hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wolf 922
Wolf 922, also designated Gliese 831, is a nearby binary star composed of two low-mass red dwarfs in the zodiac constellation of Capricornus, close to the border with Aquarius. It has an apparent magnitude that varies between 11.96 and 11.99, far too faint to be seen by the naked eye from Earth but observable using a telescope with an aperture of 51 millimetres (2.0 in) or larger. It is located approximately 26 light-years (8.0 pc) distant based on parallax measurements, and approaching the Solar System at a heliocentric radial velocity of −56.33 km/s.

In 1994, it was discovered to show long-term variations in brightness by Edward W. Weis at the Van Vleck Observatory. It was given the variable-star designation BB Capricorni and classified as a BY Draconis variable in 1997.

Variable-star designation
In astronomy, a variable-star designation is a unique identifier given to variable stars.  It extends the Bayer designation format, with an identifying label (as described below) preceding the Latin genitive of the name of the constellation in which the star lies. The identifying label can be one or two Latin letters or a V plus a number (e.g. V399). Examples are R Coronae Borealis, YZ Ceti, V603 Aquilae. (See List of constellations for a list of constellations and the genitive forms of their names.)
Timeline of the Iran–Contra affair
The Iran–Contra affair was a political scandal in the United States that came to light in November 1986. During the Reagan administration, senior administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo. Some U.S. officials also hoped that the arms sales would secure the release of hostages and allow U.S. intelligence agencies to fund the Nicaraguan Contras. Under the Boland Amendment, further funding of the Contras by the government had been prohibited by Congress.

David Kimche
David Kimche (Hebrew: דוד קמחי; 14 February 1928 – 8 March 2010) was an Israeli diplomat, deputy director of the Mossad, spymaster and journalist. He is believed to have been the main contact between the United States and Iran during the Iran-Contra affair. Kimche was president of the Israel Council on Foreign Relations, and a member of the steering committee of the International Alliance for Arab-Israel Peace.
Raimundo Lida
Raimundo Lida (1908–1979) was an Argentine philologist, philosopher of language, literary critic and essayist.  He specialised in Romance philology, aesthetics, the literature of the Spanish Golden Age and modernist literature. He taught at Harvard University from 1953, where he was chair of the department of Romance Languages.  The second of three children, his siblings were the hematologist Emilio Lida and María Rosa Lida de Malkiel, also a philologist.

George Santayana
George Santayana (born Jorge Agustín Nicolás Ruiz de Santayana y Borrás, December 16, 1863 – September 26, 1952) was a Spanish and U.S. philosopher, essayist, poet, and novelist. Born in Spain, he moved to the United States at the age of eight.

As a philosopher, Santayana is known for aphorisms, such as "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it", and "Only the dead have seen the end of war", and his definition of beauty as "pleasure objectified". Although an atheist, Santayana respected the culture of the Spanish Catholic values, practices, and worldview, in which he was raised. As an intellectual, George Santayana was a broad-range cultural critic in several academic disciplines.

At the age of 48, he left his academic position at Harvard University and permanently returned to Europe; his last will was to be buried in the Spanish Pantheon in the Campo di Verano, Rome.
HD 125442
HD 125442 is a single star in the southern constellation of Lupus. Its apparent visual magnitude is 4.78, which can be seen with the naked eye. The distance to HD 125442, as determined from its annual parallax shift of 22.1 mas, is 147 light years.

This is an F-type subgiant star with a stellar classification of F0 IV, having, at the age of 614 million years, used up the hydrogen at its core and begun the process of evolving into a giant star. It has 1.49 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 19 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,344 K. The star displays a high rate of spin with a projected rotational velocity of 148 km/s.

Lupus (constellation)
Lupus is a constellation of the mid-Southern Sky. Its name is Latin for wolf. Lupus was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations but was mostly considered an asterism associated with the nearby constellation Centaurus.
History of surgery
Surgery is the branch of medicine that deals with the physical manipulation of a bodily structure to diagnose, prevent, or cure an ailment. Ambroise Paré, a 16th-century French surgeon, stated that to perform surgery is, "To eliminate that which is superfluous, restore that which has been dislocated, separate that which has been united, join that which has been divided and repair the defects of nature."

Since humans first learned how to make and handle tools, they have employed these skills to develop increasingly sophisticated surgical techniques. However, until the Industrial Revolution, surgeons were incapable of overcoming the three principal obstacles which had plagued the medical profession from its infancy—bleeding, pain, and infection. Advances in these fields have transformed surgery from a risky art into a scientific discipline capable of treating many diseases and conditions.

Astley Cooper
Sir Astley Paston Cooper, 1st Baronet GCH FRS (23 August 1768 – 12 February 1841) was a British surgeon and anatomist, who made contributions to otology, vascular surgery, the anatomy and pathology of the mammary glands and testicles, and the pathology and surgery of hernia.
2012 Serbia Open
The 2012 Serbia Open (also known as Serbia Open 2012 powered by Telekom Srbija for sponsorship reasons) was a men's tennis tournament play on outdoor clay courts. The fourth edition of the event was hosted by Serbian player Novak Djokovic. It was part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the 2012 ATP World Tour. It took place at the Tennis Center Novak complex in Belgrade, Serbia, from 28 April through 6 May 2012. Andreas Seppi won the singles title.

2012 ATP World Tour
The 2012 ATP World Tour was the global elite professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2012 tennis season. The 2012 ATP World Tour calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP World Tour Masters 1000, the ATP World Tour 500 series, the ATP World Tour 250 series, the ATP World Team Championship, the Davis Cup (organized by the ITF), the ATP World Tour Finals, and the tennis event at the London Summer Olympic Games. Also included in the 2012 calendar is the Hopman Cup, which is organized by the ITF and does not distribute ranking points.
2022 Las Vegas Strip stabbings
On October 6, 2022, a stabbing spree occurred along the Las Vegas Strip, killing two people and injuring at least six. The incident occurred in front of the Wynn Casino. It is the deadliest stabbing attack in the United States since the 2020 Knox County stabbing.

Las Vegas Strip
The Las Vegas Strip is a stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard in Clark County, Nevada, that is known for its concentration of resort hotels and casinos. The Strip, as it is known, is about 4.2 mi (6.8 km) long, and is immediately south of the Las Vegas city limits in the unincorporated towns of Paradise and Winchester, but is often referred to simply as "Las Vegas".

Many of the largest hotel casino and resort properties in the world are on the Strip. Its hotels, casinos, restaurants, residential high-rises, entertainment offerings, and skyline have established the Strip as one of the most popular and iconic tourist destinations in the world and is one of the driving forces for Las Vegas's economy. Most of the Strip has been designated as an All-American Road, and the North and South Las Vegas Strip routes are classified as Nevada Scenic Byways and National Scenic Byways.
ISS National Lab
The ISS U.S. National Lab, commonly known as the ISS National Lab, is a U.S. government-funded national laboratory established on 30 December 2005 by the 2005 NASA Authorization Act. With principal research facilities located in the United States Orbital Segment (USOS) of the International Space Station (ISS), the Laboratory conducts research in life sciences, physical sciences, technology development and remote sensing for a broad range of academic, government and commercial users. Of the 270 payloads that the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) has sent to the ISS, 176 have been for commercial companies  including Merck & Co., Novartis, Eli Lilly and Company, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Honeywell, and Procter & Gamble.

Protein crystallization
Protein crystallization is the process of formation of a regular array of individual protein molecules stabilized by crystal contacts. If the crystal is sufficiently ordered, it will diffract.  Some proteins naturally form crystalline arrays, like aquaporin in the lens of the eye.

In the process of protein crystallization, proteins are dissolved in an aqueous environment and sample solution until they reach the supersaturated state. Different methods are used to reach that state such as vapor diffusion, microbatch, microdialysis, and free-interface diffusion. Developing protein crystals is a difficult process influenced by many factors, including pH, temperature, ionic strength in the crystallization solution, and even gravity. Once formed, these crystals can be used in structural biology to study the molecular structure of the protein, particularly for various industrial or medical purposes.
Family reunion
A family reunion is an occasion when many members of an extended family congregate. Sometimes reunions are held regularly, for example on the same date of every year.

A typical family reunion will assemble for a meal, some recreation and discussion. The older attendees are generally grandparents, parents, siblings or first cousins while the youngest may be second, third or fourth cousins to each other, all other can be self-pollinating family members at fifth cousins.  It is also not uncommon for regular family reunions to be sponsored by family organizations or family associations centered on a more distant common ancestor (often referred to as "ancestral family organizations") or a commonly shared surname ("single surname family organizations").

Family history society
A family history society or genealogical society is a society, often charitable or not-for-profit, that allows member genealogists and family historians to profit from shared knowledge.  Large societies often own libraries, sponsor research seminars and foreign trips, and publish journals. Some societies concentrate on a specific niche, such as the family history of a particular geographical area, ethnicity, nationality, or religion. Lineage societies, also called hereditary societies, are societies that limit their membership to descendants of a particular person or group of people of historical importance. Nobility associations gather persons who belong to a country's nobility under current or historical law and can prove it.
Militant Forces
Militant Forces (French: Forces militantes) was an organized caucus in the French Socialist Party.

The faction was founded in 2003 by Marc Dolez, whose motion obtained 4.38% at the Dijon Congress the same year. Dolez was close the New World caucus. In 2005, members of the faction based around the Démocratie & Socialisme magazine joined the faction but left in 2007.

Dolez supported the left-wing motion led by Benoît Hamon at the Reims Congress in 2008, but Dolez, along with Jean-Luc Mélenchon (Trait d'Union) left the PS to found the Left Party (PG).

Trait d'Union
Trait d'Union (English: "Hyphen") was an organized caucus in the French Socialist Party.

Trait d'Union was founded in August 2005 by supporters of Jean-Luc Mélenchon within the New World caucus. Soon afterward, the faction supported Laurent Fabius' motion at the Le Mans Congress and at the Reims Congress in 2008, it supported Benoît Hamon.

The faction wanted to serve as a trait d'union (hyphen) between the PS and the "other left" (notably the French Communist Party. It clearly supported alliances with the left, but rejected any alliance with the centrist MoDem.

The faction disappeared de facto after Mélenchon and Marc Dolez left the PS to form the Left Party.
Norway during the Great Northern War
The Great Northern War was the war fought between a coalition of Denmark–Norway, Russia and Saxony-Poland (from 1715 also Prussia and Hanover) on one side and Sweden on the other side from 1700 to 1721. It started by a coordinated attack on Sweden by the coalition in 1700, and ended 1721 with the conclusion of the Treaty of Nystad, and the Stockholm Treaties. As a result of the war, Russia supplanted Sweden as the dominant power on the shores of the  Baltic Sea, becoming a major player in European politics.

Battle of Dynekilen
The naval Battle of Dynekilen (Danish: Slaget ved Dynekilen) took place on 8 July 1716 during the Great Northern War between a Dano-Norwegian fleet under Peter Tordenskjold and a Swedish fleet under Olof Strömstierna. The battle resulted in a Dano-Norwegian victory.
Flinders University
Flinders University, established as The Flinders University of South Australia, is an Australian public research university based in Adelaide, South Australia, with a footprint extending across a number of locations in South Australia and the Northern Territory. The main campus is in Bedford Park, about 12 km (7.5 mi) south of the Adelaide city centre. Other campuses include Tonsley, Adelaide central business district, Renmark, Alice Springs and Darwin.

Founded in 1966, it was named in honour of the British navigator Matthew Flinders who had explored and surveyed the Australian coastline in the early 19th century. In 2022, there were 25,247 students enrolled at the university.

Charles Darwin University
Charles Darwin University (CDU) is an Australian public university with two campuses in Darwin and six satellite campuses in metropolitan and regional areas of the Northern Territory. It was established in 2003 after the merger of Northern Territory University, the Menzies School of Health Research, and Centralian College.

It is the largest tertiary education provider in the Northern Territory and offers both academic degree and vocational education programs. It has close ties to First Nations learning and research, is a member of the Northern Australia Universities Alliance, and specialises in tropical savanna environments.
César Palacios
César Palacios Chocarro (born 19 October 1974) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played mainly as a central midfielder.

His career was solely associated with two clubs, Osasuna and Numancia, having captained the former a number of years. He appeared in 520 competitive matches across both major levels of Spanish football, amassing La Liga totals of 130 games and four goals in seven seasons.

UEFA European Under-17 Championship
The UEFA European Under-17 Championship, or simply the Euro Under-17, is an annual football competition contested by the men's under-17 national teams of the UEFA member associations.

Spain is the most successful team in this competition, having won nine titles. Portugal are the current champions, having won their 7th title following a 3–0 victory over France in the 2025 final.
Siddharth Singh
Siddharth Singh (born 3 February 1993) is an Indian professional footballer who last played as a forward for Jamshedpur in the Indian Super League. Born in Mumbai, Singh has had stints with PIFA Colaba FC and DSK Shivajians.

Manningham United Blues FC
Manningham United Blues Football Club is an Australian soccer club from Templestowe, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. The club competes in Victoria Premier League 1. The club was formed in 1999 by local residents and was known as Manningham Juniors Soccer Club.

In 2010, Manningham Juniors Soccer Club obtained a Senior Men's license from Fawkner SC. Manningham United plays their senior games at Pettys Reserve.
2011 Open GDF Suez de Biarritz
The 2011 Open GDF Suez de Biarritz was a professional women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Biarritz, France from 4 to 10 July. It was part of the 2011 ITF Women's Circuit.  The singles championship was won by Pauline Parmentier and the doubles championship was won by Alexandra Panova and Urszula Radwańska.

2011 ITF Women's Circuit
The 2011 ITF Women's Circuit is the 2011 edition of the second-tier tour for women's professional tennis. It is organised by the International Tennis Federation and is a tier below the WTA Tour. The ITF Women's Circuit includes tournaments with prize money ranging from $10,000 up to $100,000.
Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria
Charles Theodore (German: Karl Theodor; 11 December 1724 – 16 February 1799) was a German nobleman of the Sulzbach branch of the House of Wittelsbach. He became Count Palatine of Sulzbach at the age of six following the death of his father Johann Christian in 1733. With the death of his cousin, Charles III Philip, he became Prince-elector and Count Palatine of the Rhine in 1742, being eighteen. In his fifties, he became Prince-Elector of Bavaria at the death of another cousin, Maximilian III Joseph, in 1777.

Leiningen family
The House of Leiningen is the name of an old German noble family whose lands lay principally in Alsace, Lorraine, Saarland, Rhineland, and the Palatinate. Various branches of this family developed over the centuries and ruled counties with Imperial immediacy.
Morro do Penedo Natural Monument
The Morro do Penedo Natural Monument (Portuguese: Monumento Natural Municipal Morro do Penedo) is a municipal natural monument in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. It contains a small sugarloaf hill on the shore of the bay to the south of Vitória, the state capital.

Natural monument (Brazil)
A Natural Monument (Portuguese: Monumento natural) in Brazil is a type of protected area of Brazil. They are created by law. 
The purpose of a natural monument is to conserve unique or very beautiful natural sites.
Middlesex County Football League
The Middlesex County Football League is a football competition based in England loosely drawing teams from the central, northern and western parts of Greater London. The league was founded in 1984 and initially had only one division, although it has since expanded greatly. It currently has a total of six divisions. The Premier Division sits at step 7 (or level 11) of the National League System. It is a feeder to the Combined Counties Football League and the Hellenic Football League. The league is currently sponsored by Cherry Red Books.

Hellenic Football League
The Hellenic Football League, currently known as the uhlsport Hellenic Football League for sponsorship reasons, is an English men's football league covering an area including the English counties of Gloucestershire, Herefordshire and Worcestershire and their surrounding areas, such as parts of Oxfordshire, Shropshire, Northamptonshire, Wiltshire, and Warwickshire.
Character encodings in HTML
While Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) has been in use since 1991, HTML 4.0 from December 1997 was the first standardized version where international characters were given reasonably complete treatment. When an HTML document includes special characters outside the range of seven-bit ASCII, two goals are worth considering: the information's integrity, and universal browser display.

In version 5.3 of the now retired W3C specification, and the current Living Standard published by WHATWG, the only valid encoding is UTF-8.

Cross-site scripting
Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a type of security vulnerability that can be found in some web applications. XSS attacks enable attackers to inject client-side scripts into web pages viewed by other users. A cross-site scripting vulnerability may be used by attackers to bypass access controls such as the same-origin policy. XSS effects vary in range from petty nuisance to significant security risk, depending on the sensitivity of the data handled by the vulnerable site and the nature of any security mitigation implemented by the site's owner network.

OWASP considers the term cross-site scripting to be a misnomer. It initially was an attack that was used for breaching data across sites, but gradually started to include other forms of data injection attacks.
Yaakov Eliezer Schwartzman
Yaakov Eliezer Schwartzman (Hebrew: יעקב אליעזר שוורצמן) is an Orthodox Jewish rabbi and rosh yeshiva of the Lakewood East yeshiva in Ramot, Jerusalem.

He is the son of Rabbi Dov Schwartzman, the eldest grandson of Rabbi Aharon Kotler, the son-in-law of Rabbi Shlomo Wolbe, and the great-grandson of Rabbi Isser Zalman Meltzer. Schwartzman was one of the main forces behind the Haredi ban of Rabbi Nathan Kamenetsky's Making of a Godol (notwithstanding Rabbi Kamenetsky being a cousin of Schwartzman's wife and a former teacher of Schwartzman).  His brother, Rabbi Zevulun Schwartzman, was the Rosh Kollel of Etz Chaim Yeshiva.

Aharon Kotler
Aharon Kotler (February 2, 1892 – November 29, 1962) was a Haredi (ultra-Orthodox) rabbi and a prominent leader of Orthodox Judaism in Lithuania and in the United States, where he founded Beth Medrash Govoha in Lakewood Township, New Jersey.
Davidstow Creamery
The Davidstow Creamery is a manufacturing plant in Cornwall. It is the largest cheese factory in the UK, and the largest mature cheddar plant in the world. It is the main manufacturing facility for the Cathedral City cheddar cheese brand. 50% of all milk produced in Cornwall goes to the site.

First Milk (company)
First Milk is a British dairy co-operative which manufactures cheese, specialist dairy ingredients and whey proteins for its customers, as well as providing traceable fresh milk to a range of dairy manufacturers and food processors. As a dairy co-operative, owned and run by farmers; the area covered by its milk pool runs from the Mull of Kintyre in Scotland down through England and Wales.

The co-operative operates the largest regenerative farming programme in the UK dairy industry in a commitment to building the sustainability of British dairy and taking a holistic approach to food production. First Milk was awarded B Corp certification in 2022, as well as being awarded the King's Enterprise Award for Sustainable Development in recognition of its contribution and commitment to sustainable practices.
Lizard complex
The Lizard complex, Cornwall is generally accepted to represent a preserved example of an exposed ophiolite complex in the United Kingdom. The rocks found in The Lizard area are analogous to those found in such famous areas as the Troodos Mountains, Cyprus and the Semail Ophiolite, Oman.

Ophiolite
An ophiolite is a section of Earth's oceanic crust and the underlying upper mantle that has been uplifted and exposed, and often emplaced onto continental crustal rocks.

The Greek word ὄφις, ophis (snake) is found in the name of ophiolites, because of the superficial texture of some of them. Serpentinite especially evokes a snakeskin.  (The suffix -lite is from the Greek lithos, meaning "stone".)  Some ophiolites have a green color. The origin of these rocks, present in many mountainous massifs, remained uncertain until the advent of plate tectonic theory.

Their great significance relates to their occurrence within mountain belts such as the Alps and the Himalayas, where they document the existence of former ocean basins that have now been consumed by subduction. This insight was one of the founding pillars of plate tectonics, and ophiolites have always played a central role in plate tectonic theory and the interpretation of ancient mountain belts.