hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Periodisation of Roman civilisation
The periodisation of Roman Civilisation covers historical interpretations developed during the modern era of the Roman res publica, (known as Rome). This incorporates the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic, Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire, and the Eastern Roman Empire.

Differing opinions exist on what type of continuity existed across the two-millennia era of Rome's history, as well as when different periods start, what they are called and why they are different. Although Rome the state started in the City of Rome, over time it would expand outside of the city and eventually the city was not part of the state. The dominance and control of the city of Rome underlined some of the contemporary disputes of who could claim to be representing the Roman people, and which continues today in disputes over modern historiography. Competing interpretations have been motivated to define the origin of Western civilization.

Edward Gibbon
Edward Gibbon FRS (/ˈɡɪbən/; 8 May 1737 – 16 January 1794) was a British essayist, historian and minor politician. His most important and influential work, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, was published in six volumes between 1776 and 1789, to critical and commercial success. It is known for the quality and irony of its prose, its use of primary sources, and its polemical criticism of organized religion.
2015 Batman Cup
The 2015 Batman Cup was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the first edition of the tournament, which was part of the 2015 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Batman, Turkey from April 6 to April 12, 2015.

2015 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour, in 2015 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2015 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 166 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $40,000 up to $220,000. It was the 38th edition of challenger tournaments cycle, and 7th under the name of Challenger Tour.
River Loud
The River Loud is a river of Lancashire, England.

Starting out on Parlick, the Loud meanders mainly through the parish of Chipping, tracing its course first south-west, then south-east and, at Gill Bridge by Withinreap Farm, east before veering north-east, on a similar alignment to Longridge Road, passing Hesketh Lane and collecting Chipping Brook from Chipping to the north, before joining the east-flowing River Hodder near Doeford Bridge.

In geological history, the lower reaches of the Loud carried the waters of the River Hodder westward from Doeford Bridge to the Derby Arms north of Longridge (reversing the modern-day eastward flow), continuing south-westward through Halfpenny Lane on the west side of Longridge to join either Blundell Brook past Broughton church and Woodplumpton to join the River Wyre, or else Savick Brook through Fulwood to join the River Ribble.

Savick Brook
53°45′55.19″N 2°47′19.49″W﻿ / ﻿53.7653306°N 2.7887472°W﻿ / 53.7653306; -2.7887472

Savick Brook is a watercourse in Lancashire, England, which runs from the outskirts of Longridge westward north of Preston to the River Ribble.
Bob Richards
Robert Eugene Richards (February 20, 1926 – February 26, 2023) was an American athlete, minister, and politician. He made three U.S. Olympic Teams in two events: the 1948, 1952, and 1956 Summer Olympics as a pole vaulter and as a decathlete in 1956. He won gold medals in pole vault in both 1952 and 1956, becoming the first male two-time champion in the event in Olympic history (a feat only equalled in 2024 by Armand Duplantis).

While still an active athlete, Richards became an ordained minister. He ran for President of the United States in 1984 on the Populist Party ticket.

National Track and Field Hall of Fame
The National Track and Field Hall of Fame is a museum operated by The Armory Foundation in conjunction with USA Track & Field. It is located within the Armory Foundation (the former Fort Washington Avenue Armory) at 216 Fort Washington Avenue, between 168th and 169th Streets, in Washington Heights, in the New York City borough of Manhattan. The stated goal of the Hall is to reflect upon, appreciate, and honor the past by saluting Americans who have made important contributions to the history of Track and Field. Inductees to the Hall of Fame include athletes, coaches, contributors, officials, event directors, journalists and administrators. USA Track & Field has been inducting members into the Hall since 1974.  Currently there are 254 people enshrined.
Baroque in Poland
The Polish Baroque lasted from the early 17th to the mid-18th century. As with Baroque style elsewhere in Europe, Poland's Baroque emphasized the richness and triumphant power of contemporary art forms. In contrast to the previous, Renaissance style which sought to depict the beauty and harmony of nature, Baroque artists strove to create their own vision of the world. The result was manifold, regarded by some critics as grand and dramatic, but sometimes also chaotic and disharmonious and tinged with affectation and religious exaltation, thus reflecting the turbulent times of the 17th-century Europe.

Święta Lipka
Święta Lipka (Polish: [ˈɕfjɛnta ˈlipka], German: Heiligelinde) is a small village in the administrative district of Gmina Reszel, within Kętrzyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northeastern Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) south-east of Reszel, 13 km (8 mi) south-west of Kętrzyn, and 55 km (34 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn. The village is located in the historic region of Masuria. Święta Lipka is known for the pilgrimage sanctuary and temple of Baroque architecture and its pipe organ, a Historic Monument of Poland.
Terje Nilsen
Terje Nilsen (26 November 1951 – 20 March 2019) was a Norwegian singer and songwriter. Nilsen's greatest hit is the song "Mjelle", written in 1974, and appearing on the album "Æ" released in 1977. It later appeared on the album "Kanskje", released in 1990, and had a spell on Norsktoppen.

In addition to his own recordings, Nilsen has collaborated with several well-known Norwegian artists. For instance, he has performed together with Halvdan Sivertsen on numerous occasions. He also sings the chorus on "Pøbla" by north Norwegian hip-hop group Tungtvann, which was a big hit in Norway around 2002.

He was the profile of the year in Nordland Musikkfestuke in 2003.

Nilsen was the uncle of former professional footballers Runar Berg, Ørjan Berg and Arild Berg.

He died on 20 March 2019, aged 67.

Ørjan Berg
Ørjan Berg (born 20 August 1968) is a Norwegian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He is the current sporting director of Bodø/Glimt.

Berg retired at the end of the 2006 season, having played for Bodø/Glimt, Wettingen, TSV 1860 Munich, Basel and Rosenborg. He is the brother of Bodø/Glimt player Runar Berg and the son of midfielder and playmaker Harald Berg. He is also the father of Patrick Berg, also a Bodø/Glimt player and the last years frequently seen playing for Norway national football team, following in his father's footsteps.
Timeline of the German Empire
The timeline of the German Empire is a chronological list of the major political events of the German Empire, beginning in 1815 with an overview of the predecessor states that led to the German unification of 1871 and ending on 9 November 1918, the day the German Republic was proclaimed in Berlin.

National Liberal Party (Germany)
The National Liberal Party (German: Nationalliberale Partei, NLP) was a liberal party of the North German Confederation and the German Empire which flourished between 1867 and 1918.

During the Prussian-led unification of Germany, the National Liberals became the dominant party in the Reichstag. While supporting the common ideals of liberalism and nationalism, the party contained two wings, which reflected the conflicting claims of its Hegelian and idealistic heritage: one emphasized the power of the state through the Nationalstaat, and the other emphasized the civil liberties of the Rechtsstaat. Although that cleavage later proved fatal for its unity, the National Liberals managed to remain the pivotal party in the decades after unification by cooperating with both the Progressives and the Free Conservatives on various issues.
Alight
Alight, formerly the American Refugee Committee (ARC), is an international nonprofit, nonsectarian organization that provides humanitarian assistance to refugees and host communities affected by conflict, displacement, and humanitarian crises. The organization was founded in 1978 and adopted the name Alight in 2019.

Alight operates programs in multiple countries across Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and the Americas. Its activities typically include primary health services, WASH, protection programming, and livelihoods-related support for refugees, internally displaced persons, and surrounding communities.

Alight incorporates a co-creation approach in its humanitarian programs, involving displaced people and host communities in the design and adaptation of services. This approach draws on human-centered design principles and emphasizes direct participation by community members in shaping program activities and service delivery.

Gender-related violence
Gender-related violence or gender-based violence (GBV) refers to any kind of violence directed against people due to their gender or gender identification, culture may have a role to play, being lower in egalitarianism societies and higher, sexist (misogynistic and misandrist) societies.

In ancient text are mentioned many acts of violence against other people, particularly towards women due the fact that were seen as weaker and less defensive members of the societies, and due the lack of a legislation that protect them against harm doers.
1983 Men's European Volleyball Championship
The 1983 Men's European Volleyball Championship was the thirteenth edition of the event, organized by Europe's governing volleyball body, the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball. It was hosted in several cities in East Germany from September 17 to September 25, 1983.

Men's European Volleyball Championship
The Men's European Volleyball Championship (EuroVolley) is the official competition for senior men's national volleyball teams of Europe, organized by the European Volleyball Confederation (CEV). The initial gap between championships was variable, but since 1975 they have been awarded every two years. The current champion is Poland, which won its second title at the 2023 tournament.
Deposition (law)
A deposition in the law of the United States, or examination for discovery in the law of Canada, is the taking of sworn, out-of-court oral testimony of a witness that may be reduced to a written transcript for later use in court or for discovery purposes.  Depositions are commonly used in litigation in the United States and Canada. They are almost always conducted outside court by the lawyers themselves, with no judge present to supervise the examination.

Cross-examination
In law, cross-examination is the interrogation of a witness by one's opponent. It is preceded by direct examination (known as examination-in-chief in Ireland, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, South Africa, India and Pakistan) and may be followed by a redirect (known as re-examination in the aforementioned countries). A redirect examination, performed by the attorney or pro se individual who performed the direct examination, clarifies the witness' testimony provided during cross-examination including any subject matter raised during cross-examination but not discussed during direct examination. Recross examination addresses the witness' testimony discussed in redirect by the opponent. Depending on the judge's discretion, opponents are allowed multiple opportunities to redirect and recross examine witnesses (this may vary by jurisdiction).
Military ranks of United Arab Emirates
The Military ranks of the United Arab Emirates are the military insignia used by the United Arab Emirates Armed Forces. Being a former British protectorate, United Arab Emirates shares a rank structure similar to that of United Kingdom.

United Arab Emirates Armed Forces
The United Arab Emirates Armed Forces (Arabic: القوات المسلحة لدولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة, romanized: Al-Quwwāt al-Musallaḥa li-Dawlat al-ʾImārāt al-ʿArabīyyah al-Muttaḥidah) are the armed forces of the United Arab Emirates. They consist of the UAE Army, UAE Navy, UAE Air Force, UAE Presidential Guard, UAE Joint Aviation Command, and the UAE National Guard.

They were nicknamed "Little Sparta", a nickname by former United States Marine Corps General and Secretary of Defense James Mattis, due to their active and effective military role and power projection in the surrounding region compared to their relative size.
Abu Dhabi Art
Visual arts portal

Abu Dhabi Art is an art fair that takes place every November in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, featuring art gallerias, art and design foundations, as well as additional educational programming and talks.

Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture & Heritage
The Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage (known colloquially as the ADACH) was a statutory body in the United Arab Emirates that administered cultural heritage in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. In 2012, it merged into the Abu Dhabi Tourism and Culture Authority.
Afon Eigiau
Afon Eigiau is a small river in the Carneddau mountains in Snowdonia, in north-west Wales, which flows down Cwm Eigiau and into Llyn Eigiau.

It is fed by smaller streams which flow down the slopes of neighbouring Foel Grach, Carnedd Llywelyn and Pen yr Helgi Du.

Foel Grach
Foel Grach is a mountain in the Carneddau range. It is the eighth-highest summit in Snowdonia as well as Wales, and is included in the Welsh 3000s.

It is located on a broad ridge extending northwards from Carnedd Llewelyn to Carnedd Gwenllian (formerly Y Garnedd Uchaf) and Foel-fras. An emergency refuge has been built below the summit. Compared to the surrounding mountains, much deeper snow settles here due to its rather broad summit and high grassy slopes.  On clear days the Isle of Man and even the Mourne Mountains in Northern Ireland can be seen from the summit.
DDT 9th Anniversary: Judgement 10
DDT 9th Anniversary: Judgement 10 was a professional wrestling event promoted by DDT Pro-Wrestling (DDT). It took place on March 5, 2006, in Tokyo, Japan, at the Shinjuku Face. It was the tenth event under the Judgement name. The event aired domestically on Fighting TV Samurai.

DDT Judgement
Judgement is an annual professional wrestling event promoted by DDT Pro-Wrestling (DDT). The event has been held since the official DDT launching event in 1997 (though there was a pre-launch event on January 31, held at the Akishima Cultural Center). It has been airing domestically on Fighting TV Samurai since 2002 and later as an Internet pay-per-view (iPPV) on CyberFight's streaming service Wrestle Universe. The event is usually held around March and serves as DDT's anniversary event.
Witbank (House of Assembly of South Africa constituency)
Witbank was a constituency in the Transvaal Province of South Africa, which existed from 1920 to 1994. Named after the town of Witbank, it covered a rural area in the eastern Transvaal. Throughout its existence it elected one member to the House of Assembly and one to the Transvaal Provincial Council.

House of Assembly (South Africa)
The House of Assembly (known in Afrikaans as the Volksraad, or "People's Council") was the lower house of the Parliament of South Africa from 1910 to 1981, the sole parliamentary chamber between 1981 and 1984, and latterly the white representative house of the Tricameral Parliament from 1984 to 1994, when it was replaced by the current National Assembly. Throughout its history, it was composed exclusively of white members who were elected to office predominantly by white citizens, though until 1960 and 1970, respectively, some Black Africans and Coloureds in the Cape Province voted under a restricted form of suffrage.

The old House of Assembly chamber was severely damaged in a fire in January 2022.
2020 Iași Open
The 2020 Iași Open was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the first edition of the tournament which was part of the 2020 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Iași, Romania between 14 and 20 September 2020.

Iași Open
The Iași Open (known as the Concord Iași Open for men and Unicredit Iași Open for women) is a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It is currently part of the WTA Tour and the ATP Challenger Tour. It is held annually in Iași, Romania since 2020 for the men and since 2022 for the women. It is a WTA 250 event since 2024. In 2025 it replaced the Hungarian Grand Prix on the WTA Tour calendar.
Giampaolo Menichelli
Giampaolo Menichelli (Italian pronunciation: [dʒamˈpaːolo meniˈkɛlli]; born 29 June 1938) is an Italian footballer who played as a winger. Menichelli was a fast, agile winger, with good technical ability, and he was known for mainly being a team player, despite also having an eye for goal. His brother Franco was an Olympic champion in gymnastics.

1960–61 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
The third Inter-Cities Fairs Cup was the first to be played over a single season, namely the 1960–61 season. Birmingham City once again reached the final, but lost again over two legs, this time to Roma. Once again, a number of countries sent a representative team for one of their main cities.
Apputhi Adigal
Apputhi Adigal, also spelt as Apputhi Adikal, Atputhi Adigal, Apputi Adigal, Appoodi Adikal, Appoothi Adikal and Appudhi Adigal and known as Appuddi Nayanar, was a Nayanar saint, venerated in the Hindu sect of Shaivism. He is generally counted as the twenty-fifth in the list of 63 Nayanars. He is described as a contemporary of Appar or Thirunavukkarasar (first half of the 7th century CE), one of the most prominent Nayanars.

Nayanars
The Nayanars (or Nayanmars; Tamil: நாயன்மார், romanized: Nāyaṉmār, lit. 'teachers') were a group of 63 Tamil saints living during the 6th to 8th centuries CE. Along with the Alvars, their contemporaries, they influenced the Bhakti movement in early medieval South India. The names of the Nayanars were first compiled by Sundarar. The list was expanded by Nambiyandar Nambi during his compilation of material by the poets for the Tirumurai collection, and would include Sundarar himself and Sundarar's parents.

The Nalvar (lit. 'The Four') are the three foremost Nayanars Appar, Sundarar, Sambandar along with Manikkavacakar.
Fajã de Além
The Fajã de Além is a permanent debris field, known as a fajã, built from the collapsing cliffs on the northern coast of the civil parish of Norte Grande, in the municipality of Velas, island of São Jorge, in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.

São Jorge Island
São Jorge (Portuguese pronunciation: [sɐ̃w ˈʒɔɾʒɨ]; Portuguese for 'Saint George') is an island in the central group of the Azores archipelago and part of the autonomous region of Portugal.  Separated from its nearest neighbours (Pico and Faial islands) by  the 15-kilometre (9.3 mi) Pico-São Jorge Channel, the central group is often referred colloquially as part of the Triângulo ("Triangle") group or just "The Triangle". São Jorge is a relatively long thin island with tall cliffs, whose 8,381 inhabitants are concentrated on various geological debris fields (fajãs) along the north and south coasts; from east to west, the island is 53 kilometres (33 mi) long and, north to south, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) wide: its area is 237.59 square kilometres (91.73 mi2).
Zomi Revolutionary Army
The Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA) is a Zomi nationalist militant group formed in 1997, following an increase in ethnic tensions between the Thadou-Kuki people and the Paite people in Churachandpur district of Manipur, India. Its parent organisation, the Zomi Re-unification Organisation, was founded in April 1993. The militant organization's leader is Thanglianpau Guite.

Tonzang Township
Tonzang Township (Burmese: တွန်းဇံမြို့နယ်) is a township in Tedim District, Chin State of Myanmar. The 3,471.24-square-kilometre Tonzang Township is bordered by Tedim Township in the south, Kale Township of the Sagaing Division in the south-east, Tamu Township of the Sagaing Division in the north-east, the Indian state of Manipur in the north and the Indian state of Mizoram in the west. The township is primarily inhabited by the indigenous Zo and Zomi people.
2016 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament
The 2016 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament (or Rotterdam Open) was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It took place at the Rotterdam Ahoy arena in the Dutch city of Rotterdam, between 8–14 February 2016. It was the 43rd edition of the Rotterdam Open, whose official name is the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament. The competition was part of the ATP World Tour 500 series of the 2016 ATP World Tour.

2016 ATP World Tour
The 2016 ATP World Tour was the global elite professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2016 tennis season. The 2016 ATP World Tour calendar comprised the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP World Tour Masters 1000s, the ATP World Tour 500 series, the ATP World Tour 250 series, the Davis Cup (organized by the ITF), and the ATP World Tour Finals. Also included in the 2016 calendar were the tennis events at the 2016 Summer Olympics and Hopman Cup, neither of which distributed ranking points.
Mary Musgrove
Mary Musgrove (Muscogee name, Coosaponakeesa, c. 1700–1765) was a leading figure in the early history of colonial Georgia. She was the daughter of Edward Griffin, an English-born trader from Charles Town in the Province of Carolina, and a Muscogee Creek mother. Fluent in local Creek languages, as well as English, Mary became an important intermediary between Muscogee Creek Natives and the early colonists. Musgrove carved out a life that merged both cultures, making a significant contribution to the development of colonial Georgia.

Colleton County, South Carolina
Colleton County is a county in the Lowcountry region of the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 38,604. Its county seat is Walterboro. The county is named after Sir John Colleton, 1st Baronet, one of the eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina. After two previous incarnations, the current Colleton County was created in 1800.
Retrospective memory
Retrospective memory is the memory of people, words, and events encountered or experienced in the past. It includes all other types of memory including episodic, semantic and procedural. It can be either implicit or explicit. In contrast, prospective memory involves remembering something or remembering to do something after a delay, such as buying groceries on the way home from work. However, it is very closely linked to retrospective memory, since certain aspects of retrospective memory are required for prospective memory.

Procedural memory
Procedural memory is a type of implicit memory (unconscious, long-term memory) which aids the performance of particular types of tasks without conscious awareness of these previous experiences.

Procedural memory guides the processes we perform, and most frequently resides below the level of conscious awareness. When needed, procedural memories are automatically retrieved and utilized for execution of the integrated procedures involved in both cognitive and motor skills, from tying shoes, to reading, to flying an airplane. Procedural memories are accessed and used without the need for conscious control or attention.

Procedural memory is created through procedural learning, or repeating a complex activity over and over again until all of the relevant neural systems work together to automatically produce the activity. Implicit procedural learning is essential for the development of any motor skill or cognitive activity.