hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Judith K. Brodsky
Judith Kapstein Brodsky (born 1933) is an American artist, curator, and author known for her contributions to feminist discourse in the arts. She received her B.A. from Harvard University where she majored in Art History, and an M.F.A. from Tyler School of Art at Temple University. She is Professor Emerita in the Department of Visual Arts at Rutgers, State University of New Jersey. A printmaker herself, Brodsky is founding Director of the Rutgers Center for Innovative Print and Paper in 1996, later renamed the Brodsky Center in her honor in September 2006, and which later joined the Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts (PAFA) in 2018. She was also co-founder, with Ferris Olin, of the Center for Women in the Arts and Humanities at Rutgers University in 2006. She was the first artist appointed as president of the Women's Caucus for Art, an active Affiliated Society of the College Art Association.

Rhode Island School of Design Museum
The Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design, commonly known as the Rhode Island School of Design Museum (RISD Museum), is the art museum of the Rhode Island School of Design, a private art school in Providence, Rhode Island, United States. The museum was co-founded with the school in 1877. It is the 20th-largest art museum in the United States, and has seven curatorial departments.
Public capital
Public capital is the aggregate body of government-owned assets that are used as a means for productivity. Such assets span a wide range including: large components such as highways, airports, roads, transit systems, and railways; local, municipal components such as public education, public hospitals, police and fire protection, prisons, and courts; and critical components including water and sewer systems, public electric and gas utilities, and telecommunications. Often, public capital is defined as government outlay, in terms of money, and as physical stock, in terms of infrastructure.

Total factor productivity
In economics, total-factor productivity (TFP), also called multi-factor productivity, is usually measured as the ratio of aggregate output (e.g., GDP) to aggregate inputs.  Under some simplifying assumptions about the production technology, growth in TFP becomes the portion of growth in output not explained by growth in traditionally measured inputs of labour and capital used in production. TFP is calculated by dividing output by the weighted geometric average of labour and capital input, with the standard weighting of 0.7 for labour and 0.3 for capital.  Total factor productivity is a measure of productive efficiency in that it measures how much output can be produced from a certain amount of inputs. It accounts for part of the differences in cross-country per-capita income.  For relatively small percentage changes, the rate of TFP growth can be estimated by subtracting growth rates of labor and capital inputs from the growth rate of output.
2011 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes
The 2011 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes was a horse race held at Ascot Racecourse on Saturday 23 July 2011. It was the 61st King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes.

The winner was Lady Rothschild's Nathaniel, a three-year-old bay colt trained at Newmarket, Suffolk by John Gosden and ridden by William Buick. Nathaniel's victory was the first for his jockey, trainer and owner.

King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes
The King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes is a Group 1 flat horse race in Great Britain open to horses aged three years or older. It is run at Ascot over a distance of 1 mile 3 furlongs and 211 yards (2,406 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in July.

It is Britain's most prestigious open-age flat race, and its roll of honour features some of the most highly acclaimed horses of the sport's recent history. The 1975 running, which involved a hard-fought battle to the finish between Grundy and Bustino, is frequently described as the "race of the century". Many of its winners subsequently compete in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, and a number go on to have a successful career at stud. The race is often informally referred to as the "King George".
Shoreham-Wading River High School
Shoreham-Wading River High School is a public secondary school located in Shoreham, New York. The school serves about 800 students in grades 9 to 12 in the Shoreham-Wading River Central School District.

Shoreham, New York
Shoreham is an incorporated village in the Town of Brookhaven, Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 561 at the 2020 census. It is officially known as the Incorporated Village of Shoreham.
NHK Yonago Branch
The NHK Yonago Branch (NHK米子支局, NHK Yonago Shikyoku) is a division of the NHK Tottori Broadcasting Station which is in charge of news gathering operations in Yonago and the western side of Tottori Prefecture, corresponding to the former Hoki Province. It used to operate a full radio and television service until 1988.

Yonago
Yonago (米子市, Yonago-shi) is a city in western Tottori Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 December 2021, the city had an estimated population of 146,139 in 68,534 households and a population density of 1100 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 132.42 square kilometres (51.13 sq mi). It is the prefecture's second largest city after Tottori, and forms a commercial center of the western part of the prefecture.
IW (game engine)
The IW engine is a game engine created and developed by Infinity Ward, with the current iteration developed in its studio in Kraków, Poland for the Call of Duty series. The engine was originally based on id Tech 3 by id Software with Ritual Entertainment's ÜberTools enhancements. Aside from Infinity Ward, the engine is also used by other Activision studios working on the series, including primary lead developers Treyarch and Sledgehammer Games, and support studios like Beenox, High Moon Studios, and Raven Software.

High Moon Studios
High Moon Studios, Inc. (formerly Sammy Entertainment Inc. and Sammy Studios, Inc.) is an American video game developer initially formed in 2001. After nearly a year as an independent studio, the developer was acquired by Vivendi Games in January 2006 and placed under Sierra Entertainment. It is currently owned by Activision. It has developed multiple Transformers video games and assisted in the development of select Call of Duty games, as well as Destiny.
Carmelo Colamonico
Vito Carmelo Colamonico (Colamonaco) (27 July 1882  – 31 December 1973) was an Italian geographer, geologist and scholar. His works include studies on some karst dolines and landforms of Italy, such as Pulo di Altamura, Pulicchio di Gravina and Gurio Lamanna.

Accademia dei Lincei
The Accademia dei Lincei, anglicised as the Lincean Academy, was an Italian accademia active from 1603 to 1651. It was established in Rome in 1603 by Federico Cesi, and was named after the lynx, an animal whose sharp vision symbolizes the acuity that science requires. Galileo Galilei was the intellectual centre of the academy and adopted "Galileo Galilei Linceo" as his signature. Cesi died in 1630, and the academy was dissolved in or before 1651.

During the nineteenth century, it was revived, first in the Papal States and later in the nation of Italy. Thus the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, established in 1936, claims this heritage as the Accademia Pontificia dei Nuovi Lincei ("Pontifical Academy of the New Lynx-Eyed"), founded in 1847, descending from the first two incarnations of the Academy. Similarly, a lynx-eyed academy of the 1870s became the national academy of Italy, encompassing both literature and science among its concerns.
2020 Governor General's Awards
The shortlisted nominees for the 2020 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit were announced on May 4, 2021, and the winners were announced on June 1. Ordinarily the award shortlists and winners would have been named in fall 2020, but were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada.

Governor General's Awards
The Governor General's Awards are a collection of annual awards presented by the governor general of Canada, recognizing distinction in numerous academic, artistic, and social fields.

The first award was conceived and inaugurated in 1937 by the Lord Tweedsmuir, a prolific writer of fiction and non-fiction; he created the Governor General's Literary Award with two award categories. Successive governors general have followed suit, establishing an award for whichever endeavour they personally found important. Only Adrienne Clarkson created three Governor General's Awards: the Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts, the Governor General's Northern Medal, and the Governor General's Medal in Architecture (though this was effectively a continuation of the Massey Medal, first established in 1950).
Comb sign
The comb sign is a radiological sign seen on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans, primarily used to identify inflammation in the mesentery. It refers to the appearance of engorged mesenteric vessels resembling the teeth of a comb, which is a key feature seen in several abdominal conditions, particularly those associated with inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn's disease. This sign was first described by Morton Mayers.

Radiologic sign
A radiologic sign is an objective indication of some medical fact (that is, a medical sign) that is detected by a physician during radiologic examination with medical imaging (for example, via an X-ray, CT scan, MRI scan, or sonographic scan).
Oxyarsenides
Oxyarsenides or arsenide oxides are chemical compounds formally containing the group AsO, with one arsenic and one oxygen atom. The arsenic and oxygen are not bound together as in arsenates or arsenites, instead they make a separate presence bound to the cations (metals), and could be considered as a mixed arsenide-oxide compound. So a compound with OmAsn requires cations to balance a negative charge of 2m+3n. The cations will have charges of +2 or +3. The trications are often rare earth elements or actinides. They are in the category of oxypnictide compounds.

Some of these compounds are superconductors, but may require doping with fluoride or oxygen deficiency. Yet others undergo colossal magnetoresistance with a lowered electrical resistance in a magnetic field.

Many compounds are layered, containing two metals with the formula XZAsO, with an XAs layer alternating with a ZO layer.

Arsenide
In chemistry, an arsenide is a compound of arsenic with a less electronegative element or elements.  Many metals form binary compounds containing arsenic, and these are called arsenides. They exist with many stoichiometries, and in this respect arsenides are similar to phosphides.
Tungsten(II) chloride
Tungsten(II) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula W6Cl12.  It is a polymeric cluster compound.  The material dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid, forming (H3O)2[W6Cl14](H2O)x. Heating this salt gives yellow-brown W6Cl12.  The structural chemistry resembles that observed for molybdenum(II) chloride.

Tungsten(II) chloride is prepared by reduction of the hexachloride.  Bismuth is a typical reductant:

6 WCl6  +  8 Bi  →   W6Cl12  +  8 BiCl3

Structure of the cluster anion [W6Cl14]2−.

Molybdenum(II) chloride
Molybdenum dichloride describes chemical compounds with the empirical formula MoCl2. At least two forms are known, and both have attracted much attention from academic researchers because of the unexpected structures seen for these compounds and the fact that they give rise to hundreds of derivatives.  The form discussed here is Mo6Cl12.  The other molybdenum(II) chloride is potassium octachlorodimolybdate.
Compass Card (San Diego)
The Compass Card (Spanish: Tarjeta Compass) was the first-generation smart card used for automated fare collection on public transport services within San Diego County, California. Administered by the San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG), it was valid on a number of different travel systems in San Diego County including MTS buses, the San Diego Trolley, North County Buses, the Coaster and the Sprinter. The system was operated by Cubic Transportation Systems. Phased out over the third quarter of 2021, it was discontinued on August 31, and its successor, Pronto, launched the following day.

San Diego Metropolitan Transit System
The San Diego Metropolitan Transit System (MTS) is a public transit service provider for San Diego County, California. The agency operates a transit system that includes the San Diego MTS bus system, San Diego Trolley, and Rapid (bus rapid transit). MTS also controls the San Diego and Arizona Eastern (SD&AE) freight railway and regulates taxicabs, jitneys, and other private for-hire passenger transportation services.

MTS is one of the oldest transit systems in Southern California, with predecessors dating back as early as the 1880s. The current agency started operations in 1976 as the San Diego Metropolitan Transit Development Board (MTDB) and changed to its current name in 2005.

MTS works closely with the North County Transit District (NCTD), which operates public transit services in Northern San Diego County, and the San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG), which plans, develops, and constructs transit projects for both MTS and NCTD.
Walkman A Series
The Walkman A Series is a flagship line of mid-range digital audio players (DAP) by Sony as part of its Walkman range. The A Series has been marketed since 2005, initially as the top spec Walkman players and since 2014 as a mid-range following the introduction of the ZX Series. The "A" originally stood for "All in one, Advanced, and Attractive".

Direct Stream Digital
Direct Stream Digital (DSD) is a trademark used by Sony and Philips for their system for digitally encoding audio signals for the Super Audio CD (SACD).

DSD uses delta-sigma modulation, a form of pulse-density modulation encoding, a technique to represent audio signals in digital format, a sequence of single-bit values at a sampling rate of 2.8224 MHz. This is 64 times the CD audio sampling rate of 44.1 kHz, but with 1-bit samples instead of 16-bit samples. Noise shaping of the 64-times oversampled signal provides low quantization noise and low distortion in the audible bandwidth necessary for high resolution audio.

DSD is simply a format for storing a delta-sigma signal without applying a decimation process that converts the signal to a PCM signal.
2011 BCR Open Romania Ladies
The 2011 BCR Open Romania Ladies was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 5th edition of the tournament which was part of the 2011 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place in Bucharest, Romania between July 18 and July 23, 2011.

2011 ITF Women's Circuit
The 2011 ITF Women's Circuit is the 2011 edition of the second-tier tour for women's professional tennis. It is organised by the International Tennis Federation and is a tier below the WTA Tour. The ITF Women's Circuit includes tournaments with prize money ranging from $10,000 up to $100,000.
March 13 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
March 12 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - March 14

All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 26 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For March 13th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 28 (February 29 on leap years).

Saint Roderick
Saint Roderick (/ˈrɒd(ə)rɪk/; Latin: Rodericus, Rudericus; Spanish: San Rodrigo; died 13 March 857) was a Christian priest of Mozarab background, venerated as one of the Martyrs of Córdoba.

Tradition states that he was a Christian priest of Cabra who had two brothers: one was a Muslim, the other irreligious. Once, after his brothers began to fight one another, Roderick attempted to break up the fight. However, they turned on him instead and beat him.

When Roderick awoke, he found that his Muslim brother had reported to the authorities that Roderick had converted to Islam. When Roderick maintained his loyalty to the Christian faith, he was accused of apostasy from Islam under Sharia law. He was imprisoned and then beheaded along with Salomon (Solomon) at Córdoba.

St. Roderick's Convent and Hospital in Cabra, established in the 16th century, bears his name.
Views of Ibn Taymiyya
The views of Ibn Taymiyya made him a polarizing figure in his own times and centuries that followed. He is known for fierce religious polemics attacking various schools of speculative theology, primarily Ash'arism and Maturidism, while defending the doctrines of Atharism. This made him a contentious figure with many rulers and scholars of the time, and was imprisoned several times as a result.

Today, Ibn Taymiyya's numerous treatises advocating for al-salafiyya al-iʿtiqādiyya (creedal Salafism), based on his scholarly interpretations of the Quran and prophetic way, constitute the most popular classical reference for contemporary Salafi movements.

Tawassul
Tawassul (Arabic: توسل) is an Arabic word that originates from the word وسيلة, wasīlah, which stands for a means by which a person, goal or objective is approached, attained or achieved. In another version of the meaning of tawassul in another text: Tawassul is an Arabic word that comes from a verbal noun, wasilah, which according to Ibn Manzur (d. 711/1311) in Lisān al-'Arab means "a station of King, a rank, or act of devotion".
In other words, it refers to a position of power due to one's proximity to the king or sovereign. While the tawassul or tawassulan is the use of wasilah for this purpose. In religious contexts, the tawassul is the use of a wasilah to arrive at or obtain favour of Allah.
Program slicing
In computer programming, program slicing is the computation of the set of program statements, the program slice, that may affect the values at some point of interest, referred to as a slicing criterion. Program slicing can be used in debugging to locate source of errors more easily. Other applications of slicing include software maintenance, optimization, program analysis, and information flow control.

Slicing techniques have been seeing a rapid development since the original definition by Mark Weiser. At first, slicing was only static, i.e., applied on the source code with no other information than the source code. Bogdan Korel and Janusz Laski introduced dynamic slicing, which works on a specific execution of the program (for a given execution trace). Other forms of slicing exist, for instance path slicing.

Program analysis
In computer science, program analysis is the process of analyzing the behavior of computer programs regarding a property such as correctness, robustness, safety and liveness. 
Program analysis focuses on two major areas: program optimization and program correctness. The first focuses on improving the program’s performance while reducing the resource usage while the latter focuses on ensuring that the program does what it is supposed to do.

Program analysis can be performed without executing the program (static program analysis), during runtime (dynamic program analysis) or in a combination of both.
Restaurant James Sommerin
Restaurant James Sommerin was a restaurant in Penarth, Vale of Glamorgan, Wales. It was owned and run by chef James Sommerin.

Sommerin formerly ran the Michelin starred The Crown and Whitebrook in Monmouthshire.

The Whitebrook
The Whitebrook, formerly known as The Crown at Whitebrook, is a restaurant with rooms in Whitebrook, 6 miles (9.7 km) south-south-east of Monmouth, Monmouthshire, Wales, near the River Wye and the border with England. The building is thought to date from the 17th century and by the 19th century it was used as a roadside inn. Its restaurant was run by Chef Patron James Sommerin until 2013; it gained a Michelin star in 2007. It contains eight double rooms and a 2-acre (0.81 ha) garden.

On 7 March 2013, it closed because of financial difficulties; at the time it had the longest held Michelin star in Wales. Critics praised the food under Sommerin, but have criticised the difficulty in finding the restaurant. It re-opened in October 2013 under new chef and owner Chris Harrod, and regained the Michelin star in 2014. Harrod serves a menu using locally produced meat and vegetables along with foraged ingredients such as charlock, hedge bedstraw and pennywort.
History of the Jews in Djerba
The history of the Jews in Djerba stems from at least the Middle Ages, although many speculate that it extends back to the Classical Era. The community is one of the last remaining Jewish communities in the Arab world.

The community is typically divided between two villages on the Tunisian island of Djerba, off of its southern coast. The community remained small throughout history—at around 4,500 members at its peak—and hovered at about 700 at the beginning of 21st century. Since then, and due to a high birth rate, it has increased to 1,100. It is one of the best-known North African Jewish communities due to its longlasting survival, with thousands making an annual pilgrimage to the El Ghriba Synagogue on the 33rd day of the Counting of the Omer. Beginning in the mid-20th century, the community's population began declining due to the establishment of the State of Israel. The community's synagogue was attacked in a bombing in 2002 and a shooting in 2023.

Kohen
Kohen (Hebrew: כֹּהֵן, romanized: kōhēn, pronounced [koˈ(h)en]; pl. כֹּהֲנִים, kōhănīm, [ko(h)aˈnim]) is the Hebrew word for "priest", used in reference to the Aaronic priesthood, also called Aaronites or Aaronides. They are traditionally believed, and halakhically required, to be of direct patrilineal descent from the biblical Aaron (also Aharon), brother of Moses, and thus belong to the Tribe of Levi.

During the existence of the Temple in Jerusalem (and previously the Tabernacle), kohanim performed the Temple sacrificial offerings, which were only permitted to be offered by them. Following its destruction, it seems that most of them joined the Synagogal Jewish movement before adopting gradually Rabbinic Judaism, other types of Judaism, Christianity or Islam. Today, kohanim retain a lesser though distinct status within Rabbinic and Karaite Judaism, including certain honors and restrictions.

In the Samaritan community, the kohanim have remained the primary religious leaders.
Marietta Street Artery
Marietta Street Artery (formerly designated as "Bellwood") is an officially defined neighborhood of the city of Atlanta, Georgia, part of the West Midtown area of Atlanta, also known as the "Westside."

The neighborhood consists of Marietta Street and the city blocks immediately to the east and west of it, stretching from 8th Street NW on the north to North Avenue NW on the south.  It is bordered by the neighborhoods of Home Park on the north, Georgia Tech on the east, downtown Atlanta on the south, and English Avenue on the west.

The neighborhood consists of many former industrial and warehouse properties which have been transformed into lofts, galleries, theaters, shops, restaurants, and coffee shops.

Neighborhoods in Atlanta
The city of Atlanta, Georgia is made up of 243 neighborhoods officially defined by the city. These neighborhoods are a mix of traditional neighborhoods, subdivisions, or groups of subdivisions. The neighborhoods are grouped by the city planning department into 25 neighborhood planning units (NPUs). These NPUs are "citizen advisory councils that make recommendations to the Mayor and City Council on zoning, land use, and other planning issues". There are a variety of other widely recognized named areas within the city. Some are officially designated, while others are more informal.