hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of California (1900–present)
After 1900, California continued to grow rapidly and soon became an agricultural and industrial power. The economy was widely based on specialty agriculture, oil, tourism, shipping, film, and after 1940 advanced technology such as aerospace and electronics industries – along with a significant military presence. The films and stars of Hollywood helped make the state the "center" of worldwide attention. California became an American cultural phenomenon; the idea of the "California Dream" as a portion of the larger American Dream of finding a better life drew 35 million new residents from the start to the end of the 20th century (1900–2010). Silicon Valley became the world's center for computer innovation.

Stephanie Pincetl
Stephanie Pincetl is an American academic specializing in the intersection of urban policy and the environment, particularly in California. She is the Director of the California Center for Sustainable Communities at UCLA in Los Angeles.
PKS 0208−512
PKS 0208−512 is a blazar located in the southern constellation of Eridanus. It has a redshift of 1.003 and was first discovered in 1975 by astronomers conducting the Parkes 2700 MHz survey in Australia as a bright astronomical radio source. This object is also classified highly polarized with the radio spectrum appearing to be flat, thus making it a flat-spectrum radio quasar.

Eridanus (constellation)
Eridanus is a constellation which stretches along the southern celestial hemisphere. It is represented as a river. One of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century AD astronomer Ptolemy, it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is the sixth largest of the modern constellations.  The same name was later taken as a Latin name for the real Po River and also for the name of a minor river in Athens.
Choerocoris paganus
Choerocoris paganus, also known as the red jewel bug, is a species of true bug in the family Scutelleridae. They are generally not harmful, but can exude noxious chemicals. They are found in woodlands and scrublands of Australia.

Scutelleridae
Scutelleridae is a family of true bugs. They are commonly known as jewel (stink) bugs or metallic shield bugs due to their often brilliant coloration. With the name based on the Asian genus Scutellera, they are also known as shield-backed bugs due to the enlargement of the thoracic scutellum into a continuous shield over the abdomen and wings. This latter characteristic distinguishes them from most other families within Heteroptera, and may lead to misidentification as a beetle rather than a bug. These insects use their piercing-sucking mouthparts to feed on plant juices from a variety of different species, including some commercial crops. Closely related to stink bugs, they may also produce an offensive odour when disturbed. There are around 450 species worldwide.
Yorkton (federal electoral district)
Yorkton was a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1925 to 1968. This riding was created in 1924 from parts of Mackenzie and Saltcoats ridings.

It was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed into Regina East, Regina—Lake Centre and Yorkton—Melville  ridings.

Mackenzie (federal electoral district)
Mackenzie was a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1904 to 1997. This riding was created in 1903, when Saskatchewan was still a part of the North-West Territories. In 1905, when Saskatchewan was created, the district was retained in the province.

The riding was abolished in 1996, and parts of it were merged into the districts of Blackstrap, Churchill River, Prince Albert, Qu'Appelle, Regina—Lumsden—Lake Centre, Saskatoon—Humboldt and Yorkton—Melville.
Chocorua, New Hampshire
Chocorua is an unincorporated community within the town of Tamworth in Carroll County, New Hampshire, United States.  It is located in the general area where Routes 16 and 113 meet, south of Mount Chocorua and Chocorua Lake.

Chocorua Lake
Chocorua Lake is a picturesque lake in northeast New Hampshire, United States, with commanding views of the summit of Mount Chocorua. It is approximately 1.1 miles (1.8 km) long (north-south) with a maximum width of 3,500 feet (1.1 km) (east-west), covering 222 acres (90 ha), and a maximum depth of 27 feet (8.2 m).

The lake is most noted for its calm, serene setting. There is little to no development surrounding it, and its views of the bald summit of Mount Chocorua are unblemished by radio antennas.
Mohammed Albakry
Mohammed A. Albakry is an Egyptian-American academic and translator of contemporary Arabic literature. He is a professor at Middle Tennessee State University. His translations of Arabic fiction appeared in various publications, and some of his translations of Egyptian drama have been performed in major U.S cities including theaters in New York, Boston, Nashville, and Chicago. He occasionally contributes journalistic pieces to The Tennessean newspaper, and other print and online periodicals.

Egyptian Americans
Egyptian Americans (Egyptian Arabic: الأمريكان المصريين, romanized: el-Amrīkān el-Maṣrīyyīn) are Americans of partial or full Egyptian ancestry. The 2016 US Census estimated the number of people with Egyptian ancestry at 256,000, most of whom are from Egypt's Christian Orthodox Coptic minority. Egyptian Americans may also include the Egyptian foreign-born population in the United States. The US Census Bureau estimated in 2016 that there were 181,677 foreign-born Egyptians in the United States. They represented around 0.4% of the total US foreign-born population as 42,194,354 first-generation immigrants in 2016. Egyptians are concentrated in New York City and Los Angeles. California has the largest Egyptian population by state.
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1864–1869
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly  who served in the fifth parliament of New South Wales held their seats from 1864 until 1869. The 1864–65 election was held between 22 November 1864 and 10 January 1865 with parliament first meeting on 24 January 1865. The Speaker was John Hay until 31 October 1865 and then William Arnold.

By-elections
Under the constitution, ministers were required to resign to recontest their seats in a by-election when appointed. These by-elections are only noted when the minister was defeated; in general, he was elected unopposed.

William Munnings Arnold
William Munnings Arnold (10 October 1819 – 1 March 1875) was an Australian politician, a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from  1856 until his death. He held numerous ministerial positions between 1860 and 1865 including Secretary for Public Works and Secretary for Lands. He was the Speaker between 1865 and 1875.
South Glencoe, Western Australia
South Glencoe is a rural locality in the Shire of Katanning, situated in the Great Southern region of Western Australia. The Johns Well Nature Reserve is located within South Glencoe, along with a small part of the unnamed WA24282 Nature Reserve.

South Glencoe lies on the traditional land of the Koreng people of the Noongar nation.

The name "Glencoe" originates from Glencoe House, a property in the neighbouring locality of Glencoe, which gave its name to the area and several of buildings within it.

Shire of Katanning
The Shire of Katanning is a local government area in the Great Southern region of Western Australia, about 170 kilometres (106 mi) north of Albany and about 290 kilometres (180 mi) southeast of the state capital, Perth. The Shire covers an area of 1,518 square kilometres (586 sq mi), and its seat of government is the town of Katanning.
Andrei Kazusenok
Andrei Fyodorovich Kazusenok (Belarusian: Андрей Фёдорович Казусенок, born 15 January 1984) is a Belarusian judoka and sambist.

At the 2008 Summer Olympics Kazusenok was eliminated in the quarterfinals of the 90 kg competition after losing his fight to Ivan Pershin. In the repechage he lost to eventual bronze medalist Hesham Mesbah of Egypt. In sambo, Kazusenok won gold at the 2007 and 2008 World Championships.

Hesham Mesbah
Hesham Mesbah (Egyptian Arabic: هشام مصباح; born 17 March 1982) is an Egyptian judoka. He won a bronze medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Egypt's first judo medal in 24 years. He was also the 2006 African Judo Championships and 2007 All-Africa Games champion in his weight category.
5β-Pregnane
5β-Pregnane, also known as 17β-ethyletiocholane or as 10β,13β-dimethyl-17β-ethyl-5β-gonane, is a steroid and a parent compound of a variety of steroid derivatives. It is one of the epimers of pregnane, the other being 5α-pregnane. Derivatives of 5β-pregnane include the naturally occurring steroids 5β-dihydroprogesterone, pregnanolone, epipregnanolone, pregnanediol, and pregnanetriol, and the synthetic steroids hydroxydione, renanolone, ORG-20599, and SAGE-217. These derivatives include metabolites of progesterone and endogenous and synthetic neurosteroids.

Pregnanolone
Pregnanolone, also known as eltanolone, is an endogenous inhibitory neurosteroid which is produced in the body from progesterone. It is closely related to allopregnanolone, which has similar properties.
2024 CrowdStrike-related IT outages
On 19 July 2024, the American cybersecurity company CrowdStrike distributed a faulty update to its Falcon Sensor security software that caused widespread problems with Microsoft Windows computers running the software. As a result, roughly 8.5 million systems crashed and were unable to properly restart in what has been called the largest outage in the history of information technology and "historic in scale".

The outage disrupted daily life, businesses, and governments around the world. Many industries were affected—airlines, airports, banks, hotels, hospitals, manufacturing, stock markets, broadcasting, gas stations, retail stores, and governmental services, such as emergency services and websites. The worldwide financial damage has been estimated to be at least US$10 billion.

Within hours, the error was discovered and a fix was released, but because many affected computers had to be fixed manually, outages continued to linger on many services.

Safe mode
Safe mode is a diagnostic mode of a computer operating system (OS). It can also refer to a mode of operation by application software. Safe mode is intended to help fix most, if not all, problems within an operating system. It is also widely used for removing rogue security software.
Game of the Amazons
The Game of the Amazons (in Spanish, El Juego de las Amazonas; often called Amazons for short) is a two-player abstract strategy game invented in 1988 by Walter Zamkauskas of Argentina. The game is played by moving pieces and blocking the opponents from squares, and the last player able to move is the winner. It is a member of the territorial game family, a distant relative of Go and chess.

The Game of the Amazons is played on a 10x10 chessboard (or an international checkerboard). Some players prefer to use a monochromatic board. The two players are White and Black; each player has four amazons (not to be confused with the amazon fairy chess piece), which start on the board in the configuration shown at right. A supply of markers (checkers, poker chips, etc.) is also required.

International draughts
International draughts (also called international checkers or  Polish draughts) is a strategy board game for two players, one of the variants of draughts. The gameboard comprises 10×10 squares in alternating dark and light colours, of which only the 50 dark squares are used. Each player has 20 pieces, light for one player and dark for the other, at opposite sides of the board. In conventional diagrams, the board is displayed with the light pieces at the bottom; in this orientation, the lower-left corner square must be dark.
Economy of New Mexico
Oil and gas production, tourism, and federal government spending are important drivers of New Mexico's economy. The state government has an elaborate system of tax credits and technical assistance to promote job growth and business investment, especially in new technologies.

In 2017 New Mexico's gross domestic product was $94.2 billion.

In 2017 the per capita personal income was $39,811 (ranked 48th in the nation).

In 2008 the percentage of persons below the poverty level was 17.1%.

Sales tax
A sales tax is a tax paid to a governing body for the sales of certain goods and services. Usually laws allow the seller to collect funds for the tax from the consumer at the point of purchase.

When a tax on goods or services is paid to a governing body directly by a consumer, it is usually called a use tax. Often laws provide for the exemption of certain goods or services from sales and use tax, such as food, education, and medicines. A value-added tax (VAT) collected on goods and services is related to a sales tax. See Comparison with sales tax for key differences.
2005 Women's Pan-Am Junior Championship
The 2005 Women's Junior Pan-Am Championship was the 5th edition of the Women's Pan American Junior Championship. It was held from 16 – 27 March 2005 in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

The tournament served as a qualifier for the 2005 Junior World Cup, held in Santiago, Chile in September 2005.

Argentina won the tournament for the 5th time, defeating the United States 3–1 in the final. Chile won the bronze medal by defeating Canada 2–1 in the third and fourth place playoff.

Women's Pan American Junior Championship
The Women's Pan American Junior Championship is a women's international under-21 field hockey tournament organized by the Pan American Hockey Federation. The tournament has been held since 1988 and serves as a qualification tournament for the Junior World Cup.

The tournament has been won by three different teams: Argentina has the most titles with seven, the United States and Canada both have won one title. The most recent edition was held in Santiago, Chile and was won by Canada.
Rheinmetall Sea Snake 30 mm
The Rheinmetall Sea Snake 30 mm is a close-in weapon system designed by Rheinmetall Air Defence AG for mounting on ships. It is based on the KCE30 30 mm revolver cannon, and was designed by a request of the German Navy. It is capable of employment of air burst ammunition (ABM). The launch customer of the system is the Brazilian Navy with the Tamandaré-class frigates.

Rheinmetall
Rheinmetall AG (German pronunciation: [ˈʁaɪnmeˌtal]) is a German automotive and arms manufacturer, headquartered in Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The group was promoted to the DAX, Germany's leading stock market index, in March 2023. It is the largest German and fifth-largest European arms manufacturer, and produces a variety of armored fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers, in both wheeled and tracked versions, as well as warships through Blohm+Voss. It also manufactures artillery, air defense systems, anti-tank weapons and ammunition. Its name is derived from the German-language words Rhein and Metall, translating to "Rhine-metal" when combined.
WYNN-FM
WYNN-FM (106.3 MHz) is a radio station broadcasting a mainstream urban format. The station is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to serve Florence, South Carolina, and broadcast with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 6 kW. WYNN-FM is owned by Cumulus Media.

Cumulus Media
Cumulus Media, Inc. is a broadcasting company of the United States and is the second largest owner and operator of AM and FM radio stations in the United States ahead of Audacy and behind iHeartMedia. As of June 2019, Cumulus lists ownership of 428 stations in 87 media markets. It also owns and operates Westwood One. Its headquarters are located in Atlanta, Georgia. Its subsidiaries include Cumulus Broadcasting LLC, Cumulus Licensing LLC and Broadcast Software International Inc.
Martine Bijl
Martine Catharina Maria Bijl (19 March 1948 – 30 May 2019) was a Dutch singer, actress, television presenter, and writer. She achieved national prominence from the 1960s onward through her work in music, theatre, television, and books.

Help! The Doctor Is Drowning
Help! The Doctor Is Drowning (Dutch: Help, de dokter verzuipt!) is a 1974 Dutch comedy film directed by Nikolai van der Heyde. It was the most popular Dutch film of the year and one of the most popular of all time. It was selected as the Dutch entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 47th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.
Grøtavær
Grøtavær is a coastal fishing village in Harstad Municipality in Troms county, Norway. It is located on the western part of the island of Grytøya, along the Andfjorden, about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) northwest of the village of Lundenes. Grøtavær Church is located in the village and the Grøtavær islands are located just off shore.

Andfjorden
Andfjorden (Norwegian) or Ánddavierddas (Northern Sami) is a fjord on the border of Nordland and Troms counties in Norway. It is located in Andøy Municipality, Senja Municipality, Harstad Municipality, and Kvæfjord Municipality. The fjord primarily flows between the large islands of Andøya and Senja. Grytøya and the smaller islands Bjarkøya and Krøttøya are located in the fjord. The main crossing is via the Andenes–Gryllefjord Ferry.

The fjord is about 60 kilometres (37 mi) long, has a maximum width of 30 kilometres (19 mi), and has a maximum depth of 517 metres (1,696 ft) which makes it a rich feeding ground for Sperm whales and Killer whales. Whale safaris are run from Andenes and from Krøttøya. Several other fjords branch off the Andfjorden including the Kvæfjorden, Godfjorden, and the Vågsfjorden.

At the tiny Steinavær islands in the Andfjorden, there is a large coral reef.
Wardenclyffe Tower (album)
Wardenclyffe Tower is the seventh studio album by the British guitarist Allan Holdsworth, released in 1992 through Restless Records (United States) and JMS–Cream Records (Europe), and in 1993 through Polydor Records (Japan); a remastered edition was reissued in 2007 through Eidolon Efformation, containing three bonus tracks (alternative versions of "Tokyo Dream" from 1983's Road Games and "The-Unmerry-Go-Round" from 1985's Metal Fatigue) which were previously only available on the Japanese release.

The album's title is a reference to the Wardenclyffe Tower, or Tesla Tower, designed by inventor Nikola Tesla in 1901 and located in Shoreham, New York. "Zarabeth" is named after a character in the Star Trek episode "All Our Yesterdays".

Road Games (EP)
Road Games is an EP (or, according to its vinyl sleeve, a "specially-priced 6-cut mini album") by guitarist Allan Holdsworth, released in 1983 through Warner Bros. Records originally on vinyl only; a CD edition was reissued through Gnarly Geezer Records in 2001.

Holdsworth is joined on the album by former Cream vocalist Jack Bruce (who sings “Was There?” and “Material Real”), his former Bruford bandmate, bassist Jeff Berlin, and then current Frank Zappa drummer Chad Wackerman. Former Juicy Lucy and Tempest frontman Paul Williams sings the title track.

Holdsworth claimed to have received no royalties from either release, naming it as one of his least favourite recordings due to numerous creative differences with executive producer Ted Templeman. Road Games nonetheless received a nomination for Best Rock Instrumental Performance at the 1984 Grammy Awards.
Stojanów, Łódź Voivodeship
Stojanów [stɔˈjanuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Goszczanów, within Sieradz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) south of Goszczanów, 26 km (16 mi) north-west of Sieradz, and 67 km (42 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

Goszczanów
Goszczanów [ɡɔʂˈt͡ʂanuf] is a village in Sieradz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Goszczanów. It lies approximately 27 km (17 mi) north-west of Sieradz and 67 km (42 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

There is a parish church of Saints Martin & Stanislaus. Founded by Adam Poniatowski herbu (Coat of Arms) Szreniawa and built in 1666, in Baroque style.
Court of Hustings
The Court of Hustings is a court that sat at the Guildhall in the City of London. It is believed to be the oldest court in the City of London and had the jurisdiction of a county court. Whilst the court has not been abolished, it no longer sits and retains no jurisdiction to hear and determine cases, although it retains the power to enrol wills and deeds.

The court was responsible for some administrative business that eventually became the separate Court of Aldermen.

The Royal Commission on the City of London recommended the abolition of the court and the Court of Hustings (London) Abolition Bill was promoted in 1871. The bill was not passed and the court still exists as a preserved jurisdiction without authority under the Administration of Justice Act 1977 schedules.

Court of Aldermen
The Court of Aldermen forms part of the senior governance of the City of London Corporation. It comprises twenty-five Aldermen of the City of London, presided over by the Lady Mayor (the Lady Mayor becomes senior Alderman while in the office). The Court was originally responsible for the entire administration of the City, but most of its responsibilities were subsumed by the Court of Common Council in the fourteenth century. The Court of Aldermen meets seven times a year in the Aldermen's Court Room at Guildhall. The few remaining duties of the Court include approving people for Freedom of the City, approving the formation of new livery companies, and appointing the Recorder of London.
Thanh Hóa province
Thanh Hóa is the northernmost coastal province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. It borders Sơn La, Hòa Bình, and Ninh Bình to the north, Nghệ An to the south, Laos to the west with a boundary of over 192 kilometres (119 mi) long, and the South China Sea (Gulf of Tonkin) to the east.

Provinces of Vietnam
Vietnam is divided into 34 first-level subdivisions, comprising 28 provinces (tỉnh) and six municipalities under the command of the central government (Vietnamese: thành phố trực thuộc trung ương).

Municipalities are the highest-ranked cities in Vietnam. Municipalities are centrally-controlled cities and have special status equal to that of the provinces.

The provinces and municipalities are divided into communes (xã), wards (phường) and special administrative regions (đặc khu) as the second-tier units.
Mamadyshsky Uyezd
Mamadyshsky Uyezd (Мамады́шский уе́зд) was one of the subdivisions of the Kazan Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the northeastern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Mamadysh.

Mamadysh
Mamadysh (Russian: Мамады́ш; Tatar: Мамадыш) is a town and the administrative center of Mamadyshsky District in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, located on the Vyatka River (Kama's tributary), 167 kilometers (104 mi) from the republic's capital of Kazan. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 14,435.
Cottles Bridge
Cottles Bridge is a town in Victoria, Australia, 30 km north-east of Melbourne's central business district, located within the Shire of Nillumbik local government area. Cottles Bridge recorded a population of 609 at the 2021 census.

Shire of Nillumbik
The Shire of Nillumbik (/ˈnɪləmbɪk/ NILL-əm-bik) is a local government area in Victoria, Australia. It contains Melbourne's outer north-eastern suburbs, including the major centres of Eltham and Diamond Creek, as well as numerous rural localities beyond the urban area. It has an area of 432 square kilometres and at the 2021 census, the Shire had a population of 62,895.  The Shire uses the tag-line The Green Wedge Shire. The Nillumbik Council offices are located in Civic Drive, Greensborough.

The shire's name is derived from the Parish of Nillumbik, which was named in the 1830s, the term nyilum bik meaning "bad earth" or "red earth" in the local Aboriginal language Woiwurrung.

Nillumbik was rated third of 590 Australian local government areas in the Bankwest Quality of Life Index 2008.