hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2025 in paleoichthyology
Several new fossil taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and other fishes were described during the year 2025, which also saw other significant discoveries and events related to paleoichthyology.

Phoebodus
Phoebodus is an extinct genus of phoebodontiform total group elasmobranch, known from over a dozen species found worldwide spanning the middle to late Devonian, making it one of the oldest known total group elasmobranchs. Most species are only known from their isolated tricuspid teeth, but one species, Phoebodus saidselachus from the Late Devonian of Morocco, is known from a complete skeleton, estimated to have been 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) in total length in life, which shows that it had a slender body superficially similar to that of the living frilled shark. The teeth of Phoebodus and frilled sharks are also morphologically similar, and are designed for grasping prey. Phoebodus probably consumed small prey items that were capable of being swallowed whole. Prey of Phoebodus would have included thylacocephalans or cephalopods (such as ammonoids, bactritids and orthocerids).
Xima Township, Shanxi
Xima Township (simplified Chinese: 西马乡; traditional Chinese: 西馬鄉; pinyin: Xīmǎ Xiāng) is a township under the administration of Yushe County, Shanxi, China. As of 2018, it has 28 villages under its administration.

Yushe County
Yushe County (Chinese: 榆社县; pinyin: Yúshè Xiàn) is a county in the east of Shanxi province, China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Jinzhong. Cao Shui, a famous poet, novelist, screenwriter, was born here. It is a predominantly rural county.
Wentworth Cavenagh
Wentworth Cavenagh (1821 – 5 January 1895), also known as Wentworth Cavenagh–Mainwaring, was an Australian politician.

Cavenagh was member for Yatala in the South Australian House of Assembly from 17 November 1862 to 24 April 1881; and was Commissioner of Crown Lands, under Henry Strangways, from 3 November 1868 to 30 May 1870, and Commissioner of Public Works in the Henry Ayers Government from 4 March 1872 to 22 July 1873. In 1887, he received permission to bear the title of Honourable. Having married Ellen, daughter of Gordon Mainwaring, who, on the death of her brother in 1891, became entitled to the Whitmore Hall estate, in Staffordshire, he assumed the additional name of Mainwaring.

Henry Ayers
Sir Henry Ayers (now pron. "airs") GCMG (1 May 1821 – 11 June 1897) was the eighth Premier of South Australia, serving a record five times between 1863 and 1873.

His lasting memorial was in the name Ayers Rock, now better-known as Uluru, which was named in 1873 by the explorer William Gosse.
Buysky Uyezd
Buysky Uyezd (Буйский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Kostroma Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the northwestern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Buy.

Buy, Kostroma Oblast
Buy (BOO-ee; Russian: Буй) is a town in Kostroma Oblast, Russia, which stands on the Kostroma River. Population: 20,564 (2021 census); 25,763 (2010 census); 27,392 (2002 census); 32,701 (1989 Soviet census).
Commerce (1797 ship)
Commerce was launched at Teignmouth in 1797. She was captured in 1799 while sailing from London to Oporto, recaptured, and captured again in 1800.

She first appeared in Lloyd's Register (LR) in 1799 with Bibbins, master, Brine & Co., owners, and trade London-Lisbon.

In December 1799 near Oporto a privateer captured Commerce,  which was carrying a cargo of salt fish from Newfoundland to Oporto. On 27 December HMS Netley recaptured Commerce.

On 8 January 1800 Netley had to leave Commerce behind near the shore. Commerce had no usable sails, and the wind forced Netley to sail away from the shore. Commerce, Bibbins, master, was again captured. This time her captor sent her into Vigo.

The entry for Commerce in the Register of Shipping for 1800 carried the annotation "Captured".

HMS Netley (1798)
HMS Netley was launched in 1798 with an experimental design. During the French Revolutionary Wars she spent some years on the Oporto station, where she captured many small privateers. The French captured her in 1806, early in the Napoleonic Wars. They lengthened her and she became the 17-gun privateer Duquesne. In 1807 the British recaptured her and the Royal Navy returned her to service as the 12-gun gun-brig HMS Unique. She was expended in an unsuccessful fire ship attack at Guadeloupe in 1809.
Gaius Servilius Axilla
Gaius Servilius Axilla (or Servilius Structus; fl. c. 427–417 BC) was a Roman aristocrat and statesman during the early Republic. He held the senior executive offices of consul in 427 BC and consular tribune in 419, 418 and 417 BC. He also served as master of the horse (magister equitum), or deputy, to the dictator Quintus Servilius Priscus Fidenas in 418 BC, when the latter had been appointed to wage war against the Aequi.

Magister equitum
The magister equitum, in English master of the horse or master of the cavalry, was a Roman magistrate appointed as lieutenant to a dictator.  His nominal function was to serve as commander of the Roman cavalry in time of war, but just as a dictator could be nominated to respond to other crises, so the magister equitum could operate independently of the cavalry; like the dictator, the appointment of a magister equitum served both military and political purposes.
Zubov's method
Zubov's method is a technique for computing the basin of attraction for a set of ordinary differential equations (a dynamical system). The domain of attraction is the set , where  is the solution to a partial differential equation known as the Zubov equation. Zubov's method can be used in a number of ways.

Ordinary differential equation
In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential equation (DE) dependent on only a single independent variable. As with any other DE, its unknown(s) consists of one (or more) function(s) and involves the derivatives of those functions. The term "ordinary" is used in contrast with partial differential equations (PDEs) which may be with respect to more than one independent variable, and, less commonly, in contrast with stochastic differential equations (SDEs) where the progression is random.
San Zeno Naviglio
San Zeno Naviglio (Brescian: Sàn Zé) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, Lombardy. It is bounded by communes of Brescia, Borgosatollo, Flero and Poncarale.

It is located 6 km south of Brescia.

Brescia–Parma railway
The Brescia–Parma railway is a railway line between Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna, Italy. It was opened from 1884 to 1893.

Services are operated by Trenord.  For most of the day there is an hourly service in each direction.  Journey time is approximately 2 hours.
Bistorta plumosa
Bistorta plumosa is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family Polygonaceae. Common names for Bistorta Plumosa include meadow bistort. Bistorta plumosa is monoecious, with flowers containing both male and female reproductive parts that are pollinated by insects. Birstorta plumosa flowers annually in the summer months from May to June and can be found in habitats ranging from moist to dry sites and tundra in North America, Alaska, Yukon, the Northwest Territory, and East Asia.

Bistorta officinalis
Bistorta officinalis (synonym Persicaria bistorta), known as bistort, common bistort, European bistort, or meadow bistort, is a species of flowering plant in the dock family Polygonaceae native to Europe and northern and western Asia. Other common names include snakeroot, snake-root, snakeweed, and Easter-ledges.
Moha ou Said
Moha ou Said El Wirrawi (Central Atlas Tamazight: Muḥa u Sεid u-Wirraw; died 5 March 1924) was a Moroccan tribal leader who opposed French rule of the protectorate of Morocco. He formerly served as a caïd of the Moroccan sultans and fought for Sultan Abdelaziz against Bou Hmara in 1905. After the Treaty of Fes and the start of the French protectorate he opposed the French through military action. He participated in several battles with French forces in the Zaian War but was eventually forced into the High Atlas mountains where he died in action in 1924. His followers continued to resist the French over the next ten years.

El Ksiba
El Ksiba is a small town in Béni-Mellal Province, Béni Mellal-Khénifra, Morocco. According to the 2004 census it has a population of 18,481.

Temperatures reach below zero in the coldest winters and snow falls in the surrounding countryside. The town is surrounded with various types of trees including olive, almond and pinecone. El Ksiba has several springs and rivers that run through the mountains. The people that inhabit El Ksiba are mostly from the Berber tribes of Morocco.

The Battle of El Ksiba took place here 8-10 June 1913.
Hofgeismar
Hofgeismar (German pronunciation: [hoːfˈɡaɪsmaʁ] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Kassel, in northern Hesse, Germany. It is located 25 km north of Kassel on the German Timber-Frame Road. In 1978 and in 2015, the town hosted the 18th Hessentag state festival.

Kassel (district)
Kassel district (German: Landkreis Kassel) is a district in the north of Hesse, Germany. Neighboring districts are Northeim, Göttingen, Werra-Meißner, Schwalm-Eder, Waldeck-Frankenberg, Höxter. The independent city of Kassel is nearly completely surrounded by the district.
Soknedal Church
Soknedal Church (Norwegian: Soknedal kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Midtre Gauldal Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the village of Soknedal. It is the church for the Soknedal parish which is part of the Gauldal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nidaros. The white, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1933 using plans drawn up by the architect John Egil Tverdahl. The church seats about 480 people.

Midtre Gauldal Municipality
Midtre Gauldal is a municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Gauldalen region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Støren. Other villages in the municipality include Singsås, Soknedal, Enodden, and Rognes.

The 1,860-square-kilometre (720 sq mi) municipality is the 44th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Midtre Gauldal Municipality is the 160th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 6,140. The municipality's population density is 3.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (8.5/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 3.5% over the previous 10-year period.
Khoder Kaddour
Khoder Khaled Kaddour (Arabic: خضر خالد قدّور; born 6 September 2003) is a professional footballer who plays as a right-back or right midfielder for NPL Victoria club Hume City. Born in Australia, he plays for the Lebanon national team.

2025 Australian Championship
The 2025 Australian Championship was the first edition of the Australian Championship, a national second-tier competition of soccer in Australia, held after the finish of the second-tier 2025 National Premier Leagues season. The tournament consisted of six home-and-away matches in four groups for teams in the group stage, culminating in a knockout finals series, running from 10 October and concluding on 6 December.

South Melbourne became the inaugural champions after defeating Marconi Stallions in the final.
Delanta
Delanta (Amharic ደላንታ) is one of the woredas in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Part of the South Wollo Zone, Delanta is bordered on the south by the Bashilo River which separated it from the Debub Wollo Zone, on the west by the Dawunt, on the northwest by Wadla, and on the northeast and east by Guba Lafto. The major town is Wegeltena, which is 98 kilometers away from the zonal capital Dessie and 499 kilometers from the nation's capital Addis Ababa.

The woreda of Delanta was part of the former Dawuntna Delant woreda.

Dessie
Dessie (Amharic: ደሴ, romanized: Däse; also spelled Dese or Dessye) is a town in north-central Ethiopia. Located in the South Wollo Zone of the Amhara Region, it sits at a latitude and longitude of 11°8′N 39°38′E﻿ / ﻿11.133°N 39.633°E﻿ / 11.133; 39.633, with an elevation between 2,470 and 2,550 metres above sea level. Dessie is 400 km to the north of the capital Addis Ababa. It has a population of more than 200,000 people in over 30 wards.
Vizianagaram Municipal Corporation
Vizianagaram Municipal Corporation is the civic body that governs the city of Vizianagaram in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The municipality was first constituted in the year 1888 and was upgraded to corporation on 9 December 2015. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras (Chennai) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata) by 1762. Vizianagaram Municipal Corporation is headed by Mayor of city and governed by Commissioner.

Though, it was upgraded to corporation, it continues to be a municipality till the expiry of its present elected council.

Vizianagaram
Vizianagaram, also known as Vijayanagaram, is a city and the headquarters of the Vizianagaram district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in the Eastern Ghats, about 24 km (15 mi) west of the Bay of Bengal and 40 km (25 mi) north-northeast of Visakhapatnam. The city has a population of 228,025 and was established as the capital of the Vizianagaram estate by Raja Vijayaram Raj from the Pusapati dynasty. The rulers had a notable role in the history of the region in the 18th century and were patrons of education and arts.
Kilgetty/Begelly
Kilgetty/Begelly is a community in southeast Pembrokeshire, Wales. It includes the settlements of Begelly, Broom, Kilgetty, Reynalton, Shipping and Thomas Chapel. The community touches Amroth, East Williamston, Jeffreyston, Lampeter Velfrey, Saundersfoot and Templeton. It has a community council and community association.

East Williamston
East Williamston (Welsh: Tregwilym Ddwyrain) is a village and community in Pembrokeshire, Wales. The community includes the villages of Pentlepoir, Cold Inn and Broadmoor, Wooden and Moreton. The community had a population of 1,787 in 2001, increasing to 1,844 at the 2011 Census.
Coxeter graph
In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Coxeter graph is a 3-regular graph with 28 vertices and 42 edges. It is one of the 13 known cubic distance-regular graphs. It is named after Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter.

Regular graph
In graph theory, a regular graph is a graph where each vertex has the same number of neighbors; i.e. every vertex has the same degree or valency. A regular directed graph must also satisfy the stronger condition that the indegree and outdegree of each internal vertex are equal to each other. A regular graph with vertices of degree k is called a k‑regular graph or regular graph of degree k.
Live at the BBC (The Housemartins album)
Live at the BBC is a compilation album of live tracks recorded for the BBC between 1985 and 1987 by The Housemartins.  While most of the tracks included are session versions recorded for various BBC radio shows, the disc also features a number of cuts from the band's performances at the 1986 Glastonbury Festival and in Nottingham in 1987, as broadcast on the BBC.

The album features sleevenotes written by the band's former press officer and compere, Phill Jupitus, and serves as a companion to the previously released BBC session tracks included on the 1988 compilation album Now That's What I Call Quite Good. With the exception of track 1, "Drop Down Dead", all of the recordings included on the disc are exclusive to this album.

Now That's What I Call Quite Good
Now That's What I Call Quite Good was the post-breakup greatest hits album from The Housemartins, released in 1988. As well as singles (such as the UK number one "Caravan of Love"), the compilation includes various album tracks, B-sides and radio session recordings. It includes many humorous liner notes from the band (for example, numerous sales and chart position statistics – but only from New Zealand).
Hinton train collision
The Hinton train collision was a railway accident that occurred in what is now Yellowhead County, Alberta, Canada, on February 8, 1986.  Twenty-three people were killed when a Canadian National Railway freight train collided with a Via Rail passenger train named the Super Continental.

A 56-day public inquiry concluded that the collision was caused by the freight crew failing to stop their train in time because of incapacitation or other unknown factors. The commission report also highlighted serious flaws in the culture and safety practices at Canadian National Railway.

Centralized traffic control
Centralized traffic control (CTC) is a form of railway signalling that originated in North America. CTC consolidates train routing decisions that were previously carried out by local signal operators or the train crews themselves. The system consists of a centralized train dispatcher's office that controls railroad interlockings and traffic flows in portions of the rail system designated as CTC territory. One hallmark of CTC is a control panel with a graphical depiction of the railroad. On this panel, the dispatcher can keep track of trains' locations across the territory that the dispatcher controls. Larger railroads may have multiple dispatcher's offices and even multiple dispatchers for each operating division. These offices are usually located near the busiest yards or stations, and their operational qualities can be compared to air traffic towers.
Post - 1500 Southeast Asia Archaeology
Archaeology is the study of human activity through recovery and analysis of material culture. Within Southeast Asia, this practice, within the western tradition, was introduced by European colonization. During the colonial period, the vast majority of the lands of Southeast Asia were under European control. This left the lands riddled with the remnants of this colonial history, as well as those of the peoples who sought to resist their rule. This article covers the archaeological study of those remnants.

Treaty of Labuan
The Treaty of Labuan was signed between Great Britain and the Brunei Sultanate on 18 December 1846. Under this treaty, the Sultan of Brunei ceded the island of Labuan and its adjacent islets to Great Britain.
Araxa
Araxa (Ancient Greek: Ἄραξα) was a city of ancient Lycia, according to Alexander Polyhistor, in the second book of his Lyciaca. Ptolemy places it near Sidyma. It is located at a place called Ören, near Fethiye, on the upper portion of the Xanthus River.

An inscription in honour of a local citizen, Orthagoras, provides the only details of its history in the 2nd century B.C.

Fethiye
Fethiye (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈfethije]) is a municipality and district of Muğla Province, Turkey. Its area is 875 km2, and its population is 177,702 (2022). It is one of the prominent tourist destinations in the Turkish Riviera. It was formerly known as Makri, and Meğri.
Pierre Weilbrenner
Pierre Weilbrenner (January 17, 1771 – August 7, 1840) was a land surveyor, merchant and political figure in Lower Canada. He represented Kent in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1804 to 1808.

He was born in Boucherville, the son of Pierre Weilbrenner, a merchant of German descent, and Susanne Tougas dit Laviolette. In 1789, he married Marie-Louise Richard. Weilbrenner received his commission as a surveyor in 1801. He was a merchant in Boucherville. He did not run for reelection to the assembly in 1808. Weilbrenner was a captain in the militia during the War of 1812, later reaching the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 1820, Weilbrenner was named a justice of the peace and, in 1826, became a commissioner for the Court of Minor Pleas.  He died in Boucherville at the age of 69.

Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
The Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada was the lower house of the bicameral structure of provincial government in Lower Canada until 1838. The legislative assembly was created by the Constitutional Act of 1791. The lower house consisted of elected legislative councilors who created bills to be passed up to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada, whose members were appointed by the governor general.

Following the Lower Canada Rebellion, the lower house was dissolved on March 27, 1838, and Lower Canada was administered by an appointed Special Council. With the Act of Union in 1840, a new lower chamber, the Legislative Assembly of Canada, was created for both Upper and Lower Canada which existed  until 1867, when the Legislative Assembly of Quebec was created.
Såner Station
Såner Station (Norwegian: Såner stasjon) was a railway station on the Østfold Line in Norway. It was located between Hølen and Sonsveien Station in the Såner village in the Municipality of Vestby. Designed by Peter A. Blix in Swiss chalet style, it was opened on 2 January 1879. The station was closed on 21 September 1996, when the section between Rustad and Kambo Station was upgraded to double tracks.

Kambo Station
Kambo Station (Norwegian: Kambo stasjon) is located at the village of Kambo in Moss, Norway on the Østfold Line. The station is served by commuter trains L21 between Stabekk via Oslo to Moss with half hour or hourly headway by Vy.
Ömer Bolat
Ömer Bolat (born 30 August 1963) is a Turkish academician and politician. He has made contributions to the fields of economics, international relations, and business administration throughout his career. Bolat became the minister of trade of the 67th cabinet of Turkey.

67th cabinet of Turkey
The Fifth Erdoğan Cabinet is the 67th and current government of the Republic of Turkey. It was declared on 3 June 2023. The cabinet was announced after the inauguration of president Erdoğan.

Fahrettin Koca and Mehmet Ersoy are the only ministers who also served in the previous cabinet, though Koca has later been dismissed hence leaving Ersoy, as the sole member of the cabinet having served in the previous one.
Isnello
Isnello (Sicilian: Isneḍḍu) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Palermo in the Italian region of Sicily, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Palermo.

Isnello borders the following municipalities: Castelbuono, Cefalù, Collesano, Gratteri, Petralia Sottana, Polizzi Generosa, Scillato.

Former New York City mayor Vincent R. Impellitteri was born in Isnello in 1900.

Castelbuono
Castelbuono (Sicilian: Casteḍḍu-bonu or, locally, Castiḍḍubbuonu) is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Palermo, Sicily (southern Italy).

It is known for the castle from which its name derives, around which the city developed in the 14th century.
Maków-Kolonia
Maków-Kolonia [ˈmakuf kɔˈlɔɲa] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Maków, within Skierniewice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 2 km (1 mi) north of Maków, 7 km (4 mi) west of Skierniewice, and 45 km (28 mi) north-east of the regional capital Łódź.

Maków, Łódź Voivodeship
Maków [ˈmakuf] is a village in Skierniewice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Maków. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) west of Skierniewice and 44 km (27 mi) north-east of the regional capital Łódź.
Michael Ajakwe Jr.
Michael Okwudili Ajakwe Jr. (October 12, 1965 – May 31, 2018) was an American television, theatrical, and film writer and producer. The creator of the world's first web series festival and the founder of LAWEBFEST (Los Angeles Web Festival). Prior to the year of his death, Beauty and the Baller, a nine-episode comedy series that he created, produced, and directed outside of the studio system, was licensed to Viacom, which premiered on Centric TV in 2017.

NAACP Image Awards
The NAACP Image Awards is an annual awards ceremony presented by the American-based National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) to honor outstanding performances in film, television, theatre, music, and literature. Over 40 categories of the Image Awards are voted on by the NAACP members. Honorary awards (similar to the Academy Honorary Award) have also been included, such as the President's Award, the Chairman's Award, the Entertainer of the Year, the Activist of the Year, and the Hall of Fame Award. Beyoncé is the most awarded individual with 25 wins as a solo artist.