hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Art McDonald (admiral)
Admiral Arthur Gerard McDonald (born 1967) is a Royal Canadian Navy admiral who served as Chief of the Defence Staff of the Canadian Armed Forces from January 14, 2021, until February 24, 2021, when he voluntarily stepped aside due to an investigation by the Canadian Forces National Investigation Service. On November 25, 2021, McDonald was formally relieved of his command and replaced permanently by General Wayne Eyre, who had held the post during the interim.

McDonald previously served as Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy and Chief of the Naval Staff. He is Canada's first full admiral since Admiral John Anderson held the rank in 1993.

Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy
Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy (French: Commandant de la Marine royale canadienne) is the title of the institutional head of the Royal Canadian Navy. This appointment also includes the title of Chief of the Naval Staff and is based at National Defence Headquarters in Ottawa, Ontario. This individual reports to the Chief of the Defence Staff, who then responds to the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces.
Trichur V. Ramachandran
Trichur V. Ramachandran(born 1940) is a Carnatic music vocalist. He received the most prestigious award of Madras Music Academy's Sangeetha Kalanidhi in 2012 from the Madras Music Academy.

He was born in 1940 in Thrissur, Cochin State. He gave his first concert at the age of 14 and was a disciple of G. N. Balasubramaniam. Later he underwent training under M L Vasanthakumari as part of an Indian government Cultural Scholarship. Ramachandran married Charumathi in 1973.

Ramachandran is recipient of Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 2003. He also received the Padma Bhushan award from the Government of India in 2003. He also received the title of Sangeetha Choodamani by Sri Krishna Gana Sabha in 2001. Among plenty of titles and accolades, he is also the recipient of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award in 1987 and Vidhya Tapasvi title from TAPAS Cultural Foundation in 2009.

Sangita Kalanidhi
Sangita Kalanidhi (transl. Treasure of Music and Art) is the title awarded annually to a Carnatic musician by the Madras Music Academy.

From 1929 to 1941, the award did not exist. The award was conceived in 1942 by Academy President K. V. Krishnaswami Iyer and on 1 January 1943 all musicians who had presided over the annual conferences between 1929 and 1942 were awarded the title. This included 2 or 3 past presidents - Palamarneri Swaminatha Iyer (1931), probably Umayalpuram Swaminatha Iyer (1936) and Mangudi Chidambara Bhagavatar (1937) - but no posthumous award has been presented since then. At times,  1946 is cited as the year of Umayalpuram Swaminatha Iyer's death, in which case he might have received the Sangita Kalanidhi in his lifetime.
Hush (Asobi Seksu album)
Hush is the third studio album by American shoegaze band Asobi Seksu. It was released on February 17, 2009 by Polyvinyl Record Co., marking the band's first album for the label. Hush was recorded in the summer of 2008 and was produced by Chris Zane, who had also worked on Asobi Seksu's previous album Citrus (2006). The album demonstrated a shift from the more shoegaze-inspired work of prior releases to a mellower, quieter sound.

Hush produced four singles: "Me & Mary", released on November 17, 2008; "Familiar Light", released on February 16, 2009; "Transparence", released on August 21, 2009; and "Layers", released on December 7, 2009.

Citrus (album)
Citrus is the second studio album by American shoegaze band Asobi Seksu. It was released on May 30, 2006, in the United States by Friendly Fire Recordings, and on August 13, 2007, in the United Kingdom by One Little Indian Records.

Three singles were released from Citrus: "Thursday" on August 6, 2007, "Strawberries" on November 12, 2007, and "Goodbye" on February 25, 2008.
Tigaraksa railway station
Tigaraksa Station (TGS) is a large class type C railway station located in Cikasungka, Solear, Tangerang Regency. The station, which is located at an altitude of +51 meters, is included in the Operation Area I Jakarta. Even though it is named Tigaraksa, this station is not located in the Tigaraksa district, but is located in the south of the Tigaraksa district itself.

Since 1 April 2013, Tigaraksa Station has served the KRL Commuterline system. But 4 years later, on 1 April 2017, Tigaraksa Station has no longer serves all local train trips operating in the Banten province.

After undergoing trials since 20 January 2021, on 1 February 2021, Tigaraksa Station was determined to be the starting point of departure for KRL Commuter Lines serving the Tanah Abang–Tigaraksa route.

Solear
Solear is a town and an administrative district (kecamatan) located in the Tangerang Regency of Banten Province on Java, Indonesia. The district covers a land area of 34.07 km2, and had a population of 73,888 at the 2010 Census and 95,521 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 109,317 (comprising 56,202 males and 53,115 females). The administrative centre is at the town of Solear.
2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix
The 2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix (officially known as the Formula 1 STC Saudi Arabian Grand Prix 2022) was a Formula One motor race that was held on 27 March 2022 at the Jeddah Corniche Circuit in Saudi Arabia. It was the second edition of the Saudi Arabian Grand Prix and the second round of the 2022 Formula One World Championship.

Red Bull's Max Verstappen won the race ahead of Ferrari's Charles Leclerc, who set the fastest lap for an additional point, and Ferrari teammate Carlos Sainz Jr. Red Bull's pole-sitter Sergio Pérez finished fourth.

Racing flags
Racing flags are traditionally used in auto racing and similar motorsports to indicate track conditions and to communicate important messages to drivers. Typically, the starter, sometimes the grand marshal of a race, waves the flags atop a flag stand near the start-finish line. Track marshals are also stationed at observation posts along the race track in order to communicate both local and course-wide conditions to drivers.  Alternatively, some race tracks employ lights to supplement the primary flag at the start-finish line.
Hassel Iron Works
Hassel Iron Works (Norwegian: Hassel Jernværk; also rendered as Hassel jernverk in modern spelling) was a former mining  and iron works company located near the village of Skotselv in Øvre Eiker, Buskerud, Norway, that existed from 1649 until 1854.

Hassel Iron Works received a royal privilege from King Frederick III of Denmark and Norway in 1649. The mines was in production until  1854, when the company was dissolved and its properties auctioned off. However some limited operations continued until the 1870s under new owners. Its most important mines were located at Hassel in Modum and Barbu near Arendal. The operation included a smelter with a large blast furnace. A large water wheel was used to drive the blower in the blast furnace. Hassel Iron Works also received ore from neighboring mines at Sveaas and Skredsvik in Modum, at Holtefjell, Dramdal and Såsen in Øvre Eiker and from Solberg and Åserud in Nedre Eiker.

Skotselv
Skotselv is a village in the municipality of Øvre Eiker, Norway. Its population (2005) is 684, of which 8 people live within the border of the neighbouring municipality of Modum. It has a railway station on the Randsfjord Line.
Karolina Kaczorowska
Karolina Kaczorowska (born name: Karolina Mariampolska; 26 September 1930 – 21 August 2021) was the widow of Ryszard Kaczorowski, the last President of the Republic of Poland in exile, and thus the last emigree First Lady (1989–1990).

During the Soviet occupation (1939–1941) she was deported, along with her family, to Siberia. After being released, she attended Polish school in Uganda and graduated from the University of London. For a number of years, she worked as a schoolteacher and was active in the Polish exiled Scouting movement, where she met her future husband. They married on 19 July 1952. Karolina and Ryszard had 2 daughters, as well as 5 grandchildren.

Kaczorowska was originally due to attend the 70th anniversary of the Katyn massacre along with her husband, but health reasons prevented her from going. The entire Polish delegation, including former President Kaczorowski, were killed in the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash.

Ryszard Kaczorowski
Ryszard Kaczorowski, GCMG ([ˈrɨʂart kat͡ʂɔˈrɔfskʲi] ⓘ; 26 November 1919 – 10 April 2010) was a Polish statesman. From 1989 to 1990, he served as the last president of Poland-in-exile. He succeeded Kazimierz Sabbat, and resigned his post following Poland's regaining independence from the Soviet sphere of influence and the election of Lech Wałęsa as the first democratically elected president of Poland since before the Second World War. He died on 10 April 2010 in the plane crash near Smolensk, Russia, along with the president of Poland Lech Kaczyński and other senior government officials.
Timeline of Scientology
This is a Timeline of Scientology and its forerunner Dianetics, particularly its foundation and development by author L. Ron Hubbard as well as general publications, articles, books and other milestones.

Operating Thetan
In Scientology, Operating Thetan (OT) is a state of complete spiritual freedom in which one is a "knowing cause over life, thought, matter, energy, space and time".: 279  The Church of Scientology offers eight "levels" of OT, each level costing thousands of US dollars. Each OT level is confidential and is not revealed to anyone beforehand. In summary, the objective of these levels is to remove "body thetans" which are "confused, disembodied souls from other planets who have attached themselves to us".: 18
Quinuajirca
Quinuajirca or Kinwa Hirka (Quechua kinwa Chenopodium quinoa, Ancash Quechua hirka mountain, "quinoa mountain", also spelled Quinuajirca) is a mountain in the eastern extensions of the Cordillera Blanca in the Andes of Peru which reaches a height of approximately 4,400 m (14,400 ft). It is located in the Ancash Region, Huari Province, Huari District. Quinuajirca lies at the Rurichinchay valley, northeast of the peak of Chinchey.

Chinchey
Chinchey, also known as Rurichinchay, is a 6,309-metre-high (20,699 ft)  mountain in the Cordillera Blanca in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the region of Ancash, most precisely between the districts of Aco (in Carhuaz Province), Independencia (in Huaraz Province), and Huari (in Huari Province).

Rurichinchay is also the name of the lake northeast of the mountain at 9°20′31″S 77°19′04″W﻿ / ﻿9.34194°S 77.31778°W﻿ / -9.34194; -77.31778 and the name of the river which originates at the lake. It flows to the southeast.
Sang-kio-ki
Sang-kio-ki and "Ni-fo-si-na" were the costumes of śramaṇa people in India. In the 7th century, the Chinese traveler Xuanzang described Sramana's dress as three different types of robes, which were different in style and cut according to the school they belonged to. Some robes have small or large flaps, though some have narrow or wide borders. The Sang-kio-ki provides cover for the left shoulder while concealing the two armpits. On the right, it is worn closed, while on the left side it is open. It has a longer length down to the waist. The Ni-fo-si-na was a loin cloth, It was plaited in folds and fastened around the loins with a cord. It doesn't have any tassels or griddles. Different schools were using different colours of the garment, such as red and yellow.

Robe
A robe is a  loose-fitting outer garment.  Unlike garments described as capes or cloaks, robes usually have sleeves. The English word robe derives from Middle English robe ("garment"), borrowed from Old French robe ("booty, spoils"), itself taken from the Frankish word *rouba ("spoils, things stolen, clothes"), and is related to the word rob.
Woozle effect
The Woozle effect, also known as evidence by citation, occurs when a source is widely cited for a claim that the source does not adequately support, giving said claim undeserved credibility. If results are not replicated and no one notices that a key claim was never well-supported in its original publication, faulty assumptions may affect further research.

The Woozle effect is somewhat similar to circular reporting in journalism, where someone makes a questionable claim, and a journalist unthinkingly accepts the claim and republishes it without realizing its dubious and unreliable origins. In turn, other journalists and the public then continue to repeat and duplicate the unsupported claim.

David Finkelhor
David Finkelhor (born 1947) is an American sociologist known for his research into child sexual abuse and related topics. He is the director of the Crimes against Children Research Center, co-director of the Family Research Laboratory and professor of sociology at the University of New Hampshire.
Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railroad
The Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railroad (reporting mark LSI), is a Class III railroad U.S. railroad offering service from Marquette, Michigan, to nearby locations in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. It began operations in 1896. The LS&I continues to operate as an independent railroad from its headquarters in Marquette.

At the end of 1970, LS&I operated 117 miles of road on 241 miles of track (188 on 388 km); that year it reported 43 million ton-miles (63 million tkm) of freight. In 2011, LS&I had been reduced to 25 miles (40 km) of track.

Railroad classes
Railroad classes are the system by which freight railroads are designated in the United States. Railroads are assigned to Class I, II or III according to annual revenue criteria originally set by the Surface Transportation Board in 1992. With annual adjustments for inflation, the 2019 thresholds were US$504,803,294 for Class I carriers and US$40,384,263 for Class II carriers. (Smaller carriers were Class III by default.)

There are six Class I freight railroad companies in the United States: BNSF Railway, CSX Transportation, Canadian National Railway, CPKC, Norfolk Southern Railway, and Union Pacific Railroad. Canadian National also operates in Canada and CPKC operates in Canada and Mexico.

In addition, the national passenger railroad in the United States, Amtrak, would qualify as Class I if it were a freight carrier, as would Canada's Via Rail passenger service. Mexico's Ferromex freight railroad would also qualify as Class I, but it does not operate in the United States.
Spanish Enlightenment literature
Spanish Enlightenment literature is the literature of Spain written during the Age of Enlightenment.

During the 18th century a new mentality emerged (in essence a continuation of the Renaissance) which swept away the old values of the Baroque era and was given the name the Enlightenment. This movement is based on a critical spirit, on the predominance of reason and experience, philosophy and science being the most valued sources of knowledge. The period is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. In short, human happiness was pursued by means of culture and progress. Art and literature began to move towards a new classicism (Neoclassicism). Expressions of feeling were avoided, norms and academic rules were followed, and balance and harmony were valued. By the end of the century, so much rigidity led to a reaction in the form of a return to the world of feelings; this movement is known as Pre-Romanticism.

Nicolás Fernández de Moratín
Nicolás Fernández de Moratín (1737–1780) was the father of one of the most important Spanish writers and dramatists of the neoclassical era, Leandro Fernández de Moratín. He himself was involved in the Spanish literary movement of the day and heavily influenced his son. He wrote Arte de las putas, a poem, and La petimetra, a new comedy. He was also a member of the Tertulia de la Fonda de San Sebastián where he met famous authors like José Cadalso and Tomás de Iriarte.
1974 California Golden Bears football team
The 1974 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley in the Pacific-8 Conference (Pac-8) during the 1974 NCAA Division I football season. In their third year under head coach Mike White, the Golden Bears compiled a 7–3–1 record (4–2–1 in Pac-8, tied for third), and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 276 to 213. The Pac-8 did not allow a second bowl team until the following season (1975).

The team's statistical leaders included Steve Bartkowski with 2,580 passing yards, Chuck Muncie with 791 rushing yards, and Steve Rivera with 938 receiving yards.

Steve Bartkowski
Steven Joseph Bartkowski (born November 12, 1952) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Atlanta Falcons (1975–1985), Washington Redskins (1985) and the Los Angeles Rams (1986). He was a two-time Pro Bowl selection. Bartkowski played college football for the California Golden Bears, earning consensus All-American honors as a senior in 1974. He was selected by the Falcons with the first overall pick of the 1975 NFL draft.
Sérgio Comba
Sergio Héctor Comba (born 15 October 1978) is a retired Argentine footballer who played as a striker.

He has played for several teams as Atlético Rafaela, Sarmiento, Ferro Carril Oeste, FC Nantes, Pistoiese, San Martín de Tucumán, Defensores, CA Huracán, Cruz Azul Hidalgo, Defensores, Atlético Rafaela, San Martín de Mendoza, YF Juventus, Sangiovannese, Celano, Defensores de Belgrano and Santiago Morning. He also had a brief spell in Ligue 1 with FC Nantes.

In mid 2009, Comba was signed for Santiago Morning, in this club he played a total of 34 matches and also scored a total of 17 goals.

Atlético de Rafaela
Asociación Mutual Social y Deportiva Atlético de Rafaela, known simply as Atlético de Rafaela, is an Argentine sports club based in the city of Rafaela, in Santa Fe Province. The club is mostly known for its professional football team, that competes in Primera Nacional, the second division of Argentine football league system. It is popularly known in Argentina and other South American countries for its nickname "La Crema".

The club owns the Autódromo Ciudad de Rafaela. Apart from football, the other sports and activities practised at the institution are basketball, chess, field hockey, artistic gymnastics, paddle tennis, roller skating, skeet shooting, swimming, tennis and volleyball.
Digital Signal 1
Digital Signal 1 (DS1, sometimes DS-1) is a T-carrier signaling scheme devised by Bell Labs. DS1 is the primary digital telephone standard used in the United States, Canada and Japan and is able to transmit up to 24 multiplexed voice and data calls over telephone lines. E-carrier is used in place of T-carrier outside the United States, Canada, Japan, and South Korea. DS1 is the logical bit pattern used over a physical T1 line; in practice, the terms DS1 and T1 are often used interchangeably.

Bipolar encoding
In telecommunication, bipolar encoding is a type of return-to-zero (RZ) line code, where two nonzero values are used, so that the three values are +, −, and zero. Such a signal is called a duobinary signal. Standard bipolar encodings are designed to be DC-balanced, spending equal amounts of time in the + and − states.

The reason why bipolar encoding is classified as a return to zero (RZ) is that when a bipolar encoded channel is idle the line is held at a constant "zero" level, and when it is transmitting bits the line is either in a +V or -V state corresponding to the binary bit being transmitted. Thus, the line always returns to the "zero" level to denote optionally a separation of bits or to denote idleness of the line.
Samuel I. Rosenberg
Samuel Isadore Rosenberg (born May 18, 1950) is an American politician who has served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates representing northwest Baltimore since 1983. He is currently the longest serving member of the Maryland General Assembly.

Bob Ehrlich
Robert Leroy Ehrlich Jr. (born November 25, 1957) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 60th governor of Maryland from 2003 to 2007. A Republican, Ehrlich represented Maryland's 10th legislative district in the House of Delegates from 1987 to 1995 and Maryland's 2nd Congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1995 to 2003.

Ehrlich was the first Republican to serve as governor of Maryland since Spiro Agnew left office in 1969. He served one term before being defeated in his 2006 re-election bid by Democrat Martin O'Malley. In 2010, Ehrlich sought an unsuccessful rematch against O'Malley. Ehrlich then announced, via his website, that he would "return to private life." In October 2011, he was named chair of Mitt Romney's Maryland campaign for the 2012 Republican nomination for President.
Najib Razak controversies
Najib Razak served as the 6th Prime Minister of Malaysia from 2009 to 2018. The son of former 2nd prime minister Abdul Razak Hussein, his period of rule was marked by corruption, an extravagant lifestyle, and crackdown on free speech.

On 23 August 2022, Najib began serving a 12-year sentence in Kajang Prison for his role in the 1MDB scandal. On 2 February 2024, Malaysia's Pardons Board has announced that Najib's jail sentence for corruption has been reduced from 12 to six years.

Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission
The Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (Malay: Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia; Jawi: سوروهنجاي ڤنچڬاهن رسواه مليسيا‎), abbreviated MACC or SPRM (formerly known as Anti-Corruption Agency, ACA or Badan Pencegah Rasuah, BPR), is a government agency in Malaysia that investigates and prosecutes corruption in the public and private sectors.
Blacktail redhorse
The blacktail redhorse (Moxostoma poecilurum) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Moxostoma. The blacktail redhorse occupies North America, being located throughout Mississippi River tributaries on the former Mississippi Embayment, ranging from Southern Kentucky to Galveston Bay in Texas.

Moxostoma
Moxostoma, the redhorses or jumprocks, is a genus of North American ray-finned fish in the family Catostomidae. Redhorses are variable in size, geographic location, and other ecological traits such as spawning substrate. Several redhorses are long-lived (lifespans greater than 20 years), much like many other catostomid species. The silver redhorse is the longest-lived redhorse known by nearly a decade, with ages exceeding 40 years. Redhorses are broadly of conservation concern, as these long-lived species are highly intolerant to environmental pollution, habitat fragmentation, and are currently subject to unregulated 21st century sport bowfishing which is removing and wantonly wasting several of these species by the ton.
Microcotyle argenticus
Microcotyle argenticus is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Microcotylidae. It was described from the gills of the silver pomfret Pampus argenteus (Stromateidae) from Karachi coast off Pakistan.

Fish diseases and parasites
Like humans and other animals, fish suffer from diseases and parasites. Fish defences against disease are specific and non-specific. Non-specific defences include skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps microorganisms and inhibits their growth. If pathogens breach these defences, fish can develop inflammatory responses that increase the flow of blood to infected areas and deliver white blood cells that attempt to destroy the pathogens.

Specific defences are specialised responses to particular pathogens recognised by the fish's body, that is adaptative immune responses. In recent years, vaccines have become widely used in aquaculture and ornamental fish, for example vaccines for commercial food fishes like Aeromonas salmonicida, furunculosis in salmon and Lactococcosis\Streptococcosis  in farmed grey mullet, Tilapia and koi herpes virus in koi.

Some commercially important fish diseases are VHS, ICH, and whirling disease.