hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
4th Guards Infantry Division (German Empire)
The 4th Guards Infantry Division (4. Garde-Infanterie-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on May 18, 1915. It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.  It was a division of the Prussian Guards and hence recruited from all over the Kingdom of Prussia.

The division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of regular infantry divisions which were being triangularized. The division's 5th Guards Infantry Brigade was transferred from the 3rd Guards Infantry Division, and came to the division with the 5th Foot Guards and the 5th Guard Grenadiers. The 93rd Reserve Infantry Regiment came from the 1st Guards Reserve Division.

1st Guards Reserve Division (German Empire)
The 1st Guards Reserve Division (1. Garde-Reserve-Division) was a reserve infantry division of the Imperial German Army in World War I.  It was a reserve formation of the Prussian Guards, the elite regiments raised throughout the Kingdom of Prussia. It was formed on mobilization in August 1914 as part of the Guards Reserve Corps and dissolved in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after the Armistice.

The division saw action on both the Western and Eastern Fronts during World War I.  It was not heavily engaged in the war's major well-known battles, but was rated by Allied intelligence as a dependable division willing to take losses to hold and retake the line.
Scouting and Guiding in Vanuatu
The Scout and Guide movement in Vanuatu is served by two organisations

Vanuatu Girl Guides Association, member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts

Vanuatu branch of The Scout Association

Vanuatu branch of The Scout Association
The Scout Association Vanuatu Branch (Bislama: Skots Blong Vanuatu) is a branch of The Scout Association of the United Kingdom operating in the Republic of Vanuatu since 1999. The Scout Association Vanuatu Branch is an incorporated non-government organisation. As a branch of The Scout Association, the Vanuatu Branch is recognised by but not an independent member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement. Currently  there are four active Scout groups in Vanuatu, one in Santo and three in Port Vila, with over 200 youth participants.
Conor Leen
Conor Leen (born 2002) is an Irish hurler. At club level he plays with Corofin and at inter-county level with the Clare senior hurling team with whom he won an All-Ireland Senior Hurling medal after extra time in a one point victory vs Cork on 21 July 2024, final score 3.29 to 1.34.

Clare Under-21 A Hurling Championship
The Clare Under-21A Hurling Championship (abbreviated to Clare 21AHC) is an annual GAA club competition organised by the Clare County Board between the top-ranking under-21 hurling clubs in County Clare, Ireland.

The current (2024) champions are the amalgamation of Scariff / Ogonelloe who defeated another East Clare amalgamation, and their neighbours, Feakle / Killanena by 3-10 to 0-11, to win their first title together since 2022, and second overall at this grade as an amalgamation. Scariff also previously won the 1987 title.
Dongbaoxing Road station
Dongbaoxing Road (simplified Chinese: 东宝兴路; traditional Chinese: 東寶興路; pinyin: Dōngbǎoxīng Lù) is a station on Shanghai Metro Line 3. The station opened on 26 December 2000 as part of the initial section of Line 3 from Shanghai South Railway Station to Jiangwan Town. Towards South, this is the last station before sharing with Line 4.

Shanghai South Railway Station metro station
Shanghai South Railway Station (Chinese: 上海南站; pinyin: Shànghǎi Nánzhàn) is an interchange station between Lines 1, 3 and 15 of the Shanghai Metro. It is the southern terminus of Line 3.

Both the metro station and the associated railway station were formerly named Xinlonghua (simplified Chinese: 新龙华; traditional Chinese: 新龍華; pinyin: Xīnlónghuá) when Line 1 first opened on 28 May 1993. The interchange with Line 3 opened with the opening of that line on 26 December 2000. The interchange with line 15 opened on 23 January 2021.
Al-Busiri
Al-Būṣīrī (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن سعيد بن حماد الصنهاجي البوصيري, romanized: Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn Saʿīd al-Ṣanhājī al-Būṣīrī; 1212–1294) was a Sanhaji Sufi Sunni Muslim poet belonging to the Shadhili, and a direct disciple of the Sufi saint Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi. His magnum opus, the Qaṣīda al-Burda "Poem of the Mantle" in praise of Prophet Muhammad is one of the most popular Islamic poems of the genre. It is in Arabic, as is his other ode named "Al-Hamziyya".

Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi
Al-Mursi Abu'l-'Abbas (1219 in Murcia – 1287 CE) (Arabic: أبو العباس المرسي) was a saint from Al-Andalus during the Nasrid period and who later in his life moved to Alexandria in Egypt. His complete name is Shahab al-Din Abu'l-'Abbas Ahmad ibn 'Umar ibn Mohammad al-Ansari al-Mursi. Al-Mursi Abul-'Abbas, as he is now commonly called, is one of the four master saints of Egypt, the other three being Ahmad al-Badawi, al-Dessouqi and al-Haggag. His legacy and reverence in Egypt were such that Mursi became a common name in the country.
Castle of Melfi
The Castle of Melfi in Basilicata is a monument owned by the Italian State and one of the most important medieval castles in Southern Italy. Its construction, at least the components still visible, dates back to the Norman conquest and has undergone significant changes over time, especially under the House of Anjou and the Crown of Aragon.

County of Apulia and Calabria
The County of Apulia and Calabria (Latin: Comitatus Apuliae et Calabriae), later the Duchy of Apulia and Calabria (Latin: Ducatus Apuliae et Calabriae), was a Norman state founded by William of Hauteville in 1043, composed of the territories of Gargano, Capitanata, Apulia, Vulture, and most of Campania. It became a duchy when Robert Guiscard was raised to the rank of duke by Pope Nicholas II in 1059.

The duchy was disestablished in 1130, when the last duke of Apulia and Calabria, Roger II, became King of Sicily. The title of duke was thereafter used intermittently as a title for the heir apparent to the Kingdom of Sicily.
Statue of Sequoyah
Sequoyah, or Sequoya, is a bronze sculpture depicting the Cherokee silversmith and inventor of the same name by Vinnie Ream (and completed by George Julian Zolnay), installed in the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall, as part of the National Statuary Hall Collection. The statue was given by the U.S. state of Oklahoma in 1917.

National Statuary Hall Collection
The National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol is composed of statues donated by individual states to honor persons notable in their history. Limited to two statues per state, the collection was originally set up in the old Hall of the House of Representatives, which was then renamed National Statuary Hall. The expanding collection has since been spread throughout the Capitol and its visitor center.

With the addition of New Mexico's second statue in 2005, the collection is complete with 100 statues contributed by 50 states, plus two from the District of Columbia (see Statues of the National Statuary Hall Collection). Since Congress authorized replacements in 2000, fourteen states have replaced at least one of their original two statues. In 2022, Kansas became the first state to replace both of its statues; it has been joined by Arkansas and Nebraska.
Gaya Line
The Gaya Line is a railway line of Korail in Busan Metropolitan City, South Korea, connecting Sasang on the Gyeongbu Line with Beom-il on the Donghae Line via Gaya, where the line also connects to the Bujeon Line.

Donghae Line
The Donghae Line (Korean: 동해선) is a railway line connecting Busanjin station to Samcheok station in South Korea. The literal meaning of its name, the "East Sea Line," reflects its position along the nation's East coast. It merged with the Donghae Nambu Line on December 30, 2016, and will merge with the Donghae Bukbu Line.

On January 26, 2018, the East Sea Line was partially extended to Yeongdeok Station, and on January 1, 2025, the line between Yeongdeok Station and Samcheok Station was opened.
Zingibain
Zingibain, zingipain, or ginger protease (EC 3.4.22.67) is a cysteine protease enzyme found in ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizomes. It catalyses the preferential cleavage of peptides with a proline residue at the P2 position. It has two distinct forms, ginger protease I (GP-I) and ginger protease II (GP-II).

As a member of the papain-like protease family of cysteine proteases, zingibain shares several structural and functional similarities with more well-studied enzymes such as papain, bromelain, and actinidin. These peptidases contain an active cysteine residue in their centers that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of peptide bonds. Zingibain is noted for its activity as a proteinase and a collagenase.

It was first isolated, purified, and reported in 1973 by Ichikawa et al. at Japan Women's University. Recently, zingibain was found to exist as two isozymes, GP-I and GP-II, which were isolated by chromatography, with molecular weights of approximately 22,500 Da.

Cysteine protease
Cysteine proteases, also known as thiol proteases, are hydrolase enzymes that degrade proteins. These proteases share a common catalytic mechanism that involves a nucleophilic cysteine thiol in a catalytic triad or dyad.

Discovered by Gopal Chunder Roy in 1873, the first cysteine protease to be isolated and characterized was papain, obtained from Carica papaya. Cysteine proteases are commonly encountered in fruits including the papaya, pineapple, fig, and kiwifruit. The proportion of protease tends to be higher when the fruit is unripe. In fact, the latex of dozens of different plant families are known to contain cysteine proteases. Cysteine proteases are used as an ingredient in meat tenderizers.
Numazu Military Academy
Numazu Military Academy (沼津兵学校, Numazu heigakkō) was one of the first schools organized along western lines in Japan, and was located in Numazu, Shizuoka. Although the academy operated only from December 1868 to 1871, it made a major contribution to the development of public education in Japan. It was later merged into the Imperial Japanese Army Academy.

Numazu
Numazu (沼津市, Numazu-shi) is a city located in eastern Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 December 2019, the city had an estimated population of 189,486 in 91,986 households, and a population density of 1,014 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 186.96 square kilometres (72.19 sq mi).
Alessandro Minuto-Rizzo
Alessandro Minuto-Rizzo (born 10 September 1940) is an Italian diplomat who served as Deputy Secretary General of NATO from 2001 to 2007, and as acting Secretary General of NATO from 17 December 2003 to 1 January 2004, in between the tenures of The Lord Robertson of Port Ellen and Jaap de Hoop Scheffer. Prior to being appointed Deputy Secretary General, he served as ambassador of Italy to the Western European Union and to the Committee for Policy and Security of the European Union. He is a member of the Italy-USA Foundation.

Secretary General of NATO
The secretary general of NATO is the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), an intergovernmental military alliance with 32 member states. The officeholder is an international diplomat responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, as well as acting as NATO's spokesperson. The secretary general does not have a military command role; political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the chair of the NATO Military Committee and the supreme allied commander, the officeholder is one of the foremost officials of NATO.

The current secretary general is former Dutch prime minister Mark Rutte, who took office on 1 October 2024.
Cal Islet
Cal Islet (Portuguese: Ilhéu da Cal, also: Ilhéu de Baixo) is a small island about 500 m (1,600 ft) south of Porto Santo Island, in the Madeira Archipelago, Portugal. With an area of 1.40 km2 (0.54 sq mi), Cal is the largest of six islets close to Porto Santo. The highest point is 178 m (584 ft). The islet has never been inhabited.

Porto Santo Island
Porto Santo Island (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpoɾtu ˈsɐ̃tu] ⓘ; Portuguese: Ilha do Porto Santo) is a Portuguese island and municipality 43 kilometres (23 nautical miles) northeast of Madeira Island in the North Atlantic Ocean; it is the northernmost and easternmost island of the archipelago of Madeira, located in the Atlantic Ocean west of Europe and Africa.
The municipality of Porto Santo occupies the entire island and small neighbouring islands. It was elevated to city status on 6 August 1996. The sole parish of the municipality is also named Porto Santo. The population in 2011 was 5,483, in an area of 42.59 km2. The main settlement on the island is Vila Baleira.
Boni National Reserve
The Boni National Reserve is a national reserve for conservation and lies in the Garissa County, Kenya. The reserve covers an area of 1,339 km2 (517 sq mi) and is managed by Kenya Wildlife Service. It was gazetted in 1976 as a dry season sanctuary for elephants in the former Kenyan Ijara, and Lamu districts and Somalia. The elephant population has been greatly reduced by poaching.

On December 28, 2010, the U.S. Department of State Bureau of Consular Affairs included the Boni National Reserve on the list of Kenyan areas American travelers should avoid because of terrorism and violent crime.

Garissa County
Garissa County is a county in Kenya located in Eastern Kenya bordering Somalia to the East, Wajir County and Isiolo County to the North, Tana River County to the West, Lamu County to the South and the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest urban area is Garissa.

The county was created by the 2010 Constitution of Kenya as a new unit of the devolved government. Prior to the 2010 constitution, Garissa County was part of the North Eastern Province which was one of the former provinces of Kenya. The North Eastern Province was carved out of the then Northern Frontier District (NFD) prior to independence.

The county had a population of 800,000 at the 2019 Census, and a land area of about 44,753 km2 (17,279 sq mi). The majority of the population in Garissa County is of Somali ethnic background. This includes subgroups like the Ogaden, Degodia, Ajuran, and others. There are also smaller populations of other ethnic groups.
SS Marquette (1881)
The SS Marquette was a wooden-hulled, American Great Lakes freighter built in 1881, that sank on Lake Superior, five miles east of Michigan Island, Ashland County, Wisconsin, Apostle Islands, United States on October 15, 1903. On the day of February 13, 2008 the remains of the Marquette were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Apostle Islands
The Apostle Islands are a group of 22 islands in Lake Superior, off the Bayfield Peninsula in northern Wisconsin. The majority of the islands are located in Ashland County—only Sand, York, Eagle, and Raspberry Islands are located in Bayfield County. All the islands except for Madeline Island are part of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. The islands in Ashland County are all in the Town of La Pointe, except for Long Island, which is in the Town of Sanborn, while those in Bayfield County are in the Towns of Russell and Bayfield.
Rhynchospiza
Rhynchospiza is a genus of American sparrows.  It was formerly included in Aimophila, but recent molecular studies show these two to three species to merit their own genus. All species are distributed in South America.

Aimophila
Aimophila is a genus of American sparrows. The derivation of the genus name is from aimos/αιμος "thicket" and phila/φιλα "loving".

Some species that were formerly classified in Aimophila are now considered to be in the genus Peucaea.
Central Hotel, Dargaville
The Central Hotel in Dargaville, New Zealand, was designed by Auckland-based architect John Currie and was built in 1901. The building is on the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga List as a Category 2 Historic Place List No:3825; it was registered on 23 June 1984.

Dargaville
Dargaville (Māori: Tākiwira) is a town located in the North Island of New Zealand. It is situated on the bank of the Northern Wairoa River in the Kaipara District of the Northland region. Dargaville is located 55 kilometres (34 mi) southwest of Whangārei, and 174 kilometres (108 mi) north of Auckland.

Dargaville is noted for the high proportion of residents of Croatian descent. The area around it is one of the chief regions in the country for cultivating kūmara (sweet potato) and so Dargaville is known by many locals as the "Kūmara Capital" of New Zealand.
Trolley Books
Trolley Books is an independent UK publisher, specialising in art and photography books. Areas covered by Trolley include social reportage, photojournalism/current affairs and contemporary art and architecture.

Founded in September 2001 by Gigi Giannuzzi and based in Fitzrovia, London, Trolley Books concentrates on producing documentary photography books. It is "known for its controversial and left-of-centre exhibitions and photography and art books"

Trolley Books is the publishing arm of a family that also includes the Trolley Charitable Trust, whose aim is to support long term photographic projects which result in a Trolley publication, and TJ Boulting, the exhibition space on Riding House Street run by directors Gigi Giannuzzi and Hannah Watson.

Fitzrovia
Fitzrovia (/fɪtsˈroʊviə/ fits-ROH-vee-ə) is a district of central London, England, near the West End. Its eastern part is in the London Borough of Camden, and the western in the City of Westminster. It has its roots in the Manor of Tottenham Court, and was urbanised in the 18th century. Its name was coined in the late 1930s by Tom Driberg.

It is characterised by its mixed-use of residential, business, retail, education and healthcare, with no single activity dominating. The once bohemian area was home to writers such as Virginia Woolf, George Bernard Shaw and Arthur Rimbaud. In 2016, The Sunday Times named it the best place to live in London.
Sebastián de Segurola
Sebastián de Segurola y Olidén (Azpeitia, province of Guipúzcoa, Spain,27 January, 1740 – La Paz, Audiencia de Charcas, 1 October, 1789) was a nobleman from the Basque Country, and a Knight of the Order of Calatrava.

Sebastián de Segurola was missioned in Upper Peru since 1777, and reached the rank of brigadier. He was a military man who held important political positions and participated in the repression of indigenous rebellions of the end of the 18th century. He was named interim viceroy of Buenos Aires, a few days before his death. His grandson was Marshal José Ballivián Segurola, who became President of Bolivia from 1841 to 1847.

Upper Peru
Upper Peru (Spanish: Alto Perú; Portuguese: Alto Peru) is a name for the land that was governed by the Real Audiencia of Charcas. The name originated in Buenos Aires towards the end of the 18th century after the Audiencia of Charcas was transferred from the Viceroyalty of Peru to the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776. It comprised the governorships of Potosí, La Paz, Cochabamba, Chiquitos, Moxos and Charcas (since renamed Sucre).

Following the Bolivian War of Independence, the region became an independent country and was renamed Bolivia in honor of Simón Bolívar.
Epitonium scalare
Epitonium scalare, common name the precious wentletrap, is a predatory or ectoparasitic species of marine gastropod with an operculum, in the family Epitoniidae, the wentletraps.

In the 17th and 18th century this was once considered to be a very rare shell and specimens changed hands for large sums of money. Johan de la Faille and Cosimo III de' Medici owned a wentletrap.

Its habitat is subtidal in sand.

Wentletrap
Wentletraps are small, often white, very high-spired, predatory or ectoparasitic sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Epitoniidae.

The word wentletrap originated in Dutch (wenteltrap), and it means spiral staircase. These snails are sometimes also called "staircase shells", and "ladder shells".

The family Epitoniidae belongs to the superfamily Epitonioidea. Since 2017 this family also includes the  former families Janthinidae (the pelagic purple snails) and Nystiellidae, all part of the informal group Ptenoglossa.

Epitoniidae is a rather large family, with an estimated number of species about 630.
Holmium(III) selenate
Holmium(III) selenate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ho2(SeO4)3. It exists in the anhydrous form and as an octahydrate. It can be obtained by dissolving holmium(III) oxide in selenic acid solution and evaporating and crystallizing it. It co-crystallizes with other selenates in solution to obtain complex salts such as K3Ho(SeO4)3·nH2O, NH4Ho(SeO4)2·3H2O  and CH3NH3Ho(SeO4)2·5H2O.

Selenic acid
Selenic acid is the inorganic compound with the formula H2SeO4. It is an oxoacid of selenium, and its structure is more accurately described as O2Se(OH)2. It is a colorless compound. Although it has few uses, one of its salts, sodium selenate is used in the production of glass and animal feeds.
Neapolitans (chocolate)
Neapolitans (also Napolitains or Naps) are individually wrapped square or rectangular pieces of chocolate in assorted flavours. They are often served by hotels and coffee shops (often with a cup of coffee) and may feature packaging with customized branding when used for promotional purposes.

Neapolitans are about 3 centimeters (1.2 in) by 2 centimeters (0.79 in) in size, weigh about 5 grams (0.18 oz), and are individually wrapped. They may be of any type of chocolate. Terry's of York, England, first mass-produced neapolitans in 1899. They have since been produced in many flavours by many confectionery companies.

The name "neapolitan" originates from a gift that was made by Louis XVIII in 1819 to Marie-Caroline of Bourbon, a princess from Naples. Each rectangle of chocolate was wrapped individually and featured a view of Naples.

Types of chocolate
Chocolate is a food made from roasted and ground cocoa beans mixed with fat (e.g. cocoa butter) and powdered sugar to produce a solid confectionery. There are several types of chocolate, classified primarily according to the proportion of cocoa and fat content used in a particular formulation.
USS Cowslip
USS Cowslip was a steamer acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War.

She was used as a gunboat by the Union Navy to patrol navigable waterways of the Confederacy to prevent the South from trading with other countries. She was also used in other operational roles, such as an ammunition ship, a dispatch boat, and a rescue and salvage vessel.

Dispatch boat
Dispatch boats were small boats, and sometimes large ships, tasked to carry military dispatches from ship to ship or from ship to shore or, in some cases from shore to shore. Dispatch boats were employed when other means of transmitting a message was not possible or safe or as quick.

Dispatch boats, which performed their dispatch-carrying duties only on a temporary basis, should not be confused with packet ships—sometimes called packet boats or paquetbots—which were cargo ships which also routinely carried the mail from port to port.

Generally, dispatch boats served the military, and paquetbots served commerce.