hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Russia v Ukraine (UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying)
On 9 October 1999, a football match took place between Russia and Ukraine in Moscow at Luzhniki Stadium.  It was the final match for both nations in group 4 in the qualifying tournament for UEFA Euro 2000.

UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying
Qualifying for the UEFA Euro 2000 final tournament, took place throughout 1998 and 1999. Forty-nine teams were divided into nine groups. All teams played against each other, within their groups, on a home-and-away basis. The winner of each group and the best runner-up qualified automatically for the final tournament. The rest of the runners-up played an additional set of playoff matches amongst each other.

Both Belgium and the Netherlands qualified automatically as co-hosts of the event.
Tewkesbury and Malvern Railway
The Tewkesbury and Malvern Railway was a branch of the Midland Railway which ran from Ashchurch via Tewkesbury to Great Malvern in the United Kingdom. It was opened on 16 May 1864. At grouping in 1923 it became part of the London Midland and Scottish Railway.

Ashchurch for Tewkesbury railway station
Ashchurch for Tewkesbury is a railway station on the main Bristol–Birmingham main line, serving the market town of Tewkesbury and the village of Ashchurch in Gloucestershire, England. It is located less than 1⁄4 mile (400 m) from junction 9 of the M5 motorway. Originally opened in 1840 but closed in 1971, the station was reopened on 1 June 1997 by Railtrack. There are regular bus connections from the station to Tewkesbury town centre, Gloucester and Cheltenham.
Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology
The Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology are two posthumously published volumes of remarks pertaining to the philosophy of psychology written by Ludwig Wittgenstein.

The two volumes were first published in 1980, the first volume was edited by G.E.M. Anscombe and Georg Henrik von Wright and the second by von Wright and Heikki Nyman. The translations were made by Anscombe (vol.1), and C. G. Luckhardt and M. A. E. Aue (vol 2.). Not all of the material was new however, most of Zettel (1967) was material taken from Volume 1 of the Remarks and some of the remarks from the volumes had also been added to Part II of Philosophical Investigations (1953) which deals with many of the same themes.

The Remarks deal with topics such as volition, intention, and so on.

Philosophical Investigations
Philosophical Investigations (German: Philosophische Untersuchungen) is a work by the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, published posthumously in 1953.

Philosophical Investigations is divided into two parts, consisting of what Wittgenstein calls, in the preface, Bemerkungen, translated by G. E. M. Anscombe as "remarks".

A survey among American university and college teachers ranked the Investigations as the most important book of 20th-century philosophy.
Kirnitzschtal
Kirnitzschtal is a former municipality in the Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge district, in Saxony, Germany. Since 1 October 2012, it is part of the town Sebnitz. It had its administrative seat in Lichtenhain.

The municipality was divided into the following 5 Ortsteile:

Altendorf

Mittelndorf

Lichtenhain

Ottendorf

Saupsdorf

Lichtenhain Waterfall
The Lichtenhain Waterfall is a waterfall formed by the Lichtenhainer village brook and is situated in the Kirnitzsch Valley in the Saxon Switzerland of Germany. The village of Lichtenhain lies to the north of the waterfall, and is 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) away on foot, but some 20 kilometres (12 mi) away by road.

William Lebrecht Götzinger, chronicler of the Saxon Switzerland, mentioned the waterfall in his 1812 work Schandau and its environments.

The original waterfall was not impressive enough for tourists, so the brook was dammed up by a pushable weir. Since the Kirnitzschtalbahn, a tramway linking the waterfall with Bad Schandau, was opened in 1898, hundreds of thousands of tourists have visited the waterfall.
1955 SFR Yugoslavia Chess Championship
The 10th anniversary championship of Yugoslavia was played in the National Assembly of Vojvodina in Novi Sad. The reserve player, Master Nikola Karaklajić, played the draw of his life against Gligorić in the last round (otherwise he would have played an additional match with him for the title) and deservedly and convincingly won the title. The first 6 gained the right to participate directly in the next championship, the first 10 won prizes, and the first 15 directly participated in the semi-finals. Five debutants, five Candidate Masters, fought for 8.5 points (50%), in which only Milan Matulović succeeded and thus became a Master.

Yugoslav Chess Championship
The Yugoslav Chess Championship was an annual chess tournament held to determine the Yugoslav national champion and Yugoslavia's candidates for the World Chess Championship.

It was first played in 1935 in Belgrade, the capital of Kingdom of Yugoslavia and ended with its 46th iteration during the breakup of SFR Yugoslavia.
Pothole Dome
Pothole Dome is a granite dome on the west side of Tuolumne Meadows, in Yosemite National Park located at Tioga Road mile marker 18. Near Pothole Dome is Marmot Dome. The summit of the dome is easily accessible by foot from a parking area on the Tioga Road at mile marker 18. The view from the summit includes most of Tuolumne Meadows and in the distance, Cathedral Peak. The dome gives evidence of many of the geologic processes at work in Yosemite during and after the last ice age.  In particular, the stranded, rounded boulders from a glacier that has long since retreated, and the water-eroded "potholes" provide evidence of two ways that water can interact with granite.

View from top of Pothole Dome

One of the potholes

Cathedral Peak (California)
Cathedral Peak is part of the Cathedral Range, a mountain range in the south-central portion of Yosemite National Park in eastern Mariposa and Tuolumne Counties. The range is an offshoot of the Sierra Nevada. The peak which lends its name to the range derives its name from its cathedral-shaped peak, which was formed by glacial activity: the peak remained uneroded above the glaciers in the Pleistocene.
Emin Valley
The Emin Valley (Chinese: 额敏谷地; pinyin: Émǐn gǔdì) is located on the China–Kazakhstan border, in Central Asia. It has an area of about 65,000 square kilometres (25,000 sq mi). Its main waterway is the Emil River.

Administratively, the Emin Valley occupies areas of Tacheng Prefecture in the Xinjiang Region of north-western China and East Kazakhstan Province of eastern Kazakhstan.

Lake Sasykkol
Sasykkol (Kazakh: Сасықкөл, Sasyqköl) is a lake in eastern Kazakhstan. It is located near 46°35′0″N 81°0′0″E﻿ / ﻿46.58333°N 81.00000°E﻿ / 46.58333; 81.00000. It has a surface area of 600 km2 (736 km2 when water level is high), average depth of 3.3 m, and maximum depth of 4.7 m. Fishery on the lake is common. Water birds including the mute swan, whooper swan, and spoonbill can be found here.
Meller's duck
Meller's duck (Anas melleri) is a species of the dabbling duck genus Anas. It is endemic to eastern Madagascar. Although a population was established on Mauritius in the mid-18th century, this is on the verge of extinction due to habitat loss and competition by feral domestic ducks. The species name of this species is after the botanist Charles James Meller, and its generic name is from the Latin for "duck".

Anatinae
The Anatinae are a subfamily of the family Anatidae (swans, geese, and ducks). Its surviving members are the dabbling ducks, which feed mainly at the surface rather than by diving. The other members of the Anatinae are the extinct moa-nalo, a young but highly apomorphic lineage derived from the dabbling ducks.

Much debate exists about the systematical status and which ducks belong to the Anatinae. Some taxonomic authorities only include the dabbling ducks and their close relatives, the extinct moa-nalos. Alternatively, the Anatinae are considered to include most "ducks", and the dabbling ducks to form a tribe Anatini within these. The classification as presented here more appropriately reflects the remaining uncertainty about the interrelationships of the major lineages of Anatidae (waterfowl).
Boxwork
In geology, boxwork is defined as a honeycomb-like structure that can form in some fractured or jointed sedimentary rocks. If the fractures in the host rock are mineralized, they can become more resistant to weathering than the surrounding rock, and subsequent erosion can produce boxwork structures.  In mining geology, boxwork is a set of (typically) quartz-lined cavities, retaining the shape of the dissolved ore minerals, in gossans.  In classical geology or mineralogy these mineral casts would not be called boxwork, but would instead be called pseudomorphs, or epimorphs. In cave geology, boxwork is an uncommon type of mineral structure, or speleogen (similar to a speleothem, but formed by erosion rather than accretion), occasionally found in caves and erosive environments.

Mining geology
Mining geology is an applied science which combines the principles of economic geology and mining engineering to the development of a defined mineral resource. Mining geologists and engineers work to develop an identified ore deposit to economically extract the ore.
Monochrome painting
Monochromatic painting has played a significant role in modern and contemporary Western visual art, originating with the early 20th-century European avant-gardes. Artists have explored the non-representational potential of a single color, investigating shifts in value, diversity of texture, and formal nuances as a means of emotional expression, visual investigation into the inherent properties of painting, as well as a starting point for conceptual works. Ranging from geometric abstraction in a variety of mediums to non-representational gestural painting, monochromatic works continue to be an important influence in contemporary art.

Monochrome paintings should not be confused with older styles of grisaille painting using only or mainly a single colour, typically black or grey.

Formalism (art)
In art history, formalism is the study of art by analyzing and comparing form and style. Its discussion also includes the way objects are made and their purely visual or material aspects. In painting, formalism emphasizes compositional elements such as color, line, shape, texture, and other perceptual aspects rather than content, meaning, or the historical and social context. At its extreme, formalism in art history posits that everything necessary to comprehending a work of art is contained within the work of art. The context of the work, including the reason for its creation, the historical background, and the life of the artist, that is, its conceptual aspect is considered to be external to the artistic medium itself, and therefore of secondary importance.
Agostino Mascardi
Agostino Mascardi (Italian pronunciation: [aɡoˈstiːno maˈskardi]; 2 September 1590 – 1640) was an Italian rhetorician, historian and poet.

Expelled from the Jesuit Order by his superiors, Mascardi pursued a successful career as a secretary for various important figures, and became a renowned writer and professor of rhetoric at the Sapienza University of Rome. He was a member of several learned societies and wrote a seminal treatise, "Dell'arte historica" (1636) advocating history as a powerful instrument of ethical and religious persuasion and largely focusing on the interplay between truth and believability.

Pope Urban VIII
Pope Urban VIII (Latin: Urbanus VIII; Italian: Urbano VIII; baptised 5 April 1568 – 29 July 1644), born Maffeo Vincenzo Barberini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 August 1623 to his death, in July 1644. As pope, he expanded the papal territory by force of arms and advantageous politicking, and was also a prominent patron of the arts, commissioning works from artists like Gian Lorenzo Bernini, and a reformer of Church missions. His papacy also covered 21 years of the Thirty Years' War.

The massive debts incurred during his pontificate greatly weakened his successors, who were unable to maintain the papacy's longstanding political and military influence in Europe. He was also an opponent of Copernicanism and was involved in the Galileo affair, which saw the astronomer tried for heresy. He is the last pope to date to take the papal name Urban.
Cosmo Manuche
Cosmo Manuche (bap. 1613, d. 1673?), English playwright of an Italian heritage, baptized on 24 October 1613 at The Church of St Andrew, Holborn, in the City of London. He is best-known for two plays written in 1652: The Just General: a Tragi:Comedy  and The Loyal Lovers: a Tragi Comedy, as well as his connection to his patron James Compton, 3rd Earl of Northampton.

Tragicomedy
Tragicomedy is a literary genre that blends aspects of both tragic and comic forms. Most often seen in dramatic literature, the term can describe either a tragic play which contains enough comic elements to lighten the overall mood or a serious play with a happy ending. Tragicomedy, as its name implies, invokes the intended response of both the tragedy and the comedy in the audience, the former being a genre based on human suffering that invokes an accompanying catharsis and the latter being a genre intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter.
Rice-Marler House
The Rice-Marler House, in Decatur, Tennessee, was built in 1856.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

It is a two-story frame house built upon a stone pier foundation, with a one-story rear ell.  Its weatherboard exterior is covered with aluminum siding.

The site includes foundation ruins of a slave cabin.

The house is unusual as one of few I-houses in Meigs County, Tennessee which has a five-bay facade and gable end chimneys.  It is also unusual for having graining on its interior doors and marbling on its mantlepieces.

Slave quarters in the United States
Slave quarters in the United States, sometimes called slave cabins, were a form of residential vernacular architecture constructed during the era of slavery in the United States. These outbuildings were the homes of the enslaved people attached to an American plantation, farm, or city property.  Some former slave quarters were continuously occupied and used as personal residences until as late as the 1960s.
2025 Uzbekistan Super Cup
2025 Uzbekistan Super Cup (Uzbek: Футбол бўйича 2025-йилги Ўзбекистон Суперкубоги) was the 10th edition of the Uzbekistan Super Cup, an annual football match contested between the winners of the previous season's Super League and Cup. It was played between the 2024 Uzbekistan Cup winner – Andijon, and the 2024 Uzbekistan Super League champion – Nasaf.

Nasaf played in the Super Cup for the 6th time in its history and won the trophy for the 4th time. Andijon participated in the Super Cup for the first time in its history.

Uzbekistan Super Cup
The Uzbekistan Super Cup (Uzbek: Oʻzbekiston Superkubogi or Ўзбекистон Суперкубоги) is a  one-match pre-season football competition held before the season begins in Uzbekistan every year. It is contested by the winners of the Uzbekistan Super League and the Uzbekistan Cup in the previous season.
Mentat (computing)
Mentat is a macro-dataflow extension of the C++ programming language. It was developed at the University of Virginia computer science Department by a research group led by Andrew Grimshaw. The combination of the ideas needed to implement the Mentat run-time with the ideas in Carnegie Mellon University's Hydra distributed operating system led to the Legion distributed OS.

Legion (software)
Legion is a computer software system variously classified as a distributed operating system, a peer-to-peer system, metacomputing software, and middleware. It is an object-based system designed to provide secure, transparent access to large numbers of machines, both to computational power and data.

The project was funded by the National Science Foundation and other funding agencies, and was mostly developed at the University of Virginia by a group led by Andrew Grimshaw. The Legion people formed the Avaki Corporation to commercialize the project in 1999, but Avaki eventually abandoned the Legion software base, and finally went bankrupt in 2005, with its intellectual property acquired by Sybase.

Legion is the successor to Hydra, developed to run on the C.mmp hardware system developed at Carnegie Mellon University in the late 1960s.

One of the slogans of the Legion project is "mechanism, not policy!"
Zygophyllum chilense
Zygophyllum chilense is a species of flowering plant in the family Zygophyllaceae. It is a perennial herb native to northern Chile and Peru. It was formerly known as Fagonia chilensis but the genus Fagonia is now regarded as synonym to Zygophyllum.

Zygophyllum
Zygophyllum is the type genus of the flowering plant family Zygophyllaceae. The genus name is derived from the Ancient Greek ζυγόν (zygón), meaning "double", and φύλλον (phyllon), meaning "leaf". It refers to the leaves, each of which have two leaflets.

The genus is distributed in arid and semi-arid regions of Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, central Asia, Australia, and North and South America.
Molecular phylogenetic analysis suggested that as previously circumscribed, Zygophyllum was not monophyletic, and the genus was split among a number of other genera, including Augea, Fagonia, Roepera and Tetraena. As of February 2024, Plants of the World Online accepted only Roepera of these genera, regarding Augea, Fagonia and Tetraena as synonyms of Zygophyllum.
Coba Höyük
Coba Höyük, (also known as Sakçe Gözü , Sakçagözü, Jobba Euyuk, and Sakje Geuzi), is an archaeological site in southeastern Anatolia. It is located about three kilometers north-west of the modern village of Sakçagözü in Gaziantep Province, Turkey. The site was occupied in the Pottery Neolithic, Halaf, Ubaid, Late Chalcolithic/Uruk and Neo-Hittite periods. The site has now been destroyed by modern activities.

Late Neolithic
In the archaeology of Southwest Asia, the Late Neolithic, also known as the Ceramic Neolithic or Pottery Neolithic, is the final part of the Neolithic period, following on from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic and preceding the Chalcolithic. It is sometimes further divided into Pottery Neolithic A (PNA) and Pottery Neolithic B (PNB) phases.

The Late Neolithic began with the first experiments with pottery, around 7000 BCE, and lasted until the discovery of copper metallurgy and the start of the Chalcolithic around 4500 BCE.
Latimer House
Latimer House is a large country house at Latimer, Buckinghamshire. It is now branded as De Vere Latimer Estate and functions as a countryside hotel used for country house weddings and conferences. Latimer Place has a small church, St Mary Magdalene, which was built by Lord Chesham, in the grounds.

Charles Cavendish, 3rd Baron Chesham
Charles Compton William Cavendish, 3rd Baron Chesham, KCB, PC, DL (13 December 1850 – 9 November 1907), styled The Honourable Charles Cavendish between 1863 and 1882, was a British soldier, courtier and Conservative politician. He served as the last Master of the Buckhounds under Lord Salisbury from 1900 to 1901.
Jean-Paul Brigger
Jean-Paul Brigger (born 14 December 1957) is a Swiss football manager and former player who played as a football striker. He played for the most of his career with FC Sion.

Aside from FC Sion, Brigger played for Servette and represented the Swiss national team. After retiring, he had a spell managing FC Sion and FC Luzern.

Since 1999, he has worked for FIFA as a member of its technical study and development group.

Swiss Super League
The Super League (also known as the Brack Super League for sponsorship reasons) is a professional association football league in Switzerland and the highest level of the Swiss football league system. It has been played in its current format since the 2003–04 season. The Swiss Super League is ranked 16th in Europe according to UEFA's ranking of league coefficients, which is based upon Swiss team performances in European competitions. The 2025–26 season is the 129th season of the Swiss top-flight, making it the longest continuously running top-flight national league.
Bardkashki
Bardkashki (Persian: بردكشكي, also Romanized as Bardkashkī; also known as Barkashkī and Barkashkī-ye Pā’īn) is a village in Tayebi-ye Garmsiri-ye Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 75, in 16 families.

Tayebi-ye Garmsiri-ye Jonubi Rural District
Tayebi-ye Garmsiri-ye Jonubi Rural District (Persian: دهستان طيبي گرمسيرئ جنوبي) is in Suq District of Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran. It is administered from the city of Suq.
History of operating systems
Computer operating systems (OSes) provide a set of functions needed and used by most application programs on a computer, and the links needed to control and synchronize computer hardware. On the first computers, with no operating system, every program needed the full hardware specification to run correctly and perform standard tasks, and its own drivers for peripheral devices like printers and punched paper card readers. The growing complexity of hardware and application programs eventually made operating systems a necessity for everyday use.

OS/360 and successors
OS/360, officially known as IBM System/360 Operating System, is a discontinued batch processing operating system developed by IBM for their then-new System/360 mainframe computer, announced in 1964; it was influenced by the earlier IBSYS/IBJOB and Input/Output Control System (IOCS) packages for the IBM 7090/7094 and even more so by the PR155 Operating System for the IBM 1410/7010 processors. It was one of the earliest operating systems to require the computer hardware to include at least one direct access storage device.

Although OS/360 itself was discontinued, successor operating systems, including the virtual storage MVS and the 64-bit z/OS, are still run as of 2023 and maintain application-level compatibility with OS/360.
Paulo Centurión
Paulo Centurion (born 8 December 1982) is an Argentine professional footballer who most recently played as a defender for Guatemalan club Comunicaciones in 2018.

Centurión, son of retired international soccer player Cristino Centurión, has played in Argentina, Paraguay, Guatemala and Puerto Rico.

Club Guaraní
Club Guaraní is a Paraguayan professional football club, based in the neighbourhood of Pinozá in outer Asunción.

Founded in 1903, it is one of the oldest and one of the most successful in the country, with eleven Primera División titles, and has never been relegated to a lower division.
Benjamin List
Benjamin List (German pronunciation: [ˈbɛnjamiːn ˈlɪst] ⓘ; born 11 January 1968) is a German chemist who is one of the directors of the Max Planck Institute for Coal Research and professor of organic chemistry at the University of Cologne. He co-developed organocatalysis, a method of accelerating chemical reactions and making them more efficient. He shared the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with David MacMillan "for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis".

Carlos F. Barbas III
Carlos F. Barbas III (5 November 1964 – 24 June 2014) was chair professor of the Janet and Keith Kellogg II and a chemist at the Scripps Research Institute. Barbas developed new therapies that can target HIV-1 and some kinds of cancer which went into clinical trials.