hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hot gas welding
Hot-gas welding is a manual plastic welding process for joining thermoplastic materials. A hot-gas torch is used to direct hot air to both the joint surface and weld rod, heating the materials to their softening temperature. Application of pressure on the heated weld rod to the joint surface bonds the materials together to form a completed weld. This technique is not easily automatized and is primarily used for repairs or individual manufacturing needs of small or complex components.

Plastic welding
Plastic welding is welding for semi-finished plastic materials, and is described in ISO 472 as a process of uniting softened surfaces of materials, generally with the aid of heat (except for solvent welding). Welding of thermoplastics is accomplished in three sequential stages, namely surface preparation, application of heat and pressure, and cooling. Numerous welding methods have been developed for the joining of semi-finished plastic materials. Based on the mechanism of heat generation at the welding interface, welding methods for thermoplastics can be classified as external and internal heating methods, as shown in Fig 1.

Production of a good quality weld does not only depend on the welding methods, but also weldability of base materials. Therefore, the evaluation of weldability is of higher importance than the welding operation (see rheological weldability) for plastics.
MECS
MECS is the Multi-Element Code System, a markup system developed by the Wittgenstein Archives at the University of Bergen. It is very similar to SGML and XML except that it allows elements to overlap.

MECS supports limited overlap, in that a given type of element (for example a quotation), may overlap other types, but no element may overlap another of the same type.

MECS has been influential in the theory of non-hierarchical markup systems, and is discussed in many articles by Michael Sperberg-McQueen and Claus Huitfeldt, among others.

Other systems for representing overlapping markup include the Layered Markup and Annotation Language, CLIX, JITTS, EARMARK and features of the Text Encoding Initiative and the Open Scripture Information Standard.

Text Encoding Initiative
The Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) is a text-centric community of practice in the academic field of digital humanities, operating continuously since the 1980s. The community currently runs a mailing list, meetings and conference series, and maintains the TEI technical standard, a journal, a wiki, a GitHub repository and a toolchain.
2021 Lima Challenger
The 2021 Lima Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the fifteenth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2021 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Lima, Peru between 27 September and 3 October 2021.

Lima Challenger
The Lima Challenger (first edition) or the Igma Open  (second edition, previously the DirecTV Open Lima), is a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It is currently part of the ATP Challenger Tour and is held annually in Lima, Peru, since 2000. As of 2024 (in its 13th edition since 2012), it is the fourth longest running active South American Challenger tournament, only behind Montevideo (20), Guayaquil (20), Santiago (18), and tied with Campinas (13).
Ramnes
Ramnes is a village in Tønsberg Municipality in Vestfold county, Norway. The village is located about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) to the northwest of the city of Tønsberg, about 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) to the northwest of the village of Linnestad,  about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) to the southwest of the villages of Bergsåsen/Revetal, and about 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) to the south of the village of Fon.

Historically, Ramnes was the administrative centre of the old Ramnes Municipality which existed from 1838 until 2002 when Ramnes Municipality and Våle Municipality were merged to form Re Municipality.

Våle
Våle is a former municipality in Vestfold county, Norway. The 82-square-kilometre (32 sq mi) municipality existed from 1838 until its dissolution in 2002. The area is now part of Tønsberg Municipality. The administrative centre was the village of Kirkevoll (it was at Sørby prior to 1990). Other villages in the rural, agricultural municipality included: Brekkeåsen, Rånerudåsen, Svinevoll, Sørby, and Gretteåsen.

The famous Jarlsberg cheese first was produced in Våle. The medieval Våle Church was the main church for the municipality.
Case River
The Case River is a tributary of the Kabika River, flowing in Cochrane District in Northeastern Ontario, in Canada. The course of this river runs through the townships of Steele, Case and Kenning.

Forestry is the main economic activity of the sector; recreational tourism activities, second. The west side of this slope is served by the Ontario road 652.

The surface of the river is usually frozen from early November to mid-May, but safe circulation on the ice generally occurs from mid-November to the end of April.

Burntbush River
The Burntbush River is a tributary of the Turgeon River in Ontario, which flows into the Harricana River in Quebec; and the latest flows mainly in Quebec before crossing the Ontario border; then this river empties to the southern shore of James Bay in Ontario. The "Burntbush River" originated in Cochrane, Cochrane District, Northeastern Ontario, Canada.
Qormi F.C.
Qormi Football Club is a Maltese football club from the city of Qormi, that currently plays in the Maltese National Amateur League. They have won 4 league titles, with their titles being won in the 1969-70, 1982-83, 1994-95, and 2023-24 seasons.

Maltese FA Trophy
The FA Trophy, currently known as the Meridianbet FA Trophy for sponsorship reasons, is an annual football cup competition that takes place in Malta. The cup was founded in 1933; following a match between England and Italy, played in Rome in May 1933, to where a number of pro-British Maltese supporters travelled to support the English side. The Football Association as recognition donated a silver trophy to be played on the model of the FA Cup.

The team who wins the cup wins a place in the First qualifying round of the UEFA Conference League. This competition is now played on a knock-out basis between all the senior clubs in the Maltese and Gozitan football pyramids. The cup winners play a match for the Maltese Super Cup against the league champions of the season.
Open de Rouen
The Open de Rouen is a professional women's tennis tournament which was introduced in 2022 and is part of the WTA Tour. In 2024, it was upgraded to WTA 250 level tournament and was played on indoor clay courts during the same week as WTA 500 level Porsche Tennis Grand Prix in Stuttgart, Germany. Prior to that, it was played as a WTA 125-level tournament on indoor hard courts, in the month of October. The tournament is staged at the Kindarena in the city of Rouen in France since 2022.

WTA 250 tournaments
WTA 250 is a category of tennis tournaments in the Women's Tennis Association tour, implemented since the reorganization of the schedule in 2021. Earlier these events were classified as WTA International Tournaments.

The ranking points awarded to the winners of these tournaments are 250. This compares to 2,000 points for winning a Grand Slam tournament ("Major"), up to 1,500 points for winning the WTA Finals, 1000 points for winning a WTA 1000 tournament, and 500 for winning a WTA 500 tournament.

At their introduction in 2021, WTA 250 tournaments' prize money was approximately $250,000. As of 2025 season, this has risen to $275,094. All tournaments have a 32 player main draw for singles and a 16 team main draw for doubles.
Jean-Claude Haelewyck
Jean-Claude Haelewyck (born in 1952) is a Belgian professor emeritus, semiticist, researcher in the fields of the Old Latin Versions of the Bible and Syriac Studies at Centre d’Études Orientales in Institut Orientaliste de Louvain, Université catholique de Louvain and director of FNRS (Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique).

Kristin De Troyer
Kristin Mimi Lieve Leen De Troyer (born 26 May 1963 in Ninove) is an Old Testament scholar, theologian, writer and a university professor who has taught at different universities such as the University of Salzburg, the University of St Andrews, and Claremont School of Theology.  She is the author of many scholarly books and articles, an editor of several academic series, and a professor and researcher of the Hebrew Bible, the Septuagint, Judaism and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Since the beginning of 2021, she serves as the Secretary of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts. In 2024 she served as Vice-Principal at the University of Salzburg.
Vadavagni
Vadavagni (Sanskrit: वाडवाग्नि, romanized: Vāḍavāgni, lit. 'mare-fire'), also referred to as Vadavanala (Sanskrit: वडवानल, romanized: Vaḍavānala) refers to a submarine fire embodied in the form of a destructive being in Hindu mythology. It is described to be a being that manifested with the head of a mare, but a body of blazing flame.

The Vadavagni is regarded to wander the seabed and consume its waters, awaiting the moment it could emerge and destroy the earth during the Pralaya, the dissolution of the earth at the end of an age. Various legends regarding the origin and suppression of the Vadavagni exist in Hindu literature, most prominently the descent of the goddess Saraswati as the Sarasvati river.

Devanagari transliteration
Devanagari transliteration is the process of representing text written in Devanagari script—an Indic script used for Classical Sanskrit and many other Indic languages—in the Latin script, preserving pronunciation and spelling conventions. There are several methods of transliteration from Devanagari to the Latin script (i.e., romanisation), including the IAST notation. Romanised Devanagari is also called Romanagari.
Tsang Kam To
Tsang Kam To (Chinese: 曾錦濤; born 21 June 1989) is a Hong Kong professional footballer who currently plays as a full back for Hong Kong Premier League club Kowloon City. He is also the assistant coach of the club.

Tsang has represented Hong Kong in international competitions since childhood. In 2009, he won a gold medal at the East Asian Games as a member of the Hong Kong national under-23 football team.

Known for his versatility, Tsang played as forward when he played for Hong Kong 08. He is adept at different position including wingback and winger. For the Hong Kong under-23 football team, he occasionally plays at centre-back.

Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's Asian Qualifiers
The Asian Football Confederation's Pre-Olympic Tournament was held from 7 February to 21 November 2007.  Twenty-four teams entered the qualification for the three allocated spots for the 2008 Summer Olympics Football tournament in Beijing.

The qualification saw Australia, Korea Republic, and Japan winning their final round groups and qualifying to the Olympics.
Don't Dress for Dinner
Don't Dress for Dinner is an adaptation of a two-act play titled Pyjama Pour Six by French playwright Marc Camoletti, who wrote Boeing-Boeing. It ran in London for six years and opened on Broadway in 2012.

Boeing-Boeing (play)
Boeing-Boeing is a farce written by the French playwright Marc Camoletti. The English-language adaptation, translated by Beverley Cross, was first staged in London at the Apollo Theatre in 1962 and transferred to the Duchess Theatre in 1965, running for seven years. In 1991, the play was listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the most performed French play throughout the world.
International Ice Patrol
The International Ice Patrol is an organization with the purpose of monitoring the presence of icebergs in the Atlantic and Arctic oceans and reporting their movements for safety purposes. It is operated by United States Coast Guard but is funded by the 13 nations interested in trans-Atlantic navigation. As of 2011 the governments contributing to the International Ice Patrol include Belgium, Canada (see Canadian Ice Service), Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Poland, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

The organization was established in 1914 in response to the sinking of RMS Titanic. The primary mission of the Ice Patrol is to monitor the iceberg danger in the North Atlantic Ocean and provide relevant iceberg warning products to the maritime community.

SOLAS Convention
The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) is an international maritime treaty which sets out minimum safety standards in the construction, equipment and operation of merchant ships. The International Maritime Organization convention requires signatory flag states to ensure that ships flagged by them comply with at least these standards.

Initially prompted by the sinking of the Titanic, the current version of SOLAS is the 1974 version, known as SOLAS 1974, which came into force on 25 May 1980, and has been amended several times. As of April 2022, SOLAS 1974 has 167 contracting states, which flag about 99% of merchant ships around the world in terms of gross tonnage.

SOLAS in its successive forms is generally regarded as the most important of all international treaties concerning the safety of merchant ships.
2023 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group V
The Asia/Oceania Zone was the unique zone within Group 5 of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2023. The zone's competition was held in round robin format in Isa Town, Bahrain from 25 to 28 October 2023.

2024 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group IV
The Asia/Oceania Zone was the unique zone within Group 4 of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2024. The zone's competition was held in round robin format in Phnom Penh, Cambodia from 10 to 13 July 2024.
Transgender inequality
Transgender inequality is the unequal protection received by transgender people in work, school, and society in general. Transgender people regularly face transphobic harassment. Ultimately, one of the largest reasons that transgender people face inequality is due to a lack of public understanding of transgender people.

Anti-transgender stigma leads to employment discrimination, exclusion from healthcare, and increased risks of poverty and homelessness, which in turn correspond to greater risks of fatal violence. Abuse and murder of transgender people is pervasive; in November 2021, "2021 was the deadliest year...of anti-transgender violence in the United States." Those who have died as a result of transphobia are commonly remembered on Transgender Day of Remembrance.

Advocates for Trans Equality
The National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE) is a nonprofit social equality organization founded in 2003 by transgender activist Mara Keisling in Washington, D.C. The organization works primarily in the areas of policy advocacy and media activism with the aim of advancing the equality of transgender people in the United States. Among other transgender-related issue areas, NCTE focuses on discrimination in employment, access to public accommodations, fair housing, identity documents, hate crimes and violence, criminal justice reform, federal research surveys and the Census, and health care access.

On October 1, 2024, the organization rebranded as Advocates for Trans Equality (A4TE), after merging with the Transgender Legal Defense and Education Fund.
2012 Stanford Cardinal football team
The 2012 Stanford Cardinal football team represented Stanford University in the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Cardinal were led by second-year head coach David Shaw. They played their home games at Stanford Stadium and were members of the North Division of the Pac-12 Conference.

The Cardinal won their first Pac-12 championship since 1999 after defeating UCLA in the Pac-12 Football Championship Game. They represented the Pac-12 in the Rose Bowl, where they defeated Wisconsin to win their first Rose Bowl championship since 1972. This was Stanford's third consecutive year playing in a BCS bowl game. They finished the season with a 12–2 record (8–1 Pac-12).

David Shaw (American football)
David Lorenzo Shaw (born July 31, 1972) is an American football coach who is currently the passing game coordinator for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He served as head coach of the Stanford Cardinal football team from 2011 to 2022. Shaw was the team's offensive coordinator for the entire tenure of his predecessor, head coach Jim Harbaugh, from 2007 to 2010. Previously, Shaw was a four-year letter winner as a wide receiver for the Cardinal from 1991 to 1994, where he was coached by Dennis Green and Bill Walsh. Prior to returning to Stanford as offensive coordinator, Shaw was Harbaugh's passing game coordinator at the University of San Diego and an assistant coach in the NFL for the Philadelphia Eagles, Oakland Raiders, and Baltimore Ravens. Shaw resigned as the Stanford head coach on November 27, 2022. In 2024, Shaw served as a senior personnel executive for the Denver Broncos.
2000 Caribbean Series
The forty-second edition of the Caribbean Series (Serie del Caribe) was held from February 2 through February 8 of 2000 with the champion baseball teams of the Dominican Republic, Águilas Cibaeñas; Mexico, Mayos de Navojoa; Puerto Rico, Cangrejeros de Santurce, and Venezuela, Águilas del Zulia. The format consisted of 12 games, each team facing the other teams twice, and the games were played at Estadio Quisqueya in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

Caribbean Series
The Caribbean Series (Spanish: Serie del Caribe) is an annual club tournament contested by professional baseball teams in Latin America. It is organized by the Caribbean Professional Baseball Confederation. The series is normally played in February, after the various winter leagues have ended their national tournaments.

The Dominican Republic has won the most Caribbean Series championships (23), with Tigres del Licey being the most successful team in the tournament's history. The series has been won by 29 teams from seven countries. Only two teams have won the tournament two consecutive years, the most recent being Criollos de Caguas from Puerto Rico in 2017 and 2018.
Castel Bolognese train disaster
The Castel Bolognese train disaster was a major accident that occurred on 8 March 1962, in the Castel Bolognese railway station, near Ravenna, in Italy.

The Diretto 152 night train between Bari and Milan derailed at 1:56 a.m. shortly before entering the station, killing 13 and wounding 127.

Castel Bolognese
Castel Bolognese (Romagnol: Castël Bulgnés) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Ravenna in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of Bologna and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southwest of Ravenna. As of 2006, it has a population of about 9,000 inhabitants.

Castel Bolognese borders the following municipalities: Faenza, Imola, Riolo Terme, Solarolo.
2024 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship final
The 2024 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship Final, the 93rd event of its kind and the culmination of the 2024 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, was played at Croke Park on 11 August 2024. The finals of the 2024 All-Ireland Intermediate Camogie Championship and All-Ireland Junior Camogie Championship took place earlier that day at Croke Park.

Cork defeated Galway by a goal to win a 30th All-Ireland senior camogie title.

2024 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship
The 2024 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, known for sponsorship reasons as the Glen Dimplex Senior All-Ireland Championship, is the premier inter-county competition of the 2024 camogie season. Twelve county teams from Ireland compete.
Clarkforkian
The Clarkforkian North American Stage, on the geologic timescale, is the North American  faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), typically set from 56,800,000 to 55,400,000 years BP lasting 1.4 million years.

Considered to be within the Paleocene, more specifically the Late Paleocene, the Clarkforkian shares its upper boundary with the Thanetian.

The Clarkforkian is preceded by the Tiffanian and followed by the Wasatchian NALMA stages.

Dinocerata
Dinocerata, from Ancient Greek δεινός (deinós), "terrible", and κέρας (kéras), "horn", or Uintatheria, is an extinct order of large herbivorous hoofed mammals with horns and protuberant canine teeth, known from the Paleocene and Eocene of Asia and North America. With body masses ranging up to 4,500 kilograms (9,900 lb) they represent some of the earliest known large mammals.
2014 Knox County, Tennessee mayoral election
The 2014 Knox County mayoral election was held on August 7, 2014, to determine the mayor of Knox County, Tennessee. Incumbent Republican mayor Tim Burchett ran for re-election and was unopposed in both the primary and the general election since no other candidate filed to run against him.

Burchett was sworn into his second term on September 2, 2014.

Knox County, Tennessee
Knox County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. The population was 506,748 as of a 2024 estimate, making it the third-most populous county in Tennessee. Its county seat is Knoxville, which is the third-most populous city in Tennessee. Knox County is included in the Knoxville metropolitan area. The county is located at the geographical center of the Great Valley of East Tennessee. Near the heart of the county is the origin of the Tennessee River, at the confluence of the Holston and French Broad rivers.
Joaquín García (footballer, born 1875)
Joaquín García Cenarro (1875 – Unknown) was a Spanish footballer who played as a forward for FC Barcelona and Club Español (now known as RCD Espanyol). Although little has been recorded of his life, he was one of the most prominent footballers in the Copa Macaya, the first football championship played on the Iberian Peninsula, winning the competition with both Barça (1901–02) and Espanyol (1902–03).

Catalan football championship
The Catalan football championship (Campionat de Catalunya) was a football competition in Catalonia and the first football league in Spain before La Liga was established in 1929.

In December 1900, Alfons Macaya, the president of Hispania AC, offered a trophy (the Copa Macaya) to be contested by several football teams from Spain. The league was played between 1901 and 1940 and was cancelled in Francoist Spain after the Spanish Civil War.
Arnold von Winkelried
Arnold von Winkelried or Arnold Winkelried was a legendary hero of Swiss history. According to 16th-century Swiss historiography, Winkelried's sacrifice allowed the Old Swiss Confederacy to win the Battle of Sempach over the army of the Habsburg Duke Leopold III of Austria in 1386.

Pike (weapon)
A pike is a long thrusting spear formerly used in European warfare from the Late Middle Ages and most of the early modern period, and wielded by foot soldiers deployed in pike square formation, until it was largely replaced by bayonet-equipped muskets. The pike was particularly well known as the primary weapon of Spanish tercios, Swiss mercenaries, German Landsknecht units and French sans-culottes. A similar weapon, the sarissa, had been used in antiquity by Alexander the Great's Macedonian phalanx infantry.
Polk station
Polk is an 'L' station on the Pink Line of the Chicago Transit Authority. It is adjacent to Rush University Medical Center and the University of Illinois Chicago College of Dentistry within the Illinois Medical District in the Near West Side community area. It formerly served as a transfer station between the Pink and Blue Lines from June 25, 2006 to April 25, 2008.

Chicago Transit Authority bus services
Chicago Transit Authority bus services are provided throughout Chicago, Illinois and the surrounding suburbs, operated by the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA). As of January 2025, the CTA has 1,966 buses that operate 127 routes. In 2024, the CTA bus system had a ridership of 181,733,800, or about 594,700 per weekday as of the third quarter of 2025.