hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Parks and Horticulture Authority
Parks and Horticulture Authority (PHA) (Urdu: مقتدرہ باغات و باغبانی) is a Lahore District government body which controls the parks and plantings in Lahore. It works with the Lahore Development Authority in many ways. It maintains all the public parks and horticulture in Lahore. It was established in September 1998. It is a merged body of horticulture departments in Lahore Development Authority and Metropolitan Corporation Lahore.

In August 2024, Ghazali Saleem Butt, member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab was appointed as chairperson/chairman PHA Lahore.

Lahore Development Authority
Lahore Development Authority (LDA) is responsible for new planned development in Lahore, Pakistan. It also regulates and issues permits for new construction and housing projects, private houses, commercial development and remodels. It also controls zoning laws. It also manages Lahore's parks and green areas.

Its website states that it plans on making Lahore "one of the thirty leading educational, cultural, commercial, industrial, and information technology centres of the world by 2020".
Sholem Aleichem
Solomon Naumovich Rabinovich (Russian: Соломон Наумович Рабинович; March 2 [O.S. February 18] 1859 – May 13, 1916), better known under his pen name Sholem Aleichem, was a Yiddish author and playwright who lived in the Russian Empire and in the United States. The 1964 musical Fiddler on the Roof, based on Aleichem's stories about Tevye the Dairyman, was the first commercially successful English-language stage production about Jewish life in Eastern Europe.

The Hebrew phrase שלום עליכם (shalom aleichem) literally means "[May] peace [be] upon you!", and is a greeting in traditional Hebrew and Yiddish.

Mount Carmel Cemetery (Queens)
Mount Carmel Cemetery is a Jewish cemetery located within the Cemetery Belt in Queens, New York City that opened in 1906. The main section is in Glendale, Queens, and has more than 85,000 occupied plots. A new section was opened in nearby Ridgewood. It was built as part of the Rural Cemetery Act, a New York City ban on new Manhattan cemeteries effective 1850, which led to the opening of new ones in Brooklyn and Queens that form an area collectively called the Cemetery Belt.
IbpB thermometer
The IbpB thermometer is an RNA thermometer element found in the ibpAB operon. The operon contains two heat-shock genes, encoding inclusion body binding proteins A and B (IbpA/B), and is the most drastically upregulated operon under heat-shock in Escherichia coli.

IbpA is regulated by a ROSE element found in its 5' UTR, while IbpB has its own heat-sensitive cis-regulatory element. The activity of this thermoregulator was confirmed in vitro but was not found in vivo, suggesting more complicated operon regulation exists in bacterial cells.

Repression of heat shock gene expression (ROSE) element
The repression of heat shock gene expression (ROSE) element is an RNA element found in the 5' UTR of some heat shock protein's mRNAs. The ROSE element is an RNA thermometer that negatively regulates heat shock gene expression. The secondary structure is thought to be altered by temperature, thus it is an RNA thermometer. This structure blocks access to the ribosome binding site at normal temperatures. During heat shock however, the structure changes freeing the ribosome binding site and allowing expression to occur.

A partial structure of this RNA element has been determined using NMR.
Amazon.com, Inc. v. Barnesandnoble.com, Inc.
Amazon. com, Inc. v. Barnesandnoble. com, Inc., 337 F.3d 1024 (Fed. Cir., 2001), was a court ruling at the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. The ruling was an important early cyberlaw precedent on the matter of the technologies that enable e-commerce and whether such technologies are eligible for patent protection.

United States patent law
Under United States law, a patent is a right granted to the inventor of a (1) process, machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter, (2) that is new, useful, and non-obvious. A patent is the right to exclude others, for a limited time (usually, 20 years) from profiting from a patented technology without the consent of the patent holder. Specifically, it is the right to exclude others from: making, using, selling, offering for sale, importing, inducing others to infringe, applying for an FDA approval, and/or offering a product specially adapted for practice of the patent.
Brahma Kund
Brahma Kund is a stepped temple tank in Sihor town of Bhavnagar district, Gujarat, India. It is located near the southern wall of the old town. It believed that it was constructed by Jayasimha Siddharaja.

Temple tank
Temple tanks are wells or reservoirs built as part of the temple complex near Indian temples. They are called pushkarini, kalyani, kunda, sarovara, tirtha, talab, pukhuri, ambalakkuḷam, etc. in different languages and regions of India. Some tanks are said to cure various diseases and maladies when bathed in. It is possible that these are cultural remnants of structures such as the Great Bath of Mohenjo-daro or Dholavira, which was part of the Indus Valley civilization. Some are stepwells with many steps at the sides.
Faridah v Ahmad Shah
Faridah Begum bte Abdullah v. Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al Mustain Billah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Abu Bakar Ri’Ayatudin Al Mu’Adzam Shah, [1996] 1 MLJ 617 is the first and, as of recently, the only Malaysian case to have been heard by the Special Court of Malaysia, a court specialised in presiding over proceedings brought by or against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the Malay Rulers of the respective Malay states. The Special Court ruled that the plaintiff, being a Singapore citizen, could not be conferred the right to sue the Sultan of Pahang as the precise and clear wording of article 182(2) of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia did not entitle the plaintiff to take legal action against any of the Malay Rulers in the latter's personal capacity.

Plain meaning rule
The plain meaning rule, also known as the literal rule, is one of three rules of statutory construction traditionally applied by English courts. The other two are the "mischief rule" and the "golden rule".

The plain meaning rule dictates that statutes are to be interpreted using the ordinary meaning of the language of the statute. In other words, a statute is to be read word for word and is to be interpreted according to the ordinary meaning of the language, unless a statute explicitly defines some of its terms otherwise or unless the result would be cruel or absurd.  Ordinary words are given their ordinary meaning, technical terms are given their technical meaning, and local, cultural terms are recognized as applicable. The plain meaning rule is the mechanism that prevents courts from taking sides in legislative or political issues. Additionally, it is the mechanism that underlies textualism and, to a certain extent, originalism.
King's Garden (Odense)
King's Garden (Danish, Kongens Have) is a large, formal palace park in central Odense, Denmark. Located directly across from the Odense station, it is bounded by Railroad Street to the west and Eastern Stationsvej to the north. It stands in front of Odense Palace.

The original Baroque garden was constructed around 1720 by Johan Cornelius Krieger to share French design with its central axis and symmetrical lines. About 100 years later, it was changed into an English-style garden with curved lines. Measuring approximately 2 acres (0.81 ha) in size, the park contains some protected trees that are over 100 years old, including copper beech, tulip and magnolia. There are two statues, including one of Hans Christian Andersen, erected by the school children of Denmark.

Odense station
Odense Station (Danish: Odense Banegård Center) is the main railway station serving the city of Odense, Denmark. It is located in central Odense, on the northern edge of the historic town centre, and lies immediately adjacent to the Odense bus station and a stop on the Odense Tramway.

Situated as a major station on the Copenhagen–Fredericia/Taulov line, it is also the terminus of the Svendborgbanen railway line between Odense and Svendborg. The first station in Odense, now demolished, opened in 1865 as the railway line across the island of Funen was completed. The current station building opened in 1995.
Bamboo Shoots
Bamboo Shoots is an American four-piece musical group based out of Brooklyn, New York, and suburban New Jersey.  They are known for their dueling, two-person rhythm section and their South Asian identity and influence.  Their debut album released on September 29, 2009, on Epic Records.

New York University Stern School of Business
The New York University Stern School of Business (NYU Stern or Stern) is the business school of New York University, a private research university based in New York City. Founded as the School of Commerce, Accounts and Finance in 1900, the school received its current name in 1988.

Stern is a founding member of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business. Established as the School of Commerce, Accounts and Finance, the school changed its name in 1988 in honor of Leonard N. Stern, an alumnus and benefactor of the school. The school offers Bachelor of Science in Business at the undergraduate level and Master of Business Administration degrees at the postgraduate level. The school is located on Gould Plaza next to the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences and the economics department of the College of Arts and Sciences.
Silver Shade
Silver Shade is the eleventh studio album by English musician Peter Murphy. It was released on 9 May 2025, by Metropolis Records. It is his first studio album in eleven years following the release of Lion in 2014.

Consisting of twelve songs, including collaborations with Trent Reznor, Boy George, Danny Carey and Justin Chancellor, the album features a total runtime of approximately fifty-seven minutes with each song averaging between three and seven minutes. It was produced by Killing Joke bassist Youth. The album's lead single, "The Artroom Wonder", was released on 24 March 2025.

Lion (Peter Murphy album)
Lion is the tenth solo album by English musician Peter Murphy. It was released on 2 June 2014 in the United Kingdom and 3 June 2014 in the United States through Nettwerk Records. The album was produced by Killing Joke bassist Youth alias Martin Glover.

A teaser trailer for the album was released on 27 March 2014. The track "Hang Up" was released as a single on 8 April 2014 and was accompanied by a music video. The remixed version track was also released as limited 7" Record Store Day single, with the b-side track "I’m On Your Side". Murphy embarked a North American tour in 2014 in support of the album.

It was his first album to chart on the US Billboard 200 since his 1992 album, Holy Smoke.
195th Wing
The 195th Wing is a unit of the California Air National Guard, stationed at Beale Air Force Base, California.  If mobilized, the wing would be assigned to the United States Space Force.  It comprises seven subordinate units at five locations throughout the state. The 195th controls all non-flying, non-kinetic  operations for the California Air National Guard. The wing was activated as the headquarters for California Air National Guard space, cyber, and intelligence, surveillance & reconnaissance units.

From 1970 through 1974, the wing flew Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft from Van Nuys Air National Guard Base as the 195th Tactical Airlift Group.

Today the wing's mission is to train, deploy and employ its airmen and assets to deliver integrated space, cyber, and intelligence, surveillance & reconnaissance capabilities to the Combatant Commands and the Governor of California.

195th Fighter Squadron
The 195th Fighter Squadron (195 FS) is a unit of the Arizona Air National Guard 162d Fighter Wing located at Tucson Air National Guard Base, Arizona. The 195th is equipped with the F-16 Fighting Falcon.
Plant strategies
Plant strategies include mechanisms and responses plants use to reproduce, defend, survive, and compete on the landscape. The term “plant strategy” has existed in the literature since at least 1965, however multiple definitions exist. Strategies have been classified as adaptive strategies (through a change in the genotype), reproductive strategies, resource allocation strategies, ecological strategies, and functional trait based strategies, to name a few. While numerous strategies exist, one underlying theme is constant: plants must make trade-offs when responding to their environment. These trade-offs and responses lay the groundwork for classifying the strategies that emerge.

J. Philip Grime
John Philip Grime FRS (30 April 1935 – 19 April 2021) was an ecologist and emeritus professor at the University of Sheffield. He is best known for the universal adaptive strategy theory (UAST) and the twin filter model of community assembly with Simon Pierce, eco-evolutionary dynamics, the unimodal relationship between species richness and site productivity ("humped-back model"), the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, and DST classification (dominants, subordinates and transients).

Grime's 1979 book Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes has been cited more than 1,200 times. Together with many influential scientific papers, it has made him a highly cited scientist. In an interview Grime has stated that "Ecology lacks a Periodic Table", quoting Richard Southwood.
Early ITU model
The ITU vegetation model is a radio propagation model that estimates the path loss encountered due to the presence of one or more trees inside a point to point telecommunication link. The predictions found from this model is congruent to those found from Weissberger's modified exponential decay model in low frequencies.

Weissberger's model
Weissberger’s modified exponential decay model, or simply, Weissberger’s model, is a radio wave propagation model that estimates the path loss due to the presence of one or more trees in a point-to-point telecommunication link. This model belongs to the category  Foliage or Vegetation models.
Chak Pira Shah
Chak Pira Shah is a village in Amawan block of Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 11 km from Raebareli, the district headquarters. As of 2011, its population is 819, in 133 households. It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities.

The 1961 census recorded Chak Pira Shah (as "Chak Peer Shah") as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 337 people (163 male and 174 female), in 66 households and 64 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 254 acres.

The 1981 census recorded Chak Pira Shah (as "Chak Perashah") as having a population of 508 people, in 113 households, and having an area of 98.75 hectares. The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.

Amawan
Amawan is a village and corresponding community development block in Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It historically was the seat of a taluqdari estate held by a Pathan family and eventually split into two shares. As of 2011, its population is 5,245, in 973 households. It has five primary schools and no healthcare facilities.
Yandare
Yandare (Ingush: Яндаре, romanized: Yandare) is a rural locality (a selo) in Nazranovsky District of the Republic of Ingushetia, Russia. It forms the municipality of the rural settlement of Yandare as the only settlement in its composition.

Ekazhevo
Ekazhevo (Ingush: Экажакъонгий-Юрт, romanized: Ekažaqongiy-Yurt) is a rural locality (a selo) in Nazranovsky District of the Republic of Ingushetia, Russia. It forms the municipality of the rural settlement of Ekazhevo as the only settlement in its composition.
Daniel Gooch standard-gauge locomotives
The Daniel Gooch standard-gauge locomotives comprise several classes of locomotives designed by Daniel Gooch, Superintendent of Locomotive Engines for the Great Western Railway (GWR) from 1837 to 1864.

0-6-0
0-6-0 is the Whyte notation designation for steam locomotives with a wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles, and no trailing wheels. Historically, this was the most common wheel arrangement used on both tender and tank locomotives in versions with both inside and outside cylinders.

In the United Kingdom, the Whyte notation of wheel arrangement was also often used for the classification of electric and diesel-electric locomotives with side-rod coupled driving wheels. Under the UIC classification, popular in Europe, this wheel arrangement is written as C if the wheels are coupled with rods or gears, or Co if they are independently driven, the latter usually being electric and diesel-electric locomotives.
2015 NAIA Division I men's basketball tournament
The 2015 Buffalo Funds - NAIA Division I men's basketball tournament was held in March at Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri. The 78th annual NAIA basketball tournament featured 32 teams playing in a single-elimination format. 2015 tournament would bring four new teams to the NAIA national semifinals. The first tournament since 2005 tournament to do so. (It would be the 8th time in tournament history this has happened; previous years were the inaugural year 1937, 1945, 1947, 1965, 1969, 2001, 2005). As of 2018, it is the most recent tournament to do so.

2005 NAIA Division I men's basketball tournament
The 2005 Buffalo Funds - NAIA Division I men's basketball tournament was held from March 16 to 22 at Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri. The sixty-eighth annual NAIA basketball tournament featured 32 teams playing in a single-elimination format. The 2005 National Champions were the unranked John Brown University who defeated the 9th ranked Azusa Pacific University by a score of 65 to 55. The other NAIA National semifinalists were Carroll College (MT) and Robert Morris College (IL).

2005 tournament would bring four new teams to the NAIA national semifinals. The first tournament since 2001 tournament to do so. (It would be the 7th time in tournament history this has happened; previous years were the inaugural year 1937, 1945, 1947, 1965, 1969, 2001).
Tortellini
Tortellini is a type of stuffed pasta typical of the Italian cities of Bologna and Modena, in the Emilia-Romagna region. Traditionally it is stuffed with a mix of meat (pork loin, prosciutto, mortadella), Parmesan cheese, egg, and nutmeg and served in capon broth (in brodo di cappone).

Mortadella
Mortadella (Italian: [mortaˈdɛlla]) is a large salume made of finely hashed or ground cured pork, which incorporates at least 15% small cubes of pork fat (principally the hard fat from the neck of the pig). It is traditionally flavoured with peppercorns, but modern versions can also contain pistachios or, less commonly, myrtle berries. The sausage is then cooked.

The best-known version of mortadella is mortadella Bologna PGI.
Rexhep Selimi
Rexhep Selimi (born 15 March 1971) is a Kosovo-Albanian politician and former parliamentary leader of Vetëvendosje. He was also one of the founders and high-ranking commandants of the Kosovo Liberation Army. In 2020, he was indicted for war crimes and crimes against humanity during the Kosovo War.

Drenica
Drenica (Albanian indefinite form: Drenicë, Serbian Cyrillic: Дреница), also known as the Drenica Valley, is a hilly region in central Kosovo, covering roughly around 700 square kilometres (270 sq mi) of Kosovo's total area (6%). It consists of two municipalities, Drenas and Skenderaj, and several villages in Klina, Zubin Potok, Mitrovica and Vushtrri. It is located west of the capital, Pristina.

According to the 2011 Census, the population of the region is 109,389, excluding the surrounding villages. Albanians form the absolute majority of the region.
Souss-Massa National Park
The Souss-Massa National Park (Parc National de Souss-Massa) is a 33,800 hectare national park on the Atlantic coast of Morocco which was created in 1991. It lies between Agadir to the north and Sidi Ifni to the south. The estuary of the Oued Souss is the northern limit of the park, the Oued Massa is near the centre, and at the southern end is the town of Aglou. 30,000 ha of land near Aglou, south of the park, is also included in the site because it is sometimes used as a feeding area by the northern bald ibis. The habitat is grazed steppe with dunes, beaches and wetlands. The soil is mainly sandy with some rockier areas.

Tnine Aglou
Tnine Aglou is a small town and rural commune in Tiznit Province of the Souss-Massa-Drâa region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 14,632 people living in 3,128 households.

The town is home to "Ribat al-Murabitin", one of Morocco's oldest ribats where the founder of the Almoravid dynasty, Abdallah ibn Yasin, studied under Waggag ibn Zallu al-Lamti, who was buried there.
Uganda Hotel and Tourism Training Institute
The Uganda Hotel and Tourism Training Institute is a parastatal company, wholly owned by the government of Uganda, whose primary objective is to train and educate personnel in the hospitality and tourism industry, to promote tourism and deliver professional, sustainable services to tourists and promote the profitability and sustainability of Uganda's national tourist resources.

Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities (Uganda)
The Uganda Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities (MTWA) is the cabinet-level ministry responsible for the promotion of tourism, the preservation and welfare of wildlife, and the preservation, improvement and safekeeping of natural and other national historic sites and monuments.
International Accreditation Agency for Online Universities
The International Accreditation Agency for Online Universities (IAAOU) is a self-styled "accreditation" board based in the United States. It has no status with the United States Department of Education (USDE) or the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA). Without USDE and CHEA recognition, its "accreditations" are essentially meaningless.

The Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board has indicated that Rochville University and Belford University, and the agencies from which they claim accreditation, "appear to be operated by the same people".

University Degree Program
University Degree Program (UDP) is or was an unaccredited consortium of diploma mills run by Americans Jason and Caroline Abraham (of Brooklyn, New York; also known by their Hebrew names Yaakov and Chaya Rochel) beginning in the 1990s. In 2004, The Chronicle of Higher Education called UDP the "granddaddy" of diploma mill operations.
2025 Men's Hockey Africa Cup of Nations
The 2025 Men's Hockey Africa Cup of Nations was the 12th edition of the Men's Hockey Africa Cup of Nations, the quadrennial international men's field hockey championship of Africa organised by the African Hockey Federation. In March 2025 it was announced that the tournament would be held alongside the women's tournament in Ismailia, Egypt from 11 to 18 October 2025.

South Africa, as the winner, qualified for the 2026 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup.

Men's Hockey Africa Cup of Nations
The Men's Hockey Africa Cup of Nations is an international men's field hockey tournament governed by African Hockey Federation. The winning team becomes the champions of Africa and qualified for the FIH Hockey World Cup.

The first edition was held in 1974.