hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Median filter
The median filter is a non-linear digital filtering technique, often used to remove noise from an image, signal, and video. Such noise reduction is a typical pre-processing step to improve the results of later processing (for example, edge detection on an image). Median filtering is very widely used in digital image processing because, under certain conditions, it preserves edges while removing noise (but see the discussion below for which kinds of noise), also having applications in signal processing.

Signal processing
Signal processing is an electrical engineering subfield that focuses on analyzing, modifying and synthesizing signals, such as sound, images, potential fields, seismic signals, altimetry processing, and scientific measurements. Signal processing techniques are used to optimize transmissions, digital storage efficiency, correcting distorted signals, improve subjective video quality, and to detect or pinpoint components of interest in a measured signal.
Margaret McArthur
Annie Margaret McArthur (1919–2002) was an Australian nutritionist, anthropologist and educator. She is remembered for conducting ground-breaking research from the late 1940s into the Indigenous and First Nations peoples of Australia, Papua New Guinea and the Pacific region. After assignments with the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization, in 1965 she was engaged as the first women lecturer in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Sydney, becoming a senior lecturer prior to her retirement in 1975.

Nutritionist
A nutritionist is a person who advises others on matters of food and nutrition and their impacts on health.  Some people specialize in particular areas, such as sports nutrition, public health, or animal nutrition, among other disciplines. In many jurisdictions, a person can claim to be a nutritionist even without any training, education, or professional license, in contrast to a dietitian, who has a university degree, professional license, and certification for professional practice.
XHCSAG-FM
XHCSAG-FM is a social radio station on 101.9 MHz in Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico. The station is owned by the civil association La Visión de Dios, A.C. (lit. 'The Vision of God' in Spanish) and began broadcasting in March 2023 under the name Vida Nueva (lit. 'New Life').

XHCSAG was one of the most contested concession awards in Mexican broadcasting history, in large part due to the name of the concessionaire, which fueled concerns about the use of the frequency for religious programming. Mexican law does not permit religious associations or registered pastors to hold broadcasting concessions.

Federal Telecommunications Institute
The Federal Telecommunications Institute (Spanish: Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones; IFT) was an independent government agency of Mexico charged with the regulation of telecommunications and broadcasting services. It was formed on September 10, 2013, as part of larger reforms to Mexican telecom regulations, and replaced the Federal Telecommunications Commission (Cofetel). The IFT was shuttered on October 17, 2025 to make room for the Comisión Reguladora de Telecomunicaciones.
San Pedro Street
San Pedro Street is a major north–south thoroughfare in Los Angeles County, California, running from Little Tokyo in Downtown Los Angeles through South Los Angeles before terminating in the unincorporated area of West Rancho Dominguez.

San Pedro Street was one of the earliest roadways, along with Alameda Street, between central Los Angeles and the Port of Los Angeles; much of the road's original alignment south of Jefferson Boulevard has been renamed Avalon Boulevard.

The portion of San Pedro Street north of 1st Street was renamed Judge John Aiso Street in 1999.

South Los Angeles
South Los Angeles is an urban region in southwestern Los Angeles County, California, United States, lying mostly within the city limits of Los Angeles, south of downtown.
It is defined on Los Angeles city maps as a 16-square-mile (41 km2) rectangle. In 2003, the Los Angeles City Council renamed the area from South Central Los Angeles to its current name.

The name South Los Angeles can also refer to a larger 51-square-mile (130 km2) region that includes areas within the city limits of Los Angeles as well as five unincorporated areas in the southern portion of Los Angeles County.
Leptophloeus foveicollis
Leptophloeus foveicollis is a species of beetle of the Laemophloeidae family. This species is found in China (Guangdong) and Japan.

Adults reach a length of about 2.3–2.7 mm. It is the most unique species within the genus and can be easily recognized by two rows of coarse punctures on the pronotum.

Laemophloeidae
Laemophloeidae, lined flat bark beetles, is a beetle family in the superfamily Cucujoidea characterized by predominantly dorso-ventrally compressed bodies, head and pronotal discs bordered by ridges or grooves, and inverted male genitalia. Size range of adults is 1–5 mm (0.04–0.2 in) in length. Currently, it contains 40 genera and about 450 species, and is represented on all continents except Antarctica; species richness is greatest in the tropics.
Motion controller
In computing, a motion controller is a type of input device that uses accelerometers, gyroscopes, cameras, or other sensors to track motion.

Motion controllers see use as game controllers, for virtual reality and other simulation purposes, and as pointing devices for smart TVs and Personal computers.

Many of the technologies needed for motion controllers are often used together in smartphones to provide a variety of functions, including for mobile applications to use them as motion controllers.

Six degrees of freedom
Six degrees of freedom (6DOF), or sometimes six degrees of movement, refers to the six mechanical degrees of freedom of movement of a rigid body in three-dimensional space. Specifically, the body is free to change position as forward/backward (surge), up/down (heave), left/right (sway) translation in three perpendicular axes, combined with changes in orientation through rotation about three perpendicular axes, often termed yaw (normal axis), pitch (transverse axis), and roll (longitudinal axis).

Three degrees of freedom (3DOF), a term often used in the context of virtual reality, typically refers to tracking of rotational motion only: pitch, yaw, and roll.
Blackbeard Peak
Blackbeard Peak, also spelled Black Beard Peak, is a 7,241-foot (2,207 m) mountain summit in the North Cascades in the U.S. state of Washington. It is located in the Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest in Skagit County. It is situated northwest of Rainy Pass, southwest of Porcupine Peak, and southeast of Graybeard Peak. Its nearest higher neighbor is Repulse Peak, 1.06 mi (1.71 km) to the west. Blackbeard Peak can be seen from the North Cascades Highway. Precipitation runoff from Blackbeard Peak drains into Granite Creek, a tributary of the Skagit River. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises over 3,000 feet (910 meters) above Granite Creek in one mile (1.6 km).

Skagit County, Washington
Skagit County /ˈskædʒɪt/ is a county in the U.S. state of Washington. As of the 2020 census, the population was 129,523. The county seat and largest city is Mount Vernon. The county was formed in 1883 from the southern part of Whatcom County and is named for the Upper and Lower Skagit Indian tribes, which have been indigenous to the area prior to European-American settlement.

Skagit County comprises the Mount Vernon-Anacortes, WA Metropolitan Statistical Area, and is included in the Seattle-Tacoma, WA Combined Statistical Area. It is located in the Puget Sound region, and it is known for its strong agricultural sector and annual tulip festival.
Nablus Sanjak
The Nablus Sanjak (Arabic: سنجق نابلس; Turkish: Nablus Sancağı) was an administrative area that existed throughout Ottoman rule in the Levant (1517–1917). It was administratively part of the Damascus Eyalet until 1864 when it became part of Syria Vilayet and then the Beirut Vilayet in 1888.

Syria vilayet
The Vilayet of Syria (Arabic: ولاية سوريا; Ottoman Turkish: ولايت سوريه, romanized: Vilâyet-i Sûriye), also known as Vilayet of Damascus, was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire.

At the beginning of the 20th century, it reportedly had an area of 62,180 square kilometres (24,009 sq mi), while the preliminary results of the first Ottoman census of 1885 (published in 1908) gave the population as 1,000,000. The accuracy of the population figures ranges from "approximate" to "merely conjectural" depending on the region from which they were gathered.
Rhodanthe
Rhodanthe (/roʊˈdænθi/ rho-DAN-thee), also known as sunray or pink paper daisy, is a genus of Australian plants in the tribe Gnaphalieae within the family Asteraceae.

The name Rhodanthe is derived from Greek rhodon, rose and anthos, flower.

Many Rhodanthe species were formerly classed under different genera, including Helipterum,  Podotheca, Acroclinium and Waitzia.

Species

Syncarpha
Syncarpha is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. The flowers are known by the common name:   everlastings. The genus is endemic to the fynbos of the Eastern and Western Cape in South Africa.

Species

Species accepted by the Plants of the World Online as of December 2022:
Fritz Fischer (biathlete)
Friedrich "Fritz" Fischer (born 22 September 1956) is a former biathlete from Germany. He won a gold medal with Germany in the 4 × 7.5 km relay in the 1992 Winter Olympics. After ending his competitive career Fischer served as a coach for the German biathlon team for many years before retiring in 2014.

International Biathlon Union
The International Biathlon Union (IBU; German: Internationale Biathlon-Union) is the IOC (International Olympic Committee) authorized  international governing body of biathlon. Its headquarters were in Salzburg, Austria, until May 2020, when the Federation moved to Anif, on the outskirts of the city. It was rocked by a corruption scandal that broke in 2018, concerning the Russians bribing its top two officials. In 2022 Russia and Belarus were suspended from all international biathlon competitions until further notice.
8th Youth in Film Awards
The 8th Youth in Film Awards ceremony (now known as the Young Artist Awards), presented by the Youth in Film Association, honored outstanding youth performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television and music for the 1985–1986 season, and took place on November 22, 1986, at the Ambassador Hotel's historical Coconut Grove night club in Los Angeles, California.

Established in 1978 by long-standing Hollywood Foreign Press Association member, Maureen Dragone, the Youth in Film Association was the first organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 18 in the fields of film, television, theater and music.

Together We Stand
Together We Stand, also known as Nothing Is Easy, is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from September 22, 1986 to April 24, 1987. It was written by Stephen Sustarsic and directed by Andrew D. Weyman.

Together We Stand is about a married couple, David (Elliott Gould) and Lori Randall (Dee Wallace), and their array of adopted children from all walks of life. According to producer Sherwood Schwartz, the plot for this show was originally written as a spin-off of The Brady Bunch called Kelly's Kids. In the January 4, 1974, episode of The Brady Bunch, also titled "Kelly's Kids" (season 5, episode 14), which served as a backdoor pilot, the Bradys' neighbors plan to adopt one child but end up adopting three boys of different ethnicities.
1931 Workers' Winter Olympiad
The 1931 Workers' Winter Olympiad was the third edition of International Workers' Olympiads and the second Winter Olympiad. The games were held from February 5 to February 8 at the Austrian town of Mürzzuschlag.

International Workers' Olympiads
International Workers' Olympiads were an international sporting event arranged between 1925 and 1937 by Socialist Workers' Sport International (SASI). It was an organisation supported by social democratic parties and International Federation of Trade Unions. Workers' Olympiads were an alternate event for the Olympic Games. The participants were members of various labor sports associations and came mostly from Europe. Nowadays the CSIT World Sports Games are the successor sports events of the International Workers' Olympiads. The "World Sports Games" is the main highlight and a new brand of the International Workers and Amateurs in Sports Confederation (CSIT). It is a sports event for thousands of workers and amateurs held every two years. The CSIT is an international multi-sports organization.
Leesburg Heritage Museum
The Leesburg Heritage Museum is located at 111 South Sixth Street, Leesburg, Florida. It contains exhibits depicting the history of Leesburg. The building itself, constructed in 1922 by the Leesburg Woman's Club, was previously home to various businesses and organizations, including the Leesburg Chamber of Commerce and the Leesburg Library.

Leesburg, Florida
Leesburg is a city in Lake County, Florida, United States. As of 2020, the population had exactly 27,000 residents.

Leesburg is in central Florida, between Lake Harris and Lake Griffin, at the head of the Ocklawaha River. It is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Lake–Sumter State College and Beacon College are located in Leesburg.
Bosonic field
In quantum field theory, a bosonic field is a quantum field whose quanta are bosons; that is, they obey Bose–Einstein statistics. Bosonic fields obey canonical commutation relations, as distinct from the canonical anticommutation relations obeyed by fermionic fields.

Examples include scalar fields, describing spin-0 particles such as the Higgs boson, and gauge fields, describing spin-1 particles such as the photon.

Scalar field theory
In theoretical physics, scalar field theory can refer to a relativistically invariant classical or quantum theory of scalar fields. A scalar field is invariant under any Lorentz transformation.

The only fundamental scalar quantum field that has been observed in nature is the Higgs field. However, scalar quantum fields feature in the effective field theory descriptions of many physical phenomena.  An example is the pion, which is actually a pseudoscalar.

Since they do not involve polarization complications, scalar fields are often the easiest to appreciate second quantization through.  For this reason, scalar field theories are  often used for purposes of introduction of novel concepts and techniques.

The signature of the metric employed below is (+ − − −).
Carlshof Institutions
The Carlshof Institutions (German: Carlshöfer Anstalten) was a diaconal hospital in Carlshof, East Prussia (Karolewo, Poland). Founded in 1882, it was located about 3 km (1.9 mi) east of the town center of Rastenburg (Kętrzyn). Carlshof housed up to 1,500 inmates from all over East Prussia and specialized in treating patients with epilepsy and intellectual disability; it also cared for alcoholics, elderly, and juveniles as well as homeless persons. In World War II, Carlshof served as a military hospital and barracks for Hitler's nearby headquarters at the Wolf's Lair (German: Wolfsschanze).

Kętrzyn
Kętrzyn ([ˈkɛntʂɨn] ⓘ, until 1946 Rastembork; German: Rastenburg [ˈʁastn̩bʊʁk] ⓘ) is a town in northeastern Poland with 27,478 inhabitants (2019). It is the capital of Kętrzyn County in the Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship.

The town is known for the surrounding Masurian Lakeland and numerous monuments of historical value such as the Wolf's Lair in nearby Gierłoż, which was Adolf Hitler's primary headquarters over the course of Nazi Germany's military campaign on the Eastern Front during World War II. The town is also known for its 14th century Teutonic Kętrzyn Castle.
Unter Null
Unter Null, was founded as a solo aggrotech music project by Erica Dunham in 1998 at the age of 17, while living in Seattle, United States. As of 2012, she is based in Portland, Oregon. Dunham is trained in classical piano, cello and guitar. Live performances consist of Dunham on lead vocals, Brendin Ross (formerly of Bile) on keyboards and Krz Souls of Dawn of Ashes on e-percussion.

Dawn of Ashes
Dawn of Ashes is an American industrial metal band from Los Angeles, California, United States. Formed in 2000, the band's style consists of horror-based lyrical and visual themes presented through industrial and melodic black metal structures.

The name Dawn of Ashes is an allegorical metaphor meaning "beginning of the end".
Electoral district of Hurtle Vale
Hurtle Vale is a single-member electoral district for the South Australian House of Assembly, located in the southern suburbs of Adelaide. It was created by the redistribution conducted in 2016, and was contested for the first time at the 2018 state election.

Hurtle Vale is a new electorate replacing the electoral district of Fisher. It is named after Sir James Hurtle Fisher, the same as its predecessor. Hurtle Vale is further southwest than Fisher was before the redistribution, with overlap only in the northeast of Hurtle Vale with the southwest of Fisher. At the time of the redistribution, 9000 electors from Fisher remained in Hurtle Vale. 10,000 moved with the suburb of Morphett Vale from Reynell and smaller numbers from Mawson and Mitchell.

At its creation, Hurtle Vale was projected to be notionally held by the Labor Party with a swing of 1.7% required to lose it.: Appendix 12  Nat Cook, who won Fisher at a by-election in 2014 for Labor, won Hurtle Vale at the 2018 election.

Electoral district of Reynell
Reynell is a single-member electoral district for the South Australian House of Assembly. It is named after John Reynell, a founder of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of South Australia and noted 19th-century wheat farmer, sheep and cattle breeder, vigneron and winemaker in the area. Reynell is a 33.1 km² urban residential and industrial electorate in Adelaide's far south. It includes the suburbs of Christies Beach, Christie Downs, Hackham West, Lonsdale, Noarlunga Centre, O'Sullivan Beach, Port Noarlunga and Reynella, as well as part of Morphett Vale.

Reynell was created for the 1993 state election as a fairly safe Labor seat, but was won by Julie Greig for the Liberals as part of a statewide landslide. It was reclaimed for Labor at the 1997 election by Gay Thompson. Labor's Katrine Hildyard succeeded her at the 2014 election.
Peer victimization
Peer victimization is harassment or bullying that occurs among members of the same peer group. It is often used to describe the experience among children or young people of being a target of the aggressive and abusive behavior of other children, who are not siblings and not necessarily age-mates.

Columbine, Colorado
Columbine (/kɑːləmbaɪn/ kaa-luhm-bine) is a census-designated place (CDP) in and governed by Jefferson and Arapahoe counties in Colorado, United States. The CDP is a part of the Denver metropolitan area. Located primarily in Jefferson County, Columbine lies immediately south of Denver. The population of the Columbine CDP was 25,229 at the 2020 census. The community lies in ZIP code 80123.

In 2007, Ralph W. Larkin, author of Comprehending Columbine, wrote that the area "is nothing more than a series of residential developments, strip malls, and shopping centers." Larkin concluded that it "has no collective identity."
Legal monopoly
A legal monopoly, statutory monopoly, or de jure monopoly is a monopoly that is protected by law from competition. A statutory monopoly may take the form of a government monopoly where the state owns the particular means of production or government-granted monopoly where a private interest is protected from competition such as being granted exclusive rights to offer a particular service in a specific region (e.g. patented inventions) while agreeing to have their policies and prices regulated. This type of monopoly is usually contrasted with de facto monopoly which is a broad category for monopolies that are not created by government.

State monopoly
In economics, a  government monopoly or public monopoly is a form of coercive monopoly in which a government agency or government corporation is the sole provider of a particular good or service and competition is prohibited by law. It is a monopoly created, owned, and operated by the government. It is usually distinguished from a government-granted monopoly, where the government grants a monopoly to a private individual or company.

A government monopoly may be run by any level of government—national, regional, local; for levels below the national, it is a local monopoly. The term  'state monopoly' usually means a government monopoly run by the national government.
High-resolution computed tomography
High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is a type of computed tomography (CT) with specific techniques to enhance image resolution. It is used in the diagnosis of various health problems, though commonly for lung disease, by assessing the lung parenchyma. Other uses of this medical technology include HRCT of the temporal bone to diagnose various middle ear diseases such as otitis media, cholesteatoma, and evaluations after ear operations. High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT), is used to detect bone microarchitecture, and model whole-bone geometry using 3-dimensional information from scans or peripheral limbs, allowing estimation of bone strength and other mechanical properties.

Lymphangitis carcinomatosa
Lymphangitis carcinomatosa is inflammation of the lymph vessels (lymphangitis) caused by a malignancy.  Breast, lung, stomach, pancreas, and prostate cancers are the most common tumors that result in lymphangitis. Lymphangitis carcinomatosa was first described by pathologist Gabriel Andral in 1829 in a patient with uterine cancer. Lymphangitis carcinomatosa may show the presence of Kerley B lines on chest X-ray.

Lymphangitis carcinomatosa most often affects people 40–49 years of age.

Lymphangitis carcinomatosa may be caused by the following malignancies as suggested by the mnemonic: "Certain Cancers Spread By Plugging The Lymphatics" (cervical cancer, colon cancer, stomach cancer, breast cancer/bronchiogenic carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, laryngeal cancer)
Armorial of the governors general of Canada
The following is an armorial of the thirty individuals who have served as governor general of Canada since Confederation.

To date, all governors general have been granted armorial achievements, otherwise known as coats of arms, with the most recent being granted to Mary Simon in 2022.

Prior to 1952, the majority of governors general inherited their arms and as such the designs of those arms usually do not reflect them personally. Plaster carvings of the coats of arms of the first twelve governors general after confederation, from Lord Monck to Lord Byng, are displayed in the chambers of the Speaker of the Senate of Canada.

Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck
Charles Stanley Monck, 4th Viscount Monck (10 October 1819 – 29 November 1894) was a British politician who served as the last governor-general of the Province of Canada and the first Governor General of Canada after Canadian Confederation.