hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bastard feudalism
Bastard feudalism is a somewhat controversial term invented by 19th-century historians to characterise the form feudalism took in the Late Middle Ages, primarily in England. Its distinctive feature is that middle-ranking figures rendered military, political, legal, or domestic service in return for money, office, or influence. As a result, the gentry began to think of themselves as the men of their lord rather than of the king. Individually, they are known as retainers, and collectively as the "affinity" of the lord, among other terms.

William Stubbs
William Stubbs HonFRSE (21 June 1825 – 22 April 1901) was an English historian and Anglican bishop. He was Regius Professor of Modern History at the University of Oxford between 1866 and 1884. He was Bishop of Chester from 1884 to 1889 and Bishop of Oxford from 1889 to 1901.
2017 CERH Continental Cup
The 2017 CERH Continental Cup was the 37th season of the CERH Continental Cup, Europe's roller hockey Super Cup, organized by CERH.

Four teams from three federations played for the title on 14 and 15 October 2017 in Viareggio, Italy.

Portuguese club Oliveirense achieved their first title ever.

WSE Continental Cup
The WSE Continental Cup is an annual roller hockey match organised by the World Skate Europe - Rink Hockey since 1980, and contested by the winners of the top two European club competitions, the WSE Champions League (1st tier) and the WSE Cup (2nd tier).

The current winners are Portuguese side OC Barcelos  who defeated Portuguese side Porto 4-3 in the 2025 final-four edition to win their second title.
Fordilloidea
Fordilloidea is an extinct superfamily of early bivalves containing two described families, Fordillidae and Camyidae, and the only superfamily in the order Fordillida. The superfamily is known from fossils of early to middle Cambrian age found in North America, Greenland, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Australia. Fordillidae currently contains two genera, Fordilla and Pojetaia, each with up to three described species while Camyidae only contains a single genus Camya with one described species, Camya asy. Due to the size and age of the fossil specimens, Fordillidae species are included as part of the Turkish Small shelly fauna.

Valve (mollusc)
A valve is each articulating part of the shell of a mollusc or another multi-shelled animal such as brachiopods and some crustaceans. Each part is known as a valve or in the case of chitons, a "plate". Members of two classes of molluscs, the Bivalvia (clams) and the Polyplacophora (chitons), have valves.

Species within one family of very unusual small sea snails, marine opisthobranch gastropods in the family Juliidae, also have two articulating shells or valves, which resemble those of a bivalve. This exceptional family is commonly known as the bivalved gastropods. Gastropods in general are sometimes called "univalves", because in those that have a shell, the shell is usually in one part.
Ward (United States)
In the United States, a ward is an optional division of a city or town for administrative and representative purposes, especially for purposes of an election. Depending upon the state and local laws, the term ward can mean any of:

an electoral district of a city council or town board, created for the purpose of providing more direct representation, from which one or more council members are elected; or

a division used in political party leadership elections; or

an administrative division, as in the wards of Newark, New Jersey or the six wards of Houston.

The ward system was the primary method used to elect city council members until the early 20th century when municipal reformers sought to replace it due to its control by political machines in major cities.

In Wisconsin, a 'ward' is what in most other states would be a precinct.

Wards of Houston
When the city of Houston was founded in 1836 and incorporated in 1837, its founders—John Kirby Allen and Augustus Chapman Allen—divided it into political geographic districts called "wards". The ward system, a precursor to today's City Council districts, was a common political tool of the early 19th century, and is still used in some American cities. When the system was at its peak, the city had six wards, from the first to the sixth.
Al Rajhi Grand Mosque
Sheikh Sulaiman Al-Rajhi Mosque (Arabic: جامع الشيخ سليمان الراجحي), better known as Al-Rajhi Grand Mosque (Arabic: جامع الراجحي), is a Sunni Islam Friday mosque in the al-Jazirah neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Opened in 2004, it incorporates elements of Andalusian Moorish Revival architecture and is one of the largest mosques in Riyadh besides being considered among the largest mosques in Saudi Arabia and the Arab world. It is named after the Saudi businessman and billionaire Sulaiman bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi, who primarily funded the mosque's construction.

Congregational mosque
A congregational mosque or Friday mosque (Arabic: مَسْجِد جَامِع, romanized: masjid jāmi‘, or simply جَامِع, jāmi‘; Turkish: Cami), or sometimes great mosque or grand mosque (جامع كبير, jāmi‘ kabir; Ulu Cami), is a mosque for hosting the Friday noon prayers known as jumu'ah. It can also host the Eid prayers in situations when there is no musalla or eidgah available nearby to host the prayers. In early Islamic history, the number of congregational mosques in one city was strictly limited. As cities and populations grew over time, it became more common for many mosques to host Friday prayers in the same area. In early centuries, the congregational mosque was also a center of social and public life, hosting various other activities in addition to prayers, such as judicial and educational functions.
Neural decoding
Neural decoding is a neuroscience field concerned with the hypothetical reconstruction of sensory and other stimuli from information that has already been encoded and represented in the brain by networks of neurons. Reconstruction refers to the ability of the researcher to predict what sensory stimuli the subject is receiving based purely on neuron action potentials. Therefore, the main goal of neural decoding is to characterize how the electrical activity of neurons elicit activity and responses in the brain.

This article specifically refers to neural decoding as it pertains to the mammalian neocortex.

Visual cortex
The visual cortex of the brain is the area of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information. It is located in the occipital lobe. Sensory input originating from the eyes travels through the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus and then reaches the visual cortex. The area of the visual cortex that receives the sensory input from the lateral geniculate nucleus is the primary visual cortex, also known as visual area 1 (V1), Brodmann area 17, or the striate cortex. The extrastriate areas consist of visual areas 2, 3, 4, and 5 (also known as V2, V3, V4, and V5, or Brodmann area 18 and all Brodmann area 19).

Both hemispheres of the brain include a visual cortex; the visual cortex in the left hemisphere receives signals from the right visual field, and the visual cortex in the right hemisphere receives signals from the left visual field.
Ilıca, Manavgat
Ilıca is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Manavgat, Antalya Province, Turkey. Its population is 10,754 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). It is 3 km inland from the beach resort of Kumköy, near Side, on the "Turkish Riviera". The centre of Ilıca has a rural village character with old stone houses built around a central square. There are a handful of small shops, a small park, a teahouse, a weekly open market, primary school and the inevitable football ground.

The Arslan Zeki Demirci Sports Complex is located in Ilıca.

Side, Turkey
Side (formerly Selimiye) is a city on the southern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. It includes the modern resort town and the ruins of the ancient city of Side, one of the best-known classical sites in the country. Modern Side is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Manavgat, Antalya Province, Turkey. Its population is 14,527 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). It lies near Manavgat, 78 km from Antalya.

It is located on the eastern part of the Pamphylian coast, which lies about 20 km east of the mouth of the Eurymedon River. Today, as in antiquity, the ancient city is situated on a small north-south peninsula about 1 km long and 400 m across.
Socialist Workers' Party of Sweden
Socialist Workers Party of Sweden (in Swedish: Sveriges socialistiska arbetarparti) was a small far-right political party in Sweden 1985-1991. Essentially it was a one-man outfit headed by Percy Brunström.

In 1991 the party contested the parliamentary elections in coalition with the Sweden Party, under the name Swedish Unity (Svensk Samling). SS got around 100 votes.

Later Brunström would launch the Citizens Party (Medborgarpartiet).

Sweden Party
Sweden Party (Swedish: Sverigepartiet) was a far-right political party in Sweden. It was founded in late 1986 through the merger of Bevara Sverige Svenskt and the Stockholm branch of the Progress Party. The leader of the party was Stefan Herrmann, formerly the leader of the Progress Party.

In October 1987, Herrmann was expelled from the party. His group reconstituted the Progress Party. The remainder of the party would regroup as the Sweden Democrats in 1988.
Heritage American
Heritage American is a designation that became popular in American national conservatism and the MAGA movement in 2025. It is associated with a sense of American cultural heritage. It is an example of loaded language that evokes  Whiteness, Christianity, and Americana; especially associated with the American frontier.

Definitions for what constitutes a Heritage American vary. It often refers to Americans that trace their family histories back toward the Civil War period, where it is used to distinguish them from more recent immigrants (and their descendents). However, some may define it as descendants of those present in the area that would become the United States before the American Revolution, where it is debated as to whether or not Indigenous and the descendants of Slaves are Heritage Americans. Broadly, the imagery of a Heritage America evokes an image of an America with an outwardly European quality.

MAGA movement
The Make America Great Again (MAGA) movement is an American political movement that began with Donald Trump's announcement initiating a campaign in the 2016 United States presidential election. The movement is closely aligned with Trumpism, a set of ideologies and beliefs surrounding Trump.
John A. Mallin
John A. Mallin (was born Johann Malinkowitsch; April 14, 1883 — January 9, 1973) was a Czech-American mural and fresco painter in the Chicago area in the 20th century. He painted many church interiors for the Archdiocese of Chicago, often working after the architect and builder Henry J. Schlacks completed the structure of a church.

Czech Americans
Czech Americans (Czech: Čechoameričané), known in the 19th and early 20th century as Bohemian Americans, are citizens of the United States whose ancestry wholly or partly originates from the Czech lands, a term which refers to the majority of the traditional lands of the Bohemian Crown, namely Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia. These lands over time have been governed by a variety of states, including the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Austrian Empire, Czechoslovakia, and the Czech Republic, also known by its short-form name, Czechia. Germans from the Czech lands who emigrated to the United States are usually identified as German Americans, or, more specifically, as Americans of German Bohemian descent. According to the 2000 U.S. census, there are 1,262,527 Americans of full or partial Czech descent, in addition to 441,403 persons who list their ancestry as Czechoslovak.
1999 SAFF Gold Cup squads
The 1999 South Asian Football Federation Gold Cup is an international football tournament held in India from 22 April to 1 May 1999. The six national teams involved in the tournament were required to register a squad of 23 players, including three goalkeepers. Only players in these squads were eligible to take part in the tournament.

1999 SAFF Gold Cup
The 1999 SAFF Gold Cup (also known as SAFF Coca-Cola Cup due to sponsorship reasons) was held in Goa, India between 22 April 1999 and 1 May 1999. The Nehru Stadium in Margao played host to all matches. India successfully defended their title by beating Bangladesh in the final, by doing so they became the first team to retain the title as well.
Meana Sardo
Meana Sardo, or Meana in Sardinian, is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in the Italian region of Sardinia, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Cagliari and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) southwest of Nuoro. As of 31 December 2004, it has a population of 2,028 and an area of 73.8 square kilometres (28.5 sq mi).

Meana Sardo borders the following municipalities: Aritzo, Atzara, Belvì, Laconi, and Samugheo.

Nuoro
Nuoro (Italian pronunciation: [ˈnuːoro] ⓘ or less correctly [ˈnwɔːro]; Sardinian: Nùgoro [ˈnuɣɔɾɔ]) is a city and municipality in central-eastern Sardinia in Italy, situated on the slopes of Mount Ortobene. It is the capital and largest city of the province of Nuoro. As of 2025, with a population of 33,106, it is the sixth-largest city in Sardinia. Its frazione (borough) of Lollove is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

As the birthplace of several renowned artists, including writers, poets, painters and sculptors, Nuoro hosts some of the most important museums in Sardinia. It is considered an important cultural center of the region and it has been referred to as the "Sardinian Athens". Nuoro is the hometown of Grazia Deledda, the only Italian woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Quercus lungmaiensis
Quercus lungmaiensis is an uncommon Asian species of trees in the beech family Fagaceae. It has only been found in the province of Yunnan in southwestern China. It is placed in subgenus Cerris, section Cyclobalanopsis.

Quercus lungmaiensis is a large tree up to 30 meters tall. Leaves can be as much as 11.5 cm long.

Quercus subg. Cerris
Quercus subgenus Cerris is one of the two subgenera into which the genus Quercus was divided in a 2017 classification (the other being subgenus Quercus). It contains about 140 species divided among three sections. It may be called the Old World clade or the mid-latitude clade; all species are native to Eurasia and North Africa.
FC Tosno
FC Tosno (Russian: ФК Тосно) was a professional Russian football club based in Tosno, Leningrad Oblast. Founded in 2013, Tosno won promotion to the Russian Premier League on 6 May 2017 after securing second place in the Russian National Football League. The following season, they won the Russian Cup.

However, Tosno's relegation to second division football worsened the club's economic troubles, leading to its dissolution.

Russian Second League
The Russian Second League (Russian: Первенство России II дивизиона ФНЛ), formerly the Russian Professional Football League, are both the third (Division A) and fourth level (Division B) of Russian professional football.
Young People's Theatre
Young People's Theatre (YPT) is a professional theatre for young audiences located in Toronto, Ontario. The company produces and presents a full season of theatre and arts education programming, performing to approximately 150,000 patrons annually. Founded in 1966 by Susan Douglas Rubeš, YPT originally operated out of the now-demolished Colonnade Theatre on Bloor Street. Since its 1977–78 season, the company has resided in a renovated heritage building in downtown Toronto.

YPT operates two performance spaces at 165 Front Street East: the Ada Slaight Stage and the Nathan Cohen Studio. It stages an average of eight productions each year. Herbie Barnes become the Artistic Director in the Spring of 2021 and Camilla Holland became the executive director in September 2024.

Heritage Toronto
Heritage Toronto is an agency of the Municipal Government of Toronto that works to builds a better city by bringing people together to explore Toronto’s shared past and peoples’ lived experiences. It is located in St. Lawrence Hall in the city.

Its programs include tours, historical plaques, the State of Heritage Report, and online exhibits.
The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque
The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque (French: Le Pli: Leibnitz et le Baroque) is a book by Gilles Deleuze which offers a new interpretation of the Baroque and of the work of Leibniz. Deleuze argues that Leibniz's work constitutes the grounding elements of Baroque philosophy of art and science. Deleuze views Leibniz's concept of the monad as folds of space, movement and time. He also interprets the world as a body of infinite folds that weave through compressed time and space.

Monadology
The Monadology (French: La Monadologie, 1714) is one of Gottfried Leibniz's  best known works of his later philosophy. It is a short text which presents, in some 90 paragraphs, a metaphysics of simple substances, or monads.
Young County, Texas
Young County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 17,867. Its county seat is Graham. The county was created in 1856 and organized in 1874. It is named for William Cocke Young, an early Texas settler and soldier.

Jacksboro, Texas
Jacksboro is a city in Jack County, Texas, in the United States. Its population was 4,184 at the 2020 census. U.S. Highways 281 and 380, and Texas State Highways 114 and 199 intersect at Jacksboro, which is the county seat of Jack County.
Speca
Speca, discovered in 2011, is an exotic radio galaxy or a rare spiral/disk galaxy where the central supermassive black hole is actively accreting matter surrounding itself and ejects two giant, million light year long, plasma lobes in opposite directions.Speca is located around 1.9 billion light-years away in the constellation Virgo.

Virgo (constellation)
Virgo is one of the constellations of the zodiac. The name means "maiden" in Latin and its traditional astrological symbol is . Between Leo to the west and Libra to the east, lying in the south, it is the second-largest constellation in the sky (after Hydra) and the largest constellation in the zodiac. The ecliptic intersects the celestial equator within this constellation and Pisces. Underlying these technical two definitions, the sun passes directly overhead of the equator, within this constellation, at the September equinox. Virgo can be easily found through its brightest star, Spica, (in Latin "grain headed").
Cricket Federation of Uzbekistan
Cricket Federation of Uzbekistan (CFU) is the governing body for cricket in Uzbekistan. The Cricket Federation of Uzbekistan was registered on 29 November 2019, by the Ministry of Justice of Uzbekistan. The founder of the Cricket Federation of Uzbekistan is Aziz Gaybullaevich Mihliev, who currently acts as its President. The formation of the Cricket Federation indicates that Uzbekistan is the second country in Central Asia where cricket was founded.

On July 24, 2025, the Cricket Federation of Uzbekistan joined the Asian Cricket Council (ACC).

Asian Cricket Council
The Asian Cricket Council (ACC) is the sport governing body of cricket in most countries and territories in Asia. The ACC was established in 1983, to promote and develop the sport of Cricket in Asia. Subordinate to the International Cricket Council, the council is the continent's regional administrative body, and currently consists of 30 member associations. Mohsin Naqvi is the current president of Asian Cricket Council.
Black Pine Cone
Black Pine Cone, at 8,020 feet (2,440 m) above sea level is a peak in the Black Pine Mountains of Idaho. The peak is located in Sawtooth National Forest in Cassia County. It is located about 2.5 mi (4.0 km) east of Black Pine Peak. No roads or trails go to the summit.

Black Pine Mountains
The Black Pine Mountains are a mountain range in the U.S. states of Idaho (~65%) and Utah (~35%), spanning Cassia County, Idaho and reaching into Box Elder County, Utah. The highest point in the range is known as Black Pine Mountains High Point, sometimes referred to as Black Peak, at 9,395 feet (2,864 m), and the range is a part of the Great Basin Divide and the Basin and Range Province. In Idaho, the mountains are part of the Black Pine Division of the Minidoka Ranger District of Sawtooth National Forest.

The Raft River Mountains are southwest of the range, while the Albion Mountains are to the west, and the Sublett Mountains are to the northeast. The northern slopes of the mountains are in the Snake River watershed, which is a tributary of the Columbia River, while the southern slopes drain to the Great Salt Lake. The town of Snowville, Utah is southeast of the mountains, and Malta, Idaho is to the northwest. Interstate 84 passes just to the east of the mountains.
Mandamento (Sicilian Mafia)
Within the Cosa Nostra, a mandamento is traditionally a district of three geographically contiguous Mafia cosche, which are families controlling a single land feud, or a city ward, in Sicily. A capomandamento represents the head of a territory, the mandamento, and is usually entitled to be part of the provincial Mafia Commission.

Cosca
A cosca (Italian: [ˈkɔska]; pl. cosche in Italian and coschi in Sicilian), in Sicily, is a clan or Sicilian Mafia crime family led by a capo.

The equivalent in the 'Ndrangheta in Calabria is the 'ndrina.
South Melbourne light rail station
South Melbourne is a light rail station on the former St Kilda railway line, and was located in the Melbourne suburb of South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The station was adjacent to the intersection of Ferrars and Dorcas Streets, just minutes from South Melbourne Market. A pair of low-level side platforms, immediately north of the disused station, now serve route 96 trams on the light rail line, with a pedestrian crossing in between.

Melbourne tram route 96
Melbourne tram route 96 is operated by Yarra Trams on the Melbourne tram network from East Brunswick to St Kilda Beach. The 13.9 kilometre route is operated out of Southbank and Preston depots with C2 and E class trams.
2020 ITTF Women's World Cup
The 2020 ITTF Women's World Cup was a table tennis competition held in Weihai, China, from 8 to 10 November 2020. It was the 24th edition of the ITTF-sanctioned event.
After series of cancellation of tournaments due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports this year, the ITTF World Cup is one of the three year-end tournaments that conclude the table tennis calendar in 2020. The other two, 2020 ITTF Finals and the inaugural World Table Tennis Macao, were also all held in November in China.

Table Tennis World Cup
The Table Tennis World Cup has been held annually since 1980. There had only been men's singles until the start of women's singles in 1996 and team competitions in 1990. The competitions are sanctioned by the International Table Tennis Federation.

In the years 2021–2023, the event was suspended. A new WTT event, WTT Cup Finals, began in 2021, which is the season-ending championship of the WTT. WTT stated that the winners of the WTT Cup Finals would win the prestigious ITTF World Cup trophies in March 2021, but the winners have been actually presented with WTT Cup Finals specific trophies since the inaugural edition, and the event has been renamed to simply WTT Finals since 2023, making it a pure season-ending event.

ITTF World Cup returned with an innovative mixed team format in 2023 in Chengdu, and ITTF Singles World Cup returned in 2024, in Macao, China.