hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Metal ion buffer
A metal-ion buffer provides a controlled source of free metal ions in a manner similar to the regulation of hydrogen ion concentration by a pH buffer A metal-ion buffer solution contains the free (hydrated) metal ion along with a complex compound formed by the association of the ion with a ligand in excess. The concentration of free metal ion depends on the total concentration of each component (ligand and metal ion) as well as on the stability constant of the complex. If the ligand can undergo protonation, the concentration of the free metal ion depends also on solution pH.

A considerable improvement in the detection limit of a liquid-membrane ion-selective electrode has been achieved by using a metal-ion buffer as internal solution.

Coordination complex
A coordination complex is a chemical compound consisting of a central atom or ion, which is usually metallic and is called the coordination centre, and a surrounding array of bound molecules or ions, that are in turn known as ligands or complexing agents.  Many metal-containing compounds, especially those that include transition metals (elements like titanium that belong to the periodic table's d-block), are coordination complexes.
Recherche Archipelago
The Archipelago of the Recherche, known locally as the Bay of Isles, is a group of 105 islands, and over 1200 "obstacles to shipping", off the south coast of Western Australia. The islands stretch 230 km (140 mi) from east to west and to 50 km (31 mi) off-shore encompassing an area of approximately 4,000 square kilometres (1,544 sq mi).
The western group is near Esperance and the eastern group at Israelite Bay. They are located in coastal waters, part of which is designated the Recherche Archipelago Nature Reserve.

Australian sea lion
The Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea), also known as the Australian sea-lion or Australian sealion, is a species of sea lion that is the only endemic pinniped in Australia. It is currently monotypic in the genus Neophoca, with the extinct Pleistocene New Zealand sea lion Neophoca palatina the only known congener. With a population estimated at 14,730 animals, the Wildlife Conservation Act of Western Australia (1950) has listed them as "in need of special protection". Their conservation status is listed as endangered. These pinnipeds are specifically known for their abnormal breeding cycles, which are varied between a 5-month breeding cycle and a 17-18-month aseasonal breeding cycle, compared to other pinnipeds, which fit into a 12-month reproductive cycle. Females are either silver or fawn with a cream underbelly, and males are dark brown with a yellow mane and are bigger than the females.
Trade unions in Costa Rica
Trade unions in Costa Rica advocate for the rights of workers in Costa Rica. Dating back to the late 1800s, labor unions in the country have been a political force. They remain active in political and social life for many Costa Ricans.

People's Vanguard Party (Costa Rica)
The People's Vanguard Party, or Popular Vanguard Party (Spanish: Partido Vanguardia Popular) is a communist party in Costa Rica. PVP was founded in 1931 as the Workers and Farmers Party, but was soon renamed to the Communist Party of Costa Rica (Partido Comunista de Costa Rica).

From 1931 to 1947, the party published Trabajo as a communist newspaper. The PVP's current publication is El Popular.
Contraction morphism
In algebraic geometry, a contraction morphism is a surjective projective morphism  between normal projective varieties (or projective schemes) such that  or, equivalently, the geometric fibers are all connected (Zariski's connectedness theorem). It is also commonly called an algebraic fiber space, as it is an analog of a fiber space in algebraic topology.

By the Stein factorization, any surjective projective morphism is a contraction morphism followed by a finite morphism.

Examples include ruled surfaces and Mori fiber spaces.

Glossary of algebraic geometry
This is a glossary of algebraic geometry.

See also glossary of commutative algebra, glossary of classical algebraic geometry, and glossary of ring theory. For the number-theoretic applications, see glossary of arithmetic and Diophantine geometry.

For simplicity, a reference to the base scheme is often omitted; i.e., a scheme will be a scheme over some fixed base scheme S and a morphism an S-morphism.
Taxis of London
Taxis are regulated throughout the United Kingdom, but the regulation of taxicabs in London is especially rigorous with regard to mechanical integrity and driver knowledge.

A hackney, or hackney carriage, (also called a cab, black cab, hack, or taxi) is a carriage or car for hire. A hackney of a more expensive or high class was called a remise. A symbol of London and Britain, the black taxi is a common sight on the streets of London. The hackney carriages carry roof signs reading TAXI that are illuminated to indicate their availability for passengers.

LEVC TX
The LEVC TX (previously known as the TX5) is a purpose-built hackney carriage manufactured by the British commercial vehicle maker London EV Company (LEVC), a subsidiary of the Chinese carmaker Geely. It is the latest in a succession of purpose-built hackney carriages produced by LEVC and various predecessor entities. The LEVC TX is a plug-in hybrid range-extender electric vehicle.

The vehicle is designed to comply with Transport for London’s Taxi Private Hire regulations, which banned new diesel-powered taxis from January 2018, requiring zero-emissions capability.
Tang Qunying
Tang Qunying (Chinese: 唐群英; 8 December 1871 – 3 June 1937) was the first female member of the Tongmenghui (Chinese Revolutionary Alliance), a secret society and underground resistance movement founded in Tokyo, Japan by Sun Yat-sen and Song Jiaoren in 1905. Tang has been cited as one of the "best-known women activists in modern Chinese history".

She was chairwoman of the Women's Suffrage Alliance, an organization created by the merger of the Nanjing Women's Alliance, the Women's Backup Society, the Women's Martial Spirit Society, and the Women's Suffrage Comrades' Alliance in 1912. In 1913, she founded Women’s Rights Daily, Hunan's first newspaper for women.

For her contributions in overthrowing the ruling dynasty in China, Sun Yat-sen personally met her and acclaimed her work and then she was awarded a second-class Order of the Precious Brilliant Golden Grain.

Song Jiaoren
Song Jiaoren (Chinese: 宋敎仁; pinyin: Sòng Jiàorén; Wade–Giles: Sung Chiao-jen, [sʊ̂ŋ tɕjâʊɻə̌n]; Given name at birth: Liàn 鍊; Courtesy name: Dùnchū 鈍初; 5 April 1882 – 22 March 1913) was a Chinese republican revolutionary, political leader and a founder of the Kuomintang (KMT). Song Jiaoren led the KMT to electoral victories in China's first democratic election. He based his appeal on the upper class gentry, landowners, and merchants.  Historians have concluded that provisional president Yuan Shikai was responsible for his assassination on 22 March 1913.
Outline of Iran
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Iran:

Iran – sovereign country located in Southwest Asia and the Middle East. Iran is bound by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south and the Caspian Sea to its north. Shi'a Islam is the official religion, and Persian is the official language. Iran's population is about 83,500,000; and is the 18th largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 square kilometres (636,372 sq mi). Iran is home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with historical and urban settlements dating back to 4000 BC. Throughout history, Iran has been of geostrategic importance because of its central location in Eurasia and is a regional power. The political system of Iran, based on the 1979 Constitution, comprises several intricately connected governing bodies. The highest state authority is the Supreme Leader, currently Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.

Demographics of Iran
Iran's population increased dramatically during the later half of the 20th century, reaching about 80 million by 2016. As of 2025, Iran's population is around 86.6 million. In recent years, however, Iran's birth rate has dropped significantly. Studies project that Iran's rate of population growth will continue to slow until it stabilises above 100 million by 2050. Half of Iran's population was under 35 years old in 2012. As of January 2025, the average age of the Iranian population is 32 years.

In 2009, the number of households stood at 15.3 million (4.8 persons per household). Families earn some 11.8 million rials (about $960) per month on average (2012).

According to the OECD/World Bank statistics population growth in Iran from 1990 to 2008 was 17.6 million and 32%. The literacy rate was 80% in 2002, and 85% in 2016. The fertility rate has fallen to 1.44, below the natural replacement rate of 2.1.
Timok Valley
The Timočka Krajina (Serbian: Тимочка Крајина, lit. 'Timok Frontier') or Timok Valley (Romanian: Valea Timocului), is a geographical region in eastern Serbia around the Timok River. It roughly corresponds to two administrative districts, Bor and Zaječar, which have a combined population of 197,815.

Zaječar
Zaječar (Serbian Cyrillic: Зајечар, pronounced [zâjɛtʃar]; Romanian: Zaicear or Zăiceari) is a city and the administrative center of the Zaječar District in eastern Serbia. According to the 2022 census, the city administrative area had a population of 48,621 inhabitants. 
Zaječar is widely known for its rock music festival Gitarijada and for the ZALET festival dedicated to contemporary art. Roman Emperor Galerius was born in Gamzigrad, near Zaječar, where he built the city of Felix Romuliana.
Meitetsu Chikkō Line
The Meitetsu Chikkō Line (名鉄築港線, Meitetsu Chikkō-sen) is a 1.5 km Japanese railway line in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, owned and operated by the private railway operator Nagoya Railroad (Meitetsu). At Meiden Chikkō, between the line's two stations, there is a connection to the freight-only Nagoya Rinkai Railway Tōchiku line.

Nagoya Rinkai Railway
The Nagoya Rinkai Railway (名古屋臨海鉄道, Nagoya Rinkai Tetsudō, "Nagoya Seaside Railway") is a Japanese freight-only railway company in Nagoya, Aichi, shared by Japan Freight Railway Company, Nagoya Port Authority, and Nippon Express. The third sector company (in a sense in Japan) was founded in 1965. The company is abbreviated as Meirin (名臨). Its lines serve the industrial area of the Nagoya Port. They mainly transport limestones via Seinō Railway, chemical products, train cars of Nagoya Railroad, or car parts of Toyota Motor.
Sant'Angelo Limosano
Sant'Angelo Limosano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Campobasso in the Italian region Molise, located about 15 kilometres (9 mi) northwest of Campobasso. As of 31 December 2024, it had a population of 301 and an area of 16.8 square kilometres (6.5 sq mi).

Sant'Angelo Limosano borders the following municipalities: Fossalto, Limosano, Lucito, Salcito, San Biase, Trivento.

Campobasso
Campobasso (UK: /ˌkæmpoʊˈbæsoʊ/, Italian: [ˌkampoˈbasso] ⓘ; Campobassan: Cambuàsce [ˌkambuˈwaʃʃə]) is a city and comune in southern Italy, the capital of the region of Molise and of the province of Campobasso. It is located in the high basin of the Biferno river, surrounded by the Sannio and Matese mountains.

Campobasso is renowned for the craftsmanship of blades (including scissors and knives), a fact well documented since the 14th century. It is also famous for the production of pears and scamorza (cheese). The city is home to the University of Molise and the Archdiocese of Campobasso-Boiano.
Jugha Bridge
The Jugha Bridge is an Azerbaijani architectural monument from the 12th-13th centuries.

This bridge was built over the Araz River along a caravan route, and the nearby city of Jugha became a major trading hub due to its location. Today, the ruins of the ancient city of Jugha can be found in a narrow valley near modern Julfa city. With the construction of Jugha Bridge over the Araz River, the city gained importance as a major center on an international trade route. Only the ruins of the bridge have survived to this day. Currently, only 5 piers of the Jugha Bridge remain. Except for the first pier, the others are in poor condition. These are remnants of stone masonry whose outer layer has fallen off. On the surface of the intact riverside pier, you can still see the base of the bridge arch, with rows of circular holes.

Julfa, Azerbaijan (city)
Julfa (Azerbaijani: Culfa), formerly Jugha (Armenian: Ջուղա, also transliterated as Djugha), is a city and the capital of the Julfa District of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan.

Julfa, an old Azerbaijan city, is separated by the Aras River from its namesake, the town of Jolfa on the Iranian side of the border. The two towns are linked by a road bridge and a railway bridge.

Both Azerbaijan's absolute minimum temperature (−33 °C or −27.4 °F) and the absolute maximum temperature (46 °C or 114.8 °F) were observed in  Julfa (and also in Ordubad).
2023–24 Men's Feldhockey-Bundesliga
The 2023–24 Men's Feldhockey-Bundesliga was the 81st season of the Men's Feldhockey Bundesliga, Germany's premier field hockey competition. The season began on 9 September 2023 and concluded on 19 May 2024 with the championship final.

Rot-Weiss Köln were the defending champions, however, following the regular season, they were knocked out in the quarter-finals by Crefelder HTC. The championship was won by Mannheimer HC, who defeated Hamburger Polo Club in the final following a penalty shootout.

Men's Feldhockey Bundesliga
The Feldhockey Bundesliga is the top level of men's field hockey in Germany and is managed by the German Hockey Federation. The league currently ranks first in the men's European league rankings. It was established in 1937.
Supranivka
Supranivka is a village in Ternopil Raion of Ternopil Oblast in western Ukraine. It belongs to Pidvolochysk settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. As of 2007 the population consisted of 369 people.

Pidvolochysk settlement hromada
Pidvolochysk settlement hromada (Ukrainian: Підволочиська селищна територіальна громада, romanized: Pidvolochyska selyshchna terytorialna hromada) is a hromada in Ukraine, in Ternopil Raion of Ternopil Oblast. The administrative center is the urban-type settlement of Pidvolochysk. Its population is 18,356 (2022 estimate).
Abdul Kahar Othman
Abdul Kahar bin Othman (1954 – 30 March 2022) was a Singaporean drug trafficker who was found guilty in 2013 of two charges of trafficking a total of 66.77 grams of heroin in Singapore, and later sentenced to death by the High Court in February 2015. After the end of his trial, Abdul Kahar tried to appeal the verdict but the courts dismissed his legal challenges and upheld his death sentence.

It was not until seven years later when Abdul Kahar's execution date was finally scheduled on 30 March 2022. Despite the appeals by human rights activists to the Government of Singapore to commute his sentence, Abdul Kahar was hanged as scheduled at Changi Prison, and he was 68 years old at the time of his execution. Abdul Kahar was the first person to be hanged in Singapore during the COVID-19 pandemic in the country itself.

Misuse of Drugs Act (Singapore)
The Misuse of Drugs Act 1973 is a statute of the Parliament of Singapore that enables authorities to prosecute offenders for crimes involving illegal drugs. The law is designed specifically to grant the Government of Singapore, through its agencies such as the Central Narcotics Bureau, enforcement powers to combat offences such as the trafficking, importation or exportation, possession, and consumption of controlled drugs.
Zimmer (surname)
Zimmer is German surname meaning "room" or "chamber". Derivative names include Zimmermann (Zimmerman), the occupational surname meaning Carpenter, literally translated "room man" (i.e. someone who builds wooden structures to be lived in).

Zimmermann
Zimmermann is a German occupational surname for a carpenter. The modern German terms for the occupation of carpenter are Zimmerer, Tischler, or Schreiner, but Zimmermann is still used.

A variant of Zimmermann is Zimmerman. Other variants include Zimmermanns, Timmermann, Cymerman and Cimrman.
Vivekananda Byamagar
Vivekananda Byamagar (Bengali: বিবেকানন্দ ব্যায়ামাগার) is a gymnasium, located in Agartala, Tripura, India. It is the oldest gymnasium in Agartala.  It was the work-place of legendary gymnastics coach Dalip Singh. It has produced many notable gymnasts such as Mantu Debnath, Bharat Kishore Debbarman, N. N. Dey, Balaram Shil, Madhusudan Saha, Lopamudra Ghosh, Ratan Debnath, Manika Debnath, Kalpana Debnath, Bishweshwar Nandi, Apu Shil, Dipa Karmakar and others.

Gym
A gym, short for gymnasium (pl.: gymnasiums or gymnasia), is an indoor venue for exercise and sports. The word is derived from the ancient Greek term "gymnasion". They are commonly found in athletic and fitness centres, and as activity and learning spaces in educational institutions. "Gym" is also the commonly used name for a "fitness centre" or health club, which is often an area for indoor recreation. A "gym" may include or describe adjacent open air areas as well. In Western countries, "gyms" often describe places with indoor or outdoor courts for basketball, hockey, tennis, boxing or wrestling, and with equipment and machines used for physical development training, or to do exercises. In many European countries, Gymnasium (and variations of the word) also can describe a secondary school that prepares students for higher education at a university, with or without the presence of athletic courts, fields, or equipment.
V-Dem Institute
The V-Dem Institute (an abbreviation of Varieties of Democracy Institute), founded by Staffan I. Lindberg in 2014, is an independent research institute that serves as the headquarters of the V-Dem Project, a database that seeks to conceptualize and measure democracy. V-Dem defines democracy using seven key principles (electoral, liberal, participatory, deliberative, egalitarian, majoritarian, and consensual) that emphasize the concept of "rule of the people." As part of its work, it publishes a dataset known as the V-Dem Democracy Indices that is based on its key principles.

The headquarters of the project is based at the department of political science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.

University of Gothenburg
The University of Gothenburg (Swedish: Göteborgs universitet) is a public university in Gothenburg, Sweden. Founded in 1891, the university is the third-oldest of the current Swedish universities and, with 53,624 students and 6,707 staff members, it is one of the largest universities in the Nordic countries.
Brooklyn Hotel, The Rocks
The Brooklyn Hotel is a heritage-listed bar, restaurant and former hotel located at 229 George Street, in the suburb of The Rocks, in the city of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by Walter Liberty Vernon and built in 1912. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002.

George Street, Sydney
George Street is a street in the central business district of Sydney.

It was Sydney's original high street, and remains one of the busiest streets in the city centre. It connects a number of the city's most important buildings and precincts. There are more high rise buildings here than on any other street in Australia. Amongst Australia's 100 largest listed companies, more are located here than on any other street.

The street begins in the north end of Sydney in The Rocks, near the Sydney Harbour Bridge, and extends to the southern end of the city, near Central Station and Ultimo, where it leads into Railway Square. From here Broadway is the continuation of George Street turning westwards, leading to the western suburbs as Parramatta Road.
HD 92845
HD 92845 (HR 4194) is a probable astrometric binary in the southern constellation Antlia. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.62, allowing it to be faintly seen with the naked eye. Parallax measurements place the system at a distance of 790 light years and it is currently receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of 4.5 km/s.

HD 92845 has a stellar classification of A0 V, indicating that it is an ordinary A-type main-sequence star. However, stellar evolution models from Zorec and Royer reveal it to be a subgiant that has just left the main sequence. It has 3.1 times the mass of the Sun but has expanded to an enlarged radius of 5.31 R☉. It radiates with a luminosity 206 times greater than the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,376 K, giving a white hue. At an age of 282 million years, HD 92845 spins quickly with a projected rotational velocity of 81 km/s.

There is an optical companion 17″ away along a position angle of 214° as of 1999.

A-type main-sequence star
An A-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence (core hydrogen burning) star of spectral type A. The spectral luminosity class is V. These stars have spectra defined by strong hydrogen Balmer absorption lines. They measure between 1.7 and 2.1 solar masses (M☉), have surface temperatures between 7,600 and 10,000 K, and live for about a quarter of the lifetime of the Sun. Bright and nearby examples are Altair (A7), Sirius A (A1), and Vega (A0). A-type stars do not have convective zones and thus are not expected to harbor magnetic dynamos. As a consequence, because they do not have strong stellar winds; they lack a means to generate X-ray emission.
Return to Santa Monica
Return to Santa Monica is a 2011 album by the band Everclear. It is the band's first album with label Cleopatra Records.  The album consists of a mix of re-recorded Everclear originals and covers of other bands' hits.

The A.V. Club deemed the release to be the "least essential album of 2011".

Songs from an American Movie Vol. One: Learning How to Smile
Songs from an American Movie Vol. One: Learning How to Smile is the fourth studio album by American alternative rock band Everclear, released on July 11, 2000.  The album (along with its sequel, Songs from an American Movie Vol. Two: Good Time for a Bad Attitude) is a loose concept album inspired by lead singer Art Alexakis's second divorce. The first album is much more influenced by American pop music, especially from the 1970s, as well as being more "loving" in tone than the hard rock Good Time for a Bad Attitude. The album is dedicated to David Ridderhof and Louis Montoya.

Learning How to Smile is the band's second highest selling album ever with 1.28 million copies sold and a Platinum certification by the RIAA.  It is also the band's only album to debut in the top ten on the Billboard 200, where it peaked at number nine.
Pác Nặm district
Pác Nặm is a rural district of Bắc Kạn province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2019 the district had a population of 33,439. The district covers an area of 474 km2. The district capital lies at Bộc Bố.

Nghiên Loan
Nghiên Loan is a rural commune (xã) of Thái Nguyên Province, in Vietnam.

In June 2025, Nghiên Loan Commune was established through the merger of the entire natural area and population of Xuân La Commune (natural area: 39.70 km²; population: 3,267), An Thắng Commune (natural area: 33.20 km²; population: 1,510), and Nghiên Loan Commune (natural area: 57.43 km²; population: 6,263) of Pác Nặm District.