hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hans-Georg Gadamer
Hans-Georg Gadamer (/ˈɡɑːdəmər/; German: [ˈɡaːdamɐ]; 11 February 1900 – 13 March 2002) was a German philosopher of the continental tradition, best known for his 1960 magnum opus on hermeneutics Truth and Method (Wahrheit und Methode).

University of Wrocław
The University of Wrocław (Polish: Uniwersytet Wrocławski, UWr; Latin: Universitas Wratislaviensis) is a public research university in Wrocław, Poland. It is the largest institution of higher learning in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, with over 100,000 graduates since 1945, including some 1,900 researchers, among whom many have received the highest awards for their contributions to the development of scientific scholarship.

The university was established in 1701 and reconstituted in its current form in 1945, as a direct successor to the previous German University of Breslau. Following the territorial changes of Poland's borders, academics primarily from the Jan Kazimierz University of Lwów restored the university building, which had been heavily damaged in the 1945 Battle of Breslau.
Arup Raha
Arup Raha, PVSM, AVSM, VM, ADC, (Bengali: অরূপ রাহা) is an Indian Air Force veteran and was the 21st Chief of the Air Staff of the Indian Air Force and served from 31 December 2013 to 31 December 2016. He was also the Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, a post occupied by India's senior-most military officer, who advises the government and ensures jointsmanship in the armed forces. Currently, he is the Chancellor of Assam University.

Vayu Sena Medal
The Vayu Sena Medal (lit. 'Air Force Medal') is a military decoration, usually awarded in peacetime for a job well done in the Indian Air Force. However, it has been granted during times of conflict for acts of gallantry in the face of enemy, though not in the same numbers as the Vir Chakra.

Posthumous awards may be made and a bar is authorized for subsequent awards of the Vayu Sena Medal.

The VM was established on 17 June 1960 by the President of India and awards have been made from 1961 onwards. Awards over the past decade or more have been classified into two categories. One is Vayu Sena Medal (Gallantry) and the other for Vayu Sena Medal (Devotion to Duty).
Giovanni Pizzo
Giovanni Pizzo (Veroli, 1934 – Rome, 2022) was an Italian artist and one of the representatives of the Arte programmata movement. His work intersected with scientific methodologies, emphasizing logical-mathematical processes and visual perception.

For Pizzo, art was a form of research conducted through systematic, programmed processes, which he initially developed in notebooks before transferring them to canvas. Today, his approach to merging art, science, and technology is referenced in discussions about the history of computers and digital art.

Together with his wife and fellow artist Lucia di Luciano, Pizzo participated in the Nove Tendencije 3 exhibition in 1965, in Zagreb, Croatia. He participated in VIII Quadriennale d’Arte di Roma (1960), Esposizione Universale di Montreal (1968), VI Biennale Romana (1968), Biennale Internazionale di Barcellona (1992), etc.

Op art
Op art, short for optical art, is a style of visual art that uses distorted or manipulated geometrical patterns, often to create optical illusions.  It began in the early 20th century, and was especially popular from the 1960s on, the term "Op art" dating to 1964.

Op artworks are normally abstract, with some better-known pieces created in black and white. Typically, they give the viewer the impression of movement, hidden images, flashing and vibrating patterns, or swelling or warping.  In contrast, the much older trompe-l'œil style always represents figurative subjects, which are shown with deceptive three-dimensionality.
XII (1st Royal Saxon) Corps
The XII (1st Royal Saxon) Army Corps / XII AK (German: XII. (I. Königlich Sächsisches) Armee-Korps) was a Saxon corps level command of the Saxon and German Armies before and during World War I.

The Corps was formed as the Royal Saxon Corps on 1 April 1867 and headquartered in Dresden.  Initially, it commanded the 1st Royal Saxon Infantry Division in Dresden and the 2nd Royal Saxon Infantry Division in Leipzig.  After the XIX (2nd Royal Saxon) Corps was set up on 1 April 1899 as the headquarters for the western part of the Kingdom of Saxony, XII Corps was made responsible for the eastern part of the Kingdom.

The Corps was disbanded with the demobilisation of the German Army after World War I.

3rd Army (German Empire)
The 3rd Army (German: 3. Armee / Armeeoberkommando 3 / A.O.K. 3) was an army level command of the German Army in World War I.  It was formed on mobilization in August 1914 seemingly from the II Army Inspectorate.  The army was disbanded in 1919 during demobilization after the war.
Buiratau National Park
The Buiratau State National Nature Park (Kazakh: «Бұйратау» мемлекеттік ұлттық табиғи паркі, romanized: «Būiratau» memlekettık ūlttyq tabiği parkı; Kazakh: Государственный национальный природный парк «Буйратау», romanized: Gosudarstvennyy natsional'nyy prirodnyy park «Buyratau») is a national park in Kazakhstan that was created in 2011 to preserve a unique transitional zone between dry steppe and semi-arid forest ecosystems of the Kazakh Uplands of central Kazakhstan. The park is located in the Yereymentau Mountains, straddling the border of Yereymentau District of Akmola Region (60,815 hectares (150,277 acres; 608 km2; 235 sq mi)), and Sarybel District of Karaganda Region (28,154 hectares (69,570 acres; 282 km2; 109 sq mi)), and is about 60 km east of the capital city of Astana.

Square kilometre
The square kilometre (square kilometer in American spelling; symbol: km2) is a multiple of the square metre, the SI unit of area or surface area. In the SI unit of area (m2), 1 km2 is equal to 1M(m2).

1 km2 is equal to:

1,000,000 square metres (m2)

100 hectares (ha)

It is also approximately equal to:

0.3861 square miles

247.1 acres

Conversely:

1 m2 = 0.000001 (10−6) km2

1 hectare = 0.01 (10−2) km2

1 square mile = 2.5899 km2

1 acre = about 0.004047 km2

The symbol "km2" means (km)2, square kilometre and not k(m2), kilo–square metre. For example, 3 km2 is equal to 3×(1,000m)2 = 3,000,000 m2, not 3,000 m2.
Yibbum
Yibbum (pronounced [jibum], Hebrew: ייבום) is the form of levirate marriage found in Judaism. As specified by Deuteronomy 25:5–10, the brother of a man who died without children is permitted and encouraged to marry the widow. However, if either of the parties refuses to go through with the marriage, both are required to go through a ceremony known as halizah, involving a symbolic act of renunciation of their right to perform this marriage.

Jewish law (halakha) has seen a gradual decline of yibbum in favor of halizah, to the point where in most contemporary Jewish communities, and in Israel by mandate of the Chief Rabbinate, yibbum is prohibited.

Ketubah
A ketubah (/kɛtuːˈbɑː/; Hebrew: כְּתוּבָּה) is a Jewish marriage contract. It is considered an integral part of a traditional Jewish marriage, and outlines the rights and responsibilities of the groom, in relation to the bride. In modern practice, the ketubah has no agreed monetary value, and is seldom enforced by civil courts, except in Israel.
Châteauguay—Les Jardins-de-Napierville
Châteauguay—Les Jardins-de-Napierville (formerly Châteauguay—Lacolle) (French pronunciation: [ʃatoɡɛ lakɔl]) is a federal electoral district in Quebec. It encompasses a portion of Quebec formerly included in the electoral districts of Beauharnois—Salaberry and Châteauguay—Saint-Constant.

Châteauguay—Lacolle was created by the 2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution and was legally defined in the 2013 representation order. It came into effect upon the call of the 2015 Canadian federal election.

Following the 2022 federal electoral redistribution the riding was renamed Châteauguay—Les Jardins-de-Napierville. It gained both the Village and Township of Hemmingford, and the municipalities of Très-Saint-Sacrement, Howick, Saint-Chrysostome, Havelock, and Franklin from Salaberry—Suroît and lost a small piece of territory north of Autoroute 30 in Saint-Isidore and a small piece of territory near Ch. St-Bernard in Châteauguay to La Prairie—Atateken.

Châteauguay—Saint-Constant
Châteauguay—Saint-Constant (French pronunciation: [ʃatoɡɛ sɛ̃ kɔ̃stɑ̃]) was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 2004 to 2015. Its population in 2006 was 107,165.

Châteauguay—Saint-Constant was created in 2003 from Châteauguay riding, with the exception of a portion of Châteauguay that was transferred in Beauharnois—Salaberry and Saint-Jean ridings.
Chullora
Chullora is a suburb in Western Sydney in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is part of the City of Canterbury-Bankstown local government area, and is located 15 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district.  The suburb is entirely industrial and commercial, and in the 2021 census recorded a population of 14.

City of Canterbury Bankstown
The City of Canterbury Bankstown, legally named Canterbury-Bankstown, is a local government area (LGA) in metropolitan Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is governed by Canterbury-Bankstown Council, branded as CBCity. The LGA was formed on 12 May 2016 from a merger of the City of Canterbury and the City of Bankstown, after a statewide review of local government by the NSW Government.

The City of Canterbury Bankstown comprises an area of 110.8 square kilometres (42.8 sq mi) and as per the 2021 census, had a population of 371,006 making it the second most populous local government area in New South Wales.

The current mayor is Bilal El-Hayek, a member of the Labor Party, who was elected on 11 May 2023.
Osteosarcoma
An osteosarcoma (OS) or osteogenic sarcoma (OGS) is a cancerous tumor in a bone. Specifically, it is an aggressive malignant neoplasm that arises from primitive transformed cells of mesenchymal origin (and thus a sarcoma) and that exhibits osteoblastic differentiation and produces malignant osteoid.

Osteosarcoma is the most common histological form of primary bone sarcoma. It is most prevalent in teenagers and young adults.

Retinoblastoma protein
The retinoblastoma protein (protein name abbreviated Rb or pRb; gene name abbreviated Rb, RB or RB1) is a tumor suppressor protein that is dysfunctional in several major cancers. One function of pRb is to prevent excessive cell growth by inhibiting cell cycle progression until a cell is ready to divide. When the cell is ready to divide, pRb is inactivated by phosphorylation, and the cell cycle is allowed to progress. It is also a recruiter of several chromatin remodeling enzymes such as methylases and acetylases.

pRb belongs to the pocket protein family, whose members have a pocket for the functional binding of other proteins. Should an oncogenic protein, such as those produced by cells infected by high-risk types of human papillomavirus, bind and inactivate pRb, this can lead to cancer. The RB gene may have been responsible for the evolution of multicellularity in several lineages of life including animals.
Snuff (film)
Snuff is a 1976 splatter film directed by Michael Findlay and Horacio Fredriksson. Originally an exploitation film loosely based on the 1969 murders committed by the Manson Family, it is most notorious for being falsely marketed as if it were an actual snuff film. The controversy about the film was deliberately manufactured to attract publicity: it prompted an investigation by the New York County District Attorney, who determined that the murder shown in the film was fake. This picture contributed to the urban legend of snuff films, although the concept did not originate with it.

False advertising
False advertising is the act of publishing, transmitting,  and also distributing or otherwise publicly circulating an advertisement containing a false claim, or statement, made intentionally, or recklessly, to promote the sale of property, goods or services. A false advertisement can be classified as deceptive if the advertiser deliberately misleads the consumer, rather than making an unintentional mistake. A number of governments use regulations or other laws and methods to limit false advertising.
2015 European Road Championships – Women's under-23 time trial
The Women's under-23 time trial at the 2015 European Road Championships took place on 6 August. The Championships were hosted by the Estonian city Tartu. The course was 18.4 km long. 28 cyclists competed in the time trial. The course had a total elevation of 53m, with a maximal inclination of 5.1% and a maximal slope downhill of 4.9%.

The race was won by Mieke Kröger, who also won the time trial in 2014 in a time of 24' 57" with an average speed of 44.25 km/hour.

2014 European Road Championships – Women's under-23 time trial
The Women's under-23 time trial at the 2014 European Road Championships took place on 18 July. The Championships were hosted by the Swiss municipality of Nyon. The course was 26.9 km long, and 28 cyclists competed in the time trial.
Habsberg
The Habsberg near Velburg in the county of Neumarkt in the Upper Palatinate is a place of pilgrimage in the Oberpfalz Jura. On the mountain is the church of Our Lady of Health (Maria Heil der Kranken), a chapel of grace, and a diocesan youth house belonging to the Diocese of Eichstätt. The mountain is 621 metres high.

Neumarkt (district)
Neumarkt (German: [ˈnɔʏmaʁkt] ⓘ) is a Landkreis (district) in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Nürnberger Land, Amberg-Sulzbach, Schwandorf, Regensburg, Kelheim, Eichstätt and Roth.
Northumberland Hussars
The Northumberland Hussars  was a Yeomanry regiment of the British Army, transferred to the Royal Artillery for the duration of the Second World War. It was disbanded as an independent Territorial Army unit in 1967, a time when the strength of the Territorial Army was greatly reduced. The regiment's name lives on in the title of the command and support squadron of the Queen's Own Yeomanry (QOY), a Formation Reconnaissance Regiment based in Newcastle upon Tyne.

Imperial Yeomanry
The Imperial Yeomanry was a mounted infantry formation of the British Army which served in the Second Boer War. Raised on 2 January 1900, the formation was initially recruited from the British middle class, but subsequent contingents were significantly more working class in their composition. The British Army's existing yeomanry regiments contributed only a small proportion of the total Imperial Yeomanry establishment. The formation was officially disbanded in 1908, with individual Yeomanry regiments incorporated into the new Territorial Force.
Sine-Saloum
14°11′N 16°15′W﻿ / ﻿14.183°N 16.250°W﻿ / 14.183; -16.250

Sine-Saloum is a region in Senegal located north of the Gambia and south of the Petite Côte. It encompasses an area of 24,000 square kilometers, about 12% of Senegal, with a population in the 1990s of 1,060,000.

The western portion contains the Saloum Delta, a river delta at the junction of the Saloum and the North Atlantic. It is in this region that the Saloum Delta National Park is located. 145,811 hectares of the Delta were designated a UNESCO Heritage Site in 2011. Because it flows so slowly, this delta allows saltwater to travel deep inland.

Long ago, the Serer kingdoms of Sine and Saloum were rivals. In 1984, the area was divided into two administrative regions: Kaolack and Fatick.

Kaolack region
The Kaolack region is a region in Senegal.  It borders Gambia and is a common stopping point for travel between Dakar and Banjul.  Its borders correspond roughly to the Saalum Kingdom of precolonial days, and the area is still spoken of as the Saalum in Wolof, and its inhabitants are called Saalum-Saalum.

Kaolack city is the administrative centre for the region. It is a port on the Saloum River. Lying in a farm area, Kaolack is a major peanut marketing and exporting center and has a large peanut oil factory. Brewing, leather tanning, cotton ginning, and fish processing are also important industries. Salt is produced from salines near the Saloum River. The city is on the railroad from Dakar to the Niger River in Mali. Kaolack is the international centre of the Ibrahimiyyah branch of the Tijaniyyah Sufi order, whose mosque is on the city's outskirts.
Palikur
The Palikur are an Indigenous people located in the riverine areas of the Brazilian state of Amapá and in French Guiana, particularly in the south-eastern border region, on the north bank of the Oyapock River. The Palikur Nation, or naoné,  is Arawak-speaking and socially organized in clans. In 2015, the estimated population was 2,300 people of which 1,400 lived in Brazil and 900 in French Guiana.

Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas
The Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas (Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation: [fũdaˈsɐ̃w nasi.oˈnaw dus ˈpɔvuz ĩˈdʒiʒenɐs, - nasjoˈnaw -]; lit. 'National Indigenous People Foundation') or FUNAI is a Brazilian governmental protection agency for Amerindian interests and their culture.
Climate-friendly gardening
Climate-friendly gardening refers to gardening practices that aim to reduce the release of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide in order to aid the reduction of global warming. These practices can include soil management, rain capture, cultivating native plants, and utilizing biochar, nitrogen-fixing plants and compost in order to eliminate the use of chemical fertilizers. Avoiding actions like burning garden waste, excessive digging and the utilization of gas-powered tools may also help to lower greenhouse gas emissions. Techniques such as planting trees and ground cover, utilizing mulch and limiting soil disturbances can aid in soil health and the sequestering of carbon in the soil.

Symphytum
Symphytum is a genus of flowering plants in the borage family, Boraginaceae, known by the common name comfrey (pronounced /ˈkʌmfri/, from the Latin confervere to 'heal' or literally to 'boil together', referring to uses in ancient traditional medicine).

Symphytum is native to northern temperate regions of Europe and Asia, with a wide introduced distribution on both continents as well as the Americas. There are 59 recognized species. More than 150 species have been cataloged by botanists. Some species and hybrids, particularly S. officinale, Symphytum grandiflorum, and S. × uplandicum, are used in gardening and herbal medicine. Species in the genus Symphytum are different from Andersonglossum virginianum, known as wild comfrey, which is another member of the borage family.
Marco Blaauw
Marco Blaauw is a Dutch trumpet soloist known for his work in the field of new music and with Cologne-based contemporary music group Ensemble Musikfabrik. He plays a double bell trumpet, an invention that has allowed for numerous new compositions for trumpet, including those by Ernst von Siemens Music Prize winner, Rebecca Saunders. Blaauw is a consistent faculty member at the Darmstadt Summer Course, the Stockhausen Courses Kürten, the Lucerne Festival, and the Chosen Vale International Trumpet Seminar.

Péter Eötvös
Péter Eötvös (Hungarian: Eötvös Péter, pronounced [ˈøtvøʃ ˈpeːtɛr]; 2 January 1944 – 24 March 2024) was a Hungarian composer, conductor and academic teacher.

After studies of composition in Budapest and Cologne, Eötvös composed film music in Hungary from 1962. He played with the Stockhausen Ensemble between 1968 and 1976. He was a founding member of the Oeldorf Group in 1973, continuing his association until the late 1970s. From 1979 to 1991, he was musical director and conductor of the Ensemble InterContemporain, and from 1985 to 1988 he was principal guest conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra, after which he conducted several other orchestras.

As a composer, Eötvös was known for the operas Love and Other Demons and Three Sisters, both of which were performed outside Hungary. He was open to influences from different cultures.
2020 Liberty Bowl
The 2020 Liberty Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 31, 2020, with kickoff at 4:00 p.m. EST (3:00 p.m. local CST) on ESPN. It was the 62nd edition of the Liberty Bowl, and was one of the 2020–21 bowl games concluding the 2020 FBS football season. Sponsored by automotive retailer AutoZone, the game was officially known as the AutoZone Liberty Bowl.

Liberty Bowl
The Liberty Bowl is an annual American college football bowl game played in late December or early January since 1959. For its first five years, it was played at Philadelphia Municipal Stadium in Philadelphia before being held at Atlantic City Convention Hall in 1964. Since 1965, the game has been held at Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium in Memphis, Tennessee. Because of the scheduling of the bowl game near the end of the calendar year, no game was played during calendar years 2008 or 2015, while two games were played in calendar years 2010 and 2016.

Since 2004, the game has been sponsored by Memphis-based auto parts retailer AutoZone and officially known as the AutoZone Liberty Bowl. Previous sponsors include St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (1993–1996) and AXA Financial (1997–2003).
Octahedral number
In number theory, an octahedral number is a figurate number that represents the number of spheres in an octahedron formed from close-packed spheres. The nth octahedral number  can be obtained by the formula:

The first few octahedral numbers are:

1, 6, 19, 44, 85, 146, 231, 344, 489, 670, 891 (sequence A005900 in the OEIS).

Figurate number
The term figurate number is used by different writers for members of different sets of numbers, generalizing from triangular numbers to different shapes (polygonal numbers) and different dimensions (polyhedral numbers). The ancient Greek mathematicians already considered triangular numbers, polygonal numbers, tetrahedral numbers, and pyramidal numbers, and subsequent mathematicians have included other classes of these numbers including numbers defined from other types of polyhedra and from their analogs in other dimensions.
Uzbekistan women's national rugby union team
The Uzbekistan women's national rugby union team is a national sporting side that represents Uzbekistan in women's international rugby union. They played their first test match against Hong Kong in 2008.

Hong Kong women's national rugby union team
The Hong Kong women's national rugby union team represents Hong Kong in women's rugby union. They played their first international match in 1998 against Japan. They made their Rugby World Cup debut in 2017 in Ireland.
Downhaul
The downhaul is a line which is part of the rigging on a sailboat; it applies downward force on a spar or sail. The most common downhaul on a modern sailboat is attached to the spinnaker pole, though this may be referred to as the foreguy in some rigging nomenclature. The term is also commonly applied to the cunningham on the mainsail.

In a windsurfing rig, the downhaul is the primary load-bearing line which controls the sail's shape. Modern windsurfing sails incorporate a sleeve for the mast, and therefore do not have a halyard which tensions the top of the sail. The downhaul is tensioned early in the rigging process and is generally not adjustable on the water, and is therefore rather different in use than the downhaul on a sailboat.

Mainsail
A mainsail is a sail rigged on the main mast of a sailing vessel.

On a square rigged vessel, it is the lowest and largest sail on the main mast.

On a fore-and-aft rigged vessel, it is the  sail rigged aft of the main mast. The sail's foot is normally attached to a boom. (In extremely heavy weather, the mainsail may be lowered, and a much smaller trysail hoisted in its place).

Historical fore-and-aft rigs used a four-sided gaff rigged mainsail, sometimes setting a gaff topsail above it.

Whereas once the mainsail was typically the largest sail, today the mainsail may be smaller than the jib or genoa; Prout catamarans typically have a  mainmast stepped further aft than in a standard sloop, so that the mainsail is much smaller than the foresail.