hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Religion in ancient Tamilakam
Hinduism, in particular Vaishnavism and Shaivism, was the predominant religion in ancient Tamilakam. The Sangam period in Tamilakam (c. 600 BCE–300 CE) was characterized by the coexistence of many denominations and religions: Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Jainism, Ajivika and later joined by Buddhism alongside the folk religion of the Tamil people. The monarchs of the time practiced religious tolerance and openly encouraged religious discussions and invited teachers of every sect to the public halls to preach their doctrines. Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism were the three major religions that prevailed in the Tamil region predating the Common Era, as early as the Sangam period.

S. Vaiyapuri Pillai
Rao Sahib Saravanapperumal Vaiyapuri Pillai (12 October 1891 – 17 February 1956) was a renowned lawyer and Tamil scholar. An advocate by profession, he edited and published several Tamil classics from original manuscripts. He is best remembered as the editor of the Tamil lexicon published by the Madras University in the 1920s. He was a voracious reader and had in his own private collection thousands of books in Tamil, English, Sanskrit and Malayalam. His collection also included hundreds of palm-leaf manuscripts.  This collection was later donated to the National Library of India in Kolkata.
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Adam Holzman (guitarist)
Adam Holzman (born 1960 in New York City) is a classical guitarist. He is Professor of Guitar at the University of Texas at Austin and is the Parker C. Fielder Regents Professor in Music. Formerly he was associate professor at the University of South Florida in Tampa. In 1989 he joined the faculty and the University of Texas at Austin Sarah and Ernest Butler School of Music where he founded its classical guitar studio. In 1990 he founded the Austin Guitar Society. In 2017, he founded The Brevard Music Center Summer Festival Guitar Program.

Holzman held the title of "Maestro Extraordinario" given by the Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico, where he served as artist-in-residence until 1992.

His teachers include Albert Blain, Bruce Holzman, Eliot Fisk, Andrés Segovia and Oscar Ghiglia. He was chosen twice as a student in the US master classes of Andrés Segovia. He has numerous CD releases on Naxos Records and HRH Records.

Andrés Segovia
Andrés Segovia Torres, 1st Marquis of Salobreña (21 February 1893 – 2 June 1987), was a Spanish virtuoso classical guitarist. Many professional classical guitarists were either students of Segovia or students of Segovia's students.
Segovia's contribution to the modern-romantic repertoire included not only commissions but also his own transcriptions of classical or baroque works. He is remembered for his expressive performances: his wide palette of tone, and his distinctive musical personality, phrasing and style.
Gold medal
A gold medal is a medal awarded for highest achievement in a non-military field. Its name derives from the use of at least a fraction of gold in form of plating or alloying in its manufacture.

Since the eighteenth century, gold medals have been awarded in the arts, for example, by the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, usually as a symbol of an award to give an outstanding student some financial freedom. Others offer only the prestige of the award. Many organizations now award gold medals either annually or extraordinarily, including various academic societies.

While some gold medals are solid gold, others are gold-plated or silver-gilt, like those of the Olympic Games, the Lorentz Medal, the United States Congressional Gold Medal and the Nobel Prize medal. Nobel Prize medals consist of 18 karat green gold plated with 24 karat gold. Before 1980, they were struck in 23 karat gold.

1904 Summer Olympics
The 1904 Summer Olympics (officially the Games of the III Olympiad and also known as St. Louis 1904) were an international multi-sport event held in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, from 1 July to 23 November 1904. Many events were conducted at what is now known as Francis Field on the campus of Washington University in St. Louis. This was the first time that the Olympic Games were held outside Europe.

Tensions caused by the Russo–Japanese War and difficulties in traveling to St. Louis resulted in very few top-class athletes from outside the United States and Canada taking part in the 1904 Games. Only 69–74 of the 651 athletes who competed came from outside North America, and only between 12 and 15 nations were represented in all. Some events subsequently combined the U.S. national championship with the Olympic championship. The current three-medal format of gold, silver and bronze for first, second and third place was introduced at the 1904 Olympics.
1972 United States Senate election in New Hampshire
The 1972 United States Senate election in New Hampshire took place on November 7, 1972. Incumbent Democratic Senator Thomas J. McIntyre won re-election to a third term. Democrats would not win this seat again until 2008. This was the first time Democrats were re-elected to any Senate seat in New Hampshire.

New Hampshire was one of fifteen states alongside Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Rhode Island, South Dakota and West Virginia that were won by Republican President Richard Nixon in 1972 that elected Democrats to the United States Senate.

2008 United States Senate election in New Hampshire
The 2008 United States Senate election in New Hampshire was held on November 4, 2008. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator John E. Sununu ran for re-election to a second term, but was defeated by Democrat Jeanne Shaheen in a rematch of the 2002 election. Shaheen's win marked the first time since 1972 that a Democrat won this seat, and made her the first Democratic senator elected from New Hampshire since John A. Durkin's victory in 1975.
Environmental regulation of small and medium enterprises
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have been identified as a problem area in the field of environmental regulation. Small and medium-sized enterprises are defined by the European Commission as having fewer than 250 employees, independent (with no shareholder having over a 25% stake in the business) and with an annual turnover of no more than €50 million or annual balance sheet of €43 million.

While the individual environmental impacts of SMEs are generally small in comparison to those of large corporations, the cumulative environmental impacts of the sector are large. They also pose particular problems for environmental governance, showing little receptiveness to new environment policy instruments (NEPIs) such as market-based instruments, voluntary agreements and informational devices.

Small Business Act for Europe
The Small Business Act for Europe (SBA) is a package of principles put forward by the European Commission in 2008, designed to assist small businesses within the European Union (EU). The package contains ten "guiding principles intended for adoption "at the highest political level" across the EU. It is not a legislative act as such.
National Library of New Zealand
The National Library of New Zealand (Māori: Te Puna Mātauranga o Aotearoa) is charged with the obligation to "enrich the cultural and economic life of New Zealand and its interchanges with other nations" (National Library of New Zealand (Te Puna Mātauranga) Act 2003). Under the Act, the library's duties include collecting, preserving and protecting New Zealand's documentary heritage, supporting other libraries in New Zealand, and collaborating with peer institutions abroad. The library headquarters is on the corner of Aitken and Molesworth Streets in Wellington, close to the New Zealand Parliament Buildings and the Court of Appeal.

The National Library is New Zealand's legal deposit library, and the Legal Deposit Office is the country's agency for ISBN and ISSN. The library supports schools through its Services to Schools business unit, which has curriculum and advisory branches around New Zealand.

New Zealand Parliament Buildings
The New Zealand Parliament Buildings house the New Zealand Parliament and are on a 45,000 square metre site at the northern end of Lambton Quay, Wellington. From north to south, they are the Parliamentary Library building (1899); the Edwardian neoclassical-style Parliament House (1922); the executive wing, called "The Beehive" (1977); and Bowen House (in use since 1991). Currently, an additional building for housing Members of Parliament is under construction, which is expected to be completed in 2027. Whilst most of the individual buildings are outstanding for different reasons, the overall setting that has been achieved "has little aesthetic or architectural coherence".
Eoin McHugh
Eoin McHugh (born 1994/95) is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays for Cill Chartha and the Donegal county team.

He is the only son of James McHugh, a member of the team that defeated Dublin in the 1992 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final. His uncle Martin was also a member of that team.

The Irish News
The Irish News is a compact daily newspaper based in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It is Northern Ireland's largest-selling morning newspaper and is available throughout Ireland. It is broadly Irish nationalist in its viewpoint, though it also features unionist columnists.
Joel H. Hubbard House
The Joel H. Hubbard House, also known as the Ferson–Butler–Satterlee Home is a historic residence in St. Charles, Illinois. The Greek Revival structure is constructed of wood on a stone foundation with an asphalt roof. It remains structurally similar to its original 1854 design with the exception of a sunroom addition. Joel H. Hubbard was a carpenter who originally designed this house and lived there for at least a year. The next owner was George Ferson, a member of the Kane County Board of Supervisors. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 4, 2011.

St. Charles, Illinois
St. Charles or Saint Charles is a city in Kane and DuPage Counties, Illinois, United States. The population was 33,081 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 33,482 in 2024. It lies roughly 35 miles west of Chicago on Illinois Route 64. The official city slogan is "Pride of the Fox", after the Fox River that runs through the center of town. St. Charles is part of a tri-city area along with Geneva and Batavia, all western Chicago suburbs of similar size and socioeconomic condition.
Low-rank approximation
In mathematics, low-rank approximation refers to the process of approximating a given matrix by a matrix of lower rank. More precisely, it is a minimization problem, in which the cost function measures the fit between a given matrix (the data) and an approximating matrix (the optimization variable), subject to a constraint that the approximating matrix has reduced rank. The problem is used for mathematical modeling and data compression. The rank constraint is related to a constraint on the complexity of a model that fits the data. In applications, often there are other constraints on the approximating matrix apart from the rank constraint, e.g., non-negativity and Hankel structure.

Low-rank approximation is closely related to numerous other techniques, including principal component analysis, factor analysis, total least squares, latent semantic analysis, orthogonal regression, and dynamic mode decomposition.

Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.

In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics.
Culoz station
Culoz station (French: Gare de Culoz) is a French railway station located in commune of Culoz, Ain department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It is located at kilometric point (KP) 101.355 on the Lyon–Geneva railway. The station is equally the origin of Culoz–Modane railway.

The station was put into service in 1857 by the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Lyon à Genève.

As of 2020, the station is owned and operated by the SNCF and served by TER Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes trains.

Lyon–Geneva railway
The Lyon–Geneva railway is an important route in the national rail network.  It connects not only Geneva but also feeds the Maurienne railway and the Geneva to Valence via Grenoble line. It carries a variety of traffic: TGV Paris-Geneva, Geneva - South of France, TER Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Léman Express and goods trains.

The line is numbered 890 000 of the RFF national network.
Gurjaradesha
Gurjaradesa (lit. 'Gurjara country', or Gurjaratra) is a historical region in India comprising southern Rajasthan and northern Gujarat during the period of 6th–12th century CE. The predominant power of the region, Gurjara Pratihara, eventually controlled a major part of North India centered at Kannauj. The current Indian state of Gujarat derives its name from the ancient Gurjaratra.

Vallabhi
Vallabhi (or Valabhi or Valabhipur) is an ancient city located in the Saurashtra peninsula of Gujarat, near Bhavnagar in western India. It is also known as Vallabhipura and was the capital of the Kingdom of Valabhi, an early medieval state ruled by the Suryavanshi Maitraka Dynasty.
2006 California Proposition 90
California Proposition 90 was a 2006 ballot initiative in the state of California, United States.  Passing of the initiative would have made two changes to California law:

Eminent domain could not be used by government except to provide facilities for public use, to abate specific public nuisances, and to act in a declared state of emergency.  (This was a reaction to the Supreme Court's decision in Kelo v. City of New London.)

Government would be required to reimburse property owners whose property value is decreased as a result of any government regulation or action.

The measure was defeated by a vote of 47.6% in favor and 52.4% opposed. In the June 2008 election the more narrowly defined Proposition 99 was passed.

The initiative was similar to the controversial Oregon Ballot Measure 37 (2004).

70–80%

60–70%

50–60%

50–60%

2004 Oregon Ballot Measure 37 and 2007 Oregon Ballot Measure 49
Oregon Ballot Measure 37 was a controversial land-use ballot initiative that passed in the U.S. state of Oregon in 2004 and is now codified as Oregon Revised Statutes (ORS) 195.305. Measure 37 has figured prominently in debates about the rights of property owners versus the public's right to enforce environmental and other land use regulations. Voters passed Measure 49 in 2007, substantially reducing the impact of Measure 37.
Ra.D
Lee Doo-hyun (Hangul: 이두현; born May 6, 1980), better known by his stage name Ra.D (Hangul: 라디) is a South Korean singer, songwriter and producer who debuted in 2002 with the album My Name is Ra.D. He started his own record company, RealCollabo, and has since worked on the albums of numerous artists. He returned in February 2013 with the single "It's Been So Long" following a 6-year break.

Ra.D has produced for artists such as 2PM, Brown Eyed Girls' Gain, Dynamic Duo, KeBee, UMC, Ahn Trio and Cho PD.

On October 26, 2015, he announced RealCollabo would be closed after established for seven years. "Draw You", a collaboration project of Ra.D, d.ear, Brother Su, and Jooyoung, is the last release from this label (co-release with 24thStreet).

Gain (singer)
Son Ga-in (손가인; born September 20, 1987), known mononymously as Gain, is a South Korean singer, actress and entertainer, best known as a member of the South Korean girl group Brown Eyed Girls. Having debuted with her home group earlier in 2006, Gain eventually made her solo debut in October 2010 with Step 2/4 to great commercial success, and has since released a total of six extended plays. In addition to her musical career, the singer also appeared in several native programs and series, most notably We Got Married and All My Love, where she co-starred alongside 2AM's Jo Kwon.
Maritime Informatics
Maritime Informatics is a thematic topic within the broader discipline of informatics. It can be considered as both a field of study and domain of application. As an application domain, it is the outlet of innovations originating from data science and artificial intelligence; as a field of study, it is positioned between computer science and marine engineering.

Informatics
Informatics is the study of computational systems. According to the ACM Europe Council and Informatics Europe, informatics is synonymous with computer science and computing as a profession, in which the central notion is the transformation of information. In some cases, the term "informatics" may also be used with different meanings, e.g., in the context of social computing or library science.
Heather Lewandowski
Heather Lewandowski is a professor of physics at the University of Colorado Boulder. She looks to understand the quantum mechanical processes in making chemical bonds. She uses time-varying inhomogeneous electric fields (in a Stark decelerator) to achieve supersonic cooling. She also studies how students learn experimental skills in instructional physics labs and help to improve student learning in these environments. She is a Fellow of the American Physical Society.

American Association of Physics Teachers
The American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT) was founded in 1930 for the purpose of "dissemination of knowledge of physics, particularly by way of teaching." There are more than 10,000 members in over 30 countries. AAPT publications include two peer-reviewed journals, the American Journal of Physics and The Physics Teacher. The association has two annual National Meetings (winter and summer) and has regional sections with their own meetings and organization. The association also offers grants and awards for physics educators, including the Richtmyer Memorial Award and programs and contests for physics educators and students. It is headquartered at the American Center for Physics in College Park, Maryland.
Edziza obsidian
Edziza obsidian is a naturally formed volcanic glass found at the Mount Edziza volcanic complex in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It occurs in at least four geological formations of the volcanic complex and was widely used by indigenous peoples during the pre-Columbian era. As a result of its widespread use, Edziza obsidian has been found in several archaeological sites throughout the Pacific Northwest.

Obsidian
Obsidian (/əbˈsɪdi.ən, ɒb-/ əb-SID-ee-ən ob-) is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed when lava extruded from a volcano cools rapidly with minimal crystal growth. It is an igneous rock. Produced from felsic lava, obsidian is rich in the lighter elements such as silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, and potassium. It is commonly found within the margins of rhyolitic lava flows known as obsidian flows. These flows have a high content of silica, giving them a high viscosity. The high viscosity inhibits the diffusion of atoms through the lava, which inhibits the first step (nucleation) in the formation of mineral crystals. Together with rapid cooling, this results in a natural glass forming from the lava.

Obsidian is hard, brittle, and amorphous; it therefore fractures with sharp edges. In the past, it was used to manufacture cutting and piercing tools, and it has been used experimentally as surgical scalpel blades.
Marcel Musters
Marcel Musters (born 6 June 1959) is a Dutch actor.

In 2019, he won the Golden Calf for Best Actor award for his role in the film God Only Knows directed by Mijke de Jong. In 2020, a print of his hand was added to the 'Walk of Fame' in the Vinkenburgstraat in Utrecht, Netherlands.

Mijke de Jong
Mijke de Jong (born 23 September 1959) is a Dutch film director, screenwriter and producer. She is known for creating films such as Bluebird (2004), Frailer (2014), Layla M. (2016) and God Only Knows (2019). Layla M. was selected as the 2018 Dutch entry for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film.
Pesucen
Pesucen (Indonesian pronunciation: [pəˈsut͡ʃɛn]) is a village in the town of Petarukan, Pemalang Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. This villages has an area of 3,73 km2 and a population of 9,003 inhabitants in 2022.

Petarukan, Pemalang
Petarukan (Indonesian pronunciation: [pət̪aˈrukan]) is an administrative district (kecamatan) in Pemalang Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. It lies immediately to the east of the highly urbanised Pemalang-Taman area. Petarukan District contains the urban village (kelurahan) of Petarukan and 19 rural villages (desa).
Pagani Zonda
The Pagani Zonda is a mid-engine sports car produced by Italian sports car manufacturer Pagani. It debuted at the 1999 Geneva Motor Show. Produced on commission in limited units, as of 2019 a total of 140 cars had been built, including development mules. Variants include a two-door coupé and roadster variant, along with a third new variant being the barchetta. Construction is mainly of carbon fibre.

The Zonda was originally to be named the "Fangio F1" after Formula One champion Juan Manuel Fangio, but, following his death in 1995, it was renamed for the Zonda wind, a term for a hot air current above Argentina.

Roadster (car)
A roadster (also spider, spyder) is an open two-seat car with emphasis on sporting appearance or character. Initially an American term for a two-seat car with no weather protection, its usage has spread internationally and has evolved to include two-seat convertibles.

The roadster was also a style of racing car driven in United States Auto Club (USAC) Championship Racing, including the Indianapolis 500, in the 1950s and 1960s. This type of racing car was superseded by rear-mid-engine cars.
Geelong Customs House
The Geelong Customs House is a bluestone and freestone classical style public building in Geelong, Victoria, built in 1855. It replaced a small timber prefabricated building of 1838, which was later relocated to the Geelong Botanic Gardens.

The Customs House was erected near the Geelong foreshore to serve the needs of the colonial administration during the peak of the gold rushes. The building was designed by John James Clark and constructed by William Crocker Cornish in April 1855. The Geelong Customs House is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register, and City of Greater Geelong Heritage Overlay. The building is no longer used for its original purpose, but was restored in 2012, winning a National Trust Award. It previously housed offices and the 'Custom House Restaurant and Wine Bar'. As of September 2024, the City of Greater Geelong announced it would refurbish the interior of the building to house a new Design and Creative Hub.

Geelong Botanic Gardens
The Geelong Botanic Gardens is a botanical garden in the city of Geelong, Victoria, Australia. The gardens are located within Eastern Park on the eastern outskirts of the central business district. They were established in 1850 and are the fourth oldest botanic garden in Australia.