hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1820s
The 1820s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1820, and ended on December 31, 1829.

It saw the rise of the First Industrial Revolution. Photography, rail transport, and the textile industry were among those that largely developed and grew prominent over the decade, as technology advanced significantly. European colonialism began gaining ground in Africa and Asia, and trade with the Qing Dynasty began to open up more towards foreign traders, particularly those from Europe. As European imperialism gained momentum, opposition from affected/exploited societies resulted, with wars such as the Java War and the Greek War of Independence. Resistance in the form of separatism and nationalism (particularly in the Spanish American wars of independence) led to the independence of many countries around the world, such as Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia.

Rama II
Phutthaloetla Naphalai (born Chim; 24 February 1767 or 1768 – 21 July 1824), also known by his regnal name Rama II, was the second King of Siam from the Chakri dynasty, ruling from 1809 to 1824. In 1809, as Prince Itsarasunthon, he succeeded his father Rama I, the founder of the Chakri dynasty, to become Loetlanaphalai, King of Siam. His reign was largely peaceful, devoid of major conflicts. His reign was known as the "Golden Age of Rattanakosin Literature" as Loetlanaphalai was patron to a number of poets in his court, and the King himself was a renowned poet and artist. The most notable poet in his employ was the illustrious Sunthorn Phu, the author of Phra Aphai Mani. The rapid growth of the number of his descendants was outstanding: he is believed to have had over 240 grandchildren.
Morelia spilota spilota
Morelia spilota spilota is a subspecies of carpet python (Morelia spilota), popularly known as the diamond python. It is a medium to large snake, found in coastal areas and adjacent ranges of south-eastern Australia. It is the most southerly occurring python in the world and is found at higher altitudes than any other species of Australian python.

Bernard Germain de Lacépède
Bernard-Germain-Étienne de La Ville-sur-Illon, comte de Lacépède or La Cépède (French: [bɛʁnaʁ ʒɛʁmɛ̃ etjɛn də la vil syʁ‿ijɔ̃ də lasepɛd]; 26 December 1756 – 6 October 1825) was a French naturalist and an active freemason. He is known for his contribution to the Comte de Buffon's great work, the Histoire Naturelle.
2024–25 Macedonian Football Cup
The 2024–25 Macedonian Football Cup was the 33rd season of North Macedonia's football knockout competition. Tikvesh were the defending champions, having won their first cup in the previous year.

Vardar won the cup on 21 May 2025 (their sixth Macedonian Football Cup win), defeating Struga 2–1 in the final.

2023–24 Macedonian Football Cup
The 2023–24 Macedonian Football Cup was the 32nd season of North Macedonia's football knockout competition. The winners qualified for the 2024–25 Conference League first qualifying round.

Tikvesh won the cup on 22 May 2024 (their first Macedonian Football Cup win), defeating Voska Sport 2–1 in the final.
Roots of the Cuban Missile Crisis
Roots of the Cuban Missile Crisis is a 48-minute 2001 Cold War documentary by New Line Home Video with "film footage from the era [and] newly created interviews covering U.S./Soviet relations from post-WWII Europe through the end of the crisis". The documentary is a "Beyond the Movie feature" on the infinifilm DVD for the movie Thirteen Days and synthesizes archival footage and still photography, interviews, Trinity and Beyond documentary scenes, and Thirteen Days movie scenes and sequences (many with archival footage).

Topics regarding the crisis' roots covered by the film include the 1938 Munich Agreement, Yalta Conference, British withdrawal from Greece & Turkey, Berlin Airlift, Bomber Gap, Kennedy-Nixon Debate, Cuban Revolution, Missile Gap, Bay of Pigs Invasion, and Crateology. The last third of the film covers events of the crisis (e.g., Operation Ortsac, EXCOMM, Kennedy Presidential recordings) and includes film dramatized scenes from Thirteen Days.

Trinity and Beyond
Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie is a 1995 American documentary film directed by Peter Kuran and narrated by William Shatner.

Using restored archive footage, the film traces the development of nuclear weapons and their testing, from  America's Trinity test of 1945 (hence the title) to the first Chinese atomic bomb test in 1964. Kuran's commentary on the DVD version claims that the DVD replaces some of the original footage with better-quality versions. There are some short special effects sequences too. The film has also since been released on Blu-ray.
Geeta Kashyap Vemuganti
Geeta Kashyap Vemuganti (born 1 July 1960) is an Indian ocular pathologist and the head of the department at the Ophthalmic Pathology Service and Stem Cell Laboratory of the L. V. Prasad Eye Institute (LVPEI). She is also a dean and professor at the school of medical sciences of the University of Hyderabad.

Vemuganti is reported to have done pioneering work in stem cell therapy and was a member of the team led by V. S. Sangwan that developed a protocol for transplanting cultured stem cells for restoring vision in humans. She is an elected fellow of the National Academy of Medical Sciences and a recipient of the 2005 Chem Tech Foundation Award. The Department of Biotechnology of the Government of India awarded her the National Bioscience Award for Career Development, one of the highest Indian science awards, for her contributions to biosciences in 2004.

V. S. Sangwan
Virender Singh Sangwan (born 22 August 1964) is an Indian ophthalmologist and the Dr. Paul Dubord Chair professor and director of the L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad. Known for his research on limbal stem cells, Sangwan is the founder secretary and an adviser of the Uveitis Society of India. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Medical Sciences in 2006.
Werner Catel
Werner Catel (27 June 1894 – 30 April 1981), Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Leipzig,  was one of three doctors considered an expert on the programme of euthanasia for children and participated in the Action T4 "euthanasia" programme for the Nazis, the other two being Hans Heinze and Ernst Wentzler.

Karl Binding
Karl Ludwig Lorenz Binding (4 June 1841 – 7 April 1920) was a German jurist known as a promoter of the theory of retributive justice. His influential book, Die Freigabe der Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens ("Allowing the Destruction of Life Unworthy of Living"), written together with the psychiatrist Alfred Hoche, was used by the Nazis to justify their Aktion T4 euthanasia program.
Swaminarayan Gurukul
Shree Swaminarayan Gurukul Rajkot Sansthan, commonly known as Rajkot Gurukul or Swaminarayan Gurukul, is a Hindu religious and educational organization with headquarters in Rajkot, Gujarat. The organization is within the Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi of the Swaminarayan Sampraday.

The goal of the organization is to spread the Sadvidya (true education) that was championed by Bhagwan Swaminarayan. The organization also aims to teach Indian cultural heritage through branches around the world. Its major branches in India include Rajkot, Junagadh, Surat, Poicha (Nilkanthdham), Hyderabad, Taravada, Bangalore, Gulbarga, Ahmedabad, Bidar, Jadcherla, Mysore, Nagpur, NTPC Lara, Navi Mumbai, Secunderabad, Raipur, Solapur, Suryapet, Vidyanagar, Vijayawada. Its international branches include Dallas, Paramus (New Jersey), Corona, CA and Atlanta, all in the United States.

Rajkot
Rajkot (Hindi: [ˈraːdʒkoːʈ] ⓘ) is the fourth-largest city in the western Indian state of Gujarat, after Ahmedabad, Surat, and Vadodara. It is in the centre of the Saurashtra region of Gujarat. Rajkot is the 35th-largest metropolitan area in India, with a population of more than 2 million as of 2021. Rajkot is the 6th cleanest city of India, and it is the 22nd fastest-growing city in the world as of March  2021. It is located on the banks of the Aji and Nyari rivers. Rajkot was the capital of the Saurashtra State from 15 April 1948 to 31 October 1956, before its merger with Bombay State on 1 November 1956. Rajkot was reincorporated into Gujarat State on 1 May 1960.
Basil Kiiza Bataringaya
Basil Kiiza Bataringaya (1927 – 18 September 1972) was a Ugandan politician and statesman who served as the interior minister of Uganda from 1964 to 1971. He was the Leader of the Opposition at the beginning of the Milton Obote's government, but changed parties and was appointed to the powerful role of Minister of Internal Affairs by Obote. He was imprisoned, tortured, and was one of the first political prisoners to be executed by Idi Amin's regime.

Protectorate of Uganda
The Protectorate of Uganda was a protectorate of the British Empire from 1894 to 1962. In 1893 the Imperial British East Africa Company transferred its administration rights of territory consisting mainly of the Kingdom of Buganda to the British government.

In 1894 the Uganda Protectorate was established, and the territory was extended beyond the borders of Buganda to an area that roughly corresponds to that of present-day Uganda.
USS Elusive (AM-225)
USS Elusive (AM-225) was an Admirable-class minesweeper built for the United States Navy during World War II. She earned two battle stars in service in the Pacific during World War II. In May 1946, she was turned over to the Republic of China for service with the Chinese Maritime Customs Service as Yung Kang. She was removed from service in January 1962.

Admirable-class minesweeper
The Admirable class was one of the largest and most successful classes of minesweepers ordered by the United States Navy during World War II.  Typically, minesweepers detected and removed naval mines before the rest of the fleet arrived, thereby ensuring safe passage for the larger ships. They were also charged with anti-submarine warfare (ASW) duties with rear-mounted depth charge racks and a forward-firing Hedgehog antisubmarine mortar.  Their job was essential to the safety and success of U.S. naval operations during World War II and the Korean War. These minesweepers were also employed as patrol vessel and convoy escorts. The only remaining ship of this class is located at Freedom Park, Omaha, NE.

The PCE-842-class of patrol craft escorts was based on the Admirable-class design.
Dorado Needle
Dorado Needle is an 8,440+ ft (2,570+ m) mountain summit located in North Cascades National Park in Skagit County of Washington state. The peak lies 0.73 miles north of Eldorado Peak and 1.33 mi (2.14 km) southeast of Perdition Peak. It can be seen from  the North Cascades Highway west of Marblemount at a road pullout along the Skagit River. The first ascent of the peak was made in July 1940 by Lloyd Anderson, Karl Boyer, and Tom Gorton via the Northwest Ridge. Precipitation runoff and glacier meltwater from the mountain drains into tributaries of the Skagit River.

Yosemite Decimal System
The Yosemite Decimal System (YDS) is a five-part grading system used for rating the difficulty of rock climbing routes in the United States and Canada. It was first devised by members of the Sierra Club in Southern California in the 1950s as a refinement of earlier systems from the 1930s, and quickly spread throughout North America.
Drapchi (film)
Drapchi (a.k.a. The Nightingale of Tibet)  is a 2013 Tibetan-language Film directed by Arvind Iyer and stars acclaimed Tibetan singer Namgyal Lhamo in the lead role as Yiga Gyalnang. The film is a musical drama set against the backdrop of Tibet and Nepal and based on a true story. Drapchi has screened at the Manneim-Heidelberg, Cairo International, Warsaw International, Kerala International and Rome Independent Film Festival.

The international release title of the film has since changed to The Nightingale of Tibet after the film acquired for Worldwide Sales by Los Angeles-based House of Film.

Tibetan-language film
A Tibetan-language film is a motion picture where the Tibetan language is spoken significantly.  Some Tibetan language films include "Tharlo" and Old Dog, directed by Pema Tseden, China's first director to make films entirely in the Tibetan language, Pawo (2016), directed by Marvin Litwak, and "River"(2015), by Sonthar Gyal
Riz à l'impératrice
Riz à l'impératrice (pronounced [ʁi a lɛ̃.pe.ʁa.tʁis]) is an elaborate molded version of rice pudding in French haute cuisine. Rice pudding is mixed with Bavarian cream, set in a charlotte mold, turned out and then decorated with candied fruits macerated in alcohol such as kirsch or maraschino.

The dessert is said to have been named in honor of the Empress Eugénie de Montijo, Empress of France from 1853 to 1870.

Marcel Proust refers to the dish in the first volume of In Search of Lost Time.

Bavarian cream
Bavarian cream, crème bavaroise or simply bavarois is a French dessert consisting of an egg-based cooked custard (milk thickened with eggs) and gelatin or isinglass, into which whipped cream is folded. The mixture sets up in a cold mold and is unmolded for serving. Earlier versions, sometimes called fromage bavarois, did not include eggs or any actual cheese. One recipe using isinglass also calls for crumbled amaretto cookies, chocolate and other flavorings.  One contemporary French recipe for "bavarois" is a savory preparation with a neufchâtel-type cheese and leeks, and is not a sweet dessert.
BUT 9612T
The BUT 9612T was a two-axle double deck trolleybus chassis manufactured by British United Traction in 1955/56. A total of 70 were manufactured by Crossley Motors' Stockport factory; 62 for Manchester and eight for Ashton.

Trolleybus
A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tram (in the 1910s and 1920s), road tram or simply trolley) is an electric bus that draws power from dual overhead lines (generally suspended from roadside posts) using spring-loaded or pneumatically raised trolley poles. Two wires, and two trolley poles, are required to complete the electrical circuit. This differs from a tram or streetcar, which normally uses the track as the return path, needing only one wire and one pole (or pantograph). They are also distinct from other kinds of electric buses, which usually rely on batteries. Power is most commonly supplied as 600-volt direct current in older systems and 750-volts in newer systems, but there are exceptions.

Currently, around 300 trolleybus systems are in operation, in cities and towns in 43 countries. Altogether, more than 800 trolleybus systems have existed, but not more than about 400 concurrently.
McIver's Cabin
McIver's Cabin is a popular destination for off-road enthusiasts and serves as a shelter for hikers of the Pacific Crest Trail (PCT). It is located at about 6690 ft.  near the Kiavah Wilderness, in the Scodie Mountains area of the Sequoia National Forest near the PCT and at the end of the McIver 4X4 road part of forest service road 27S11.  It was purchased in 1938 by Murdo George McIver and moved from Sand Canyon, where it was used in building the Los Angeles Aqueduct, to its present location. Miner McIver chose the location due to its proximity to his mining claim and a source of natural spring water, later named McIver's Spring.  McIver was born January 5, 1893, in Hoople, North Dakota, and died May 11, 1981, in Bakersfield, California.

Sequoia National Forest
Sequoia National Forest is a U.S. national forest located in the southern Sierra Nevada mountains of California. It is named for the majestic Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) trees which populate 38 distinct groves within its boundaries.

The Giant Sequoia National Monument is located in the national forest. Other notable features include glacier-carved landscapes and impressive granite monoliths. The Needles are a series of granite spires atop a narrow ridge above the Kern River. Forest Service headquarters are located in Porterville, California. There are local ranger district offices in Dunlap, Kernville, Lake Isabella, and Springville.
Bossnapping
Bossnapping is a form of labor protest in France in which employees detain managers or executives, often in a labor dispute. The practice gained international attention after a series of bossnapping incidents in 2009 and 2010, when workers held executives of companies including Caterpillar, Sony, and 3M, as hostages to demand better severance packages.

These incidents resulted in a public call for an end to the practice by French President Nicolas Sarkozy, despite public opinion polling which showed widespread sympathy for the protesters.

Labor dispute
A labor dispute is a disagreement between an employer and employees regarding the terms of employment. This could include disputes regarding conditions of employment, fringe benefits, hours of work, tenure, and wages to be negotiated during collective bargaining, imposed through interest arbitration, or the implementation of already agreed upon terms. It could further concern the association or representation of those who negotiate or seek to negotiate the terms or conditions of employment.
Wyandotte County, Kansas
Wyandotte County (/ˈwaɪ.əndɒt/) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas.  Its county seat and most populous city is Kansas City, with which it shares a unified government.  As of the 2020 census, the population was 169,245, making it Kansas's fourth-most populous county.  The county was named after the Wyandot tribe.

University of Kansas Medical Center
The University of Kansas Medical Center, commonly referred to as KU Med or KUMC, is a medical campus for the University of Kansas. KU Med houses the university's schools of medicine, nursing, and health professions, with the primary health science campus in Kansas City, Kansas. Other campuses are located in Wichita and Salina, Kansas, and is connected with The University of Kansas Health System.

KU Med has its own police force, the University of Kansas Medical Center Police Department. The police force is accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies.
Trader (finance)
A trader is a person, firm, or entity in finance who buys and sells financial instruments, such as forex, cryptocurrencies, stocks, bonds, commodities, derivatives, and mutual funds, indices in the capacity of agent, hedger, arbitrager, or speculator.

Financial instrument
A financial instrument is a monetary contract between parties. They can be created, traded, modified and settled. They can be cash (currency), evidence of an ownership, interest in an entity or a contractual right to receive or deliver in the form of currency (forex); debt (bonds, loans); equity (shares); or  derivatives (options, futures, forwards).

International Accounting Standards IAS 32 and 39 define a financial instrument as "any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity".

Financial instruments may be categorized by "asset class" depending on whether they are foreign exchange-based (reflecting foreign exchange instruments and transactions), equity-based (reflecting ownership of the issuing entity) or debt-based (reflecting a loan the investor has made to the issuing entity). If the instrument is debt it can be further categorized into short-term (less than one year) or long-term.
Grigorovich DI-3
The Grigorovich DI-3 (Russian: Григорович ДИ-3), (Dvukhmyestnyi Istrebitel - two-seat fighter), was a prototype two-seat fighter developed in the Soviet Union in the 1930s. It was intended to be a long-range escort fighter developed from the DI-2 with improved range and performance comparable to single-seat fighter aircraft of the time. DI-3 was a single-bay biplane of mixed construction with a twin-rudder tailplane of variable incidence.

Although initial tests demonstrated flight characteristics comparable to Polikarpov I-5, the addition of armament and operational equipment caused significant degradation in performance and DI-3 did not enter mass production. The prototype was subsequently fitted with an enclosed cockpit and used as a VIP transport.

Polikarpov I-5
The Polikarpov I-5 was a single-seat biplane which became the primary Soviet fighter between its introduction in 1931 through 1936, after which it became the standard advanced trainer. Following Operation Barbarossa, which destroyed much of the Soviet Air Forces (VVS), surviving I-5s were equipped with four machine guns and bomb racks and pressed into service as light ground-attack aircraft and night bombers in 1941. They were retired in early 1942 as Soviet aircraft production began to recover and modern ground-attack aircraft like the Ilyushin Il-2 became available. A total of 803 were built (including 3 prototypes).
Nevzat Ayaz
Nevzat Ayaz (5 October 1930 – 3 December 2020) was a Turkish civil servant and True Path Party politician. He was governor of Istanbul Province from 1979 to 1988. He was elected to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in 1991, and was Minister of National Defense (1991–1993) and Minister of Education (1993–1995).

Ayaz featured in Mehmet Eymür's controversial 1987 MIT Report that wrote about high-ranking civil servants and politicians such as Ayaz, Ünal Erkan and Mehmet Ağar, alleging connections with the Turkish mafia.

Ayaz died on 3 December 2020, at the age of 90.

Governor of Istanbul
The governor of Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul Valiliği) is the civil service state official responsible for both national government and state affairs in the Province of Istanbul. Similar to the governors of the 80 other provinces of Turkey, the governor of Istanbul is appointed by the Government of Turkey and is responsible for the implementation of government legislation within Istanbul. The governor is also the most senior commander of both the Istanbul provincial police force and the Istanbul Gendarmerie.
Defence Nuclear Material Transport Operations
Defence Nuclear Material Transport Operations is the movement of military Defence Nuclear Materials (DNM) within, to and from the United Kingdom. Defence Nuclear Material Transport Operations are also known as DNM Transportation; Defence Nuclear Material in transit; Nuclear movements; and DNM movements.

The Special Escort Group of the Ministry of Defence Police, SEG (MDP), escort the nuclear materials and remain on standby during their transit. Immediate Response Forces (IRF) are embedded within the road and rail transports, and on standby with air transports.

Defence Nuclear Materials are moved using the following transport means:

Trident nuclear weapons, special nuclear material (SNM) and new submarine reactor fuel are transported by road.

Used reactor fuel from Royal Navy submarines is transported by rail (and may involve a short road journey to the railhead).

Special nuclear material is also moved by air, as are US nuclear weapons.

RNAD Coulport
Royal Naval Armaments Depot Coulport, shortened to RNAD Coulport, on Loch Long in Argyll, Scotland, is the storage and loading facility for the nuclear warheads of the United Kingdom's Trident programme.

The base, near the village of Coulport, has up to 16 reinforced concrete bunkers built into the hillside on the eastern shore of Loch Long. It is the last depot in Britain to retain the "RNAD" designation, indicating a Royal Naval Armaments Depot.

The depot was established during the Cold War as the storage, maintenance and loading facility for Polaris nuclear weapons. Today, Coulport is mainly used for handling Trident warheads.

Two docks are located on the shoreline at the foot of the hill. There, weapons are loaded onto Vanguard-class nuclear submarines before they go on patrol and unloaded before they return to base at nearby Faslane. An older jetty is known as the Polaris Jetty, while the newer, covered explosive handling jetty (EHJ) is used for handling Trident warheads.