hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Anankastic conditional
An anankastic conditional is a grammatical construction of the form

If you want X, you have to do Y.

where Y is required in order to get X. For example:

If you wanna be my lover, you gotta get with my friends.

Not all conditionals of this form have an anankastic interpretation:

If you want to eat chocolate, you should try thinking about something else.

where thinking about something else is not required in order to eat chocolate, but is rather advice on how to avoid eating chocolate.

The term comes from the Greek ἀναγκαστικός "compulsory", from ἀνάγκη "necessity."

Anankastic conditionals have been argued to pose problems for compositional semantics. Other semanticists have argued that anankastic conditionals can be interpreted the same way as "regular, hypothetical, indicative conditionals".

Principle of compositionality
In semantics, mathematical logic and related disciplines, the principle of compositionality is the principle that the meaning of a complex expression is determined by the meanings of its constituent expressions and the rules used to combine them. The principle is also called Frege's principle, because Gottlob Frege is widely credited for the first modern formulation of it. However, the principle has never been explicitly stated by Frege, and arguably it was already assumed by George Boole decades before Frege's work.

The principle of compositionality (also known as semantic compositionalism) is highly debated in linguistics. Among its most challenging problems there are the issues of contextuality, the non-compositionality of idiomatic expressions, and the non-compositionality of quotations.
François IV de Beauharnais
François IV de Beauharnais (2 August 1636 in Orléans – 17 April 1694 in Orléans), squire, sieur de la Grillère (at Vouzon, Loir-et-Cher), de la Boische, de La Chaussée, de Beaumont and de Beauville, was a French nobleman. His father was Jean de Beauharnais (1606–1661), maître d'Hôtel ordinaire du roi (one of the seven children of Anne Brachet and her husband François II de Beauharnais). His mother was Marie Mallet, and he had 2 siblings.

In 1663 he married Marguerite Françoise de Pyvart de Chastullé - among their 14 children was the politician Claude de Beauharnais (1680–1738), Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois and François de Beauharnois de la Chaussaye, Baron de Beauville. Francis IV of Beauharnais was one of the great-grandfathers of the family Eslandoost de Beauville.

François II de Beauharnais
François II de Beauharnais (died 1651) was a French magistrate.  He was seigneur of La Grillière, the first president to the Présidial of Orléans (1598), lieutenant général to the bailliage of Orléans, and a Third Estate député at the Estates General of 1614.
Chinaman Mortar Site
The Chinaman Mortar Site is a historic site in the Stanislaus National Forest, near Strawberry, Tuolumne County, California. It was a 18th and 19th century large village site for the Central Sierra Miwok people. The area contains milling implements, many bedrock mortar cups, a chipping station, and stone artifacts related to food processing.

In 1974, the site was inspected by the Food and Drug Administration. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since June 20, 1975; and listed as a California Historical Landmark since June 20, 1975.

Plains and Sierra Miwok
The Plains and Sierra Miwok were once the largest group of California Indian Miwok people, Indigenous to California. Their homeland included regions of the Sacramento Valley, San Joaquin Valley, and the Sierra Nevada.
Myosurus cupulatus
Myosurus cupulatus is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae known by the common name Arizona mousetail. It is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, where it grows in moist and dry habitat types in desert, scrub, and woodland. It is an annual plant forming a small tuft up to about 14 centimeters tall. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped and up to 7 centimeters in length. The inflorescence produces a single flower which has an elongated, cylindrical or cone-shaped receptacle up to 4 centimeters long. At the base of the receptacle are curving, spurred sepals and five petals each under 3 millimeters long.

Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae (/rənʌŋkjuːˈleɪsiˌaɪ, -siːˌiː/ rə-nung-kew-LAY-see-e(y)e, buttercup or crowfoot family; Latin rānunculus "little frog", from rāna "frog") is a large family of flowering plants, distributed worldwide.

As of February 2026, World Flora Online accepted 53 genera and over 3,700 species. The largest genera are Ranunculus with more than 1,600 species, Delphinium with more than 500, and Clematis with almost 400.
Presentation Brothers College, Cork
Presentation Brothers College (PBC Cork) (Irish: Coláiste na Toirbhirte; colloquially known as Pres) is a Catholic, boys, private fee-paying secondary school in Cork, Ireland. As of 2020, Presentation Brothers College was ranked as the top boys secondary school in Ireland and regularly places first in the annual top performing schools table rankings conducted by The Irish Times. In recent years it has also been ranked as one of the top rugby playing schools in Munster, winning the Rugby school of the year award in 2023 and 2024.

Mike Kiernan
Michael Joseph Kiernan (born 17 January 1961) is a former Ireland international rugby union player.

He had 43 caps for Ireland, from 1982 to 1991, scoring 6 tries, 40 conversions, 62 penalties and 6 drop goals, in an aggregate of 308 points. He was called for the 1987 Rugby World Cup, playing in three games and scoring 1 try, 7 conversions, 5 penalties and 1 drop goal, in an aggregate of 37 points.

In 1983, he toured New Zealand with the British and Irish Lions and at the time played club rugby for Dolphin RFC. His uncle, Tom Kiernan, was also an Irish and rugby union international and Lions player, as was his maternal uncle Mick Lane.
Khorasani Turks
Khorasani Turks (Persian: ترک‌های خراسان; Khorasani Turkic: خوراسان تؤرکلری) are a Turkic ethnic group inhabiting part of North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan and Golestan provinces of Iran, as well as in the neighboring regions of Turkmenistan up to beyond the Amu Darya River and speak Khorasani Turkic. Some can also speak Kurdish due to intermarriages with Khorasani Kurds, and they can also speak Persian as it is the lingua franca of Iran.

The Khorasani Turks are not to be confused with other Turkic groups which have arrived in Khorasan more recently, especially Iranian Azerbaijanis, who had a presence in the area, especially in Mashhad, from about the early 20th century.

North Khorasan province
North Khorasan province (Persian: استان خراسان شمالی) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, located in the northeast of the country. Its capital is the city of Bojnord.

North Khorasan is one of the three provinces created after the division of Khorasan in 2004. Khorasan was the largest province of Iran until it was divided into three provinces on 29 September 2004. The provinces approved by the parliament of Iran (on 18 May 2004) and the Council of Guardians (on 29 May 2004) were Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan, and South Khorasan. In 2014, it was placed in Region 5.
Dai Jinhua
Dai Jinhua (Chinese: 戴锦华) is a Chinese feminist cultural critic. She is a professor in the Institute of Comparative Literature and Culture, Peking University. Her research interests include popular culture, film studies, and gender studies.

She taught at the Beijing Film Academy before assuming professorship at the Institute of Comparative Literature and Culture and directorship of the Center for Film and Cultural Studies at Peking University. She has long been engaged in the New Rural Reconstruction Movement and the Green movement. She is the author of more than ten scholarly monographs. Her works have been translated into English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Japanese, and Korean. Her literary, film and TV commentary have addressed an expanding audience in China, Taiwan and Hong Kong over the last decades.

New Rural Reconstruction Movement
New Rural Reconstruction (NRR, Chinese: 新乡村建设; pinyin: Xīn xiāngcūn jiànshè) is an intellectual current and social movement initiated by Wen Tiejun and other activists to address the crisis they saw in the Chinese countryside at the start of the 21st century. In 2009, at its core there were several NGOs and academic institutions, dozens of rural cooperatives and associations, and hundreds of participants (including academics, social workers, student volunteers, and grassroots activists). More broadly, the ideas and spirit of NRR have influenced a growing movement of rural experimentation, including many activists who do not use the term "NRR".
Idnibba
Idnibba (Arabic: إدنبّة) was a Palestinian village, located at latitude 31.7426937N and longitude 34.8561001,E in the southern part of the Ramle Subdistrict. It was depopulated in 1948, at which time its population was 568, and its lands are now used by Kfar Menahem.

Ramle Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine
The Ramle Subdistrict was  one of the subdistricts of Mandatory Palestine. It was part of Lydda District of the British Mandate of Palestine. The sub-district's main city was Ramle. Its total population in 1944 was estimated at 123,490, of which 88,560 were Muslims; 29,420 were Jews; and 5,500 were Christians. A number of Palestinian Arab villages in the subdistrict were ethnically cleansed during the Nakba, both by Zionist forces prior to the Israeli declaration of independence and after by Israeli forces. Following the war the area that had made up Ramla Subdistrict became a part of Israel's Central District, being mostly subdivided between a newly created Ramla Subdistrict and Rehovot Subdistrict.
Tenmile Creek (Wisconsin River tributary)
Tenmile Creek is a stream in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It is a tributary to the Wisconsin River.

Tenmile Creek was so named for its distance, ten miles (16 km) from the original Grand Rapids townsite. The name sometimes is spelled out "Ten Mile Creek".

Wisconsin River
The Wisconsin River is the longest river in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, at approximately 430 miles (692 km) long. As a tributary of the Mississippi River, it is part of the Mississippi River System. The river's name was first recorded in 1673 by Jacques Marquette as "Meskousing" from his Indian guides - most likely Miami for "river running through a red place."

The river has been used for transportation, hunting, and fishing since prehistoric times. In the lumber industry, loggers used the upper reaches of the river and its tributaries to drive logs to their sawmills and the lower reaches to float rafts of sawn boards to markets as near as Portage and as far as St. Louis. Today, it is source of energy and tourism: dams along the river generate hydroelectric power, and people fish, boat, water-ski and sight-see on the river. It is home to many species of fish and other wildlife.
Members of the South Australian House of Assembly, 1962–1965
This is a list of members of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1962 to 1965, as elected at the 1962 state election:

1  The Labor member for Mount Gambier, Ron Ralston, died on 30 October 1962. Labor candidate Allan Burdon won the resulting by-election on 15 December 1962.

2  The LCL member for Yorke Peninsula, Sir Cecil Hincks, died on 1 January 1963. LCL candidate James Ferguson won the resulting by-election on 9 February 1963.

3  The LCL member for Stirling, William Jenkins, died on 30 August 1963. LCL candidate William McAnaney won the resulting by-election on 28 September 1963.

4  The Labor member for Semaphore, Harold Tapping, died on 6 September 1964. Labor candidate Reg Hurst won the resulting by-election on 3 October 1964.

5  The member for Burra, Percy Quirke, was elected as an independent in 1962, but joined the LCL and entered the ministry in 1963.

James Ferguson (Australian politician)
James Rankin Ferguson (3 January 1908 – 20 November 1975) was an Australian politician who represented the South Australian House of Assembly seats of Goyder from 1970 to 1973 and Yorke Peninsula from 1963 to 1970 for the Liberal and Country League.
Additive synthesis
Additive synthesis is a sound synthesis technique that creates timbre by adding sine waves together.

The timbre of musical instruments can be considered in the light of Fourier theory to consist of multiple harmonic or inharmonic partials or overtones. Each partial is a sine wave of different frequency and amplitude that swells and decays over time due to modulation from an ADSR envelope or low frequency oscillator.

Additive synthesis most directly generates sound by adding the output of multiple sine wave generators. Alternative implementations may use pre-computed wavetables or the inverse fast Fourier transform.

Sine wave
A sine wave, sinusoidal wave, or sinusoid (symbol: ∿) is a periodic wave whose waveform (shape) is the trigonometric sine function. In mechanics, as a linear motion over time, this is simple harmonic motion; as rotation, it corresponds to uniform circular motion. Sine waves occur often in physics, including wind waves, sound waves, and light waves, such as monochromatic radiation. In engineering, signal processing, and mathematics, Fourier analysis decomposes general functions into a sum of sine waves of various frequencies, relative phases, and magnitudes.

When any two sine waves of the same frequency (but arbitrary phase) are linearly combined, the result is another sine wave of the same frequency; this property is unique among periodic waves. Conversely, if some phase is chosen as a zero reference, a sine wave of arbitrary phase can be written as the linear combination of two sine waves with phases of zero and a quarter cycle, the sine and cosine components, respectively.
2014 Newcastle state by-election
The 2014 Newcastle state by-election was held 25 October 2014 to elect the member for Newcastle in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. The by-election was triggered by the resignation of Liberal-turned-independent MP Tim Owen, who won the seat at the 2011 election with a 36.7 percent primary and 52.6 percent two-party-preferred vote.

The previous New South Wales by-election had seen a 26-point two-party-preferred swing to Labor.

Antony Green
Antony John Green AO FASSA (born 2 March 1960) is an Australian psephologist, data scientist, journalist, and commentator. He was chief election analyst for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) until his retirement from the role after the federal election in May 2025. He continues to work part-time for the ABC in an off-air capacity.
The Dogs and the Lion's Skin
The Dogs and the Lion's Skin is a fable ascribed to Aesop and is numbered 406 in the Perry Index. However, it is only found in a mediaeval Greek manuscript claiming to be a translation from the Syriac (Syntipas, Fable 19). The story relates how some dogs, finding the skin of a lion, began to tear it to pieces. Seeing them, a passing fox remarked, "If this lion were alive, you would soon find out that his claws were stronger than your teeth."

The moral in the original commented that "the fable is for people who attack a man of renown when he has fallen from his position of power and glory". When the fable was retranslated by George Fyler Townsend in 1867, he shortened this to the statement generally connected with it now, "It is easy to kick a man that is down". In her collection of the fables, Laura Gibbs compares the moral with the Biblical proverb "A living dog is better than a dead lion" (Ecclesiastes 9:4).

Syntipas
Syntipas is the purported author of the Seven Wise Masters, a cycle of stories of Indian and Persian origin popular in medieval literature. He first appears in Arabic renditions as an Indian philosopher who lived around 100 BC.

Due to the popularity of Seven Wise Masters, he was also credited with a collection of Greek-derived fables in medieval times.
Prionoderita
Prionoderita is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is known from Bolivia, and contains only one species, Prionoderita nixa. The genus is named for its resemblance to Prionodera; the Spanish diminutive suffix -ita refers to the small size of P. nixa, which has a length of 6.5 mm.

Eumolpinae
The Eumolpinae are a subfamily of the leaf beetles, or Chrysomelidae. It is one of the largest subfamilies of leaf beetles, including more than 500 genera and 7000 species. They are oval, and convex in form, and measure up to 10 mm in size. Typical coloration for this subfamily of beetles ranges from bright yellow to dark red. Many species are iridescent or brilliantly metallic blue or green in appearance.
Zamorano Club
The Zamorano Club is a bibliographic and manuscript collecting society in Los Angeles, California. It is the oldest organization of its type in Southern California. It was founded on January 25, 1928. It was named after Agustín V. Zamorano who brought the first printing press to California. The club hosts lectures and publishes books.

Lawyer William W. Clary, publisher W. Irving Way, and illustrator Garner A. Beckett were members. Women were not allowed to be members of the Club until 1990.

The archives of the Zamarano Club are held in the collections of the University of Southern California's Special Collections, Newberry Library, the Claremont Colleges, Occidental College, and the University of California at Los Angeles' Clark Memorial Library.

Bibliography
Bibliography (from Ancient Greek: βιβλίον, romanized: biblion, lit. 'book' and -γραφία, -graphía, 'writing'), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from Ancient Greek: -λογία, romanized: -logía). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is "the study of books as physical objects" and "the systematic description of books as objects" (or descriptive bibliography).
Dermal Fort
Dermal Fort  (Marathi: डेरमाळ किल्ला, Hindi: डेरमाल क़िला, transliteration: Dermal Qilа̄)is a fort located 125 mi (201 km) from Nashik, in the Nashik district of Maharashtra, India. Though this fort is an important fort in Nashik district, it is less visited by trekkers. In Satana taluka, there are four forts in a line on the Galna hill range, the Pisola fort, Dermal fort, Kankrala fort and Galna fort. This fort is easy to climb but requires two hour to reach the fort. There are very few remains of old buildings on the fort.

Nashik district
Nashik district, formerly known as Nasik district, is a district in Maharashtra, India. The city of Nashik is the administrative headquarters of the district. Nashik is well known for the production of wine. Nashik is also known as Mini Maharashtra, because the climate and soil conditions of Surgana, Peth, Igatpuri resembles with Konkan. Niphad, Sinnar, Dindori, Baglan blocks are like Western Maharashtra and Yeola, Nandgaon, Chandwad blocks are like Vidarbha Region. Nashik is the biggest city in the district while Malegaon is the second biggest city. Manmad, Igatpuri, and Sinnar are some of the big cities situated in the Nashik District. Manmad is one of the biggest railway junctions in India while the city of Malegaon is famous for its powerloom.
1973–74 1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga season
The 1973–74 1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga season was the 5th season of the 1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga, the second level of ice hockey in Czechoslovakia alongside the 1. Česká národní hokejová liga. 12 teams participated in the league, and ŠK Liptovský Mikuláš won the championship. TJ AC Nitra relegated and TJ Slovan CHZJD Bratislava B ceased its activities and disappeared.

HC Slovan Bratislava
Hockey Club Slovan Bratislava (Slovak: Hokejový klub Slovan Bratislava) is a professional ice hockey club based in Bratislava, Slovakia. In 2012, it left the Slovak Extraliga and joined the international Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). In 2019, it returned to the Tipos Extraliga. The club has won nine Slovak championships (most recently in 2022), one Czechoslovak championship (1979) and one IIHF Continental Cup (2004), making it the second most successful hockey club in Slovak history after their biggest rival HC Košice. The team plays its home games at Ondrej Nepela Arena, also known as Slovnaft Arena. The team is nicknamed Belasí, which means the "sky blues" in English.
Whalley, Lancashire
Whalley /ˈhwɔːli/ is a village and civil parish in the Ribble Valley on the banks of the River Calder in Lancashire, England. It is overlooked by Whalley Nab, a large wooded hill over the river from the village. The population of the civil parish was 2,645 at the census of 2001, and increased to 3,629 at the census of 2011.

The main road through Whalley is King Street, which leads through to Clitheroe Road. Neighbouring Whalley are the small villages of Wiswell, Billington, Barrow, and Read. Close by is Downham village and Pendle Hill which was made famous in William Harrison Ainsworth's book The Lancashire Witches.

Pendle Hill
Pendle Hill is in the east of Lancashire, England, near the towns of Burnley, Nelson, Colne, Brierfield, Clitheroe and Padiham. Its summit is 557 metres (1,827 ft) above mean sea level. It gives its name to the Borough of Pendle. It is an isolated hill in the Pennines, separated from the South Pennines to the east, the Bowland Fells to the northwest, and the West Pennine Moors to the south. It is included in a detached part of the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
Sherif Ekramy
Sherif Ekramy Ahmed Ahmed El-Shahat (Arabic: شَرِيف إِكْرَامِيّ أَحْمَد أَحْمَد الشَّحَّات; born 10 July 1983) is an Egyptian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Pyramids FC. He has also played for the Egypt national team.

An Al Ahly youth product, Ekramy moved to Dutch club Feyenoord in 2005. At Feyenoord he received little playing time and was loaned to Ankaragücü in 2008. After four years at Feyenoord he returned to Egypt signing with El Gouna FC, whom he helped win promotion to the top flight for the 2009–10 season. He returned to Al Ahly in 2010, where he stayed for ten years. In 2020, he joined Pyramids FC.

Ekramy participated in two successive World Youth cups, the 2001 in Argentina, where he was part of the bronze-medal team, and the 2003 instalment in the United Arab Emirates. He is the son of Ekramy El-Shahat.

2007–08 KNVB Cup
The 2007–08 KNVB Cup was the 90th edition of the Dutch national football annua; knockout tournament for the KNVB Cup. 87 teams contested, beginning on 25 August 2007 and ending at the final on 27 April 2008 at Feijenoord Stadion, in Rotterdam.

Ajax unsuccessfully defended its 2007 title, losing in the round of 16 on 16 January 2008 to NAC Breda. Feyenoord successfully pursued its 11th cup title, defeating Roda JC 2–0, and qualified for the 2008–09 UEFA Cup.
Muskegon County, Michigan
Muskegon County (/məˈskiːɡən/ mə-SKEE-gən) is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of 2020, the population was 175,824. The county seat is Muskegon.

Muskegon County comprises the Muskegon, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the larger Grand Rapids-Kentwood-Muskegon, MI Combined Statistical Area.

Kentwood, Michigan
Kentwood is a city in Kent County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 54,304 as of the 2020 census. The city is bordered on the northwest by Grand Rapids and is the third most-populated municipality in the Grand Rapids metropolitan area.