hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Graph (topology)
In topology, a branch of mathematics, a graph is a topological space which arises from a usual graph  by replacing vertices by points and each edge  by a copy of the unit interval , where  is identified with the point associated to  and  with the point associated to . That is, as topological spaces, graphs are exactly the simplicial 1-complexes and also exactly the one-dimensional CW complexes.

Thus, in particular, it bears the quotient topology of the set

under the quotient map used for gluing. Here  is the 0-skeleton (consisting of one point for each vertex ),  are the closed intervals glued to it, one for each edge , and  is the disjoint union.

The topology on this space is called the graph topology.

CW complex
In mathematics, and specifically in topology, a CW complex (also cellular complex or cell complex) is a topological space that is built by gluing together topological balls (so-called cells) of different dimensions in specific ways. The notion generalizes both manifolds and simplicial complexes and has particular significance for algebraic topology. It was initially introduced by J. H. C. Whitehead to meet the needs of homotopy theory.
CW complexes have better categorical properties than simplicial complexes, but still retain a combinatorial nature that allows for computation (often with a much smaller complex).

The C in CW stands for "closure-finite", and the W for "weak" topology.
Stephen L. Mayham
Stephen Lorenzo Mayham (October 8, 1826 – March 3, 1908) was an attorney and politician from Schoharie County, New York, most notable for his service as a U.S. Representative from New York and a justice of the New York Supreme Court.

Schoharie, New York
Schoharie (/skoʊˈhɛəriː/ skoh-HAIR-ee) is an incorporated town in and the county seat of Schoharie County, New York, United States.  The population was 3,107 at the 2020 census.

The Town of Schoharie has a village, also called Schoharie. Both are derived from the Mohawk word for driftwood. The town is on the northeast border of the county. It is part of the Capital District of New York.
Uttara (neighbourhood)
Uttara Model Town or simply Uttara (Bengali: উত্তরা, romanized: Uttôrā, lit. 'The North [of Dhaka]'; IPA: [ut̪ːɔɹa]) is a neighbourhood of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. It lies on the road to Gazipur, and adjoins Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport.

Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha
Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha (Bengali: রাজধানী উন্নয়ন কর্তৃপক্ষ, romanized: Rājdhānī Unnôẏôn Kôrtroppôkkhô; abbreviated as RAJUK) is a self-governing urban development authority in Dhaka, Bangladesh, responsible for planning, regulating, and implementing the city’s master plan. Established in 1956, RAJUK oversees urban growth, land use, zoning regulations, building approvals, and infrastructure development in the capital city. The authority prepares comprehensive master plans that are periodically reviewed to guide long-term urban development and sustainable city planning. RAJUK operates under the Ministry of Housing and Public Works.
Chapai Nawabganj District
Chapai Nawabganj or Chapainawabganj District (Bengali: চাঁপাইনবাবগঞ্জ জেলা) is a district of Rajshahi Division. It is located in the north-western part of Bangladesh. The north and western-part of Chapainawabganj is bounded by Malda and Murshidabad districts of India, the east by Naogaon District, and south-east by Rajshahi District.

2022 Bangladeshi census
The 2022 Bangladeshi census (Bengali: বাংলাদেশের আদমশুমারি ২০২২) was a detailed enumeration of the Bangladeshi population constituting the sixth national census in the country. It was scheduled to be held in June 2022, was conducted by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, and the reference day used for the census was June 15, 2022. It was initially scheduled to be held in 2021 but was delayed due to complications caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and a lack of equipment.
Dark photon
The dark photon (also hidden, heavy, para-, or secluded photon) is a hypothetical hidden sector particle, proposed as a force carrier similar to the photon of electromagnetism but potentially connected to dark matter. In a minimal scenario, this new force can be introduced by extending the gauge group of the Standard Model of Particle Physics with a new abelian U(1) gauge symmetry. The corresponding new spin-1 gauge boson (i.e., the dark photon) can then couple very weakly to electrically charged particles through kinetic mixing with the ordinary photon and could thus be detected. The dark photon can also interact with the Standard Model if some of the fermions are charged under the new abelian group. The possible charging arrangements are restricted by a number of consistency requirements such as anomaly cancellation and constraints coming from Yukawa matrices.

Gauge boson
In particle physics, a gauge boson is a bosonic elementary particle that acts as the force carrier for elementary fermions. Elementary particles whose interactions are described by a gauge theory interact with each other by the exchange of gauge bosons, usually as virtual particles.

Photons, W and Z bosons, and gluons are gauge bosons. All known gauge bosons have a spin of 1 and therefore are vector bosons. For comparison, the Higgs boson has spin zero and the hypothetical graviton has a spin of 2.

Gauge bosons are different from the other kinds of bosons: first, fundamental scalar bosons (the Higgs boson); second, mesons, which are composite bosons, made of quarks; third, larger composite, non-force-carrying bosons, such as certain atoms.
Cresswell railway station
Cresswell  railway station was a railway station located on the Stoke-Derby line serving the small village of Cresswell in the Staffordshire Moorlands district of Staffordshire, England. It was opened by the North Staffordshire Railway in 1848 and closed in 1966.

The station was located near the Izaak Walton pub and had a substantial building and a small goods yard. It became the junction station for the Cheadle Branch Line in 1892. When the latter closed to passengers, the sidings remained in occasional use for another 20 years, mainly sand traffic from Cheadle.

The level crossing was converted to automatic barrier operation in 1989, whereupon the signal box was demolished and the junction was lifted.

There is no trace of the station today.

Cheadle branch line
The Cheadle branch line was a railway line of just under 4 miles (6.4 km) in length that served the town of Cheadle, Staffordshire. It was in operation as a passenger line from 1892 to 1963, and closed altogether in 1986. It took 46 years from conception to completion and was notable in that part of the line had to be practically rebuilt partway through its existence.
1984 World Cup (men's golf)
The 1984 World Cup took place 14–18 November at the Olgiata Golf Club, located 15 miles north of Rome, Italy. It was the 31st World Cup event. The tournament was a stroke play team event with 33 teams and was shortened from 72 holes to 54 holes, since the first day of play was cancelled, two hours after it started, due to heavy rain. Each team consisted of two players from a country. The combined score of each team determined the team results. The Spain team of José María Cañizares and José Rivero won by eight strokes over the  Taiwan team of  Chen Tse-chung and Hsieh Min-nan.  It was the fourth Spanish victory in the last eight World Cup tournaments. The individual competition for The International Trophy, was won by Cañizares two strokes ahead of Gordon Brand Jnr, Scotland. Three players also competed as individuals: Roberto De Vicenzo of Argentina, Mohamed Said Moussa of Egypt, and John Jacobs of the United States.

World Cup (men's golf)
The World Cup of Golf is a men's golf tournament contested by teams of two representing their country. Only one team is allowed from each country. The players are selected on the basis of the Official World Golf Ranking, although not all of the first choice players choose to compete. The equivalent event for women was the Women's World Cup of Golf, played from 2005 to 2008.
North Carolina Department of Transportation Ferry Division
The North Carolina Department of Transportation Ferry Division is a branch of NCDOT that is responsible for the operation of over two dozen ferry services that transport passengers and vehicles to several islands along the Outer Banks of North Carolina.

Three other inland, cable ferries—the Elwell Ferry, Parker's Ferry, and Sans Souci Ferry—continue in operation, under the direct oversight of the North Carolina Department of Transportation, and are not under the supervision of the Ferry Division. An additional coastal ferry servicing Hammocks Beach State Park is operated by the North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation, and several private companies operate ferry services to sites such as Cape Lookout and Portsmouth Island.

Pamlico Sound
Pamlico Sound (/ˈpæmlɪkoʊ/ PAM-lik-oh) is a large estuarine lagoon in North Carolina.  The largest lagoon along the North American East Coast, it extends 80 mi (130 km) long and 15 to 20 miles (24 to 32 km) wide. It is part of a large, interconnected network of similar lagoons that includes Albemarle Sound, Currituck Sound, Croatan Sound, Roanoke Sound, Pamlico Sound, Bogue Sound, Back Sound, and Core Sound known collectively as the Albemarle-Pamlico sound system. With over 3,000 sq. mi. (7,800 km2) of open water the combined estuary is second only in size to 4,479 sq mi (11,600 km2) Chesapeake Bay in the United States.

The Pamlico Sound is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by the Outer Banks, a row of low, sandy barrier islands that include Cape Hatteras National Seashore, Cape Lookout National Seashore, and Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge. The Albemarle-Pamlico Sound is one of nineteen great waters recognized by the America's Great Waters Coalition.
Wisconsin's 15th Senate district
The 15th Senate district of Wisconsin is one of 33 districts in the Wisconsin Senate.  Located in southern Wisconsin, the district comprises most of Rock County and parts of northwest Walworth County and southern Jefferson County.  It includes the cities of Janesville, Beloit, Edgerton, Evansville, Milton, and Whitewater.

Rock County, Wisconsin
Rock County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 163,687. Its county seat is Janesville. Rock County comprises the Janesville–Beloit metropolitan statistical area and is included in the Madison–Janesville–Beloit combined statistical area.
Thomas Chivers Cellar
The Thomas Chivers Cellar, on Challis Creek Rd. in Challis, Idaho was built in 1895.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

It is a partial dugout building, with horizontal log walls on the outside, vertical log braces on the interior, and dry rock retaining walls extending out from both sides of the front.  It is built into the Challis Bluff, and is across the Challis Creek Road from the later Thomas Chivers House.  Its logs are of peeled round logs, square-notched at the corners.  The roof is dirt-covered, supported by log purlins.

It was deemed significant as "an example of the framing of a log and dugout cellar and a representative of the cellars still extant in Challis. Among those cellars still visible, the Chivers cellar is the best preserved and the most evident from a public right-of-way."

Dugout (shelter)
A dugout or dug-out, also known as a pit-house or earth lodge, is a shelter for humans or domesticated animals and livestock based on a hole or depression dug into the ground. Dugouts can be fully recessed into the earth, with a flat roof covered by ground, or dug into a hillside. They can also be semi-recessed, with a constructed wood or sod roof standing out.
These structures are one of the most ancient types of human housing known to archaeologists, and the same methods have evolved into modern "earth shelter" technology.

Dugouts may also be temporary shelters constructed as an aid to specific activities, e.g., concealment and protection during warfare or shelter while hunting.
HD 181342 b
HD 181342 b is an extrasolar planet orbiting the K-type star HD 181342 approximately 394 light years away in the constellation Sagittarius.

The planet HD 181342 b is named Dopere. The name was selected in the NameExoWorlds campaign by Senegal, during the 100th anniversary of the IAU. Dopere is an expansive historical area in the north of Senegal where Belel (name of HD 181342) was located.

Sagittarius (constellation)
Sagittarius is one of the constellations of the zodiac and is located in the Southern celestial hemisphere.   It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Its old astronomical symbol is  (♐︎). Its name is Latin for "archer". Sagittarius is commonly represented as a centaur drawing a bow.  It lies between Scorpius and Ophiuchus to the west and Capricornus and Microscopium to the east.

The center of the Milky Way lies in the westernmost part of Sagittarius (see Sagittarius A).
Duplexer
A duplexer is an electronic device that allows bi-directional (duplex) communication over a single path. In radar and radio communications systems, it isolates the receiver from the transmitter while permitting them to share a common antenna. Most radio repeater systems include a duplexer. Duplexers can be based on frequency (often a waveguide filter), polarization (such as an orthomode transducer), or timing (as is typical in radar).

Hybrid transformer
A hybrid transformer (also known as a bridge transformer, hybrid coil, or just hybrid) is a type of directional coupler which is designed to be configured as a circuit having four ports that are conjugate in pairs, implemented using one or more transformers. It is a particular case of the more general concept of a hybrid coupler.

A signal arriving at one port is divided equally between the two adjacent ports but does not appear at the opposite port. In the schematic diagram, the signal into W  splits between X and Z, and no signal passes to Y. Similarly, signals into X split to W and Y with none to Z, etc.

Correct operation requires matched characteristic impedance at all four ports. Forms of hybrid other than transformer coils are possible; any format of directional coupler can be designed to be a hybrid.  These formats include transmission lines and waveguides.
HMS Whitby (F36)
HMS Whitby was a Whitby-class or Type 12 anti-submarine frigate of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom built by Cammell Laird and Co Ltd, Birkenhead.  She was launched on 2 July 1954 and commissioned on 10 July 1956.

Whitby-class frigate
The Type 12 or Whitby-class frigates were a six-ship class of anti-submarine frigates of the Royal Navy, which entered service late in the 1950s. They were designed in the early 1950s as first-rate ocean-going convoy escorts, in the light of experience gained during World War II. At this time, the Royal Navy were designing single-role escorts and the Whitbys were designed as fast convoy escorts capable of tackling high-speed submarines. However, this made the Whitbys more expensive and sophisticated to produce in large numbers in the event of a major war, and so the Type 14 "utility" or "second-rate" anti-submarine frigate was developed to complement the Type 12. Although themselves rapidly outdated, the Type 12 proved to be an excellent basis for a series of frigate designs used by the British and Commonwealth navies for the next 20 years.
Antti Hyvärinen
Antti Abram Hyvärinen (21 June 1932 – 13 January 2000) was a Finnish ski jumper and coach. He competed at the 1952 and 1956 Olympic events and finished in seventh and first place, respectively, becoming the first non-Norwegian ski jumper to win an Olympic gold medal. In 1956, he also served as the flag bearer for Finland at the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympics and won the jumping event at the Holmenkollen Ski Festival. While preparing for the 1958 World Championships, Hyvärinen fell and broke his hip, which resulted in an early retirement in November 1957. From 1960 to 1964, he worked as the head coach of the Finnish ski jumping team.

Holmenkollen Ski Festival
The Holmenkollen Ski Festival (Norwegian: Holmenkollen skifestival or Holmenkollrennene) is a traditional annual Nordic skiing event in Holmenkollen, Oslo, Norway. The full official name of the event is Holmenkollen FIS World Cup Nordic.
DPEphos
Bis[(2-diphenylphosphino)phenyl] ether, also known as DPEphos, is a wide bite angle diphosphine ligand used in inorganic and organometallic chemistry.  The name DPEphos is derived from diphenyl ether (DPE) which makes up the ligand's backbone.  It is similar to Xantphos, another diphosphine ligand, but is more flexible and has a smaller bite angle (104 vs 108°). It is synthesized from chlorodiphenylphosphine and DPE.

Diphosphine ligands
Diphosphines, sometimes called bisphosphanes, are organophosphorus compounds most commonly used as bidentate phosphine ligands in inorganic and organometallic chemistry. They are identified by the presence of two phosphino groups linked by a backbone, and are usually chelating. A wide variety of diphosphines have been synthesized with different linkers and R-groups.  Alteration of the linker and R-groups alters the electronic and steric  properties of the ligands which can result in different coordination geometries and catalytic behavior in homogeneous catalysts.
Marasia railway station
Marasia railway station (Greek: Σιδηροδρομική Στάση Μαράσια, romanized: Sidirodromiki stasi Marasia) is a small unstaffed
railway station that serves the village of Marasia, Evros, in Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Located just north of the settlement, Today Hellenic Train operates just two daily regional trains to Alexandroupoli.

Alexandroupolis–Svilengrad railway
The Alexandroupolis–Svilengrad railway (Greek: Σιδηροδρομική γραμμή Αλεξανδρούπολης - Σβίλενγκραντ, romanized: Sidiródromos Alexandroúpolis-Svílen'nkrant) is a 178.5 kilometres (110.9 mi) long railway connecting the port of Alexandroupolis in Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, Greece with Svilengrad in Bulgaria, via the village of Ormenio. Despite its name, as of 2020 there is only passenger service on the section on Greek territory, between Alexandroupolis and Ormenio, as the international services to Sofia (via Svilengrad) and Istanbul ("Friendship Express") have been suspended as of 2011.
A Summer Night with Olivia Newton-John
A Summer Night with Olivia Newton-John was the eighteenth concert tour by Australian singer Olivia Newton-John, in support of her sixth soundtrack A Few Best Men. The tour name drifts from her 1978 hit, "Summer Nights", from the musical film Grease. It is Newton-John largest tour since the Heartstrings World Tour, which runs from 2002 to 2005. It was her first tour in the United Kingdom in over 30 years.

It was followed by a concert tour of similar name, Summer Nights, which is mostly a residency show.

Summer Nights (concert residency)
Summer Nights was a concert residency by Australian recording artist, Olivia Newton-John. The residency took place in the Donny & Marie Showroom at the Flamingo Las Vegas. It began April 2014 and ended December 2016. Her three-year run even prompted a live album entitled Summer Nights: Live in Las Vegas (2015).
Miguel Cubiles
Miguel Cubiles (born Miguel Cubiles y de la Rosa on 21 November 1937 in Caibarién, Las Villas, Cuba) is a Cuban-Mexican artist, specializing in paintings, ceramics and engravings.

Cubiles went into exile in 1961 and studied art at Miami-Dade College (then known as Miami-Dade Community College) and at the University of Miami.

Coral Gables, Florida
Coral Gables is a city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. The city is part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida and is located 7 miles (11 km) southwest of Downtown Miami. As of the 2020 U.S. census, it had a population of 49,248.

The city is a Mediterranean-themed planned community known for its historic and affluent character reinforced by its strict zoning, popular landmarks, and tourist sights.

The University of Miami is located in Coral Gables. With 16,479 faculty and staff as of 2021, the university is the largest employer in Coral Gables and second-largest employer in all of Miami-Dade County.
Saratoga (band)
Saratoga is a Spanish heavy metal band established in Madrid in 1992 by bassist Niko del Hierro (Ñu, Barón Rojo) and guitarist Jero Ramiro (Santa, Ñu). Since March 2023, the band's lineup has consisted of del Hierro, Ramiro, Tete Novoa (vocals), and Arnau Martí (drums). The band experienced their biggest success during the tenure of vocalist Leo Jiménez (1999–2006). Since 2014, with the arrival of Novoa, they have seen a resurgence in popularity. Saratoga has released fourteen studio albums, five live records, and four compilations, as well as numerous singles.

Barón Rojo
Barón Rojo (Spanish pronunciation: [baˈɾon ˈroxo]) is a Spanish heavy metal band from Madrid that achieved international success in the 1980s. The band is led by siblings Carlos and Armando de Castro, previously from the band Coz, and is considered one of the most important representatives of Spanish hard rock. Barón Rojo in Spanish means "red baron", the name of the band being an homage to Manfred von Richthofen; the 1981 eponymous song "Barón Rojo" is about him. In 2017, they were ranked number 18 on Rolling Stone's "50 Greatest Spanish Rock Bands".
Tryne Crossing
Tryne Crossing (68°30′S 78°18′E﻿ / ﻿68.500°S 78.300°E﻿ / -68.500; 78.300) is a low but rough pass across Langnes Peninsula, Vestfold Hills, leading from the southwest arm of Tryne Fjord to Langnes Fjord. Used for portage and sledges and probably suitable for tracked vehicles. The area was mapped from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition (1936–37), and was photographed by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump (1946–47). First traversed by an ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) party led by B.H. Stinear, May 13, 1957, and named for its association with Tryne Fjord.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Tryne Crossing". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Langnes Fjord
Langnes Fjord (68°30′S 78°15′E﻿ / ﻿68.500°S 78.250°E﻿ / -68.500; 78.250) is a narrow fjord, 10 nautical miles (19 km) long, between Langnes Peninsula and Breidnes Peninsula in the Vestfold Hills of Antarctica. It was mapped from air photos by the Lars Christensen Expedition (1936–37) and named after Langnes Peninsula. John Roscoe's 1952 study of air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump (1946–47) revealed that this fjord continues farther east than was previously mapped, and that it includes what had been plotted as an isolated lake which the Norwegians had called "Breidvatnet."
93–97 Macquarie Street, Sydney
93–97 Macquarie Street, Sydney or formerly the Health Department building is a heritage-listed former government office, health clinic and hospital admissions depot and now hotel at 93–97 Macquarie Street, in the Sydney central business district, in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by Walter Liberty Vernon and NSW Government Architect and built from 1896 to 1898. It is currently part of the Sir Stamford Hotel, which formerly was a Ritz Carlton Hotel. In its history it has also been used as the Venereal Disease Clinic, STD Clinic, Hospital Admissions Depot and Former Health Board Offices. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 9 October 2013.

Macquarie Street, Sydney
Macquarie Street is a street in the central business district of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. Macquarie Street extends from Hyde Park at its southern end to the Sydney Opera House at its northern end. Apart from connecting these two major landmarks, the key government institutions of the state of New South Wales are all located on this street.