hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cost driver
A cost driver is a structural factor which determines the cost of an activity or a change in its cost. The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants defines a cost driver as:

[A] cost driver is any factor which causes a change in the cost of an activity,

although a different meaning is assigned to the term by the business writer Michael Porter, who states:

"cost drivers are the structural determinants of the cost of an activity, reflecting any linkages or interrelationships that affect it".

Chartered Institute of Management Accountants
The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) is a global professional management accounting body, based in the United Kingdom. CIMA offers training and qualification in management accounting and related subjects. It is focused on accountants working in industry and provides ongoing support and training for members.

CIMA is one of the professional associations for accountants in the UK and Ireland. Its particular emphasis is on developing the management accounting profession. CIMA is the largest and the oldest management accounting body in the world, with over 229,000 members and students worldwide.

The Chartered Global Management Accountant (CGMA) qualification has the academic standing of a master's degree in the UK (recognised at Level 7 by NARIC).
Evacuations during the Gaza war
Following the outbreak of the Gaza war, many countries evacuated their citizens from Israel and Gaza as well as from the areas under the control of the Palestinian Authority. Israel also evacuated many of its citizens from certain areas, close to Gaza or survivors of areas that were attacked on 7 October 2023.

Etihad Airways
Etihad Airways is one of the two flag carriers of the United Arab Emirates (the other being Emirates). Its head office is in Khalifa City, Abu Dhabi, near Zayed International Airport. The airline commenced operations in November 2003 and is the second-largest airline in the UAE after Emirates.

The airline operates more than 1,000 flights per week, to over 120 passenger and cargo destinations in the Middle East, Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia, and North America, with a fleet of 107 Airbus and Boeing aircraft as of July 2025. Its main base is at Zayed International Airport. In addition to its main activity of passenger transportation, Etihad also operates Etihad Holidays and Etihad Cargo.
Johanna Nordström
Irma Johanna Louise Nordström, (born 19 November 1995 in Västerås) is a Swedish comedian and television personality. She has participated in Bäst i test on SVT, and Masked Singer Sverige on TV4 and The Traitors (Förrädarna Säsong 1) season 1 in 2023 TV4 Sverige. She has also presented  i P3 med Johanna och Torbjörn along with Torbjörn Averås Skorup. She was a jury member in Talang 2023 broadcast on TV4. Nordström presented Let's Dance 2025, the season is broadcast on TV4.

TV4 (Swedish TV channel)
TV4 (TV fyra) is a Swedish free-to-air television network owned by TV4 AB, a subsidiary of the TV4 Media AB. It started broadcasting by satellite in 1990 and, since 1992, on terrestrial television. In 1994, TV4 became the largest channel and remained so for a number of years. The two channels of Sveriges Television (SVT) lost more and more viewers for a couple of years. After making schedule changes in 2001, SVT1 had practically the same numbers of viewers as TV4. From 2004 to 2019, the TV4 Group was a fully active member of the European Broadcasting Union.
Mercedes-Benz W195
Mercedes-Benz W195 was a concept for a 1500cc supercharged V12 Formula One racing car studied by Mercedes-Benz during the 1950 and 1951 F1 seasons, with the intend to test in 1952 and to compete in 1953.

By mid-1951, F1 was in a crisis due to lack of competitive F1 cars, with 1500cc supercharged engines or 4500cc without supercharger, and the 1952 and 1953 World Championships seasons were run under Formula Two regulations, with 2000cc engines and much more competition. When this became known in September 1951, the W195 project was cancelled, and the Mercedes-Benz W196 was built for the new 2500cc rules that came in effect for 1954.

Concurrently to F1 considerations, the Mercedes-Benz W194 300 SL sportscar was developed, to be raced in 1952. It would be sold from 1954 onwards as W198.

1950 Formula One season
The 1950 Formula One season was the fourth season of the FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the inaugural FIA World Championship of Drivers, which was contested over seven races between 13 May and 3 September 1950. The only one outside of Europe was the Indianapolis 500, which was run to AAA National Championship regulations. No Formula One drivers competed in the Indy 500 or vice versa. Finally, the season also included several non-championship races for Formula One cars.

Alfa Romeo entered a supercharged 158, a well-developed pre-war design that debuted in 1938, and managed to win all six races they competed in. Italian Giuseppe "Nino" Farina and Argentine teammate Juan Manuel Fangio both won three races and set three fastest laps each. But Fangio did not score points in the other three races, while Farina finished fourth in Belgium, handing him the championship.
Yiong Tsangpo
The Yiong Tsangpo (Tibetan: ཡིད་འོང་གཙང་པོ།, Wylie: yid 'ong gtsang po, Chinese: 易贡藏布; pinyin: Yìgòng Zàngbù) is a right-bank tributary of the Parlung Tsangpo in eastern Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It starts in the Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains of central Lhari County, runs 286 kilometres and empties into the Parlung Tsangpo near Tongmai of Bomê County. A tremendous Yigong landslide occurred on the Yiong Tsangpo in Bomê County on April 9, 2000. It can be called the largest and longest rapid landslide in China.

Parlung Tsangpo
Parlung Tsangpo or Parlung Zangbo (Tibetan: ཕར་ལུང་གཙང་པོ, Wylie: phar lung gtsang po; Chinese: 帕隆藏布; pinyin: Pàlóng Zàngbù), also known as Palongzangbu River, is a river in Nyingchi, Tibet, China. It is the largest tributary on the left side of Yarlung Tsangpo. Its source is the Arza Gongla Glacier, at an elevation of 4900m. It first flows north into Ngagung Tso, then turn northwest to Rakwa Tso. It joins Yarlung Tsangpo near Bomê.

The total length of Parlung Tsangpo is 266 km, and the drop of elevation is 3360m. The drainage basin covers an area of 23,800 square kilometers. The lower part of Parlung flows through the Parlung Tsangpo Valley, which is among the deepest in the world.
Norddeutscher Regatta Verein
Norddeutscher Regatta Verein (NRV), approx. meaning "North German Regatta Club", is a yacht club in Germany. This club is based in Uhlenhorst, Hamburg, Germany; the clubhouse is located at Hamburg's Lake Außenalster. Founded in 1868, it is one of the oldest and largest yacht clubs in Germany, with some 2,000 members.

Norddeutscher Regatta Verein is one of the organizers of Kiel Week, together with the Yacht Club of Kiel, the Verein Seglerhaus am Wannsee and the Hamburger Sailing Club. Taking place in the Bay of Kiel, this annual event is one of the largest and most prestigious sailing regattas in the world. The NRV also assists the Yacht Club of Lübeck in the organization of the Travemünder Woche.

Kieler Yacht-Club
Kieler Yacht-Club (German for 'Kiel Yacht Club') is one of the oldest yacht clubs in Germany. It is located in the harbor city of Kiel. This club is well known for some of the yacht racing events it organizes. The main one is the yearly Kieler Woche (Kiel Week), which is perhaps the biggest sailing event in the world.
Kaliyan
Kali (Kaliyan in Tamil) was the sixth fragment of the primordial manifestation of Kroni (evil) according to Akilathirattu, the source of Ayyavazhi mythology and the holy book of Ayyavazhi religion. Unlike other previous manifestations, Kali spread in this yugam (yukam in Tamizh) as maya (illusion). Details of Kali were restated in Ayyavazhi Religion and he is the same Kali mentioned in Kalki Purana.

Perumal (deity)
Perumal (Tamil: பெருமாள், romanized: Perumāl) or Tirumal (Tamil: திருமால், romanized: Tirumāl pronunciationⓘ) is a Hindu deity. Perumal is worshipped mainly among Tamil Hindus in South India and the Tamil diaspora, who consider Perumal to be a form of Vishnu.

Some of the earliest known mentions of Perumal, and the Tamil devotional poems ascribed to him, are found in Paripāṭal – the Sangam era poetic anthology. He is a popular Hindu deity particularly among Tamils in Tamil Nadu and the Tamil diaspora, and in Vaishnava temples. One of the richest and largest Hindu temples complexes dedicated to Perumal is the Venkateswara temple in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. Other significant institutions include Srirangam's Ranganathaswamy temple, Kanchipuram's Varadaraja Perumal temple, and Thiruvananthapurum's Padmanabhaswamy Perumal temple.
Jorunna funebris
Jorunna funebris, commonly called the dotted nudibranch, is a species of sea slug. It is a dorid nudibranch, which is a shell-less marine gastropod mollusc in the family Discodorididae. The genus Jorunna is composed of roughly 15 other species of nudibranchs, which feed on a variety of sponges.

Discodorididae
Discodorididae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs, specifically dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Doridoidea.

Species in this family belong to the cryptobranch dorid nudibranchs, i.e. they are able to retract their gills into a gill pocket (cryptobranch = hidden gills). Most are small and hard to identify. Most are thought to feed at night on sponges, while during the day they search for dark areas or remain hidden under rocks.

One example of a discodoridid is the "Pacific sea lemon" or "speckled sea lemon", Peltodoris nobilis, which occurs off the coast of British Columbia to Baja California from low-tide waters to a depth of about 200 m. Not only is this species yellow with a bumpy surface, but it also gives off a strong fruity citrus smell when handled, adding to its resemblance to a lemon.
Selma Mutal
Selma Mutal (born in Lima, Peru) is a Franco-Dutch film score composer. She is known for her collaborations with filmmakers Claudia Llosa, Javier Fuentes-León, and Tod Lending. Mutal has also scored films directed by Fabien Gorgeart, Piotr Dumala, Pola Rapaport, and Víctor García León, work for TV, and a Chanel campaign, among other things.

The Milk of Sorrow
The Milk of Sorrow (Spanish: La teta asustada, lit. 'The scared tit') is a 2009 Peruvian-Spanish drama film directed, written and co-produced by Claudia Llosa. The film stars Magaly Solier and addresses the fears of abused women during Peru's recent history.

It won the Golden Bear award and FIPRESCI prize at the 2009 Berlin International Film Festival, as well as the award for best film in the 24 Festival Internacional de Cine de Guadalajara in Mexico. It was nominated for the 82nd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, becoming the first Peruvian film to be nominated for the award.
Karlis Ozols
Karlis Aleksandrs Ozols (Latvian: Kārlis Aleksandrs Ozols; 9 August 1912, in Riga – 23 March 2001, in Australia) was a Latvian lieutenant in the Nazi-controlled Latvian Auxiliary Police and a member of Heinrich Himmler's SS during WW2. After later migrating to Australia, he was recommended to be charged under that country's War Crimes Act for helping oversee the mass-killings of Jews and anti-fascist insurgents in both Latvia and Belarus, but this was not pursued to prosecution. Ozols was also a champion Latvian-Australian chess player.

International Correspondence Chess Federation
International Correspondence Chess Federation (ICCF) was founded on 26 March 1951 as a new appearance of the International Correspondence Chess Association (ICCA), which was founded in 1945, as successor of the Internationaler Fernschachbund (IFSB), founded on 2 December 1928.

The current president is Eric Ruch, while the first president was Jean-Louis Ormond.
Anchor paper
An anchor paper is a sample essay response to an assignment or test question requiring an essay, primarily in an educational effort. Unlike more traditional educational assessments such as multiple choice, essays cannot be graded with an answer key, as no strictly correct or incorrect solution exists. The anchor paper provides an example to the person reviewing or grading the assignment of a well-written response to the essay prompt. Sometimes examiners prepare a range of anchor papers, to provide examples of responses at different levels of merit.

Multiple choice
Multiple choice, multiple choice question, or objective response is a form of an objective assessment in which respondents are asked to select only the correct answer from the choices offered as a list. The multiple choice format is most frequently used in educational testing, in market research, and in elections, when a person chooses between multiple candidates, parties, or policies.

Although E. L. Thorndike developed an early scientific approach to testing students, it was his assistant Benjamin D. Wood who developed the multiple-choice test. Multiple-choice testing increased in popularity in the mid-20th century when scanners and data-processing machines were developed to check the result. Christopher P. Sole created the first multiple-choice examinations for computers on a Sharp Mz 80 computer in 1982.
Burton Joyce
Burton Joyce (/bɜːrtən ˈdʒɔɪs/) is a large village and civil parish in the Gedling district of Nottinghamshire, England, 7 miles (11 km) east of Nottingham, between Stoke Bardolph to the south and Bulcote to the north-east. The A612 links it to Carlton and Netherfield to the south-west and Lowdham to the north-east. Initially the site of an Iron age fort, it was occupied by Norman nobility, who founded St Helen's Church. From being a farming community, Burton Joyce grew in the early Industrial Revolution, earning repute up to the 1920s for its textile products. Many of its 3,500 inhabitants (census 2021; up from 3,443 in 2011) commute to work in Nottingham. It forms with Stoke Bardoph and Bulcote the Trent Valley ward of Gedling, with two councillors.

Netherfield, Nottinghamshire
Netherfield is a town in the Borough of Gedling in Nottinghamshire, England. It is situated to the east of Nottingham's city boundary and is approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) between Colwick and Carlton in the NG4 postcode area, and near the River Trent. The appropriate Gedling ward was called 'Netherfield and Colwick' until boundary reorganisation in 2015, when it became 'Netherfield', with 'Colwick' becoming a separate ward.. At the time of the 2011 census, the population of this ward was 7,398.
MS Tala
MS Tala (Arabic: مركز شباب تلا), also known as Tala Youth Center, or simply Tala YC, is an Egyptian sports club based in Tala, El Monufia, Egypt. The club is mainly known for its football team, which currently plays in the Egyptian Third Division, the third-highest league in the Egyptian football league system.

The club became popular after reaching the round of 32 of the 2013 Egypt Cup, where they played against defending champions ENPPI and lost 1–0.

The club was promoted to the Egyptian Second Division for the first time in their history during the 2013–14 season of the Egyptian Third Division, but failed to stay in the Second Division for more than one season and were relegated to the Third Division. Five years later, the club was promoted to the Egyptian Second Division for the second time after securing 2017–18 Egyptian Third Division Group G promotion spot by defeating Mega Sport 3–2.

ENPPI SC
ENPPI Sporting Club (Arabic: نادي إنبي الرياضي), simply known as ENPPI, is an Egyptian football club based in East Cairo, that competes in the Egyptian Premier League and plays home matches at Petrosport stadium in New Cairo. The club is related to ENPPI (Engineering For The Petroleum And Process Industries), which was established in 1978.

The club's greatest achievement is winning the Egypt Cup twice and being the league runner-up in the 2004–05 season.
S4 Shanghai–Jinshan Expressway
The Shanghai–Jinshan Expressway, commonly referred to as the Hujin Expressway (Chinese: 沪金高速公路; pinyin: Hùjīn Gāosù) and designated S4, is an expressway in the city of Shanghai, China. It runs generally in a north-south direction from the Xinzhuang Interchange, a large interchange with the Outer Ring Expressway, the G60 Shanghai–Kunming Expressway, the G92 Hangzhou Bay Ring Expressway, and Humin Elevated Road in Minhang District to Jinshan District, ending at an interchange with the G15 Shenyang–Haikou Expressway. The expressway is tolled south of the Zhuanqiao Service Area in Minhang District, between the exits to Yindu Road and the Shanghai–Jiaxing–Huzhou Expressway.

Before August 2009, the expressway was known as the A4 Expressway.

Minhang, Shanghai
Minhang District is a suburban district of Shanghai with a land area of 371.57 km2 (143.46 sq mi) and population of 2,653,489 residents as of 2020. The original Minhang consist of present-day Jiangchuan Road Subdistrict (Former Minhang Town) and the eastern strip of Wujing along the Huangpu River in 1992, the surrounding Shanghai County merged with Minhang.

It is mostly a residential district, though it is also home to some of the many factories and production facilities in Shanghai. Residential housing development is the main source of local government revenue. Qizhong Forest Sports City Arena (旗忠森林体育城) is located in Ma Qiao Town (马桥镇). The Aerospace Museum is being constructed at Pujiang Town.

Shanghai Jiao Tong University and East China Normal University both have campuses in the southern part of Minhang District.
Hendrick Motorsports in the NASCAR Cup Series
Hendrick Motorsports (HMS) is an American professional auto racing organization that competes in the NASCAR Cup Series. The team was founded in 1984 as All Star Racing by Rick Hendrick. Hendrick Motorsports has won a NASCAR-record 320 Cup Series races and 15 Cup Series owners and drivers championships to go with three Truck Series owners and drivers titles and one Xfinity Series drivers crown. Additionally, the team has 30 O'Reilly Auto Parts Series race wins, 26 Truck Series race wins, and 7 ARCA Menards Series wins. This page documents the statistical results of Hendrick Motorsports in the NASCAR Cup Series beginning with the team's debut in 1984.

Ally Financial
Ally Financial Inc. (known as GMAC until 2010) is an American bank holding company incorporated in Delaware and headquartered at Ally Detroit Center in Detroit, Michigan. The company provides financial services including car finance, online banking via a direct bank, corporate lending, vehicle insurance, mortgage loans, and other related financing services such as installment sale and lease agreements.

Ally is one of the largest car finance companies in the U.S., providing car financing and leasing for 4.0 million customers and originating 1.2 million car loans in 2024. It is on the list of largest banks in the United States by assets and has 3.3 million deposit customers with 6.3 million retail bank accounts. The company sold 556,000 vehicles in 2024 via its SmartAuction online marketplace for auto auctions, launched in 2000.
Robert Latou Dickinson
Robert Latou Dickinson (February 21, 1861 – November 29, 1950) was an American obstetrician and gynecologist, surgeon, maternal health educator, artist, sculptor and medical illustrator, research scientist, author, and public health educator.  He also became a prolific artist, carver, and sculptor, who used his skills to illustrate his professional work.

Museum of Science (Boston)
The Museum of Science (MoS) is a nature and science museum and indoor zoological establishment located in Science Park, a plot of land in Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts, spanning the Charles River. Along with over 700 interactive exhibits, the museum features a number of live and interactive presentations throughout the building each day, along with scheduled film showings at the Charles Hayden Planetarium and the Mugar Omni Theater (New England’s only domed IMAX theater).

The Museum is a member of the Association of Science and Technology Centers (ASTC) (and President Tim Ritchie serves as Chair of the ASTC Board of Directors) and the American Alliance of Museums (AAM). Additionally, the Museum of Science is an accredited member of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), being home to over 100 animals.
Philip (son of Machatas)
Philip (Greek: Φίλιππoς; died 325 BC), son of Machatas and brother of Harpalus, was an officer in the service of Alexander the Great, who in 327 BC was appointed by Alexander as satrap of India, including the provinces westward of the Hydaspes (Jhelum river), as far south as the junction of the Indus with the Acesines (Chenab river). After the Mallian campaign of the and Oxydracae, these tribes also were added to his government.

Philip was put in charge by Alexander of building the city of Alexandria on the Indus.

The territory south of the junction of the Indus with the Acesines (Chenab river) to the sea was given to Oxyartes and Peithon, son of Agenor (Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander VI.15.4)

Harpalus
Harpalus (Greek: Ἅρπαλος), son of Machatas, was a Macedonian aristocrat and childhood friend of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. Harpalus was repeatedly entrusted with official duties by Alexander and absconded with large sums of money on three occasions. Alexander appointed him treasurer of his empire in Babylon in 330 BC. In 324 BC he fled from Babylon to Athens with a large sum of money. The resulting political controversy in Athens ("the Harpalus Affair") was a contributing factor in the Lamian War.
Kintex (Bulgaria)
Kintex is a Bulgarian state-owned company, founded in Sofia, Bulgaria, in 1966.

Until 1992 essentially an arm of the Bulgarian Communist Party's secret service, the Committee for State Security, Kintex was an import-export corporation, which controlled the sale of everything from cigarettes to heavy weapons. Kintex was responsible for selling weapons to smugglers and terrorists, with both right wing and left wing political sympathies,  in Turkey,
in the 1970s.

Committee for State Security (Bulgaria)
State Security (Държавна сигурност, Darzhavna sigurnost; abbreviated ДС, DS) was the name of the Bulgarian secret service under the People's Republic of Bulgaria during the Cold War, until 1989. State Security was closely allied with its Soviet counterpart, the KGB.
Giovanni D'Ascenzi
Giovanni D'Ascenzi (6 January 1920 – 26 February 2013) was an Italian bishop of the Roman Catholic Church.

D'Ascenzi was born in Valentano, Italy and was ordained a priest on 19 June 1943. He was appointed Bishop of the Diocese of Pitigliano-Sovana-Orbetello on 7 October 1975 and ordained on 7 December 1975. On 11 April 1983 he was appointed bishop of Historic dioceses of Arezzo, Cortona, and Sansepolcro, which were united on 30 September 1986 to form the Diocese of Arezzo-Cortona-Sansepolcro. He retired from that position 8 June 1996.

Diocese of Arezzo-Cortona-Sansepolcro
The Diocese of Arezzo-Cortona-Sansepolcro (Latin: Dioecesis Arretina-Cortonensis-Biturgensis seu Burgi Sancti Sepulchri) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church. It has existed since 1986. In that year the historic diocese of Arezzo was combined with the diocese of Cortona and the diocese of Sansepolcro, the enlarged diocese being suffragan of the archdiocese of Florence.
St Paul's Church, Constable Lee
St Paul's Church is in Burnley Road, Constable Lee, Rawtenstall, Lancashire, England.  It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Rossendale, the archdeaconry of Bolton, and the diocese of Manchester.  The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.

Anglican Diocese of Manchester
The Diocese of Manchester is a Church of England diocese in the Province of York, England. Based in the city of Manchester, the diocese covers much of the county of Greater Manchester and small areas of the counties of Lancashire and Cheshire.