hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Concurrent resolution
A concurrent resolution is a resolution (a legislative measure) adopted by both houses of a bicameral legislature that lacks the force of law (is non-binding) and does not require the approval of the chief executive (president). Concurrent resolutions are typically adopted to regulate the internal affairs of the legislature that adopted them, or for other purposes, if authority of law is not necessary (such as in the cases of awards or recognitions).

Bill (law)
A bill is a proposal for a new law, or a proposal to substantially alter an existing law.

A bill does not become law until it has been passed by the legislature and, in most cases, approved by the head of state (sometimes the executive).

Bills are introduced in the legislature and are there discussed, debated on, and voted upon.  Once a bill has been enacted into law by the legislature, it is called an act of the legislature, or a statute.
Fylde Coast derby
The Fylde Coast derby is the name given to the regional football rivalry between the two Football League clubs situated in the Fylde Coast area of Lancashire – Blackpool and Fleetwood Town, first contested in 1980. Blackpool play at Bloomfield Road while Fleetwood play at Highbury Stadium, the two grounds separated by 8.5 miles (13.7 km).

The rivalry between Blackpool and Fleetwood Town started very recently, dating back to 2015–16 Football League One, after Blackpool were relegated from 2014–15 Football League Championship. As of the end of the 2023-2024 season, the two clubs have met a total of 15 times in all competitions, with Blackpool winning eight games compared to Fleetwood's solitary victory.

Highbury Stadium (Fleetwood)
Highbury Stadium is a football stadium in Fleetwood, Lancashire, England, with Wyre Borough Council as the landlords. It is the home ground of Fleetwood Town and was also used for home matches by Blackpool F.C. reserves until 2014. As of the opening of the new Parkside Stand on 16 April 2011, the ground has a capacity of 5,327.
Oliver Mark
Oliver Mark (born 20 February 1963 in Gelsenkirchen) is a German photographer and artist. He lives and works in Berlin. His work focuses in particular on portrait photography as well as serial, conceptual projects in the context of fine art.

Ventotene
Ventotene (Italian: [ventoˈtɛːne]; locally Neapolitan: Vientutene; Latin: Pandataria or Pandateria; Ancient Greek: Πανδατερία, romanized: Pandatería, or Πανδατωρία, Pandatōría) is one of the Pontine Islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea, 46 kilometres (25 nautical miles) off the coast of Gaeta right at the border between Lazio and Campania, Italy. The municipality of Ventotene, of the province of Latina and the region of Lazio, had 708 permanent residents as of 2008.
Red List Index
EX (Extinct)

EW (Extinct in the Wild)

CR (Critically Endangered)

EN (Endangered)

VU (Vulnerable)

NT (Near Threatened)

LC (Least Concern)

The Red List Index (RLI), based on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, is an indicator of the changing state of global biodiversity.  It defines the conservation status of major species groups, and measures trends in extinction risk over time.  By conducting conservation assessments at regular intervals, changes in the threat status of species in a taxonomic group can be used to monitor trends in extinction risk. RLIs have been calculated for birds and amphibians, using changes in threat status for species in each of the groups.

As well as taxonomic groups, RLIs can show trends in extinction risk according to biogeographic realm, habitat type, and dominant threat process.

Near-threatened species
A near-threatened species is a species which has been categorized as "Near Threatened" (NT) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as that may be vulnerable to endangerment in the near future, but it does not currently qualify for the threatened status.

The IUCN notes the importance of reevaluating near-threatened taxa at appropriate intervals.

The rationale used for near-threatened taxa usually includes the criteria of vulnerable which are plausible or nearly met, such as reduction in numbers or range. Those designated since 2001 that depend on conservation efforts to not become threatened are no longer separately considered conservation-dependent species.
Skuru IK
Skuru IK is a sports club in Skuru in Nacka, Sweden, established on 22 October 1922. The club runs basketball, gymnastics, handball and swimming activity, previously even bowling and ice hockey. The club began to play handball in 1950 and the women's handball team won the Swedish national indoor championship titles in 2001, 2004 and 2005.

Nacka
Nacka (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈnâkːa] ⓘ) is the municipal seat of Nacka Municipality and part of Stockholm urban area in Sweden. The municipality's name harks back to a 16th-century industrial operation established by the Crown at Nacka farmstead where conditions for water mills are good. However, and somewhat confusingly, that spot is not densely populated today and the municipal seat is on land that once belonged to Järla farmstead on the other side of Lake Järla.
Fasciculus mirre
Fasciculus mirre is a Germanic devotional book that was popular in the Low Countries during the first half of the sixteenth century. The text contains meditations on the life of Jesus Christ, most notably the Passion. Its Latin title (meaning "a bundle of myrrh" in English) comes from the first chapter of Canticum Canticorum: "Fasciculus Myrrhae dilectus meus mihi inter ubera mea commorabituris." Fasciculus mirre is often sometimes spelled as Fasciculus myrre, or myrrhæ, and can also be referred to by an English title, On the Life of Christ. The earliest known printed version dates to approximately 1500 CE in the Dutch city of Delft.

Global spread of the printing press
Following the invention of the printing press in the German city of Mainz by Johannes Gutenberg c. 1439, Western printing technology spread across the world, and was adopted worldwide by the end of the 19th century. The technology, which mechanized the process of printing with moveable type, displaced the manuscript and block printing.

In the Western world, the operation of a press became synonymous with the enterprise of publishing and lent its name to a new branch of media, the "press" (see List of the oldest newspapers).
Torikakenishi Shell Mound
The Torikakenishi Shell Midden (取掛西貝塚, Torikakenishi kaizuka) is an archaeological site in the city of  Funabashi, Chiba Prefecture, in the Kantō region of Japan containing an early Jōmon period shell midden and settlement ruin. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 2021.

Funabashi
Funabashi (船橋市, Funabashi-shi) is a city located in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 December 2020, the city had an estimated population of 644,668 in 309,238 households and a population density of 7,500 inhabitants per square kilometre (19,000/sq mi). The total area of the city is 85.62 square kilometres (33.06 sq mi). It is the Greater Tokyo Area's 7th most populated city (after passing Kawaguchi, Hachioji and Chiba), and second largest in Chiba Prefecture.
2012 Clare Senior Hurling Championship
The 2012 Clare Senior Hurling Championship was the 117th staging of the Clare Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Clare County Board in 1887.

Crusheen entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 28 October 2012 at Cusack Park in Ennis, between Newmarket-on-Fergus and Crusheen, in what was their second meeting in the final overall. Newmarket-on-Fergus won the match by 3–10 to 0–09 to claim a record 23rd championship title overall and a first championship title in 31 years.

1981 Clare Senior Hurling Championship
The 1981 Clare Senior Hurling Championship was the 86th staging of the Clare Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Clare County Board in 1887.

Éire Óg entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 30 August 1981 at Cusack Park in Ennis, between Newmarket-on-Fergus and Tubber, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Newmarket-on-Fergus won the match by 3–08 to 1–10 to claim a record 22nd championship title overall and a first championship title in three years.
Top dying disease
Top dying disease is a disease that affects Heritiera fomes, a species of mangrove tree known as "sundri", a characteristic tree of the estuarine complex of the Ganges–Brahmaputra Delta in Bangladesh and West Bengal. Although an increase in certain trace elements in the sediment deposited where these trees grow may be a factor in the incidence of the disease, its cause has not been fully established.

Ganges Delta
The Ganges Delta (also known the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta, the Sundarbans Delta or the Bengal Delta) is a river delta predominantly covering the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent, consisting of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the world's largest river delta and it empties into the Bay of Bengal with the combined waters of several river systems, mainly those of the Brahmaputra River and the Ganges River. It is also one of the most fertile regions in the world, thus earning the nickname the Green Delta. The delta stretches from the Hooghly River in the west to as far as the Meghna River in the east.
Huangshanlong
Huangshanlong (meaning "Huangshan dragon") is a genus of mamenchisaurid dinosaurs native to the Anhui province of China. It contains a single species, Huangshanlong anhuiensis, which represents, along with Anhuilong and Wannanosaurus, one of the three dinosaurs found in Anhui province.

Mamenchisauridae
Mamenchisauridae is a family of sauropod dinosaurs belonging to the Eusauropoda known from the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous of Asia and Africa. Mamenchisaurids are characterized by their proportionately extremely long necks. Some members of the group reached gigantic sizes, amongst the largest of all sauropods.
Étienne Carjat
Étienne Carjat (French pronunciation: [etjɛn kaʁʒa]; 28 March 1828 – 8 March 1906) was a French journalist, caricaturist and photographer. He co-founded the magazine Le Diogène, and founded the review Le Boulevard. He is best known for his numerous portraits and caricatures of political, literary and artistic Parisian figures. His best-known work is the iconic portrait of Arthur Rimbaud which he took in October 1871. The location of much of his photography is untraceable after being sold to a Mr. Roth in 1923.

Charles Baudelaire
Charles-Pierre Baudelaire (UK: /ˈboʊdəlɛər/; US: /ˌboʊd(ə)ˈlɛər/; French: [ʃaʁl(ə) bodlɛʁ] ⓘ; 9 April 1821 – 31 August 1867) was a French poet, essayist, translator and art critic. His poems are described as exhibiting mastery of rhythm and rhyme, containing an exoticism inherited from the Romantics, and are based on observations of real life.

His most famous work, a book of lyric poetry titled Les Fleurs du mal (The Flowers of Evil), expresses the changing nature of beauty in the rapidly industrialising Paris caused by Haussmann's renovation of Paris during the mid-19th century. Baudelaire's original style of prose-poetry influenced a generation of poets including Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud and Stéphane Mallarmé. He coined the term modernity (modernité) to designate the fleeting experience of life in an urban metropolis, and the responsibility of artistic expression to capture that experience. Marshall Berman has credited Baudelaire as being the first Modernist.
Uuemõisa (borough)
Uuemõisa is a small borough (Estonian: alevik) in Haapsalu municipality, Lääne County, western Estonia, located just east of the town of Haapsalu. Prior to the 2017 administrative reform of local governments, Uuemõisa was the administrative centre of Ridala Parish. Uuemõisa has a population of 1,069 (as of 2010).

Haapsalu
Haapsalu (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈhɑːpsɑlu]) is a seaside resort town located on the west coast of Estonia. It is the administrative centre of Lääne County, and on 1 January 2020 it had a population of 9,375.
CE Manacor
Club Esportiu Manacor is a Spanish football team based in Manacor, Mallorca, Balearic Islands. Founded in 1923, its first team plays in the Tercera Federación – Group 11, the fifth tier of Spanish football. Moreover, Manacor's first women's team is active in the Femenina Autonòmica, and the club has around a dozen of teams in its youth academy. The club's ground is the Estadi de Na Capellera, located in the same city, holding 4,000 spectators.

The highest category in which Manacor has played is the extinct Segunda División B, doing so during five seasons divided over the 20th century. Moreover, the club has participated in around 60 editions of the Tercera División/Tercera Federación.

RCD Mallorca
Real Club Deportivo Mallorca, S.A.D. (Spanish: [reˈal ˈkluβ ðepoɾˈtiβo maˈʎoɾka], Catalan: Reial Club Deportiu Mallorca [rəˈjal ˈklub dəpuɾˈtiw məˈʎɔɾkə], Royal Sporting Club Mallorca), commonly known as Real Mallorca or RCD Mallorca, is a Spanish professional football club based in Palma on the island of Mallorca in the Balearic Islands. Founded on 5 March 1916, they currently compete in La Liga, holding home games at the Estadi Mallorca Son Moix with a 23,142-seat capacity.

The club had its peak in the late 1990s and early 2000s, reaching a best-ever third place in La Liga in 1999 and 2001 and winning the Copa del Rey in 2003 following final defeats in 1991, 1998 and 2024. Mallorca also won the 1998 Supercopa de España and reached the 1999 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final.

Mallorca traditionally play in red shirts with black shorts and socks.
Transportation in St. Louis
Transportation in Greater St. Louis, Missouri includes road, rail, ship, and air transportation modes connecting the bi-state St. Louis metropolitan area with surrounding communities throughout the metropolitan area, national transportation networks, and international locations. The Greater St. Louis region also supports a multi-modal transportation network that includes bus, light rail, and paratransit service in addition to shared-use paths, bike lanes and greenways.

Madison County, Illinois
Madison County is located in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is a part of the Metro East in southern Illinois. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 264,776, making it the eighth-most populous county in Illinois and the most populous in the southern portion of the state. The county seat is Edwardsville, and the largest city is Granite City.

Madison County is part of the Metro East region of Greater St. Louis. The pre-Columbian city of Cahokia Mounds, a World Heritage Site, was located near Collinsville. Edwardsville is home to Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. To the north, Alton is known for its abolitionist and American Civil War-era history. It is also the home of the Southern Illinois University School of Dental Medicine. Godfrey, the village named for Captain Benjamin Godfrey, offers Lewis and Clark Community College formerly the Monticello Female Seminary.
Ivanychi light railway
The Ivanychi light railway (historical name: Feldbahn Iwaniczy–Raczyn) was an approximately 95 km (59 mi) long light railway with a track gauge of 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) from Ivanychi via Pavlivka, Rachyn, Horokhiv, Stoianiv and Tartakiv to Sokal in Volhynia (now in the Volyn Oblast and Lviv Oblast in Ukraine), which operated in parts at least from 1915 to 1928.

Feldbahn
A Feldbahn, or Lorenbahn, is the German term for a narrow-gauge field railway, usually not open to the public, which in its simplest form provides for the transportation of agricultural, forestry (Waldbahn) and industrial raw materials such as wood, peat, stone, earth and sand. Such goods are often transported in tipper wagons, known in German as Loren, hence such a railway is also referred to as a Lorenbahn.
New Jersey Route 18N
Route 18N was a state highway in New Jersey from 1923 to 1929, when it was renumbered as Route 1 and Route S1A. Route 18-N was defined in 1923 to run "from Hoboken to New York State line by way of Weehawken, West Hoboken, town of Union, North Bergen, Fairview, Ridgefield, Palisade Park, Fort Lee, Englewood-Cliffs, Tenafly and Alpine." The part from Hoboken to Fort Lee was not built or taken over as Route 18-N; it seems to follow the old Bergen Turnpike to Ridgefield and then Route 5 east. Route 18-N's south end was at pre-1927 Route 10, now Route 5.

In the 1927 renumbering, Route 18-N was kept, along with parts of pre-1927 Route 4, pre-1927 Route 5 and pre-1927 Route 8; a parallel road that is now County Route 501 was assigned the number Route 1. However, Route 1 was moved east to take over most of Route 18-N in 1929, and the southernmost part of 18N became Route S1A. Since the 1953 renumbering, that part of Route 1 has been only U.S. Route 9W and S1A has been Route 67.

New Jersey Route 4 (pre-1927)
Pre-1927 Route 4 was a route in New Jersey that ran from Absecon north to Rahway, existing from 1916 to 1927. Today, it is part of the following routes:

New Jersey Route 109

U.S. Route 9 in New Jersey

New Jersey Route 88

New Jersey Route 35

New Jersey Route 71
Rewben Mashangva
Rewben Mashangva, also Guru Rewben Mashangva (born 21 June 1961), is a folk musician and singer from Manipur, India. He is known for reviving musical tradition of the Tangkhul Naga of Manipur, and use of traditional musical instruments in his songs. Influenced by musicians such as Bob Dylan and Bob Marley, Rewben Mashangva has created many Naga tribal folk songs based on blues and ballad rhythms. He is known by different names including, 'Bob Dylan of the Nagas' and 'King of Naga folk blues', plus 'Father of Naga folk blues'. He received the National Tribal Award 2011–12, for his contribution to the development of tribal music from the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India. The Government of India honoured him in 2021, with the award of Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award for his rich contribution to art.

Mashangva was featured in the first season of The Dewarists, along with The Raghu Dixit Project.

Naga people
Nagas are various Tibeto-Burman ethnic groups native to northeastern India and northwestern Myanmar. The groups have similar cultures and traditions, and form the majority of population in the Indian state of Nagaland and Naga Self-Administered Zone of Myanmar (Burma); with significant populations in Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in India, and Sagaing Region and Kachin State in Myanmar.

The Nagas are divided into various Naga ethnic groups whose numbers and populations are unclear. They each speak distinct Naga languages often unintelligible to the others, but all are loosely connected to each other.
La Côte-d'Aime
La Côte-d'Aime (French pronunciation: [la kot dɛm], literally The Slope of Aime; Arpitan: La Kouha d’Éma) is a former commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of La Plagne Tarentaise.

It lies in the heart of the Tarentaise valley.

Aime
Aime (French pronunciation: [ɛm] ⓘ; Savoyard: Éma) is a former commune in the eastern French department of Savoie. Its most well known mayor was Pierre Borrione, who created the local ski resort and historical society.

On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Aime-la-Plagne. In 1972, the former communes of Longefoy, Tessens and Villette were merged with Aime.
Natural history of Rhodes
The natural history of the island of Rhodes is determined by its geographic position, climate and geological diversity. Rhodes is in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin close to the coast of Turkey, and the flora and fauna are a mixture of Mediterranean and Asian elements. Rhodes is in the Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests ecoregion.

The habitats are: arable land; perennial crops, orchards and groves, ruderal land; coastline and coastal rocky areas, inland cliffs, sea cliffs and rocky shores: forest, native coniferous woodland; grassland steppes and dry calcareous grassland; shrub land, sclerophyllous scrub, garrigue and maquis shrubland; wetland, rivers and streams.

Ophrys holosericea
Ophrys holosericea, the late spider orchid, is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to western and central Europe and the Mediterranean region. There has been considerable confusion about the identity of this species and the correct spelling of its name.

This species is pollinated by Eucera bees, deceived by the flower that mimics a female bee.
Galguduud
Galguduud (Somali: Galgaduud, Arabic: جلجدود, Italian: Galgudud or Ghelgudud) is an administrative region (gobol) of Galmudug state in central Somalia. Its administrative capital is Dusmareb. The largest town in the region is El Buur, which lies at the centre of the region.

Galguduud is bordered by Ethiopia; the Somali regions of Mudug, Hiran, and Middle Shebelle (Shabeellaha Dhexe); and the Indian Ocean.
The largest clan in this region is the Hawiye, specially the Murusade subclan, as well as the Habargidir, 
The region of Galgaduud and southern Mudug formed the Galmudug State by 2016, which considers itself an autonomous state within the larger Federal Republic of Somalia, as defined by the Provisional Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia.

Administrative divisions of Somalia
As Somalia is officially a federal republic, the country is divided into seven federal member states, 18 administrative regions (gobollo, singular gobol), and 72 districts. (plural degmooyin; singular degmo)
Nicomekl River
The Nicomekl River springs from the ground in Langley, British Columbia and travels west through the city to Surrey's Crescent Beach, where it empties into Mud Bay, the northernmost section of the Boundary Bay of the Strait of Georgia. It has a total length of 34 km, with a drainage area of 149 km2.

Surrey, British Columbia
Surrey is a city in British Columbia, Canada. It is located south of the Fraser River on the Canada–United States border. It is a member municipality of the Metro Vancouver regional district and metropolitan area. Mainly a suburban city, Surrey is the province's second-largest by population after Vancouver and the third-largest by area after Abbotsford and Prince George. Seven neighbourhoods in Surrey are designated town centres: Cloverdale, Fleetwood, Guildford, Newton, South Surrey, and City Centre encompassed by Whalley.
Polikarpov SPB (D)
The Polikarpov SPB (D) (Skorostnoy Pikiruyushchy Bombardirovshchik (Dalnost)—High Speed Dive Bomber (Distance)) was a Soviet twin-engined dive bomber designed before World War II. A single prototype and five pre-production aircraft were built, but two crashed and the program was cancelled in favor of the Petlyakov Pe-2.

ShKAS machine gun
The ShKAS (Shpitalny-Komaritski Aviatsionny Skorostrelny, Shpitalny-Komaritski rapid fire for aircraft; Russian: ШКАС - Шпитального-Комарицкого Авиационный Скорострельный) is a 7.62 mm calibre machine gun widely used by Soviet aircraft in the 1930s and during World War II. The ShKAS had the highest rate of fire of any aircraft machine gun in general service during WWII, around 1800 RPM. It was designed by Boris Shpitalniy and Irinarkh Komaritsky and entered production in 1934. ShKAS was used in the majority of Soviet fighters and bombers and served as the basis for the ShVAK cannon.
Chasiv Yar urban hromada
Chasiv Yar urban hromada (Ukrainian: Часовоярська міська громада) is a hromada of Ukraine, located in Bakhmut Raion, Donetsk Oblast. It is administratively centered in the city Chasiv Yar.

It has an area of 63.6 square kilometres (24.6 mi2), and a population of 13,411. As of 2020, 12,756 people lived in urban areas while 655 resided in rural areas.

It was created in 2020 per an order by the Ukrainian government via the merging of local councils in Bakhmut Raion.

The hromada contains 4 settlements: 1 city (Chasiv Yar), 1 rural settlement (Kalynivka), and 2 villages (Bohdanivka and Hryhorivka).

Bohdanivka, Bakhmut Raion, Donetsk Oblast
Bohdanivka (Ukrainian: Богданівка, Russian: Богдановка, romanized: Bogdanovka), is a village located in Bakhmut Raion of Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. It is located 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northwest of Bakhmut.