hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fernley and Lassen Railway
The Fernley and Lassen was a rail line of the Southern Pacific Railroad constructed in 1912–14 between Fernley, Nevada and Westwood, California, near Susanville, a distance of approximately 112 miles (180 km).  The railroad was constructed to connect the Red River Lumber Company's facilities in Westwood with the Southern Pacific's main line running through Fernley.  After the railroad's construction, it was heavily used by other nearby lumber companies; the Fruit Growers Supply Company maintained the longest-lived railroad connection with the Fernley & Lassen, with an active connection present between 1920 and 1953.

Wendel, California
Wendel is an unincorporated community in Lassen County, California. It is located 23 miles (37 km) east-southeast of Susanville, at an elevation of 4012 feet (1223 m). Wendel's ZIP Code is 96136.

The Wendel post office opened in 1915 (when it was transferred from Purser), closed in 1920, and re-opened in 1921. The name Wendel was bestowed by Thomas Moran, the president of the Nevada–California–Oregon Railway, for a friend.

Wendel was once a crew change point for the railroad, with housing, hotels, and other services for train workers.  Most of the railroad infrastructure in Wendel was demolished in 1996, and the railroad is now abandoned.  A few homes can still be found in the area, however.
Neo-feudalism
Neo-feudalism or new feudalism is a theorized contemporary rebirth of policies of governance, economy, and public life, reminiscent of those which were present in many feudal societies. Such aspects include, but are not limited to: Unequal rights and legal protections for common people and for nobility, dominance of societies by a small and powerful elite, a lack of social mobility, and relations of lordship and serfdom between the elite and the people, where the former are rich and the latter poor.

Oligarchy
Oligarchy (from Ancient Greek  ὀλιγαρχία (oligarkhía) 'rule by few'; from  ὀλίγος (olígos) 'few' and  ἄρχω (árkhō) 'to rule, command') is a form of government in which power rests with a small number of people. Leaders of such regimes are often referred to as oligarchs, and generally are characterized by having titles of nobility or high amounts of wealth.
Carriglea Park
Carriglea Park was an industrial school in Dún Laoghaire, Ireland. The Christian Brothers purchased the property in 1893.

It was first certified as an industrial school in 1894 and started operating in 1896. It was operated as a residential training school for boys. Carriglea Park is located in Kill O'The Grange in south County Dublin, at the junction of Kill Avenue and Rochestown Avenue. The site is now the location of the Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology, a third-level institute of technology with over 2000 students.

Dún Laoghaire
Dún Laoghaire (/dʌn ˈlɪəri/ dun LEER-ee, Irish: [ˌd̪ˠuːn̪ˠ ˈl̪ˠeːɾʲə, - ˈl̪ˠiːɾʲə]) is a suburban coastal town in County Dublin in Ireland. It is the administrative centre of the county of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown. The town was built up alongside a small existing settlement following 1816 legislation that allowed the building of a major port to serve Dublin. It was known as Dunleary in the English language, until it was renamed Kingstown in honour of King George IV's 1821 visit, and in 1920 was given its present name, which is the original Irish form from which "Dunleary" was anglicised. Over time, the town became a residential location, a seaside resort, the terminus of Ireland's first railway and the administrative centre of the former borough of Dún Laoghaire, and from 1994, of the county of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown.
Sarstedt station
Sarstedt (German: Bahnhof Sarstedt) is a railway station located in Sarstedt, Germany. The station is located on the Hanoverian Southern Railway. The train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn, Metronom and Erixx. The station is also served by the Hanover S-Bahn.

Hanoverian Southern Railway
The Hanoverian Southern Railway (German: Hannöversche Südbahn) is a historical term but it is still a common name for the line between Hanover and Kassel. It is a German main line railway in Lower Saxony and is one of the oldest lines in Germany, opened between 1853 and 1856 by the Royal Hanoverian State Railways.
Jacek Roszko
Jacek Roszko and Kamil Kryński are the premier sprinters running for KS Podlasie Białystok (KS stands for "Klub Sportowy" or "Sports' Club"), and are a part of the new wave of the Polish sprinters who are chasing the dream of improving Marian Woronin's Polish national record over 100m of  10.00 s (9.998s) as well as the first European class sprinters from Podlasie.

Born 1987-11-08

Personal Best over 60m 6.64s (2009)

Personal Best over 100m 10.39s (2007)

Personal Best over 200m 22.02s (2007)

Marian Woronin
Marian Jerzy Woronin (born 13 August 1956 in Grodzisk Mazowiecki) is a retired Polish athlete who competed mainly in the 100 metres. He is a four-time European Indoor Champion in the 60 metres. He won nine Polish outdoor titles, and nine indoor titles.
Shot noise
Shot noise or Poisson noise is a type of noise which can be modeled by a Poisson process.

In electronics shot noise originates from the discrete nature of electric charge. Shot noise also occurs in photon counting in optical devices, where shot noise is associated with the particle nature of light.

Root mean square
In mathematics, the root mean square (abbrev. RMS, RMS or rms) of a set of values is the square root of the set's mean square.
Given a set , its RMS is denoted as either  or . The RMS is also known as the quadratic mean (denoted ), a special case of the generalized mean. The RMS of a continuous function is denoted  and can be defined in terms of an integral of the square of the function.
In estimation theory, the root-mean-square deviation of an estimator measures how far the estimator strays from the data.
Badam Gerdaki
Badam Gerdaki (Persian: بادام گردكي, also Romanized as Bādām Gerdakī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 60, in 9 families.

Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District
Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District (Persian: دهستان طيبي سرحدئ شرقي) is in Charusa District of Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Javardeh.
Fergana Region
Fergana Region is one of the regions of Uzbekistan, located in the southern part of the Fergana Valley in the far east of the country. It borders the Namangan and Andijan Regions of Uzbekistan, as well as Kyrgyzstan (Batken and Osh Regions) and Tajikistan (Sughd Region). Its capital is the city of Fergana. It covers an area of 6,760 km2. The population is approximately 4,014,895 as of 2023, with 45% of the population living in rural areas.

Regions of Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan is divided into 12 regions (viloyatlar, singular – viloyat, viloyati in compound, e.g. Toshkent viloyati), 1 autonomous republic (respublika, respublikasi in compound, e.g. Qaraqalpaqstan Avtonom Respublikasi), and 1 independent city (shahar or shahri in compounds, e.g. Toshkent shahri).
Brabsterdorran
Brabsterdorran is an area of the civil parish of Bower in Highland, Scotland. Buildings include Bower Community Hall and the Old Free Church Manse, previously derelict, but now restored and lived in by the Irwin family. The manse was featured on BBC Radio Scotland's "A House with a Past" programme. Notable residents have included David Sinclair of Brabsterdorran, who fought for the Jacobite cause in the Battle of Sheriffmuir.

Bower, Highland
Bower (Scottish Gaelic: Bàgair) is a village and civil parish in Highland, Scotland It is 10 miles from Thurso and around 11 miles from Wick.  Bower is served by Wick, Thurso and Castletown for shopping, taxis and post offices.

Bower's population in 1851 was 1,845; however this has decreased to 633 in 2011.

The village of Bowermadden consists of two streets: Auchorn Square and Thura place as well as some scattered houses and farms.
BoxingScene
BoxingScene is a boxing news website that provides breaking news, analysis, and coverage of bouts across all levels of the sport. It was founded in 2003, and has been owned by ProBox TV since 2024. As of 2025, the website attracts more than one million unique visitors per month, with continued growth.

The Ring (magazine)
The Ring (often called The Ring magazine or Ring magazine) is a boxing magazine, that was first published in 1922 as a boxing and wrestling magazine. As the sporting legitimacy of professional wrestling came more into question, The Ring shifted to becoming exclusively a boxing-oriented publication.

Ring began publishing annual ratings of boxers in 1924. With its November/December 2022 issue, the magazine stopped publication of its regular monthly print issues and will remain a digital publication, offering occasional special interest print issues.
Battle of Cadore
The battle of Cadore, also known as the battle of Rio Secco or Rusecco, took place near Pieve di Cadore during the opening phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, part of the Italian Wars, on 2 March 1508, opposing the Venetian armies commanded by Bartolomeo d'Alviano and those of the Holy Roman Empire under the leadership of Sixt von Trautson. The battle resulted in a decisive Venetian victory, stopping the Habsburg invasion of Cadore and allowing the Venetians to reconquer all their lost strongholds as well as invade Habsburg-ruled lands in Friuli and the Julian March, besieging Trieste and marching on Istria. This would trigger the creation of the League of Cambrai and the beginning of the War of the League of Cambrai.

Castello di Botestagno
Castello di Botestagno  (also known as Podestagno, or Peutelstein in German) is a ruined medieval fort in the comune of Cortina d'Ampezzo in the southern (Dolomitic) Alps of the Veneto region of Northern Italy. It is perched on a rock in the valley of the Boite River, a little further north of Cortina, in the town of Prà del Caštel.
SEABA Championship for Women
The SEABA Championship for Women is a basketball tournament for women's national teams organized by the Southeast Asia Basketball Association, a sub-zone of the FIBA Asia. It serves as a qualifier for different zone and subzone competitions such as FIBA Asia Championship for Women and Southeast Asian Games.

FIBA Women's Asia Cup
The FIBA Women's Asia Cup is an international basketball tournament which takes place every two years for women's national teams from FIBA Asia, and since 2017 also including FIBA Oceania. It was known as the ABC Championship for Women until 2001, and the FIBA Asia Championship for Women until 2015. The winner of this tournament qualifies automatically for the FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup, while the next best five teams advance to the World Cup Qualifying Tournaments.
Transitional phrase
A transitional phrase, in United States patent law, is a phrase that links the preamble of a patent claim to the specific elements set forth in the claim which define what the invention itself actually is. The transitional phrase acts as a limitation on the claim, indicating whether a similar device, method, or composition infringes the patent if it contains more or fewer elements than the claim in the patent.

There are three kinds of transitional phrases: open, closed, and hybrid.

United States patent law
Under United States law, a patent is a right granted to the inventor of a (1) process, machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter, (2) that is new, useful, and non-obvious. A patent is the right to exclude others, for a limited time (usually, 20 years) from profiting from a patented technology without the consent of the patent holder. Specifically, it is the right to exclude others from: making, using, selling, offering for sale, importing, inducing others to infringe, applying for an FDA approval, and/or offering a product specially adapted for practice of the patent.
1984 All-Ireland Under-21 Football Championship
The 1984 All-Ireland Under-21 Football Championship was the 21st staging of the All-Ireland Under-21 Football Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1964.

Mayo entered the championship as defending champions.

On 26 August 1984, Cork won the championship following a 0–9 to 0–6 defeat of Mayo in the All-Ireland final. This was their fifth All-Ireland title overall and their first in three championship seasons.

1983 All-Ireland Under-21 Football Championship
The 1983 All-Ireland Under-21 Football Championship was the 20th staging of the All-Ireland Under-21 Football Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1964.

Donegal entered the championship as defending champions, however, they were defeated by Derry in the Ulster final.

On 30 October 1983, Mayo won the championship following a 1-8 to 1-5 defeat of Derry in a replay of the All-Ireland final. This was their third All-Ireland title overall and their first title in nine championship seasons.
Bigger Love
Bigger Love is the eighth studio album by American singer-songwriter and musician John Legend. It was released on June 19, 2020, through Columbia Records. The album includes the singles "Conversations in the Dark", "Actions", "Bigger Love", and "Wild". The album won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards. The album was further promoted by a limited North American tour leg that began on September 1, 2021, after several stops on the original US and UK tour itinerary were either postponed or canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Oak Felder
Warren "Oak" Felder (born November 9, 1980) is a Turkish songwriter and record producer based in Atlanta and Los Angeles. He is known for his work as part of the production duo Pop & Oak, and was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2015.
Trigonostemon
Trigonostemon is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae and the sole member of its tribe (Trigonostemoneae). It was first described as a genus in 1826. It is native to Southeast Asia, southern China, the Indian subcontinent, Queensland, and a few islands in the western Pacific.

Species

formerly included

moved to other genera (Cleidion Croton Dimorphocalyx Omphalea Paracroton Wetria )

Croton (plant)
Croton is an extensive plant genus in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. The plants of this genus were described and introduced to Europeans by Georg Eberhard Rumphius.  The common names for this genus are rushfoil and croton, but the latter also refers to Codiaeum variegatum. The generic name comes from the Greek κρότος (krótos), which means "tick" and refers to the shape of the seeds of certain species.
1995 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I – Pool C
Group C of the 1995 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I was one of four pools in the Europe/Africa Zone Group I of the 1995 Fed Cup. Four teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top two teams advancing to the knockout stage and the bottom team being relegated down to Group II for 1996.

1995 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I – Knockout Stage
The Knockout Stage of the 1995 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I was the final stage of the Zonal Competition involving teams from Europe and Africa. Those that qualified for this stage placed first and second in their respective pools.

The eight teams were then randomly drawn into two two-stage knockout tournaments, with the winners advancing to the World Group II Play-offs.
1999 Cavan County Council election
An election to Cavan County Council took place on 10 June 1999 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 25 councillors were elected from four local electoral areas by PR-STV voting for a five-year term of office.

1999 Irish local elections
The 1999 Irish local elections were held in all the counties, cities and towns of Ireland on Friday, 11 June 1999, on the same day as the European elections.

Ireland was divided into local government areas of administrative counties and county boroughs, in which the local authorities had last been elected at the 1991 local elections, and a second tier in certain areas of boroughs, urban districts and towns, in which the local authorities had last been elected at the 1994 local elections. The elections had been scheduled for 1998, but were postponed.

Each local government area was divided into local electoral areas (LEAs) in which councillors were elected for a five-year term on the electoral system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV). During the period of office of these councils, local government throughout the state was restructured under the Local Government Act 2001.
Kao Hua-chu
Kao Hua-chu (traditional Chinese: 高華柱; simplified Chinese: 高华柱; pinyin: Gāo Huázhù; born 2 October 1946) is a retired Republic of China Army general and the former Secretary-General of the National Security Council of the Republic of China from 2015 to 2016. He was the Minister of National Defense that appointed to the post by then Premier-designate Wu Den-yih on 9 September 2009. On 29 July 2013, Kao resigned from his post due to the death scandal of Corporal Hung Chung-chiu of the Republic of China Army during his conscription on 4 July 2013.

Ministry of National Defense (Taiwan)
The Ministry of National Defense of the Republic of China (MND; Chinese: 中華民國國防部; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó Guófángbù) is the ministry of the Republic of China (ROC), which is now based primarily in the Taiwan Area but formerly governed Mainland China prior to 1949. It is responsible for all defense and military affairs of Taiwan and surrounding area. The MND has been headed by Minister Wellington Koo since 2024.
2022 World Wrestling Championships – Women's freestyle 57 kg
The women's freestyle 57 kilograms is a competition featured at the 2022 World Wrestling Championships, and was held in Belgrade, Serbia on 14 and 15 September 2022.

This freestyle wrestling competition consists of a single-elimination tournament, with a repechage used to determine the winner of two bronze medals. The two finalists face off for gold and silver medals. Each wrestler who loses to one of the two finalists moves into the repechage, culminating in a pair of bronze medal matches featuring the semifinal losers each facing the remaining repechage opponent from their half of the bracket.

2022 World Wrestling Championships
The 2022 World Wrestling Championships was the 17th edition of the World Wrestling Championships of combined events and was held between 10 and 18 September 2022 in Belgrade, Serbia.

The UWW Bureau approved the candidature of Belgrade, Serbia as the host of the 2023 Senior World Championships. However, due to the restrictions on Russia for hosting World Championships in 2021–2022, Belgrade replaced the former city of Krasnoyarsk as the World Championships host for 2022. In addition, Russian and Belarusian athletes have been banned from 2022 World Championships.
Himarsha Venkatsamy
Himarsha Venkatsamy is a South African model and actress, known for winning the Kingfisher Calendar Hunt in 2010, defeating Anjali Lavania and Nidhi Sunil in the final round.

She made a special appearance in the 2010 Bollywood romantic comedy I Hate Luv Storys, but her first breakthrough came when she was roped to play Jhumpa in the thriller film Roar: Tigers of the Sundarbans.

Nidhi Sunil
Nidhi Sunil (born 1987/1988) is an Indian model, actress. Nidhi was born in Kerala and is known for her role as Samira in the Indian drama film Kaash (2015 film). Nidhi is a previous recipient of Vogue India's Model of the year award, and is currently one of L’Oréal's global ambassadors.
Zelleria sphenota
Zelleria sphenota, also known as the mistletoe miner, is a species of moth in the family Yponomeutidae. This species is endemic to New Zealand. It is classified as "At Risk, Declining'" by the Department of Conservation.

Ermine moth
Certain members of the unrelated snout moths (Pyralidae) are also known as "ermine moths." Spilosoma lubricipeda is an unrelated moth with the common name "white ermine."

An ermine moth is any moth in the family Yponomeutidae, which has several hundred species, most of them in the tropics. The larvae tend to form communal webs, and some are minor pests in agriculture, forestry, and horticulture. Adult moths are minor pollinators.
Rakuten Monkeys
The Rakuten Monkeys (Chinese: 樂天桃猿; pinyin: Lètiān Táoyuán; lit. 'Rakuten Taoyuan Monkeys'), formerly known as La New Bears (2004–2010) and Lamigo Monkeys (2011–2019), are a professional baseball team in the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) in Taiwan. Owned and administered by the Japanese technology conglomerate Rakuten, the Monkeys qualified for the playoffs in 2006 for the first time in team history, and by finishing with the best record in the entire season, gained an automatic berth for the Taiwan Series.

Rakuten Taoyuan Baseball Stadium
The Rakuten Taoyuan Baseball Stadium (Chinese: 樂天桃園棒球場), originally known as Taoyuan International Baseball Stadium (桃園國際棒球場) until Rakuten acquired the naming rights in 2022, is a multi-use stadium located in Taoyuan City, Taiwan. The stadium opened in 2009 and has a capacity of 20,000 spectators.
Linux from Scratch
Linux From Scratch (LFS) is a type of Linux installation, and the name of a book written by Gerard Beekmans, and as of May 2021, mainly maintained by Bruce Dubbs. The book gives readers instructions on how to build a Linux system from source. The book is available freely from the Linux From Scratch site.

Glibc
The GNU C Library, commonly known as glibc, is the GNU Project implementation of the C standard library. It provides a wrapper around the system calls of the Linux kernel and other kernels for application use. Despite its name, it now also directly supports C++ (and, indirectly, other programming languages). It was started in the 1980s by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the GNU operating system.

glibc is free software released under the GNU Lesser General Public License. The GNU C Library project provides the core libraries for the GNU system, as well as many systems that use Linux as the kernel. These libraries provide critical APIs including ISO C11, POSIX.1-2008, BSD, OS-specific APIs and more. These APIs include such foundational facilities as open, read, write, malloc, printf, getaddrinfo, dlopen, pthread_create, crypt, login, exit and more.
Archives of the Serbian Orthodox Church
The Archives of the Serbian Orthodox Church (Serbian: Архив Српске православне цркве, romanized: Arhiv Srpske pravoslavne crkve) is the central repository archives of the Serbian Orthodox Church, located in Belgrade, Serbia.

Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral
The Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral of the Serbian Orthodox Church (Serbian: Црногорско-приморска митрополија Српске православне цркве, romanized: Crnogorsko-primorska mitropolija Srpske pravoslavne crkve) is the largest eparchy (diocese) of the Serbian Orthodox Church in modern Montenegro. Founded in 1219 by Saint Sava as the Eparchy of Zeta, it has continued to exist, without interruption, up to the present time, and has remained one of the most prominent dioceses of the Serbian Orthodox Church. The current Metropolitan bishop is Joanikije II. His official title is "Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Littoral" (Serbian: Црногорско-приморски митрополит, romanized: Crnogorsko-primorski mitropolit).
Catchment hydrology
Catchment hydrology is the study of hydrology in drainage basins. Catchments are areas of land where runoff collects to a specific zone. This movement is caused by water moving from areas of high energy to low energy due to the influence of gravity. Catchments often do not last for long periods of time as the water evaporates, drains into the soil, or is consumed by animals.

Runoff (hydrology)
Runoff is the flow of water across the earth, and is a major component in the hydrological cycle. Runoff that flows over land before reaching a watercourse is referred to as surface runoff or overland flow. Once in a watercourse, runoff is referred to as streamflow, channel runoff, or river runoff.
Urban runoff is surface runoff created by urbanization.