hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hallesche Beiträge zur Orientwissenschaft
Hallesche Beiträge zur Orientwissenschaft is an academic journal of oriental studies published by the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. The editors are Markus Mode and Jürgen Tubach. It was founded in 1979 by Burchard Brentjes, Manfred Fleischhammer, and Peter Nagel, who were the joint editors in its early years. It is published on an irregular schedule.

Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (German: Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg), also referred to as MLU, is a public research university in the cities of Halle and Wittenberg. It is the largest and oldest university in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. MLU offers German and international (English) courses leading to academic degrees such as BA, BSc, MA, MSc, doctoral degrees, and habilitation.

The university was created in 1817 through the merger of the University of Wittenberg (founded in 1502) and the University of Halle (founded in 1694). MLU is named after Protestant reformer Martin Luther, who was a professor in Wittenberg. Today, the university campus is located in Halle, while  Leucorea Foundation in Wittenberg serves as MLU's convention centre.
The Captive (painting)
The Captive, from Sterne is a painting by Joseph Wright of Derby completed in 1774 and now in the National Gallery of Canada. Sterne's Captive, first exhibited by the artist in 1778, is a similar painting by Wright in the Derby Museum and Art Gallery. The latter painting resulted in a rare engraving, as its purchaser commissioned a print run of only twenty copies before the copper printing plate was destroyed. In 2012, Derby Museum commissioned another Captive painting from Emma Tooth.

Joseph Wright of Derby
Joseph Wright ARA (3 September 1734 – 29 August 1797), styled Joseph Wright of Derby, was an English painter who specialised in portrait painting and landscape art. He has been acclaimed as "the first professional painter to express the spirit of the Industrial Revolution".

Wright is notable for his use of tenebrism, an exaggerated form of the better known chiaroscuro effect, which emphasizes the contrast of light and dark, and for his paintings of candle-lit subjects. His paintings of the birth of science out of alchemy, often based on the meetings of the Lunar Society of Birmingham, a group of scientists and industrialists living in the English Midlands, are a significant record of the struggle of science against religious values in the period known as the Age of Enlightenment.

Many of Wright's paintings and drawings are owned by Derby City Council, and are on display at the Derby Museum and Art Gallery.
Dissociative substitution
In chemistry, dissociative substitution describes a reaction pathway by which compounds interchange ligands.  The term is typically applied to coordination and organometallic complexes, but resembles the SN1 mechanism in organic chemistry.  This pathway can be well described by the cis effect, or the labilization of CO ligands in the cis position. The opposite pathway is associative substitution, being analogous to SN2 pathway. Pathways that are intermediate between the pure dissociative and pure associative pathways are called interchange mechanisms.

Complexes that undergo dissociative substitution are often coordinatively saturated and often have octahedral molecular geometry. The entropy of activation is characteristically positive for these reactions, which indicates that the disorder of the reacting system increases in the rate-determining step.

SN2 reaction
The bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) is a type of reaction mechanism that is common in organic chemistry. In the SN2 reaction, a strong nucleophile forms a new bond to an sp3-hybridised carbon atom via a backside attack, all while the leaving group detaches from the reaction center in a concerted (i.e. simultaneous) fashion.

The name SN2 refers to the Hughes-Ingold symbol of the mechanism:  "SN" indicates that the reaction is a nucleophilic substitution, and "2" that it proceeds via a bimolecular mechanism, which means both the reacting species are involved in the rate-determining step. What distinguishes SN2 from the other major type of nucleophilic substitution, the SN1 reaction, is that the displacement of the leaving group, which is the rate-determining step, is separate from the nucleophilic attack in SN1.

The SN2 reaction can be considered as an organic-chemistry analogue of the associative substitution from the field of inorganic chemistry.
Thun
Thun (German pronunciation: [tuːn] ⓘ; French: Thoune [tun]) is a town and a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located where the Aare flows out of Lake Thun (Thunersee), 30 kilometres (19 miles) southeast of Bern.

As of December 2018 the municipality has about 45,000 inhabitants and around 80,000 live in the agglomeration.

Besides tourism, machine and precision instrument engineering, the largest garrison in the country, the food industry, armaments and publishing are of economic importance to Thun.

The official language of Thun is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.

Green Party of Switzerland
The Green Party of Switzerland (German: GRÜNE Schweiz; French: Les VERT-E-S suisses; Italian: VERDI svizzeri; Romansh: VERDA svizra) is a green political party in Switzerland. It is the fifth-largest party in the National Council of Switzerland and the largest party that is not represented on the Federal Council.
Rosi Mittermaier
Rosa Anna Katharina Mittermaier-Neureuther (German: [ˈʁozi ˈmɪtɐˌmaɪ̯ɐ] ⓘ; née Mittermaier; 5 August 1950 – 4 January 2023) was a German alpine skier. She was the overall World Cup champion in 1976 and a double gold medalist at the 1976 Winter Olympics.

Mittermaier competed in alpine skiing from 1967 to 1976, retiring after a highly successful season in which she finished with two Olympic gold medals and ranked first in the World Cup. She remained popular, advertising for sports and as a non-fiction writer. She was known as Gold-Rosi, and she was inducted into Germany's Sports Hall of Fame in April 2006 when it was initiated.

Giant slalom
Giant slalom (GS) is an alpine skiing and alpine snowboarding competitive discipline. It involves racing between sets of poles ("gates") spaced at a greater distance from each other than in slalom, but less than in Super-G.

Giant slalom and slalom make up the technical events in alpine ski racing. This category separates them from the speed events of Super-G and downhill.  The technical events are normally composed of two runs, held on different courses on the same ski run.
Pannonia Superior
Pannonia Superior (transl. 'Upper Pannonia') was a Roman province created from the division of Pannonia in 103 AD, its capital in Carnuntum. It overlapped in territory with modern-day Hungary, Croatia, Austria, Slovakia, and Slovenia.

Daruvar
Daruvar is a spa town and municipality in Slavonia, northeastern Croatia, with a population of 8,567. The area including the surrounding villages (Daruvarski Vinogradi, Doljani, Donji Daruvar, Gornji Daruvar, Lipovac Majur, Ljudevit Selo, Markovac, and Vrbovac) had a population of 11,633 in 2011.

It is located in the foothills of Papuk mountain and along the Toplica River. The main political and cultural centre of the Czech national minority in Croatia, Daruvar has a winemaking tradition reportedly dating back more than 2,000 years.
Etalon T121
Etalon T121/T122 Barvinok (periwinkle) is a Ukrainian low-entry trolleybus of large capacity, produced at the Chernihiv Bus Factory since 2013. This model was based on the BKM-321 trolleybus using the body of the BAZ A111 bus. There are currently 43 trolleybuses in operation.

Belkommunmash BKM-321
The Belkommunmash BKM-321 is a Belarusian large capacity low-floor trolleybus for intracity passenger transportation, mass-produced since 2003. It belongs to the third generation of trolleybuses developed by the Belkommunmash plant in Minsk.

This model of trolleybus is used in many cities of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Moldova, Transnistria and Serbia. Of the vehicles operated in Minsk, 33% are model 321, while in Moscow it is 11%. The BKM-321 was also licence-built in Ukraine by Chernihiv as the ChAZ AKSM-321.
Insular ribbon sign
The insular ribbon sign ("loss of the insular ribbon") is a radiologic sign observed on computed tomography of the brain following acute middle cerebral artery strokes. This sign describes the loss of definition between gray and white matter in the brain along the lateral margins of the insular cortex. Loss of the insular ribbon occurs when edema forms in the cerebral tissue of the ischemic area following cerebrovascular occlusion, obscuring the gray-white interface.

Radiologic sign
A radiologic sign is an objective indication of some medical fact (that is, a medical sign) that is detected by a physician during radiologic examination with medical imaging (for example, via an X-ray, CT scan, MRI scan, or sonographic scan).
2015 Oakland Raiders season
The 2015 season was the Oakland Raiders' 46th in the National Football League (NFL), their 56th overall, the 21st of their second stint in Oakland and their first under new head coach Jack Del Rio. Coming off a 3–13 season the previous year, the Raiders improved to 7–9 on the season. Despite their improvement, the Raiders were eliminated from playoff contention in Week 15 with a loss to the Green Bay Packers at home. They once again failed to finish with a winning record, not having done so since 2002. This meant that the Raiders were the only team from 2003 to 2015 that did not have a single winning season.

2014 Oakland Raiders season
The 2014 season was the Oakland Raiders' 45th in the National Football League (NFL) and their 55th overall. Head coach Dennis Allen was fired on September 29 following an 0–4 start, and compiled an 8–28 record in 2+ seasons in Oakland. Offensive line coach Tony Sparano was named interim head coach on September 30. The Raiders were officially eliminated from the playoffs after their Week 11 loss to the Chargers, therefore becoming the earliest team since the 2004 Dolphins to be eliminated from postseason contention.

After a run of 16 straight losses, including an 0–10 start which had not happened since the 2011 Indianapolis Colts, the Raiders won 24–20 against the Kansas City Chiefs on November 20. The Raiders did not win a single game on the road.
First and Foremost
First and Foremost is a compilation album of songs by Australian singer David Campbell. The album was released in August 2008 and contains tracks from his earlier Polydor Records recordings from 1996 and 1997, alongside a previously unreleased song from that time. Most of the tracks appeared on his albums, Yesterday Is Now and Taking the Wheel.

The album was released during Campbell's time as a singing mentor on It Takes Two (Australian TV series) (2007-2008) and with his two previous albums (released by Sony Music Australia), both being top 10, platinum selling albums.

Taking the Wheel
Taking the Wheel is the second studio album by Australian singer David Campbell. The album was released in September 1997. There are three generations of songwriters represented on the recording - from musical theater masters like George Gershwin, Burton Lane to pop icons of more recent years like Paul Simon and Peter Allen and a new generation of writers.

Campbell's dad Jimmy Barnes suggested the song "It Will Always Be You", written by (Don Walker.
In an interview with The New York Times, Campbell said; "This recording has been a great experience for me because I've had to trust myself and trust what I was hearing in my head - without being ignorant of the people around me and their advice, The buck stopped with me everywhere" adding "Every song has to mean something to me or there's no use singing it".
2018 East Mississippi Lions football team
The 2018 East Mississippi Lions football team was an American football team that represented East Mississippi Community College as a member of the Mississippi Association of Community and Junior Colleges (MACJC) during the 2018 junior college football season. Led by 11th-year head coach Buddy Stephens, Lions compiled a perfect 12–0 record (6–0 in conference games), defeated Garden City in the national championship game, and won the NJCAA National Football Championship. It was East Mississippi's fifth national championship, following the 2011, 2013, 2014, and 2018 teams.

The team played its home games at Sullivan-Windham Field in Scooba, Mississippi.

2014 East Mississippi Lions football team
The 2014 East Mississippi Lions football team was an American football team that represented East Mississippi Community College as a member of the Mississippi Association of Community and Junior Colleges (MACJC) during the 2014 junior college football season. Led by seventh-year head coach Buddy Stephens, the Lions compiled a perfect 12–0 record (6–0 in conference games), shut out five consecutive opponents, defeated Iowa Western in the national championship game, and won the NJCAA National Football Championship. It was one of five national championships for East Mississippi, along with the 2011, 2013, 2018, and 2021 teams.

The team played its home games at Sullivan/Windham Field in Scooba, Mississippi.
Parvus fons
The Parvus fons (Latin for small beginnings) is a papal bull issued by Pope Clement IV on June 9, 1265, to strengthen the general chapter of the Cistercians. The bull – also known as "Clementina" among Cistercian historians – settled a century of disputes between the mother abbey Cîteaux and the four primary abbeys, which were caused by certain ambiguities in the Carta Caritatis, the Cistercians' constitutional document.

It revoked the fourth chapter of the Carta caritatis and represents an important step in the development of the Order's constitution.

Carta Caritatis
Carta Caritatis (transl.  Charter of Charity) is the constitution of the Cistercian Order. The document, approbated in 1119 by Pope Calixtus II, regulates relations among the Cistercian abbeys. The text was continually revised and adapted until 1155. In terms of canon law, the Carta Caritatis is a document of unprecedented significance, since it introduced the systematic regulations that made a group of monks at Cîteaux into the first religious order in Church history. It is held in high esteem as a legal monument of great influence.
Waldorf Astoria Amsterdam
52°21′53″N 4°53′49″E﻿ / ﻿52.364738°N 4.896956°E﻿ / 52.364738; 4.896956

Waldorf Astoria Amsterdam is a five-star luxury hotel in Amsterdam, part of Hilton Worldwide.

Waldorf Astoria Amsterdam was opened on May 1, 2014. It is the 25th hotel of the Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts. It is located at Herengracht 542-556, between the Utrechtsestraat and Reguliersgracht, on the UNESCO heritage protected Herengracht (Gentlemen’s canal).

The hotel has a historical exterior comprising six monumental 17th and 18th century double-front canal palaces featuring a staircase built by the architect of Louis XIV, Daniel Marot. There are 93 rooms and suites overlooking the city's canal or the courtyard garden. The interior is designed by GA Design from London.

Herengracht
The Herengracht (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦeːrə(ŋ)ˌɣrɑxt]) is the second of four Amsterdam canals belonging to the canal belt and lies between the Singel and the Keizersgracht. 
The Gouden Bocht (Golden Bend) in particular is known for its large and beautiful canal houses.
Jan Prandota
Jan Prandota (c. 1200 – 20 September 1266) was bishop of Kraków from 1242 to his death in 1266.

He was member of the Odrowąż family.

Prandota is recorded as having driven the Flagellants from his diocese, and was influential in achieving the canonization of Stanislaus of Szczepanów, whose relics he translated to Wawel Cathedral in 1245.

As part of an attempt in the 15th century by Bishop Zbigniew Oleśnicki to expand the cult of Saint Stanislaus, the tomb of Prandota was "miraculously and conveniently rediscovered" in Wawel Cathedral in 1454, lists of Prandota's miracles were recorded, and pilgrimages to the newly discovered burial site were encouraged. This veneration ceased in the 17th century, due to what the Catholic Encyclopedia called a misinterpretation of the 1634 bull De cultu servorum Dei of Urban VIII.

Stanislaus of Szczepanów
Stanislaus of Szczepanów (Polish: Stanisław ze Szczepanowa; 26 July 1030 – 11 April 1079) was a Polish Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Kraków and was martyred by the Polish King Bolesław II the Bold. He is the patron saint of Poland.

Stanislaus is venerated in the Catholic Church as Stanislaus the Martyr (as distinct from the 16th-century Jesuit, Stanislaus Kostka).
Phankham Viphavanh
Phankham Viphavanh (Lao: ພັນຄຳ ວິພາວັນ; born 14 April 1951) is a Laotian politician, a member of the Politburo and the Executive Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party. He became the Prime Minister of Laos, who was elected by the National Assembly of Laos in March 2021.

He was deputy minister in the prime minister's office from 2003 to 2005, then was elected to the eighth Party Central Committee in 2006, and became governor of Houaphanh province. He was elected to politburo in 2011, and then held the position of Minister of Education and Sports. He was also the president of the Lao–Vietnam Friendship Association.

In 2014, he became the Deputy Prime Minister and in April 2016, he was elected as Vice President of Laos.

Deputy Prime Minister of Laos
The deputy prime minister of the Lao People's Democratic Republic is the deputy chief executive and the rank below the prime minister. The office of deputy prime minister was officially created as a ministerial portfolio on 2 December 1975. A deputy prime minister is appointed on the orders of the sitting prime minister.
Ranald S. Mackenzie
Ranald Slidell Mackenzie, also called Bad Hand, (July 27, 1840 – January 19, 1889) was a career United States Army officer and general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He was described by General Ulysses S. Grant as its most promising young officer. He also served with great distinction in the following Indian Wars.

Valley campaigns of 1864
The Valley campaigns of 1864 began as operations initiated by Union  Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant and resulting battles that took place in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia during the American Civil War from May to October 1864. Some military historians divide this period into three separate campaigns. This article considers them together, as the campaigns interacted and built upon one another.
Srebarna Glacier
Srebarna Glacier (Bulgarian: ледник Сребарна, romanized: lednik Srebarna, IPA: [ˈlɛdnik ˈsrɛbɐrnɐ]) on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is situated east-northeast of Boyana Glacier, southeast of the head of Macy Glacier and southwest of Magura Glacier. It extends 2.3 km in southwest-northeast direction and 1.8 km in northwest-southeast direction, and drains southeast of Serdica Peak and the Great Needle Peak in Levski Ridge, Tangra Mountains to enter Bransfield Strait between Aytos Point and M'Kean Point.

The glacier is named after Srebarna Lake in northeastern Bulgaria.

Macy Glacier
Macy Glacier is a 3.7 nautical miles (6.9 km; 4.3 mi) long and 1.4 nautical miles (2.6 km; 1.6 mi) crescent-shaped glacier on the southern slopes of the Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.  The glacier is bounded by Friesland Ridge to the northwest, Levski Ridge to the northeast and Peshev Ridge to the southeast, and flows southwestwards into the head of Brunow Bay.

The feature was named by the UK Antarctic Place-names Committee in 1958 for Robert Macy, Master of the brig Aurora, one of the fleet of American sealers from New York which visited the South Shetland Islands in 1820–21.
Nursemaid
A nursemaid  (or nursery maid) is a mostly historical term for a female domestic worker who cares for children within a large household. The term implies that she is an assistant to an older and more experienced employee, a role usually known as nurse or nanny. A family wealthy enough to have multiple servants looking after the children would have a large domestic staff, traditionally within a strict hierarchy, and a large house (or possibly several, such as the townhouse and country house) with nursery quarters.

Nurse (Romeo and Juliet)
The Nurse is a character in William Shakespeare's classic drama Romeo and Juliet. She is the personal servant, guardian, and former wet nurse of Juliet Capulet, and has been since Juliet was born. She had a daughter named Susan who died in infancy, before she became the wet nurse to Juliet. The Nurse is Juliet's foremost confidante, and consequently very important to Juliet's life.

She is one of the few people, along with Friar Laurence, to be made aware of the blossoming romance between Romeo and Juliet. Her personal history outside of the Capulet estate is unknown, other than that she once had a husband and a daughter, both of whom are deceased.
BowLingual
BowLingual (バウリンガル), or "Bow-Lingual" as the North American version is spelled, is a computer-based dog language-to-human language translation device developed by Japanese toy company Takara and first sold in Japan in 2002. Versions for South Korea and the United States were launched in 2003. The device was named by Time magazine as one of the "Best Inventions of 2002." The inventors of BowLingual, Keita Satoh, Matsumi Suzuki and Norio Kogure were awarded the 2002 Ig Nobel Prize for "promoting peace and harmony between the species."

The device is presented as a "translator" but has been called an "emotion analyzer". It is said to categorize dog barks into one of six standardized emotional categories. BowLingual also provides a phrase which is representative of that emotion. The product instructions state that these phrases "are for entertainment purposes only" and are not meant to be accurate translations of each bark.

Dog communication
Dog communication refers to the methods dogs use to  transfer information to other dogs, animals, and humans. Dogs may exchange information vocally, visually, or through smell.  Visual communication includes mouth shape and head position, licking and sniffing, ear and tail positioning, eye contact, facial expression, and body posture. Auditory communication can include barks, growls, howls, whines and whimpers, screams, pants and sighs. Dogs also communicate via gustatory communication, utilizing scent and pheromones.

Humans can communicate with dogs through a wide variety of methods. Broadly, this includes vocalization, hand signals, body posture and touch. The two species also communicate visually. Through domestication, dogs have become particularly adept at "reading" human facial expressions. Dogs recognise and infer emotional information from humans. When communicating with a human, their level of comprehension is generally comparable to a toddler.
Garnier (surname)
Garnier is a surname commonly found in France and Quebec, originally from the first name Garnier of Germanic etymology Warin-hari, like Werner. 
Garnier de Nablus was a master of the Knights Hospitalier, commander under Richard I in the Third Crusade.
Local and dialectal French variations include Gasnier, Grenier, Guernier, Varnier, Vernier, Warnier, Warniez, Wargniez, Wargnier and Warnéry. Garnier is a common name in France, although not as much in Quebec. The name can also be found in the Netherlands. The name came to Maastricht through Wallonia in the 17th century and spread across the country from there.

Vernier (surname)
Vernier is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Émile Louis Vernier (1829–1887), French painter

Marie Vernier (fl. 1590–1627), French actress and theatre director

Pierre Vernier (1580–1637), French mathematician and engineer

Pierre Vernier (born 1931), French actor