hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Oak forest
An oak forest is a plant community with a tree canopy dominated by oaks (Quercus spp.). In terms of canopy closure, oak forests contain the most closed canopy, compared to oak savannas and oak woodlands.

Crown closure
In forestry, crown closure is a measure of forest canopy coverage. Crown closure and crown cover are two slightly different measures of the forest canopy and that determine the amount of light able to penetrate to the forest floor.

Crown closure, also known as canopy closure, is an integrated measure of the canopy "over a segment of the sky hemisphere above one point on the ground".

Crown cover is the proportion of a stand covered by the crowns of live trees.

A forest stand can have a crown cover of 100% and a crown closure less than 100%. Typical stands with 100% cover but low closure are coffee agroforestry stands, where overlapping parasol-shaped crowns ensure complete cover but still allow light to penetrate at an oblique angle to the forest floor.
History of the Chinese language
The earliest historical linguistic evidence of the spoken Chinese language dates back approximately 4500 years, while examples of the writing system that would become written Chinese are attested in a body of inscriptions made on bronze vessels and oracle bones during the Late Shang period (c. 1250 – 1050 BCE), with the very oldest dated to c. 1200 BCE.

Isolating language
An isolating language is a type of language with a morpheme per word ratio close to one, and with no inflectional morphology whatsoever. In the extreme case, each word contains a single morpheme. Examples of widely spoken isolating languages are Yoruba in West Africa and Vietnamese (especially its colloquial register) in Southeast Asia.

A closely related concept is that of an analytic language, which uses unbound morphemes or syntactical constructions to indicate grammatical relationships. Isolating and analytic languages tend to overlap in linguistic scholarship.

Isolating languages contrast with synthetic languages, also called inflectional languages, where words often consist of multiple morphemes. Synthetic languages are subdivided into the classifications fusional, agglutinative, and polysynthetic, which are based on how the morphemes are combined.
Centered trochoid
In geometry, a centered trochoid is the roulette formed by a circle rolling along another circle. That is, it is the path traced by a point attached to a circle as the circle rolls without slipping along a fixed circle. The term encompasses both epitrochoid and hypotrochoid. The center of this curve is defined to be the center of the fixed circle.

Alternatively, a centered trochoid can be defined as the path traced by the sum of two vectors, each moving at a uniform speed in a circle. Specifically, a centered trochoid is a curve that can be parameterized in the complex plane by

or in the Cartesian plane by

where

If  is rational then the curve is closed and algebraic. Otherwise the curve winds around the origin an infinite number of times, and is dense in the annulus with outer radius  and inner radius .

Hypotrochoid
In geometry, a hypotrochoid is a roulette traced by a point attached to a circle of radius r rolling around the inside of a fixed circle of radius R, where the point is a distance d from the center of the interior circle.

The parametric equations for a hypotrochoid are:

where θ is the angle formed by the horizontal and the center of the rolling circle (these are not polar equations because θ is not the polar angle). When measured in radians, θ takes values from 0 to  (where LCM is least common multiple).

Special cases include the hypocycloid with d = r and the ellipse with R = 2r and d ≠ r.  The eccentricity of the ellipse is

becoming 1 when  (see Tusi couple).

The classic Spirograph toy traces out hypotrochoid and epitrochoid curves.

Hypotrochoids describe the support of the eigenvalues of some random matrices with cyclic correlations.
Atoconeura
Atoconeura is a genus of dragonflies in the family Libellulidae.

These dragonflies are generally about 28 to 39 millimeters long and are shiny black with yellow markings. They are native to Africa, where they are usually found along fast-flowing rivers in forested habitat at some elevation. The genus has likely been isolated in higher-altitude habitat, and most of the species are limited to highlands.

Species include:

Atoconeura aethiopica Kimmins, 1958

Atoconeura biordinata Karsch, 1899

Atoconeura eudoxia (Kirby, 1909)

Atoconeura kenya Longfield, 1953

Atoconeura luxata Dijkstra, 2006 – western highlander

Atoconeura pseudeudoxia Longfield, 1953

Atoconeura aethiopica
Atoconeura aethiopica is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is endemic to Ethiopia. It is limited to clear mountain streams in forested habitat. This habitat type is being degraded, so the species is considered to be vulnerable.
Political prisoners in the United States
Throughout its history and into the present, the United States has held alleged political prisoners, people whose detention is based substantially on political motives.

Prominent US political prisoners have included anti-war socialists, civil rights movement activists, conscientious objectors, and war on terrorism detainees.

Working Group on Arbitrary Detention
The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (WGAD) is a body of independent human rights experts that investigate cases of arbitrary arrest and detention. Arbitrary arrest and detention is the imprisonment or detainment of an individual, by a State, without respect for due process. These actions may be in violation of international human rights law.

The Working Group was established by resolution in 1991 by the former UN Commission on Human Rights. It is one of the thematic special procedures overseen by the United Nations Human Rights Council, and is therefore a subsidiary body of the UN.
Pinery, South Australia
Pinery is a locality in South Australia's lower Mid North. At the 2006 census, Pinery had a population of 279 but the locality was included with the town of Owen in the 2011 census (population 634) and residents were not counted separately. Both of those were a much larger area than the area which had 102 residents in 2016.

Owen, South Australia
Owen (postcode 5460) is a rural community in the heart of the Adelaide Plains. Owen is 46 metres (150 ft) above sea-level and receives a reliable 416 mm (16.4 in) of rain annually. First settled in about 1865, it is about 80 km (50 mi) north of Adelaide in South Australia and is approximately 40 minutes by road to the nearest main regional centre of Gawler. It is in the Wakefield Regional Council.
Memorial Olivier Barras
The  Mémorial Olivier Barras is a professional golf tournament that is held annually at Crans-sur-Sierre Golf Club in Crans-Montana, Valais, Switzerland. It was founded in 1965 in memory of Olivier Barras, a nine-time Swiss champion golfer who died in a car crash in June 1964, at Monza racing on the track.

Omega European Masters
The Omega European Masters is the Swiss stop on professional men's golf's European Tour, and in 2009 it became the first event in Europe to be co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour.

Founded as the Swiss Open in 1923, the tournament was prefixed with European Masters in 1983, before dropping Swiss Open from the title in 1992. During the 1971 event, Baldovino Dassù became the first player to score 60 for 18 holes on the European circuit. The tournament has been held at the Golf-Club Crans-sur-Sierre at Crans-Montana in Valais since 1939, and is currently played in early September each year.
2005 Next Generation Hardcourts
The 2005 Next Generation Hardcourts was a men's Association of Tennis Professionals tennis tournament held in Adelaide, Australia  that was part of the International Series of the 2005 ATP Tour. Second-seeded Joachim Johansson won his first title of the year and the 2nd of his career.

2005 ATP Tour
This is a list of the tournaments played in the 2005 season of Men's tennis (calendar year), including ATP events and ITF events (This does not include the ITF Men's Circuit, only the ATP circuit). Changes were made to match format during this season. The third set of doubles matches was no longer played as a traditional set. Instead it was played as a match tie break first to 10 and clear by 2, to decide the winner.
Polonaises, Op. posth. (Chopin)
The Polonaises Op. posth[umous] include Frédéric Chopin's polonaises that were not given opus numbers.

This page does not consider the three posthumous polonaises Op. 71, which Chopin's assistant Julian Fontana published with the family approval. On the other hand, it includes the early G minor polonaise (KK IIa No. 1) that was published in Chopin's youth without opus number.

Polonaises (Chopin)
Most of Frédéric Chopin's polonaises were written for solo piano.  He wrote his first polonaise in 1817, when he was 7; his last was the Polonaise-Fantaisie of 1846, three years before his death.  Among the best known polonaises are the "Military" Polonaise in A, Op. 40, No. 1, and the "Heroic" Polonaise in A♭, Op. 53.

There is also the Andante spianato et grande polonaise brillante in E♭, Op. 22, for piano and orchestra, which also exists in a solo piano version; and the Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major, Op. 3, for cello and piano.
HD 326823
HD 326823, also known as V1104 Scorpii, is a binary star containing a unique emission-line star, which is in the midst of transitioning to a nitrogen-rich Wolf-Rayet star, as well as being a candidate Luminous blue variable, located 4,142 light years away in the constellation of Scorpius. The primary is very evolved, because it is composed of almost entirely helium, and only 3% of it is still hydrogen, and it has lost most of its mass to the now-very-massive secondary. The underlying mechanisms and mass transfers in the system are comparable to other W Serpentis systems, such as Beta Lyrae and RY Scuti.

Luminous blue variable
Luminous blue variables (LBVs) are rare, massive, evolved stars that show unpredictable and sometimes dramatic variations in their spectra and brightness. They are also known as S Doradus variables after S Doradus, one of the brightest stars of the Large Magellanic Cloud.
Aw Boon Par
Aw Boon Par (Chinese: 胡文豹; pinyin: Hú Wénbào; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hô͘ Bûn-pà; 1888–1944) was an entrepreneur and philanthropist best known for introducing Tiger Balm.

He was a son of Hakka herbalist Aw Chu-Kin. Aw was born during the British colonial rule. His father left the business to Boon-Par and after Aw Chu-Kin's death in 1908, he called his elder brother Aw Boon-Haw to run his father's apothecary, Eng Aun Tong ("The Hall of Eternal Peace") together.

Although Aw wished to stay in Yangon, his brother who had settled in Singapore in 1926 convinced him to immigrate, move the family business, and found the precursor of today's Haw Par Corporation. Boon-Haw moved to Hong Kong to manage the business from there, while Boon-Par stayed in Singapore to run the factory. Eventually, Aw closed the factory down, returned to Rangoon, and died there.

Singapore in the Straits Settlements
Singapore was part of the Straits Settlements between 1826 and 1942, together with Penang and Malacca. Singapore was the capital and the seat of government of the Straits Settlements after it had been moved from George Town in 1832.

From 1830 to 1867, the Straits Settlements was a residency, or subdivision, of the Presidency of Bengal, in British India. In 1867, the Straits Settlements became a separate Crown colony, directly overseen by the Colonial Office in Whitehall in London. The period saw Singapore establish itself as an important trading port and developed into a major city with a rapid increase in population. The city remained as the capital and seat of government until British rule was suspended in February 1942, when the Imperial Japanese Army invaded Singapore during World War II. Following the war, it was officially replaced by the Colony of Singapore in 1946.
Waihi-Waikino Gold Tramway
The Waihi-Waikino Gold Tramway (also known locally as The Rake) was a narrow-gauge railway which ran between gold mines at Waihi and the Victoria Battery at Waikino. Owned by the Waihi Gold Mining Company, it operated from 1897 to 1952. It was the only private railway in New Zealand used by the gold industry.

New Zealand Railways Department
The New Zealand Railways Department, NZR or NZGR (New Zealand Government Railways) and often known as the "Railways", was a government department charged with owning and maintaining New Zealand's railway infrastructure and operating the railway system. The department was created in 1880 and was corporatised on 1 April 1982 into the New Zealand Railways Corporation. Originally, railway construction and operation took place under the auspices of the former provincial governments and some private railways, before all of the provincial operations came under the central Public Works Department. The role of operating the rail network was subsequently separated from that of the network's construction. From 1895 to 1993 there was a responsible Minister, the Minister of Railways. He was often also the Minister of Public Works.

Apart from four brief experiments with independent boards, NZR remained under direct ministerial control for most of its history.
2022 Lexington Challenger
The 2022 Lexington Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the twenty-seventh edition of the tournament which was part of the 2022 ATP Challenger Tour, and the twenty-fifth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2022 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It took place in Lexington, Kentucky, United States between 1 and 7 August 2022.

Lexington Open
The Lexington Open (previously known as the Kentucky Bank Tennis Championships and the Fifth Third Bank Tennis Championships) is a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hardcourts. It is currently part of the ATP Challenger Tour and the ITF Women's World Tennis Tour, and has been held annually at the Hilary J. Boone Tennis Complex in Lexington, Kentucky, since 1995 for men and since 1997 for women. It is the longest running active ATP Challenger Tour tournament in the US, marking its 30th edition in 2025.
In 2020, the tournament was held as a once-off WTA Tour tournament. In 2022, it returned to the ITF Circuit.
Kumbharia Jain temples
The Kumbharia Jain temples is a group of five Jain temples in the Kumbhariya, Banaskantha district in Gujarat, India. Constructed from 1062 to 1231 CE during the reign of the Chaulukya dynasty, they are noted for their elaborate architecture.

Taranga Jain temple
Taranga is a Jain  pilgrimage center near Kheralu in Mehsana district, Gujarat, India, with two compounds of Jain temples that are important examples of the Māru-Gurjara style of architecture. The Ajitnatha temple, was constructed in 1161 by the Solanki king Kumarapala, under the advice of his teacher, Acharya Hemachandra. Both the main sects of Jainism are represented, with adjoining walled compounds: the Śvetāmbara compound consists of 14 temples in all, and there are also five Digambara-affiliated temples at Taranga hill.
Roderick Gradidge
Roderick Gradidge AA Dipl. ARIBA (3 January 1929 – 20 December 2000) was a British architect and writer on architecture, former Master of the Art Workers Guild and campaigner for a traditional architecture.

Detmar Blow
Detmar Jellings Blow (24 November 1867 – 7 February 1939) was a British architect of the early 20th century, who designed principally in the arts and crafts style. His clients belonged chiefly to the British aristocracy, and later he became estates manager to the Duke of Westminster.

The fiction that he was a descendant of the English restoration composer John Blow was started in 1910 by Detmar Blow's wife Winifred, a member of the aristocratic Tollemache family, as a means of obtaining a licence from St Paul's Cathedral for the marriage of herself and Detmar.
Waring's problem
In number theory, Waring's problem asks whether each natural number k has an associated positive integer s such that every natural number is the sum of at most s natural numbers raised to the power k. For example, every natural number is the sum of at most 4 squares, 9 cubes, or 19 fourth powers. Waring's problem was proposed in 1770 by Edward Waring, after whom it is named. Its affirmative answer, known as the Hilbert–Waring theorem, was provided by Hilbert in 1909. Waring's problem has its own Mathematics Subject Classification, 11P05, "Waring's problem and variants".

Claude Gaspar Bachet de Méziriac
Claude Gaspar Bachet Sieur de Méziriac (9 October 1581 – 26 February 1638) was a French mathematician and poet born in Bourg-en-Bresse, at that time belonging to Duchy of Savoy. He wrote Problèmes plaisans et délectables qui se font par les nombres, Les éléments arithmétiques, and a Latin translation of the Arithmetica of Diophantus (the very translation where Fermat wrote a margin note about Fermat's Last Theorem). He also discovered means of solving indeterminate equations using continued fractions, a method of constructing magic squares, and a proof of Bézout's identity.
David Montgomery, 2nd Viscount Montgomery of Alamein
David Bernard Montgomery, 2nd Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, CMG, CBE (18 August 1928 – 8 January 2020) was a British politician and businessman. He was the son of British World War Two Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery.

The Honourable
The Honourable (Commonwealth English) or The Honorable (American English; see spelling differences) (abbreviation: Hon., Hon'ble, or variations) is an honorific style that is used as a prefix before the names or titles of certain people, usually with official governmental or diplomatic positions.
Natoora
Natoora is a high-end greengrocer serving parts of the United Kingdom, the United States, France, and Denmark. Founded by Franco Fubini in 2004 as an online produce market for chefs and restaurants, Natoora expanded delivery operations to home cooks in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic via a mobile app. The company also operates a series of brick and mortar shops in London, Brooklyn, and Copenhagen. The company holds a Royal Warrant.

In 2021 Natoora launched a podcast titled "Transform the Food System", that has interviewed farmers and chefs including Magnus Nilsson, Dan Barber, and Alice Waters.

Greengrocer
A greengrocer or (Australian English; often) fruiterer is a person who owns or operates a shop selling primarily fruit and vegetables. The term may also be used to refer to a shop selling primarily produce. It is used predominantly in the United Kingdom and Australia.

In the United States, the terms produce store or produce shop are used. By the 1940s, produce sales (measured in tonnage) made at grocery stores had surpassed those made at produce stores.

While once common in the United Kingdom and Australia, the increase in popularity of supermarkets caused greengrocer shops to become rarer, though they may still be found in smaller towns and villages. Today, greengrocers can also be found in street markets, malls, and supermarket produce departments.
Antonionian (album)
Antonionian is the debut studio album by American multi-instrumentalist Jordan Dalrymple under the Antonionian moniker. It was released on Anticon in 2011. Music videos were created for "Into the Night" and "The Ride".

Doseone
Adam Kidd Drucker (born April 21, 1977), better known by his stage name Doseone, is an American rapper, producer, poet and artist. He is a co-founder of the indie hip hop record label Anticon. He has also been a member of numerous groups including Deep Puddle Dynamics, A7pha, Greenthink, Clouddead, Themselves, Subtle, 13 & God, Go Dark, and Nevermen.
Stone Cross, Tunbridge Wells
The placename Stone Cross occurs in several parts of England, including two other smaller places in Kent: one near Sandwich, and one southeast of Ashford.

Stone Cross is a hamlet in the civil parish of Speldhurst, in the Tunbridge Wells district, in the county of Kent, England. It is on the A264 road east of Ashurst. There are few houses and no shops. Burrswood, a building designed by Decimus Burton is located between the hamlet and Groombridge it in commercial use by a Christian charity.

Borough of Tunbridge Wells
The Borough of Tunbridge Wells is a local government district with borough status in Kent, England. It takes its name from its main town, Royal Tunbridge Wells. The borough also contains the towns of Paddock Wood and Southborough, along with numerous villages and surrounding rural areas. Large parts of the borough fall within the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

The neighbouring districts are Sevenoaks, Tonbridge and Malling, Maidstone, Ashford, Rother and Wealden.
Garrigatitan
Garrigatitan (meaning "garrigue giant") is a genus of titanosaurian dinosaur from the late Cretaceous Period of the Grès à Reptiles Formation in France. The genus contains a single species, Garrigatitan meridionalis.

Titanosauria
Titanosaurs (or titanosaurians; members of the group Titanosauria) were a diverse group of sauropod dinosaurs, including genera from every continent. The titanosaurs were the last surviving group of long-necked sauropods, with taxa still thriving at the time of the extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous. This group includes some of the largest land animals known to have ever existed, such as Patagotitan, estimated at 37 m (121 ft) long with a mass of 69 tonnes (76 tons), and the comparably-sized Argentinosaurus and Puertasaurus from the same region.

The group's name alludes to the mythological Titans of ancient Greek mythology, via the type genus (now considered a nomen dubium) Titanosaurus. Together with the brachiosaurids and relatives, titanosaurs make up the larger sauropod clade Titanosauriformes. Titanosaurs have long been a poorly-known group, and the relationships between titanosaur species are still not well-understood.
Stapletonia arunachalensis
Stapletonia arunachalensis (syn. Schizostachyum arunachalensis) is a bamboo in the tribe Bambuseae and subtribe Melocanninae in the family Poaceae. It is endemic to Arunachal Pradesh State in India. The culms grow to 3–15 m (10–50 ft) tall and 6–7 cm (2.4–2.8 in) diameter, and have very long internodes, up to 1.5 m (5 ft) in length, possibly the longest of any bamboo. It is one of very few bamboos with fleshy fruit, 5 cm diameter and superficially resembling an apple.

Bambuseae
The Bambuseae are the most diverse tribe of bamboos in the grass family (Poaceae). They consist of woody species from tropical regions, including some giant bamboos. Their sister group are the small herbaceous bamboos from the tropics in tribe Olyreae, while the temperate woody bamboos (Arundinarieae) are more distantly related. The Bambuseae fall into two clades, corresponding to species from the Neotropics (subtribes Arthrostylidiinae, Chusqueinae, and Guaduinae) and from the Paleotropics (subtribes Bambusinae, Hickeliinae, Melocanninae, and Racemobambosinae).
Spodocybe
Spodocybe is a genus of mushrooms in the family Hygrophoraceae. Spodo- means grey and -cybe means head, referring to the grey pileus of the known species. At least two species were formerly classified as species of Clitocybe, as they are clitocyboid mushrooms, bearing a superficial resemblance in morphology to the genus.

Hygrophoraceae
The Hygrophoraceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Originally conceived as containing white-spored, thick-gilled agarics (gilled mushrooms), including Hygrophorus and Hygrocybe species (the waxcaps or waxy caps), DNA evidence has extended the limits of the family, so it now contains not only agarics, but also basidiolichens and corticioid fungi. Species are thus diverse and are variously ectomycorrhizal, lichenized, associated with mosses, or saprotrophic. The family contains 34 genera and over 1000 species. None is of any great economic importance, though fruit bodies of some Hygrocybe and Hygrophorus species are considered edible and may be collected for sale in local markets.