hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Transaction cost
In economics, a transaction cost is a cost incurred when making an economic trade when participating in a market.

The idea that transactions form the basis of economic thinking was introduced by the institutional economist John R. Commons in 1931. Oliver E. Williamson's Transaction Cost Economics article, published in 2008, popularized the concept of transaction costs. Douglass C. North argues that institutions, understood as the set of rules in a society, are key in the determination of transaction costs. In this sense, institutions that facilitate low transaction costs can boost economic growth.

Alongside production costs, transaction costs are one of the most significant factors in business operation and management.

Cost of goods sold
Cost of goods sold (COGS) (also cost of products sold (COPS), or cost of sales) is the carrying value of goods sold during a particular period.

Costs are associated with particular goods using one of several formulas, including specific identification, first-in first-out (FIFO), or average cost. Costs include all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs that are incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Costs of goods made by the businesses include material, labor, and allocated overhead. The costs of those goods which are not yet sold are deferred as costs of inventory until the inventory is sold or written down in value.
Oryzomys gorgasi
Oryzomys gorgasi, also known as Gorgas's oryzomys or Gorgas's rice rat, is a rodent in the genus Oryzomys of family Cricetidae. First recorded in 1967, it is known from only a few localities, including a freshwater swamp in the lowlands of northwestern Colombia and a mangrove islet in northwestern Venezuela. It reportedly formerly occurred on the island of Curaçao off northwestern Venezuela; this extinct population has been described as a separate species, O. curasoae, but does not differ morphologically from mainland populations.

O. gorgasi is a medium-sized, brownish species with large, semiaquatically specialized feet. It differs from other Oryzomys species in several features of its skull. Its diet includes crustaceans, insects, and plant material. The species is listed as "Endangered" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as a result of destruction of its habitat and competition with the introduced black rat (Rattus rattus).

Oryzomyini
Oryzomyini is a tribe of rodents in the subfamily Sigmodontinae of the family Cricetidae. It includes about 120 species in about thirty genera, distributed from the eastern United States to the southernmost parts of South America, including many offshore islands. It is part of the clade Oryzomyalia, which includes most of the South American Sigmodontinae.

The name Oryzomyini derives from that of its type genus, Oryzomys, which means "rice rat" or "rice mouse". Many species are also known as rice rats.
Fortune Stakes
The Fortune Stakes is a Listed flat horse race in Great Britain open to horses aged three years or older. It is run at Sandown Park over a distance of 1 mile (1,609 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in September.

The race was run at Kempton Park until 1996, at Epsom between 1997 and 2007 and at Haydock Park in 2008.

The current name was adopted in 1991, the race previously being known as the Glint of Gold Stakes.

The race held Listed status until 1996 and this was reinstated in 2003.

Sandown Park Racecourse
Sandown Park is a horse racing course and leisure venue in Esher, Surrey, England, located in the outer suburbs of London. It hosts 5 Grade One National Hunt races and one Group 1 flat race, the Eclipse Stakes. It regularly has horse racing during afternoons, evenings and on weekends, and also hosts many non-racing events such as trade shows, wedding fairs, toy fairs, car shows and auctions, property shows, concerts, and even some private events. It was requisitioned by the War Department from 1940 to 1945 for World War II.

The venue has hosted bands such as UB40, Madness, Girls Aloud, Spandau Ballet and Simply Red. The racecourse is close to Esher railway station, served by trains from London Waterloo. There is a secondary exit from Esher station which is open on race days, this exit leads directly into the racecourse and Lower Green, Esher.
Flatlands Avenue
Flatlands Avenue is a major street in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. It runs approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) east to west; from Avenue N and East 35th Street in Marine Park in the west, to Forbell Street, east of Fountain Avenue in East New York, near the Brooklyn-Queens border. The right-of-way continues in the southwestern Queens neighborhoods of Lindenwood and Howard Beach as 156th Avenue, separated by the remnants of Spring Creek. The portion of Flatlands Avenue east of Louisiana Avenue in East New York was previously mapped as Fairfield Avenue.

The avenue runs a diagonal path and intersects with several other major streets in Brooklyn, including Flatbush Avenue, Utica Avenue, Ralph Avenue, Rockaway Parkway, and Pennsylvania Avenue. For the most part, the avenue has four lanes, and there is a central median east of Ralph Avenue through Canarsie and East New York.

Kings Highway (Brooklyn)
Kings Highway is a broad avenue that curves about the southern part of the Borough of Brooklyn in New York City.  Its west end is at Bay Parkway and 78th Street. East of Ocean Avenue, the street is largely residential. It tracks eastward, then northeast, then north through Brooklyn and reaches East 98th Street in central Brooklyn. At that point, it flows into Howard Avenue to provide seamless access to Eastern Parkway, another major road in Brooklyn with side medians and service roads.

A Business Improvement District has been established along part of the road to support stores, restaurants and businesses in that area.
1980 California League season
The 1980 California League was a Class A baseball season played between April 10 and August 31. Nine teams played a 140-game schedule, as the winner of each half of the season qualifying for the playoffs.

The Stockton Ports won the California League championship, as they defeated the Visalia Oaks in the final round of the playoffs.

Visalia Rawhide
The Visalia Rawhide are a Minor League Baseball team of the California League and the Single-A affiliate of the Arizona Diamondbacks. They are located in Visalia, California, and have played their home games at Valley Strong Ballpark since their inception in 1946.

The team has had nine names, most of which reflected its changing major-league affiliates, most recently the Minnesota Twins, Colorado Rockies, Oakland A's, Tampa Bay Rays, and Diamondbacks. They took the name Rawhide in 2009.

In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Rawhide were organized into the Low-A West at the Low-A classification. In 2022, the Low-A West became known as the California League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization, and was reclassified as a Single-A circuit.
2025–26 JS Kabylie season
The 2025–26 season, is JS Kabylie's 57th consecutive season in the top flight of Algerian football. In addition to the domestic league, JS Kabylie are participating in the Algerian Cup and the Champions League. The Algerian Professional Football League (LFP) officially released the calendar for the 2025–26 Ligue 1 Mobilis season on July 10, 2025. The Ligue 1 will kick off on Thursday, August 21, 2025, and conclude with the 30th and final matchday on May 16, 2026. As in recent years, league matches will be held every Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, offering better scheduling balance and improved logistical conditions for clubs and broadcasters.

2025–26 Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1
The 2025–26 Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 is the 64th season of the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 since its establishment in 1962. A total of 16 teams contest the league. It began on 21 August 2025 and will conclude on 16 May 2025.
Belboni railway station
Belboni railway station is a railway station of Bankura–Masagram line under the Adra railway division of South Eastern Railway zone. It is situated Banhambirpur at Belboni in Bankura district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

Adra railway division
Adra railway division is one of the four railway divisions under the jurisdiction of South Eastern Railway zone of the Indian Railways. This railway division was formed on 14 April 1961 and its headquarter is located at Adra town in Purulia district of West Bengal. The Divisional Railway Managers building was established in the year of 1913 which has completed its 100 years in 2013. It was earlier the headquarter of Adra district in BNR.

Kharagpur railway division, Chakradharpur railway division and Ranchi railway division are the other three railway divisions under SER Zone headquartered at Garden Reach, Kolkata.
Vishakha
Vishākhā (विशाखा), meaning "forked, having many branches", is the 16th nakshatra in Indian astronomy. It corresponds to the stars α, β, γ and ι Librae in the constellation Libra. In Hindu mythology, Vishākhā is a daughter of the king Daksha. She is one of the twenty-seven daughters of Daksha, who married the moon-god Chandra. Vishākhā is the sixteenth nakshatra of the zodiac, ruled by the planet Jupiter, Brihaspati or Guru. It is also supposed to be the birth star of the goddess Sita.

Beta Librae
Beta Librae is the brightest star in the zodiac constellation of Libra. It has the proper name Zubeneschamali /zuːˌbɛnɛʃəˈmeɪli/, Beta Librae is its Bayer designation. From parallax measurements taken by the Hipparcos mission, its distance is measured to be 185 light-years (57 parsecs).

The apparent visual magnitude of this star is 2.6. According to Eratosthenes, Beta Librae was observed to be brighter than Antares. Ptolemy, 350 years later, said it was as bright as Antares. The discrepancy may be due to Antares becoming brighter, but this is not known for certain. It could simply be caused by Beta Librae being a variable star, showing a present-day variability of 0.03 of a magnitude.
Jaba River
Jaba River is a river in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. It empties to Empress Augusta Bay at 6°23′00″S 155°13′00″E﻿ / ﻿6.3833333°S 155.2166667°E﻿ / -6.3833333; 155.2166667. It was polluted by waste from the Panguna mine, which specialized in copper. The aquatic life of Jaba river was destroyed due to heavy metal pollution. The environmental pollution of river was one of the causes   of armed conflict on the island and struggle of local people for independence.

Empress Augusta Bay
Empress Augusta Bay is a bay on the western side of the island of Bougainville Island, within the Autonomous Region of Bougainville in northeastern Papua New Guinea.

It is a subsistence fishing area for the people of Bougainville.
911 (wrestler)
Alfred Poling (born January 22, 1957) is an American retired professional wrestler, better known by the ring name 911. He is best known for his appearances with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) between 1994 and 1996.

JAPW Heavyweight Championship
The Jersey All Pro Wrestling (JAPW) Heavyweight Championship was a professional wrestling championship in the American independent professional wrestling promotion Jersey All Pro Wrestling. It became an official title on October 31, 1997 when Joe Rules became the first champion. There have been 35 reigns by 19 wrestlers and six vacancies.
Carl Czerny
Carl Czerny (/ˈtʃɛərni/; German: [ˈtʃɛʁniː]; 21 February 1791 – 15 July 1857) was an Austrian composer, teacher, and pianist of Czech origin whose music spanned the late Classical and early Romantic eras. His vast musical production amounted to over a thousand works and his books of studies for the piano are still widely used in piano teaching. He was one of Ludwig van Beethoven's best-known pupils and would later on be one of the main teachers of Franz Liszt.

István Thomán
István Thomán (Hungarian: [ˈiʃtvaːn ˈtomaːn]; 4 November 1862 – 22 September 1940) was a Hungarian piano virtuoso and music educator. He was a notable piano teacher, with students including Béla Bartók, Ernő Dohnányi, Paul de Marky who later taught Oscar Peterson in Quebec, Gisela Selden-Goth, and Georges Cziffra. His six-volume Technique of Piano Playing is still in use today.
Onyx Collective (American band)
Onyx Collective is an American experimental jazz group, founded by saxophonist Isaiah Barr and drummer Austin Williamson. Since forming in 2014, the group has released 7 albums and featured a rotating cast of dozens of members and guest musicians.

Dev Hynes
Devonté Hynes (born David Joseph Michael Hynes, 23 December 1985), also known as Blood Orange and formerly Lightspeed Champion, is an English singer, songwriter, record producer, composer and director based in New York City. From 2004 to 2006, Hynes was a member of the band Test Icicles, playing guitar, synth, and occasionally performing vocals. They released one full-length album in 2005. Hynes went on to release two solo studio albums as Lightspeed Champion, and subsequently five more as Blood Orange, between 2008 and 2025.

He has written, played or produced for and with artists such as Tinashe, Solange Knowles, Connan Mockasin, Tei Shi, Sky Ferreira, FKA Twigs, Britney Spears, Haim, Caroline Polachek, Florence and the Machine, Carly Rae Jepsen, the Chemical Brothers, Kylie Minogue, Lorde, A$AP Rocky, Mac Miller, Blondie, Jazmine Sullivan, Sugababes, Turnstile, Mariah Carey, and Daniel Caesar.
Basketball Federation of Serbia and Montenegro
The Basketball Federation of Serbia and Montenegro (Serbian: Košarkaški savez Srbije i Crne Gore / Кошаркашки савез Србије и Црне Горе;), previously Basketball Federation of Yugoslavia, was a non-profit organization and the national sports governing body for basketball in Serbia and Montenegro. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia renamed to Serbia and Montenegro in 2003. Until 2006, the organization has represented Serbia and Montenegro in FIBA and the men's and women's national basketball teams in the Olympic Committee of Serbia and Montenegro.

After the dissolution of Serbia and Montenegro in 2006, the successor countries all set up their national federations.

Basketball Federation of Yugoslavia
The Basketball Federation of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian: Košarkaški savez Jugoslavije, Кошаркашки савез Југославије; Slovene: Košarkarska zveza Jugoslavije; Macedonian: Кошаркарска федерација на Југославија) was a non-profit organization and the national sports governing body for basketball in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Until 1991, the organization has represented SFR Yugoslavia in FIBA and the men's and women's national basketball teams in the Yugoslav Olympic Committee.

After the dissolution of SFR Yugoslavia in 1992, the successor countries all set up their national federations, while the Federal republic of Yugoslavia kept the National Federation until the dissolution of the State Union of Serbia & Montenegro in 2006.
2025 Central Michigan Chippewas football team
The 2025 Central Michigan Chippewas football team represented Central Michigan University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 2025 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Chippewas were led by Matt Drinkall in his first year as the head coach. The Chippewas played their home games at Kelly/Shorts Stadium, located in Mount Pleasant, Michigan.

Mount Pleasant, Michigan
Mount Pleasant is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. The city is the county seat of Isabella County, which is part of Central Michigan. The population of Mount Pleasant was 21,688 as of the 2020 census. The city is surrounded by Union Charter Township, but is politically independent.

Part of the city (with a population of 8,741) is located within the Isabella Indian Reservation, the base of the federally recognized Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation. The tribe's Soaring Eagle Casino & Resort in nearby Chippewa Township is also within the reservation boundaries.

Mount Pleasant is home to the main campuses of Central Michigan University, one of the largest universities in the state with 20,000 students at Mount Pleasant, and Mid Michigan Community College. The student population nearly doubles the population of the city during the academic year, making it a college town. Despite its name, the surrounding area is mostly flat and does not feature any mountains or hills.
1963 Women's European Volleyball Championship
The 1963 Women's European Volleyball Championship was the sixth edition of the event, organised by Europe's governing volleyball body, the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball. It was hosted in several cities in Romania from 22 October to 2 November 1963, with the final round held in Constanţa.

Women's European Volleyball Championship
The Women's European Volleyball Championship is the official competition for senior women's national volleyball teams of Europe, organized by the European Volleyball Confederation (CEV). The initial gap between championships was variable, but since 1975 they have been awarded every two years. The current champion is Turkey, which won its first title at the 2023 tournament.
1980 Connecticut Senate election
The 1980 Connecticut Senate election was held on November 4, 1980, to determine which party would control the Connecticut State Senate for the following two years. All 36 seats in the Connecticut State Senate were up for election. Prior to the election, 26 seats were held by Democrats and 10 seats were held by Republicans. The general election saw Republicans flip 3 seats, this however meant that Democrats retained their majority in the State Senate.

Connecticut State Senate
The Connecticut State Senate is the upper house of the Connecticut General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Connecticut. The state senate comprises 36 members, each representing a district with around 99,280 inhabitants. Senators are elected to two-year terms without term limits. The Connecticut State Senate is one of 14 state legislative upper houses whose members serve two-year terms; four-year terms are more common.

As in other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the federal U.S. Senate, the Senate is vested with special functions such as confirming or rejecting gubernatorial appointments to the state's executive departments, the state cabinet, commissions and boards. Unlike a majority of U.S. state legislatures, both the Connecticut House of Representatives and the State Senate vote on the composition of the Connecticut Supreme Court.

The Senate meets within the State Capitol in Hartford.
Mona Lisa of Nimrud
Mona Lisa of Nimrud refers to a carved ivory piece of art discovered in the city of Nimrud in a campaign of excavation from 1949 to 1963, led by Sir Max Mallowan.  It is one of the most well known of the Nimrud ivories.  It has also been known as the “Lady of the Well.”. In contrast, another sculpture found with it was named "Ugly Sister."

When excavated, it was cleaned by Mallowan's wife Agatha Christie. It was housed at the Iraq Museum.

Max Mallowan
Sir Max Edgar Lucien Mallowan, CBE, FBA, FSA (6 May 1904 – 19 August 1978) was a British archaeologist specializing in the Ancient Near East. Having studied classics at Oxford University, he was trained for archaeology by Leonard Woolley at Ur and Reginald Campbell Thompson at Nineveh. He then directed a number of archaeological expeditions sponsored by the British Museum and the British School of Archaeology in Iraq. He was the second husband of Agatha Christie, having met her during the excavation at Ur in 1930. He served in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve during the Second World War, and then entered academia. He was Professor of Western Asiatic Archaeology at the University of London (1947–1962) and a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford (1962–1971).
Richard W. Burgin
Richard Weston Burgin (June 30, 1947 – October 22, 2020) was an American fiction writer, editor, composer, critic, and academic. He published nineteen books, and from 1996 through 2013 was a professor of Communications and English at Saint Louis University. He was also the founder and publisher of the internationally distributed award-winning literary magazine Boulevard.

Pushcart Prize
The Pushcart Prize is an American literary prize published by Pushcart Press that honors the best "poetry, short fiction, essays or literary whatnot" published in the small presses over the previous year. Magazine and small book press editors are invited to submit up to six works they have featured. Since 1976, anthologies of selected works have been published on an annual basis. These initiatives are supported and staffed entirely by dedicated volunteers.
Genicular arteries
The genicular arteries (from Latin geniculum, "knee") are six arteries in the human leg, five of which are branches of the popliteal artery, that anastomose in the knee region in the patellar network or genicular anastomosis. They supply blood to the patella, together with contributions from the descending genicular artery, anterior tibial recurrent artery, and descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery.

The descending genicular artery also known as the highest genicular artery is the only genicular artery to arise from the femoral artery and has the most superior or proximal origin of all six genicular arteries.

Descending genicular artery
The descending genicular artery (also known as the highest genicular artery) arises from the femoral artery just before its passage through the adductor hiatus.

The descending geniculate artery immediately divides into two branches: a saphenous branch (which classically joins with the medial inferior genicular artery), and muscular and articular branches.
Painted Smiles Records
Painted Smiles Records was a small record label, based in New York City and run by Ben Bagley, which operated from the 1970s to the 1990s. It is best known for its Revisited series of recordings of little-known songs by well-known songwriters.

Frank Loesser
Frank Henry Loesser (/ˈlɛsər/ "lesser"; June 29, 1910 – July 28, 1969) was an American songwriter who wrote music and lyrics for the Broadway musicals Guys and Dolls and How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, among others. He won a Tony Award for Guys and Dolls and shared the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for How to Succeed. He also wrote songs for over 60 Hollywood films and Tin Pan Alley, many of which have become standards, and was nominated for five Academy Awards for best song, winning once for "Baby, It's Cold Outside."