hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2013 Eastern Michigan Eagles football team
The 2013 Eastern Michigan Eagles football team represented Eastern Michigan University in the 2013 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Eagles played their home games at Rynearson Stadium and were a member of the West Division of the Mid-American Conference. The team was led by fifth year head coach Ron English through the first nine games of the season (posting a 1–8 record). English was fired mid-season and replaced on an interim basis by Stan Parrish, previously the team's offensive coordinator.

Rynearson Stadium
Rynearson Stadium, nicknamed "The Factory", is a stadium in Ypsilanti, Michigan. It is primarily used for American football, and is the home field of the Eastern Michigan University Eagles. Currently, the stadium has seating for 30,200 people. The stadium is located on the school's west campus, just south of the Huron River.
Bowler hat sign
The bowler hat sign is a radiologic sign seen on double-contrasted barium enema studies, indicating the presence of a colonic polyp. A ring of barium collects at the base of the polyp and also along its dome, simulating the appearance of a bowler hat. This sign is present for growths that are an intermediate between flat and pedunculated. The differential diagnosis for this sign includes bubbles, diverticula, and unusual projections of anatomic structures such as the appendix.

Radiologic sign
A radiologic sign is an objective indication of some medical fact (that is, a medical sign) that is detected by a physician during radiologic examination with medical imaging (for example, via an X-ray, CT scan, MRI scan, or sonographic scan).
Nicotiana quadrivalvis
Nicotiana quadrivalvis is a species of wild tobacco known as Indian tobacco. The variety N. quadrivalvis var. multivalvis is known by the common name Columbian tobacco. It is endemic to the western United States, where it grows in many types of habitat. It is a bushy, sprawling annual herb growing up to two meters in maximum height. The lower leaf blades are up to 15 centimetres (6 in) long and are borne on short petioles, the upper smaller and sessile on the stem. The inflorescence is an array of several white, greenish, or purple-tinged flowers with tubular throats up to 5 centimeters long. The base of each is enclosed in a ridged calyx of sepals. The flower face may be 5 centimetres (2 in) wide. The fruit is a capsule up to 2 centimetres (3⁄4 in) in length.

It is also called "sacred tobacco,"  by different Native American cultures. Nicotiana rustica can also be considered sacred.

Nicotiana rustica
Nicotiana rustica, commonly known as Aztec tobacco or strong tobacco, is a rainforest plant in the family Solanaceae native to South America.  It is a very potent variety of tobacco, containing up to nine times more nicotine than common species of Nicotiana such as Nicotiana tabacum (common tobacco). More specifically, N. rustica leaves have a nicotine content as high as 9%, whereas N. tabacum leaves contain about 1 to 3%. The high concentration of nicotine in its leaves makes it useful for producing pesticides, and it has a wide variety of uses specific to cultures around the world. However, N. rustica is no longer cultivated in North America (except in small quantities by certain Native American tribes) as N. tabacum has replaced it.
Piute Ponds
Piute Ponds are a group of ponds located about 6.2 miles (10 km) southeast of Rosamond, California, United States, in the Mojave Desert, within Edwards Air Force Base and on the southern margin of Rosamond Lake, a dry lake bed. They form part of the Harley Berhow Recreational Area and are home to over 200 species of migratory birds.

Rosamond, California
Rosamond is an unincorporated community in Kern County, California, US, near the Los Angeles county line. Rosamond is part of Greater Los Angeles and is located in the Mojave Desert just north of Lancaster and Palmdale, the two largest cities in the Antelope Valley. As of the 2020 Census, Rosamond's population was 20,961. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Rosamond as a census-designated place (CDP).

Rosamond is a suburban bedroom community with many residents employed by nearby Edwards Air Force Base or commuting to Los Angeles, Lancaster, and Palmdale for work. The town is about 15 minutes north of the Lancaster Metrolink station providing direct access to Los Angeles Union Station in just two hours. It has few grocery stores such as Grocery Outlet, Albertsons and Dollar General.
WISU
WISU is a non-commercial, educational radio station licensed to Indiana State University in Terre Haute, Indiana. The station operates on the assigned FM frequency of 89.7 MHz with an effective radiated power of 13,500 watts. The studios are located in Dreiser Hall on the ISU campus on North 6th Street. The tower and transmitter facilities are located on Country Road in West Terre Haute, Indiana. Under the personal supervision of the "Hoosier Schoolmaster of the Air," Dr. Clarence M. Morgan, who with his son Dr. Thomas O. Morgan helped build the station, WISU began broadcasting on April 1, 1964. WISU is licensed by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission as a Class B FM station, which would allow a maximum power of 46,000 watts effective radiated power (ERP), using an antenna height of 156 meters.

Indiana State University
Indiana State University (ISU) is a public university in Terre Haute, Indiana, United States. It was founded in 1865 and offers over 100 undergraduate majors and more than 75 graduate and professional programs. Indiana State is classified among "D/PU: Doctoral/Professional Universities".
Gara Godo
Gara Godo (Ge'ez: ጋራ ጎዶ) is a town in Boloso Sore woreda, Wolayita Zone of Ethiopia. It is 28 km on an asphalted road from Areka to Wolaita Sodo the zone capital. Gara Godo lias on the 7°08'01N and 37°46'16E. The elevation of the town Gara Godo is 1812 meters above the sea level. The amenities in the town of Gara Godo are 24 hours electric light, pure water service, kindergarten, all time market, health stations and others.  The town has also suitable weather condition, pure public water, banks, primary and secondary schools, telecommunications services and like.

Areka
Areka (Ge'ez: አረካ, Wolayttattuwa: Arakka) is a city in southern Ethiopia. Located in some 300 kilo meters southwest of the capital, Addis Ababa. This city has a latitude and longitude of 7°04′N 37°41′E﻿ / ﻿7.067°N 37.683°E﻿ / 7.067; 37.683 and an elevation of 1774 meters above sea level. It is the administrative center of Boloso Sore district.

Areka is served by a sub-office of the Ethiopian postal service. Areka was founded in 1959, and a primary school opened in the city in 1962. The Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research opened a center in Areka in 1985 dedicated to improving the yield of enset.
Gambelia juncea
Gambelia juncea is a species of flowering shrub in the plantain family commonly known as the Baja California bush snapdragon or Baja bush snapdragon. Gambelia juncea is a highly variable woody perennial to 1 m (3.3 ft) characterized by long, arching, reed-like stems and showy, bright red, two-lipped tubular flowers. Native to the Baja California peninsula and coastal Sonora, this species is widespread in the region across numerous habitats and has several varieties. It was formerly placed in the primarily South American genus Galvezia, but taxonomic studies have supported the reclassification of the two North American species (the other is Gambelia speciosa) into Gambelia. This species, with a number of cultivars, is widely used as an ornamental shrub for xeriscaping, erosion control, native plant gardens, and wildlife gardens.

Glabrousness
Glabrousness (from Latin  glaber 'bald, hairless, shaved, smooth, etc.') is the technical term for a lack of hair, down, setae, trichomes, or other such covering. A glabrous surface may be a natural characteristic of all or part of a plant or animal, or be due to loss because of a physical condition, such as alopecia universalis in humans, which causes hair to fall out or not regrow.
Urechis unicinctus
Urechis unicinctus, known as the fat innkeeper worm  or penis fish, is a species of marine spoon worm in East Asia. It is found in Bohai Gulf of China and off the Korean and Hokkaido coasts. It is not to be confused with a closely related species, Urechis caupo, which occurs on the western coast of North America and shares common names. The body is about 10–30 centimetres (4–12 inches) long, cylindrical in shape and yellowish-brown in color. On the surface of the body, there are many small papillae.

Urechis caupo
Urechis caupo is a species of spoon worm in the family Urechidae, commonly known as the innkeeper echiuran, the fat innkeeper worm (because their tunnels often contain other animals), the innkeeper worm, or the penis fish. It is found in shallow water on the west coast of North America, between southern Oregon and Baja California, where it forms a U-shaped burrow in the sediment and feeds on plankton using a mucus net.
East Japan Railway Company
The East Japan Railway Company is a major passenger railway company in Japan and the largest of the seven Japan Railways Group companies. The company name is officially abbreviated as JR East in English, and as JR Higashi-Nihon in Japanese. The company's headquarters are in Yoyogi, Shibuya, Tokyo, next to Shinjuku Station. It is listed in the Tokyo Stock Exchange (it formerly had secondary listings in the Nagoya and Osaka stock exchanges), is a constituent of the TOPIX Large70 index, and is one of three Japan Railways Group constituents of the Nikkei 225 index, the others being JR Central and JR West.

Tōhoku region
The Tōhoku region (東北地方, Tōhoku-chihō; IPA: [toːhokɯ̥ tɕiꜜhoː]), Northeast region, Ōu region (奥羽地方, Ōu-chihō), or Northeast Japan (東北日本, Tōhoku Nihon) consists of the northeastern portion of Honshu, the largest island of Japan. This traditional region consists of six prefectures (ken): Akita, Aomori, Fukushima, Iwate, Miyagi, and Yamagata.

Tōhoku retains a reputation as a remote, scenic region with a harsh climate. In the 20th century, tourism became a major industry in the Tōhoku region.
Borasseae
Borasseae is a tribe in the palm subfamily Coryphoideae. The tribe ranges from southern Africa and Madagascar north through the Arabian Peninsula to India, Indochina, Indonesia and New Guinea. Several genera are restricted to islands in the Indian Ocean. The two largest genera, Hyphaene and Borassus, are also the most widespread.

Satranala
Satranala decussilvae is a species of flowering plant in the Arecaceae family. It is a palm endemic to Madagascar. It is the only species in the genus Satranala, and is threatened by habitat loss. There are perhaps 200 mature individuals remaining.

The fruit of these trees is roughly spherical to ovoid, around 5.6–5 centimetres (2.2–2.0 in) in diameter, with a purple-black shiny outer layer (epicarp), with the main part of the fruit (mesocarp) being dry and fleshy. The interior of the fruit has a highly sculptured endocarp (woody layer surrounding the seed) with sinuous wing-like structures, which has been suggested to be an adaptation to being swallowed and surviving the crop of elephant birds, an extinct group of large flightless birds formerly native to the island, as New Guinea palm fruit with similar features, belonging to the genera Ptychococcus, Brassiophoenix and Licuala are readily eaten by cassowaries who serve as their major seed dispersers.
Matuschka
Joanne Motichka (born 19 March 1954), known professionally as Matuschka, is an American photographer, artist, author, activist, and model. Her self-portrait on the Sunday cover of New York Times magazine in 1993 was chosen by LIFE for a special edition entitled 100 Photographs that Changed the World published in 2003 and again in 2011. The artist has been nominated for many awards, including a Pulitzer Prize, and has received dozens of citations, honors, and distinctions for her photographic works, and activism since the early 1990s. In 2012 Matuschka appeared in Rose Hartman's book Incomparable Women of Style, and in 2011 John Loengard included her in his monograph: The Age of Silver: Encounters with Great Photographers.

John Loengard
John Borg Loengard (September 5, 1934 – May 24, 2020) was an American photographer who worked at Life magazine from 1961, and was its picture editor from 1973 to 1987. He taught at the International Center of Photography, New York, The New School for Social Research, New York, and at workshops around the country.
National calendars of the Roman Rite
National calendars of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church are lists of saints' feast days and other liturgical celebrations, organized by calendar date, that apply to those within the nation or nations to which each calendar applies who worship according to the Roman Rite of the Latin Church. Such calendars are "particular calendars" that build off of the General Roman Calendar. National calendars primarily add feast days of saints whose lives profoundly affected the particular nation in question, or whose veneration is especially prevalent there.

Cyril and Methodius
Cyril (Greek: Κύριλλος, romanized: Kýrillos; born Constantine [Greek: Κωνσταντίνος, romanized: Konstantínos]; 826–869) and Methodius (Μεθόδιος, Methódios; born Michael [Greek: Μιχαήλ, romanized: Michaíl]; 815–885) were brothers, Byzantine Christian theologians and missionaries. For their work evangelizing the Slavs, they are known as the "Apostles to the Slavs".

They are credited with devising the Glagolitic alphabet, the first alphabet used to transcribe Old Church Slavonic. After their deaths, their pupils continued their missionary work among other Slavs. Both brothers are venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church as saints with the title of "equal-to-apostles". In 1880, Pope Leo XIII introduced their feast into the calendar of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. In 1980, the first Slav pope, Pope John Paul II declared them co-patron saints of Europe, together with Benedict of Nursia.
Pierre Declercq
Pierre Declercq (May 10, 1938 - September 19, 1981) was a French New Caledonian politician and a noted supporter of independence.

Declercq was born in Halluin, Nord, Metropolitan France. He moved to New Caledonia to become a teacher in the 1960s. Later going into politics, he became secretary of the Caledonian Union. The President of the Republic met with him and other members of the CU on 19 September 1981.  He was assassinated in his house in Nouméa  not long after. His killers have never been apprehended.

Caledonian Union
The Caledonian Union (French: Union calédonienne, UC) is a pro-independence and the oldest political party in New Caledonia. In the latest legislative elections of May 10, 2009, the party won around 11.65% of the popular vote, and 9 out of 54 seats in the Territorial Congress.
Trigger strategy
In game theory, a trigger strategy is any of a class of strategies employed in a repeated non-cooperative game.  A player using a trigger strategy initially cooperates but punishes the opponent if a certain level of defection (i.e., the trigger) is observed.

The level of punishment and the sensitivity of the trigger vary with different trigger strategies.

Tit for tat
Tit for tat is an English saying meaning "equivalent retaliation". It is an alternation of tip for tap "blow for blow", first recorded in 1558.

It is also a highly effective strategy in game theory. An agent using this strategy will first cooperate, then subsequently replicate an opponent's previous action. If the opponent previously was cooperative, the agent is cooperative. If not, the agent is not. This is similar to reciprocal altruism in biology.
Apice
Apice is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Benevento in the Italian region Campania, located about 70 km northeast of Naples and about 13 km east of Benevento.

Apice borders the following municipalities: Ariano Irpino, Bonito, Buonalbergo, Calvi, Melito Irpino, Mirabella Eclano, Montecalvo Irpino, Paduli, San Giorgio del Sannio, Sant'Arcangelo Trimonte, Venticano.

Montecalvo Irpino
Montecalvo Irpino is a town and comune in the province of Avellino, Campania, southern Italy.

Located upon a hill oversighting Ufita Valley, the town is known for its bread (pane di Montecalvo), which is granted the |PAT quality mark, and Irpinia - Colline dell'Ufita DOP olive oil.

In the countryside there are the ruins of Corsano fortified village, devastated by 1656 plague and since abandoned, and Malvizza bullae, the widest mudpot field in Southern Italy.
John Rolls of The Hendre
John Rolls of The Hendre (20 October 1776 – 31 January 1837) was a native of Bermondsey, in Southwark, London, Surrey, England. A member of the renowned Rolls family of The Hendre at Llangattock-Vibon-Avel near Monmouth, Monmouthshire, Wales, he undertook the first of several expansions of the mansion. The Hendre was also the childhood home of his great-grandson Charles Stewart Rolls, aviation pioneer and co-founder of Rolls-Royce Limited. John Rolls was a Justice of the Peace, as well as a Lieutenant Colonel of the Loyal Southwark Volunteer Infantry.

Monmouth
Monmouth (/ˈmɒnməθ/ MON-məth or /ˈmʌn-/ MUN-; Welsh: Trefynwy, lit. 'Town on the Monnow') is a market town and community in Monmouthshire, Wales, situated on where the River Monnow joins the River Wye, two miles (three kilometres) from the Wales–England border. The population in the 2011 census was 10,508, rising from 8,877 in 2001. Monmouth was the county town of historic Monmouthshire, although Abergavenny is the largest settlement and Monmouthshire County Council has its main offices at Rhadyr, just outside Usk. Monmouth is in the UK Parliament constituency of Monmouthshire and the Senedd constituency of Monmouth.

The town was the site of a small Roman fort, Blestium, and became established after the Normans built Monmouth Castle c. 1067. The medieval stone gated bridge is the only one of its type remaining in Britain. The castle later came into the possession of the House of Lancaster, and was the birthplace of King Henry V in 1386.
Laarbeek
Laarbeek (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈlaːrbeːk] ⓘ) is a municipality located in the province of North Brabant in the south of the Netherlands. It was formed in 1997 from the former municipalities Beek en Donk, Aarle-Rixtel and Lieshout (which included the village Mariahout). Laarbeek is part of the city region 'Samenwerkingsverband Regio Eindhoven', centered on the city of Eindhoven. The town hall is located in Beek en Donk.

Lieshout is home of the Bavaria Brewery, one of the Netherlands' largest breweries which produces for local and foreign markets.

The Croy Castle is located near the village Aarle-Rixtel.

Royal Swinkels
Royal Swinkels (formerly Swinkels Family Brewers and Bavaria Brewery) is a family business from North Brabant in the Netherlands, that is active in the beer, soft drink and malt sector. The company is fully owned by the Swinkels family for seven generations. The head office is located in Lieshout.

Swinkels Family Brewers is the second largest brewery company in the Netherlands after Heineken and one of the largest producers of malt in Europe. The business has a turnover of more than 1,113 million euros per year. The company is commercially active in more than 130 countries. Two-thirds of the turnover is achieved in Europe. The focus is in Western Europe with more than half of the turnover. Outside of the European market, the largest contribution comes from the Middle East/Africa region, where a total of twenty percent of turnover is achieved.
Amber Hill
Amber Hill is a village and civil parish in Lincolnshire, England, approximately 6 miles (10 km) west-north-west from Boston. The 2001 Census measured its population at 268, increasing to 294 at the 2011 census.

Holland Fen
Holland Fen is a settlement in the Borough of Boston, Lincolnshire, England. It is approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) north-west of the market town of Boston, and less than  1 mile (1.6 km) west of the River Witham.
Terrafugia
Terrafugia (/ˌtɛrəˈfuːdʒiə/) is a Chinese-owned corporation, based in Woburn, Massachusetts, United States that is developing the Transition and TF-X flying cars. The Transition and TF-X are designed to be able to fold their wings, enabling the vehicles to also operate as street-legal road vehicles.

In January 2021, Terrafugia announced that the Transition received a Special Light-Sport Aircraft (LSA) airworthiness certificate from the FAA for the Transition to be flown only, with road use approval to follow in 2022.

In February 2021 the company had laid off the majority of its employees, planned to close its US operations and re-establish in China.

EAA AirVenture Oshkosh
EAA AirVenture Oshkosh (formerly the EAA Annual Convention and Fly-In), or just Oshkosh, is an annual air show and gathering of aviation enthusiasts held each summer at the Wittman Regional Airport and adjacent Pioneer Airport in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, United States. The southern part of the show grounds, as well as "Camp Scholler", are located in the town of Nekimi and a base for seaplanes is located on Lake Winnebago in the town of Black Wolf.

The airshow is arranged by the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA), an international general aviation organization based in Oshkosh, and is the largest of its kind in the world. The show lasts a week, usually beginning on the Monday of the last full week in July. During the gathering, the airport's control tower, frequency 118.5, is the busiest in the world.
Stemmadenine
Stemmadenine is a terpene indole alkaloid.  Stemmadenine is believed to be formed from preakuammicine by a carbon-carbon bond cleavage.  Cleavage of a second carbon-carbon bond is thought to form dehydrosecodine.  The enzymes forming stemmadenine and using it as a substrate remain unknown to date. It is thought to be intermediate compound in many different biosynthetic pathways such as in Aspidosperma species. Many alkaloids are proposed to be produced through intermediate stemmadenine. Some of them are:

Catharanthine and Tabersonine in Catharanthus roseus

Subincanadines D-F in Aspidosperma subincanum

It is also present as product in plant like in Tabernaemontana dichotoma seeds.

Tabersonine
Tabersonine is a terpene indole alkaloid found in the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus and also plants in the genus Voacanga: 8  (both taxa belonging to the alkaloid-rich family Apocynaceae).  Tabersonine is hydroxylated at the 16 position by the enzyme tabersonine 16-hydroxylase (T16H) to form 16-hydroxytabersonine.  The enzyme leading to its formation is currently unknown.  Tabersonine is the first intermediate leading to the formation of vindoline one of the two precursors required for vinblastine biosynthesis.
Conus gradatus
Conus gradatus, common name the graduated cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails, cone shells or cones.

These snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of stinging humans.

The subspecies Conus gradatus thaanumi Schwengel, 1955i s a synonym of Conus recurvus Broderip, 1833

Conus recurvus
Conus recurvus, common name the recurved cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails, cone shells or cones.

These snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of stinging humans.

The variety Conus recurvus var. helenae Schwengel, 1955 is a synonym of Conus scalaris Valenciennes, 1832.