hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Absolute construction
In linguistics, an absolute construction is a grammatical construction standing apart from a normal or usual syntactical relation with other words or sentence elements. It can be a non-finite clause that is subordinate in form and modifies an entire sentence, an adjective or possessive pronoun standing alone without a modified substantive, or a transitive verb when its object is implied but not stated.  The term absolute derives from Latin absolūtum, meaning "loosened from" or "separated".

Because the non-finite clause, called the absolute clause (or simply the absolute), is not semantically attached to any single element in the sentence, it is easily confused with a dangling participle.  The difference is that the participial phrase of a dangling participle is intended to modify a particular noun, but is instead erroneously attached to a different noun, whereas a participial phrase serving as an absolute clause is not intended to modify any noun at all.

Noun
In grammar, a noun is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, like living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas. A noun may serve as an object or subject within a phrase, clause, or sentence.

In linguistics, nouns constitute a lexical category (part of speech) defined according to how its members combine with members of other lexical categories. The syntactic occurrence of nouns differs among languages.

In English, prototypical nouns are common nouns or proper nouns that can occur with determiners, articles and attributive adjectives, and can function as the head of a noun phrase. According to traditional and popular classification, pronouns are distinct from nouns, but in much modern theory they are considered a subclass of nouns.  Every language has various linguistic and grammatical distinctions between nouns and verbs.
Stamp dealer
A stamp dealer is a company or individual engaged in the trade of stamps and philatelic products. This includes those who sell postage stamps for everyday use as well as revenue stamps for use on court documents. Stamp dealers who sell to stamp collectors and philatelists are of many kinds and their businesses range from small home operations to large international companies.

Stamp collecting
Stamp collecting is the collecting of postage stamps and related objects. It is an area of philately, which is the study (or combined study and collection) of stamps. It has been one of the world's most popular hobbies since the late nineteenth century with the rapid growth of the postal service, as a stream of new stamps was produced by countries that sought to advertise their distinctiveness through their stamps.
J. M. Aimot
Jean-Marie Aimot (1901–1968) was a French novelist, critic, biographer and translator who was active in the middle third of the 20th century. His books include Nos mitrailleuses n'ont pas tiré which won the Prix des Deux Magots in 1941 and La Carrière de Raoul Champfrond, a novel which won the Prix Balzac in 1944. He wrote biographies of Mané-Katz and Henry Morton Stanley.

A member of the collaborationist French Popular Party, Aimot was associated with the extreme right/fascist wing of French politics. He served as director of the French Documentary Film Service under the Vichy government.

Prix des Deux Magots
The Prix des Deux Magots (French pronunciation: [pʁi de dø maɡo]) is a major French literary prize. It is presented to new works, and is generally awarded to works that are more off-beat and less conventional than those that receive the more mainstream Prix Goncourt.

The name derives from the extant Parisian café "Les Deux Magots", which began as a drapery store in 1813, taking its name from a popular play of the time, The Two Magots (a  magot is a type of Chinese figurine). It housed a wine merchant in the 19th century, and was refurbished in 1914 into a café.
Cross Green, Leeds
Cross Green is a mainly industrial area of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It is around 1 mile (1.6 km) on a hill to the south east of Leeds city centre, with the A63 road (Pontefract Lane) running through the middle and dividing it into a residential estate with playing fields and housing to the north, and a large industrial estate to the south. The area lies in the LS9 Leeds postcode area between Osmondthorpe, Richmond Hill and Hunslet.

Leeds city centre
Leeds city centre is the central business district of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It is roughly bounded by the Inner Ring Road to the north and the River Aire to the south and can be divided into several quarters.
2017 FIBA Africa Women's Clubs Champions Cup
The 2017 FIBA Africa Women's Clubs Champions Cup (23rd edition), was an international basketball tournament that took place at the Pavilhão Multiusos do Kilamba, in Luanda, Angola, from November 11 to 19, 2017. The tournament, organized by FIBA Africa and hosted by Grupo Desportivo Interclube, was contested by 9 teams split into 2 groups, the first four of each group qualifying for the knock-out stage (quarter, semis and final).

The tournament was won by Primeiro de Agosto from Angola.

Women's Basketball League Africa
The FIBA Africa Women's Basketball League is the highest continental tournament in African women's basketball. It is the counterpart of the men's basketball competition FIBA Africa Clubs Champions Cup. It is organized by the FIBA Africa and played by the champions of the leagues of the African countries.

The tournament was known as the FIBA Africa Women's Basketball Cup until the league rebranded in 2023 in the "Africa Women's Basketball League" (AWBL). A year later, the name was slightly adjusted to "Women's Basketball League Africa" (WBLA).
Siphocampylus
Siphocampylus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Campanulaceae. There are approximately 221 species native to the Neotropical realm. Most grow in mountain habitat.

Species include:

Siphocampylus affinis (Mirb.) McVaugh

Siphocampylus asplundii Jeppesen

Siphocampylus ecuadoriensis E.Wimm.

Siphocampylus fruticosus E.Wimm.

Siphocampylus furax E.Wimm.

Siphocampylus humboldtianus C.Presl ex A.DC.

Siphocampylus loxensis (Willd. ex Schult.) Vatke ex E.Wimm.

Siphocampylus lucidus E.Wimm.

Siphocampylus rostratus E.Wimm.

Siphocampylus rupestris E.Wimm.

Siphocampylus scandens (Kunth) G.Don

Siphocampylus sulfureus E.Wimm.

Siphocampylus uncipes McVaugh

Siphocampylus scandens
Siphocampylus scandens is a species of plant in the family Campanulaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador and its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Zechariah 4
Zechariah 4 is the fourth of the 14 chapters in the Book of Zechariah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Zechariah. In the Hebrew Bible it forms part of the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets. This chapter relates Zechariah's fifth vision. It is a part of a section (so-called "First Zechariah") consisting of Zechariah 1–8.

Zechariah 8
Zechariah 8 is the eighth of the 14 chapters in the Book of Zechariah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Zechariah. In the Hebrew Bible it is part of the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets. This chapter concludes the so-called "First Zechariah", consisting of Zechariah 1–8, and brings together ten "short independent oracles", each referring to the word of "the Lord of Hosts".
Red Horse Tavern
Red Horse Tavern, also known as Brookside Inn and The Old Stone House, is a historic inn and tavern located near Aurora, Preston County, West Virginia. It was built between 1825 and 1827, as a dwelling.  In 1841, it opened as a public inn to serve travelers on the Northwestern Turnpike.  It is built of rubble stone, and has one large downstairs room and three upstairs rooms with an attic above them.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, with a boundary increase in 1979.   It is located in the Brookside Historic District.

Preston County, West Virginia
Preston County is a county located in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 34,216. Its county seat is Kingwood. The county was formed from Monongalia County in 1818 and named for Virginia Governor James Patton Preston.

Preston County is part of the Morgantown, WV Metropolitan Statistical Area, and is the southernmost county of the Pittsburgh media market. It is the home of The Buckwheat Festival, a county fair known for making buckwheat pancakes.
16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers
The 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers was a cavalry regiment of the British Army. It was formed by the amalgamation of the 16th The Queen's Lancers and the 5th Royal Irish Lancers in 1922. The reason for the uniquely atypical regimental title (with a higher number preceding a lower) was that the 5th had been re-raised in 1858 almost 60 years after being disbanded, and when re-raised took precedence after the 17th Lancers. After service in the Second World War and the Gulf War, the regiment amalgamated with the 17th/21st Lancers to form the Queen's Royal Lancers in 1993.

17th Lancers
The 17th Lancers (Duke of Cambridge's Own) was a cavalry regiment of the British Army, raised in 1759 and notable for its participation in the Charge of the Light Brigade during the Crimean War. The regiment was amalgamated with the 21st Lancers to form the 17th/21st Lancers in 1922.
1960 United States presidential election in Wyoming
The 1960 United States presidential election in Wyoming took place on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. State voters chose three representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Wyoming was won by the incumbent Vice President, Republican Party (United States) Richard Nixon, running with former United Nations Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., with 55.01 percent of the popular vote, against the Democratic nominee, Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy, running with Texas Senator Lyndon B. Johnson, with 44.99% of the popular vote, a 10% margin of victory. Nixon's victory was significantly smaller than Dwight Eisenhower's 20.2% margin of victory in 1956.

With Nixon's victory in the state, Republicans would see a full sweep of statewide offices that were on the ballot, including the sole House of Representatives election and the Class II Senate seat.

1960 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming
The 1960 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming was held on November 8, 1960. Incumbent Republican Congressman Keith Thomson opted to successfully run for the U.S. Senate rather than seek re-election. Thomson won the election, but died a month after the election, and never took office. Former Congressman William Henry Harrison, who preceded Thomson in the House, won the Republican primary and faced Hepburn T. Armstrong, the Democratic nominee, in the general election.
Sapporo Station (Sapporo Municipal Subway)
Sapporo Station (さっぽろ駅, Sapporo-eki) is a Sapporo Municipal Subway station in Chūō-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. The station is numbered "N06" for the Namboku Line, and "H07" for the Tōhō Line. The station is connected to the JR Hokkaido Sapporo Station by an underground passage.

Sapporo Municipal Subway
The Sapporo Municipal Subway (札幌市営地下鉄, Sapporo Shiei Chikatetsu) is a rapid transit system in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. Operated by the Sapporo City Transportation Bureau, it is the only subway system on the island of Hokkaido, and also the country's only subway system that is entirely rubber-tired.
Divide Creek
Divide Creek is a short creek near Kicking Horse Pass on the British Columbia/Alberta border (also the border between Yoho National Park and Banff National Park).  After following the Continental Divide of the Americas for a short distance, the creek forks, with one side draining through the Bow River east to Hudson Bay and the Arctic Ocean, and the other side draining west to the Pacific Ocean by way of the Kicking Horse River.

Camping and horseback riding are available at Divide Creek.
The Divide Warden Cabin is near the bank of the creek in Banff, because of its historical associations, and its architectural and environmental value has been classified as a Recognized Federal Heritage Building.

Continental Divide of the Americas
The Continental Divide of the Americas (also known as the Great Divide, the Western Divide or simply the Continental Divide; Spanish: Divisoria continental de América, Gran Divisoria) is the principal, and largely mountainous, hydrological divide of the Americas. The Continental Divide extends from the Bering Strait to the Strait of Magellan, and separates the watersheds that drain into the Pacific Ocean from those river systems that drain into the Atlantic and Arctic Ocean, including those that drain into the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and Hudson Bay.

Although there are many other hydrological divides in the Americas, the Continental Divide is by far the most prominent of these because it tends to follow a line of high peaks along the main ranges of the Rocky Mountains and Andes, at a generally much higher elevation than the other hydrological divisions.
Neto (footballer, born 1989)
Norberto Murara Neto (born 19 July 1989), commonly known as Neto (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈnɛtu]), is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Botafogo.

Neto began his career with Brazilian side Athletico Paranaense and later played for Italian side Fiorentina. He joined Juventus in 2015, where he won the domestic double in each of his two seasons with the club, serving as a back-up to starter Gianluigi Buffon in the league, but appearing in all of the club's games in both of their victorious Coppa Italia campaigns. In 2017, he played in Spain's La Liga as the first choice for Valencia and as a backup for Barcelona. He joined Bournemouth in 2022, becoming club captain in 2023.

He was first called up for the Brazil national team in 2010 but did not earn his first cap until 2018. He won a silver medal at the 2012 Olympics and was part of the nation's squad at the 2015 Copa América.

2015–16 Coppa Italia
The 2015–16 Coppa Italia, also known as TIM Cup for sponsorship reasons, was the 69th edition of the national domestic tournament. It began on 2 August 2015 and ended with the final match on 21 May 2016. Juventus successfully defended their title after beating Milan 1–0 by Morata's goal after extra time. This win secured them a record-extending eleventh cup title.
Yi Pinghŏgak
Yi Pinghŏgak (Korean: 이빙허각; Hanja: 李憑虛閣; February 24, 1759 – March 3, 1824) was a Korean female scholar who wrote "Kyuhap ch'ongsŏ" (Encyclopedia of Women's Lives), "Ch'ŏnggyu pangmulji" (Compendium on things by Lady Yi Pinghŏgak), and "Pinghŏgakgo" (A Collection of Poems Translated into Korean) in the late Joseon Dynasty.

Seo Yu-gu
Seo Yu-gu (Korean: 서유구; Hanja: 徐有榘; 1764–1845) was a Korean Neo-Confucian scholar, agricultural administrator and encyclopedist in the Korean Joseon Dynasty. His pen name was Pungseok (풍석; 楓石; lit. Maple Stone), his courtesy name was Junpyeong (준평; 準平), and his posthumous name was Mungan (문간; 文簡). He came from the Daegu Seo clan (대구 서씨; 大丘徐氏).

He was born at Jangdan, Paju, Gyeonggi-do in 1764. At that time, the practical science called Silhak (실학; 實學) was prevalent among the Joseon intellectuals, but unfortunately, it was rarely adopted by the Royal Court. He authored the huge 113 volume encyclopedia, Imwon Gyeongjeji (임원경제지; 林園經濟志) for more than 30 years from 1806. Though the series of Encyclopedia Koreana on Rural Living were not published in his lifetime, Seo Yu-gu wished to share with fellow gentlemen how to live a wonderful living in the country.
Sparse distributed memory
Sparse distributed memory (SDM) is a mathematical model of human long-term memory introduced by Pentti Kanerva in 1988 while he was at NASA Ames Research Center.

This memory exhibits behaviors, both in theory and in experiment, that resemble those previously unapproached by machines – e.g., rapid recognition of faces or odors, discovery of new connections between seemingly unrelated ideas, etc. Sparse distributed memory is used for storing and retrieving large amounts ( bits) of information without focusing on the accuracy but on similarity of information. There are some recent applications in robot navigation and experience-based robot manipulation.

Long-term memory
Long-term memory (LTM) is the stage of the Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model in which informative knowledge is held indefinitely. It is defined in contrast to sensory memory, the initial stage, and short-term or working memory, the second stage, which persists for about 18 to 30 seconds. LTM is grouped into two categories known as explicit memory (declarative memory) and implicit memory (non-declarative memory). Explicit memory is broken down into episodic and semantic memory, while implicit memory includes procedural memory and emotional conditioning.
Roof of England Walk
The Roof of England Walk is a 188-mile (301-km) footpath in the North Pennines, England. It follows a circular route through Westmorland and Furness, Cumberland, Northumberland and County Durham, with a short section in North Yorkshire, and passes features including High Force in Teesdale, Blanchland Abbey, High Cup Nick, Cross Fell (the highest point of the walk, at 893 m (2,930 ft)) and the Tan Hill Inn. The path was officially opened in September 2025. It is generally described in an anticlockwise direction, starting and finishing at Appleby-in-Westmorland.

High Force
High Force is a waterfall on the River Tees, near Middleton-in-Teesdale, Teesdale, England. The waterfall is within the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and the European Geopark. The whole of the River Tees plunges 70 feet (21 m) over a precipice (an almost vertical cliff edge) in two stages. After heavy rainfall the river will also flow over the usually dry right-hand side channel, creating two falls. Very occasionally the river level will be high enough to flow over the central section of rock; the last recorded time this happened was in December 2015 after Storm Desmond. In harsh winters the falls have been known to freeze, creating cathedral-like ice formations.

Access to the northern bank is via a private footpath on the Raby estate for which a fee is charged. The southern bank can be reached free of charge via the Pennine Way public footpath which crosses the Moor House-Upper Teesdale National Nature Reserve.
Ṭhē
Ṭhē is an additional letter of the Arabic script. It has the basic shape of tāʼ (ت‎), but with vertical dots, rather than horizontal. It is not used in the Arabic alphabet itself, but is used to represent an aspirated [ʈʰ] in Sindhi, a language mainly spoken in Pakistan. Its Latin description is ṭh, or sometimes t́h.

In an older version of the script, the ٽ‎ was used instead of ٺ‎ and vice versa.

Sindhi is also written in Devanagari, where the corresponding letter is ठ.

The letter is encoded in the Arabic Unicode block as Tteheh at U+067A.

Taw
Taw, tav, or taf is the twenty-second and last letter of the Semitic abjads, including Arabic tāʾ ت‎, Aramaic taw 𐡕‎, Hebrew tav ת‎, Phoenician tāw 𐤕, and Syriac taw ܬ. In Arabic, it also gives rise to the derived letter ث ṯāʾ. Its original sound value is /t/. It is related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪉‎‎‎, South Arabian 𐩩, and Geʽez ተ.

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek tau (Τ), Latin T, and Cyrillic Т.
Sautso
Sautso (Northern Sami: Čávžu), also referred as Alta Canyon, is a canyon (valley) along the river Altaelva in Finnmark county, Norway. The valley is located in Alta Municipality, just north of the border with Kautokeino Municipality. The canyon is about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) long and about 300 to 420 metres (980 to 1,380 ft) deep, making it the largest canyon of Northern Europe. The canyon begins just downstream (north) from the Alta Power Station. The river flows down from the Finnmarksvidda plateau (elevation: 450 metres or 1,480 feet) into the canyon (elevation: 90 metres or 300 feet), so the walls of the canyon clearly show many sedimentary layers.

Finnmarksvidda
Finnmarksvidda (Northern Sami: Finnmárkkoduottar;  English: Finnmark plateau/highland) is Norway's largest plateau, with an area greater than 22,000 square kilometres (8,500 sq mi). The plateau lies about 300 to 500 metres (980 to 1,640 ft) above sea level. Approximately 36% of Finnmark lies on the Finnmarksvidda.
Leukotriene receptor
The leukotriene (LT) receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that bind and are activated by the leukotrienes. They include the following proteins:

Leukotriene B4 receptors (BLTRs) – bind to and are activated by LTB4:
BLT1 (Leukotriene B4 receptor 1)  – LTB4R
BLT2 (Leukotriene B4 receptor 2)  – LTB4R2

Cysteinyl leukotriene receptors (CysLTRs) – bind to and are activated by LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4:
CysLT1 (Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1) – CYSLTR1
CysLT2 (Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2) – CYSLTR2

The recently elucidated CysLTE, represented by GPR99/OXGR1, may constitute a third CysLTR.

Leukotriene
Leukotrienes are a family of eicosanoid inflammatory mediators produced in leukocytes by the oxidation of arachidonic acid (AA) and the essential fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) by the enzyme arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.

Leukotrienes use lipid signaling to convey information to either the cell producing them (autocrine signaling) or neighboring cells (paracrine signaling) in order to regulate immune responses. The production of leukotrienes is usually accompanied by the production of histamine and prostaglandins, which also act as inflammatory mediators.

One of their roles (specifically, leukotriene D4) is to trigger contractions in the smooth muscles lining the bronchioles; their overproduction is a major cause of inflammation in asthma and allergic rhinitis. Leukotriene antagonists are used to treat these disorders by inhibiting the production or activity of leukotrienes.
Isaac de Leon
Isaac de Leon, who lived at Ocaña, in Toledo, Spain, was one of the last rabbis of Castile. He was a native of Leon, and a pupil of Isaac Campanton, and, like Moses de Leon, a kabbalist and a believer in miracles. Joseph Caro and others honored him with the title of "the great teacher." He was more than seventy years of age at his death, which occurred some years before the expulsion of the Jews from Spain; he was mourned by many pupils. The work ascribed to him, Megillat Ester, an answer to Nahmanides' criticism of Maimonides' Sefer ha-Miẓwot, has been proved by Azulai to belong to Isaac Leon ibn Zur, a later writer.

Joseph Karo
Joseph ben Ephraim Karo, also spelled Yosef Caro, or Qaro (Hebrew: יוסף קארו; 1488 – March 24, 1575, 13 Nisan 5335 A.M.), was a prominent Sephardic Jewish rabbi renowned as the author of the last great codification of Jewish law, the Beit Yosef, and its popular analogue, the Shulhan Arukh. Karo is regarded as the preeminent halakhic authority of his time, and is often referred to by the honorific titles HaMechaber (Hebrew: הַמְחַבֵּר, lit. 'the author') and Maran (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: מָרַן, lit. 'our master').