hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Maxygen
Maxygen Inc. was a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing improved versions of protein drugs using DNA shuffling and other protein modification technologies. The company was headquartered in Redwood City, CA. It was dissolved in 2013.

The Maxygen legacy was revived by Maxygen LLC in 2017 with a focus on providing directed evolution services using the original MolecularBreeding platform. Maxygen LLC was headquartered in Sunnyvale and Newark, CA. It ceased operations in California in December 2023.

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4, (CTLA-4) also known as CD152 (cluster of differentiation 152), is a protein receptor that functions as an immune checkpoint and downregulates immune responses. CTLA-4 is constitutively expressed in regulatory T cells but only upregulated in conventional T cells after activation – a phenomenon which is particularly notable in cancers.  It acts as an "off" switch when bound to CD80 or CD86 on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. It is encoded by the CTLA4 gene in humans, and by the Ctla4 gene in mice.
Preprint
In academic publishing, a preprint is a version of a scholarly or scientific paper that precedes formal peer review and publication in a peer-reviewed scholarly or scientific journal. The preprint may be available, often as a non-typeset version available for free, before or after a paper is published in a journal.

HAL (open archive)
HAL (short for Hyper Articles en Ligne 'Hyper Articles Online') is an open archive where authors can deposit scholarly documents from all academic fields.

Documents in HAL are uploaded either by one of the authors with the consent of the others or by an authorized person on their behalf. An uploaded document does not need to have been published or even to be intended for publication. As an open-access repository, HAL complies with the Open Archives Initiative (OAI-PMH) as well as with the European OpenAIRE project.

HAL was started in 2001 by Franck Laloë, initially at École normale supérieure (ENS), and was later transferred to the Centre pour la communication scientifique directe (CCSD); other French institutions, such as Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (Inria), have joined the system. While it is primarily directed towards French academics, participation is not restricted to them.
Rhinoestrus
Rhinoestrus is a genus of flies belonging to the family Oestridae.

The species of this genus are found in Southern Africa.

Species:

Rhinoestrus antidorcitis Zumpt & Bauristhene, 1962

Rhinoestrus giraffae Zumpt, 1965

Rhinoestrus hippopotami Grunberg, 1904

Rhinoestrus latifrons Gan, 1947

Rhinoestrus nivarleti Rodhain & Bequaert, 1912

Rhinoestrus phacochoeri Rodhain & Bequaert, 1915

Rhinoestrus purpureus (Brauer, 1858)

Rhinoestrus steyni Zumpt, 1958

Rhinoestrus tshernyshevi Grunin, 1951

Rhinoestrus usbekistanicus Gan, 1947

Rhinoestrus vanzyli Zumpt & Bauristhene, 1962

Botfly
Botflies, also known as warble flies, heel flies, and gadflies, are flies of the family Oestridae. Their larvae are internal parasites of mammals, some species growing in the host's flesh and others within the gut.  Dermatobia hominis is the only species of botfly known to parasitize humans routinely, though other species of flies cause myiasis in humans.
2022–23 SMU Mustangs men's basketball team
The 2022–23 SMU Mustangs men's basketball team represented Southern Methodist University during the 2022–23 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Mustangs were led by first-year head coach Rob Lanier and played their home games at Moody Coliseum on their campus in University Park, Texas as members of the American Athletic Conference. They finished the season 10–21, 5–13 in AAC play to finish in tenth place. They were defeated by UCF in the first round of the AAC tournament.

Rob Lanier
Robert A. Lanier (born July 24, 1968) is an American college basketball coach who currently serves as the head men's basketball coach at Rice University. Previously, he was the head coach at Southern Methodist University. He also served as the head coach at Georgia State from 2019 to 2022 and Siena from 2001 to 2005.
Punjabi Wikipedia
The Punjabi Wikipedia (Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ (Gurmukhi); پنجابی وکیپیڈیا (Shahmukhi)) is the Punjabi language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. There are two Punjabi Wikipedia editions, the Eastern Punjabi Wikipedia (in Gurmukhi script) and Western Punjabi Wikipedia (in Shahmukhi script).

Shahmukhi
Shahmukhi (Shahmukhi: شاہ مُکھی, pronounced [ʃäː(ɦ)˦.mʊ.kʰiː], lit. 'from the Shah's or King's mouth', Gurmukhī: ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁੱਖੀ) is the right-to-left abjad-based script developed from the Perso-Arabic alphabet used for the Punjabi language varieties, predominantly in Punjab, Pakistan. It is generally written in the Nastaʿlīq calligraphic hand, which is also used for Persian and Urdu. Shahmukhi is one of the two standard scripts used for Punjabi, the other being Gurmukhī used mainly in Punjab, India. Shahmukhi is written from right to left and has 36 primary letters with some other additional letters.
Monks Orchard
Monks Orchard is a suburb on the edge of the London Borough of Croydon, in the ceremonial county of Greater London, England, prior to 1965 it was located in the historical county of Surrey. It is situated about 10 miles (16.1 km) south south-east of Charing Cross, south of Elmers End and Eden Park, west of West Wickham, and north and east of Shirley and Shirley Oaks.

West Wickham
West Wickham is an area of south London, England, in the London Borough of Bromley. It lies south of Park Langley, Eden Park, Beckenham and Bromley town centre, west of Hayes and north of Coney Hall, east of Spring Park and Shirley. It is 10.3 miles (17 km) south-east of Charing Cross on the line of a Roman road, the London to Lewes Way. Before the creation of Greater London in 1965, West Wickham was in Kent.
Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)
The Waziristan campaign 1919–1920 was a military campaign conducted in Waziristan by the British Indian Army against the fiercely independent tribesmen that inhabited this region. These operations were conducted in 1919–1920, following the unrest that arose in the aftermath of the Third Anglo-Afghan War.

Pink's War
Pink's War was an air-to-ground bombardment and strafing campaign carried out by the Royal Air Force, under the command of Wing Commander Richard Pink, against the mountain strongholds of Mahsud tribesmen in South Waziristan in March and April 1925. It was the first independent action by the RAF, without the engagement of British Army or Royal Navy, and remains the only campaign named after an RAF officer.
Jason High
Jason High (born October 12, 1981) is an American mixed martial artist who most recently competed in the Lightweight division of the Professional Fighters League. A professional competitor since 2005, High has also competed for Strikeforce, Affliction, Titan FC, the World Series of Fighting, DREAM and the Ultimate Fighting Championship.

ShoMMA
ShoMMA: Strikeforce Challengers is a mixed martial arts series that was produced by the mixed martial arts organization Strikeforce and the Showtime cable network.  Similar to Showtime's earlier ShoXC, the purpose of the series was to highlight up and coming MMA fighters.

Strikeforce Challengers was discontinued with the 2012 Strikeforce deal.
Luther James-Wildin
Luther Ash James-Wildin (born 3 December 1997) is a professional footballer who plays as a right-back for EFL League One club Stevenage. Born in England, he represents the Antigua and Barbuda national team.

James-Wildin joined Notts County's academy in 2014, having previously played for Highfield Rangers in Leicester. He signed his first professional contract with Notts County in May 2016, and spent the 2016–17 season on loan at non-League Northern Premier League club Grantham Town. He was released by Notts County at the end of the season and subsequently joined Nuneaton Town of the National League North in July 2017, where he spent one season. James-Wildin joined Stevenage for an undisclosed fee in May 2018 and helped the club earn promotion to League One during the 2022–23 season.

2022–23 Stevenage F.C. season
The 2022–23 season was Stevenage's ninth consecutive season in League Two and their 47th year in existence. In addition to the league, they also competed in the 2022–23 FA Cup, the 2022–23 EFL Cup and the 2022–23 EFL Trophy.
James Parker (Medal of Honor)
James Parker (February 20, 1854 – June 2, 1934) was a major general in the United States Army and a Medal of Honor recipient for his role in the Philippine–American War during 1899. His son, Cortlandt Parker, also became a major general in the United States Army.

Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)
The Distinguished Service Medal (DSM) is a military decoration of the United States Army that is presented to soldiers who have distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious service to the government in a duty of great responsibility. The performance must be such as to merit recognition for service that is clearly exceptional. The exceptional performance of normal duty will not alone justify an award of this decoration.

The Army's Distinguished Service Medal is equivalent to the Naval Service's Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Air and Space Forces' Distinguished Service Medal, and the Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal. Prior to the creation of the Air Force's Distinguished Service Medal in 1960, United States Air Force airmen were awarded the Army's Distinguished Service Medal.
Turvo River (Rio Grande do Sul)
The Turvo River (Portuguese: Rio Turvo) is a river of Rio Grande do Sul state in southern Brazil. It is a tributary of the Uruguay River.

The Turvo River defines the western boundary of the 17,491 hectares (43,220 acres) Turvo State Park, created in 1947.

Uruguay River
The Uruguay River (Spanish: Río Uruguay [ˈri.o wɾuˈɣwaj]; Portuguese: Rio Uruguai [ˈʁi.u uɾuˈɡwaj]) is a major river in South America. It flows from north to south and forms parts of the boundaries of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay, separating some of the Argentine provinces of the Mesopotamia from the other two countries. It passes between the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil; forms the eastern border of the provinces of Misiones, Corrientes and Entre Ríos in Argentina; and makes up the western borders of the departments of Artigas, Salto, Paysandú, Río Negro, Soriano and Colonia in Uruguay.
Ayapel
Ayapel is a town and municipality located in the Córdoba Department, northern Colombia.

Ayapel is a Colombian municipality located in the far eastern department of Cordoba and bathed by the waters of San Jorge and Ayapel swamp.
Bounded on the north by San Marcos, San Benito Abad, and Majagual, on the east by Guaranda and Achi, on the west by Buenavista and Montelibano, Pueblo Nuevo and south to the department of Antioquia. According to 2020 estimates, the population of Ayapel was 47,247.

Montelíbano
Montelíbano is a town and municipality located in the Córdoba Department of Colombia.  It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Montelíbano.

Montelíbano is host of one of the largest ferronickel mines, the Cerro Matoso mine. The Company Cerro Matoso S.A. operates the mine site, as well as the associated smelter.

According to 2020 estimates, the population of Montelíbano was 90,450, with a population density of 58 persons per square kilometer.
Qeshlaq-e Hajji Hasan, West Azerbaijan
Qeshlaq-e Hajji Hasan (Persian: قشلاق حاجي حسن, also Romanized as Qēshlāq-e Ḩājjī Ḩasan) is a village in Mokriyan-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Miandoab County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 79, in 18 families.

Mokriyan-e Shomali Rural District
Mokriyan-e Shomali Rural District (Persian: دهستان مكريان شمالي) is in the Central District of Miandoab County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Hajji Hasan. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Talkhab.
Salesforce West
Salesforce West, also known by its address 50 Fremont Center, is a 43-story, 183 m (600 ft) high-rise office building completed in 1985 at Fremont and Mission Streets on the boundary of the financial district and SoMa of San Francisco, California. The stepped-back facade design of the building resembles Eliel Saarinen's Tribune Tower design.

South of Market, San Francisco
South of Market (SoMa) is a neighborhood in San Francisco, California, so named due to its location south of Market Street. It contains several sub-neighborhoods including South Beach, Yerba Buena, and Rincon Hill.

SoMa is home to many of the city's museums, to the headquarters of several major software and Internet companies, and to the Moscone Conference Center.
Lego Foundation
The LEGO Foundation (LEGO Fonden) is a Danish foundation founded in December 1986 based in Billund. It is one of the country's ten largest charitable foundations. It owns 25% of the LEGO Group and has an equity of approximately 10 billion DKK.

Sidsel Marie Kristensen has been CEO of the LEGO Foundation since February 2023.

The Lego Group
Lego Systems A/S, also known as the Lego Group (stylised as the LEGO Group), is a Danish construction toy manufacturer and media company based in Billund. It manufactures Lego-branded toys, consisting mostly of interlocking acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic and rubber bricks. The Lego Group has also built several amusement parks around the world, each known as Legoland, and operates numerous retail stores.

The name Lego is derived from the Danish phrase leg godt, meaning "play well".

The company was founded in 1932 by Ole Kirk Christiansen. In the first half of 2015, the Lego Group became the world's largest toy company by revenue, with sales amounting to US$2.1 billion, surpassing Mattel, which had US$1.9 billion in sales. As of 2025, the company is owned by the Kristiansen family via their family office, investment firm Kirkbi.
Castellamonte
Castellamonte is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Turin.

It is located in the Canavese, at the feet of a hill surmounted by a 14th-century castle, hence the name (meaning "Castle at the Mount"). Only traces remain of the latter's original structure, what is visible now dating to an 18th-century renovation. The town is also home to an unfinished rotunda designed by Alessandro Antonelli, the Baroque church of San Rocco; the Sacro Monte di Belmonte is not far, though in the communal territory of Valperga.

Architects Carlo and Amedeo di Castellamonte were born in the town.

Sacro Monte di Belmonte
The Sacred Mountain of Belmonte (Italian: Sacro Monte di Belmonte) is a Roman Catholic devotional complex in the comune of Valperga, in the Metropolitan City of Turin (Piedmont, northern Italy). It is one of the nine Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy, included in UNESCO World Heritage list.
1920 Brooklyn Robins season
The 1920 Brooklyn Robins, also known as the Dodgers, won 16 of their final 18 games to pull away from a tight pennant race and earn a trip to their second World Series against the Cleveland Indians. They lost the series in seven games. The team featured four Hall of Famers: manager Wilbert Robinson, pitchers Burleigh Grimes and Rube Marquard, and outfielder Zack Wheat. Grimes anchored a pitching staff that allowed the fewest runs in the majors.

Burleigh Grimes
Burleigh Arland Grimes (August 18, 1893 – December 6, 1985) was an American professional baseball player and manager, and the last major league pitcher who was officially permitted to throw the spitball. Grimes made the most of this advantage, as well as his unshaven, menacing presence on the mound, which earned him the nickname "Ol' Stubblebeard." In his career, Grimes won 270 games, with 190 of them occurring in the 1920s, the most for all pitchers in the decade. He pitched in the World Series four times in his nineteen-season career and was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1964.   A decade earlier, he had been inducted into the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame.
Kim Tae-gyun (comedian)
Kim Tae-gyun (Korean: 김태균; Hanja: 金泰均; born September 19, 1972), is a South Korean comedian, actor and singer. He is member of comedy duo Cultwo. His syndicated talk radio show Cultwo Show, airs via the SBS Power FM since 2006.

Cultwo
Cultwo (Korean: 컬투) is a South Korean comedy duo consisting of Jung Chan-woo and Kim Tae-gyun. Formed in 1994 as Cult Triple, in 2002, Jung Seong-han left the team. After which, Chan-woo and Tae-gyun renamed the team the current name. Their syndicated talk radio show Cultwo Show, airs via the SBS Power FM since 2006.

They appeared with Kim Tae-gyun's son, Kim Bum-jun, in Episode 20 of Roommate Season 2. Kim Tae-gyun revealed that since his son watches Roommate every other day, so he decided to make an appearance on the show. After they appeared on the show, Kim Tae-gyun shared that he longs for his deceased mother, who died in 2014 due to cancer. Kim Bum-jun is a fan of GOT7's Jackson.
Buraro Detudamo
Buraro Robidok Bagewa Detudamo (1931 – 5 June 1994) was a Nauruan politician. He was the only son of Timothy Detudamo and brother-in-law to Kennan Adeang. When Buraro was a boy, his family went to Chuuk Islands.

Detudamo served as a member of the Nauru Local Government Council, the Nauru Legislative Council, and the Parliament of Nauru. He also served as Minister Assisting the President of Nauru in all of the cabinets of Hammer DeRoburt between 1968 and 1989. He was also Minister of Finance under Hammer DeRoburt from December 1978 to April 1979.

In 1992, Buraro Detudamo was the opposition candidate for the presidency, losing to Bernard Dowiyogo in a 7–10 vote. Detudamo held the position of Minister of Public Works.

Ministry of Finance of Nauru
Ministry of Finance of Nauru is a ministry in Nauru responsible for overseeing and coordinating effective management of public finance and resources in Nauru. One of the divisions of the ministry is responsible for preparing annual budget. The ministry is led by minister of finance appointed by President of Nauru. The current minister of finance is President David Adeang.
Mississippi Queen (board game)
Mississippi Queen is a German board game published by Goldsieber Spiele in 1997 that simulates a paddlewheel race down the Mississippi River in 1871. The game was also published in English by Rio Grande Games, and won several awards including the Spiel des Jahres.

Spiel des Jahres
The Spiel des Jahres (German: [ˈʃpiːl dəs ˈjaːʁəs], 'Game of the Year') is an award for board and card games, created in 1978 with the purpose of rewarding family-friendly game design and promoting excellent games in the German market. It is thought that the existence and popularity of the award was one of the major drivers of the quality of games coming out of Germany, particularly in the 1980s and 1990s. A Spiel des Jahres nomination can increase the typical sales of a game from 500–3,000 copies to around 10,000, and the winner can usually expect to sell as many as 500,000 copies.
Beyond the Cities
Beyond the Cities (also known as Reparations) is a 1930 British drama film directed by Carlyle Blackwell and starring Blackwell, Edna Best and Alexander Field. The film was made as a quota quickie for release by Paramount Pictures, and is believed to have been made at Twickenham Studios. The film is mainly set in Canada.

Cinematograph Films Act 1927
The Cinematograph Films Act 1927 (17 & 18 Geo. 5. c. 29) was an act of the UK Parliament designed to stimulate the declining British film industry. It received royal assent on 22 December 1927 and came into force on 1 April 1928.
Proterocladus
Proterocladus is a genus of green algae from the early Neoproterozoic (Tonian) and latest Mesoproterozoic (Stenian), known from the Nanfen Formation and Diaoyutai Formation in China and the Svanbergfjellet Formation in Norway. Alongside this, possible Proterocladus remains are known from the Nonesuch Formation, although their fragmentary state makes it unclear whether they belong to the genus.

Stenian
The Stenian Period (/ˈstiːni.ən/ STEE-nee-ən, from Ancient Greek: στενός, romanized: stenós, meaning "narrow") is the final geologic period in the Mesoproterozoic Era and lasted from 1200 Mya to 1000 Mya (million years ago). Instead of being based on stratigraphy, these dates are defined chronometrically. The name derives from narrow polymetamorphic belts formed over this period. It is preceded by the Ectasian Period and followed by the Neoproterozoic era and the Tonian period.

The supercontinent Rodinia assembled during the Stenian. It would last into the Tonian period before breaking up in the Cryogenian.

This period includes the formation of the Keweenawan Rift at about 1100 Mya.

Fossils of the oldest known sexually reproducing organism, Bangiomorpha pubescens, first appeared in the Stenian.
Gibbs paradox
In statistical mechanics, a semi-classical derivation of entropy that does not take into account the indistinguishability of particles yields an expression for entropy which is not extensive (is not proportional to the amount of substance in question).  This leads to a paradox known as the Gibbs paradox, after Josiah Willard Gibbs, who proposed this thought experiment in 1874‒1875. The paradox allows for the entropy of closed systems to decrease, violating the second law of thermodynamics. A related paradox is the "mixing paradox". If one takes the perspective that the definition of entropy must be changed so as to ignore particle permutation, in the thermodynamic limit, the paradox is averted.

Hamiltonian mechanics
In physics, Hamiltonian mechanics is a reformulation of Lagrangian mechanics that emerged in 1833. Introduced by Sir William Rowan Hamilton, Hamiltonian mechanics replaces (generalized) velocities  used in Lagrangian mechanics with (generalized) momenta. Both theories provide interpretations of classical mechanics and describe the same physical phenomena.

Hamiltonian mechanics has a close relationship with geometry (notably, symplectic geometry and Poisson structures) and serves as a link between classical and quantum mechanics.
Coal Palace
The Coal Palace was a temporary exhibition center that stood in Ottumwa, Iowa, from 1890 until 1892. It was used most prominently to showcase the local coal mining industry.

During its brief history President Benjamin Harrison and Congressman William McKinley visited the building, but a decline in attendance and nature's toll on the building's exterior ultimately resulted in the building's demolition in 1892.

Wapello County, Iowa
Wapello County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 35,437. The county seat and the largest city is Ottumwa. The county was formed on February 17, 1843, and named for Wapello, a Meskwaki chief.

Wapello County is included in the Ottumwa, IA Micropolitan statistical area.
Ōgushi Shell Mound
The Ōgushi Shell Midden (大串貝塚, Ōgushi kaizuka) is an archaeological site in the Shiozaki area of the city of Mito, Ibaraki Prefecture, in the northern Kantō region of Japan containing a Jōmon period shell midden. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1970.

Mito, Ibaraki
Mito (水戸市, Mito-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [mʲi.to, mʲi.toꜜ.ɕi]) is the capital city of Ibaraki Prefecture, in the northern Kantō region of Japan. As of 1 January 2024, the city had an estimated population of 268,036 in 126,055 households and a population density of 1,233 persons per km2. The percentage of the population aged over 65 was 27.1%. The total area of the city is 217.32 square kilometres (83.91 sq mi).