hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
John Craighead
John Craighead (born November 23, 1971) is an American former professional ice hockey right winger and enforcer. He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs during 1996–97 season, and for various minor league teams in North America and Europe from 1997 to 2005. He holds the Deutsche Eishockey Liga record for penalty minutes for the Thomas Sabo Ice Tigers.

Surrey Knights
The Surrey Knights are a Junior ice hockey team based in Surrey, British Columbia. They are members of the Harold Brittain Conference of the Pacific Junior Hockey League (PJHL). The Knights play their home games at the North Surrey Sport and Ice Complex.
2011 Copa Venezuela
The 2011 Copa Venezuela was the 42nd staging of the Copa Venezuela.

Starting on August 31, 2011, the competition concluded on December 7, 2011 with a two leg final, in which AC Mineros won the trophy for the second time with a 2-1 win away and 1-0 win at home over Trujillanos FC.

Copa Venezuela
The Copa Venezuela (English: Venezuela Cup) is the national cup football competition of Venezuela. Organized by the Venezuelan Football Federation, it is contested in the second half of the season by the teams in the Primera División and Segunda División, excluding reserve teams competing in the lower tier.

Over the years, the competition has had several names. Under its current format, the competition was revived by the FVF in 2007. Its format is similar to the one used for the Spanish Copa del Rey. Until 2019, the champion qualified for the Copa Sudamericana.
Wei Boyang
Wei Boyang (traditional Chinese: 魏伯陽; simplified Chinese: 魏伯阳; pinyin: Wèi bóyáng) was a Chinese writer and Taoist alchemist of the Eastern Han dynasty. He is the author of The Kinship of the Three (also known as Cantong Qi), and is noted as the first person to have documented something like the chemical composition of gunpowder in 142 AD. As someone or him, only mixed the chemical compound of Sulphur and Saltpetre.

Wei Boyang is considered a semi-legendary figure who represented a "collective unity." His Cantong Qi was probably written in stages from the Han dynasty onward until it approached its current form, before 450 AD.

Potassium nitrate
Potassium nitrate is a chemical compound with a sharp, salty, bitter taste and the chemical formula KNO3. It is a potassium salt of nitric acid. This salt consists of potassium cations K+ and nitrate anions NO−3, and is therefore an alkali metal nitrate. It occurs in nature as a mineral, niter (or nitre outside the United States). It is a source of nitrogen, and nitrogen was named after niter. Potassium nitrate is one of several nitrogen-containing compounds collectively referred to as saltpetre (or saltpeter in American English).

Major uses of potassium nitrate are in fertilizers, tree stump removal, rocket propellants and fireworks. It is one of the major constituents of traditional gunpowder (black powder). In processed meats, potassium nitrate reacts with hemoglobin and myoglobin generating a red color.
Thomas Selby (cricketer, born 1851)
Thomas Gothard Selby (19 February 1851 – 6 November 1924) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire in 1885.

Selby was born in North Wingfield, Derbyshire. He played his only game for Derbyshire in the 1885 season against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) at Lord's in June. In the match, he scored 1 and 2 and bowled 4 overs for the loss of 7 runs. Most of the Derbyshire bowling was delivered by Shacklock and Mycroft. With the captain Ludford Docker absent hurt from the second innings,  Derbyshire lost the match by an innings margin. Selby was a right-handed batsman and played 2 innings in one first-class match. He was a right-arm fast bowler but took no wickets in his four overs.

Selby died in Shirebrook, Derbyshire at the age of 73.

Ludford Docker
Ludford Charles Docker (26 November 1860 – 1 August 1940) was a businessman and an English cricketer. He played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1881 and 1886, captaining the side in 1884, and for Warwickshire in 1894 and 1895.
Remembrance of the Daleks
Remembrance of the Daleks is the first serial of the 25th season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. The serial was first broadcast in four weekly episodes from 5 to 26 October 1988. It was written by Ben Aaronovitch and directed by Andrew Morgan. The serial contains many references to the history of the show, featuring settings from the first Doctor Who episode, An Unearthly Child, such as Coal Hill School and the junkyard at 76 Totter's Lane.

In the serial, alien time traveller the Doctor and his companion Ace travel back to 1963 to retrieve the Hand of Omega, a powerful device created by the Time Lords, and keep it from the Daleks. The serial is the final appearance of the Daleks in the original run and the only occasion in which the Seventh Doctor encountered them on television.

In reader polls conducted by Doctor Who Magazine from 1998 onwards, Remembrance of the Daleks has consistently been voted as one of the greatest Doctor Who stories.

Time and the Rani
Time and the Rani is the first serial of the 24th season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in four weekly parts from 7 to 28 September 1987. It was the first to feature Sylvester McCoy as the Seventh Doctor.

In the serial, the renegade Time Lady the Rani (Kate O'Mara) brings the greatest geniuses from time and space to her laboratory on the planet Lakertya so she can use their minds to power her time manipulator.
National Federation of Agricultural, Forestry and Fishery Corporations' Workers' Unions
The National Federation of Agricultural, Forestry and Fishery Corporations' Workers' Unions (Japanese: 全国農林漁業団体職員労働組合連合, ZENKOKU NODANRO) is a trade union representing workers in agricultural co-operatives and related organisations in Japan.

In 1989, the National Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Societies Employees' Unions decided to become a founding affiliate of the National Trade Union Council, but some of its affiliates disliked the left-wing stance of the new federation.  They split away to form Zenkoku Nodanro, which initially had 16,578 members.  It soon affiliated to the Japanese Trade Union Confederation, and by 2020 it had 13,725 members.

RENGO
The Japanese Trade Union Confederation (日本労働組合総連合会, Nihon Rōdōkumiai Sōrengōkai; abbreviated JTUC), commonly known as RENGO (連合, Rengō; lit. 'union'), is the largest national trade union center in Japan, with over six million members as of 2011. It was founded in 1989 as a result of the merger of the Japan Confederation of Labor (Dōmei), the Federation of Independent Unions (Chūritsu Rōren) and the National Federation Of Industrial Organisations (Shinsanbetsu). In 1990, the General Council of Trade Unions of Japan (Sohyo) also joined RENGO.

As of July 2012, RENGO has 54 affiliate unions and 47 local organizations.
Lake Jabs
Lake Jabs is a small lake next east of Club Lake in the central part of Breidnes Peninsula, Vestfold Hills, Antarctica. The area was photographed by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump (1946–47), Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (1954–58) and the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1956). The lake was named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia after B.V. Jabs, a weather observer at nearby Davis Station in 1961.

Vestfold Hills
The Vestfold Hills are rounded, rocky, coastal hills, 512 square kilometres (198 sq mi) in extent, on the north side of Sorsdal Glacier on the Ingrid Christensen Coast of Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica. The hills are subdivided by three west-trending peninsulas bounded by narrow fjords. Most of the hills range between 30 and 90 metres (98 and 300 ft) in height, with the highest summit reaching nearly 160 metres (520 ft).
Piano Quartet No. 1 (Fauré)
Gabriel Fauré's Piano Quartet No. 1, in C minor, Op. 15, is one of the two chamber works he wrote for the conventional piano quartet combination of piano, violin, viola and cello. Despite being in a minor key it is predominantly positive in tone, though with some hints in the slow movement of the emotional turmoil of Fauré's life at the time of the composition. He later wrote a second work in the form.

Jean-Michel Nectoux
Jean-Michel Nectoux (born 20 November 1946) is a French musicologist, particularly noted as an expert on the life and music of Gabriel Fauré. He has published many books on Fauré and other French composers, and has been responsible for major exhibitions in Paris.
Prevertebral ganglia
Prevertebral ganglia (or collateral ganglia, or preaortic ganglia) are sympathetic ganglia situated along the midline, anterior to the aorta and the vertebral column. The prevertebral ganglia are the celiac ganglia (including the aorticorenal ganglia), the superior mesenteric ganglion, and the inferior mesenteric ganglion.

The paravertebral ganglia, meanwhile, are the segmental ganglia of each the sympathetic trunk situated along either side of the midline.

Sympathetic trunk
The sympathetic trunk (sympathetic chain, gangliated cord) is a paired bundle of nerve fibers that run from the base of the skull to the coccyx. It is a major component of the sympathetic nervous system.
Dosage (wine)
Dosage is the final addition to a sparkling wine that determines the level of sweetness, or residual sugar, in the finished wine. In the case of wines produced via the traditional method, the dosage also serves to top up the bottle.

Sweetness of wine
The subjective sweetness of a wine is determined by the interaction of several factors, including the amount of sugar in the wine, but also the relative levels of alcohol, acids, and tannins. Sugars and alcohol enhance a wine's sweetness, while acids cause sourness and bitter tannins cause bitterness. These principles are outlined in the 1987 work by Émile Peynaud, The Taste of Wine.

According to the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV), wines can be classified based in their sugar content. A wine is considered dry when it contains no more than 4g/L of glucose plus fructose or when its acidic strength is at least 2g/L relative to glucose plus fructose. Medium dry wines have a sugar content higher than that of dry wines. Mellow or semi-sweet wines contain more sugar than the medium dry wines but no more than 45g/L. Sweet wines contain at least 45g/L of glucose plus fructose.
World Socialist Party (New Zealand)
The World Socialist Party of New Zealand (WSPNZ) is a revolutionary socialist and anti-Leninist political party in New Zealand founded in 1930 as the Socialist Party of New Zealand (SPNZ). The WSPNZ is affiliated with the Socialist Party of Great Britain (SPGB) and the World Socialist Movement (WSM).

The party was formed by members of the Petone Marxian Club and New Zealand Marxian Association, with significant involvement from former members of the Australian Socialist Party. In January 1934, the party created a journal, named the Socialist Review, however due to increasing economic difficulties, it stopped publication in July of that year. In the 1940s, the party co-operated on Socialist Comment. In 1971, the party contested its first parliamentary election and in 1975 put up seven candidates.

The WSPNZ last ran a candidate in the 1996 election, gaining a total of 27 votes.

Socialist Party of Great Britain
The Socialist Party of Great Britain (SPGB) is a small socialist political party in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1904 as a split from the Social Democratic Federation (SDF), it advocates using the ballot box for revolutionary purposes and opposes both Leninism and reformism. It holds that countries which claimed to have established socialism had only established "state capitalism" and was one of the first to describe the Soviet Union as state capitalist. The party's political position has been described as a form of impossibilism.
Seal of the vice president of the United States
The seal of the vice president of the United States is used to mark correspondence from the U.S. vice president to other members of government, and is also used as a symbol of the vice presidency. The central design, directly based on the seal of the president of the United States (and indirectly on the Great Seal of the United States), is the official coat of arms of the U.S. vice presidency and also appears on the vice presidential flag.

There are virtually no records on early vice presidential seals, but there were versions in use as early as 1846 and almost certainly earlier as well. There was no official definition of a vice presidential seal until 1948, and today's version dates from 1975 when it was redesigned under President Ford.

Dexter and sinister
Dexter and sinister are terms used in heraldry to refer to specific locations in an escutcheon bearing a coat of arms, and to the other elements of an achievement. Dexter (Latin for 'right') indicates the right-hand side of the shield, as regarded by the bearer, i.e. the bearer's proper right, and to the left as seen by the viewer. Sinister (Latin for 'left') indicates the left-hand side as regarded by the bearer – the bearer's proper left, and to the right as seen by the viewer.

In vexillology, the terms hoist and fly are preferred, although these are not direct equivalents, as their meaning varies with the direction in which the flag is flying.
Standard litre per minute
The standard liter per minute (SLM or SLPM) is a unit of (molar or) mass flow rate of a gas at standard conditions for temperature and pressure (STP), which is most commonly practiced in the United States, whereas European practice revolves around the Normal temperature and pressure (NTP).

Conversions between each volume flow metric are calculated using the following formulas:

Prior to 1982,

Post 1982,

assuming zero degree Celsius reference point for STP when using SLPM, which differs from the "room" temperature reference for the NLPM standard. These methods are used due to differences in environmental temperatures and pressures during data collection.

In the SI system of units, the preferred unit for volumetric flow rate is cubic meter per second, equivalent to 60,000 liters per minute. If the gas is to be considered as an ideal gas, then SLPM can be expressed as mole per second using the molar gas constant  = 8.314510 J⋅K−1⋅mol−1:  mol/s.

Mass flow rate
In physics and engineering, mass flow rate is the rate at which mass of a substance changes over time.  Its unit is kilogram per second (kg/s) in SI units, and slug per second or pound per second in US customary units.  The common symbol is  (pronounced "m-dot"), although sometimes  (Greek lowercase mu) is used.

Sometimes, mass flow rate as defined here is termed "mass flux" or "mass current".
Confusingly, "mass flow" is also a term for mass flux, the rate of mass flow per unit of area.
History of the Palestinians
The Palestinian people (Arabic: الشعب الفلسطيني, romanized: ash-shaʿb al-filasṭīnī) are an ethnonational group with origins in the region of Palestine. Since 1964, they have been referred to as Palestinians (الفلسطينيون, al-filasṭīniyyūn), but before that they were usually referred to as Palestinian Arabs (العرب الفلسطينيون, al-ʿarab al-filasṭīniyyūn). During the period of the British Mandate, the term Palestinian was also used to describe the Jewish community living in Palestine.

Raghib al-Nashashibi
Raghib al-Nashashibi (Arabic: راغب النشاشيبي, Ragheb al-Nashashibī) (1881–1951), CBE (hon), was a Palestinian public figure and wealthy landowner during the Ottoman Empire, the British Mandate and the Jordanian administration. A member of the Nashashibi clan, he was one of the most influential families in Palestine and served as mayor of Jerusalem from 1920 to 1935.
Carladès
Carladès, or Carladez, is a natural region and pays in France located in the center-west of the Massif Central. The area spans the departments of Cantal and Aveyron. Its origins date back to the ancient viscounty of Carlat, a subdivision of the County of Auvergne, which was significantly larger than the current natural region.

Natural regions of France
In France, a natural region (French: région naturelle), traditionally called "a country" (~“pais” in romance languages, who also gave the words “peasant” and “pagan” in english), is a territory of often limited extent (at most a few hundred square kilometers) with homogeneous physical characteristics (geomorphology, geology, climate, soils, water resources) associated with a human occupation that shares a distinct cultural identity (perception and management of land that develop specific landscapes). In some cases, traditional "pays" are subdivided into smaller territories; for example, the Bresse region is divided into Bresse bourguignonne (including Bresse louhannaise and Bresse chalonnaise), Bresse savoyarde, and Bresse comtoise. In Corsica, the term microrégion is used, with the island being divided into about fifteen such regions. The word "pays" derives from the Latin "pagus".
Karl Söderman
Karl Wilhelm Söderman (7 May 1863 – 21 October 1911) was a Finnish engineer, businessman and vuorineuvos.

Before his studies Söderman worked for Helsinki Gas Works, where he got a staunch practical experience of shop floor work. After graduating in Polytechnic Institute as 22-year-old engineer in 1886 he started working for John Stenberg's Engineering Works. The owner died in the same year after which Söderman managed and developed the company during 1887–1892.

In 1892, Söderman started as manager of Kone ja Silta, which during his leadership grew the largest engineering company of Finland.

Söderman was twice member of Helsinki City Council and founding member of Finnish General Employers' Organisation.

He died to an unknown disease during health travel in Meran, South Tyrol.

Gross value added
In economics, gross value added (GVA) is the measure of the value of goods and services produced in an area, industry or sector of an economy. "The gross value added is the value of output minus the value of intermediate consumption; it is a measure of the contribution to GDP made by an individual producer, industry or sector; gross value added is the source from which the primary incomes of the System of National Accounts (SNA) are generated and is therefore carried forward into the primary distribution of income account."
COVID-19 pandemic in Finland
The COVID-19 pandemic in Finland has resulted in 1,512,665 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 11,466 deaths.

On 29 January 2020, the first case in Finland was confirmed, when a Chinese tourist visiting Ivalo from Wuhan tested positive for the virus.

As of 4 February 2023, a total of 13,233,644 vaccine doses have been administered.

Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare
The Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL, Finnish: Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos, Swedish: Institutet för hälsa och välfärd; until 2019, National Institute for Health and Welfare) is a Finnish research and development institute operating under the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. THL was formed on 1 January 2009, with the merger of the National Public Health Institute of Finland (KTL) and the National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health. It is the biggest expert organisation under the ministry and its most important source of consultation regarding scientific knowledge.
1990 Swedish Open
The 1990 Swedish Open was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Båstad, Sweden. It was part of the World Series of the 1990 ATP Tour and of the Tier V category of the 1990 WTA Tour. It was the 43rd edition of the tournament and was held from 9 July until 15 July 1990. Richard Fromberg and Sandra Cecchini won the singles titles.

Swedish Open
The Nordea Open  (sponsored by Nordea) is a professional tennis tournament held in Båstad, Sweden. It is played on outdoor clay courts in July.
The men's event is an ATP Tour 250 tournament. The women's event was an International tournament and successor to the Nordic Light Open in Stockholm, and from 2019 onwards is a WTA 125 series-level tournament.
Juvat Westendorp
Juvat Westendorp (born 31 January 1989) is a Dutch dancer, choreographer and actor. He starred in the films Men at Work: Miami (2020), Silverstar (2022) and Happy Single (2023). He also played a small role in the soap opera Goede tijden, slechte tijden.

So You Think You Can Dance (Belgium and the Netherlands TV series) season 4
The fourth season of So You Think You Can Dance, the Dutch-Belgian dance competition based on the format of the American show by the same name, premiered in fall of 2011.  Dan Karaty, Euvgenia Parakhina, Jan Kooijman, and Marco Gerrits all returned as judges marking the first time in the series' history that the judging panel remained unchanged. An Lemmens and Dennis Weening returned to co-host for a third season.

On November 27, classical ballet dancer Nina Plantefève-Castryck was announced winner and received €25,000, a choice of dance training opportunities in the U.S. and a solo in a David Guetta music video.
University of Calgary Students' Union
The Students’ Union, University of Calgary (commonly abbreviated to UCSU) is the undergraduate students’ association of the University of Calgary. With origins in the students’ council of the Calgary Normal School, the UCSU was established in its current incarnation by the Universities Act of 1966, which incorporated the University of Calgary as a separate entity from the University of Alberta.

A non-profit organization with an annual budget of $12 million CAD, the UCSU is led by students who are elected democratically by the undergraduate student body to serve one-year terms. The UCSU provides student services, manages on-campus businesses, and conducts student-focused advocacy before various tiers of government and external bodies.

Bermuda shorts
Bermuda shorts, also known as walk shorts or dress shorts, are a particular type of short trousers, worn as semi-casual attire by both men and women. The hem, which can be cuffed or un-cuffed, is around 1 inch (2.5 cm) above the knee.

They are so-named because of their popularity in Bermuda, a British Overseas Territory, where they are considered appropriate business attire for men when made of suit-like material and worn with knee-length socks, a dress shirt, tie, and blazer.

True Bermuda shorts are not to be confused with "capri pants" extending below the knee. Cargo shorts may be a similar length but are typically baggy or less "tailored" than Bermuda shorts and more typical of West Coast American fashion.
Hannover Hauptbahnhof
Hannover Hauptbahnhof (German: Hanover central station) is the main railway station for the city of Hanover in Lower Saxony, Germany. The railway junction is one of the 21 stations listed as a railway Category 1 station by DB Station&Service. It is also the most important public transport hub of the region of Hanover and it is served regional and S-Bahn services. The station has six platforms with twelve platform tracks, and two through tracks without platforms. Every day it is used by 250,000 passengers and 622 trains stop at the platforms (as of October 2012). About 2,000 people work here.

Interlocking
In railway signalling, an interlocking is an arrangement of signal apparatus that prevents conflicting movements through an arrangement of tracks such as junctions or crossings. In North America, a set of signalling appliances and tracks interlocked together are sometimes collectively referred to as an interlocking plant or just as an interlocking. An interlocking system is designed so that it is impossible to display a signal to proceed unless the route to be used is proven safe.

Interlocking is a safety measure designed to prevent signals and points/switches from being changed in an improper sequence. For example, interlocking would prevent a signal from being changed to indicate a diverging route, unless the corresponding points/switches had been changed first. In North America, the official railroad definition of interlocking is: "An arrangement of signals and signal appliances so interconnected that their movements must succeed each other in proper sequence".