hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of computer animation
The history of computer animation began as early as the 1940s and 1950s, when people began to experiment with computer graphics – most notably by John Whitney. It was only by the early 1960s when digital computers had become widely established, that new avenues for innovative computer graphics blossomed. Initially, uses were mainly for scientific, engineering and other research purposes, but artistic experimentation began to make its appearance by the mid-1960s – most notably by Dr. Thomas Calvert. By the mid-1970s, many such efforts were beginning to enter into public media. Much computer graphics at this time involved 2-D imagery, though increasingly as computer power improved, efforts to achieve 3-D realism became the emphasis. By the late 1980s, photo-realistic 3-D was beginning to appear in film movies, and by mid-1990s had developed to the point where 3-D animation could be used for entire feature film production.

Industrial Light & Magic
Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) is an American motion picture visual effects, computer animation and stereo conversion digital studio founded by George Lucas on May 26, 1975. It is a division of the film production company Lucasfilm, which Lucas founded, and was created when he began production on the original Star Wars, the fourth episode of the Skywalker Saga.

ILM originated in Van Nuys, California, then later moved to San Rafael in 1978, and since 2005 it has been based at the Letterman Digital Arts Center in the Presidio of San Francisco. In 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired ILM as part of its purchase of Lucasfilm. As of 2026, Industrial Light & Magic has won 15 Academy Awards for Best Visual Effects.
Ural Mountains in Nazi planning
The Ural Mountains played a prominent role in Nazi planning. Adolf Hitler and the rest of the Nazi leadership made many references to them as a strategic objective of the Third Reich to follow a decisive victory on the Eastern Front against the Soviet Union.

Perpetual war
A perpetual war, endless war or forever war is a lasting state of war with no clear conditions that would lead to its conclusion. These wars are usually situations of ongoing tension that may escalate at any moment, similar to the Cold War. From the late 20th century, the concepts have been used to critique the United States Armed Forces interventions in foreign nations and the military–industrial complex such as the Vietnam War and the Soviet-Afghan War, or wars with ambiguous enemies such as the war on terror and war on drugs.
Switzerland at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Switzerland boycotted the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia because of the participation of the Soviet Union, who had invaded Hungary to crush the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. However, the equestrian events were held in Stockholm, Sweden earlier in the year because of the Australian quarantine laws. The Swiss team competed in Stockholm, winning a bronze medal.

Soviet Union at the 1956 Summer Olympics
The Soviet Union (USSR) competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. 272 competitors, 233 men and 39 women, took part in 135 events in 17 sports. The Netherlands, Spain, the Netherlands Antilles, Egypt, Lebanon, Cambodia, Iraq and Switzerland protested against Soviet participating amidst their invasion of Hungary by boycotting the games.
Expressway S51 (Poland)
Expressway S51 or Express road S51 is a short road in Poland which connects Olsztyn with the express road S7 in Olsztynek. Its length is 34 km (21 mi) and it forms a single continuous route with S16, which begins at the endpoint of S51 near Olsztyn.

Expressway S16 (Poland)
Expressway S16 is a planned Polish highway. It is known that it may have briefly appeared first in Polish government long range planning documents around 2005 (there is some confusion on this point) but was subsequently dropped from construction plans. In October 2015 the route was added to the list of expressways by ministry ordinance.
Front for the Liberation of Lebanon from Foreigners
The Front for the Liberation of Lebanon from Foreigners (FLLF) (Arabic: جبهة تحرير لبنان من الغرباء, romanized: Jabhat Tahrir Lubnan min al-Ghuraba'), or Front pour la Libération du Liban des Étrangers (FLLE) in French, was a formerly Israeli-backed obscure underground organization that surfaced in Lebanon at the early 1980s.

According to Ronen Bergman, the front was a "terrorist organization that Israel ran in Lebanon in the years 1980-83" which was set up on the orders of Israel Defense Forces Chief of Staff Rafael Eitan, who instructed Israeli General Avigdor Ben-Gal, together with Meir Dagan, to create and oversee the group in the wake of the 1979 Nahariya attack.

Northern Command (Israel)
The Northern Command (Hebrew: פִּקּוּד צָפוֹן, Pikud Tzafon, often abbreviated to Patzan) is a regional command in the Israel Defense Forces. The command, whose main headquarters is in Safed, is responsible for all the units located between Hermon and Netanya. The mission of the Northern Command is to protect Israel's northern borders with Syria and Lebanon.
Lists of national symbols
These are lists of national symbols:

List of national animals

List of national anthems

List of national birds

List of national dances

List of national emblems

List of national flags

List of national flowers

List of national founders

List of national fruits

List of national instruments (music)

List of national mottos

List of national poets

List of national trees

Armorial of sovereign states
This armorial of sovereign states shows the coat of arms, national emblem, or seal for every sovereign state.

Note that due to copyright restrictions in some countries (including Canada, New Zealand, Qatar, Singapore, South Africa, and the United Kingdom), some emblems may not be displayed, or may be displayed with slight alterations in appearance from their official rendition, but nonetheless remain faithful to their heraldic description.
Australia–Korea Free Trade Agreement
The Korea–Australia Free Trade Agreement (KAFTA) is a bilateral free trade agreement designed to diminish barriers to trade and investment between Australia and South Korea, effective from 12 December 2014. The agreement intends to improve market access for Australian exporters and to reduce barriers for investors in both countries.

KAFTA builds upon several decades of Australia–South Korea relations, which have evolved since 1962. During that year, South Korean president Park Chung Hee introduced a series of five-year economic plans aimed at improving South Korea's industrial development and involvement in the global economy in the aftermath of the Korean War.

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)
The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) is the department of the Australian government responsible for foreign policy and international relations, development aid (under the name Australian Aid), consular services, overseas trade, and investment (including trade and investment promotion Austrade). Australia's total official development assistance (ODA) (US$3 billion) decreased in 2022 due to differences in Australia's financial year reporting and the timing of its COVID-19-related expenditure, representing 0.19% of gross national income (GNI).

The head of the department is its secretary, presently Jan Adams. She reports to Penny Wong, who has held the position of Minister for Foreign Affairs since 2022.
St. Augustine Catholic Church (Washington, D.C.)
St. Augustine Catholic Church (originally St Martin de Porres Catholic Church) is a Catholic parish in Washington, D.C. It is considered by many to be the "Mother Church of Black Catholics", as the first Black parish in the district and the administrator of D.C.'s oldest surviving Black school.

Spire
A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof of a building or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spires are typically made of stonework or brickwork, or else of timber structures with metal cladding, ceramic tiling, roof shingles, or slates on the exterior.

Since towers supporting spires are usually square, square-plan spires emerge directly from the tower's walls, but octagonal spires are either built above a pyramidal transition section called a broach at the spire's base, or else free spaces around the tower's summit for decorative elements like pinnacles. The former solution is known as a broach spire. Small or short spires are known as spikes, spirelets, or flèches.
High-temperature operating life
High-temperature operating life (HTOL) is a reliability test applied to integrated circuits (ICs) to determine their intrinsic reliability. This test stresses the IC at an elevated temperature, high voltage and dynamic operation for a predefined period of time. The IC is usually monitored under stress and tested at intermediate intervals. This reliability stress test is sometimes referred to as a lifetime test, device life test or extended burn in test and is used to trigger potential failure modes and assess IC lifetime.

There are several types of HTOL:

AEC Documents.

JEDEC Standards.

Mil standards.

Highly accelerated stress test
The highly accelerated stress test (HAST) method was first proposed by Jeffrey E. Gunn, Sushil K. Malik, and Purabi M. Mazumdar of IBM.

The acceleration factor for elevated humidity is empirically derived to be

is a value which normally goes from 0.1 to 0.15

where RHs is the stressed humidity, RHo is the operating-environment humidity, and n is an empirically derived constant (usually 1 < n < 5).

The acceleration factor for elevated temperature is derived to be

where Ea is the activation energy for the temperature-induced failure (most often 0.7 eV for electronics), k is the Boltzmann constant, To is the operating temperature in kelvins, and Ts is the stressed temperature.

Therefore the total acceleration factor for unbiased HAST testing is
Howza
Tshepo Howard Mosese (born 19 July 1983) is a South African rapper, songwriter and actor. Mosese was involved  in school choirs and cultural  activities. He was a member of Gunpowder group. Having signed with Faith Records in 2007, he began his solo career and released  solo debut album  Cut to the Chase (2007).

Mosese also pursued  his acting career, Backstage, Scandal, 7de Laan, Big Up, All You Need is Love (2012).

Kabelo Mabalane
Kabelo Mabalane (born 15 December 1976), known by his stage name as Bouga 2 Shoes or Bouga Luv, is a South African kwaito musician, songwriter and actor. He is a member of the kwaito trio TKZee. He has opened shows for world famous musicians such as Jay-Z, 50 Cent, Ja Rule and Rihanna. He co-owned Faith Records, a South African independent music company. He had also been a judge on SA's Got Talent for two seasons in 2014.
Auto-Saharan Companies
The Auto-Saharan Companies (Compagnie Auto-Avio-Sahariane) were Italian military units specialised in long range patrols of the Sahara Desert. Companies were formed around expert soldiers (called "Arditi Camionettisti"), riding AB 41 armored cars and FIAT and Lancia light trucks customized to operate in the desert. The units operated from the late 1930s to the Italian surrender in 1943.

SPA-Viberti AS.42
The Camionetta Desertica Model 42 (also known as the SPA-Viberti AS.42 or Sahariana) was an Italian reconnaissance car of World War II. The AS.42 (Africa Settentrionale = North Africa) was developed by SPA-Viberti using the same chassis as the AB 41 armoured car, including its four-wheel steering, but with a 2x4 transmission specifically for desert operations, primarily in a reconnaissance role. Its origins trace back to requests stemming from units operating on the North African front for a long range, highly maneuverable vehicle, similar to those widely used by the highly successful British reconnaissance and raiding force, the Long Range Desert Group (LRDG).
KCB Bank Kenya Limited
KCB Bank Kenya Limited is a financial services provider headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya. It is licensed as a commercial bank, by the Central Bank of Kenya, the national banking regulator. The bank has also been running an agency banking model.

Central Bank of Kenya
The Central Bank of Kenya (CBK) (Swahili: Banki Kuu ya Kenya) is the monetary authority of Kenya. Its head office is located in Nairobi. CBK was founded in 1966 after the dissolution of East African Currency Board (EACB). Dr. Kamau Thugge, CBS is the current Governor and Dr. Susan Koech is the Deputy Governor.
Jeep Tornado engine
The Jeep Tornado engine was the first post-World War II U.S.-designed mass-produced overhead cam (OHC) automobile engine. The 230.5 cu in (3.78 L) hemi-headed straight-six was introduced in mid-year 1962, and replaced the flathead "6-226" Willys Super Hurricane that was in use since 1954.

The Tornado engine was also manufactured in Argentina by Industrias Kaiser Argentina (IKA) from 1965 until 1973.

IKA-Renault Torino
The IKA Torino, later renamed as the Renault Torino, is a mid-sized automobile made by Industrias Kaiser Argentina (IKA) between 1966 and 1981, under an agreement with American Motors Corporation (AMC). The 1966 Torino was IKA's first national product. IKA was eventually bought out by Renault in 1975 to form Renault Argentina S.A.

The Torino was built on the same hybrid AMC platform through 1981 in both two-door hardtop and four-door sedan variants. It has been described as "Argentina's national car".
Kudelstaart
Kudelstaart is a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Aalsmeer, and lies about 10 km southeast of Hoofddorp.

The village was first mentioned in 1237 as Sconedorpe. The current name is a combination of "fish net" and "long, thin piece of land". Kudelstaart developed around 1200 as a peat excavation settlement. In the 13th century, it was split between Holland and Utrecht. In 1724, the heerlijkheid was bought by the city of Amsterdam.

Hoofddorp
Hoofddorp (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦoːvdɔr(ə)p]; lit. 'Main Village') is the main town of the municipality of Haarlemmermeer, in the province of North Holland, the Netherlands. In 2021, the population was 77,885. The town was founded in 1853, immediately after the Haarlemmermeer had been drained.
Ballad of Blaník
Ballad of Blaník (Czech: Balada Blanická), originally titled The Knights of Blaník (Czech: Blaničtí rytíři), is a symphonic poem composed in 1920 by Leoš Janáček, based on a text by Jaroslav Vrchlický. It was Janáček's third symphonic poem. The piece is written in the key of A♭ minor. Its première was in Brno on 21 March 1920.

Symphonic poem
A symphonic poem or tone poem is a piece of orchestral music, usually in a single continuous movement, which illustrates or evokes the content of a poem, short story, novel, painting, landscape, or other (non-musical) source. The German term Tondichtung (tone poem) appears to have been first used by the composer Carl Loewe in 1828. The Hungarian composer Franz Liszt first applied the term Symphonische Dichtung to his 13 works in this vein, which commenced in 1848.
Flagler Saints
The Flagler Saints are the athletic teams that represent Flagler College, located in St. Augustine, Florida, in intercollegiate sports at the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Peach Belt Conference since the 2009–10 academic year.

Flagler competes in twenty intercollegiate varsity sports. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, tennis, and track and field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, tennis, track and field, and volleyball. The Saints also have a cheer team.

Sun Conference
The Sun Conference (TSC) is a college athletic conference affiliated with the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). Eight of the ten full member institutions are located in Florida, with two in Georgia. The Sun Conference competes in the NAIA in all sponsored sports.
Alloclavaria
Alloclavaria is a clavarioid genus in the Hymenochaetales recently segregated from Clavaria by molecular analysis. Phylogenetically related fungi are in the agaricoid genera Rickenella, Contumyces, Gyroflexus, Loreleia, Cantharellopsis and Blasiphalia, as well as the stipitate stereoid genera Cotylidia and Muscinupta. The only species as yet placed in Alloclavaria is the type, formerly known as Clavaria purpurea under which name it is often cited or illustrated.. It is suspected, via circumstantial evidence, i.e. habitat, but not proven, that Alloclavaria is mycorrhizal.

Muscinupta
Muscinupta is a fungal genus that produces small white delicate fan-shaped to cupulate fruitbodies on mosses. It is monotypic, containing the single species Muscinupta laevis. The type species is better known under the name Cyphellostereum laeve but Cyphellostereum is a basidiolichen.
Let's Do It for Johnny!
Let's Do It for Johnny is the third studio album by American rock band Bowling for Soup, released on May 16, 2000, by Jive Records. It was recorded at Reel Time Audio in Denton, Texas, about 100 miles from where the band was formed in Wichita Falls, and featured the group's first hit, "The Bitch Song." The album name is a reference to The Outsiders. It is the first album with Gary Wiseman on drums. The album also features a cover of Bryan Adams' "Summer of '69".

The band re-recorded several of their older songs for this album. Tracks 6, 7, and 8 appeared on the album Rock on Honorable Ones!!, tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, and 9 originally appeared on the EP Tell Me When to Whoa, and track 8 appeared on both Rock on Honorable Ones!! and Tell Me When to Whoa.

Rock on Honorable Ones!!
Rock On Honorable Ones!! is the third studio album by American rock band Bowling for Soup. The title is a reference to the slogan of S.H. Rider High School in Wichita Falls, Texas, where Bowling for Soup hails from. Based on the practice of Permian High School in Odessa, Texas (subject of Friday Night Lights), which is nicknamed "MOJO", Rider High adopted the slogan "ROHO" in the 1960s. Rider's sports teams are called the "Raiders", and Rider students are informed that "ROHO" stands for "Ride on Honorable Ones".  This is the only Bowling for Soup album to include a horn section.
The EndUp
The EndUp is a nightclub in San Francisco, California. Opened in 1973, the club is located at 6th Street and Harrison in the South of Market district. Known for its status as an afterhours club, the venue has hosted a variety of benefits and events during its time as part of San Francisco's nightlife community. The EndUp's location is part of San Francisco's Leather and LGBTQ Cultural District.

Afterhours club
An afterhours club (aka after hours club and afterhour club) is a nightclub that is open past the designated curfew closing time for clubs that serve alcohol (which is often an hour long). Such clubs may cease serving alcohol at the designated time, but have special permission to remain open to customers and to sell non-alcoholic sodas and often highly caffeinated drinks.

In Western Europe—specifically in Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom—24-hour "music and dance" licences, which do not necessarily have alcohol restrictions, are granted. These licences are granted in Victoria, Australia, too; an example being the Revolver Upstairs club.

In North America, afterhours clubs are typically small venues for professional musicians and entertainers to perform after their main gigs and patrons seeking entertainment after their evening's main event.
McKenney Islands
The McKenney Islands, or on some charts McKenny Islands, are a small group of islands in Hecate Strait, west of Aristazabal Island in the North Coast region of British Columbia, Canada. The nearby Moore Islands and Whitmore Islands comprise with the McKenney Islands the Moore/McKenny/Whitmore Ecological Preserve.

Hecate Strait
Hecate Strait (/ˈhɛkɪt/; Haida language: K̲andaliig̲wii, also siigaay which means simply "ocean") is a wide but shallow strait between Haida Gwaii and the mainland of British Columbia, Canada. It merges with Queen Charlotte Sound to the south and Dixon Entrance to the north. About 140 kilometres (87 mi) wide at its southern end, Hecate Strait narrows in the north to about 48 kilometres (30 mi). It is about 260 kilometres (160 mi) in length.
Amparo Galindo
Amparo Galindo is a Spanish chemist who is Professor of Chemical Engineering at Imperial College London. She is the co-director of the Institute for Molecular Science and Engineering. Her research considers the development of statistical mechanics and simulations to understand industrial processes. She was awarded the 2023 Institution of Chemical Engineers Guggenheim Medal.

George Jackson (chemist)
George Jackson (born 31 July 1962) is a British Professor of Chemical Physics in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Imperial College London. He is noted for developing molecular models that describe the thermodynamic properties of complex fluids; as one of the developers of statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT); and for his work in founding the discipline of molecular systems engineering. His theoretical work has found a wide range of practical  applications in industries such as specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals, and emerging fields like sustainable energy,  and carbon capture and storage.
Madge Kirby
Madge Kirby (born Madge Whitehead; April 12, 1884 – July 11, 1956) was an actress in silent film comedies. She co-starred in Dunces and Dangers and had roles in D. W. Griffith films. She also starred opposite Hank Mann in various comedies.

Kirby immigrated with her family to the U.S. from London in 1894. Her maiden name was Whitehead. She often wore a blonde wig on screen. She began acting on stage at age 14, becoming an ingenue. She later performed in vaudeville. She acted in films for Biograph Studio, American Film Company, and Fox Film Corporation.

Kirby died July 11, 1956.

Hank Mann
Hank Mann (born David William Lieberman; May 28, 1887 – November 25, 1971) was a Russian-born American comedian and silent screen star who was a member of the Keystone Cops, and appeared as a supporting player in many of Charlie Chaplin's films.
31st Kuvendi
The Thirty-first Legislature of Albania (Albanian: Legjislatura e tridhjetë e një e Shqipërisë), officially known as the X Pluralist Legislature of Albania (Albanian: Legjislatura e X Pluraliste e Shqipërisë), is the legislature of Albania following the 2021 general election of Members of Parliament (MPs) to the Albanian Parliament. The party of the Prime Minister Edi Rama, PS, obtained an absolute majority of 74 deputies, becoming the first party to win three consecutive terms since the fall of communism in Albania.

Democratic Party of Albania
The Democratic Party of Albania (Albanian: Partia Demokratike e Shqipërisë, PDSH), also known as the Democratic Party (Albanian: Partia Demokratike, PD), is a conservative political party in Albania. It has been the largest opposition party in the country since 2013, and is one of the two major parties in Albanian politics along with the Socialist Party.

The Democratic Party of Albania was founded in 1990 as a strongly anti-communist party with the majority of its followers being from politically persecuted dissidents of the Communist dictatorial regime of Enver Hoxha. In international relations, it is an associate member of the European People's Party and a full member of International Democracy Union.