hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Soviet pro-Arab propaganda
Soviet pro-Arab propaganda describes a campaign of Soviet propaganda initiated as a means of developing support from the Arab nations in the Middle East which would commonly involve expressing contempt for the actions of Israel and the United States.

Pan-Arabism
Pan-Arabism (Arabic: الوحدة العربية, romanized: al-waḥda al-ʿarabiyyah, lit. 'Arab unity') is a pan-nationalist ideology that espouses the unification of all Arab people in a single nation-state, consisting of all Arab countries of West Asia and North Africa from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea, which is referred to as the Arab world. It is closely connected to Arab nationalism, which asserts the view that the Arabs constitute a single nation. It originated in the late 19th century among the Arab regions of the Ottoman Empire, and its popularity reached its height during the peak of Nasserism and Ba'athism in the 1950s and 1960s. Advocates of pan-Arabism have often espoused Arab socialist principles and strongly opposed the political involvement of the Western world in the Arab world. It also sought to empower Arab states against outside forces by forming alliances such as the Arab League.
Yongjie Jessica Zhang
Yongjie Jessica Zhang is an American mechanical engineer. She is the George Tallman Ladd and Florence Barrett Ladd Professor of mechanical engineering and, by courtesy, of biomedical engineering at Carnegie Mellon University. She is the Editor-in-Chief of the journal, Engineering with Computers.

Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) is a professional society dedicated to applied mathematics, computational science, and data science through research, publications, and community. SIAM is the world's largest scientific society devoted to applied mathematics, and roughly two-thirds of its membership resides within the United States. Founded in 1951, the organization began holding annual national meetings in 1954, and now hosts conferences, publishes books and scholarly journals, and engages in advocacy in issues of interest to its membership. Members include engineers, scientists, and mathematicians, both those employed in academia and those working in industry. The society supports educational institutions promoting applied mathematics.

SIAM is one of the four member organizations of the Joint Policy Board for Mathematics.
Central Development Region, Nepal
The Central Development Region (Nepali: मध्यमाञ्चल विकास क्षेत्र, Madhyamānchal Bikās Kshetra) was one of Nepal's five development regions.  It was located in the east-central part of the country consisting of the capital city Kathmandu, along with its headquarters at Hetauda.

Before the adoption of provinces in 2015, it comprised three zones:

Bagmati

Narayani

Janakpur

Narayani Zone
Narayani (Nepali: नारायणी अञ्चलListenⓘ) was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal until the restructuring of zones to Provinces, located in the central south of the country. The headquarter of Narayani zone was Hetauda. Narayani Zone is named after the Narayani River which is on the western border of the zone, separating it from the Gandaki and Lumbini zones. Narayani means beloved of Narayan which is Parvati his sister, and Narayan refers to Lord Vishnu (the preserver) in the Hindu religion.
Il crepuscolo dei filosofi
Il crepuscolo dei filosofi (lit. 'The Twilight of the Philosophers') is a 1906 book by the Italian writer Giovanni Papini. It is an evaluation of modern Western philosophy, with special attention to what Papini viewed as errors in the works of Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer and Friedrich Nietzsche. Papini here used scepticism and Nietzscheanism to reach a radical form of pragmatism and defend irrational vitalism.

Papini was not trained in philosophy but contributed to introducing the works of John Dewey and Henri Bergson to Italian readers. Il crepuscolo dei filosofi was his first major work, after he had developed his writing and positions in magazines such as Leonardo, founded in 1903 and associated with the Florentine School of pragmatism.

Pragmatism
Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that views language and thought as tools for prediction, problem solving, and action, rather than describing, representing, or mirroring reality. Pragmatists contend that most philosophical topics—such as the nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning, belief, and science—are best viewed in terms of their practical uses and successes.

Pragmatism began in the United States in the 1870s. Its origins are often attributed to philosophers Charles Sanders Peirce, William James and John Dewey. In 1878, Peirce described it in his pragmatic maxim: "Consider the practical effects of the objects of your conception. Then, your conception of those effects is the whole of your conception of the object."
Zaratite
Zaratite is a bright emerald green nickel carbonate mineral with formula Ni3CO3(OH)4·4H2O. Zaratite crystallizes in the isometric crystal system as massive to mammillary encrustations and vein fillings. It has a specific gravity of 2.6 and a Mohs hardness of 3 to 3.5. It has no cleavage and is brittle to conchoidal fracture. The luster is vitreous to greasy.

It is a rare secondary mineral formed by hydration or alteration of the primary nickel and iron bearing minerals, chromite, pentlandite, pyrrhotite, and millerite, during the serpentinization of ultramafic rocks. Hellyerite, NiCO3·6H2O, is a related mineral. It was found originally in  Manolita mine, Teixedelo, Cedeira, La Coruña province,  Galicia, Spain in 1851, and named after Spanish diplomat and dramatist Antonio Gil y Zárate (1793–1861).

Chromite
Chromite is a crystalline mineral composed primarily of iron(II) oxide and chromium(III) oxide compounds. It can be represented by the chemical formula of FeCr2O4. It is an oxide mineral belonging to the spinel group. The element magnesium can substitute for iron in variable amounts as it forms a solid solution with magnesiochromite (MgCr2O4). Substitution of the element aluminium can also occur, leading to hercynite (FeAl2O4). Chromite today is mined particularly to make stainless steel through the production of ferrochrome (FeCr), which is an iron-chromium alloy.

Chromite grains are commonly found in large mafic igneous intrusions such as the Bushveld in South Africa and India. Chromite is iron-black in color with a metallic luster, a dark brown streak and a hardness on the Mohs scale of 5.5.
Santa Teresa flood
The flood of Santa Teresa took place on 15 October 1879 due to an overflow of the Segura river and resulted in more than 1000 deaths and heavy material damage. It is the worst recorded flood in Murcia history.

Segura (river)
Segura (Spanish and Valencian: [seˈɣuɾa] ⓘ; Latin: Thader; Arabic: شقورة, romanized: Shaqūrah, or وادي الأبيض Wādī l-Abyaḍ) is a medium-sized river in southeastern Spain. It has its source in the Sierra de Segura.
Gundulf of Rochester
Gundulf (or Gundulph) (c. 1024 – 1108) was a Norman monk who went to England following the Norman Conquest of 1066. He was appointed Bishop of Rochester and Prior of the Cathedral Priory there. He built several castles, including Rochester, Colchester and the White Tower of the Tower of London, and the Priory and Cathedral Church of Rochester.

Bishop of Rochester
The Bishop of Rochester is the ordinary of the Church of England's Diocese of Rochester in the Province of Canterbury.

The town of Rochester has the bishop's seat, at the Cathedral Church of Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary, which was founded as a Catholic cathedral in 604. After the English Reformation, during the late 17th and 18th centuries, it was customary for the Bishop of Rochester to also be appointed Dean of Westminster. The practice ended in 1802.  The diocese covers two London boroughs and West Kent, which includes Medway and Maidstone.

The bishop's residence is Bishopscourt in Rochester. His Latin episcopal signature is: "(firstname) Roffen", Roffensis being the genitive case of the Latin name of the see. The office was created in 604 at the founding of the diocese in the Kingdom of Kent under King Æthelberht.

Jonathan Gibbs has served as Bishop of Rochester since the confirmation of his election, on 24 May 2022.
Dos Valires Tunnel
The Dos Valires Tunnel (Tunel de les Dos Valires) is a major road tunnel in Andorra linking the two upper Andorran parishes of La Massana and Encamp. It is 2.922 kilometres (1.816 mi) long. The tunnel connects Generals Roads 2 and 3 linking the Valira del Nord (North Valley) and the Valira d'Orient (East Valley). It is the first stage of the northern bypass of Andorra la Vella/Escaldes-Engordany.

Encamp
Encamp (Catalan pronunciation: [aŋˈkam]) is one of the parishes of Andorra, located on the Valira d'Orient river. It is also the name of the main town in the parish. Other settlements include Vila, El Pas de la Casa, El Tremat, La Mosquera and Les Bons. As of 2004, it has about 11,800 inhabitants. The centre of the municipality lies 1,226 metres (4,020 ft) above sea level. The highest mountain in the parish is Pic dels Pessons (2,865 m or 9,400 ft). It borders France and Spain.
Taravata railway station
Taravata railway station is a railway station on Indore–Gwalior line under the Bhopal railway division of West Central Railway zone. This is situated at Kanja, Taravata in Guna district of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.

Bhopal railway division
Bhopal railway division is one of the three railway divisions falling under West Central Railway zone (WCR) of Indian Railways. This railway division was formed on 1 April 1952 and its headquarters are located at Rani Kamalapati railway station, Bhopal in the state of Madhya Pradesh of India.

Jabalpur railway division and Kota railway division being the other two. West Central Railway zone's headquarters are at Jabalpur.
Taranga Jain temple
Taranga is a Jain  pilgrimage center near Kheralu in Mehsana district, Gujarat, India, with two compounds of Jain temples that are important examples of the Māru-Gurjara style of architecture. The Ajitnatha temple, was constructed in 1161 by the Solanki king Kumarapala, under the advice of his teacher, Acharya Hemachandra. Both the main sects of Jainism are represented, with adjoining walled compounds: the Śvetāmbara compound consists of 14 temples in all, and there are also five Digambara-affiliated temples at Taranga hill.

Mehsana district
Mehsana district (also spelled Mahesana) is one of the 34 districts of Gujarat state in western India. Mehsana city is the administrative headquarters of the district. The district has a population of over 2 million and an area of over 4,400  km2. As per 2011 census 25.27% of total population of the district lived in the urban area while 74,73% lived in the rural area. There are 614 villages in the district.

Mehsana district borders Banaskantha district in the north, Patan and Surendranagar districts in the west, Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad districts in the south and Sabarkantha district in the east.

Major towns of the district include Mehsana, Vijapur, Bahucharaji, Satlasana, Unjha, Vadnagar, Kalol, Kadi, Visnagar, and Kheralu.
Central Motors
Central Motor Co., Ltd. was a Japanese manufacturer of cars within the Toyota Group. It was founded on 4 September 1950 by Ryuichi Tomiya. The company operated five plants, all located in Japan. It was one of the biggest export vehicle manufacturers of the concern. In July 2012 it was merged with two other Toyota subsidiaries operating in Tohoku to form Toyota Motor East Japan.

Toyota Caldina
The Toyota Caldina (Japanese: トヨタ・カルディナ, Toyota Karudina) is an automobile manufactured by Toyota for the Japanese market from 1992 to 2007. It replaced the Corona and Carina wagons, and was sold at Toyota Store and Toyopet Store locations in Japan. While cars bearing the Caldina nameplate have never been officially exported by Toyota, its available 4WD capability and large capacity have made it a popular grey import in Australia, New Zealand, Russia and many South American countries. When it was discontinued in 2007, the T270 series Avensis wagon/estate assumed its market position.

According to Toyota, the name "Caldina" is inspired by the Italian (and English) adjective "cardinal", meaning "essential" or "fundamental".
Differentiation of trigonometric functions
The differentiation of trigonometric functions is the mathematical process of finding the derivative of a trigonometric function, or its rate of change with respect to a variable. For example, the derivative of the sine function is written sin′(a) = cos(a), meaning that the rate of change of sin(x) at a particular angle x = a is given by the cosine of that angle.

All derivatives of circular trigonometric functions can be found from those of sin(x) and cos(x) by means of the quotient rule applied to functions such as tan(x) = sin(x)/cos(x). Knowing these derivatives, the derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions are found using implicit differentiation.

Circular sector
A circular sector, also known as circle sector or disk sector or simply a sector (symbol: ⌔), is the portion of a disk (a closed region bounded by a circle) enclosed by two radii and an arc, with the smaller area being known as the minor sector and the larger being the major sector. In the diagram, θ is the central angle, r the radius of the circle, and L is the arc length of the minor sector.
Chintulov Ridge
Chintulov Ridge (Bulgarian: Чинтулов хребет, ‘Chintulov Hrebet’ \'chin-tu-lov 'hre-bet\) is the rocky ridge extending 6.9 km in north-northwest to south-southeast direction and 2.6 km wide, rising to 1145 m in Aristotle Mountains on Oscar II Coast in Graham Land. It is situated in the southeast foothills of Mount Sara Teodora, surmounting Ambergris Glacier to the west, and Flask Glacier and one of its tributaries to the south and east respectively.  The feature is named after the Bulgarian poet Dobri Chintulov (1822-1886), in connection with the settlement Chintulovo in Southeastern Bulgaria.

Oscar II Coast
Oscar II Coast is that portion of the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula between Cape Fairweather to the north, and Cape Alexander to the south. Discovered in 1893 by Captain C.A. Larsen, who named it for King Oscar II of Norway and Sweden. To the north of this coast is Nordenskjöld Coast.
"Superstar" Billy Graham
Eldridge Wayne Coleman Jr. (June 7, 1943 – May 17, 2023), better known by his ring name "Superstar" Billy Graham, was an American professional wrestler. He gained recognition for his tenure as the WWWF Heavyweight Champion from 1977 to 1978. He was a three-time world champion in major professional wrestling promotions. As an award-winning bodybuilder, he was a training partner and close friend of Arnold Schwarzenegger. He was most remembered for revolutionizing the interview and physique aspects of the professional wrestling industry, and for his charismatic performance style.

Feud (professional wrestling)
In professional wrestling, a feud is a staged rivalry between multiple wrestlers or groups of wrestlers. They are integrated into ongoing storylines, particularly in events which are televised. Feuds may last for months or even years; conversely, they may be resolved with implausible speed, perhaps during a single match.
2012 World Deaf Football Championships
The 2012 World Deaf Football Championships were the second edition of the international competition of deaf football national men's and women's teams. They were organized by the International Committee of Sports for the Deaf (CISS), and were held in Ankara, Turkey between 16 and 28 July 2012. In the men's championship, Turkey won the title for the first time, defeating Egypt in the final, Ukraine became bronze medalist before Russia. In the women's championship, the United States won the title for the first time, defeating Russia in the final, Germany became bronze medalist before Poland.

World Deaf Football Championships
The World Deaf Football Championships is a quadrennial global competitions in the association football sport for deaf people. It is organised by the International Committee of Sports for the Deaf (CISS) and Deaf International Football Association (DIFA) and was first held in 2008.
1885–86 St. Mary's Y.M.A. season
The first match played by what is now Southampton Football Club, from Southampton in southern England, was by a team from St. Mary's Young Men's Association (YMA) on 21 November 1885. Since then, the club established themselves as a major force in local and regional football before moving up to national level, winning the FA Cup in 1976 and being founder members of the Premier League in 1992.

1992–93 in English football
The 1992–93 season was the 113th season of competitive football in England. The season saw the Premier League in its first season, replacing Division One of the Football League as the top league in England. Every team in the Premier League played each other twice within the season, one game away and one at home, and were awarded three points for a win and one for a draw.
Amaravathiputhur
Amaravathipudur is situated in the southern part of Karaikudi Municipal Corporation in the Sivaganga District which is 7 km from the center of the Karaikudi City. This village panchayat has a total of 7 panchayat constituencies. 7 Panchayat Council members are elected from these. According to the 2011 India census, the total population in Amaravathipudur is 9,221. Among them 4,475 females and 4,746 males. It has 9 wards in total.

The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) Battalion Camp has been set up here by Former Union Finance Minister P.Chidambaram

Sivaganga district
Sivaganga district is one of the 38 districts (an administrative district) in Tamil Nadu, the south Indian state. This district was formed on 15 March 1985 by trifurcation of Ramanathapuram district into Ramanathapuram, Virudhunagar and Sivaganga districts. The city of Sivaganga is the district headquarters, while Karaikudi is the most populous city in the district, administered by the Karaikudi Municipal Corporation. It is bounded by Pudukkottai district on the northeast, Tiruchirappalli district on the north, Ramanathapuram district on southeast, Virudhunagar district on southwest and Madurai district on the west. The area's other larger towns include Sivaganga, Kalayar Kovil, Devakottai, Manamadurai, Ilaiyangudi, Thiruppuvanam, Singampunari and Tiruppattur. As of 2011, the district had a population of 1,339,101 with a sex ratio of 1,003 females for every 1,000 males.
3rd federal electoral district of Oaxaca
The 3rd federal electoral district of Oaxaca (Spanish: Distrito electoral federal 03 de Oaxaca) is one of the 300 electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of 10 such districts in the state of Oaxaca.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period by means of the first-past-the-post system. Votes cast in the district also count towards the calculation of proportional representation ("plurinominal") deputies elected from the third region.

The current member for the district, re-elected in the 2024 general election, is Margarita García García of the Labour Party (PT).

Electoral regions of Mexico
The electoral regions (Spanish: circunscripciones electorales) of Mexico are geographic areas composed of various states used for the election of the 200 proportional representation legislators to the Chamber of Deputies.

The country is split into five separate regions. Each of the five regions elects 40 deputies, who are selected according to party lists in the regions. To distinguish them from those elected in the 300 single-member constituencies, they are often referred to as 
"plurinominal deputies".

In contrast, the 32 senators-at-large elected to the Senate by the principle of proportional representation are drawn from party lists covering the entire country; the electoral regions therefore play no role in Senate elections.
Hormizd (son of Hormizd II)
Hormizd (Middle Persian; in Ancient Greek: Ὁρμίσδας Hormisdas, Ormisdas; Persian: هرمز) was a Sasanian prince, the third son of King Hormizd II and brother-in-law of King Shapur II. Imprisoned by him, he was freed by his wife in 323 and escaped to Constantinople, where Roman Emperor Constantine I helped him and gave him the Hormisdas Palace near the shore of the Sea of Marmara. This palace became an important toponym of the city: its neighborhood (where the mosque of Little Hagia Sophia still stands) was known in Byzantine times as en tois Hormisdou (ἐν τοῖς Ὁρμίσδου), meaning "near the houses of Hormisdas". Later, the palace became the private residence of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, before his accession to the throne.

In 363, Hormizd served against Persia in the army of the Emperor Julian (361–363); in turn, his son, of the same name, later served as proconsul (Ammianus Marcellinus 26.8.12).

Ammianus Marcellinus
Ammianus Marcellinus, occasionally anglicized as Ammian (Greek: Αμμιανός Μαρκελλίνος; born c. 330, died c. 391 – 400), was a Greek and Roman soldier and historian who wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from antiquity (preceding Procopius). Written in Latin and known as the Res gestae, his work chronicled the history of Rome from the accession of Emperor Nerva in 96 to the death of Valens at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. Only the sections covering the period 353 to 378 survive.
Walker Charcoal Kiln
The Walker Charcoal Kiln is a structure in the Prescott National Forest near the town of Walker, Arizona and situated in the vicinity of the abandoned Poland Junction Mine near the summit of Renegade Hill. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.  A sign posted near the kiln reads, "This kiln was constructed around 1880 by Jake and Joe Carmichael to convert oak wood into charcoal for use at nearby smelters. The surrounding forest was cut so heavily for charcoal and mine props in the late 1800s that it is just now becoming productive again."

Kiln
A kiln is a thermally insulated chamber, a type of oven, that produces temperatures sufficient to complete some process, such as hardening, drying, or chemical changes. Kilns have been used for millennia to turn objects made from clay into pottery, tiles and bricks. Various industries use rotary kilns for pyroprocessing (to calcinate ores, such as limestone to lime for cement) and to transform many other materials.
Accurate Miniatures
Accurate Miniatures is an American manufacturer of scale plastic model kits. It is owned by Collins-Habovick, LLC and is located in Concord, North Carolina, United States. Their products primarily consist plastic model airplane kits from World War II, though they also make model kits of planes and automobiles from other eras.

North American B-25 Mitchell
The North American B-25 Mitchell is an American medium bomber that was introduced in 1941 and named in honor of Brigadier General William "Billy" Mitchell, a pioneer of U.S. military aviation. Used by many Allied air forces, the B-25 served in every theater of World War II, and after the war ended, many remained in service, operating across four decades. Produced in numerous variants, nearly 10,000 B-25s were built. It was the most-produced American medium bomber and the third-most-produced American bomber overall. These included several limited models such as the F-10 reconnaissance aircraft, the AT-24 crew trainer, and the United States Marine Corps' PBJ-1 patrol bomber.
Gordon Frickers
Gordon Frickers (born 1949 in Beckenham, Kent, United Kingdom) is a marine artist based in Plymouth, Devon, but also paints in France.  Frickers was the first marine artist to be exhibited at the European Parliament in Brussels in May 2011.

Global Marine Systems
Global Marine Group is a British-headquartered specialist provider of installation, maintenance and repairs of submarine communications cable for the telecommunications, oil & gas and deep sea research industries. To this end, they operate their own a fleet of vessels, ROVs and specialised subsea trenching and burial equipment.