hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Outline of second-language acquisition
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to second-language acquisition:

Second-language acquisition –  process by which people learn a second language. Second-language acquisition (often abbreviated to SLA) also refers to the scientific discipline devoted to studying that process. Second language refers to any language learned in addition to a person's first language, including the learning of third, fourth, and subsequent languages. It is also called second-language learning, foreign language acquisition, and L2 acquisition.

Second-language acquisition
Second-language acquisition (SLA), second-language learning or L2 (language 2) acquisition, is the process of learning a language other than one's native language (L1). SLA research examines how learners develop their knowledge of second language.

SLA research spans cognitive, social, and linguistic perspectives:

Cognitive approaches investigate memory and attention processes.

Sociocultural theories emphasize the role of social interaction and immersion

Linguistic studies examine the innate and learned aspects of language.

Individual factors like age, motivation, and personality also influence SLA, as seen in discussions on the critical period hypothesis and learning strategies. In addition to acquisition, SLA explores language loss, or second-language attrition, and the impact of formal instruction on learning outcomes.
2019–20 CONCACAF Nations League B
The 2019–20 CONCACAF Nations League B was the second division of the 2019–20 edition of the CONCACAF Nations League, the inaugural season of the international football competition involving the men's national teams of the 41 member associations of CONCACAF.

2019–20 CONCACAF Nations League
The 2019–20 CONCACAF Nations League was the inaugural season of the CONCACAF Nations League, an international association football competition involving the men's national teams of the 41 member associations of CONCACAF. The Nations League qualifying tournament also served as part of the qualifying process for the 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup, which was expanded from twelve to sixteen teams. The group stage of the tournament also served as qualification for the 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup. The Finals, which decided the inaugural champions, was originally scheduled to be played in June 2020. However, on 3 April 2020 CONCACAF postponed the event until March 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 22 September 2020, it was announced that the event was again rescheduled until June 2021. On 24 February 2021, CONCACAF confirmed the dates for the rescheduled Nations League Finals, 3 and 6 June 2021 with the venue later confirmed as Empower Field at Mile High in Denver, Colorado, United States.
Todd Beamer High School
Todd Beamer High School is a four-year secondary school located in Federal Way, Washington, within the Federal Way School District. The school was built in 2003 and was named after Todd Beamer, one of many passengers aboard United Airlines Flight 93 during the September 11, 2001 attacks who attempted to foil the hijacking and reclaim the aircraft, which crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. The school was opened in September 2003.

Todd Beamer Campus received a $675,000 grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for staff development during the school's first three years.

Federal Way, Washington
Federal Way is a city in King County, Washington, United States and part of the Seattle metropolitan area. One of the most recently incorporated cities in the county, its population was 101,030 at the 2020 census. Federal Way is the 10th most populous city in Washington and the fifth most populous in King County.
D'Alembert's principle
D'Alembert's principle, also known as the Lagrange–d'Alembert principle, is a statement of the fundamental classical laws of motion. It is named after its discoverer, the French physicist and mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert, and Italian-French mathematician Joseph Louis Lagrange. D'Alembert's principle generalizes the principle of virtual work from static to dynamical systems by introducing forces of inertia which, when added to the applied forces in a system, result in dynamic equilibrium.

D'Alembert's principle can be applied in cases of kinematic constraints that depend on velocities.: 92  The principle does not apply for irreversible displacements, such as sliding friction, and more general specification of the irreversibility is required.

Nonholonomic system
A nonholonomic system in classical mechanics is a physical system with some constraints and mostly more than two constraints that are impossible to be cast into the form of holonomic constraints. That is, a nonholonomic system is a system that is not a holonomic system. Intuitively stated, they are mechanical systems with constraints on their velocity that are not derivable from position constraints. They are contrasted with classical Lagrangian and Hamiltonian systems, in which there are only constraints on position.
Producers Guild of America Award for Best Limited Series Television
The Producers Guild of America Award for Best Limited or Anthology Series Television, also known as the David L. Wolper Award for Outstanding Producer of Limited or Anthology Series Television, is an annual award given by the Producers Guild of America. It was first awarded at the 30th Annual Producers Guild Awards after the guild announced to split the award for Outstanding Producer of Long-Form Television into two: this accolade and the award for Outstanding Producer of Streamed or Televised Movies.

30th Producers Guild of America Awards
The 30th Producers Guild of America Awards (also known as 2019 Producers Guild Awards), honoring the best film and television producers of 2018, were held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California on January 19, 2019. The nominations in the documentary category were announced on November 20, 2018 and the other nominations for film and television were announced on January 4, 2019.
Carlos Amadeu
Carlos Amadeu Nascimento Lemos (6 September 1965 – 15 November 2020) was a Brazilian footballer and coach who played as a left back. He represented Bahia as a player before injury curtailed his career. He went on to have a coaching career which spanned almost thirty years.

1988 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
The 1988 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A was the 32nd edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A. As the 1987 Copa União organized by the Clube dos 13 proved to be even more disastrously organized than the criticized 1986 edition, organized by the CBF, the 1988 featured the merging of both modules to feature the first ever tournament with real two divisions with promotion and relegation. The 1988 season began on September 2, 1988, and reached its end on February 19, 1989. The competition was won by Esporte Clube Bahia. Internacional's Nílson, with 15 goals, was the competition's top goal scorer.
2018 Summit League men's soccer tournament
The 2018 Summit League men's soccer tournament, was the 25th edition of the tournament. It determined the Summit League's automatic berth into the 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship.

Denver won the Summit League title, making it their fifth title in the last six years. They defeated the defending Summit League champions, Omaha, 1–0.

Summit League men's soccer tournament
The Summit League men's soccer tournament is the conference championship tournament in soccer for the Summit League.  The tournament has been held every year in November since 1994.

It is played under a single-elimination format, and seeding is based on regular season records. The winner, declared conference champion, receives the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Division I men's soccer championship.

In 2024, the tournament was not played and was instead replaced by a championship game including the top two finishing teams in conference play.
In 2025, the Summit League restored the four-team tournament, and this time it will be hosted at campus sites.

Denver is the most winning team of the competition with 9 titles.
Albert Prowse
Albert Perkins Prowse (December 24, 1858 – June 20, 1925) was a merchant and political figure in Prince Edward Island, Canada. He represented 4th Kings in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1899 to 1900, from 1904 to 1919 and from 1923 to 1925 as a Conservative member. He served as Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1918 to 1919.

He was born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, the son of Samuel Prowse and Eliza Willis. Prowse was educated at the Wesleyan Academy and then entered his father's business. His brother William joined the business some time later. Prowse exported dried fish, canned lobsters and farm produce. In 1881, he married Williamina A. Kirkland. Prowse ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the provincial assembly in 1897 but defeated Donald Alexander MacKinnon in an 1899 by-election held after MacKinnon was named attorney general. Prowse died in office in 1925.

Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island
The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island is the presiding officer of the provincial legislature.

The speakership is currently vacant after the resignation of Sidney Macewen after being appointed to cabinet on February 12, 2026.

Past speakers have included Wilbur MacDonald, Greg Deighan and Nancy Guptill.
The Ebony Falcon
"The Ebony Falcon" is the fourteenth episode of the first season of the American television police sitcom series Brooklyn Nine-Nine. It was written by Prentice Penny and directed by Michael Blieden, airing on Fox in the United States on January 21, 2014.

In the episode, Peralta and Charles Boyle (Joe Lo Truglio) are investigating a drug trafficking operation and seek Terry Jeffords's (Terry Crews) help in the case. The episode was seen by an estimated 4.55 million household viewers and gained a 1.9/5 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. The episode received mostly positive reviews from critics, who praised Terry Crews' performance in the episode.

Brooklyn Nine-Nine season 1
The first season of the television sitcom Brooklyn Nine-Nine premiered September 17, 2013 on Fox and concluded March 25, 2014 with 22 episodes. The season stars Andy Samberg as childish but skilled detective Jake Peralta.
Death on the Road
Death on the Road is a live album and video released by English heavy metal band Iron Maiden on 29 August 2005 on CD and vinyl, and on 6 February 2006 on DVD. The album was recorded at Westfalenhallen in Dortmund, Germany on 24 November 2003, during the Dance of Death World Tour.

The release performed well in the national charts of several countries; Finland (no. 5), Sweden (no. 7), Norway (no. 12), France (no. 14), Italy (no. 17), Switzerland (no. 17), Spain (no. 18), United Kingdom (no. 22), Ireland (no. 27), the Netherlands (no. 39) and India (no.29).

5.1 surround sound
5.1 surround sound ("five-point one") is the common name for surround sound audio systems. 5.1 is the most commonly used layout in home theatres. It uses five full-bandwidth channels and one low-frequency effects channel (the "point one"). Dolby Digital, Dolby Pro Logic II, DTS, and SDDS are all common 5.1 systems. 5.1 is also the standard surround sound audio component of digital broadcast and music.

All 5.1 systems use the same speaker channels and configuration, having a front left (FL) and front right (FR), a center channel (CNT), two surround channels (surround left - SL and surround right - SR) and the low-frequency effects (LFE) channel designed for a subwoofer.
Makarau River
The Makarau River is a river of the Auckland Region of New Zealand's North Island. The river rises some 10 kilometres (6 mi) north of Kaukapakapa, flowing west before entering the south of the Kaipara Harbour. The river flows from the confluence of the Tahekeroa River and Haruru Stream.

The Makarau River served as the boundary between Waitemata and Rodney Counties.

Kaipara Harbour
Kaipara Harbour is a large enclosed harbour estuary complex on the north western side of the North Island of New Zealand. The northern part of the harbour is administered by the Kaipara District and the southern part is administered by the Auckland Council. The local Māori tribe is Ngāti Whātua.

By area, the Kaipara Harbour is one of the largest harbours in the world. It covers 947 square kilometres (366 sq mi) at high tide, with 409 square kilometres (158 sq mi) exposed as mudflats and sandflats at low tide.

According to Māori tradition, the name Kaipara had its origins back in the 15th century when the Arawa chief, Kahumatamomoe, travelled to the Kaipara to visit his nephew at Pouto. At a feast, he was so impressed with the cooked root of the para fern, that he gave the name Kai-para to the district. Kaipara comes from the Māori kai meaning "food", and  para meaning "king fern".
Nutty Buddy
Nutty Buddy, formerly known as Nutty Bars, are a snack manufactured by McKee Foods under the Little Debbie brand since 1964. The snack consists of four wafers sandwiched together in a peanut butter mixture and covered with a "chocolatey coating".

Little Debbie also provides seasonal Nutty Buddy Bars which includes the "Red, White & Blue" Nutty Buddy Bar and the "Be My Valentine" Nutty Buddy Bar. There is also a Zebra Nutty Buddy Bar.

Wafer
A wafer is a crisp, often sweet, very thin, flat, light biscuit, often used to decorate ice cream, and also used as a garnish on some sweet dishes. They frequently have a waffle surface pattern but may also be patterned with insignia of the food's manufacturer or may be patternless. Some chocolate bars, such as Kit Kat and Toffee Crisp, are wafers with chocolate in and around them.
Antonio Galloni
Antonio Galloni is an American wine critic. He is the founder and chief executive officer (CEO) of Vinous for which he is also the lead critic covering the wines of Bordeaux, California, Italy, and Champagne.

From 2006 to 2013, Galloni was a tasting staff member of Robert Parker's publication The Wine Advocate.

In May 2013, Galloni founded Vinous.

Robert Parker (wine critic)
Robert McDowell Parker Jr. (born July 23, 1947) is a retired American wine critic. His wine ratings on a 100-point scale and his newsletter The Wine Advocate are influential in American wine buying and are therefore a major factor in setting the prices for newly released Bordeaux wines. This made him the most widely known and influential wine critic in the world.
Blumenthaler SV
Blumenthaler SV is a German association football club from Blumenthal, the northernmost district of the city of Bremen. The club was established 6 June 1919 as Blumenthaler Sportverein by former members of Blumenthaler Fußballverein 1912. FV was the successor to Spiel- und Sport Blumenthal and is part of the historical tradition of SG Aumund-Vegesack, which is still active today. As a worker's club, SV was part of the Arbeiter-Turn- und Sportbund (ATSB) in the 1920s and early 1930s. The first men's soccer team plays in the fifth-class "Bremen Liga".

Bremen Cup
The Bremer Pokal ('Bremen Cup') is an annual football cup competition, held by the Bremer Fußball-Verband (English: Bremen Football Association). It is one of the 21 regional cup competitions in Germany and a qualifying competition for the German Cup, with the winner of the competition being automatically qualified for the first round of the German Cup in the following season. For sponsorship reasons, the competition is known as the Lotto-Pokal.

The record winners of the competition are SV Werder Bremen II, with 20 titles to their name, but the team is now barred from entering the cup competition, like all reserve teams in Germany since 2008.
Lone Star Expo Center
The Lone Star Expo Center is a 5,000-seat multi-purpose arena in Conroe, Texas, USA. It hosts local sporting events, concerts, and other events.  It was opened in 2002.  In 2007, it became home to the now-defunct Conroe Storm indoor football team.

Conroe Storm
The Conroe Storm was an American indoor football team based out of Conroe, Texas, that played in the American Professional Football League. They were originally slated to play in the Ultimate Indoor Football League before that league's aborted merger with the NAIFL.  After it appeared the NAIFL would not play, they moved to APFL.

In their first season, they finished 2nd in the league but lost at home to the Iowa Blackhawks in the playoffs.  In the 2008 season, they finished in first place in the APFL South Division, however due to league problems and games being cancelled on them, they declined to play in the championship game and withdrew from the league.
Additive group
An additive group is a group of which the group operation is to be thought of as addition in some sense.  It is usually abelian, and typically written using the symbol + for its binary operation.

This terminology is widely used with structures equipped with several operations to specify structures obtained by forgetting the other operations. Examples include the additive group of the integers, of a vector space and of a ring. This is particularly useful with rings and fields to distinguish the additive underlying group from the multiplicative group of the invertible elements.

In older terminology, an additive subgroup of a ring has also been known as a modul or module (not to be confused with a module).

Unit (ring theory)
In algebra, a unit or invertible element of a ring is an invertible element for the multiplication of the ring. That is, an element u of a ring R is a unit if there exists v in R such that

where 1 is the multiplicative identity; the element v is unique for this property and is called the multiplicative inverse of u. The set of units of R forms a group R× under multiplication, called the group of units or unit group of R.  Other notations for the unit group are R∗, U(R), and E(R) (from the German term Einheit).

Less commonly, the term unit is sometimes used to refer to the element 1 of the ring, in expressions like ring with a unit or unit ring, and also unit matrix. Because of this ambiguity, 1 is more commonly called the "unity" or the "identity" of the ring, and the phrases "ring with unity" or a "ring with identity" may be used to emphasize that one is considering a ring instead of a rng.
Rubus originalis
Rubus originalis a rare North American species of brambles in the rose family. It has been found in the eastern United States (New Jersey, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina). Nowhere is it common.

The genetics of Rubus is extremely complex, so that it is difficult to decide on which groups should be recognized as species. There are many rare species with limited ranges such as this. Further study is suggested to clarify the taxonomy.

Rubus
Rubus is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae, most commonly known as brambles. Fruits of various species are known as raspberries, blackberries, dewberries, and bristleberries. It is a diverse genus, with the estimated number of Rubus species varying from 250 to over 1000, found across all continents except Antarctica.

Most of these plants have woody stems with prickles like roses; spines, bristles, and gland-tipped hairs are also common in the genus. The Rubus fruit, sometimes called a bramble fruit, is an aggregate of drupelets. The term cane fruit or cane berry applies to any Rubus species or hybrid which is commonly grown with supports such as wires or canes, including raspberries, blackberries, and hybrids such as loganberry, boysenberry, marionberry and tayberry. The stems of such plants are also referred to as canes.
Caledonian Railway 956 Class
The Caledonian Railway 956 Class were 3-cylinder 4-6-0 steam locomotives that were used on the Caledonian Railway from 1921. They were built to the design of William Pickersgill. At the time they were the largest design operated by a Scottish railway.

Walschaerts valve gear
The Walschaerts valve gear, known as Heusinger valve gear in parts of Europe, is a type of valve gear used to regulate the flow of steam to the pistons in steam locomotives, invented by Belgian railway engineer Egide Walschaerts in 1844. The gear is sometimes named without the final "s", since it was incorrectly patented under that name. It was extensively used in steam locomotives from the late 19th century until the end of the steam era.
Knocks (Aghalurcher)
Knocks (from Irish  Cnoic 'hill') is a small townland to the east of Lisnaskea in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. It is situated in the historic barony of Magherastephana and the civil parish of Aghalurcher and covers an area of 193 acres (0.3 sq mi).

The name "The Knocks" is locally applied to a larger area around the townland. The area has a primary school, St. Eugene's, and a community centre.

Knocks is bordered by Bunlougher townland to the north, by Coalhill, Eshanummer and Eshnascreen to the west. On the eastern side, Knocks is bordered by Eshbane and Eshcarcoge, and to the south, it shares a boundary with Eshthomas townland.

Aghalurcher
54°13′48″N 7°26′38″W﻿ / ﻿54.23°N 7.444°W﻿ / 54.23; -7.444
Aghalurcher is a civil parish located mainly in the barony of Magherastephana in County Fermanagh and partly in the barony of Clogher in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland.
Humvee replacement process
The Humvee replacement process was an effort by the U.S. military to replace the current AM General Humvee multi-purpose motor vehicle. The Humvee had evolved several times since its introduction in 1985, and is now used in tactical roles for which it was not originally intended. The U.S. military pursued several initiatives to replace it, both in the short and long term. The short-term replacement efforts utilize commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) vehicles, while the long-term efforts focused on building requirements for the Humvee replacement and technology research and evaluation in the form of various prototype vehicles.

After going through the replacement process, the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV), manufactured by Oshkosh Corporation, was chosen as the successor.

Oshkosh M-ATV
The Oshkosh M-ATV is a mine-resistant ambush protected (MRAP) vehicle developed by the Oshkosh Corporation for the MRAP All Terrain Vehicle (M-ATV) program. Intended to replace M1114 HMMWVs (Humvee), it is designed to provide the same levels of protection as the larger and heavier previous MRAPs, but with improved mobility.
Security Council of Kyrgyzstan
The Security Council of Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz: Кыргызстандын Коопсуздук Кенешинин, Russian: Совет Безопасности Кыргызстана) is a political/constitutional body in the Office of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic. Its tasks are to consider internal and external threats to Kyrgyzstan and maintaining its security and defense. Being a purely advisory body, it aides the President in developing his/her decisions related to the Armed Forces of Kyrgyzstan and other law enforcement bodies. The security council was renamed in 2010 to the defense council and was reverted to its former name in March 2017. The Secretary is the head of the council, being a member of the Administration of the President. The current Secretary of the Security Council is Baktybek Bekbolotov.

Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic
The Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic is the national military of Kyrgyzstan. It was originally formed from the former Soviet forces of the Turkestan Military District stationed in newly independent Kyrgyzstan. It consists of the Ground Forces, the Air Force and the National Guard. Affiliated security forces to the armed forces included the Internal Troops, the State Committee for National Security and the Border Troops.