hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Frank H. Goodyear
Frank Henry Goodyear (March 7, 1849 – May 13, 1907) was an American businessman, lumberman, and member of the prominent Goodyear family of New York.  He was the founder and president of several companies, including the Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad, Great Southern Lumber Company, Goodyear Lumber Co., Buffalo & Susquehanna Coal and Coke Co., and the New Orleans Great Northern Railroad Company.

Goodyear family
The Goodyear family is a prominent family from New York, whose members founded, owned and ran several businesses, including the Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad, Great Southern Lumber Company, Goodyear Lumber Co., Buffalo & Susquehanna Coal and Coke Co., and the New Orleans Great Northern Railroad Company. Stephen Goodyear was a founder of the New Haven Colony, and served as Deputy governor from 1643 to 1658. Stephen's descendant, Charles Goodyear, invented vulcanized rubber; the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company is named after him. The family was also involved in the arts. Anson Goodyear was an organizer of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City; he served as its first president and a member of the board of trustees. William Henry Goodyear was the first curator of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Aulacodont
An aulacodont is an animal in which the dentition is arranged within grooves rather than individual sockets (like in thecodonty) or without bone encasement (like in acrodonts and pleurodonts). It is known from several aquatic amniotes: ichthyosaurs, Hesperornis, Ichthyornis, juvenile caimans, some cetaceans and even some ctenochasmatoid pterosaurs.

Dentition
Dentition pertains to the development of teeth and their arrangement in the mouth. In particular, it is the characteristic arrangement, type, and number of teeth in a given species at a given age, as well as the morpho-physiology (that is, the relationship between the shape and form of the tooth in question and its inferred function) of the animal's teeth.
Piccard family
The Piccard family are a Swiss family of adventurers, explorers and scientists. They collectively have broken several world records in exploration, particularly with balloons. The Star Trek character Jean-Luc Picard was named in honour of this family.

Members include:

Jules Piccard, a chemist and professor of chemistry
Auguste Piccard, a physicist, aeronaut, balloonist, hydronaut
Jacques Piccard, a hydronaut
Bertrand Piccard, an aeronaut, psychiatrist and balloonist
Jean Felix Piccard, an organic chemist, aeronaut, and balloonist
Jeannette Piccard, wife of Jean Felix, an aeronaut and balloonist
Don Piccard, a balloonist

Jacques Piccard
Jacques Piccard (28 July 1922 – 1 November 2008) was a Swiss oceanographer and engineer, known for having developed submarines for studying ocean currents. In the Challenger Deep, he and Lieutenant Don Walsh of the United States Navy were the first people to explore the deepest known part of the world's ocean, and the deepest known location on the surface of Earth's crust, the Mariana Trench, located in the western North Pacific Ocean.
Cartosio
Cartosio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southeast of Turin and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Alessandria.

Cartosio borders the following municipalities: Castelletto d'Erro, Cavatore, Malvicino, Melazzo, Montechiaro d'Acqui, Pareto, and Ponzone.

Alessandria
Alessandria (Italian: [alesˈsandrja] ⓘ; Piedmontese: Lissandria [liˈsɑŋdrja]) is a city and commune in Piedmont, Italy, and the capital of the Province of Alessandria. With a population of 92,518, it is the 3rd-largest city in Piedmont and the 53rd-largest in Italy.

Known for the famous hat manufacturing company Borsalino and for its proximity to the historical site of the battle of Marengo, led by Napoleon, the town is an important agricultural, industrial and logistic hub within its region and Italy's North-West. With a surface extension that makes it Piedmont's largest municipality and a population of 92 839 inhabitants  (the third most popolous city in the region), Alessandria is located in the centre of the so-called "industrial triangle", whose vertices are Turin, Milan and Genoa. Alessandria is also home to one of the headquarters of the University of Eastern Piedmont, which is an academic institution that has a tripolar structure shared with Vercelli and Novara.
Paul J. Kern
Paul John Kern (born 16 June 1945) is a retired United States Army general and businessman. He served as Commanding General of the United States Army Materiel Command from October 2001 to November 2004. He became President and Chief Operating Officer of AM General LLC on 1 August 2008.

Defense Distinguished Service Medal
The Defense Distinguished Service Medal is a military decoration of the United States Department of Defense, which is presented to United States Armed Forces service members for exceptionally distinguished performance of duty contributing to the national security or defense of the United States. The medal was created on July 9, 1970, by President Richard Nixon in Executive Order 11545. President Nixon awarded the first medal, on the day the Executive Order was signed, to General Earle Wheeler, who was retiring from the US Army after serving as Chief of Staff of the United States Army and then chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

It is equivalent to the United States Department of Homeland Security's Homeland Security Distinguished Service Medal.
Colle di Tora
Colle di Tora is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rieti in the Italian region of Latium, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of Rome and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Rieti. It is located on the shores of Lake Turano.

Colle di Tora borders the following municipalities: Castel di Tora, Poggio Moiano, Pozzaglia Sabina, Rocca Sinibalda.

Rieti
Rieti (Italian: [ˈrjɛːti]; Latin: Reate, Sabino: Riete) is a town and comune in Lazio, central Italy, with a population of 47,700. It is the administrative seat of the province of Rieti and see of the diocese of Rieti, as well as the modern capital of the Sabina region.

The town centre stands on a small hilltop, commanding from the southern edge the wide Rieti valley, at the bottom of the Sabine hills and of monti Reatini, including mount Terminillo. The plain was once a large lake, drained by the ancient Romans, and is now the fertile basin of the Velino River. Only the small Ripasottile and Lungo lakes remain of the larger original.
2023 Banja Luka Challenger
The 2023 Banja Luka Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the 21st edition of the tournament which was part of the 2023 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina from 7 to 13 August 2023.

2023 ATP Challenger Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour in 2023 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2023 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 196 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $40,000 up to $220,000. It was the 46th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 15th under the name of Challenger Tour.
2022 WAFF U-23 Championship
The 2022 WAFF U-23 Championship was the third edition of the WAFF U-23 Championship the international age-restricted football championship organized by the West Asian Football Federation (WAFF) for the men's under-23 national teams of West Asia. A total of six teams competed in the tournament.

The tournament was originally going to be held in Iraq from 3 to 18 November 2022, but was relocated to Saudi Arabia due to the 2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis. Jordan, the defending champions, did not take part in the tournament. Saudi Arabia won their first title after defeating Qatar 3–1 in the final.

WAFF U-23 Championship
The WAFF U-23 Championship (Arabic: بطولة غرب آسيا لكرة القدم تحت 23 عام) is an annual international football competition organised by the West Asian Football Federation (WAFF) for the men's under-23 national teams of West Asia.
Lex Aurelia iudiciaria
The Lex Aurelia iudiciaria was a Roman law, introduced by the praetor Lucius Aurelius Cotta in 70 BC. The law defined the composition of the jury of the court investigating extortion, corruption and misconduct in office, the perpetual quaestio de repetundis. Previously exclusive to senators, the juries  henceforth included equites and tribuni aerarii.

Praetor
Praetor (/ˈpriːtər/ PREE-tər, Classical Latin: [ˈprae̯tɔr]), also pretor, was the title granted by the government of ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected magistratus (magistrate), assigned to discharge various duties. The functions of the magistracy, the praetura (praetorship), are described by the adjective itself: the praetoria potestas (praetorian power), the praetorium imperium (praetorian authority), and the praetorium ius (praetorian law), the legal precedents established by the praetores (praetors). Praetorium, as a substantive, denoted the location from which the praetor exercised his authority, either the headquarters of his castra, the courthouse (tribunal) of his judiciary, or the city hall of his provincial governorship. The minimum age for holding the praetorship was 39 during the Roman Republic, but it was later changed to 30 in the early Empire.
Peter Bjur
Peter Nicolai Kruse Bjur (Danish pronunciation: [ˈpʰe̝ˀtɐ ˈpjuɐ̯ˀ]; born 2 February 2000) is a Danish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Danish 1st Division club Esbjerg fB. He has represented Denmark at youth level. He is the son of former Danish international and Brøndby IF player Ole Bjur.

2020–21 Danish Superliga
The 2020–21 Danish Superliga (officially the 3F Superliga for sponsorship reasons) was the 31st season of the Danish Superliga.  The season began on 11 September with reigning champions FC Midtjylland playing against the winners of the Danish Cup, SønderjyskE, losing 2–0 away from home.

This season marked the first season with the video assistant referee (VAR) system.
Keisby
Keisby is a hamlet in the civil parish of Lenton, Keisby and Osgodby, in the South Kesteven district, in Lincolnshire, England. It is situated 6 miles (10 km) north-west from Bourne and 9 miles (14 km) south-east from Grantham. In 1921 the parish had a population of 72.

Grantham
Grantham (/ˈɡrænθəm/) is a market town and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated on the banks of the River Witham and bounded to the west by the A1 road; it lies 23 miles (37 km) south of Lincoln and 22 miles (35 km) east of Nottingham. The population in 2016 was 44,580. The town is the largest settlement and the administrative centre of the South Kesteven District.

Grantham was the birthplace of the UK's former prime minister Margaret Thatcher. The mathematician and scientist Isaac Newton was educated at the King's School. The town was the workplace of the UK's first warranted female police officer, Edith Smith, in 1914. The UK's first running diesel engine was made there in 1892 and the first tractor in 1896. Thomas Paine worked there as an excise officer in the 1760s. The villages of Manthorpe, Great Gonerby, Barrowby, Londonthorpe and Harlaxton form outlying suburbs of the town.
August 1 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
July 31 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - Aug. 2

All fixed commemorations below are observed on August 14 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For August 1st, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on July 19.

Maccabees
The Maccabees (/ˈmækəbiːz/), also spelled Machabees (Hebrew: מַכַּבִּים, Makkabbīm or מַקַבִּים, Maqabbīm; Latin: Machabaei or Maccabaei; Ancient Greek: Μακκαβαῖοι, Makkabaioi), were a group of Jewish  rebel warriors who re-took control of Judea, which at the time was occupied by the Seleucid Empire. Its leaders, the Hasmoneans, founded the Hasmonean dynasty, which ruled from 167 BC (after the Maccabean Revolt) to 37 BC, being a fully independent kingdom from 104 to 63 BC. They reasserted the Jewish religion, freed Judea from the Syrian-Greek occupiers, and reduced the influence of Hellenism and Hellenistic Judaism.
Temporal discretization
In applied physics and engineering, temporal discretization is a mathematical technique for solving transient problems, such as flow problems.

Transient problems are often solved using computer-aided engineering (CAE) simulations, which require discretizing the governing equations in both space and time. Temporal discretization involves the integration of every term in various equations over a time step ().

The spatial domain can be discretized to produce a semi-discrete form:

The first-order temporal discretization using backward differences is

And the second-order discretization is

where

is a scalar

is the value at the next time,

is the value at the current time,

is the value at the previous time,

The function  is evaluated using implicit- and explicit-time integration.

Explicit and implicit methods
Explicit and implicit methods are approaches used in numerical analysis for obtaining numerical approximations to the solutions of time-dependent ordinary and partial differential equations, as is required in computer simulations of physical processes. Explicit methods calculate the state of a system at a later time from the state of the system at the current time, while implicit methods find a solution by solving an equation involving both the current state of the system and the later one. Mathematically, if  is the current system state and  is the state at the later time ( is a small time step), then, for an explicit method

while for an implicit method one solves an equation

to find
Shortbread
Shortbread or shortie is a traditional Scottish biscuit usually made from one part white sugar, two parts butter and three to four parts plain wheat flour. Shortbread does not contain leavening, such as baking powder or baking soda. Shortbread is widely associated with Christmas and Hogmanay festivities in Scotland, and some Scottish brands are exported around the world.

Petticoat
A petticoat or underskirt is an article of clothing, a type of undergarment worn under a skirt or a dress. Its precise meaning varies over centuries and between countries.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, in current British English, a petticoat is "a light loose undergarment ... hanging from the shoulders or waist". In modern American usage, "petticoat" refers only to a garment hanging from the waist. They are most often made of cotton, silk or tulle. Without petticoats, skirts of the 1850s would not have the volume they were known for. In historical contexts (16th to mid-19th centuries), petticoat refers to any separate skirt worn with a gown, bedgown, bodice or jacket; these petticoats are not, strictly speaking, underwear, as they were made to be seen. In both historical and modern contexts, petticoat refers to skirt-like undergarments worn for warmth or to give the skirt or dress the desired attractive shape.
Joey Carbery
Joseph Carbery (born 1 November 1995) is an Irish rugby union player who plays as a fly-half for Top 14 club Union Bordeaux Bègles. Born in New Zealand to Irish parents, he represents Ireland at international level.

2022–23 United Rugby Championship
The 2022–23 United Rugby Championship was the 22nd season of the professional rugby union competition United Rugby Championship. It began on 16 September 2022 and ended on 27 May 2023. For sponsorship reasons it was known in South Africa as Vodacom United Rugby Championship or Vodacom URC, while in the Northern Hemisphere it was known as the BKT United Rugby Championship or BKT URC.

The final which was held on 27 May 2023 was between defending champions the Stormers and Munster with Munster winning 19–14.
Schlierschied
Schlierschied is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Kirchberg, whose seat is in the like-named town.

Kirchberg, Rhein-Hunsrück
Kirchberg (German pronunciation: [ˈkɪʁçbɛʁk] ⓘ), the Stadt auf dem Berg (“Town on the Mountain”), called Kerbrich in Moselle Franconian, is a town in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is the seat of the like-named Verbandsgemeinde, to which it also belongs.
One Moment in Time (comics)
"One Moment in Time" is a 2010 comic book storyline published by Marvel Comics starring Spider-Man. Written by Joe Quesada and illustrated by Paolo Rivera, it was originally published in The Amazing Spider-Man #638–641, and immediately follows "The Gauntlet" storyline. It is notable for revealing what changes the villain Mephisto made to save the life of Peter Parker/Spider-Man's aunt, May Parker, and dissolve the wedding of Parker and Mary Jane Watson at the end of the 2007 "One More Day" storyline.

The name of the storyline forms the acronym O.M.I.T., which Quesada explained was an intentional reference to how Parker and Watson's wedding was removed from continuity.

Back in Black (comics)
"Back in Black" is a 2007 Marvel Comics storyline written by J. Michael Straczynski and illustrated by Ron Garney (penciler). It was published in the comic book series The Amazing Spider-Man #539–543.

It takes place immediately after Marvel's Civil War event and depicts what happened to Spider-Man, Mary Jane Watson, and Aunt May during and after the event. The story is about Spider-Man's anger and determination to find Aunt May's shooter. Hence, he wears the black suit, modeled after the Venom symbiote, to emphasize his humorless aggression. He is often seen in action without his mask on, as well, showing his rage and thirst for vengeance.
1986 New Year Honours
The New Year Honours 1986 were appointments by most of the Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries, and honorary ones to citizens of other countries. They were announced on 30 December 1985 to celebrate the year passed and mark the beginning of 1986 in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Mauritius, Fiji, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Christopher and Nevis.

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.

Scottish Office
The Scottish Office was a department of the Government of the United Kingdom from 1885 until 1999, exercising a wide range of government functions in relation to Scotland under the control of the Secretary of State for Scotland. Following the establishment of the Scottish Parliament in 1999, most of its work was transferred to the newly established Scottish Executive (now the Scottish Government), with a small residue of functions retained by the Scotland Office.
Je (Armenian letter)
Je, or Jheh (majuscule:  Ջ; minuscule: ջ; Armenian: ջե; Classical Armenian: ջէ) is the 27th letter of the Armenian alphabet. It is pronounced as the voiced postalveolar affricate [d͡ʒ] in Eastern Armenian and the voiceless postalveolar aspirated affricate [t͡ʃʰ] in Western Armenian. Created by Mesrop Mashtots in the 5th century, it is also used to represent the number 900. It can also be transliterated as ǰ.

Armenian alphabet
The Armenian alphabet (Armenian: Հայոց գրեր, romanized: Hayocʼ grer or Հայոց այբուբեն, Hayocʼ aybuben) or, more broadly, the Armenian script, is an alphabetic writing system developed for Armenian and occasionally used to write other languages. It was developed around 405 AD by Mesrop Mashtots, an Armenian linguist and ecclesiastical leader. The script originally had 36 letters. Eventually, two more were adopted in the 13th century. In the reformed Armenian orthography (1920s), the ligature և, ev, is also treated as a letter, bringing the total number of letters to 39.

The Armenian word for 'alphabet' is այբուբեն, aybuben, named after the first two letters of the Armenian alphabet: ⟨Ա⟩ այբ, ayb, and ⟨Բ⟩ բեն, ben. Armenian is written horizontally, left to right.
Groß-Umstadt
Groß-Umstadt (German pronunciation: [ɡʁoːs ˈʔʊmʃtat], lit. 'Big Umstadt', in contrast to "Little Umstadt") is a town in the district of Darmstadt-Dieburg in the Bundesland (federal state) of Hesse in Germany. It is near Darmstadt and Frankfurt, in the southeastern part of the Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region, just north of the Odenwald mountain range.

The population is about 21,000. Half of them live in Groß-Umstadt itself, the remainder in eight other districts which were incorporated by the Hesse State Municipal Reform Act in the 1970s:

Dorndiel

Heubach

Kleestadt

Klein-Umstadt

Raibach

Richen

Semd

Wiebelsbach (also includes village Frau-Nauses).

Darmstadt-Dieburg
Darmstadt-Dieburg is a Kreis (district) in the south of Hesse, Germany. Neighboring districts are Offenbach, Aschaffenburg, Miltenberg, Odenwaldkreis, Bergstraße, Groß-Gerau, and the district-free city of Darmstadt, which it surrounds.
Leigh Noyes
Leigh Noyes (December 15, 1885 – March 24, 1961) was a vice admiral in the United States Navy during World War II. He was Director of Naval Communications before the outbreak of World War II and later served as commander, Carrier Division 3 and commander, Naval Air Force, Pacific Fleet.

Vice admiral (United States)
Vice admiral (abbreviated as VADM) is a three-star commissioned officer rank in the United States Navy, the United States Coast Guard, the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps, and the United States Maritime Service, with the pay grade of O-9. Vice admiral ranks above rear admiral and below admiral. Vice admiral is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant general in the other uniformed services.
Aceria brachytarsus
Aceria brachytarsus, formerly Eriophyes brachytarsus, also known as the pouch gall mite or the walnut purse gall mite, is an eriophyoid mite that produces leaf-pouch galls on various species of walnut trees including Juglans californica. The gall produced by this mite initially looks like a bladder gall. This gall has been observed in California, Iran, and Spain.

Eriophyidae
Eriophyidae is a family of more than 200 genera of mites, which live as plant parasites, commonly causing galls or other damage to the plant tissues and hence known as gall mites. About 3,600 species have been described, but this is probably less than 10% of the actual number existing in this poorly researched family. They are microscopic mites and are yellow to pinkish white to purplish in color. The mites are worm like, and have only two pairs of legs. Their primary method of population spread is by wind. They affect a wide range of plants, and several are major pest species causing substantial economic damage to crops. Some species, however, are used as biological agents to control weeds and invasive plant species.
Nozal Hill
Nozal Hill is an ice-covered hill probably over 610 metres (2,000 ft), standing 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) north of Mount Shackleton and midway between Regnard Peaks and Blanchard Ridge on the west coast of Graham Land. Discovered by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1908–10, under Charcot, who named it for Monsieur Nozal, seaman, and later lieutenant on the ship Pourquoi-Pas?.

Blanchard Ridge
Blanchard Ridge is a rocky ridge, 520 metres (1,700 ft) high, at the north side of the mouth of Wiggins Glacier on Kyiv Peninsula on the west coast of Graham Land. It was mapped by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1908–10, and named by Jean-Baptiste Charcot for a Monsieur Blanchard, then French Consul at Punta Arenas.