hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cardinal utility
In economics, a cardinal utility expresses not only which of two outcomes is preferred, but also the intensity of preferences, i.e. how much better or worse one outcome is compared to another.

In consumer choice theory, economists originally attempted to replace cardinal utility with the apparently weaker concept of ordinal utility. Cardinal utility appears to impose the assumption that levels of absolute satisfaction exist, so magnitudes of increments to satisfaction can be compared across different situations. However, economists in the 1940s proved that under mild conditions, ordinal utilities imply cardinal utilities. This result is now known as the von Neumann–Morgenstern utility theorem; many similar utility representation theorems exist in other contexts.

Utility
In economics, utility is a measure of a certain person's satisfaction from a certain state of the world. Over time, the term has been used with at least two meanings.

In a normative context, utility refers to a goal or objective that we wish to maximize, i.e., an objective function. This kind of utility bears a closer resemblance to the original utilitarian concept, developed by moral philosophers such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

In a descriptive context, the term refers to an apparent objective function; such a function is revealed by a person's behavior, and specifically by their preferences over lotteries, which can be any quantified choice.

The relationship between these two kinds of utility functions has been a source of controversy among both economists and ethicists, with most maintaining that the two are distinct but generally related.
1960 Dutch Grand Prix
The 1960 Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Zandvoort on 6 June 1960. It was race 4 of 10 in the 1960 World Championship of Drivers and race 3 of 9 in the 1960 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers.

Due to a crash by Dan Gurney, a spectator, who was in a prohibited area, was killed during this event.

Circuit Zandvoort
Circuit Zandvoort (Dutch pronunciation: [sɪrˈkʋi ˈzɑntfoːrt]), known for sponsorship reasons as Mascot Circuit Zandvoort, previously known as Circuit Park Zandvoort until 2017, is a 4.259 km (2.646 mi) motorsport race track located in the dunes north of Zandvoort, the Netherlands, near the North Sea coast line and 35 km (22 mi) west of Amsterdam. It returned to the Formula One calendar in 2021 as the location of the revived Dutch Grand Prix. This partnership with Formula One will end in 2026. The circuit has been named as Mascot Circuit Zandvoort for at least three years since July 2025.
Wolf Rock Lighthouse
Wolf Rock Lighthouse is on the Wolf Rock (Cornish: An Welv, meaning the lip), a single rock located 18 nautical miles (33 km; 21 mi) east of St Mary's, Isles of Scilly and 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) southwest of Land's End, in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The fissures in the rock are said to produce a howling sound in gales, hence the name.

The lighthouse is 41 metres (135 ft) in height and is constructed from Cornish granite prepared at Penzance, on the mainland of Cornwall. It took eight years, from 1861 to 1869, to build due to the treacherous weather conditions that can occur between the Cornish mainland and the Isles. The light is visible from Land's End by day and night. It has a range of 23 nautical miles (43 km; 26 mi) and was automated in 1988. The lighthouse was the first in the world to be fitted with a helipad.

Les Hanois Lighthouse
Les Hanois Lighthouse was constructed between 1860 and 1862 to a design by James Walker, and was first lit on 8 December 1862. It is sited on the rock known as Le Biseau, or Le Bisé, part of the reef Les Hanois one mile north west of Pleinmont where the Trinity House cottages were built. It was erected in response to an increasing number of shipwrecks on the treacherous rocks off the western coast of Guernsey.
Leibniz Institute for Solar Physics
The Institute for Solar Physics (aka: KIS; German: Institut für Sonnenphysik), from 2018 to 2023, the institute's name was Leibniz Institute for Solar Physics, formerly known as Kiepenheuer Institute for Solar Physics and thus abbreviated KIS) is a  non-university research institute located in Freiburg, Germany.

The institute conducts application-oriented basic research in the fields of astronomy, astrophysics and solar physics.

The KIS lost its membership to the Leibniz Association at the end of 2023 due to a negative evaluation of the institute while both the scientific and instrumentation directors left.

GREGOR Solar Telescope
GREGOR is a solar telescope, equipped with a 1.5-metre primary mirror, located at 2,390 m altitude at the Teide Observatory on Tenerife in the Canary Islands. It replaces the older Gregory Coudé Telescope and was inaugurated on May 21, 2012. First light, using a 1-metre test mirror, was on March 12, 2009 (2009-03-12).

GREGOR is the third-largest solar telescope in the world, after the Big Bear Observatory and the McMath-Pierce solar telescope. It is aimed at observing the solar photosphere and chromosphere at visible and infrared wavelengths. GREGOR sports a high-order adaptive optics (AO) system with a 256-actuator deformable mirror and a 156-subaperture Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. Efforts are underway to implement multi-conjugate AO in 2014.
Ballyoulster
Ballyoulster (Irish: Baile Ualstair) is a village and townland located in County Kildare, Ireland. Historically it lies within the barony of South Salt and the civil parish of Donaghcumper. For planning purposes, it is treated by Kildare County Council as a 'key development area' within the local area plan for the nearby town of Celbridge. It is, however, treated independently by the Central Statistics Office for census purposes, and was recorded as having a population of 479 people in the 2016 census. Ballyoulster United is the local association football (soccer) club, which (as of 2015) was competing in the Leinster Senior League.

Celbridge
Celbridge (/ˈsɛlbrɪdʒ/; Irish: Cill Droichid [ˌciːl̠ʲ ˈd̪ˠɾˠeːdʲ]) is a town and townland on the River Liffey in County Kildare, Ireland. It is 23 km (14 mi) west of Dublin. Both a local centre and a commuter town within the Greater Dublin Area, it is located at the intersection of the R403 and R405 regional roads. As of the 2022 census, Celbridge was the third largest town in County Kildare by population, with 20,601 residents.

The town originated in the 13th century, the name Cill Droichid being anglicised to Celbridge after 1714.
Local oscillator
In electronics, the term local oscillator (LO) refers to an electronic oscillator when used in conjunction with a mixer to change the frequency of a signal. This frequency conversion process, also called heterodyning, produces the sum and difference frequencies from the frequency of the local oscillator and frequency of the input signal to the mixer. Processing a signal at a fixed frequency gives a radio receiver improved performance. In many receivers, the function of local oscillator and mixer is combined in one stage called a "converter" - this reduces the space, cost, and power consumption by combining both functions into one active device.

The term local refers to the fact that the frequency is generated within the circuit and is not reliant on any external signals, although the frequency of the oscillator may be tuned according to external signals.

Frequency mixer
In electronics, a mixer or frequency mixer is a circuit that outputs signals with new frequencies from two signals input to it. In its most common application, two signals are input and two signals are output, having frequencies equal to the sum and the difference of the original frequencies. Other frequency components may also be produced in a practical frequency mixer.

Mixers are widely used to shift signals from one frequency range to another, a process known as heterodyning, for convenience in transmission or further signal processing. For example, a key component of a superheterodyne receiver is a mixer used to move received signals to a common intermediate frequency. Frequency mixers are also used to modulate a carrier signal in radio transmitters.
Budoia
Budoia (Standard Friulian: Budoie; Western Friulian: Buduoia) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Pordenone at the foot of the Dolomites mountain range in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 110 kilometres (68 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) northwest of Pordenone. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,311 and an area of 37.7 square kilometres (14.6 sq mi).

The municipality of Budoia comprises the frazioni (boroughs) of Dardago and Santa Lucia.

Budoia borders the following municipalities: Aviano, Fontanafredda, Polcenigo, Tambre.

Aviano
Aviano (Friulian: Davian; Cimbrian: Pleif) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Pordenone at the foot of the Dolomites mountain range in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, northeast Italy.

Aviano is home to the C.R.O. (Centro di Riferimento Oncologico), one of the main Italian cancer hospitals and research centres.

The Piancavallo ski resort is part of the municipality.
HN Librae
HN Librae, also known as Gliese 555, is a red dwarf with one or more orbiting exoplanets in the constellation Libra. With an apparent visual magnitude of 11.32, it can only be viewed through a telescope. The system is located at a distance of 20.4 light years based on parallax measurements, but is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −1.4 km/s. It does not appear to belong to any known stellar moving group or association.

This is an M-type main-sequence star, a red dwarf, with a stellar classification of M4.0V. The chromosphere of this star is weakly active, causing starspots that vary the stellar luminosity as it rotates. It has 29% of the mass of the Sun and 30% of the Sun's girth. On average, the star is radiating just 1% of the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,347 K. The star is spinning slowly with a rotation period of around 96 days.

Libra (constellation)
Libra /ˈliːbrə/ is a constellation of the zodiac and is located in the Southern celestial hemisphere. Its name is Latin for weighing scales. Its old astronomical symbol is  (♎︎).  It is fairly faint, with no first magnitude stars, and lies between Virgo to the west and Scorpius to the east. Beta Librae, also known as Zubeneschamali, is the brightest star in the constellation. Three star systems are known to have planets.
Ian McTaggart-Cowan
Ian McTaggart-Cowan OC OBC FRSC (June 25, 1910 – April 18, 2010) was a Scottish-Canadian zoologist, conservationist, and television presenter. He has been called "the father of Canadian ecology". He was the brother of meteorologist Patrick McTaggart-Cowan.

Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellowship of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC) is an award granted to individuals that the Royal Society of Canada judges to have "made remarkable contributions in the arts, the humanities and the sciences, as well as in Canadian public life". As of 2020, there are more than 2,000 living Canadian fellows, including scholars, artists, and scientists such as Margaret Atwood, Philip J. Currie, David Suzuki, Brenda Milner, and Demetri Terzopoulos. There are four types of fellowship:

Honorary fellows (a title of honour)

Regularly elected fellows

Specially elected fellows

Foreign fellows (neither residents nor citizens of Canada)
2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Women's 1500 metre freestyle
The women's 1500 metre freestyle competition at the 2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 17 at the Saanich Commonwealth Place. The last champion was Diana Munz of US.

This event was a timed-final where each swimmer swam just once. The top 8 seeded swimmers swam in the evening, and the remaining swimmers swam in the morning session.

2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships
The tenth edition of the Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, a long course (50 m) event, was held in 2006 in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, from August 17–20. Six world records were tallied compared to one from the 2002 edition. This edition was slower than it would have been because of the lack of a full strength Australian team, one of the strongest teams in the world. This made it a common situation that swimmers in the B final were swimming fast enough to place in the top 3 since no country is allowed to have more than 2 swimmers in either final heat.
Calle José de Diego (Mayagüez)
Calle José de Diego (José de Diego Street) is a major thoroughfare in the western Puerto Rico municipality of Mayagüez.  The street is oriented east–west with traffic running two-way drive with two lanes into downtown Mayagüez.

The street begins at Parque José de Diego and finish in dead-end aside PR-2 Highway. Is parallel with Méndez Vigo Street.

Alongside are located side entrances to the Hospital San Antonio and Hospital Perea, and some pubs.

Calle Méndez Vigo (Mayagüez)
Calle Méndez Vigo (Mendez Vigo Street) is a major thoroughfare in the western Puerto Rico municipality of Mayagüez with a length of about 1.22 miles (2 km). The street is oriented east–west with traffic running one-way westbound with the number of lanes going from one to two after the road passes Calle Ramón Emeterio Betances (formerly Post Street) in downtown Mayagüez. Some of the most important historical places in Mayagüez are located on this street:

E. Franco & Co (the house of the "Brazo Gitano Franco")

Escuela Mariano Riera Palmer

Iglesia Católica de Nuestra Señora del Carmen

Edificio Darlington

Parque Suau, Casa Gómez

Antiguo Hospital Ramírez

Casa Casals-Defilló

Edificio Westernbank

Iglesia Central Presbiteriana

Edificio la Palma

Edificio La Bolsa

Panadería y Repostería Ricomini

Municipal Historical Archives (Teatro Riera)

Teatro Balboa
Shorefast
Shorefast is a Canadian social enterprise founded to build economic and cultural resilience on Fogo Island, Newfoundland. After years of economic development work on Fogo Island, Shorefast collaborates with other communities to share insights and best practices for local communities to thrive in the global economy.

The enterprise includes a variety of charitable programs (run by Shorefast Foundation, a registered Canadian charity) and social businesses (run by Shorefast Social Enterprises Inc.).

Shorefast's largest business is the luxury resort Fogo Island Inn.

Shorefast founded Fogo Island Workshops to bring contemporary offerings for traditions of quilting and woodworking. Further businesses include Fogo Island Fish featuring hand-line cod, Growlers Ice Cream, and The Storehouse restaurant.

Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery
In 1992, Northern cod populations fell to 1% of historic levels, in large part from decades of overfishing. The Canadian Federal Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, John Crosbie, declared a moratorium on the Northern Cod fishery, which had primarily shaped the lives and communities of Canada's eastern coast for 500 years. A significant factor contributing to the depletion of the cod stocks off Newfoundland's shores was the introduction of equipment and technology that increased landed fish volume. From the 1950s onwards, new technology allowed fishers to trawl a larger area more deeply and for longer, with the catches peaking in the 1970s and 1980s. Cod stocks were depleted at a faster rate than could be replenished.

The trawlers also caught enormous amounts of non-commercial fish, which were economically unimportant but very important ecologically. The incidental catch undermined the stability of the ecosystem by depleting stocks of important predator and prey species.
Swimming at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre individual medley
The men's 200 metre individual medley competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships took place July 27 and 28. The heats and semifinals took place July 27 and the final was held July 28.

The two main contenders for the event were the reigning World Champion and world record holder Ryan Lochte and Michael Phelps, the reigning Olympic champion.  The final was won by Lochte in a world record time 1:54.00, bettering his previous time of 1:54.10.  Phelps finished in second place with a personal best time of 1:54.16.  So emphatic was Lochte and Phelps performance, that third-place finisher László Cseh said, "The Americans are too good for me. Only Ryan can beat Michael, but I can improve myself and continue to swim faster."

Swimming at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships
The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24–31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai, China. Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships.
Siphonolaimidae
Siphonolaimidae is a family of nematodes belonging to the order Monhysterida.

Genera:

Astomonema Ott, Rieger, Rieger & Enderes, 1982

Cyartonema

Parastomonema Kito, 1989

Paraterschellingia

Siphonolaimus de Man, 1893

Solenolaimus Cobb, 1893

Southernia

Paraterschellingia
Paraterschellingia is a genus of nematodes belonging to the family Cyartonematidae.

The species of this genus are found in Antarctica.

Species:

Paraterschellingia brevicaudata (Kreis, 1924)

Paraterschellingia fusiformis Gerlach, 1951

Paraterschellingia fusuformis Gerlach, 1951
Fist of Legend
Fist of Legend (精武英雄) is a 1994 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Gordon Chan from a screenplay by Chan, Lam Kee-to, and Kim Yip. It features action choreography by Yuen Woo-ping and was produced by Jet Li, who also starred in the lead role of Chen Zhen. It is a remake of the 1972 martial arts film Fist of Fury starring Bruce Lee.

Set in Shanghai in 1914, Fist of Legend follows Chen as he investigates his master Huo Yuanjia's death at the hands of the Imperial Japanese occupation forces. The film co-starred Chin Siu-ho, Yasuaki Kurata, Shinobu Nakayama, Billy Chow, and Paul Chun. It was released by Golden Harvest on 22 December 1994. The film is considered one of Jet Li's best films, and one of the best martial arts films of all time.

Orange Sky Golden Harvest
Orange Sky Golden Harvest (OSGH) (Chinese: 橙天嘉禾娛樂集團有限公司; Cantonese Yale: Cháangtīn Gāwòh Yùhlohk Jaahptyùhn Yáuhhaahn Gūngsī), previously known as Golden Harvest Entertainment Group (Chinese: 嘉禾娛樂事業集團有限公司; Cantonese Yale: Gāwòh Yùhlohk Sihyihp Jaahptyùhn Yáuhhaahn Gūngsī) from 1970 to 2009, is a film production, distribution, and exhibition company based in Hong Kong. It dominated Hong Kong cinema box office sales from the 1970s to the 1980s, and played a major role in introducing Hong Kong action films to the world, especially those by Bruce Lee (Concord Production Inc.), Jackie Chan, Jet Li, and Sammo Hung.
AFC Turris-Oltul Turnu Măgurele
AFC Turris-Oltul Turnu Măgurele, commonly known as Turris Turnu Măgurele, or simply Turris, was a Romanian professional football club based in Turnu Măgurele, Teleorman County.

The team was founded as Voința Saelele in 1965 and was originally based in Saelele, Teleorman County. The club played only at amateur level, Liga IV and Liga V, until 2017 when it won Liga IV – Teleorman County and the promotion play-off against CS Strehaia ensuring its first Liga III presence. In the summer of the same year the club was moved from Saelele to Turnu Măgurele and changed its name in Voința Turnu Măgurele, then in the summer of 2018 in Turris-Oltul Turnu Măgurele. The club was dissolved in January 2021.

2016–17 Liga IV
The 2016–17 Liga IV was the 75th season of Liga IV and the 49th since the 1968 administrative and territorial reorganization of the country, representing the fourth tier of the Romanian football league system. The champions of each county association played against one from a neighbouring county in a play-off for promotion to Liga III.
Operations, administration, and management
Operations, administration, and management or operations, administration, and maintenance (OA&M or OAM) are the processes, activities, tools, and standards involved with operating, administering, managing and maintaining any system.  This commonly applies to telecommunication, computer networks, and computer hardware.

In particular, Ethernet operations, administration and maintenance (EOAM) is the protocol for installing, monitoring and troubleshooting Ethernet metropolitan area network (MANs) and Ethernet WANs. The OAM features covered by this protocol are discovery, link monitoring, remote fault detection and remote loopback.

FCAPS
FCAPS is the ISO Telecommunications Management Network model and framework for network management. FCAPS is an acronym for fault, configuration, accounting, performance, security, the management categories into which the ISO model defines network management tasks. In non-billing organizations accounting is sometimes replaced with administration.
Chuck Horner
Charles Albert Horner (born October 19, 1936) is a retired United States Air Force four-star general. He was born in Davenport, Iowa and attended the University of Iowa, as part of the Air Force Reserve Officers' Training Corps program. On June 13, 1958, Horner was commissioned into the Air Force Reserve. During the Vietnam War, he flew in combat as a Wild Weasel pilot and received the Silver Star. During Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm, he commanded the air forces of the coalition, and he additionally briefly served as Commander-in-Chief — Forward of United States Central Command while General Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr., the commander of all coalition forces, was still in the United States. He currently serves on the board of directors for the United States Institute of Peace.

Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base
Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base or Nakhon Ratchasima Royal Thai Air Force Base is a base of the Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) in northeast Thailand, approximately 200 km (125 mi) northeast of Bangkok and about 4 km (2.5 mi) south of the centre of the city of Nakhon Ratchasima in the Nakhon Ratchasima Province (also known as "Khorat" or "Korat"), the largest province in Thailand.

During the Vietnam War, from 1962 to 1975, Korat RTAFB was a front-line facility of the United States Air Force (USAF) in Thailand.

During the 1980s and early-1990s, the airfield was jointly operated as a civil airport for Nakhon Ratchasima. This ended with the opening of Nakhon Ratchasima Airport in the early-1990s.
2011 ATP Salzburg Indoors
The 2011 ATP Salzburg Indoors was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the third edition of the tournament which is part of the Tretorn SERIE+ of the 2011 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Salzburg, Austria between 14 and 20 November 2011.

ATP Salzburg Indoors
The ATP Salzburg Indoors was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was part of the Tretorn SERIE+ of Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour. The Challenger Tour would eventually return to Salzburg with the Salzburg Open.
Mahino
Mahino is a village in south-western Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Djouroutou, Tabou Department, San-Pédro Region, Bas-Sassandra District. The village is 8 kilometres (5 mi) east of the border with Liberia.

Mahino was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1,126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

Djouroutou
Djouroutou is a town in south-western Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of Tabou Department in San-Pédro Region, Bas-Sassandra District. The town is 11 kilometres east of the border with Liberia.

A large portion of the north-eastern area of the sub-prefecture lies within Taï National Park.

Djouroutou was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1,126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

In 2014, the population of the sub-prefecture of Djouroutou was 71,651.