hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Armstrong Township, Indiana County, Pennsylvania
Armstrong Township is a township in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, United States. The township was named after General Armstrong, who commanded the celebration against Kittanning. The population was 2,786 at the 2020 census. The township includes the communities of Crete, Miller, Parkwood (formerly called Stewartsville), Tannery Village, and Thomas. It surrounds the separately incorporated borough of Shelocta.

Township (Pennsylvania)
A township, under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is the lowest level of municipal incorporation of government. All of Pennsylvania's communities outside of incorporated cities, boroughs, and one town have been incorporated into individual townships that serve as the legal entities providing local self-government functions.

In general, townships in Pennsylvania encompass larger land areas than other municipalities, and tend to be located in suburban, exurban, or rural parts of the commonwealth. As with other incorporated municipalities in Pennsylvania, townships exist within counties and are subordinate to or dependent upon the county level of government.
Robert D. Shadley
Robert David Shadley (born August 5, 1942) is a retired general officer in the United States Army and served as the Director of Logistics, G-4, for the United States Army Forces Command at Fort McPherson, Georgia. Prior to this assignment, he served as the 28th Chief of Ordnance and Commandant of the U.S. Army Ordnance School at Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland.

United States Army Command and General Staff College
The United States Army Command and General Staff College (CGSC or USACGSC) is a staff college for United States Army located at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. The college was established in 1881 by William Tecumseh Sherman as the School of Application for Infantry and Cavalry (later simply the Infantry and Cavalry School), a training school for infantry and cavalry officers.

In 1907 it changed its title to the School of the Line. The curriculum expanded throughout World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War and continues to adapt to include lessons learned from current conflicts. It provides Professional Military Education to officers of the United States Army, as well as foreign military officers.

In addition to the main campus at Fort Leavenworth, the college has satellite campuses at Fort Belvoir, Virginia; Fort Lee, Virginia; Fort Gordon, Georgia; and Redstone Arsenal, Alabama. The college also maintains a distance-learning modality for some of its instruction.
Montgomery Community College (North Carolina)
Montgomery Community College (MCC) is a public community college in Troy, North Carolina. It was chartered in 1967 as Montgomery Technical Institute and is part of the North Carolina Community College System.

The school received its accreditation in December, 1978, from the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. Montgomery Technical Institute became Montgomery Technical College in 1983, and in September 1987, the name was officially changed to Montgomery Community College.

In 2007, the campus included facilities of approximately 125,000 square feet (11,600 m2) on 153 acres (0.62 km2) of land. The campus has continued to grow and as of 2010 the facilities are now approximately 134,400 square feet (12,490 m2). The campus library includes the Gelynda & Arron Capel Pottery Collection, containing ancient pottery pieces, as well as modern functional and decorative pottery.

Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) is a regional educational accreditor recognized by the United States Department of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation. As of 2022, the organization oversees approximately 750 public and private degree-granting educational institutions in the Southern United States. Its headquarters are in North Druid Hills, Georgia, near Decatur, in the Atlanta metropolitan area.

SACS accredits educational institutions in the states of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia, and educational institutions for U.S. students in Mexico, the Caribbean, Central and South America.

There are a number of affiliate organizations within the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. One affiliate organization is the Southern Association of Community, Junior, and Technical Colleges.
Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX
The royal descendants of Queen Victoria (24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901; r. 1837–1901) and of King Christian IX (8 April 1818 – 29 January 1906; r. 1863–1906), Monarchs of the United Kingdom and Denmark, respectively, have become members of multiple European royal families. This was partially achieved by the marriage of Victoria's progeny with Christian's (and vice versa). By the time of her Diamond Jubilee in 1897, Victoria was known as the "Grandmother of Europe". Christian IX was nicknamed the "Father-in-law of Europe".

Victoria and Christian's grandchildren were the monarchs of Denmark, Germany/Prussia, Greece, Norway, Russia and the United Kingdom. Today, the descendants of Victoria and Christian are monarchs of Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)
Maria Feodorovna (Russian: Мария Фёдоровна; 26 November 1847 – 13 October 1928), known as Princess Dagmar of Denmark before her marriage, was Empress of Russia from 1881 to 1894 as the wife of Emperor Alexander III. She was the fourth child and second daughter of Christian IX of Denmark and Louise of Hesse-Kassel. Maria’s eldest son, Nicholas, was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his abdication on 15 March 1917.
Chryseobacterium pallidum
Chryseobacterium pallidum  is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacteria from the genus Chryseobacterium which has been isolated from a steel surface from a beer bottling plant in Germany.

Chryseobacterium
Chryseobacterium is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. Chryseobacterium species are chemoorganotrophic, rod shape gram-negative bacteria. Chryseobacterium form typical yellow-orange color colonies due to flexirubin-type pigment. The genus contains more than 100 described species from diverse habitats, including freshwater sources, soil, marine fish, and human hosts.
Supertoroid
In geometry and computer graphics, a supertoroid or supertorus is usually understood to be a family of doughnut-like surfaces (technically, a topological torus) whose shape is defined by mathematical formulas similar to those that define the superellipsoids. The plural of "supertorus" is either supertori or supertoruses.

The family was described and named by Alan Barr in 1994.

Barr's supertoroids have been fairly popular in computer graphics as a convenient model for many objects, such as smooth frames for rectangular things. One quarter of a supertoroid can provide a smooth and seamless 90-degree joint between two superquadric cylinders.  However, they are not algebraic surfaces (except in special cases).

Cylinder
A cylinder (from Greek  κύλινδρος (kúlindros) 'roller, tumbler') has traditionally been a three-dimensional solid, one of the most basic of curvilinear geometric shapes. In elementary geometry, it is considered a prism with a circle as its base.

A cylinder may also be defined as an infinite curvilinear surface in various modern branches of geometry and topology. The shift in the basic meaning—solid versus surface (as in a solid ball versus sphere surface)—has created some ambiguity with terminology. The two concepts may be distinguished by referring to solid cylinders and cylindrical surfaces. In the literature the unadorned term "cylinder" could refer to either of these or to an even more specialized object, the right circular cylinder.
Hōrin-ji (Nara)
Hōrin-ji (法輪寺, 法琳寺, 法林寺), or Mii-dera (三井寺, 御井寺), is a Buddhist temple located in the Mii neighborhood of the town of Ikaruga, Nara, Japan. It belongs to the  Shōtoku-shū sect and its honzon is a statue of  Yakushi Nyorai. The temple's full name is Myōken-san Hōrin-ji (妙見山 法輪寺). It is located about a kilometer north of the East Precinct of Hōryū-ji. The existing three-story pagoda was rebuilt in 1975, so it is not included in the World Heritage Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area.

Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area
The UNESCO World Heritage Site Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area includes a variety of buildings found in Hōryū-ji and Hokki-ji in Ikaruga, Nara Prefecture, Japan. These buildings were designated in 1993 along with the surrounding landscape, under several criteria. The structures inscribed are some of the oldest extant wooden buildings in the world, dating from the 7th to 8th centuries. Many of the monuments are also National Treasures of Japan, and reflect an important age of Buddhist influence in Japan. The structures include 21 buildings in the Hōryū-ji East Temple, 9 in the West Temple, 17 monasteries and other buildings, and the pagoda in Hokki-ji.
Ma On Shan Road
Ma On Shan Road (Chinese: 馬鞍山路) is a major road in the new town of Ma On Shan in the New Territories of Hong Kong. The road extends northward from Tate's Cairn Highway near Tai Shui Hang along the eastern bank of the Shing Mun River. It ends in the north when it joins Sai Sha Road near Wu Kai Sha. Its branch road, the Ma On Shan Bypass, redirects traffic between Sha Tin and Sai Kung North away from the town centre near the Heng On Estate. It is the primary thoroughfare to Ma On Shan. A short section of the road north of Tate's Cairn Highway is an expressway.

Wu Kai Sha
Wu Kai Sha (Chinese: 烏溪沙; lit. 'Black Sand Creek'), formerly known as Wu Kwai Sha or U Kwai Sha (烏龜沙; 'Black Turtle Sands'), is a place at the shore of Tolo Harbour, northwest of Ma On Shan in the New Territories, Hong Kong. Wu Kai Sha is within the Sha Tin District, one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. The name roughly translates as 'Black Sand Creek', based on the accumulation of black iron ore which traditionally flowed down from the Ma On Shan peak.
1930 Ottawa Senators (CFL) season
The 1930 Ottawa Senators finished in fourth place in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union with a 0–6 record and failed to qualify for the playoffs. This would be the last season that the team would be known as the "Senators" before switching back to the more familiar "Rough Riders" moniker.

Ottawa Rough Riders
The Ottawa Rough Riders were a Canadian Football League team based in Ottawa, Ontario, founded on September 19, 1876. Formerly one of the oldest and longest-lived professional sports teams in North America, the Rough Riders won the Grey Cup championship nine times. Their most dominant era was the 1960s and 1970s,  in which they won five Grey Cups. The team's fortunes waned in the 1980s and 1990s, and they ultimately ceased operations following the 1996 season. Five years later, a new CFL team known as the Ottawa Renegades was founded, though they suspended operations in 2006. The Ottawa Redblacks, which own the Rough Riders and Renegades intellectual properties, joined the league in 2014.
Media Coach
Mediacoach is a proprietary video motion analysis tool developed by Spanish media company, Mediapro, for the 42 football clubs of the Liga de Fútbol Profesional.

The stadium-based software uses 16 cameras placed all around the stadium to carry out post-match analysis of player movement. Each system cost €400,000 to install.

Video motion analysis
Video motion analysis is a technique used to get information about moving objects from video.  Examples of this include gait analysis, sport replays, speed and acceleration calculations and, in the case of team or individual sports, task performance analysis.  The motion analysis technique usually involves a high-speed camera and a computer that has software allowing frame-by-frame playback of the video.
UND Alma Mater
The "UND Alma Mater" is a school song of the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks, North Dakota. The Carillon Americana bells at the top of Twamley Hall on campus play the tune of Alma Mater each day at noon.

University of North Dakota
The University of North Dakota (UND) is a public research university in Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States. It was established by the Dakota Territorial Assembly in 1883, six years before the establishment of the state of North Dakota.

The university has the only schools of law and medicine in the state of North Dakota. The John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences was the first in the country to offer a degree in unmanned aircraft systems operation. Several national research institutions are on the university's campus including the Energy and Environmental Research Center, the School of Medicine and Health Sciences, and the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral universities – very high research activity".
18117 Jonhodge
18117 Jonhodge (provisional designation 2000 NY23) is a bright background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 July 2000, by astronomer of the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search at Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona, in the United States. The asteroid was named after American teacher Jonathon Hodge.

Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search
Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search (LONEOS) was a project designed to discover asteroids and comets that orbit near the Earth. The project, funded by NASA, was directed by astronomer Ted Bowell of Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. The LONEOS project began in 1993 and ran until the end of February 2008.
FC Ikva Mlyniv
FC Ikva Mlyniv is an amateur Ukrainian football club from Mlyniv, Rivne Oblast. The club is named after the local river.

The club plays at the local "Kolos" stadium, which also is used seldomly by Veres Rivne.

FC Volyn Lutsk
FC Volyn Lutsk (Ukrainian: ФК «Волинь» Луцьк [woˈlɪnʲ ˈlutsʲk]) was a Ukrainian football club based in Lutsk.

Since its establishment in 1960, the club became the only major (professional) football club within Volyn Oblast and uncontested leader of football in the region.

On 21 June 2023 the 31st PFL Conference excluded several clubs that did not compete in the 2022–23 season and did not renew their membership.

Their home stadium is Avanhard Stadium.

Colours are (Home) light red shirt, deep red shorts;
(Away) white shirt with light red collar and upper sleeve, white shorts.
Lubya
Lubya (Arabic: لوبيا "bean"), sometimes referred to as Lubia, Lubieh and Loubieh, was a Palestinian Arab town located ten kilometers west of Tiberias that was captured, ethnically cleansed, and destroyed by Israel during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War where its residents were forcefully evacuated and became refugees. Nearby villages included Nimrin to the north, Hittin to the northwest, and al-Shajara to the south; Each of those villages were also ethnically cleansed.

Lubya had a total land area of 39,629 dunams (3,963ha), of which 83% was Palestinian-owned and the remainder public property. Most of its cultivable land was planted with cereals while only 1,500 dunams (150 ha) were planted with olive groves. The village's built-up area was 210 dunams (21 ha).

Present absentee
Present absentees are Arab internally displaced persons (IDPs) who fled or were expelled from their homes in Mandatory Palestine during the 1947–1949 Palestine war but remained within the area that became the state of Israel.

In 1950, 46,000 out of the 156,000 Israeli Arabs in Israel were considered present absentees. According to 2015 estimates from Palestinian NGO BADIL, there are 384,200 IDPs in Israel and 334,600 IDPs in the Palestinian territories.

IDPs are not permitted to live in the homes they formerly lived in, even if they were in the same area as their home, the property still exists, and they can show that they own it. They are regarded as absent by the Israeli government because they were absent from their homes on a particular day, even if they did not intend to leave them for more than a few days, and even if they left involuntarily. The community carries out an annual March of Return to their former villages.
Harefield railway station
Harefield railway station was a railway station on the Main Southern line, serving the locality of Harefield in the Riverina, New South Wales, Australia. The station opened in 1878, when the railway line was extended from its previous terminus at Junee railway station to Bomen railway station.

Main Southern railway line
The Main Southern railway line (or Great Southern Railway) is a major railway in New South Wales, Australia. It runs from Sydney to Albury, near the Victorian border. The line passes through the Southern Highlands, Southern Tablelands, South West Slopes and Riverina regions.
Uthiramerur Assembly constituency
Uthiramerur is a state assembly constituency in Kancheepuram district of Tamil Nadu, India. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 36. It comprises Uthiramerur taluk and a portion of Kanchipuram taluk and forms a part of Kancheepuram Lok Sabha constituency for national elections to the Parliament of India. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

Kanchipuram district
Kanchipuram district is one of the 38 districts in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. The area comprising the present day Kancheepuram district was earlier a part of Chingleput district. The original Chingleput district was split in 1997 into form the present day Kanchipuram and Tiruvallur districts.

On 18 July 2019, Chengalpattu district was carved out of Kanchipuram district, with suburbs from Chengalpet towards Chennai under the district headquarters in Chengalpet. The separation came into effect from 29 November which was done by former Chief Minister Mr. Edappadi K Palaniswami.
Mudge Passage
Mudge Passage (66°2′S 65°50′W﻿ / ﻿66.033°S 65.833°W﻿ / -66.033; -65.833) is a marine passage running east–west from the vicinity of Prospect Point, Graham Coast, between Beer Island and Dodman Island to the north and Saffery Islands and Trump Islands to the south, to the vicinity of Extension Reef. The passage was navigated and charted by Captain C.R. Elliott in RRS John Biscoe in January 1979. Named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in association with Harrison Passage and Maskelyne Passage to the northeast, after Thomas Mudge (1715–94), English horologist who made substantial improvements to marine chronometers.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Mudge Passage". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Trump Islands (Antarctica)
Trump Islands (66°02.19′S 65°57.53′W﻿ / ﻿66.03650°S 65.95883°W﻿ / -66.03650; -65.95883) is a small group of islands lying 4 nautical miles (7 km) southwest of Dodman Island, off the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. The islands were discovered and named by the British Graham Land Expedition (BGLE), 1934–37, under Rymill.
Kazis of Bengal
Kazi  is a family name in Bengal which originates from the Arabic qadi meaning 'judge' and is typically used among Muslims. Kazi (Bengali: কাজী), also spelt Qazi and Quazi, is a title awarded to Islamic judges, commonly used hereditarily in Bengal as a family name.

Kazi Abdul Wadud
Kazi Abdul Wadud (Bengali: কাজী আব্দুল ওদুদ; 26 April 1894 - 19 May 1970) was a Bengali essayist, prominent critic, dramatist and biographer. He was born into a lower-middle-class family, in larger Faridpur (present) Rajbari, Pangsha. His father's name was Kazi Sagiruddin.
Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse
Henry II of Hesse (German: Heinrich; c. 1299 – 3 June 1376), called "the Iron", was Landgrave of Hesse from 1328–1376.

Henry was the son of Otto I, Landgrave of Hesse and Adelheid of Ravensburg. With his wife Elisabeth of Thuringia, daughter of Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen, he had five children:

Otto the Younger (1322c-1366)

Adelheid (1323/24-1370) later wife of Casimir III of Poland

Elisabeth [1329c-1390] later wife of Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen

Jutta/Judith; died in infancy

Margarethe, a nun in Haidau monastery

When Henry's son Otto died in 1366, his nephew Hermann was named co-regent. This caused fighting to break out with Otto of Brunswick.  To defray the costs of the conflict with Brunswick, Henry levied a tax on all imported goods.

Landgraviate of Hesse
The Landgraviate of Hesse (German: Landgrafschaft Hessen) was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire. It existed as a single entity from 1264 to 1567, when it was divided among the sons of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse.
Polestar 4
The Polestar 4 is a battery electric compact luxury crossover SUV marketed by Polestar, an affiliate of Geely Holding and Volvo Cars, since 2023. The vehicle is manufactured by Geely Holding in a factory in Hangzhou Bay, China. The 4 is the third vehicle to use the rear- and all-wheel drive based platform, Sustainable Experience Architecture. The vehicle is marketed as a coupe SUV that went into production in November 2023, and has two powertrain options.

Compact crossover SUV
Compact crossover SUV is an automobile classification used mainly in North America to describe a segment of crossover SUV, a type of sport utility vehicle, between subcompact crossover SUV and mid-size crossover SUV.

By the late 2010s, the segment had emerged as the most popular automobile segment in several regions. For example, nearly one in every four cars sold in the United States in 2019 was a compact crossover, at about 24.2 percent.

The best-selling vehicle in the segment in 2020 was the Toyota RAV4, with 995,762 units sold globally. It was also the second best-selling automobile in the world after the Toyota Corolla in 2021.
Hinokuma-dera
Hinokuma-dera ruins (檜隈寺, Hinokuma-dera ato) is an archeological site  with the ruins of an Asuka period Buddhist temple located in the village of Asuka, Nara, Japan. It was designated as a National Historic Site in 2003. The site is currently occupied by a Shinto shrine, the Omiashi Jinja (於美阿志神社).

Asuka period
The Asuka period (飛鳥時代, Asuka jidai; Japanese pronunciation: [a.sɯ̥.ka ((d)ʑiꜜ.dai)]) was a period in the history of Japan lasting from 538 to 710, although its beginning could be said to overlap with the preceding Kofun period. The Yamato polity evolved greatly during the Asuka period, which is named after the Asuka region, about 25 km (16 mi) south of the modern city of Nara.

The Asuka period is characterized by its significant artistic, social, and political transformations, having their origins in the late Kofun period. The introduction of Buddhism marked a change in Japanese society. The Asuka period is also distinguished by the change in the name of the country from Wa (倭) to Nippon (日本).
Kate Wiesner
Kate McGuire Wiesner (born February 11, 2001) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a left back or winger for the Washington Spirit of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). She played college soccer for the Penn State Nittany Lions and was selected by the Spirit in the first round of the 2024 NWSL Draft. She represented the United States at the 2016 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup.

Big Ten women's soccer tournament
The Big Ten women's soccer tournament is the conference championship tournament in soccer for the Big Ten Conference. The tournament is single-elimination format and seeding is based on regular season records. The top four highest-seeded teams host the quarterfinal matches and the highest remaining seed after the quarterfinal round. The highest remaining seeded teams following the quarterfinal round hosts the semifinals and likewise for the championship match.

The winner, declared conference champion, receives the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Division I women's soccer championship. Penn State is the winningest team in championship history with 9 titles.