. The notes of a dyad can be played simultaneously or in succession. Notes played in succession form a melodic interval; notes played simultaneously form a harmonic interval.

Dyads can be classified by the interval between the notes. For example, the interval between C and E (four half steps) is a major third, which can imply a C major chord, made up of the notes C, E and G.
Monstrance
A monstrance, also known as an ostensorium (or an ostensory), is a vessel used in Roman Catholic, Old Catholic, High Church Lutheran and Anglican churches for ostension, e.g., the display on an altar of some object of piety, such as the consecrated Eucharistic Sacramental bread (host) during Eucharistic adoration or during the Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament. A monstrance may also serve as a reliquary for the public display of relics of some saints. The word monstrance comes from the Latin word monstrare, while the word ostensorium comes from the Latin word ostendere. Either term, each expressing the concept of "showing", can refer to a vessel intended for the exposition of the Blessed Sacrament, but ostensorium has only this meaning.

Sacramental bread
Sacramental bread, also called Communion bread, Communion wafer, Sacred host, Eucharistic bread, the Lamb or simply the host (Latin: hostia, lit. 'sacrificial victim'), is the bread used in the Christian ritual of the Eucharist and the body of Christ. Along with sacramental wine, it is one of two elements of the Eucharist. The bread may be either leavened or unleavened, depending on tradition.

Catholic theology generally teaches that at the Words of Institution the bread's substance is changed into the Body of Christ, a process known as transubstantiation. Conversely, Eastern Christian theology generally views the epiclesis as the point at which the change occurs.
KRI Teluk Manado
KRI Teluk Manado is the name of the following ships of the Indonesian Navy:

KRI Teluk Manado (505), a LST-542-class tank landing ship, originally USS LST-657, transferred to Indonesia in 1961, decommissioned in 1983

KRI Teluk Manado (537), a Teluk Gilimanuk-class landing ship (originally the German Frosch-class landing ship), launched in 1977, sold to Indonesia in 1993, in service since 1995

Amphibious warfare ship
An amphibious warfare ship (or amphib) is an amphibious vehicle warship employed to land and support ground forces, such as marines, on enemy territory during an amphibious assault.

Specialized shipping can be divided into two types, most crudely described as ships and craft. In general, the ships carry the troops from the port of embarkation to the drop point for the assault and the craft carry the troops from the ship to the shore. Amphibious assaults taking place over short distances can also involve the shore-to-shore technique, where landing craft go directly from the port of embarkation to the assault point. Some tank landing ships may also be able to land troops and equipment directly onto shore after travelling long distances, such as the Ivan Rogov-class landing ship.
Auriscalpium gilbertsonii
Auriscalpium gilbertsonii is a species of fungus in the family Auriscalpiaceae of the Russulales order. Found in Costa Rica, it was described as new to science by Norwegian mycologist Leif Ryvarden in 2001.

Russulales
The Russulales are an order of the Agaricomycetes, (which include the agaric genera Russula and Lactarius and their polyporoid and corticioid relatives). Based on 2025 data, the order includes 12 families, 102 genera and approximately 3.400 species.

Russuloid agarics represent an independent evolutionary line of agarics, not directly related to the Agaricales.

This group also includes a number of russuloid hypogeous fungi, polypores such as Bondarzewia, some tooth fungi (e.g. Auriscalpium vulgare), and club fungi e.g. Artomyces. Basidiospores in this group are typically ornamented with amyloid warts or reticulation but a few exceptions are known, e.g. Heterobasidion annosum. The genus Clavicorona was often treated in the Russulales, but its type species, C. taxophila, is in the Agaricales. The remaining species are retained in the Russulales in the genus Artomyces.
Death and state funeral of Muhammad Ali Jinnah
On 11 September 1948, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder and first governor-general of Pakistan, died at his home in Karachi at the age of 71, after a prolonged tuberculosis. His state funeral took place on 12 September 1948. He was succeeded by Khawaja Nazimuddin as governor-general.

Stanley Wolpert
Stanley Albert Wolpert (December 23, 1927 – February 19, 2019) was an American historian, Indologist, and author on the political and intellectual history of modern India and Pakistan and wrote fiction and nonfiction books on the topics. He taught at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), from 1959 to 2002.
Indonesia Futsal Super Cup
Indonesia Futsal Super Cup (also known as 3Second Futsal Super Cup 2024 for sponsorship reasons with 3Second) is an annual pre-season for Indonesia futsal teams. It is organized by the Indonesia Futsal Federation (FFI) and was founded in the season 2024. It is contested annually by the top eight teams in the previous season's Indonesia Pro Futsal League standings, in a neutral venue in different cities every year.

Indonesia Futsal Federation
The Indonesia Futsal Federation (Indonesian: Federasi Futsal Indonesia; abbreviated as FFI) is the governing body of futsal in Indonesia and a member association of Indonesia's football governing body, PSSI. It was founded on 22 June 2014. FFI regulates the activities of the Indonesian men's and women's national futsal teams. It also runs the Indonesian Professional Futsal League competition for both men and women.
Galahadosuchus
Galahadosuchus is an extinct genus of saltoposuchid crocodylomorph from the Late Triassic fissure deposits of Cromhall Quarry in the United Kingdom. It is known from a partial postcranial skeleton including most of the hindlimbs, an almost complete forelimb and a series of tail vertebrae. Based on these remains Galahadosuchus was a gracile animal with long, slender limbs. Like many other early crocodylomorphs it is considered to have been a terrestrial quadruped, showing evidence of an erect, digitigrade stance and adaptations towards a cursorial lifestyle. Though very similar to the related Terrestrisuchus, some subtle anatomical differences might suggest that the two taxa differed slightly in their locomotion, with Galahadosuchus possibly having been a faster animal with more flexible hands. Only a single species has been described, Galahadosuchus jonesi.

Carpal bones
The carpal bones are the eight small bones that make up the wrist (carpus) that connects the hand to the forearm. The terms "carpus" and "carpal" are derived from the Latin carpus and the Greek καρπός (karpós), meaning "wrist". In human anatomy, the main role of the carpal bones is to articulate with the radial and ulnar heads to form a highly mobile condyloid joint (i.e. wrist joint), to provide attachments for thenar and hypothenar muscles, and to form part of the rigid carpal tunnel which allows the median nerve and tendons of the anterior forearm muscles to be transmitted to the hand and fingers.

In tetrapods, the carpus is the sole cluster of bones in the wrist between the radius and ulna and the metacarpus. The bones of the carpus do not belong to individual fingers (or toes in quadrupeds), whereas those of the metacarpus do. The corresponding part of the foot is the tarsus. The carpal bones allow the wrist to move and rotate vertically.
Avenue Louise
The Avenue Louise (French, pronounced [avny lwiz]) or Louizalaan (Dutch, pronounced [luˈizaˌlaːn]) is a major thoroughfare in Brussels, Belgium. It is located in the southern part of the City of Brussels, on the border with the municipalities of Saint-Gilles and Ixelles, where it runs south–east from the Place Louise/Louizaplein to the Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos, covering a distance of 2.7 km (1.7 mi). It is named in honour of both Queen Louise, the first Queen of the Belgians and wife of King Leopold I, and Princess Louise, King Leopold II's eldest daughter.

The Avenue Louise is one of the most prestigious and expensive avenues in Brussels, lined with high-end fashion stores and boutiques. It also houses many embassies and offices. The avenue is served by Louise/Louiza metro station at one end (on lines 2 and 6 of the Brussels Metro), as well as the tram lines 8 and 93, which run its entire length.

Olivier Strebelle
Olivier Strebelle (20 January 1927 – 29 July 2017) was a Belgian sculptor.

Strebelle was a prolific artist for more than 65 years, and his works are found in private collections and public settings around the world. His monumental (usually bronze) sculptures adorn many public places in Brussels as well as in Germany, Israel, Italy, Russia, Singapore, Switzerland, and the United States.

His style evolved from robust, organic abstract forms to the sinuous lines seen in Athletes Alley, on the site of the Beijing Olympic Games. His sculpture The Abduction of Europa (French: L'Enlèvement d'Europe) has been on display in the Square of Europe, Moscow, since September 2002.
1956 Artek
1956 Artek, provisional designation 1969 TX1, is a dark Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 October 1969, by Soviet–Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj. It was named after Artek, a Soviet Young Pioneer camp.

Lyudmila Chernykh
Lyudmila Ivanivna Chernykh (Ukrainian: Людмила Іванівна Черних; Russian: Людми́ла Ива́новна Черны́х; June 13, 1935 – July 28, 2017) was a Ukrainian-Russian-Soviet astronomer, wife and colleague of Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh, and a prolific discoverer of minor planets.