hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Yusmarg
Yusmarg or Yousmarg (lit. 'Meadow of Jesus'; Urdu pronunciation: [juːsməɾɡ]; Kashmiri pronunciation: [juːsmarɨɡ]) is a hill station in the western part of the Budgam district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is situated 43 km from Budgam town and 53 km (33 mi) south of Srinagar, the summer capital of the state.

Budgam
Budgam (Urdu pronunciation: [bəɖɡɑːm]), known as Badgom (Kashmiri pronunciation: [baɖɡoːm]; lit. 'big village') in Kashmiri, is a town in Budgam district in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. In the 2001 census, it was recorded as having a notified area committee, but by the 2011 census it had a municipal committee.
2012 Kawasaki Frontale season
The 2012 Kawasaki Frontale season was Kawasaki Frontale's eighth consecutive season in J. League Division 1 and 11th overall in the Japanese top flight. Kawasaki Frontale also competed in the 2012 Emperor's Cup and 2012 J. League Cup.

2012 Emperor's Cup
The 92nd Emperor's Cup (第92回天皇杯全日本サッカー選手権大会) was a regular edition of an annual Japanese national cup tournament. It started on 1 September 2012 and ended on 1 January 2013 with the final at National Stadium in Tokyo, Japan, won by Kashiwa Reysol 1–0 against Gamba Osaka.

The cup winners were guaranteed a place in the 2013 AFC Champions League. However, as a requirement of AFC in 2012, the spot is only issued if the team holds a J1 license (but not necessary being a Division 1 team).
Transport in Kolkata
Kolkata the Capital of the Indian state of West Bengal has a good transportation system. Kolkata's transport system is diverse, with a mix of modern and traditional modes of transport catering to the city's large population.

Kolkata’s transport infrastructure is continually evolving, with the metro expansions aimed at addressing the growing demand for public transport.

South Eastern Railway zone
The South Eastern Railway (abbreviated SER) is one of the 19 railway zones in India. It is headquartered at Garden Reach, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It comprises Adra railway division, Chakradharpur railway division, Kharagpur railway division and Ranchi railway division.
Jatinegara
Jatinegara (originally known as Meester Cornelis or Meester/Mester for short) is one of the districts (Indonesian: kecamatan) of the administrative city of East Jakarta, Indonesia. The name also refers to the larger, historic area of the colonial town of Meester Cornelis. Established in the 17th century, Jatinegara is one of the oldest areas in Jakarta, and contains a number of buildings from the colonial period.

The area is historically known for its cosmopolitan character, dominated formerly by indigenous Christians from the so-called Outer Islands, but also with sizeable Chinese and Arab communities (Vreemde Oosterlingen or 'foreign orientals'). Jatinegara railway station, one of the biggest railway stations in Jakarta, is located on the boundary between the districts of Jatinegara and Matraman.

Another Jatinegara, an administrative village in Cakung, has no known historic connection to Jatinegara in Jakarta.

Ciliwung
The Ciliwung (often written as Ci Liwung as the "ci" prefix simply translates as "river"; also as Tjiliwoeng in Dutch, Sundanese: ᮎᮤᮜᮤᮝᮥᮀ) is a 119-kilometre-long (74 mi) river in the northwestern region of Java where it flows through two provinces, West Java and the special region of Jakarta. The natural estuary of the Ciliwung, known as the Kali Besar ("Big River"), was an important strategic point for trade in the precolonial and colonial periods and was instrumental in the founding of the port city of Jakarta, but has been lost from a reorganization of the watercourse of the rivers around the area into canals.
Ballyskenagh GAA
Ballyskenagh GAA was a Gaelic Athletic Association club located near Roscrea, County Tipperary, Ireland but affiliated to the Offaly County Board. The club was primarily concerned with the game of hurling.

Offaly Intermediate Hurling Championship
The Offaly Intermediate Hurling Championship is an annual hurling competition contested by mid-tier Offaly GAA clubs. The Offaly County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association has organised it since 1929.
Referendums in Canada
Referendums have been held in Canada at the federal, provincial and city levels.

National referendums are seldom used in Canada. The first two referendums in 1898 and 1942 saw a large number of voters in Quebec and in the remainder of Canada take dramatically-opposing stands, and the third in 1992 saw most of the voters take a stand opposed to that of the party in power.

1942 Canadian conscription plebiscite
A plebiscite on conscription was held in Canada on 27 April 1942. It was held in response to the Conservative Party lobbying Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King (Liberal leader) to introduce compulsory overseas military service, the government having previously promised not to introduce same in 1940. The result was 66% voting in favour, with Quebec being the only province to have a majority voting against. Quebec's strong majority against the commitment's release prompted the prime minister not to pursue the issue until later events prompted a change in position.
Monti della Tolfa
The Monti della Tolfa (or Tolfa Mountains) are a volcanic group in the Anti-Apennines of the northern part of the Lazio region of Central Italy. They are bounded by the Tyrrhenian Sea coast to the west, by the Monti Sabatini to the east, and by the Monti Cimini and the Mignone river to the north. Tolfa and Allumiere are the principal towns.

The highest peak is the Monte Maggiore (633 m above sea level). The Monti della Tolfa consists mostly of trachytes formed during the Eocene and the early Pleistocene.

The mountains are an important source of alunite, from which alum is extracted. The mineral was discovered there in 1461, and extensively mined until the mine closed in 1941, after almost 500 years; for much of this time it was the principal source of alum in Europe.

The Tolfetano breed of horse originates in the area, and takes its name from it.

42°08′N 11°54′E﻿ / ﻿42.133°N 11.900°E﻿ / 42.133; 11.900

Volcanic group
A volcanic group, depending on context, is either (1) a group of related volcanoes in the form of volcanic fields, volcanic complexes and cone clusters, or (2) a stratigraphic group consisting of volcanic strata.
Egyptian Rugby Football Union
The Egyptian Rugby Football Union is the governing body for rugby union in Egypt and was founded in 2008. The Egyptian Rugby Football Union became a full member of Rugby Africa in 2019 and an associate member of World Rugby in 2022.

The Egyptian Rugby Football Union has mainly focused on rugby sevens, they hosted the men’s and women’s regional competitions in Alexandria in 2021.

On 14 November 2024, Egypt was granted World Rugby Full Member status by the World Rugby Council.

Rugby Africa
Rugby Africa is the administrative body for rugby union within the continent of Africa under the authority of World Rugby, which is the world governing body of rugby union. As of 2018, Rugby Africa has 37 member nations and runs several rugby tournaments for national teams, including the Africa Cup which is the main 15-a-side competition for African national teams.

Rugby Africa was founded in 1986 as the Confederation of African Rugby (CAR) to promote, develop, organise and administer the game of rugby in Africa. It was renamed Rugby Africa in December 2014.

The President of Rugby Africa is the Herbert Mensah from Ghana.
George W. Pickle
George Wesley Pickle (March 6, 1845 – April 17, 1912) was an American lawyer and Confederate veteran who served as Tennessee Attorney General and Supreme Court Reporter from 1886 to 1902. Over a sixteen-year tenure, he edited twenty-four volumes of Tennessee Supreme Court reports and represented the state in major litigation before the Supreme Court of the United States.

Tennessee Attorney General
The Tennessee attorney general (officially, attorney general and reporter) is the chief law enforcement officer and lawyer for the U.S. state of Tennessee. The office of the attorney general is located at the state capitol in Nashville, Tennessee. The current office holder is Jonathan Skrmetti, who was appointed in 2022 by the Tennessee Supreme Court for an eight-year term. His service officially began when he was sworn in by the current governor of Tennessee, Bill Lee, on September 1, 2022.
Donald Maclean (died 1874)
Donald Maclean (1800 – 21 March 1874) was a British barrister and member of parliament.

The son of Fitzroy Jeffreys Grafton Maclean, of Barbados, who later became Clan Chief of Clan Maclean and inherited a baronetcy, Maclean was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. In 1823 he was elected as the first President of the newly created Oxford Union, graduated BA in 1823, and was called to the bar from Lincoln's Inn in 1827. From 1835 to 1847 he was one of the two members of parliament for the City of Oxford constituency, and in 1844 was awarded the degree of Doctor of Civil Laws.

He was the younger brother of Sir Charles Maclean, 9th Baronet. In 1827 he married Harriet, daughter of General Frederick Maitland, and died in 1874.

Clan Maclean
Clan Maclean (/mækˈleɪn/ ⓘ; Scottish Gaelic: Clann 'IllEathain [kʰl̪ˠãn̪ˠ iˈʎɛhɛɲ]) is a Highlands Scottish clan. They are one of the oldest clans in the Highlands and owned large tracts of land in Argyll as well as the Inner Hebrides. Many early Macleans became famous for their honour, strength and courage in battle. They were involved in clan skirmishes with the Mackinnons, Camerons, MacDonalds and Campbells, as well as all of the Jacobite risings.
Poa siphonoglossa
Poa siphonoglossa is a rare species of grass known by the common names Kauai bluegrass and island bluegrass. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is limited to the island of Kauai. It is threatened by the loss and modification of its habitat. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

There are three species of Poa native to Hawaii, and all are endemic to Kauai. As of 1995, there were five populations of this species totalling about 50 individuals. The plant grows on moist, shady slopes.

This is a perennial grass growing in tufts. The stems lose their leaves early and then resemble naked, erect rushes.

This grass is threatened by deer, feral goats and pigs damaging its habitat, and the invasion of introduced species of plants.

Poa
Poa is a genus of about 570 species of grasses, native to the temperate regions of both hemispheres. Common names include meadow-grass (mainly in Europe and Asia), bluegrass (mainly in North America), tussock (some New Zealand species), and speargrass. Poa (πόα) is Greek for 'fodder'. Poa are members of the subfamily Pooideae of the family Poaceae.

Bluegrass, which has green leaves, derives its name from the seed heads, which are blue when the plant is allowed to grow to its natural height of two to three feet (0.6 to 0.9 meters).

The genus Poa includes both annual and perennial species. Most are monoecious, but a few are dioecious (separate male and female plants). The leaves are narrow, folded or flat, sometimes bristled, and with the basal sheath flattened or sometimes thickened, with a blunt or hooded apex and membranaceous ligule.
Bealadangan
Béal an Daingin or Béal a' Daingin (meaning "mouth of the stronghold", anglicized as Bealadangan) is a small Gaeltacht village in Connemara, County Galway, Ireland.

The primary spoken language is Irish, and all but a few of the elderly population also speak English. A pub, a post office and a primary school (Scoil an Tuairín) are within a few miles. Other nearby villages are Leitir Móir and An Cheathrú Rua.

Diarmuid Mac an Adhastair (1943–2015), born in Béal an Daingin, was an actor in the TV drama Ros na Rún.

Carraroe
Carraroe (in Irish, and officially, an Cheathrú Rua Irish pronunciation: [ənˠ ˌça(h)ɾˠuː ˈɾˠuə], meaning 'the red quarter') is a village in Connemara, the coastal Irish-speaking region (Gaeltacht) of County Galway, Ireland. It is known for its traditional fishing boats, the Galway Hookers. Its population is widely dispersed over the Carraroe peninsula between Cuan an Fhir Mhóir (Greatman's Bay) and Cuan Chasla (Casla Bay). Carraroe has an unusual beach, Trá an Dóilín, a biogenic gravel beach made of coralline algae known as "maerl".
Federal Student Aid
Federal Student Aid (FSA), an office of the U.S. Department of Education, is the largest provider of student financial aid in the United States. Federal Student Aid provides student financial assistance in the form of grants, loans, and work-study funds. FSA is a Performance-Based Organization, and was the first PBO to be established in the US government.

Federal Student Aid is also responsible for the development, distribution, and processing of the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA), the fundamental qualifying form used for all federal student aid distribution programs, as well as for many state, regional, and private student aid programs. Each year Federal Student Aid's staff processes approximately 22 million FAFSAs. Additionally, Federal Student Aid is responsible for enforcing the financial aid rules and regulations required by the Higher Education Act of 1965 and the U.S. Department of Education and managing the outstanding federal student loan portfolio.

Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant
The Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant, more commonly known by its acronym SEOG, is a federal assistance grant reserved for college students with the greatest need for financial aid to attend school. To be eligible for this grant, applicants must meet all of the following criteria:

To be a United States citizen or eligible non-citizen,

To not have a bachelor's degree,

To not be in default of any federal student loan,

To not have a Federal Pell Grant overpayment,

To file their FAFSA.

The maximum FSEOG is $4,000 a year and the amount applicants are eligible for is at the discretion of the college. To obtain the FSEOG, the student must accomplish and submit the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA).
Serbian Orienteering Federation
The Serbian Orienteering Federation (Serbian: Оријентиринг Савез Србије (ОСС)/Orijentiring Savez Srbije (OSS)) is the national Orienteering Association in Serbia. It is recognized as the  orienteering association for Serbia by the International Orienteering Federation, of which it is a member.

Orienteering
Orienteering is a group of sports in which participants use a map and compass to navigate from point to point in unfamiliar terrain as quickly as possible.

The sport originated from military land-navigation training in the late 19th century. It has since evolved into several competitive forms where participants race against the clock and other competitors while navigating through checkpoints. Variants include automobile, underwater, mountain bike, ski, and trail orienteering. The most common form is foot orienteering, also known as FootO.

In formal foot-orienteering competitions, participants are given a specially prepared orienteering map, usually topographical, which they use to locate control points.

Orienteering is part of the World Games and the World Police and Fire Games.
Kira Nam Greene
Kira Nam Greene is a New York-based painter known for  combining ethnographic imagery, meticulous realism, and layered patterns.  Greene has expressed her commitment to painting as a way to explore feminism, materialism, and beauty.

San Francisco Art Institute
San Francisco Art Institute (SFAI) was a private college of contemporary art in San Francisco, California. Founded in 1871, SFAI was one of the oldest art schools in the United States and the oldest west of the Mississippi River. Approximately 220 undergraduates and 112 graduate students were enrolled in 2021. The institution was accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC) and the National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD), and was a member of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design (AICAD). The school closed permanently in July 2022.
Sh 2-1
Sh 2-1, also known as Sharpless 1, is the combination of a diffuse HII emission nebula and reflection nebula in the constellation of Scorpius with Pi Scorpii at its center. It appears as a modest brightness making it one of the easier Sharpless catalog objects for amateur astronomers to view. It features an apparent central star, Pi Scorpii, inside the nebulosity however it is not part its system nor a left over remnant.

The nebulous area is fairly large with an irregular shape appearing as a 180° arc shape surrounding a central star. The remnant has an apparent diameter that covers approximately 150' and an estimated distance of approximately 650ly away.

Scorpius
Scorpius is a zodiac constellation located in the Southern celestial hemisphere, where it sits near the center of the Milky Way, between Libra to the west and Sagittarius to the east. Scorpius is an ancient constellation whose recognition predates Greek culture; it is one of the 48 constellations identified by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy in the second century.
Syed Ahmad's Holy War
In 1826, Syed Ahmad Barelvi declared Jihad against the Sikh Empire ruled by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The Aim of Syed Ahmad's Holy War against the Sikhs was to restore Muslim Rule and drive out the East India Company from India. Syed concentrated his military operations mostly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Syed Ahmad Barelvi initially gained the support of the Pashtun tribes for his Jihad, but as the war continued, he introduced reforms that were unpopular among the Pashtuns, leading them to withdraw their support for the movement.

In the final battle between the Mujahideen and the Khalsa Army led by Prince Sher Singh, Syed Ahmad Barelvi was killed, along with most of the Mujahideen leaders, including Shah Ismail Dehlvi, effectively ending the Jihad threat.

Yusufzai
Yusufzai is one of the largest tribes of Pashtuns. They are natively based in the northern part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Malakand, Dir, Swat, Shangla, Buner, Swabi, Mardan, Bajaur, Peshawar, Tor Ghar), to which they migrated from Kabul during the 16th century, but they are also present in parts of Afghanistan, including Kunar, Kabul, Kandahar and Farah. Outside of these countries, they can be found in Ghoriwala, Bannu (Mughal Khel), Sibi (Akazai), Chagai (Hassanzai) and Rohilkhand. Most Yusufzais speak a northern variety of Pashto and some southern variety of Pashto, most prominent among the Mughal Khel branch, as well as Urdu and Dari as second languages.
Metamorphosis (Mercenary album)
Metamorphosis is the sixth studio album by Danish melodic death metal band Mercenary. It features a radically different line-up than on previous releases. It is the first album since First Breath not to feature the Sandager brothers and the first without Mike Park on drums since 11 Dreams. It is Morten Løwe's debut on drums.

Metamorphosis was first released on 25 February 2011 by Napalm Records. The US version was released on 29 March 2011 by  Prosthetic Records and included one bonus track. The song "The Follower" appeared on the band's YouTube channel on 23 December 2010. The song "In a River of Madness" was released for streaming on the band's Facebook page on 8 February 2011. The whole album was released for streaming on the Metal Hammer Germany website.

First Breath
First Breath is the debut studio album by Danish melodic death metal band Mercenary. With this album, the band showed their death metal roots. First Breath was recorded at the Aabenraa Studio in Denmark.
NGC 16
NGC 16 is a lenticular galaxy located in the Pegasus constellation. It was discovered on September 8, 1784, by William Herschel.

In the Webb Society Deep-Sky Observer's Handbook,
  the visual appearance of NGC 16 is described as follows:

Round, with a slightly brighter centre; the outer nebulosity is of uniform surface brightness.

Lenticular galaxy
A lenticular galaxy (denoted S0) is a type of galaxy intermediate between an elliptical (denoted E) and a spiral galaxy in galaxy morphological classification schemes. It contains a large-scale disc but does not have large-scale spiral arms.  Lenticular galaxies are disc galaxies that have used up or lost most of their interstellar matter and therefore have very little ongoing star formation. They may, however, retain significant dust in their disks. As a result, they consist mainly of aging stars (like elliptical galaxies).  Despite the morphological differences, lenticular and elliptical galaxies share common properties like spectral features and scaling relations. Both can be considered early-type galaxies that are passively evolving, at least in the local part of the Universe.  Connecting the E galaxies with the S0 galaxies are the ES galaxies with intermediate-scale discs.
International Literature Award
International Literature Award (German: Internationaler Literaturpreis – Haus der Kulturen der Welt) is a German literary award for international prose translated into German for the first time. The prize has been awarded annually by the Haus der Kulturen der Welt and the foundation “Elementarteilchen” since 2009. Winning authors receive €20,000 and the translators €15,000. The award has compared as the German near-equivalent of the Best Translated Book Award or Independent Foreign Fiction Prize. In 2020, due to COVID-19 pandemic, the award was given to all six shortlisted titles, with the prize money divided equally.

Independent Foreign Fiction Prize
The Independent Foreign Fiction Prize (1990–2015) was a British literary award. It was inaugurated by British newspaper The Independent to honour contemporary fiction in translation in the United Kingdom. The award was first launched in 1990 and ran for five years before falling into abeyance. It was revived in 2001 with the financial support of Arts Council England. Beginning in 2011 the administration of the prize was taken over by BookTrust, but retaining the "Independent" in the name. In 2015, the award was disbanded in a "reconfiguration" in which it was merged with the Man Booker International Prize.

Entries (fiction or short stories) were published in English translation in the UK in the year preceding the award by a living author. The prize acknowledged both the winning novelist and translator, each being awarded £5,000 and a magnum of champagne from drinks sponsor Champagne Taittinger.
Sensuroimaton Versio
Sensuroimaton Versio is the sixth studio album by Finnish singer Anna Abreu, released in Finland by Warner Bros. Records on September 9, 2016. The album was preceded by five singles and marked Abreu's first Finnish-language studio album, following her fifth English-language album V.

The album debuted and peaked at number 3 on the Finnish Albums Chart, becoming Abreu's sixth consecutive Top 5 album and her highest entry since her 2011 album Rush.

Rush (Anna Abreu album)
Rush is the fourth studio album by Finnish singer Anna Abreu, released in Finland by RCA on March 30, 2011. The album was preceded by the lead single "Hysteria" in January 2011.

The album was produced by Jukka Immonen, who is known for his work with Finnish singer Jenni Vartiainen. Principal photography for the album, including its cover and those of its lead single "Hysteria", was completed in Thailand in December 2010.