hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Plant perception (physiology)
Plant perception is the ability of plants to sense and respond to the environment by adjusting their morphology and physiology. Botanical research has revealed that plants are capable of reacting to a broad range of stimuli, including chemicals, gravity, light, moisture, infections, temperature, oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations, parasite infestation, disease, physical disruption, sound, and touch. The scientific study of plant perception is informed by numerous disciplines, such as plant physiology, ecology, and molecular biology.

Auxin
Auxins (plural of auxin /ˈɔːksɪn/) are a class of plant hormones (or plant-growth regulators) with some morphogen-like characteristics. Auxins play a cardinal role in coordination of many growth and behavioral processes in plant life cycles and are essential for plant body development. The Dutch biologist Frits Warmolt Went first described auxins and their role in plant growth in the 1920s.
Kenneth V. Thimann became the first to isolate one of these phytohormones and to determine its chemical structure as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Went and Thimann co-authored a book on plant hormones, Phytohormones, in 1937.
2015 Spikers' Turf Collegiate Conference
The Spikers’ Turf Collegiate Conference was the 2nd conference of the Spikers' Turf men's volleyball which started on July 13, 2015  and ended on September 27, 2015 at the Filoil Flying V Arena in San Juan. There were twelve (12) competing teams in this conference.

National College of Business and Arts
The National College of Business and Arts or NCBA is a private educational institution in the Philippines with campuses located in Cubao, Fairview and Taytay.

NCBA Collegiate Department offers degree programs in the Arts, Sciences, Business and Education as well as Diploma programs. NCBA also offers Graduate degrees in Master in Business Administration and Master in Public Administration.
Fort Lesley J. McNair
Fort Lesley J. McNair, also historically known as the Washington Arsenal, is a United States Army post located on the tip of Buzzard Point, the peninsula that lies at the confluence of the Potomac River and the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C. To the peninsula's west is the Washington Channel, while the Anacostia River is on its south side. The fort has been an army post for more than 200 years, third in length of service, after the United States Military Academy at West Point and the Carlisle Barracks. The fort is named for General Lesley James McNair, who was killed in action by friendly fire in Normandy, France during World War II.

Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army
The vice chief of staff of the Army (VCSA) is the principal deputy to the chief of staff of the Army, and is the second-highest-ranking officer on active duty in the Department of the Army.

The vice chief of staff generally handles the day-to-day administration of the Army Staff, freeing the chief of staff to attend to the interservice responsibilities of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. By statute, the vice chief of staff is appointed as a four-star general in the United States Army while so serving.

The 40th and current vice chief of staff of the Army is General Christopher LaNeve.
Sin Poh (Star News) Amalgamated
Sin Poh (Star News) Amalgamated Limited was a Singapore-based publishing company that published Sin Chew Jit Poh (Chinese: 星洲日報) in both Singapore and Malaysia, as well as Sin Pin Jit Poh (Chinese: 星檳日報) in Penang, Malaysia.

The Malaysian editions were sold to a Malaysian businessman in 1982. In 1975, due to new legislation in Singapore, the assets and publishing rights of the Singapore edition of Sin Chew Jit Poh were sold to Sin Chew Jit Poh (Singapore) Limited. However, the Aw family, descendants of the founder, retained some management shares.

In 1977, Sin Chew Jit Poh (Singapore) Limited launched an initial public offering to sell ordinary shares of the company. It later merged to form Singapore News and Publications Limited in 1982, a predecessor of Singapore Press Holdings.

Sin Chew Daily
Sin Chew Daily (Chinese: 星洲日報), formerly known as Sin Chew Jit Poh (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Seng-chiu Ji̍t-pò), is a Chinese-language newspaper in Malaysia. According to report from the Audit Bureau of Circulation for the period ending 31 December 2011, Sin Chew Daily has an average daily circulation of almost 500,000 copies and also the largest-selling Chinese-language newspaper outside Greater China. It is only on Sundays that the circulation of the Malaysian Malay newspapers exceeds that of Sin Chew Daily.

Sin Chew Daily is owned by Sin Chew Media Corporation Berhad, a subsidiary of Media Chinese International Limited. It is a member of the Asia News Network. It is circulated throughout Malaysia and neighboring countries, in Southern Thailand, Brunei and Indonesia. It is also published and printed in Indonesia and Cambodia, under different mastheads.

Sin Chew Daily has 53 news bureaus and six printing plants in Peninsular and East Malaysia.
Kim Hye-rin (curler)
Kim Hye-rin (born November 9, 1999) is a South Korean curler from Uijeongbu. She currently plays third on the Chuncheon City Hall curling team, skipped by Ha Seung-youn. While playing for Kim Min-ji, She won a gold medal at the 2018 Pacific-Asia Curling Championships and a silver medal at the 2020 World Junior Curling Championships.

Satsuki Fujisawa
Satsuki Fujisawa (藤澤 五月, Fujisawa Satsuki; born 24 May 1991) is a Japanese curler from Kitami, Hokkaido. As a skip, she has won the Japanese national championship six times. Fujisawa skipped the bronze medal-winning Japanese team at the 2018 Winter Olympic Games and the silver medal-winning team at the 2022 Winter Olympics. She is currently the skip of the Loco Solare curling team.
Edinburgh West (UK Parliament constituency)
Edinburgh West is a burgh constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, first contested at the 1885 general election. It has been represented since 2017 by Christine Jardine of the Liberal Democrats.

Prior to the 2005 general election, the boundaries were the same as the Edinburgh West Scottish Parliament constituency, created in 1999, later replaced by the Edinburgh Western Scottish Parliament constituency.

City of Edinburgh Council
The City of Edinburgh Council (Scottish Gaelic: Comhairle Baile Dhùn Èideann) is the local government authority covering the City of Edinburgh council area. Almost half of the council area is the built-up area of Edinburgh, capital of Scotland. With a population of 530,680 in 2024, it is the second most populous local authority area in Scotland.

The council took on its current form in 1996 under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994, replacing the City of Edinburgh District Council of the Lothian region, which had been created in 1975. The history of local government in Edinburgh, however, stretches back much further. Around 1130, David I made the town a royal burgh and a burgh council, based at the Old Tolbooth is recorded continuously from the 14th century.

The council is currently based in Edinburgh City Chambers with a main office nearby at Waverley Court.
Pacific FC–Vancouver FC rivalry
The Salish Sea Derby, also known as the BC Derby and Pacific FC–Vancouver FC rivalry, is a British Columbian intra-provincial soccer rivalry between Pacific FC of Langford, and Vancouver FC of Langley Township. They regularly compete with each other in the Canadian Premier League. In addition to being geographic rivals, both clubs have the same owner – SixFive Sports and Entertainment.

Vancouver FC
Vancouver Football Club is a Canadian professional soccer club that competes in the Canadian Premier League, the top tier of the Canadian soccer league system. The club is based in Langley, British Columbia and plays their home matches at Willoughby Stadium.
1953–54 Bradley Braves men's basketball team
The 1953–54 Bradley Braves men's basketball team represented Bradley University in college basketball during the 1953–54 season. The team finished the season with a 19–13 record and were national runners-up to La Salle University in the 1954 NCAA tournament. It was the second time in five seasons that Bradley was the national runner-up; in 1949–50, they lost to CCNY in both the NCAA and NIT championships.

1949–50 Bradley Braves men's basketball team
The 1949–50 Bradley Braves men's basketball team represented Bradley University in college basketball during the 1949–50 season. The team finished the season with a 32–5 record and were national runners-up to the City College of New York (CCNY) in both the 1950 NCAA tournament and 1950 National Invitation Tournament. Early on in the NCAA Tournament's days, which began in 1939, teams were allowed to participate in both it and the NIT. The 1949–50 college basketball season is noteworthy in that it is the only year in which a team won both tournaments (CCNY), and the losing team of both championships happened to be Bradley. Coincidentally enough, a year later, several of Bradley's players from this season's team would be instigated as individuals involved in what would later be known as the 1951 college basketball point-shaving scandal.
Coachella, California
Coachella (/ˌkoʊəˈtʃɛlə/ KOH-ə-CHEL-ə, commonly /koʊˈtʃɛlə/ koh-CHEL-ə) is a city in Riverside County, California, United States. It is the namesake and easternmost city of the Coachella Valley, in Southern California's Colorado Desert. Originally a railroad town, Coachella is a prominent hub for agriculture and shipping across Southern California and the Western United States.

Coachella had a population of 41,941 in the 2020 Census. The city is officially bilingual in English and Spanish, with 90% of people speaking Spanish.

Huell Howser
Huell Burnley Howser (October 18, 1945 – January 7, 2013) was an American television personality, actor, producer, writer, singer, and voice artist, best known for hosting, producing, and writing California's Gold and his human interest show Visiting...with Huell Howser, produced by KCET in Los Angeles for California PBS stations. The archive of his video chronicles offers an enhanced understanding of the history, culture, and people of California. He also voiced the Backson in Winnie the Pooh (2011).
Rukn-e-Alam
Sheikh Rukn-ud-Din Abul Fateh (Punjabi: شیخ رکن الدین ابوالفتح; 26 November 1251 – 3 January 1335), commonly known by the title Shah Rukn-e-Alam ("Pillar of the World"), was an eminent 13th and 14th-century Punjabi Muslim Sufi saint from Multan (present-day Punjab, Pakistan), who belonged to Suhrawardiyya Sufi order. His shrine in Multan is one of Punjab's most important places of historical and cultural value.

Bahauddin Zakariya
Bahauddin Zakariya (c.1170 – 1262), also known as Baha-ul-Haq, was a Sunni Muslim scholar, saint and poet who established the Suhrawardiyya order of Baghdad in medieval South Asia, later becoming one of the most influential spiritual leaders of his era.
Denis Pasler
Denis Vladimirovich Pasler (Russian: Денис Владимирович Паслер; born 29 October 1978) is a Russian politician who is currently the governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast since September 2025.

He previously served as the 4th Governor of Orenburg Oblast from 2019 to 2025 and the Chairman of the Government of Sverdlovsk Oblast from 2012 to 2016.

Governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast
The governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast (Russian: Губернатор Свердловской области) is the highest official of Sverdlovsk Oblast, a region of Russia. He heads the government of Sverdlovsk Oblast and is elected by direct popular vote for the term of five years.
Vakarel Saddle
Vakarel Saddle (Bulgarian: Вакарелска седловина, ‘Vakarelska Sedlovina’ \va-ka-'rel-ska se-dlo-vi-'na\) is a crescent-shaped ice-covered saddle of elevation 1744 m in Imeon Range on Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica bounded by Antim Peak to the east-northeast, and Evlogi Peak to the southwest, and overlooking Chuprene Glacier to the northwest.  The feature is named after the settlement of Vakarel in western Bulgaria.

Chuprene Glacier
Chuprene Glacier (Bulgarian: ледник Чупрене, romanized: lednik Chuprene, IPA: [ˈlɛdnik t͡ʃoˈprɛnɛ]) is a 2.1 nautical miles (3.9 km; 2.4 mi) long glacier draining the northwest slopes of Imeon Range on Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.  It is situated northeast of Bistra Glacier, southwest of Yablanitsa Glacier and northwest of Krivodol Glacier, Pashuk Glacier and Rupite Glacier, and flows southwest of Drinov Peak and Popovo Saddle, and west of Slatina Peak and Varshets Saddle southwestward along the northwest slopes of Antim Peak and Evlogi Peak into Drake Passage south of Villagra Point and north of Garmen Point.  Bulgarian early mapping in 2009.  The glacier is named after the settlement of Chuprene in northwestern Bulgaria.
G-Man: J. Edgar Hoover and the Making of the American Century
G-Man: J. Edgar Hoover and the Making of the American Century is a biography of long-time FBI director J. Edgar Hoover by historian Beverly Gage, first published by Viking Press in 2022. As the first biography of Hoover in 30 years, the 800-page volume uses new sources uncovered by Freedom of Information Act requests.

The book received multiple prizes: the 2023 Pulitzer Prize for Biography, the 2023 Bancroft Prize, the 2023 Barbara and David Zalaznick Book Prize in American History, the 2023 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Biography, and the 2022 National Book Critics Circle Award for Biography.

Viking Press
Viking Press (formally Viking Penguin, also listed as Viking Books) is an American publishing company owned by Penguin Random House. It was founded in New York City on March 1, 1925, by Harold K. Guinzburg and George S. Oppenheimer and then acquired by the Penguin Group in 1975.

The publisher's name and logo, a Viking ship drawn by Rockwell Kent, were chosen as symbols of enterprise, adventure, and exploration in publishing.

Viking Press was sold to Penguin Books in 1975 for $12 million due to the publishing house's monetary difficulties. These were speculated to have been caused by the shrinkage in the juvenile market and Viking Press' lack of a textbook division.
Lip reading
Lip reading, also known as speechreading, is a technique of understanding a limited range of speech by visually interpreting the movements of the lips, face and tongue without sound. Estimates of the range of lip reading vary, with some figures as low as 30% because lip reading relies on context, language knowledge, and any residual hearing. Although lip reading is used most extensively by deaf and hard-of-hearing people, most people with normal hearing process can infer some speech information by observing a speaker's mouth.

Deafness
Deafness has varying definitions in cultural and medical contexts. In medical contexts, the meaning of deafness is hearing loss that precludes a person from understanding spoken language, an audiological condition. In this context it is written with a lower case d. It later came to be used in a cultural context to refer to those who primarily communicate with a deafness aid or through sign language regardless of hearing ability, often capitalized as Deaf and referred to as "big D Deaf" in speech and sign. The two definitions overlap but are not identical, as hearing loss includes cases that are not severe enough to impact spoken language comprehension, while cultural Deafness includes hearing people who use sign language, such as children of deaf adults.
Kazinag National Park
Kazinag National Park is a national park in Baramulla city of the Baramulla district in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir notified under Wild Life Protection Act 1972. It is part of a proposal for a trans-Karakoram peace park with Pakistan. The area of Kazinag National Park is 160 square kilometres, and it was commissioned in 1992. The national park is located on the north bank of the Jhelum River.

Baramulla district
Baramulla district (or Varmul, in Kashmiri) is one of the 20 districts in the Indian-administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) in the disputed Kashmir region. Baramulla town is the administrative headquarters of this district. The district covered an area of 4,588 km2 (1,771 sq mi) in 2001, but it was reduced to 4,243 km2 (1,638 sq mi) at the time of 2011 census.  In 2016, the district administration said that the area was 4,190 km2 (1,620 sq mi). Muslims constitute about 98% of the population.
2024 Open de Vendée
The 2024 Open de Vendée was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the 11th edition of the tournament which was part of the 2024 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Mouilleron-le-Captif, France between 30 September and 6 October 2024.

2024 ATP Challenger Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour in 2024 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2024 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 207 tournaments with prize money ranging from $41,000 up to $225,500. It was the 47th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 16th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Sunita Baral
Sunita Baral is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the CPN (UML) Party. She is currently serving as a member of the 2nd Federal Parliament of Nepal. In the 2022 Nepalese general election she was elected as a proportional representative from the Khas people category.

2nd Federal Parliament of Nepal
The Second Federal Parliament of Nepal, was elected by the 2022 general elections on 20 November 2022. The elections elected 275 Members of Parliament (MPs), 165 for each constituency and 110 through the party list, to the House of Representatives. The parliament convened for the first time on 9 January 2023 and was dissolved on 12 September 2025 following the 2025 Gen Z protests.
Sebastes mentella
Sebastes mentella, the beaked redfish, deepwater redfin, ocean perch, Atlantic redfish, Norway haddock, red perch, golden redfish, or hemdurgan, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the subfamily Sebastinae, the rockfishes, part of the family Scorpaenidae. This species is found in the North Atlantic Ocean.

Symphysis
A symphysis (/ˈsɪm.fɪ.sɪs/, pl.: symphyses) is a fibrocartilaginous fusion between two bones. It is a type of cartilaginous joint, specifically a secondary cartilaginous joint.

A symphysis is an amphiarthrosis, a slightly movable joint.

A growing together of parts or structures.

Unlike synchondroses, symphyses are permanent.
Klinga Municipality
Klinga is a former municipality in the old Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. The 352-square-kilometre (136 sq mi) municipality existed from 1891 until its dissolution in 1964. The municipality encompassed the mainland areas south of the river Namsen in what is now Namsos Municipality in Trøndelag county. The administrative centre was the village of Bangsund. Other villages in Klinga included Spillum and Klinga where Klinga Church is located.

Prior to its dissolution in 1963, the 352-square-kilometre (136 sq mi) municipality was the 252nd largest by area out of the 689 municipalities in Norway. Klinga Municipality was the 370th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of about 2,466. The municipality's population density was 7 inhabitants per square kilometre (18/sq mi) and its population had increased by 6.1% over the previous 10-year period.

Prestegjeld
A prestegjeld was a geographic and administrative area within the Church of Norway (Den Norske Kirke) roughly equivalent to a parish. This traditional designation was in use for centuries to divide the kingdom into ecclesiastical areas that were led by a parish priest. Prestegjelds began in the 1400s and were officially discontinued in 2012.
Sniper: Reloaded
Sniper: Reloaded is a 2011 direct to video action film which was directed by Claudio Fäh and was the fourth installment in the Sniper film series and a sequel to Sniper 3 (2004). This film is the first in the series of Sniper that does not feature the character of Thomas Beckett, who was portrayed by Tom Berenger.

Instead, it introduces his son Brandon, who was portrayed by Chad Michael Collins. Also, Billy Zane reprises his role as Richard Miller from the first film. The film was shot from 1 March 2010 to 3 April 2010 on location in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was released on DVD on April 26, 2011.

Sniper (film series)
Sniper is a series of action and war films beginning with the 1993 film Sniper, which center upon the characters of Master Gunnery Sergeant Thomas Beckett (Tom Berenger) and Gunnery Sergeant Brandon Beckett (Chad Michael Collins), who work as Force Reconnaissance Scout Snipers in the United States Marine Corps.
Second De Gasperi government
The second De Gasperi government was the first government of the Italian Republic. It was established by Alcide De Gasperi following the referendum of 2 June 1946, in which the Italian people voted in favour of the Republic. It held office from 13 July 1946 until 2 February 1947, a total of 203 days, or 6 months and 18 days.

Alcide De Gasperi
Alcide Amedeo Francesco De Gasperi (Italian: [alˈtʃiːde de ˈɡasperi]; 3 April 1881 – 19 August 1954) was an Italian politician and statesman who founded the Christian Democracy party and served as prime minister of Italy in eight successive coalition governments from 1945 to 1953.

De Gasperi was the last prime minister of the Kingdom of Italy, serving under both Victor Emmanuel III and Umberto II. He was also the first prime minister of the Italian Republic, and also briefly served as provisional head of state after the Italian people voted to end the monarchy and establish a republic. His eight-year term in office remains a landmark of political longevity for a leader in modern Italian politics. De Gasperi is the fifth longest-serving prime minister since the Risorgimento.

A devout Catholic, he was one of the founding fathers of the European Union along with fellow Italian Altiero Spinelli.
Narcissistic leadership
Narcissistic leadership is the concept of being under a leader that has characteristics of narcissism. Narcissism is most often described as unhealthy and destructive. It has been described as "driven by unyielding arrogance, self-absorption, and a personal egotistic need for power and control and admiration". Narcissists initially emerge as leaders, especially in groups of strangers, but their leadership appeal declines over time as group members become more familiar with them, leading to a fade in their perception due to leadership behaviors.

Narcissistic supply
In psychoanalytic theory, narcissistic supply is attention or admiration that is pathologically or excessively needed from codependents, or such a need in the orally fixated, that does not take into account the feelings, opinions or preferences of other people.

The concept was introduced by Otto Fenichel in 1938, to describe a type of admiration, interpersonal support or sustenance drawn by an individual from their environment and essential to their self-esteem.
Hawadax Island
Hawadax Island (Aleut: Hawadax;) is an island in the Rat Islands archipelago of the western Aleutian Islands in the U.S. state of Alaska. The island was formerly known as Rat Island until May 2012 when it was renamed Hawadax Island, which is an Aleut name meaning "entry" and "welcome". The island has a land area of 10.72 square miles (27.8 km2) and no permanent population. It is within the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge.

The former name is the English translation of the name given to the islands by Captain Fyodor Petrovich Litke in 1827 when he visited the Aleutian Islands on a voyage around the world.

The Rat Islands are very earthquake-prone as they are on the boundary of the Pacific and North American tectonic plates. In 1965, there was a major earthquake with the magnitude 8.7 in the Rat Islands.

1965 Rat Islands earthquake
The 1965 Rat Islands earthquake occurred at 05:01 UTC, on 4 February (19:01, 3 February local time). It had a magnitude of 8.7, making it one of the largest earthquakes in recorded history, and triggered a tsunami of over 10 m on Shemya Island, but caused very little damage.