hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cuckoo paper wasp
The name cuckoo paper wasp refers to a monophyletic species group of brood-parasitic paper wasps in the genus Polistes. This species group contains only four species; Polistes atrimandibularis, P. austroccidentalis, P. maroccanus, and P. semenowi, all of them obligate social parasites of other Polistes species.

These species, three of which occur in Europe, were originally classified as the subgenus Sulcopolistes by Blüthgen in 1938, but such a group would render the subgenus Polistes paraphyletic, and is therefore no longer formally recognized. Research using mitochondrial rRNA supports the view that these species descended from a common ancestor, and suggests that they are more closely related to Polistes nimpha and Polistes dominula (the latter being host to at least three of the four species) than to Polistes gallicus or Polistes biglumis, thus constituting an example of Emery's rule.

Polistes biglumis
Polistes biglumis is a species of social wasp within Polistes, the most common genus of paper wasp. It is distinguished mainly by its tendency to reside in montane climates in meadows or alpine areas. Selection pressure from the wasp's environment has led to several idiosyncrasies of its behavior and lifecycle with respect to its relative species in the genus Polistes. It alone among paper wasps is often polyandrous. In addition, it has a truncated nesting season that gives rise to unique competitive dynamics among females of the species. P. biglumis wasps use an odor-based recognition system that is the basis for all wasp-to-wasp interaction of the species. The wasp's lifecycle is highly intertwined with that of Polistes atrimandibularis, an obligate social parasite wasp that frequently invades the combs of P. biglumis wasps.
Image-stabilized binoculars
Image-stabilized binoculars are binoculars that have a mechanism for decreasing the apparent motion of the view due to binocular movement.
Such binoculars are designed to minimize image shaking in hand-held applications. Higher-power binoculars magnify the image more, but the image shift is also increased. This means that even minor hand movements can cause huge image shifts. Image stabilization technology in binoculars ensures instant adjustment of the image to compensate for the motion. Major brands making image stabilized binoculars include Canon, Fujinon, Nikon, Carl Zeiss, and Bushnell.

Several different mechanisms have been used for image stabilization.

Binoculars
Binoculars or field glasses are two refracting telescopes mounted side-by-side and aligned to point in the same direction, allowing the viewer to use both eyes (binocular vision) when viewing distant objects. Most binoculars are sized to be held using both hands, although sizes vary widely from opera glasses to large pedestal-mounted military models.

Unlike a (monocular) telescope, binoculars give users a three-dimensional image: each eyepiece presents a slightly different image to each of the viewer's eyes and the parallax allows the visual cortex to generate an impression of depth.
Siege of Nisibis (338)
The siege of Nisibis of 338 constituted the initial phase of Perso-Roman wars of 337–361. Shapur besieged Nisibis, which was then regarded as the key to Mesopotamia and, after sixty days, no closer to taking Nisibis and with a plague hampering his army, he lifted the siege and returned to Persia.

Roman army
The Roman Army (Latin: Exercitus Romanus) served ancient Rome and the Roman people enduring through the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC), the Roman Republic (509–27 BC), and the Roman Empire (27 BC – AD 476/1453), including the Western Roman Empire (collapsed AD 476/480) and the Eastern Roman Empire (collapsed AD 1453). It is thus a term that broadly spans approximately 2,206 years, during which the force underwent numerous permutations in size, composition, organization, equipment and tactics, while conserving a core of lasting traditions.
Guiberson Fire
The Guiberson Fire was a wildfire that burned from September 22 until September 27, 2009 in Guiberson Canyon of the western Santa Susana Mountains, between Fillmore and Moorpark in Ventura County, California.

Fillmore, California
Fillmore is a small city in Ventura County, California, United States, in the Santa Clara River Valley. In an agricultural area with rich, fertile soil, Fillmore has a historic downtown that was established when the Southern Pacific built the railroad through the valley in 1887. The rail line also provided a name for the town: J. A. Fillmore was a general superintendent for the company's Pacific system. The population was 16,419 at the 2020 census, up 9.4% from 15,002 during the 2010 census.
CleanHub
CleanHub is a Berlin-based environmental technology company focused on plastic waste collection and processing in coastal regions. It partners with consumer brands that fund waste recovery efforts through a plastic credits model.

Environmental technology
Environmental technology (or envirotech) is the use of engineering and technological approaches to understand and address issues that affect the environment with the aim of fostering environmental improvement. It involves the application of science and technology in the process of addressing environmental challenges through environmental conservation and the mitigation of human impact to the environment.

The term is sometimes also used to describe sustainable energy generation technologies such as photovoltaics, wind turbines, etc.
SC Santa Maria
Sport Clube Santa Maria (also in Capeverdean Crioulos of ALUPEC or ALUPEK and Sal) is a football club that had played in the Premier division and plays in the Sal Island League in Cape Verde.  It is based in the town of Santa Maria in the southern part of the island of Sal. Santa Maria is the third successful football (soccer) club on the island, having won 10 official regional titles.

Santa Maria, Cape Verde
Santa Maria (Portuguese for Saint Mary) is a city in the southern part of the island municipality of Sal, Cape Verde. It is located on the south coast, about 16 km south of the Amílcar Cabral International Airport, and 20 km south of the island capital Espargos.
Nyctalus
Nyctalus is a genus of vespertilionid bats commonly known as the noctule bats. They are distributed in the temperate and subtropical areas of Europe, Asia and North Africa.

There are eight species within this genus:

Birdlike noctule, Nyctalus aviator

Azores noctule, Nyctalus azoreum

Japanese noctule, Nyctalus furvus

Greater noctule bat, Nyctalus lasiopterus

Lesser noctule, Nyctalus leisleri

Mountain noctule, Nyctalus montanus

Common noctule, Nyctalus noctula

Chinese noctule, Nyctalus plancyi

Greater noctule bat
The greater noctule bat (Nyctalus lasiopterus) is a rare carnivorous bat found in Europe, West Asia, and North Africa. It is the largest and least studied bat in Europe with a wingspan of up to 46 centimetres (18 in) and is one of the few bat species to feed on passerine birds. Greater noctule bats are the only bat species to hunt birds on the wing rather than when roosting. The greater noctule bat has wings adapted for open-air hunting and uses echolocation frequencies above the hearing range of birds.
Miss Grand Laos 2024
Miss Grand Laos 2024 (Lao: ມີສແກຣນລາວ 2024) was the 5th edition of the Miss Grand Laos pageant, held on August 25, 2024,  at the ITECC Shopping Mall in Xaysetha, Vientiane. Contestants from 17 provinces of Laos competed for the title.

At the end of the event, a 28-year-old model representing Champasak, Souksavanh Vongsomphou, was announced the winner. Vongsomphou will represent the country in the international parent stage, Miss Grand International 2024, to be held in Thailand on October 25, 2024.

The edition was the first Miss Grand Laos organized by SV Trading Sole Co., Ltd and 78 Creation Sole Co., Ltd, who are also the organizers of this year's Miss Universe Laos pageant.

Miss Grand International 2024
Miss Grand International 2024 was the 12th Miss Grand International pageant, held at the MGI Hall in Bangkok, Thailand, on 25 October 2024.

At the conclusion of the event, Luciana Fuster of Peru crowned Rachel Gupta of India as Miss Grand International 2024. This is the first victory of India in the pageant's history. However, Gupta's reign ended on 28 May 2025 due to several issues between her and the organization, and the 1st runner-up, CJ Opiaza of the Philippines, took over the title.

Contestants from sixty-eight countries and territories competed in this edition. The competition was presented by Matthew Deane and was transmitted via the pageant's YouTube channel, GrandTV.
Ria of Ferrol
The Ria of Ferrol (or Bay of Ferrol; Spanish and Galician: ría de Ferrol) is a ria in Galicia, Spain, the saline estuary of the Xuvia River. Located in the province of A Coruña, in the northwestern end of the Iberian Peninsula, it forms along the rías of A Coruña, Ares and Betanzos the gulf known as Portus Magnus Artabrorum in Roman times. An important harbour, it became a base of the Spanish Navy during the Habsburg dynasty, with the forts of San Felipe and La Palma watching over the in and out of the ria. Bordered by the municipalities of Ferrol, Narón, Neda, Fene, Mugardos, it stands out among the Galician rias in terms of the degree of alteration caused by human activities. Also featuring nonetheless a rich sealife, the bay of Ferrol (itself included within the so-called "Rías Altas") is exploited to obtain seafood, chiefly varieties of clam and cockle.

Rías Altas
Rías Altas (also called "Upper Rias") is the northernmost of three sections of A Costa do Marisco (the Seafood Coast) in Galicia, Spain. It extends from the port of Ribadeo to Santa Cruz.

The Upper Rias refers to the coast of the northern part of A Coruña Province and the entire coastline of the Lugo Province.

The biggest city port of the Upper Rias is Ferrol - the most important Naval Station in North-western Spain.
Dhaniram Baruah
Dhaniram Baruah is an Indian heart surgeon from Assam, known for his work in the field of xenotransplantation. He is popularly known as India's Pig Heart Doctor. On 1 January 1997, he became the first heart surgeon in the world to transplant a pig's heart in a human body. Although the recipient died subsequently, it was a precursor to the first successful pig-to-human heart transplant performed 25 years later by Bartley P. Griffith in January 2022. While Griffith used a genetically modified pig's heart, Barua had transplanted a normal pig heart. Barua is also the founder of Dr Dhaniram Baruah Heart Institute & Research Centre. He can only communicate through hand gestures after a brain stroke left him unable to speak.

Cardiothoracic surgery
Cardiothoracic (CT) surgery is the field of medicine involved in surgical treatment of organs inside the thoracic cavity — generally treatment of conditions of the heart (heart disease), lungs (lung disease), and other pleural or mediastinal structures.

In most countries, cardiothoracic surgery is further subspecialized into cardiac surgery (involving the heart and the great vessels) and thoracic surgery (involving the lungs, esophagus, thymus, etc.); the exceptions are the United States, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, India and some European Union countries such as Portugal.
Dunga Bunga
Dunga Bunga  (Urdu: ڈُونگہ بُونگہ), is a town in Bahawalnagar District in the Punjab province, Pakistan. It located on the Bahawalnagar-Fort Abbas road 27.5 km (17.1 mi) away from Bahawalnagar. 18 km (11 mi) away from Haroonabad.  38 km (24 mi) away from Faqirwali. 58 km (36 mi) away from Khichiwala. 77 km (48 mi) away from Fort Abbas. The city hosts the Union Council of Bahawalnagar Tehsil and is located near to the city of Bahawalnagar at 29°45'0 N 73°15'0 E at an altitude of 154 metres (505 ft). It lies on the Haroonabad-Bahawalnagar road.

The population of Dunga Bunga is around 100,000 according to the 2006 census. Dunga Bunga has more than 50 neighboring villages. The nearest towns are Soondha Soondha town is nearest the border and is a modern village, Gulab Ali, Bara Akuka Dinan Bishnoian Wala (Urdu: دینن بشنوئیاں والہ),  Rasulpura, Khraj Purah, Sundar Bishnoian, Hira Bishnoi, Bajak, Deputy Cart, Basti Islam Pura, khaima wala.

Fort Abbas
Fort Abbas  (Urdu: فورٹ عبّاس),  (Punjabi: فورٹ عباس), formerly Pholra, is a town in Bahawalnagar District in the Cholistan Desert of Punjab, Pakistan. It is situated south of Haroonabad, near Faqirwali, on the border of Pakistan and India. The THQ Fort Abbas is playing a great role in public health. Famous living places of Fort Abbas are Nawab Colony, Pakistan City Town and Gulshan e Naseem.
Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race waterspout
The south coast tornado was a tornadic waterspout spawned by a supercell thunderstorm off the south coast of New South Wales on 26 December 2001, during the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race. The tornado passed very close to the yacht Nicorette II, which was severely damaged but able to complete the race with a spare mainsail.  Nicorette recorded wind speeds of close to 100 knots (120 mph; 190 km/h; 51 m/s) (making the tornado at least F2 on the Fujita scale) and was struck by hail the size of golf balls. According to the boat's meteorologist, the tornado began with a diameter of around 50 meters (160 feet), but grew in size until it was 500 meters (1,600 feet) across. The waterspout proceeded to strike several other boats with weaker winds. The tornado should not be confused with the severe storm that wrought havoc on the race in 1998.

2001 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race
The 2001 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, was the 57th annual running of the "blue water classic" Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race. As in past editions of the race, it was hosted by the Cruising Yacht Club of Australia based in Sydney, New South Wales. No sponsor was selected for this year. As with previous Sydney to Hobart Yacht Races, the 2001 edition began on Sydney Harbour, at noon on Boxing Day (26 December 2001), before heading south for 630 nautical miles (1,170 km) through the Tasman Sea, past Bass Strait, into Storm Bay and up the River Derwent, to cross the finish line in Hobart, Tasmania.

The 2001 Race was also part of Leg 3 of the 2001–02 Volvo Ocean Race which started in Sydney and finished in Auckland. The 2001 fleet comprised 75 starters of which 57 completed the race and 18 yachts retired.
Void Star
Void Star is a 2017 near-future science fiction novel by American writer Zachary Mason. It is his second novel, published after The Lost Books of the Odyssey. Set in a near-future San Francisco, the book explores themes of artificial intelligence, philosophy, linguistics and immortality.

The Lost Books of the Odyssey
The Lost Books of the Odyssey is a 2007 novel by Zachary Mason, republished in 2010. It is a reimagination of Homer's Odyssey.

Mason, who wrote the book while working full-time, won first prize and initial publication in a 2007 competition sponsored by Starcherone Books, an independent publisher in Buffalo, New York.  The Los Angeles Times reviewed the book, and it became a finalist in the New York Public Library's Young Lions Fiction competition in 2009. The book garnered additional positive reviews upon re-publication with Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.

Jonathan Galassi, president of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, noticed the book and worked with Mason to craft a second edition of the book, reducing its length and making other modifications to the content. The result was more widely reviewed to acclaim.
Nadia Arop Dudi
Nadia Arop Dudi Mayom (born 1 January 1971) is a South Sudanese politician who has served in the South Sudan National Legislative Assembly since 2011, representing Koch County as a member of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement. Dudi is one of two Padang people serving in ministerial positions, alongside Simon Mijok Majak.

Unity State
Unity State, also known as Western Upper Nile, is a state in South Sudan. Unity State is in the Greater Upper Nile region. Unity is inhabited predominantly by two ethnic groups: the Nuer majority, and the Dinka minority.

In 2015, a presidential decree established a new system of 28 states, replacing the previously established 10. Unity State was replaced by the states of Ruweng, Northern Liech and Southern Liech. Unity State was re-established by a peace agreement signed on 22 February 2020 with smaller boundaries as the northern part of the former state became the Ruweng Administrative Area.
Alzheimer's disease among East Asians
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease that affects millions of people across the globe. It is also a topic of interest in the East Asian population, especially as the burden of disease increases due to aging and population growth. The pathogenesis of AD between ethnic groups is different. However, prior studies in AD pathology have focused primarily on populations of European ancestry and may not give adequate insight on the genetic, clinical, and biological differences found in East Asians with AD. Gaps in knowledge regarding Alzheimer's disease in the East Asian population introduce serious barriers to screening, early prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and timely intervention.

BIN1
Myc box-dependent-interacting protein 1, also known as Bridging Integrator-1 and Amphiphysin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BIN1 gene.

This gene encodes several isoforms of a nucleocytoplasmic adaptor protein, one of which was initially identified as a MYC-interacting protein with features of a tumor suppressor.

Isoforms that are expressed in the central nervous system may be involved in synaptic vesicle endocytosis and may interact with dynanim, synaptojanin, endophilin, and clathrin.

Isoforms that are expressed in muscle and ubiquitously expressed isoforms localize to the cytoplasm and nucleus and activate a caspase-independent apoptotic process.

Studies in mouse suggest that this gene plays an important role in cardiac muscle development. Alternate splicing of the gene results in ten transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Aberrant splice variants expressed in tumor cell lines have also been described.
Samoon
Samoon (Arabic: صمون) is a type of yeast bread that is consumed mainly in Iraq. It is baked in traditional stone ovens.  This bread is one of the most widespread breads in Iraq, along with khubz. It is usually served with a variety of foods such as hummus, kebab, and shawarma. It is one of the most popular breads used in Iraq and across the Levant and variants can be found in Syria and Lebanon. It can be also found in other Middle Eastern and European countries. A key differentiator in most samoon is the use of live-culture yogurt as a leavener. Otherwise, the process of making it is relatively similar to pita, as it made from flour, yeast, water, and sometimes a pinch of salt. After kneading, the dough is left to rest before being shaped into its characteristic diamond form. It is then baked in a high-temperature brick oven, resulting in a crunchy crust and a soft, steaming interior.

Kebab
Kebab (UK: /kɪˈbæb/ kib-AB, US: /kɪˈbɑːb/ kib-AHB), kebap, kabob (alternative North American spelling), kebob, or kabab (Hindi and Kashmiri spelling) is a variety of roasted meat dishes that originated in the Middle East.

Kebabs consist of cut-up meat, sometimes with vegetables and various other accompaniments according to the specific recipe. Although kebabs are typically cooked on a skewer over a fire, some kebab dishes are oven-baked in a pan, or prepared as a stew such as tas kebab. The traditional meat for kebabs is most often lamb meat, but regional recipes may include beef, goat, chicken, fish, or even pork (depending on whether or not there are specific religious prohibitions).
Bedder
The term "bedder" is short for "bedmaker" and is the official term for a housekeeper in a college of the University of Cambridge. The equivalent at the University of Oxford is known as a "scout". The equivalent at Trinity College, Dublin was known as a "skip", until the practice was abandoned in the early 1970s. The colleges of the University of Durham have also replicated the Oxbridge model and refer to housekeeping staff as bedders. There is no equivalent at the vast majority of other British or American universities, though the universities of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton have previously offered similar positions to care for their students' needs.

Oxbridge
Oxbridge is a portmanteau of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, the two oldest, wealthiest, and most prestigious universities of the United Kingdom. The term is used to refer to them collectively, in contrast to other British universities, and more broadly to describe characteristics reminiscent of them, often with implications of superior social or intellectual status or elitism.
Pietro Francesco Garoli
Pietro Francesco Garoli, also seen as Garola, Garolo and Carolli or Pier Francesco (1 June 1638, Turin (?) - 5 January 1716, Rome) was an Italian painter and architect; known primarily for vedute and capricci. Some documents give his place of birth as Giaveno (now part of Turin), although that may be where his family was from. The first biographical information about Garoli comes from 1730, fourteen years after his death, and the sources disagree on several details.

Veduta
A veduta (Italian for 'view'; pl. vedute) is a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting or, more often, print of a cityscape or some other vista. The painters of vedute are referred to as vedutisti.
Stephen Lishman
Stephen Geoffrey Lishman (born 21 March 1960) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-fast bowler who played for Northumberland. He was born in Corbridge.

Lishman played for Northumberland between 1980 and 1989, having picked up a single appearance for Sussex Second XI in 1980. He made his only List A appearance in the 1984 NatWest Trophy, against Middlesex. He took two wickets in the match, those of Test cricketers Wilf Slack and Roland Butcher.

Lishman played for Tynedale between 1998 and 2000.

Roland Butcher
Roland Orlando Butcher (born 14 October 1953) is a former cricket player and coach, who played for England in three Test matches and three One Day Internationals from 1980 to 1981. He is recognised as being the first black cricketer to represent England. His brief international career was somewhat overshadowed by the death of Ken Barrington, and the 'Jackman affair'.
Ōta-juku Nakasendō Museum
Ōta-juku Nakasendō Museum (太田宿中山道会館, Ōta-juku Nakasendō Kaikan) is a museum dedicated to the history and culture of the Nakasendō's Ōta-juku and is located in the city of Minokamo, Gifu Prefecture, Japan.

Minokamo, Gifu
Minokamo (美濃加茂市, Minokamo-shi) is a city located in Gifu, Japan. As of 1 January 2019, the city had an estimated population of 56,972 and a population density of 74.81 persons per km2, in 22,508 households. The total area of the city was 74.81 square kilometres (28.88 sq mi).