hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fossilization (linguistics)
In linguistic morphology, fossilization refers to two close notions. One is preserving of ancient linguistic features which have lost their grammatical functions in language. Another is loss of productivity of a grammatical paradigm (e.g. of an affix), which still remains in use in some words.

Examples of fossilization include fossilized morphemes and fossil words.

The term interlanguage fossilization refers to common types of errors made by most adult second-language learners, differing from the idiomatic usage of native-language learners. These are erroneous generalizations or simplified language rules, which may be classified as phonological fossilization, lexical fossilization, syntactic fossilization and pragmatic fossilization. These errors occur regardless of exposure to the language or education level.

Productivity (linguistics)
In linguistics, productivity is the degree to which speakers of a language use a particular grammatical process, especially in word formation. It compares grammatical processes that are in frequent use to less frequently used ones that tend towards lexicalization. Generally the test of productivity concerns identifying which grammatical forms would be used in the coining of new words: these will tend to only be converted to other forms using productive processes.
Brunswick troops in the American Revolutionary War
Brunswick troops in the American Revolutionary War served as auxiliaries to the British Army during the American Revolutionary War, in accordance with the treaty of 1776 between Great Britain and the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Four regiments of foot, one regiment of dragoons, one grenadier battalion, and one light battalion with a Jäger company were dispatched to British America. Most of the Brunswick troops fought at the Battles of Saratoga, where they were forced to surrender as part of British General John Burgoyne's army. A total of 5,723 soldiers were sent overseas, and 2,708 returned to Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Part of the difference can be attributed to casualties, but the rest chose to remain in the United States or Canada instead of returning to Europe. Over the course of the war, the British government paid the Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel a total of £750,000 for the use of his army.

Convention Army
The Convention Army was a force of British and Hessian troops under General John Burgoyne captured by the Continental Army after Burgoyne's surrender at the Battles of Saratoga during the American Revolutionary War. It is named for the convention concluded between Burgoyne and American General Horatio Gates, later rejected by the Continental Congress, to allow Burgoyne's army to be evacuated to Britain with the promise that it would not to return to North America. The Continental Army's commander-in-chief, George Washington, repudiated the convention and Burgoyne's army was not allowed to leave American-held territory. Although the British and Hessian troops were not formally prisoners of war, they were not at liberty either. The Convention Army remained in the United States until the conclusion of the war in 1783, despite persistent British efforts to rescue them.
Alcmene
In Greek mythology, Alcmene (/ælkˈmiːniː/ alk-MEE-nee; Attic Greek: Ἀλκμήνη, romanized: Alkmḗnē) or Alcmena (/ælkˈmiːnə/ alk-MEE-nə; Doric Greek: Ἀλκμάνα, romanized: Alkmána; Latin: Alcumena; meaning "strong in wrath") was the wife of Amphitryon, by whom she bore two children, Iphicles and Laonome. She is best known as the mother of Heracles, whose father was the god Zeus. Alcmene was also referred to as Electryone (Ἠλεκτρυώνη, Elektryṓnē), a patronymic name as a daughter of Electryon.

Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)
The Bibliotheca (Ancient Greek: Βιβλιοθήκη, romanized: Bibliothēkē, lit. 'Library') is a compendium of Greek myths and heroic legends, genealogical tables and histories arranged in three books, generally dated to the first or second century AD. The work is commonly described as having been written by Apollodorus (or sometimes Pseudo-Apollodorus), a result of its false attribution to the 2nd-century BC scholar Apollodorus of Athens.
1958 anti-Tamil pogrom
The 1958 anti-Tamil pogrom and riots in Ceylon, also known as the 58 riots, refer to the first island-wide ethnic riots and pogrom to target the minority Tamils in the Dominion of Ceylon after it became an independent dominion from Britain in 1948. The riots lasted from 22 May until 29 May 1958 although sporadic disturbances happened after the declaration of emergency on 27 May 1958. The estimates of the murders range, based on recovered bodies, from 158 to 1,500. Although most of the victims were Tamils, Sinhalese and their property were also affected by retaliatory attacks by Tamil mobs throughout the Batticaloa and Jaffna districts. As the first full-scale race riot in the country in over forty years, the events of 1958 shattered the trust the communities had in one another and led to further polarisation.

Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (1956)
The Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People's United Front) was electoral alliance founded in 1956. It consisted of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party led by S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, Viplavakari Lanka Sama Samaja Party led by Philip Gunawardena and Sinhala Bhasha Peramuna (Sinhala Language Front) led by Wijeyananda Dahanayake and I.M.R.A. Iriyagolla (Independents)

The alliance won the 1956 elections and formed the government.

The MEP alliance fell apart Mr I.M.R.A.  Iriyagolle resigned and joined the opposition, in 1957, May 1959 after Philip Gunawardena and William de Silva resigned from the government. The VLSSP joined the opposition.

The Mahajana Eksath Peramuna name was carried forward by Philip Gunawardena who founded a new political party called Mahajana Eksath Peramuna in 1959.
Katharinenstrasse
Katharinenstrasse (in English: Catherine Street) is a street in the north of the central quarter inside the Inner City Ring Road of Leipzig, Germany. It runs slightly curved in a north–south direction between Markt and Brühl. Its length is 199 m (652.9 ft). The name goes back to a former chapel at the northern end of the street which was mentioned 1240. The point de vue to the south is the tower of the Old Town Hall.

Inner City Ring Road (Leipzig)
51°20′26″N 12°22′34″E﻿ / ﻿51.3406°N 12.3761°E﻿ / 51.3406; 12.3761

The Inner City Ring Road in Leipzig (also called Ring for short) in the district of Mitte is the ring road around Leipzig's city centre. It encloses the just 0.7 km2 (0.27 sq mi) large area of the old town  without the former Vorstadts.
Bazvandi
Bazvandi (Persian: بازوندي), also Romanized as Bāzvandī; also known as Bāzvand and Bāzvand-e Aşl, is a village in Bazvand Rural District of the Central District of Rumeshkan County, Lorestan province, Iran. It is southeast of the village of Rashnudeh.

At the 2006 census, its population was 1,213, in 284 families.

Iran portal

Rashnudeh
Rashnudeh (Persian: رشنوده), also Romanized as Rashnūdeh and Rashnūdī; also known as Rashnū and Shanū, is a village in Bazvand Rural District of the Central District of Rumeshkhan County, Lorestan province, Iran. It is east-southeast of the city of Chaqabol, next to the village of Lalvand.

At the 2006 census, its population was 1,638, in 348 families.

Iran portal
Cynopterus
Cynopterus (Latin meaning: ״flying dog״) is a genus of megabats.  The cynopterine section is represented by 11 genera, five of which occur in Malaysia, namely, Chironax, Balionycteris, Penthetor, Dyacopterus, and Cynopterus.  About 30 names for Cynopterus species have been proposed, but only 16 are taxonomically valid forms.

Species within this genus are:

Genus Cynopterus

Lesser short-nosed fruit bat (C. brachyotis)

Horsfield's fruit bat (C.  horsfieldii)

Peters's fruit bat (C. luzoniensis)

Minute fruit bat (C.  minutus)

Nusatenggara short-nosed fruit bat (C. nusatenggara)

Greater short-nosed fruit bat (C.  sphinx)

Indonesian short-nosed fruit bat (C. titthaecheilus)

Indonesian short-nosed fruit bat
The Indonesian short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus titthaecheilus) is a species of megabat in the family Pteropodidae. It is endemic to Indonesia and Timor-Leste, and has three subspecies:

C. t.  major

C. t.  terminus

C. t. titthaecheilus
Paradise Valley Nature Reserve
Paradise Valley Nature Reserve is a protected area located in Pinetown, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The reserve spans 170 hectares of coastal forest and grassland, centered around a gorge carved by the Umbilo River.

Umbilo River
The Umbilo River is a river in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The river rises in Kloof to the west of the city of Durban and the mouth of the river is situated in Durban harbour.

The Umbilo River forms part of the Durban Metro's D'Moss trail and conservation efforts.
Wildcoast
Wildcoast (stylized WILDCOAST) is an international non-profit environmental organization that conserves coastal and marine ecosystems and wildlife.

Headquartered in Del Mar, California, Wildcoast established a Mexican division in 2007, Costasalvaje A.C. in Ensenada to manage its conservation programs in Latin America.

Charity Navigator awarded Wildcoast its four-star charity ranking.  The organization received the Excellence in Organizational Development Award from Nonprofit Management Solutions in 2006. It also received the San Diego Earthworks E.A.R.T.H. Award in 2007. In 2008, Wildcoast received the Green Wave Award from the Surfer's Path Magazine.

San Ignacio Lagoon
San Ignacio Lagoon (Spanish: Laguna San Ignacio) is a lagoon located in Mulegé Municipality of the Mexican state of Baja California Sur, 59 kilometers (37 mi) from San Ignacio, Mexico, and Highway 1. It is one of the winter sanctuaries of the eastern Pacific gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus).
Richland Township, Madison County, Arkansas
Richland Township is one of 21 inactive townships in Madison County, Arkansas, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 567.

Richland Township was established before 1850, but the exact date is unknown because early county records were lost.

Madison County, Arkansas
Madison County is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 16,521. The county seat is Huntsville. The county was formed on September 30, 1836, and named for Madison County, Alabama, the home of some early settlers. They also named the county seat after Madison County in Alabama's county seat, Huntsville. Madison County is part of the Northwest Arkansas region.
Armenian orthography reform
The Armenian orthography reform occurred between 1922 and 1924 in Soviet Armenia and was partially revised in 1940. Its main features "were the neutralization of classical, etymological writing and the adjustment of phonetic realization and writing."

The original orthography is now known as the classical orthography (Armenian: դասական ուղղագրութիւն, romanized: dasakan uġġagrut'yun) and is sometimes referred to as Mashtotsian orthography (մաշտոցեան ուղղագրութիւն), after Mesrop Mashtots, who invented the Armenian alphabet in 405 AD.

This reform is not to be confused with the 13th-century alphabet extension introducing letters ⟨օ⟩ and ⟨ֆ⟩.

Likbez
Likbez (Russian: ликбе́з, Russian pronunciation: [lʲɪɡˈbʲɛs]; a portmanteau of ликвида́ция безгра́мотности, likvidatsiya bezgramotnosti, [lʲɪkvʲɪˈdatsɨjə bʲɪzˈɡramətnəsʲtʲɪ], meaning "elimination of illiteracy") was a campaign of eradication of illiteracy in Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s. The term was also used for various schools and courses established during the campaign. Nowadays, this term is sometimes used in Russian as slang for teaching an unprepared audience the basic concepts of any science, process or phenomenon.
94 Ceti
94 Ceti (HD 19994) is a trinary star system approximately 73 light-years away in the constellation Cetus.

94 Ceti A is a yellow-white dwarf star with about 1.3 times the mass of the Sun while 94 Ceti B and C are red dwarf stars.

An infrared excess has been detected around the primary, most likely indicating the presence of a circumstellar disk at a radius of 95 AU. The temperature of this dust is 40 K.

F-type main-sequence star
An F-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence, core-hydrogen-fusing star of spectral type F. The spectral luminosity class is V. They have from around 1.1 to 1.6 times the mass of the Sun and surface temperatures between about 6,000 and 7,200 K. This temperature range gives the F-type stars a whitish hue when observed through the atmosphere. Notable examples include Procyon A, Gamma Virginis A and B, and Tabby's Star.
Dead Horses
Dead Horses is the sixth full-length album by the band Evergreen Terrace. It was released through Rise Records on December 10, 2013, the band's first release through the label.

It is the first album not featuring guitarist Josh James, who was replaced by Alex Varian. It is also the band's first album with bassist Jason Southwell since 2007's Wolfbiker.

Wolfbiker
Wolfbiker is the fourth full-length album by American band Evergreen Terrace and their first release on Metal Blade Records. It was released on July 24, 2007. It is the band's first album to feature drummer Kyle Mims.
Bhairavgad (fort)
Bhairavgad fort is located in the Sahyadri mountains of the Indian state of Maharashtra. Multiple mountains are named Bhairavgad including one near the Karad-Chiplun area, one near Malshej Ghat and third in the Bhandardara region in the neighborhood of Ghanchakkar the third highest peak of Sahyadris.

Bhandardara
Bhandardara is a holiday resort village on the Pravara River near Igatpuri, in the Western Ghats of India. The village is located in the Akole tehsil, Aahilyanagar district of the state of Maharashtra, about 185 kilometers (115 mi) from Mumbai, and 73 kilometers (45 mi) from Nashik.

Bhandardara attractions include Wilson Dam and Arthur Lake.

The Ratangad and Harishchandragad forts are above the town. The highest peak in Maharashtra, Mount Kalsubai, is 1646 m.
Phippsøya
Phippsøya (anglicized as Phipps Island) is the largest island in Sjuøyane, an archipelago north of Nordaustlandet, Svalbard in Arctic Norway. It is located some 22 km north of Nordkapp on Svalbard proper and 8.5 km south of Rossøya, the northernmost island of the Svalbard archipelago. Phippsøya is separated from Parryøya to the south by the 1.3 km wide Straumporten sound, from Martensøya to the southeast by the 1.1 km wide Trollsundet and from Tavleøya to the northwest by the 1 km wide Marmorsundet.

The island is named after the English explorer Constantine John Phipps, who commanded two bomb vessels, HMS Racehorse and HMS Carcass, on an expedition to Svalbard in 1773.

Martensøya
Martensøya (anglicized as Martens Island) is the easternmost island of Sjuøyane, which lies north of Nordaustlandet, part of the Svalbard archipelago in Arctic Norway. The island is named after the German physician Friderich Martens, who visited Spitsbergen in 1671. Total area 19 km2. Highest point: Sølvberget, 405 m.a.s.l..
William Anderson (bishop of Salisbury)
William Louis Anderson DSC (11 February 1892 – 5 March 1972) was the Church of England Bishop of Portsmouth and then the Bishop of Salisbury. He also held what is believed to be the unique distinction of being the only bishop to have served in all three of the armed services.

Bishop of Portsmouth (Anglican)
The Bishop of Portsmouth is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Portsmouth in the Province of Canterbury.

The diocese covers south-east Hampshire and the Isle of Wight and has its see in the City of Portsmouth, where the seat is located at the Cathedral Church of Saint Thomas of Canterbury which was elevated to cathedral status in 1927. The bishop's residence is Bishopsgrove, Fareham.

The office of bishop was created in 1927 when the new diocese was formed from part of the Diocese of Winchester. Jonathan Frost has been the Bishop of Portsmouth since his election was confirmed on 18 January 2022. He was installed as the tenth Bishop of Portsmouth on 12 March 2022.
Tamboori
The tamboori (also called a tambra) is a long-necked bowed string instrument found in Indian music. The tamboori is very similar to the tanpura, despite being smaller and played with a bow. A tamboori is played as a melodic instrument, unlike the tanpura. Each string has a fundamental tone with its own spectrum of overtones, which makes a rich and vibrant sound, due to interactive harmonic resonance that will support the external tones played by the soloist.

The name tamboori is derived from tama or tana, referring to a musical phrase, and borri, or bori which means "vibrant".

The body shape of the tamboori somewhat resembles that of the sitar, but it has no frets. One or more tambooris may be used to accompany vocalists or instrumentalists. It has six metal strings, which are bowed to create a harmonic resonance on the basic notes of a key.

The tamboori is used to add drone in a performance. It is part of the ektara family of instruments.

Sitar
The sitar (English:  /ˈsɪtɑːr/ or /sɪˈtɑːr/; IAST: sitāra) is a plucked stringed instrument, originating from the Indian subcontinent, used in Hindustani classical music. The instrument was invented in the 18th century, and arrived at its present form in 19th-century India. Khusrau Khan, an 18th-century figure of the Mughal Empire, has been identified by modern scholarship as the inventor of the sitar. According to most historians, he developed the sitar from the setar, an Iranian instrument of Abbasid or Safavid origin.

Used widely throughout the Indian subcontinent, the sitar became popularly known in the wider world through the works of Ravi Shankar, beginning in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The advent of psychedelic culture during the mid-to-late 1960s set a trend for the use of the sitar in Western popular music, with the instrument appearing on tracks by bands such as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, Metallica and many others.
2012–13 UNC Greensboro Spartans men's basketball team
The 2012–13 UNC Greensboro Spartans men's basketball team represented University of North Carolina at Greensboro during the 2012–13 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Spartans, led by second year head coach Wes Miller, played their home games at the Greensboro Coliseum and were members of the North Division of the Southern Conference. They finished the season 9–22, 6–12 in SoCon play to finish in last place in the North Division. They lost in the quarterfinals of the SoCon tournament to Elon.

2013 Southern Conference men's basketball tournament
The 2013 Southern Conference men's basketball tournament took place between Friday, March 8 and Monday, March 11 in Asheville, North Carolina, at the U.S. Cellular Center. The entire tournament was streamed on ESPN3, with the Southern Conference Championship Game televised by ESPN2. The champion received an automatic bid into the 2013 NCAA tournament.
KKHH
KKHH (95.7 FM "95.7 The Spot") is a radio station in Houston, Texas.  It is owned by Audacy, Inc. and airs an adult hits radio format.  The studios and offices are located in the Greenway Plaza district of Houston.

KKHH has an effective radiated power ERP of 100,000 watts.  The transmitter is off Farm-to-Market Road 2234 near the Fort Bend Parkway in Southwest Houston.  KKHH broadcasts in the HD Radio hybrid format; the HD-2 subchannel carries Audacy's LGBTQ-oriented talk and EDM service Channel Q, while the HD-3 subchannel simulcasts the CBS Sports Radio programming heard on co-owned KIKK.

KBXX
KBXX (97.9 FM) is a commercial radio station in Houston, Texas. It airs an urban-leaning rhythmic contemporary radio format, mostly made up of hip-hop music and R&B. It is owned by Urban One as part of a five station cluster with KMJQ, KKBQ, KHPT, and KGLK. The studios and offices are located in the Greenway Plaza district.

KBXX has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts. The transmitter is on Farm to Market Road 2234, near Fort Bend Parkway in Southwest Houston. It broadcasts in the HD Radio hybrid format.

Previously, the HD2 subchannel aired Vietnamese language programming, both talk and pop music. KBXX-HD2 provided the primary feed for FM translator 101.7 K269GT in Humble.
Robert Didier
Robert Didier (4 February 1885 in Porte sur Saône, Haute-Saône – 10 May 1977 in Paris) was a French surgeon, zoologist and entomologist.

Robert Didier was an Associé of the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris 
where his friend Eugène Louis Bouvier was Director of the Entomology Laboratory.
He worked on mammals, birds and Lucanidae.

He wrote (1953). Catalogue illustré des lucanides du globe in Encyclopédie Entomologique (series A 27: 1-223) with another close friend Eugene Seguy.

His other publications include Les Mammifères de France(1935 with Paul Rode) and 
L' art de la taxidermie au XXe siècle recueil de technique pratique de taxidermie pour naturalistes, professionnels, amateurs et voyageurs1974, Lechevalier (Paris) with the museum’s senior taxidermist Boudarel.

Eugène Louis Bouvier
Eugène Louis Bouvier (9 April 1856 in Saint-Laurent-en-Grandvaux – 14 January 1944 in Paris) was a French entomologist and carcinologist. Bouvier was a professor at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle.
The Two Pigeons
The Two Pigeons (original French title: Les deux pigeons) is a fable by Jean de la Fontaine (Book IX.2) that was adapted as a ballet with music by André Messager in the 19th century and rechoreagraphed to the same music by Frederick Ashton in the 20th.

La Fontaine's Fables
Jean de La Fontaine collected fables from a wide variety of sources, both Western and Eastern, and adapted them into French free verse. They were issued under the general title of Fables in several volumes from 1668 to 1694 and are considered classics of French literature. Humorous, nuanced and ironical, they were originally aimed at adults but then entered the educational system and were required learning for school children.
Abiquo Enterprise Edition
Abiquo Hybrid Cloud Management Platform is a web-based cloud computing software platform developed by
Abiquo. Written entirely in Java, it is used to build, integrate and manage public and private clouds in homogeneous environments. Users can deploy and manage servers, storage system and network and virtual devices. It also supports LDAP integration.

ElasticHosts
ElasticHosts was a computer service provider based in London, England. It was founded in March 2008 (2008-03), and closed on 30 June 2020.  It provided a cloud computing service, which used ten data centres; in the United Kingdom (two sites), Netherlands, United States (four sites), Canada, Hong Kong and Australia.
Crofton railway station
Crofton Station was the smaller of two stations serving Crofton (with the other being Hare Park & Crofton). It was next to Doncaster Road, on the current Pontefract Line, behind the Crofton Arms Public House.

The station was demolished in the 1960s, yet the remains of the old station house in its current derelict form can be seen from the A638, or on passing trains from Wakefield Kirkgate, towards Pontefract Tanshelf.

In 2001, Bombardier Transportation opened Crofton TMD, a traction maintenance depot, on the former station site.

Hare Park & Crofton railway station
Hare Park & Crofton railway station, sometimes just known as Crofton railway station, was a station located on the West Riding and Grimsby Railway, this section now known as the Wakefield Line. It served the village of Crofton in West Yorkshire, England and is located around 3 miles (4.8 km) to the south-east of Wakefield. The station was opened in November 1885 and closed on 4 February 1952.

This site, in the West Yorkshire transport plan, has been suggested for a new station with the village of Crofton now having a population of over 6,000 as well as this, the proposal of a new railway station further down the line closer to New Crofton is cited in the Crofton village plan, to hopefully remove congestion in the village, and cut down on carbon emissions.