hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William E. Hurley
William E. Hurley was an American politician who served as Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusetts from 1937 to 1943.

Hurley was the post master of Boston from 1918 to 1920 and from 1930 to 1935.

William E. Hurley defeated former Marlborough state representative James M. Hurley in the 1936 election, succeeding Charles F. Hurley, who had chosen to run for governor instead of running for reelection. Because he was constitutionally limited to three, two year terms, William E. Hurley did not run for reelection in 1942 and was succeeded by former State Auditor Francis X. Hurley.

Francis X. Hurley
Francis Xavier Hurley (February 11, 1903 – April 1976) was an American politician who served as the 17th Massachusetts Auditor and the 46th Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusetts. He was a 1924 graduate of Harvard College. Hurley was elected state auditor at the age of 27, making him the youngest person ever elected to statewide office in Massachusetts. He is known for a 1933 report alleging misconduct by the superintendent of Norfolk Prison Colony, now called Massachusetts Correctional Institution – Norfolk.
LigaSP
The Liga Independente das Escolas de Samba de  São Paulo - Independent League of the Samba Schools of São Paulo - or LigaSP is an entity that administrates the Special and  Access Groups of the Carnival of São Paulo.

In 1986 directors of the principal samba schools of São Paulo and a group of samba composers and dancers gathered in an assembly decided to create an association that would administrate the Paulista carnival.

Nowadays the LigaSP manages the parades, repassing the lucres to the samba schools of the Special and Access Groups, creating a group of sporting samba schools. in 2018 changes take control of all the groups in Anhembi, with the inclusion of Group 1, until then UESP. so we have the Access Groups 1 and 2.

UESP
The União das Escolas de Samba de São Paulo – Union of the Samba Schools of São Paulo – or UESP is an entity that organizes the parades of the Carnival of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

It was created in 1973 when the samba schools obtained their recognition, because in that epoch the entity helped councils to regularize their statutes, professionalizing the parades.

Nowadays the entity counts on 68 other carnivalesque entities, among samba schools, schools of inferior divisions, and carnivalesque blocos.
Aspergillus nutans
Aspergillus nutans is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Cervini section. The species was first described in 1954. It has been reported to produce terremutin and some carotenoid-like extrolites.

Aspergillus
Aspergillus (/ˌæspərˈdʒɪləs/) is a genus consisting of several hundred mold species found in various climates worldwide.

Aspergillus was first catalogued in 1729 by the Italian priest and biologist Pier Antonio Micheli. Viewing the fungi under a microscope, Micheli was reminded of the shape of an aspergillum (holy water sprinkler), from Latin spargere (to sprinkle), and named the genus accordingly. Aspergillum is an asexual spore-forming structure common to all Aspergillus species; around one-third of species are also known to have a sexual stage. While some species of Aspergillus are known to cause fungal infections, others are of commercial importance.
Ignace-Michel-Louis-Antoine d'Irumberry de Salaberry
Ignace-Michel-Louis-Antoine d'Irumberry de Salaberry (4 July 1752 – 22 March 1828) was the son of Michel de Sallaberry and the first member of the family to develop permanent roots in Canada. He had stayed on when his parents returned to France and, as an adult, became part of the seigneurial gentry of Lower Canada. He was the father of Charles de Salaberry.

Salaberry formed a friendship with Prince Edward Augustus, a son of George III, and he and his family benefited greatly from the Prince's patronage.

In the first election of 1792 for the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, he ran, and won, in two ridings. He chose to represent Dorchester, where the other successful candidate was Gabriel-Elzéar Taschereau.

His position and the royal patronage netted him a number of appointments including one to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada in 1817.

Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
The Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada was the lower house of the bicameral structure of provincial government in Lower Canada until 1838. The legislative assembly was created by the Constitutional Act of 1791. The lower house consisted of elected legislative councilors who created bills to be passed up to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada, whose members were appointed by the governor general.

Following the Lower Canada Rebellion, the lower house was dissolved on March 27, 1838, and Lower Canada was administered by an appointed Special Council. With the Act of Union in 1840, a new lower chamber, the Legislative Assembly of Canada, was created for both Upper and Lower Canada which existed  until 1867, when the Legislative Assembly of Quebec was created.
Dickson Lake (Vancouver Island)
Dickson Lake is a lake located north of Great Central Lake in Newcastle Land District, British Columbia.  Robert Brown in 1864 on the Vancouver Island Exploring Expedition named the lake after Dr. James Dickson.

Vancouver Island Exploring Expedition
In 1864 the Vancouver Island Exploring Expedition explored areas of the Colony of Vancouver Island outside the capital of Victoria and settlements in Nanaimo and the Cowichan Valley  that were then unknown.  The expedition went as far north as the Comox Valley over four and one half months during the summer and fall of 1864.  The result was the discovery of gold in one location leading to a minor gold rush, the discovery of coal in the Comox Valley,  an historical record of contact with the existing native population, the naming of many geographic features and a series of sketches recording images of the time.
Oreamnos
Oreamnos is a genus of North American caprines. The mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) is the only living species. Until the end of the Pleistocene, another species, Oreamnos harringtoni, was distributed to the south of the recent form.

Caprinae
The subfamily Caprinae, also sometimes referred to as the tribe Caprini, is part of the ruminant family Bovidae, and consists of mostly medium-sized bovids.  A member of this subfamily is called a caprine.

Prominent members include sheep and goats, with some other members referred to as goat antelopes. Some earlier taxonomies considered Caprinae a separate family called Capridae (with the members being caprids), but now it is usually considered either a subfamily within the Bovidae, or a tribe within the subfamily Antilopinae of the family Bovidae, with caprines being a type of bovid.
Khirbet Minya
Khirbet Minya, also known as Qasr al-Minya (Arabic: قصر المنية) or Ayn Minyat Hisham in Arabic and Horvat/Hurvat Minnim in Hebrew, is an Umayyad-built qasr (palace) in eastern Galilee, Israel, about 200 meters (660 ft) west of the northern end of Lake Tiberias. It was erected as a qasr complex, with a palace, mosque, and bath built by a single patron.

The German Association of the Holy Land
The German Association of the Holy Land, German: Deutscher Verein vom Heiligen Lande (DVHL), is a Roman Catholic organisation, which aims to strengthen the relationship between Christians in Germany and the Holy Land. DHVL was founded in 1895 in Rhenish Prussia as a legal entity under state protection. The Association's main office is in Cologne.
Einstein notation
In mathematics, especially the usage of linear algebra in mathematical physics and differential geometry, Einstein notation (also known as the  Einstein summation convention or Einstein summation notation) is a notational convention that implies summation over a set of indexed terms in a formula, thus achieving brevity. As part of mathematics it is a notational subset of Ricci calculus; however, it is often used in physics applications that do not distinguish between tangent and cotangent spaces. It was introduced to physics by Albert Einstein in 1916.

Dual basis
In linear algebra, given a vector space  with a basis  of vectors indexed by an index set  (the cardinality of  is the dimension of ), the dual set of  is a set  of vectors in the dual space  with the same index set  such that  and  form a biorthogonal system. The dual set is always linearly independent but does not necessarily span . If it does span , then  is called the dual basis or reciprocal basis for the basis .

Denoting the indexed vector sets as  and , being biorthogonal means that the elements pair to have an inner product equal to 1 if the indexes are equal, and equal to 0 otherwise. Symbolically, evaluating a dual vector in  on a vector in the original space :

where  is the Kronecker delta symbol.
Ancalagon minor
Ancalagon minor is an extinct priapulid worm known from the Cambrian Burgess Shale.

Because it superficially resembles the modern-day internal parasites known as the acanthocephalids or "spiny-headed worms," A. minor was once thought to be, or once thought to resemble the hypothetical free-living ancestor of acanthocephalids. Two specimens of Ancalagon are known from the Greater Phyllopod bed, where they comprise < 0.01% of the community.

Along with the other Cambrian worms such as Ottoia, Selkirkia, Louisella, Fieldia, Scolecofurca, and Lecythioscopa, the organism may fall into a clade termed "Archaeopriapulida," a stem group to the Priapulids proper. However, the morphological similarity of these organisms to their modern cousins is remarkable, especially for the Burgess Shale.  A phylogenetic analysis does not provide a great deal of resolution to the relationships between these basal worms.

Burgess Shale
The Burgess Shale is a fossil-bearing deposit exposed in the Canadian Rockies of British Columbia, Canada. It is famous for the exceptional preservation of the soft parts of its fossils. At 508 million years old (middle Cambrian), it is one of the earliest fossil beds containing soft-part imprints.

The rock unit is a black shale and crops out at several localities near the town of Field in Yoho National Park and the Kicking Horse Pass. Another outcrop is in Kootenay National Park 42 km to the south.
New Holland Pier railway station
New Holland Pier railway station is a former railway terminus in North Lincolnshire, England. It stood at the seaward end of the New Holland Pier, which juts 1,375 feet (419 m) northwards into the Humber estuary at the village of New Holland. Its purpose was to enable railway passengers, vehicles and goods to transfer to and from ferries plying between New Holland and Hull.

New Holland was a "railway village" in the sense that Crewe was a railway town. Expanding the dock, building the pier, the engine shed and the railway to it were promoted and started by the Great Grimsby and Sheffield Junction Railway, though by the time services began that railway had merged with others to form the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway. For many years GCR laundry from restaurant cars and hotels was brought to New Holland for cleaning.

Cleethorpes railway station
Cleethorpes railway station serves the seaside town of Cleethorpes, in Lincolnshire, England. It is managed by TransPennine Express, with East Midlands Railway and Northern Trains services also using the station.
Ella Sophonisba Hergesheimer
Ella Sophonisba Hergesheimer (January 7, 1873 – June 24, 1943) was an American illustrator, painter, and printmaker who painted and illustrated Tennessee society and other objects and people, including the state's women and children. As a printmaker, she pioneered the white-line woodcut.

Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA) is a museum and private art school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1805, it is the longest continuously operating art museum and art school in the United States.

The academy's museum is internationally known for its collections of 19th- and 20th-century American paintings, sculptures, and works on paper. Its archives house important materials for the study of American art history, museums, and art training. It offers a Bachelor of Fine Arts, Master of Fine Arts, certificate programs, and continuing education. Beginning in 2025, the academy will cease offering degrees except bachelor's degrees in conjunction with the University of Pennsylvania.
17th (Service) Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps (British Empire League)
The 17th (Service) Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps (British Empire League), (17th KRRC) was an infantry unit recruited by the British Empire League as part of 'Kitchener's Army' in World War I. It served on the Western Front, including the battles of the Somme and the Ancre, the Third Battle of Ypres and the German spring offensives. After its losses the battalion was reduced to a training cadre for the rest of the war, helping to prepare newly arrived US troops and others for Trench warfare. It was disbanded in 1919.

Kitchener's Army
The New Army, often referred to as Kitchener's Army or, disparagingly, as Kitchener's Mob,
was an (initially) all-volunteer portion of the British Army formed in the United Kingdom from 1914 onwards following the outbreak of hostilities in the First World War in late July 1914. It originated on the recommendation of Herbert Kitchener, then the Secretary of State for War to obtain 500,000 volunteers for the Army. Kitchener's original intention was that these men would be formed into units that would be ready to be put into action in mid-1916, but circumstances dictated the use of these troops before then. The first use in a major action of Kitchener's Army units came at the Battle of Loos (September–October 1915).
Konohana Bridge
The Konohana Bridge (此花大橋, Konohana Ō-hashi) is a self-anchored suspension bridge located in Osaka, Japan. Opened for traffic in 1990, it has a main span of 300 metres (980 ft). The bridge's unusual design has only a single main cable. At the time of its completion it was the largest self-anchored suspension bridge in the world. Its centre span has been tied by the Yeongjong Grand Bridge in Korea which has slightly larger side spans. As of late 2012, the single tower eastern span replacement of the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge has a longer span of 385 metres (1,263 ft).

Yeongjong Bridge
The Yeongjong Bridge (영종대교) is a self-anchored suspension double-deck road-rail bridge located in  Incheon, South Korea, linking Yeongjong Island to the Korean mainland. The bridge is part of the Incheon International Airport Expressway and was completed in 2000.

The total length of the bridge is 4,420 m (14,500 ft), it includes a main suspension bridge section of 550 m (1,800 ft), a truss bridge section of 2,250 m (7,380 ft) and a steel box girder bridge section of 1,620 m (5,310 ft).

The main suspension bridge has two decks and carries both motor vehicles and AREX train.
Pentwyn, Rockfield
Pentwyn, Rockfield, Monmouthshire is a Victorian villa dating from the mid 19th century. Its origins are older but the present building was constructed by the Monmouth architect George Vaughan Maddox for himself in 1834–1837, and subsequently altered by him after a later sale. It was partly converted into apartments for letting in the 20th century before reverting to use as a family house. The house is Grade II* listed.

Joseph Bradney
Colonel Sir Joseph Alfred Bradney, CB DL JP FSA (11 January 1859 – 21 July 1933) was a British soldier, historian and antiquarian, best known for his multi-volume A History of Monmouthshire from the Coming of the Normans into Wales down to the Present Time.
2012–13 Dumbarton F.C. season
The 2012–13 season was Dumbarton's first season back in the Scottish First Division, having been promoted from the Scottish Second Division at the end of the 2011–12 season. Dumbarton also competed in the Challenge Cup, League Cup and the Scottish Cup.

2012–13 Scottish Challenge Cup
The 2012–13 Scottish Challenge Cup, known as the Ramsdens Challenge Cup due to sponsorship reasons with Ramsdens, was the 22nd season of the competition. It was competed for by 32 clubs, which included the 30 members of the 2012–13 Scottish Football League, and for the second season running, the top two Highland Football League clubs with a valid SFA club licence.

The defending champions were Falkirk, who defeated Hamilton Academical in the 2012 final.

Inverurie Loco Works who finished fourth and Wick Academy eighth in the Highland Football League qualified for the competition for the first time after being asked to compete following their work in the SFA's Club Licensing programme. Clubs ranked higher such as Forres Mechanics were not compliant with the programme so the qualification spot moved to a lower ranked club. Buckie Thistle and Deveronvale were ruled out as they had been invited in the previous season's competition.
Northamptonshire Battery, Royal Field Artillery
The Northamptonshire Battery, Royal Field Artillery was a unit of Britain's Territorial Force from 1908 to 1919. It served in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign during World War I. In World War II the battery fought in the Malayan Campaign and was captured at the Fall of Singapore.

Brandon, Suffolk
Brandon is a town and civil parish in the English county of Suffolk. Brandon is located in the Breckland area of Suffolk in the extreme north-west of the county, close to the adjoining county of Norfolk. It lies between the towns of Bury St Edmunds, Thetford, Mildenhall, Downham Market and the city of Ely. The town is almost entirely surrounded by Thetford Forest.

Best known throughout the ages for its flint industry, Brandon was also one of the Brecks-area towns where soldiers trained during World Wars I and II. The town has had a sizeable Polish population since the end of the Second World War, when Polish Allied soldiers were resettled under the Polish Resettlement Act of 1947.
Mount Copeland
Mount Copeland is a summit in the Monashee Mountains to the northwest of Revelstoke, British Columbia, Canada.  It was named in 1909, along with Copeland Creek (aka Wildgoose Creek) and Copeland Ridge, of which it is the summit, for Ralph Copeland (1837-1905), an English astronomer and the third Astronomer Royal for Scotland.

Monashee Mountains
The Monashee Mountains are a mountain range lying mostly in British Columbia, Canada, extending into the U.S. state of Washington. They stretch 530 km (329 mi) from north to south and 150 km (93 mi) from east to west. They are a sub-range of the Columbia Mountains. The highest summit is Mount Monashee, which reaches 3,274 m (10,741 ft). The name is from the Scottish Gaelic monadh and sìth, meaning "moor" and "peace".
Elachyophtalma meeki
Elachyophtalma meeki is a moth in the family Bombycidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1920. It is found on New Guinea.

The wingspan is about 48 mm. The forewings are semi-vitreous pale golden yellow, the apical one-third densely sprinkled with grey scales. The hindwings are semi-vitreous pale golden yellow.

Bombycidae
The Bombycidae are a family of moths known as silkworm moths. The best-known species is Bombyx mori (Linnaeus), or domestic silk moth, native to northern China and domesticated for millennia. Another well-known species is Bombyx mandarina, also native to Asia.
2017–18 Leinster Senior Cup
The 2018 Leinster Senior Cup was the 117th staging of the Leinster Football Association's primary competition. It included all Leinster based League of Ireland clubs from the First Division and Premier Division, as well as a selection of intermediate level sides. The competition was won by Shelbourne

Leinster Senior Cup (association football)
The Leinster Senior Cup is an association football cup competition organized by the Leinster Football Association. It is currently contested by LFA affiliated League of Ireland clubs, Leinster Senior League Senior Division clubs and invited teams from the various LFA affiliated junior leagues. Before the introduction of the FAI Cup, it was considered the major cup competition for clubs in what is now the Republic of Ireland. It is also the oldest association football cup competition in the Republic of Ireland.
Herman Riley
Herman Riley (August 31, 1933 – April 14, 2007) was a jazz saxophonist who was a studio musician in Los Angeles. He worked with Gene Ammons, Lorez Alexandria, Count Basie, Bobby Bryant, Donald Byrd, Benny Carter, Quincy Jones, Shelly Manne, Blue Mitchell, and Joe Williams. He died of heart failure in Los Angeles at the age of 73.

Donald Byrd
Donaldson Toussaint L'Ouverture Byrd II (December 9, 1932 – February 4, 2013) was an American jazz and rhythm & blues trumpeter, composer and vocalist. A sideman for many other jazz musicians of his generation, Byrd was one of the few hard bop musicians who successfully explored funk and soul while remaining a jazz artist. As a bandleader, Byrd was an influence on the early career of Herbie Hancock and many others.
Mbongeni Ngema
Mbongeni Ngema (10 May 1955 – 27 December 2023) was a South African playwright, lyricist, composer, director, choreographer and theatre producer, best known for co-writing the 1981 play Woza Albert! and co-writing (with Hugh Masekela) the 1987 musical Sarafina!.  He was known for plays that reflected the spirit of black South Africans under apartheid, and won much praise for his work, but was also the subject of several controversies. He died in a car accident on 27 December 2023.

HIV/AIDS in South Africa
HIV/AIDS is one of the most serious health concerns in South Africa. South Africa has the highest number of people afflicted with HIV of any country, and the fourth-highest adult HIV prevalence rate, according to the 2019 United Nations statistics. As of 2022, about 8 million South Africans, out of a total population of 60 million, were living with HIV.

According to a UNAIDS dataset sourced from the World Bank, in 2019 the HIV prevalence rate for adults aged 15 to 49 was 27% in Eswatini (Swaziland), 25% in Lesotho, 25% in Botswana and 19% in South Africa.
Eugene Scalia
Eugene Scalia (born August 14, 1963) is an American lawyer who served as the 28th United States Secretary of Labor during the final 16 months of the first Trump administration from 2019 to 2021. Scalia previously served as the United States Solicitor of Labor under President George W. Bush. He is a son of the late Supreme Court Associate Justice Antonin Scalia.

Scalia was described by The New York Times as "a skilled lawyer with a broadly conservative, pro-business and anti-regulatory agenda". As Secretary of Labor, he reversed Obama-era labor and employment regulations. He returned to become a partner at Gibson Dunn at the end of his tenure.

United States Secretary of Labor
The United States secretary of labor is a member of the Cabinet of the United States, and as the head of the United States Department of Labor, controls the department, and enforces and suggests laws involving unions, the workplace, and all other issues involving any form of business-person controversies.

Formerly, there was a Department of Commerce and Labor. That department split into two in 1913. The Department of Commerce is headed by the secretary of commerce.

Secretary of labor is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule, thus earning a salary of $221,400 as of January 2021.

Lori Chavez-DeRemer has been appointed as secretary since March 11, 2025 by President Donald Trump.
Fruit (plant structure)
Fruits are the mature ovary or ovaries of one or more flowers. They are found in three main anatomical categories: aggregate fruits, multiple fruits, and simple fruits.

Fruitlike structures may develop directly from the seed itself rather than the ovary, such as a fleshy aril or sarcotesta.

The grains of grasses are single-seed simple fruits wherein the pericarp and seed coat are fused into one layer. This type of fruit is called a caryopsis. Examples include cereal grains, such as wheat, barley, oats and rice.

Sarcotesta
The sarcotesta is a fleshy seedcoat, a type of testa. Examples of seeds with a sarcotesta are pomegranate, ginkgo and some cycad seeds. The sarcotesta of pomegranate seeds consists of epidermal cells derived from the integument, and there are no arils on these seeds.