hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Charles de Gaulle Foundation
The Charles de Gaulle Foundation (Fondation Charles de Gaulle), previously Institut Charles-de-Gaulle has worked since 1971 to publicize and perpetuate the action of General de Gaulle (1890-1970), leader of Free France at the time of World War II, and President of the French Republic from 1959 to 1969.

The foundation organizes conferences with academics and witnesses of the time, and conferences intended for a less specialized audience.

It publishes the periodical magazine Espoir.

It manages the birthplace of Charles de Gaulle in Lille and the Domaine de la Boisserie, his former residence in Colombey-les-Deux-Églises.

The foundation helped create:

the Historial Charles de Gaulle at the Army Museum in Paris;

the Mémorial Charles-de-Gaulle in Colombey.

A specialized library and an archive are available to researchers and students in its research and documentation center.

Birthplace of Charles de Gaulle
The Birthplace of Charles de Gaulle (French: Maison natale de Charles de Gaulle) is a museum in Lille, in the Hauts-de-France, France, which had been Charles de Gaulle's maternal grandparents' house where he was born in 1890.

The museum is property of the Charles-de-Gaulle Foundation, and managed by the Departmental Council of Nord. Opened to the public in 1983, it has been classified as a monument historique since 1989 and obtained the Maisons des Illustres label in 2011. The museum receives between 19,000 and 20,000 visitors each year. It underwent expansion in 2025.
Killing of Carnell Russ
Carnell Russ was a 24-year African American mill worker killed by white Star City, Arkansas police officer Charles Lee Ratliff on Memorial Day, May 31, 1971. Russ' death led to a change in federal law regarding the future prosecution of civil rights cases.

Star City, Arkansas
Star City is a city in and the county seat of Lincoln County, Arkansas, United States. Incorporated in 1876, the city is located between the Arkansas Delta and the Arkansas Timberlands. With an economy historically based on agriculture, today Star City has developed a diverse economy based on both industry and agriculture. As of the 2020 census, Star City had a population of 2,173.
499 Venusia
499 Venusia is an asteroid in the outer asteroid belt, discovered by Max Wolf in 1902. Its diameter is 81 km (50.6 miles). It is a dark P-type asteroid. It has an average distance from the Sun of 4 AU (600 million km).

P-type asteroid
P-type (primitive-type) asteroids have low albedo and a featureless reddish spectrum. It has been suggested that they have a composition of organic-rich silicates, carbon and anhydrous silicates, possibly with water ice in their interior.  P-type asteroids are found in the outer asteroid belt and beyond. There are about 33 known P-type asteroids, depending on the classification, including 46 Hestia, 65 Cybele, 76 Freia, 87 Sylvia, 153 Hilda, 476 Hedwig and, in some classifications, 107 Camilla.
1999 Nigerien constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Niger on 18 July 1999. The new constitution would restore multi-party democracy after the military coup earlier in the year had ousted (and resulted in the death of) elected President Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara.

The third constitutional referendum of the 1990s, it was approved by 90% of voters with a turnout of only around 31%. General elections for the presidency and National Assembly were held in October and November.

1999 Nigerien coup d'état
The 1999 Nigerien coup d'état occurred on 9 April 1999 and resulted in the death of President Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara and the installation of Daouda Malam Wanké as President on 11 April. Maïnassara was shot under unclear circumstances in an ambush at either Diori Hamani International Airport, potentially while attempting to flee the country, or at a military base, likely by members of the Presidential Guard.
Harphale
Harpale (हरपळे) is a surname used by Indian Maratha community. The name is legendary among Maratha Royalties. They were honoured as Sardar, Patil and Deshmukh. They have a Royal Mark of Gaikwad Maharajas of Baroda. They possess Deshmukh rights of villages in Nagpur. Their relations are associated with the prominent Maratha clan of 96 Royal Clans.

Gaekwad dynasty
Gaekwads (also spelled as Gaikwads, Gaekwars) (IAST: Gāyakavāḍa), a Hindu Maratha dynasty of the former Maratha Empire and its subsequent (erstwhile) princely state of Baroda in western India from the early 18th century until 1947. The ruling prince was known as the Maharaja Gaekwad of Baroda. With the city of Baroda (Vadodara) as its capital, during the British Raj its relations with the British were managed by the Baroda Residency. It was one of the largest and wealthiest princely states of British India, with its wealth coming from the lucrative cotton business as well as rice, wheat and sugar production.
Real Estelí FC
Real Esteli Fútbol Club is a Nicaraguan professional football club playing in the top flight of Nicaragua's league system, the Campeonato Nacional de Fútbol de Primera División. The club play out of their home stadium, Estadio Independencia, in the northern city of Estelí.

Real Estelí has the second-most national championships in Nicaragua, only trailing Diriangén. They won a CONCACAF-record eight consecutive championships from 2006 to 2014.

CONCACAF Central American Cup
The CONCACAF Central American Cup (Spanish: Copa Centroamericana de CONCACAF) is an international association football competition organized by CONCACAF as its top regional tournament for clubs from Central America. It serves as a qualification method for the CONCACAF Champions Cup.

Alajuelense is the only champion in the tournament's history, winning all three editions played so far.
Gotenica
Gotenica (pronounced [ɡɔtɛˈniːtsa]; in older sources also Gotnica, German: Göttenitz,: 4  Gottscheerish: Gənize or In dr Gənizn) is a settlement in the Municipality of Kočevje in southern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

Kočevska Reka
Kočevska Reka (pronounced [kɔˈtʃeːu̯ska ˈɾeːka]; German: Rieg) is a settlement in the Municipality of Kočevje in southern Slovenia. It was a village settled by Gottschee Germans. A major fire destroyed most of the village in 1929, but it was restored. During the Second World War its original population was expelled. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
Saval
Saval  (Scottish Gaelic: Sàbhal) is a small remote hamlet, surrounded by Dalchork Wood, 1.5 miles northeast of the village of Lairg, in Sutherland, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland.

Lairg
Lairg (Scottish Gaelic: An Luirg, meaning "the shank/shin") is a village and parish in Sutherland, Scotland. It has a population of 891 and is at the south-eastern end of Loch Shin.

Lairg is unusual in the northern Highlands in being a large settlement that is not on the coast. One of the reasons that Lairg is slightly bigger than other non-coastal Highland villages is its central location within the county of Sutherland. Having four roads which meet in the village, it used to be known as "The Crossroads of the North". In the 19th century, it was provided with a railway station (at NC582039), on what is now the Far North Line. This development means that the north-west of Sutherland is now easier to reach. (The Far North Line links Inverness in the south with Thurso and Wick in the north.)
Ulisses Soares
Ulisses Soares (born 2 October 1958) is a Brazilian religious leader and former businessman who serves as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).  He has been a general authority since 2005 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from January 2013 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018.  He is the LDS Church's first apostle from South America.  As a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, Soares is accepted by the LDS Church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. Currently, he is the twelfth most senior apostle in the church.

Apostle (Latter Day Saints)
In the Latter Day Saint movement, an apostle is a "special witness of the name of Jesus Christ who is sent to teach the principles of salvation to others." In many Latter Day Saint churches, an apostle is a priesthood office of high authority within the church hierarchy. In many churches, apostles may be members of the Quorum of the Twelve and First Presidency of the church. In most Latter Day Saint churches, modern-day apostles are considered to have the same status and authority as the Biblical apostles.

In the Latter Day Saint tradition, apostles and prophets are believed to be the foundation of the church, Jesus Christ himself being the chief cornerstone. The "Articles of Faith", written by Joseph Smith, mentions apostles:

"We believe in the same organization that existed in the Primitive Church, namely, apostles, prophets, pastors, teachers, evangelists, and so forth."
Bjørnevatn Station
Bjørnevatn Station (Norwegian: Bjørnevatn stasjon) is a former railway station, located at Bjørnevatn in Sør-Varanger Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway, that was the terminus of the Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn Line.

Bjørnevatn
Bjørnevatn (Norwegian), Kuõbǯǯjäuʹrr (Skolt Sami), Guovžajávri (Northern Sami), or Kruuvakylä (Kven) is a village in Sør-Varanger Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. The village lies about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of the town of Kirkenes and about 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi) west of the Norway-Russia border. The village has a couple of suburbs including Hesseng to the north and Sandnes to the west. The Bjørnevatn IL is the local sports team. The name Bjørnevatn translates to "Bear Lake" in English.

The 1.99-square-kilometre (490-acre) village has a population (2023) of 2,536 and a population density of 1,274 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,300/sq mi).
Battle Axe Records
Battle Axe Records is an independent record label based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.  It was formed by Shane Bunting (Madchild of Swollen Members) in 1996. The label was distributed by Nettwerk in Canada and Caroline in the United States from 1999 to 2005.

Project Blowed
Project Blowed is an open-mic workshop, its affiliated underground hip hop crew, and record label based in Los Angeles, California at Leimert Park. This hip hop function started in 1994 and features many music groups, emcees, dancers, music producers, and graffiti artists local to the Southern California area.
Dublin North-East
Dublin North-East was a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas, from 1937 to 1977 and from 1981 to 2016. The method of election was proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).

Oireachtas
The Oireachtas (/ˈɛrəktəs/ EH-rək-təs; Irish: [ˈɛɾʲaxt̪ˠəsˠ]), sometimes referred to as Oireachtas Éireann, is the bicameral parliament of Ireland. The Oireachtas consists of the president of Ireland and the two houses of the Oireachtas (Irish: Tithe an Oireachtais): a lower house called Dáil Éireann and an upper house called Seanad Éireann.

The houses of the Oireachtas sit in Leinster House in Dublin, an eighteenth-century ducal palace. The directly elected Dáil is the more powerful of the houses of the Oireachtas.
Glavatičevo
Glavatičevo (Serbian Cyrillic: Главатичево) is a small village in Konjic Municipality, Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is a central village to a group of villages of a wider Glavatičevo, positioned 30 km southeast of Konjic, within a wide Župa Valley straddling the Neretva river. The village and its wider areal, with surrounding villages and the valley, is also referred to as Župa Glavatičevo, or Komska Župa, or simply Župa (transl. parish).

Republic of Ragusa
The Republic of Ragusa was an aristocratic maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik (Ragusa in Italian and Latin; Raguxa in Venetian) in South Dalmatia (today in southernmost Croatia) in Southern Europe that carried that name from 1358 until 1808. It reached its commercial peak in the 15th and the 16th centuries, before being conquered by Napoleon's French Empire and formally annexed by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy in 1808. By then it had a population of about 30,000 people, of whom 5,000 lived within the city walls. Its motto was "Non bene pro toto libertas venditur auro", a Latin phrase which can be translated as "Liberty is not well sold for all the gold".
Peter T. Brown
Peter T. Brown was the executive director of the Free Software Foundation (FSF) from 2005 until early 2011. Having come from a business management and finance background, he began working for the organization in 2001 as a comptroller, and was promoted to executive director in 2005 after the departure of Bradley Kuhn. He was replaced by John Sullivan. He has since joined the Software Freedom Conservancy as a director and treasurer. He is from Oxford, England.

Previously, Brown also held roles as the Financial Controller at FSF and manager of the GPL Compliance Lab. Additionally, he served as a director at New Internationalist and worked at BBC Radio in London.

He became an American citizen in August 2017.

William John Sullivan
William John Sullivan (more commonly known as John Sullivan; born December 6, 1976) is a software freedom activist, hacker, and writer. John was formerly executive director of the Free Software Foundation (FSF), where he has worked since early 2003. He is also a speaker and webmaster for the GNU Project. He also maintains the Plannermode and delicious-el packages for the GNU Emacs text editor.
Ethnic groups in Gabon
The Central African country of Gabon is home to an estimated 50 ethnic groups, with unique cultures and languages. The largest of these groups is the Fang people. Gabon is home to many different Bantu tribes and a population of pygmy people. In 2017, 16,162 Pygmies were recorded as living in Gabon.

Here is a partial list of the ethnic groups in Gabon, by province.

Myene language
Myene is a cluster of closely related Bantu varieties spoken in Gabon by about 46,000 people. It is perhaps the most divergent of the Narrow Bantu languages, though Nurse & Philippson (2003) place it in with the Tsogo languages (B.30). The more distinctive varieties are Mpongwe (Pongoué), Galwa (Galloa), and Nkomi.
Natural class
In phonology, a natural class is a set of phonemes in a language that share certain distinctive features. A natural class is determined by participation in shared phonological processes, described using the minimum number of features necessary for descriptive adequacy.

Phonology
Phonology (formerly also phonemics or phonematics) is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phonemes or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a particular language variety. At one time, the study of phonology related only to the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages, but now it may relate to any linguistic analysis either:

Sign languages have a phonological system equivalent to the system of sounds in spoken languages. The building blocks of signs are specifications for movement, location, and handshape. At first, a separate terminology was used for the study of sign phonology ("chereme" instead of "phoneme", etc.), but the concepts are now considered to apply universally to all human languages.
Annulment
Annulment is a legal procedure within secular and religious legal systems for declaring a marriage null and void. Unlike divorce, it is usually retroactive, meaning that an annulled marriage is considered to be invalid from the beginning almost as if it had never taken place. In legal terminology, an annulment makes a void marriage or a voidable marriage null.

Alimony
Alimony, also called aliment (Scotland), maintenance (England, Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, Wales, Canada, New Zealand), spousal support (U.S., Canada) and spousal maintenance (Australia), is a legal obligation on a person to provide financial support to their spouse before or after marital separation or divorce. The obligation varies depending on the divorce law or family law of each country and prenuptial agreements. In most jurisdictions, it is distinct from child support, where, after divorce, one parent is required to contribute to the support of their children by paying money to the child's other parent or guardian.
Saxon Garden
The Saxon Garden (Polish: Ogród Saski) is a 15.5–hectare public garden in central (Śródmieście) Warsaw, Poland, facing Piłsudski Square. It is the oldest public park in the city. Founded in the late 17th century, it was opened to the public in 1727 as one of the first publicly accessible parks in the world.

Summer Garden
The Summer Garden (Russian: Летний сад, romanized: Letny sad) is a historic public garden that occupies an eponymous island between the Neva, Fontanka, Moika, and the Swan Canal in 
downtown Saint Petersburg, Russia and shares its name with the adjacent Summer Palace of Peter the Great. Its inception dates back to the early 18th century when Russia took these lands from Sweden in the Great Northern War. Being a monument of landscape architecture featuring original and copied sculptures of classical mythology characters, a former royal palace and a monument to the fable author Ivan Krylov, the garden is now a branch of the Saint Petersburg-based national art treasury Russian Museum.
1991 Clare County Council election
An election to Clare County Council took place on 27 June 1991 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 32 councillors were elected from six local electoral areas (LEAs) for a five-year term of office on the electoral system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV). This term was extended twice, first to 1998, then to 1999.

1991 Irish local elections
The 1991 Irish local elections were held in all administrative counties and county boroughs, the top tier of local government areas in Ireland, on Thursday, 27 June 1991.

The elections were postponed from June 1990. This allowed for the enactment of the Local Government Act 1991 prior to the vote. They were the first local elections contested by the Progressive Democrats, which had been founded in December 1985, and the first since Sinn Féin registered as a political party in December 1986.

There was a second tier of boroughs, urban districts and towns with boards of commissioners. Elections in non-county boroughs and towns were postponed until 1994.
Auensee (Leipzig)
Auensee (Meadow Lake) is a 12 ha (30 acres) lake with a park in the borough northwest of Leipzig in Germany, in the locality of Wahren. The lake is part of the Leipzig Riverside Forest. Haus Auensee located at the lake is a venue for cultural events and concerts.

Leipzig Riverside Forest
Leipzig Riverside Forest (German: Leipziger Auenwald) is one of the largest lowland Riparian forests in Central Europe, lying mostly within the city limits of Leipzig city in Germany. The nature reserve is partially covered with bottomland forest and contains a large variety of endangered species.
St Dingat's Church, Dingestow
The Church of St Dingat in Dingestow, Monmouthshire, Wales, is a parish church dating from the 14th century. It is dedicated to Saint Dingat or Dingad, a 5th-century Welsh saint. The church was almost completely rebuilt by Thomas Henry Wyatt in 1846 and further renovated by Richard Creed in 1887–1888. It is an active parish church and a Grade II* listed building.

John Newman (architectural historian)
John Arthur Newman FSA (14 December 1936 – 19 April 2023) was an English architectural historian. He was the author of several of the Pevsner Architectural Guides and was the advisory editor to the series.
Bismarck Sea
The Bismarck Sea (German: Bismarcksee, pronounced ['bɪsmarkzeː]) lies in the south-western Pacific Ocean within the Papua New Guinean exclusive economic zone. It is located north-east of the island of New Guinea and south of the Bismarck Archipelago. It has coastlines in districts of the Islands Region, Momase Region, and Papua Region.

Momase Region
Momase Region is one of four regions of Papua New Guinea. Its largest city is Lae, the second-largest city of the country. The name Momase is a portmanteau of its four constituent provinces: Morobe, Madang, and Sepik (East Sepik and West Sepik). Momase is by far the most linguistically diverse region of Papua New Guinea.
Black Forest Observatory
Black Forest Observatory (BFO) or Observatorium Schiltach is a geophysical observatory owned and operated by Karlsruhe University and Stuttgart University. It is located near Schiltach in the Black Forest region of Baden-Württemberg, in southwest Germany. The observatory is in the Anton mine, which was abandoned and then converted in 1972.

University of Stuttgart
The University of Stuttgart (German: Universität Stuttgart) is a public research university located in Stuttgart, Germany. It was founded in 1829 and is organized into 10 faculties. It is one of the oldest technical universities in Germany with programs in civil, mechanical, industrial and electrical engineering, among others. It is a member of TU9, an incorporated society of the nine oldest German institutes of technology.
History of Changsha
Changsha (capital of Hunan province in the People's Republic of China) has a history going back over 3000 years. It has grown to an important town of economy, culture and garrison in the southern area of Chu State (1115 B.C.-223 B.C.). In the Later Tang dynasty (923-936), the king of Chu, Ma Yin, founded the Chu Kingdom (927-963) and set it as the capital, the city quickly became the largest and most important population, commercial and financial center in southern China. It was devastated by the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Wenxi Fire in 1938 but was quickly rebuilt. As of 2016, Changsha was ranked 13th of cities of China by comprehensive strength in 2016.

Yuelu Mountain
Yuelu Mountain (simplified Chinese: 岳麓山; traditional Chinese: 嶽麓山; pinyin: yuèlù shān) is located on the west bank of the Xiang River, one tributary of Yangtze River in Yuelu District, Changsha, Hunan. Its main peak and the highest point, Yunlu Peak, is about 300.8-metre (987 ft) above the sea level.
Shah Allah Ditta
Shah Allah Ditta (Punjabi: شاہ اللہ دتا; Urdu: شاہ اللہ دتہ) is a centuries-old village and a union council located at the foothills of the Margalla Hills in the Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan. It s located adjacent to Sector D-12 of Islamabad.

Saidpur, Islamabad
Saidpur (Urdu: سیدپور) is a village and union council (UC-1) located in a ravine in Pakistan in the Margalla Hills, near the Daman-e-Koh overlook, in the Islamabad Capital Territory. It is a Mughal Era village that has a wide spectrum of religious and cultural heritage. It serves as a tourist spot for locals as well as foreigners.

The village also has an animal market, which provides a source of income to its dwellers. Some shops sell locally made pottery items and handicrafts. A 2015 estimate puts the village's population at between 12,000 and 15,000.
2010–11 Hamilton Academical F.C. season
The 2010–11 season was the 124th season of competitive football by Hamilton Academical and the third back in the top-flight of Scottish football. Hamilton Academical competed in the Scottish Premier League, Scottish Cup and Scottish League Cup.

2010–11 Scottish League Cup
The 2010–11 Scottish League Cup is the 65th season of Scotland's second-most prestigious football knockout competition, the Scottish League Cup, also known as the Co-operative Insurance Cup for sponsorship reasons. The competition started in July 2010 with the First Round and ended in Spring 2011 with the Final. Rangers are the current title holder, having beaten Celtic in the 2011 final.