hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Yingkou
40°40′N 122°14′E﻿ / ﻿40.667°N 122.233°E﻿ / 40.667; 122.233

The Battle of Yingkou (Japanese: Gyūsō sakusen (牛莊作戦)) was a land battle of the First Sino-Japanese War between the forces of Meiji Japan and Qing China, fought outside the treaty port town of Yingkou, Manchuria. It is sometimes referred to as the Battle of Niuzhuang or Newchwang.

Gaizhou
Gaizhou (simplified Chinese: 盖州; traditional Chinese: 蓋州; pinyin: Gàizhōu), formerly Gaixian, Gaiping, and Kaiping, is a county-level city in Liaoning province, China. It is under the administration of Yingkou City, which lies 31 km (19 mi) to the north-northwest, and is located at the northwest end of the Liaodong Peninsula near the northeast coast of the Bohai Sea.
History of turnpikes and canals in the United States
The history of turnpikes and canals in the United States began with work attempted and accomplished in the original thirteen colonies, predicated on European technology. After gaining independence, the United States grew westward, crossing the Appalachian Mountains with the admission of new states and then doubling in size with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. The only means of transportation at the time between the coastal states and interior lands remained on water, by canoe, boat (e.g. keelboat or flatboat) and ship, or over land on foot and by pack animal. Recognizing the success of Roman roads in unifying that empire, political and business leaders in the United States began to construct roads and canals to connect the disparate parts of the nation.

Flatboat
A flatboat (or broadboat) was a rectangular flat-bottomed boat with square ends used to transport freight and passengers on inland waterways in the United States. The flatboat could be any size, but essentially it was a large, sturdy tub with a hull.

A flatboat was almost always a one-way (downstream) vessel, and was usually dismantled for lumber when it reached its destination.
Neveʻei language
Neveʻei ([neveʔei]), also known as Vinmavis, is an Oceanic language of central Malekula, Vanuatu. There are around 500 primary speakers of Neveʻei and about 750 speakers in total.

Neveʻei was described for the first time by Jill Musgrave, in a monograph published in 2007: A grammar of Neveʻei, Vanuatu. This book is the source for the data and analyses below.

Plosive
In phonetics, a plosive, also known as an occlusive or simply a stop, is a pulmonic consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases.

The occlusion may be made with the tongue tip or blade ([t], [d]), tongue body ([k], [ɡ]), lips ([p], [b]), or glottis ([ʔ]). Plosives contrast with nasals, where the vocal tract is blocked but airflow continues through the nose, as in /m/ and /n/, and with fricatives, where partial occlusion impedes but does not block airflow in the vocal tract.
Tucana (AK-88)
Tucana (AK-88) was never commissioned and thus never bore the USS designation. She was transferred upon  launching on 13 September 1944 to the U.S. Army as the U.S. Army Engineer Port Repair ship Arthur C. Ely.

U.S. Army Engineer Port Repair ship
The U.S. Army acquired ten ships during World War II as Engineer Port Repair Ships, also sometimes known as Port Rehabilitation ships, for use by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to clear war damaged harbors. The need was anticipated by 1942 for the post invasion recovery of ports in Europe and the Transportation Corps was assigned the responsibility to acquire and modify the ships that would be military crewed under the Corps of Engineers.
Tribal Wars
Tribal Wars (TW) is a browser-based, real-time strategy, massively multiplayer online game set in the Middle Ages. The game is set with each player starting off controlling a small village, with the objective being to slowly expand and conquer new villages through the formation of complex armies and a tactical combat system. The game incorporates multiple components of teamwork, planning, and strategy. The game allows players to collect resources, build armies, construct buildings, combat other armies (players or neutral), and conquer new villages. The game also allows for a level of player-specific customization, in regards to village names, army types, and troop-counts. The game operates under world-specific settings that vary from world to world.

Massively multiplayer online game
A massively multiplayer online (MMO) game, sometimes referred to as an MMOG, is an online video game with a large number of players to interact in the same online game world. MMOs usually feature a huge, persistent open world, although there are games that differ. These games can be found for most network-capable platforms, including the personal computer, video game console, or smartphones and other mobile devices.

MMOs can enable players to cooperate and compete with each other on a large scale, and sometimes to interact meaningfully with people around the world. They include a variety of gameplay types, representing many video game genres.
Suspensory ligament
A suspensory ligament is a ligament that supports a body part, especially an organ.

Types include:

Suspensory ligament of axilla, also known as Gerdy's ligament

Cooper's ligaments, also known as the suspensory ligaments of Cooper or Suspensory ligaments of breast

Suspensory ligament of clitoris

Suspensory ligament of duodenum, also known as the ligament of Treitz

Suspensory ligament of eyeball, also known as Lockwood's ligament

Suspensory ligament of lens, also known as the zonule of Zinn or zonular fibre

Suspensory ligament of ovary

Suspensory ligament of penis

Suspensory ligament of thyroid gland, also known as Berry's ligament

Part of the suspensory apparatus of the leg of a horse. When the leg is supporting the horse's weight, this ligament supports the fetlock joint. Suspensory ligament injures are common in athletic horses.

Zonule of Zinn
The zonule of Zinn (/ˈtsɪn/) (Zinn's membrane, ciliary zonule) (after Johann Gottfried Zinn) is a ring of fibrous strands forming a zonule (little band) that connects the ciliary body with the crystalline lens of the eye. The Zonular fibers are viscoelastic cables, although their component microfibrils are stiff structures. These fibers are sometimes collectively referred to as the suspensory ligaments of the lens, as they act like suspensory ligaments.
Religion in Russia
Orthodox Christianity is the most widely professed religion in Russia, with significant minorities of non-religious people and adherents of other faiths. Russia has the world's largest Orthodox population.

The constitution of Russia recognises the right to freedom of conscience and creed to all the citizenry, the spiritual contribution of Orthodox Christianity to the history of Russia, and respect to "Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism and other religions and creeds which constitute an inseparable part of the historical heritage of Russia's peoples", including ethnic religions or paganism, either preserved, or revived.

Pew Research Center
The Pew Research Center (also simply known as Pew) is a nonpartisan American think tank based in Washington, D.C. It provides information on social issues, public opinion, and demographic trends shaping the United States and the world. It also conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, random sample survey research, and panel based surveys,  media content analysis, and other empirical social science research.

The Pew Research Center states it does not take policy stances. It is a subsidiary of the Pew Charitable Trusts and a charter member of the American Association of Public Opinion Research's Transparency Initiative.
Schopfheim station
Schopfheim station (German: Bahnhof Schopfheim) is a railway station in the municipality of Schopfheim, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located on standard gauge Wiese Valley Railway of Deutsche Bahn. It was formerly the site of the junction with the Wehra Valley Railway to Bad Säckingen. Passenger service over that line ended in 1971, and the line itself was abandoned in 1994.

Wiese Valley Railway
The Wiese Valley Railway (German: Wiesentalbahn) is a 27.2 km long, electrified main line in German Baden-Württemberg in the tri-national area of Germany, Switzerland and France near the Swiss city of Basel. It is part of the Basel trinational S-Bahn and referenced as S6. It runs alongside the river Wiese from Basel Badischer Bahnhof in Basel (on Swiss territory) to Zell (Wiesental). It is operated by the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS)
Delone set
In the mathematical theory of metric spaces,  ε-nets,  ε-packings,  ε-coverings, uniformly discrete sets, relatively dense sets, and Delone sets (named after Boris Delone) are several closely related definitions of well-spaced sets of points, and the packing radius and covering radius of these sets measure how well-spaced they are. These sets have applications in coding theory, approximation algorithms, and the theory of quasicrystals.

Doubling space
In mathematics, a metric space X with metric d is said to be doubling if there is some doubling constant M > 0 such that for any x ∈ X and r > 0, it is possible to cover the ball B(x, r) = {y | d(x, y) < r} with the union of at most M balls of radius ⁠r/2⁠. The base-2 logarithm of M is called the doubling dimension of X. Euclidean spaces  equipped with the usual Euclidean metric are examples of doubling spaces where the doubling constant M depends on the dimension d. For example, in one dimension, M = 3; and in two dimensions, M = 7. In general, Euclidean space   has doubling dimension .
Phlox hirsuta
Phlox hirsuta, the Yreka phlox or hairy phlox, is a species of phlox. It is a small flowering plant that grows in the serpentine soils of Siskiyou County, California and is the official city flower of Yreka, California, after which it is named.

Phlox
Phlox (/ˈflɒks/; Ancient Greek: φλόξ "flame"; plural "phlox" or "phloxes", Ancient Greek: φλόγες phlóges) is a genus of 68 species of perennial and annual plants in the family Polemoniaceae. They are found mostly in North America (one in Siberia) in diverse habitats from alpine tundra to open woodland and prairie. Some flower in spring, others in summer and fall. Flowers may be pale blue, violet, pink, bright red, or white. Many are fragrant.
Green Howards Regimental Museum
The Green Howards Regimental Museum is the museum of the Green Howards infantry regiment of the British Army, located in Richmond, North Yorkshire.

The museum is located in the old Holy Trinity Church, Richmond, in the centre of the market place. The Green Howards were amalgamated with The Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire and The Duke of Wellington's Regiment, all Yorkshire-based regiments in the King's Division, to form The Yorkshire Regiment on 6 June 2006.

Royal Yorkshire Regiment
The Royal Yorkshire Regiment (14th/15th, 19th and 33rd/76th Foot) (abbreviated R YORKS) is an infantry regiment of the British Army, created by the amalgamation of three historic regiments in 2006. It lost one battalion as part of the Army 2020 defence review.  The regiment's recruitment area covers the ceremonial counties of the East Riding of Yorkshire, North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire; areas near Barnsley are recruitment area for the Rifles.
Drakenstein Local Municipality elections
The council of the Drakenstein Local Municipality consists of sixty-five members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Thirty-three councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in thirty-three wards, while the remaining thirty-two are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received.

The Council was established in the year 2000 and is currently governed by the Democratic Alliance.

Drakenstein Local Municipality
Drakenstein Municipality (Afrikaans: Drakenstein Munisipaliteit; Xhosa: uMasipala wase Drakenstein) is a local municipality located within the Cape Winelands District Municipality, in the Western Cape province of South Africa. As of 2011, it had a population of 251,262. Its municipality code is WC023.
Mauryan polish
Mauryan polish describes one of the frequent characteristics of architecture and sculptures of the Maurya Empire in India (325 to 185 BCE), which gives a very smooth and shiny surface to the stone material, generally of sandstone or granite. Mauryan polish is found especially in the Ashoka Pillars as well as in some constructions like the Barabar Caves.  The technique did not end with the empire, but continued to be "used on occasion up to the first or second century A.D.", although the presence of the polish sometimes complicates dating, as with the Didarganj Yakshi. According to the archaeologist John Marshall: the "extraordinary precision and accuracy which characterizes all Mauryan works, and which has never, we venture to say, been surpassed even by the finest workmanship on Athenian buildings".

Rampurva capitals
The Rampurva capitals are the capitals of a pair of Ashoka Pillars discovered in c. 1876 by A. C. L. Carlleyle. The archaeological site is called Rampurva, and is located in the West Champaran district of the Indian state of Bihar, situated very close to the border with Nepal. The lion capital is now in the Indian Museum in Kolkata, while the bull capital is located at the center of the porch of the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the Indian Presidential Palace.
Asmaløy
Asmaløy is an island in Hvaler municipality of Østfold county, Norway.

Asmaløy is one of the larger islands in the archipelago of Hvaler which consists of over 800 islands, islets, skerries and reefs located in the outer Oslofjord. Hvaler tunnel (Norwegian: Hvalertunnelen) joins Asmaløy with Kirkeøy, the largest island in the municipality and the site of the administrative centre at Skjærhalden.  Hvaler tunnel is an underwater tunnel on Highway 108 (Rv108). The tunnel goes under the strait between Asmaløy and Kirkeøy. The 3,751-meter (12,306 ft) long tunnel was opened on 2 October 1989. Hvaler tunnel is closed to pedestrians and cyclists.

Vikerhavn is a small fishing harbour and village on the southern part of the island.

The author Johan Borgen lived on Asmaløy for many years at a site known as Knatten.

Hvaler
Hvaler is a municipality that is a group of islands in the southern part of Østfold County, Norway.  The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Skjærhalden, on the island of Kirkeøy.  The only police station in the municipality is located in Skjærhalden.  Hvaler was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt).
Place du Jeu de Balle
The Place du Jeu de Balle (French, pronounced [plas dy ʒø d(ə) bal]; "Ball Game Square") or Vossenplein (Dutch, pronounced [ˈvɔsə(m)ˌplɛin]; "Foxes' Square") is a square in the heart of the Marolles/Marollen district of Brussels, Belgium. Since 1873, it has held a famous flea market, known as the Old Market.

The area around the square is characterised by the presence of restaurants and typical Brussels cafés. It can be accessed from Brussels-Chapel railway station, the metro and premetro (underground tram) station Porte de Hal/Hallepoort (on lines 2, 4, 6 and 10), as well as the bus stop Jeu de Balle/Vossenplein (on lines 48 and 52).

Brussels tram route 4
The premetro and tram route 4 in Brussels, Belgium, is operated by STIB/MIVB, and connects the Stalle Parking stop in the southern municipality of Uccle to Brussels-North railway station in the municipality of Schaerbeek. It was created on 2 July 2007 as a new route between Esplanade and Stalle Parking. On 31 August 2009, the route was shortened with a new terminus at Brussels-North, while line 3 was expanded between Brussels-North and Esplanade. The colour of the signage for this line is pink.

Following the disbandment of line 3 in 2024, only tram lines 4 and 10 remain in the North–South Axis that runs underneath the Pentagon (Brussels' city centre). Both lines 4 and 10 have a 6-minute schedule during rush hour and are serviced by the modern low-floor trams (Bombardier T3000 and T4000).
Jul-gonu
Jul-gonu (Korean: 줄 고누) is a two-player abstract strategy board game from Korea.  It is one of many gonu games. The game has a relatively small board (4×4 square board), and yet offers a challenge at different levels. The game could be played on a larger board, however, it tends to be tiresome. Jul means "lines", and the lines of the board are often drawn on the ground. The game is also referred to as ne-jul-gonu (네 줄 고누; lit. four-line gonu), referring to the four lines in each direction.

The game bears resemblance to hasami shogi, dai hasami shogi, mak-yek, apit-sodok, rek, ming mang, gundru, seega, ludus latrunculorum, petteia, and Firdawsi's nard. It also bears resemblance to the tafl games, and to a lesser extent to agon, awithlaknakwe, bizingo, watermelon chess, reversi, Othello, wei-chi, baduk, and Go as all of these games exhibit custodian capture or some form of it (as in the case of wei-chi, baduk, and Go).

Watermelon chess
Watermelon chess is a two-player abstract strategy game from China where it is known as xi gua qi.  It is also known as the surround game and globe. Played on a network of curved lines, players take turns to move a piece, capturing the opponent's pieces by surrounding them. The game is related to the bear games of the ancient Romans, and uses the same board as some of them. The Go variant sz'kwa uses the same board.

Watermelon chess is a pebble game similar to Go
, though unrelated to the game of chess.
The Block season 2
The second season of Australian reality television series The Block, retroactively titled The Block 2004, aired on the Nine Network. Jamie Durie returned as host from the first season as did judge John McGrath. It first premiered on 18 April 2004.

Following the success of the first season, an expanded second season of 26 episodes, airing twice weekly, premiered on 18 April 2004. The series was again set in Sydney, although in the suburb of Manly rather than Bondi where the first season was located.

The Block (Australian TV series)
The Block is an Australian reality television series broadcast on the Nine Network. The series follows four or five couples as they compete against each other to renovate and style houses/apartments and sell them at auction for the highest price.

The original series first ran for two consecutive seasons in 2003 and 2004, and was originally hosted by Jamie Durie.

The Nine Network revived The Block after a six-year absence, with a third season commenced airing on 22 September 2010, this time hosted by television personality and builder Scott Cam. Shelley Craft joined as co-host from the fourth season.

The Block has a large number of commercial sponsors and prominently features brand sponsorships regularly throughout episodes.
Franklin & Marshall Diplomats
The Franklin & Marshall Diplomats are the 28 intercollegiate athletic teams that represent Franklin & Marshall College, located in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. They compete in the NCAA Division III, except for their wrestling team, which competes in Division I. They are primarily members of the Centennial Conference, except for wrestling where they are members of the Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association (EIWA).

McDaniel College
McDaniel College is a private college in Westminster, Maryland, United States, established in 1867.  McDaniel College is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. The college also has a satellite campus, McDaniel College Budapest, in Budapest, Hungary. The college owns and manages a shopping center and residential properties through its for-profit arm.
Hymnal
A hymnal or hymnary is a collection of hymns, usually in the form of a book, called a hymnbook (or hymn book). They are used in congregational singing. A hymnal may contain only hymn texts (normal for most hymnals for most centuries of Christian history); written melodies are extra, and more recently harmony parts have also been provided.

Hymnals are omnipresent in churches but are not often discussed; nevertheless, liturgical scholar Massey H. Shepherd once observed: "In all periods of the Church's history, the theology of the people has been chiefly molded by their hymns."

Metrical psalter
A metrical psalter is a kind of Bible translation: a book containing a verse translation of all or part of the Book of Psalms in vernacular poetry, meant to be sung as hymns in a church. Some metrical psalters include melodies or harmonisations. The composition of metrical psalters was a large enterprise of the Protestant Reformation, especially in its Calvinist manifestation that is still practiced today.
Disney Friends
Disney Friends is a simulation and adventure video game released in 2007 by Amaze Entertainment for the Nintendo DS loosely based on several animated Disney films. Published by Disney Interactive Studios, the game features characters Stitch from Lilo & Stitch, Dory from Finding Nemo, Pooh from Winnie the Pooh, Simba from The Lion King and a Little Green Men alien from Toy Story. Players are able to befriend and interact with each film character through the Nintendo DS' microphone and touch screen, which influence the activities and emotions of the game's characters.

Dory (Finding Nemo)
Dory is a fictional blue tang fish and a major character of Pixar's animated film series Finding Nemo. Her personality combines childlike optimism and ditziness, a stark contrast to the stern personality of the first film's protagonist, Marlin. She has short-term memory loss and she is a multilinguist, having the ability as a fish to read human writing and whale speech.

The character is voiced by Ellen DeGeneres. Various merchandise of the character have also been produced, including action figures and toys produced for McDonald's Happy Meals.
Darul Uloom London
Darul Uloom London is a boys, Islamic, private boarding school and sixth form in Chislehurst, Greater London, England. It is a Darul Uloom that was established in 1988.

The school charges fees of £3,500 per year.  All pupils are boarders and they have two weekend home trips per month, and parents often visit on other weekends.

Chislehurst
Chislehurst (/ˈtʃɪzəlˌhɜːrst/) is an affluent suburban district of south-east London, England, in the London Borough of Bromley. It lies east of Bromley, south-west of Sidcup and north-west of Orpington, 10 miles (16 km) south-east of Charing Cross. Before the creation of Greater London in 1965, it was in Kent. According to the 2021 census, Chislehurst has a population of 15,600 (rounded to the nearest 100).
Gmina Lipnik
Gmina Lipnik is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Lipnik, which lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Opatów and 64 km (40 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.

The gmina covers an area of 81.7 square kilometres (31.5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 5,751.

Opatów County
Opatów County (Polish: powiat opatowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, south-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Opatów, which lies 58 kilometres (36 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce. The only other town in the county is Ożarów, lying 20 km (12 mi) north-east of Opatów.

The county covers an area of 911.51 square kilometres (351.9 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 53,942, out of which the population of Opatów is 6,466, that of Ożarów is 4,569, and the rural population is 42,907.