hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Trickle-down fashion
Trickle-down fashion is a model of product adoption in marketing that affects many consumer goods and services.

It states that fashion flows vertically from the upper classes to the lower classes within society, each social class influenced by a higher social class. Two conflicting principles drive this diffusion dynamic. Lesser social groups seek to establish new status claims by adopting the fashions of higher social groups in imitation, whilst higher social groups respond by adopting new fashions to differentiate themselves. This provokes an endless cycle of change, driving fashion forward in a continual process of innovation.

Due to this dynamic, initially, a product may be so expensive that only the wealthy can afford it. Over time, however, the price will fall until it is inexpensive enough for the general public to purchase.

Thorstein Veblen
Thorstein Bunde Veblen (/ˈθɔːrstaɪn ˈvɛblən/ THOR-styn VEH-blən; July 30, 1857 – August 3, 1929) was an American economist and sociologist who, during his lifetime, emerged as a well-known critic of capitalism.

In his best-known book, The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899), Veblen coined the concepts of conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure. Veblen laid the foundation for the perspective of institutional economics. Contemporary economists still theorize Veblen's distinction between "institutions" and "technology", known as the Veblenian dichotomy.

As a leading intellectual of the Progressive Era in the US, Veblen attacked production for profit. His emphasis on conspicuous consumption greatly influenced economists who engaged in non-Marxist critiques of fascism, capitalism, and technological determinism.
Cathartic
In medicine, a cathartic is a substance that accelerates defecation. This is similar to a laxative, which is a substance that eases defecation, usually by softening feces. It is possible for a substance to be both a laxative and a cathartic. However, agents such as psyllium seed husks increase the bulk of the feces.

Cathartics such as sorbitol, magnesium citrate, magnesium sulfate, or sodium sulfate were previously used as a form of gastrointestinal decontamination following poisoning via ingestion. They are no longer routinely recommended for poisonings.  High-dose cathartics may be an effective means of ridding the lower gastrointestinal tract of toxins; however, they carry a risk of electrolyte imbalances and dehydration.  Catharsis can be an effect of pesticide poisonings, such as with elemental sulfur.

Magnesium citrate
Magnesium citrates are metal-organic compounds formed from citrate and magnesium ions.  They are salts.  One form is the 1:1 magnesium preparation in salt form with citric acid in a 1:1 ratio (1 magnesium atom per citrate molecule). It contains 11.33% magnesium by weight.  Magnesium citrate (sensu lato) is used medicinally as a saline laxative and to empty the bowel before major surgery or a colonoscopy. It is available without a prescription, both as a generic and under various brand names. It is also used in the pill form as a magnesium dietary supplement. As a food additive, magnesium citrate is used to regulate acidity and is known as E number E345.
Colm Mulcahy
Colm Mulcahy (born September 1958) is an Irish mathematician, academic, columnist, book author, public outreach speaker, amateur magician and Professor Emeritus at Spelman College. In addition to algebra, number theory, and geometry, his interests include mathemagical card magic and the culture of mathematics–particularly the contributions of Irish mathematicians and also the works of iconic mathematics writer Martin Gardner.

In 2024 he received the Maths Week Ireland Award.

Gathering 4 Gardner
Gathering 4 Gardner (G4G) is an educational foundation and non-profit corporation (Gathering 4 Gardner, Inc.) devoted to preserving the legacy and spirit of prolific writer Martin Gardner. G4G organizes conferences where people who have been inspired by or have a strong personal connection to Martin Gardner can meet and celebrate his influence. These events explore ideas and developments in recreational mathematics, magic, illusion, puzzles, philosophy, and rationality, and foster creative work in all of these areas by enthusiasts of all ages.  G4G also facilitates a related series of events called Celebration of Mind (CoM).
Kalateh-ye Nay
Kalateh-ye Nay (Persian: كلاته نايي, also Romanized as Kalāteh-ye Nāy; also known as Nā’ī) is a village in Bala Velayat Rural District, in the Central District of Kashmar County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 125, in 22 families.

Bala Velayat Rural District (Kashmar County)
Bala Velayat Rural District (Persian: دهستان بالا ولايت) is in the Central District of Kashmar County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Quzhd. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Qaleh-ye Bala.
Edds Lake
Edds Lake is a freshwater lake located on the western slope of Huckleberry Mountain at the border between King County and Kittitas County, Washington. The lake is a popular area for hiking, swimming, and fishing for golden trout. The Pacific Crest Trail runs just East of the lake, a prominent ridge that separates Edds Lake from Joe Lake and Alaska Lake , south towards Kendall Katwalk. Other Alpine lakes are in the vicinity, including Chikamin Lake, a short distance north, at the base of Chikamin Peak the west is Mount Thomson on Bumblebee Pass.

Alaska Lake
Alaska Lake is a freshwater lake located on the western skirt of Alaska Mountain at the border between King County and Kittitas County, Washington. The lake is a popular area for hiking, swimming, and fishing. Other Alpine lakes are in the vicinity, including the Rampart Lakes a short distance south, at the base of Mount Margaret. To the east is Hibox Mountain.
Robert Naify
Robert Naify was an American businessman and motion picture and media tycoon known for his ownership of the movie theaters chain United Artists Theatres, the largest and most geographically diverse theatre circuit in the United States, today part of Regal Cinemas. He also founded the cable company United Artists Communications Inc and post-production and sound mixing firm Todd-AO. He lived in San Francisco, California until his death on April 7, 2016 at the age of 94.

Tele-Communications Inc.
Tele-Communications, Inc. (TCI) was a cable television provider in the United States, and for most of its history was controlled by Bob Magness and John Malone.

The company was started in 1958 in Bozeman, Montana, as Western Microwave, Inc. and Community Television, Inc., two firms with common ownership. The companies merged in 1968 and operations moved to Denver, taking the name Tele-Communications Inc. It was the largest cable operator in the United States at one time.

After going public in 1970, the company grew rapidly, and became the top cable provider in the United States. After a failed merger attempt with Bell Atlantic in 1994, it was purchased in 1999 by AT&T, whose cable television assets in select markets were later acquired by Charter Communications, Cox Communications, and then Cablevision and Comcast Corporation.
Cham (Unicode block)
Cham is a Unicode block containing characters of the Cham script, which is used for writing the Cham language, primarily used for the Eastern dialect in Cambodia and Vietnam.

A separate block for Western Cham, used in Cambodia, was first proposed to Unicode in 2016. As of May 2022 it is still being finalized.

Unicode block
A Unicode block is one of several contiguous ranges of numeric character codes (code points) of the Unicode character set that are defined by the Unicode Consortium for administrative and documentation purposes.  Typically, proposals such as the addition of new glyphs are discussed and evaluated by considering the relevant block or blocks as a whole.

Each block is generally, but not always, meant to supply glyphs used by one or more specific languages, or in some general application area such as mathematics, surveying, decorative typesetting, social forums, etc.
Moise H. Goldstein Sr.
Moise Herbert Goldstein Sr. (September 17, 1882 − December 28, 1972) was an architect in Louisiana during the first half of the 20th century whose work includes hotels, a 23-story bank building, government buildings, airport terminal, the main library building, and a synagogue.  In 1936, he was elected to Fellowship status in the American Institute of Architects and was elevated to Member Emeritus in 1961.  Goldstein was a founding member of the Louisiana Architect's Association and was an active participant in establishing the School of Architecture at Tulane University.

New Orleans Public Library
The New Orleans Public Library (NOPL) is the public library of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. Succeeding earlier libraries in the city, it opened in 1897. Three branches were added by 1908. Carnegie library branches were added in 1911 and 1915. By 2005 a dozen branches were open. The main library is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Diana Dumitru
Diana Dumitru is a Moldovan historian, who is the Ion Ratiu Professor in Romanian Studies at Georgetown University in the US. She is considered the leading scholar of the fate of Bessarabia's and Bukovina's Jews during the Holocaust.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) is the United States' official memorial to the Holocaust, dedicated to the documentation, study, and interpretation of the Holocaust. Opened in 1993, the museum explores the Holocaust through permanent and traveling exhibitions, educational programs, survivor testimonies and archival collections. The USHMM was created to help leaders and citizens of the world confront hatred, prevent genocide, promote human dignity, and strengthen democracy.
Provincial Highway 23 (Taiwan)
Provincial Highway 23 or Futung Highway (Chinese: 台23線) is a highway starting at Fuli, Hualien and ending in Donghe, Taitung in Taiwan. The route length is 45.4km and connects Provincial Highway No. 9 and Provincial Highway No.11 by through Hai'an Range.

Provincial Highway 11 (Taiwan)
Provincial Highway 11, also known as Hualien-Taitung Coastal Highway for its connection between Hualien County and Taitung County is located on the east coast of Taiwan.  This highway, which is 178.229 km, begins in Hualien City and ends in Taitung City. It also has 3 branch lines. The East Coast National Scenic Area and Farglory Ocean Park (Hualien Ocean Park) are also located on this highway. It was called Tōkaidō during Japanese rule period.
(R)-2-Methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine
(R)-2-Methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine is an organoboron catalyst that is used in organic synthesis. This catalyst, developed by Shinichi Itsuno and Elias James Corey, is generated by heating (R)-(+)-2-(diphenylhydroxymethyl) pyrrolidine along with trimethylboroxine or methylboronic acid. It is an excellent tool for the synthesis of alcohols in high enantiomeric ratio. Generally, 2-10 mol% of this catalyst is used along with borane-tetrahydrofuran (THF), borane-dimethylsulfide, borane-N,N-diethylaniline, or diborane as the borane source. Enantioselective reduction using chiral oxazaborolidine catalysts has been used in the synthesis of commercial drugs such as ezetimibe and aprepitant.

Borane–tetrahydrofuran
Borane–tetrahydrofuran is an adduct derived from borane and tetrahydrofuran (THF). These solutions, which are colorless, are used for reductions and hydroboration, reactions that are useful in synthesis of organic compounds.  A common alternative to BH3•THF is borane–dimethylsulfide, which has a longer shelf life and effects similar transformations.
Kumaarashi
Masaya Suzuki (鈴木 優也, Suzuki Masaya; born December 1, 1991) better known by his ring names Kumaarashi (羆嵐) and formerly Kumagoro (熊ゴロー, Kumagorō), is a Japanese professional wrestler currently working as a freelancer and is best known for his tenure with the Japanese promotions Wrestle-1 and Active Advance Pro Wrestling.

Wrestle-1 Result Championship
The Wrestle-1 Result Championship (WRESTLE-1 リザルトチャンピオンシップ, Wrestle-1 Rizaruto Chanpionshippu) was a professional wrestling championship owned by the Wrestle-1 (W-1) promotion. The title is meant for the promotion's younger wrestlers.

Like most professional wrestling championships, the title is won as a result of a scripted match. There have been seven reigns shared among six wrestlers.
RT-11
RT-11 (Real-time 11) is a discontinued small, low-end, single-user real-time operating system for the full line of Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11 16-bit computers. RT-11 was first implemented in 1970 and released in June 1973. It was widely used for real-time computing systems, process control, and data acquisition across all PDP-11s. It was also used for low-cost general-use computing.

Real-time operating system
A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system (OS) for real-time computing applications that processes data and events that have critically defined time constraints. A RTOS mainly targets resource constrained devices like microcontrollers. It is distinct from a time-sharing operating system, such as Unix, which manages the sharing of system resources with a scheduler, data buffers, or fixed task prioritization in multitasking or multiprogramming environments. All operations must verifiably complete within given time and resource constraints or else the RTOS will fail safe. Real-time operating systems are event-driven and preemptive, meaning the OS can monitor the relevant priority of competing tasks, and make changes to the task priority.
Finite measure
In measure theory, a branch of mathematics, a finite measure or totally finite measure is a special measure that always takes on finite values. Among finite measures are probability measures. The finite measures are often easier to handle than more general measures and show a variety of different properties depending on the sets they are defined on.

Probability measure
In mathematics, a probability measure is a real-valued function defined on a set of events in a σ-algebra that satisfies measure properties such as countable additivity.  The difference between a probability measure and the more general notion of measure (which includes concepts like area or volume) is that a probability measure must assign value 1 to the entire space.

Intuitively, the additivity property says that the probability assigned to the union of two disjoint (mutually exclusive) events by the measure should be the sum of the probabilities of the events; for example, the value assigned to the outcome "1 or 2" in a throw of a die should be the sum of the values assigned to the outcomes "1" and "2".

Probability measures have applications in diverse fields, from physics to finance and biology.
Lukas Enembe Stadium
The Lukas Enembe Stadium, formerly known as Papua Bangkit Stadium (Rising Papua Stadium), is a multi-purpose stadium located within the Lukas Enembe Sports Complex in Nolokla, Jayapura Regency, Papua, Indonesia. Located between the Cyclops Mountains and Lake Sentani, the stadium takes up 71,697 square meters of land and can accommodate more than 40,263 spectators. Named after former governor of Papua Lukas Enembe, it was built as the main venue for the 2021 Pekan Olahraga Nasional.

Construction began in late of 2016 and completed in May 2019. The structure of the stadium came from the special autonomy fund and the national budget for the Papua provincial budget, which in total spent around IDR 1.3 trillion.

Lake Sentani
Lake Sentani is a tropical, shallow, and at low-altitude open lake located at the northeast extremity of the Jayapura Regency in the Indonesian province of Papua, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the provincial capital, Jayapura City. It is located just to the south of the town of Sentani.

The lake, which is considered by the local population as the home of the rainbows, is part of the Cyclops Strict Nature Reserve and contains several endemic species of fish.
1952 United States Senate election in Nevada
The 1952 United States Senate election in Nevada took place on November 4, 1952. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator George W. Malone was re-elected to a second term in office. George Wilson Malone defeated Thomas B. Mechling by a very narrow margin despite George Wilson Malone's fellow Republican Dwight David Eisenhower winning the state over Adlai Stevenson II in a landslide in the concurrent presidential election in Nevada.

1952 United States presidential election in Nevada
The 1952 United States presidential election in Nevada took place on November 4, 1952, as part of the 1952 United States presidential election. State voters chose three representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Nevada was won by Columbia University President Dwight D. Eisenhower (R–New York), running with Senator Richard Nixon, with 61.45% of the popular vote, against Adlai Stevenson (D–Illinois), running with Senator John Sparkman, with 38.55% of the popular vote. Eisenhower's vote share was the highest achieved in Nevada by any Republican presidential candidate to that point, although Richard Nixon in 1972 and Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984 would eventually exceed Eisenhower's 61.45% vote share. This was the last time that Clark County, home to Las Vegas, did not cast the most votes of any county in a presidential election in Nevada.
Diplolaimelloides woaabi
Diplolaimelloides woaabi  is a species of free-living, halophilic nematode within the family Monhysteridae. Described in 2025, it is the first nematode species identified as endemic to the Great Salt Lake in the U.S. state of Utah. As an extremophile, it is one of only three animal taxa known to inhabit the lake's hypersaline waters, alongside brine shrimp (Artemia) and brine flies (Ephydra). The species epithet is derived from "wo'aabi", the Shoshone word for "worm", chosen in consultation with and in honor of the Northwestern Band of the Shoshone Nation.

Halophile
A halophile (from the Greek word for 'salt-loving') is an extremophile that thrives in high salt concentrations. In chemical terms, halophile refers to a Lewis acidic species that has some ability to extract halides from other chemical species.

While most halophiles are classified into the domain Archaea, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryotic species, such as the alga Dunaliella salina and fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga. Some well-known species give off a red color from carotenoid compounds, notably bacteriorhodopsin.

Halophiles can be found in water bodies with salt concentration more than five times greater than that of the ocean, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah, Owens Lake in California, the Lake Urmia in Iran, the Dead Sea, and in evaporation ponds. They are theorized to be a possible analogues for modeling extremophiles that might live in the salty subsurface water ocean of Jupiter's Europa and similar moons.
Babiche
Babiche is a type of cord or lacing of rawhide or sinew traditionally made by Native Americans.

Babiche were used for all purposes for which Europeans would use string or rope, e.g. as webbing, in the manufacture of snowshoes, braided straps and tumplines, fishing and harpoon lines.

Babiche bags were flexible carrying bags made from netted rawhide thongs, used by the Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic into the 20th century, especially for carrying meat.

Twine
Twine is a strong thread, light string or cord composed of string in which two or more thinner strands are twisted, and then twisted together (plied). The strands are plied in the opposite direction to that of their twist, which adds torsional strength to the cord and keeps it from unravelling. This process is sometimes called reverse wrap. The same technique used for making twine is also used to make thread, which is thinner, yarn, and rope, which is stronger and thicker, generally with three or more strands.

Natural fibres used for making twine include wool, cotton, sisal, jute, hemp, henequen, paper, and coir.  A variety of synthetic fibres are also used. Twine is a popular substance used in modern-day crafting.
Mohammed Dewji
Mohammed "Mo" Gulamabbas Dewji (born 8 May 1975) is a Tanzanian billionaire businessman and former politician. He is the owner of MeTL Group, a Tanzanian conglomerate founded by his grandmother, developed by his father in the 1970s. Dewji served as Member of the Tanzanian Parliament for Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) from 2005 to 2015 for his home town of Singida. As of October 2024, Dewji has an estimated net worth of US$1.8 billion, Africa's 17th richest person and youngest billionaire. Dewji was the first Tanzanian on the cover of Forbes magazine, in 2013.

Politics of Tanzania
The politics of Tanzania takes place in a framework of a unitary presidential democratic republic, whereby the President of Tanzania is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The party system is dominated by the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary State Party). The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

Since 2014, the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary State Party) has under the presidencies of John Magufuli and Samia Suluhu Hassan overseen democratic backsliding and the development of a single-party state, as the party has repressed the opposition and prevented free and fair elections from taking place. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Tanzania a "hybrid regime" in 2022.
Kingfield, Maine
Kingfield is a town in Franklin County, Maine, United States. The population was 960 at the 2020 census. Kingfield, the primary village in the town, is a census-designated place.

Kingfield is the principal gateway to Sugarloaf, a major ski resort, and is headquarters to Maine Huts and Trails.

Francis Edgar Stanley
Francis Edgar Stanley (June 1, 1849 – July 31, 1918) was an American businessman and was the co-founder, along with his twin brother Freelan Oscar Stanley, of the Stanley Motor Carriage Company which built the Stanley Steamer.
Hauroth
Hauroth is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Cochem-Zell district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Kaisersesch, whose seat is in the like-named town.

Cochem-Zell
Cochem-Zell (German: Landkreis Cochem-Zell) is a district (Kreis) in the north-west of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Neighboring districts are Mayen-Koblenz, Rhein-Hunsrück, Bernkastel-Wittlich, and Vulkaneifel.
Nic Belasco
Nicholas M. Bayaca Belasco (born December 10, 1973) is a Filipino-American professional basketball player who last played for the Pasig Sta. Lucia Realtors of the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League (MPBL). He was drafted 2nd overall by Sunkist in 1997. Born in Stockton, California, he was an import for the Westports Malaysia Dragons in the Asean Basketball League. He was an assistant coach for the Phoenix Pulse Fuel Masters of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). He founded the Belasco Unlimited Skills Academy (BUSA).

Powerade Tigers
The Powerade Tigers were a professional basketball team that played in the Philippine Basketball Association from 2002 to 2012. The franchise was owned by Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. (CCBPI) when the company acquired Cosmos Bottling Corporation from RFM Corporation. From 2002 to 2010, the team played as the Coca-Cola Tigers. The franchise won two PBA championships, in 2002 and 2003.