hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bredolab botnet
The Bredolab botnet, also known by its alias Oficla, was a Russian botnet mostly involved in viral e-mail spam. Before the botnet was eventually dismantled in November 2010 through the seizure of its command and control servers, it was estimated to consist of millions of zombie computers.

The countries most affected by the botnet were Russia itself, Uzbekistan, the US, Europe, India, Vietnam and the Philippines.

Zombie (computing)
In computing, a zombie is a computer connected to the Internet that has been compromised by a hacker via a computer virus, computer worm, or trojan horse program and can be used to  perform malicious tasks under the remote direction of the hacker. Zombie computers often coordinate together in a botnet controlled by the hacker, and are used for activities such as spreading e-mail spam and launching distributed denial-of-service attacks (DDoS attacks) against web servers.  Most victims are unaware that their computers have become zombies. The concept is similar to the zombie of Haitian Voodoo folklore, which refers to a corpse resurrected by a sorcerer via magic and enslaved to the sorcerer's commands, having no free will of its own. A coordinated DDoS attack by multiple botnet machines also resembles a "zombie horde attack", as depicted in fictional zombie films.
Yocona Area Council
The Yocona Area Council of Scouting America serves 12 counties in northeast Mississippi including Alcorn, Benton, Itawamba, Lafayette, Lee, Marshall, Prentiss, Pontotoc, Tippah, Tishomingo, Union, and Yalobusha. The council headquarters is in Tupelo, Mississippi.  The Yocona Area Council, supported by 1,100 volunteers, and 130 chartered partners, serves approximately 6,500 youth annually in one of five programs: Boy Scouts, Cub Scouts, Venturing, Learning for Life, and Exploring.

Cub Scouts (Scouting America)
Cub Scouts is a Scouting America program available to children from kindergarten through fifth grade (or 5 to 10 years of age) and their families. Its membership is the largest of the five main Scouting America divisions (Cub Scouting, Scouts BSA, Venturing, Exploring and Sea Scouting). Cub Scouts is part of the worldwide Scouting movement and aims to promote character development, citizenship training, personal fitness, and leadership. Cub Scouts are organized into local packs where they complete requirements to advance in rank as well as engage in pack events such as the Pinewood Derby.
2012 Rally de Portugal
The 2012 Rally de Portugal was the fourth round of the 2012 World Rally Championship season and was based in Faro, Portugal. It started with a street stage in Lisbon on 29 March and concluded on 1 April after twenty-two special stages, totalling 434 competitive kilometres.

2012 Monte Carlo Rally
The 2012 Monte Carlo Rally, officially 80ème Rallye Automobile de Monte-Carlo was the first round of the 2012 World Rally Championship (WRC) season. The rally took place between 18 and 22 January 2012.
Dar El Salam
Dar el-Salam (Arabic: دار السلام, lit. 'abode of peace') is a small Upper Egyptian city near Akhmim. It is located on the east bank of the Nile, in the Sohag Governorate.

The city used to be two separate villages – Naga el Daba (Arabic: نجع الدابة) and El Galaila (Arabic: الجلايلة).

Akhmim
Akhmim (Arabic: أخميم, pronounced [ʔæxˈmiːm]; Akhmimic Coptic: ⳉⲙⲓⲙ, Coptic pronunciation: [xmiːm]; Sahidic/Bohairic Coptic: ϣⲙⲓⲛ Coptic pronunciation: [ʃmiːn]) is a city in the Sohag Governorate of Upper Egypt. Referred to by the ancient Greeks as Khemmis or Chemmis (Ancient Greek: Χέμμις) and Panopolis (Ancient Greek: Πανὸς πόλις and Πανόπολις), it is located on the east bank of the Nile, 6 kilometres (4 mi) to the northeast of Sohag.
Salina Turda
Salina Turda (Hungarian: tordai sóbánya) is a salt mine in the Durgău-Valea Sărată area of Turda, the second largest city in Cluj County, northwest Transylvania. Opened for tourists in 1992, the Salina Turda mine was visited by about 618,000 Romanian and foreign tourists in 2017.

Salina Turda was ranked in 2013 by Business Insider as among the "25 hidden gems around the world that are worth the trek".

Halotherapy
Halotherapy (also known as speleotherapy when practiced inside caves) is a form of alternative medicine which makes use of salt. Halotherapy is an unproven treatment that lacks scientific credibility.  Spa owners attribute a wide range of health benefits to halotherapy.

Norman Edelman of the American Lung Association suggests that, for people with obstructive lung diseases, halotherapy might be more than a placebo effect. He speculates that inhaled salt particles might thin out mucus, aiding patients in expelling sputum. However, a recent review of the research supporting halotherapy determined that, out of 151 studies on this topic, only 1 was a well-designed randomized controlled trial that met their inclusion criteria for a meta-analysis.
The Beast in the East
The Beast in the East was a professional wrestling live event produced by the American promotion WWE. It took place on July 4, 2015, at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan in Sumida, Tokyo, Japan. In addition to its live broadcast on the WWE Network streaming service, J Sports also carried the event live in Japan.

Seven matches were contested at the event, with two of the matches shown exclusively on J Sports. The main event saw John Cena and Dolph Ziggler defeat Kane and King Barrett. In other matches, Chris Jericho wrestled his first televised match since Night of Champions in September 2014, defeating Neville, Finn Bálor (in his "Demon" persona) defeated Kevin Owens to win the NXT Championship, and Brock Lesnar, for whom the event was named after, defeated Kofi Kingston.

Lucha Dragons
The Lucha Dragons were a professional wrestling tag team composed of Kalisto and Sin Cara.
They previously wrestled in WWE's developmental territory NXT, where they were one-time NXT Tag Team Champions. Their name is a reference to their lucha libre style of wrestling. They won the NXT Tag Team Championship after defeating then champions The Ascension on September 11, 2014, at NXT TakeOver: Fatal 4-Way.
Too many men
Too many men is a penalty that may be called in various team sports when the team has more players on the field or other playing area than are allowed by the rules.  Penalties vary from one sport to the next.

Penalty box
The penalty box or sin bin (sometimes called the bad box, or simply bin or box) is the area in ice hockey, rugby union, rugby league, roller derby and some other sports where a player sits to serve the time of a given penalty, for an offence not severe enough to merit outright expulsion from the contest. Teams are generally not allowed to replace players who have been sent to the penalty box.
Ranked society
A ranked society in anthropology is one that ranks individuals in terms of their genealogical distance from the chief. Another term for a "ranked society" is a chiefdom. Closer relatives of the chief have higher rank or social status than more distant ones. Societies which follow this kind of structure associate rank with power, where other societies associate wealth with power. When individuals and groups rank about equally, competition for positions of leadership may occur. In some cases rank is assigned to entire villages rather than individuals or families. The idea of a ranked society was criticized by Max Weber and Karl Marx. Ranks in ranked society are the different levels, platforms, or social classes that determine someone’s influence on political aspects, votes, decision making, etc. A person’s ranking also gives them societal power (power within their civilisation).

Tribal chief
A tribal chief, chieftain, or headman is a political leader of a social group commonly described as a tribe, band, or confederation of tribes. Chiefs’ authority varies widely by society and context, and in many cases depends on consensus and customary legitimacy rather than coercive power. In anthropology, terms such as tribe, chief, and chiefdom have been used in comparative models of sociopolitical organization, but the analytic use of tribe has also been widely criticized as imprecise and historically burdened. In some contemporary states, forms of chiefly authority are formally recognized or regulated by constitutions and statutes.
Johann Philipp d'Arco
Johann Philipp d'Arco, Count of Arco (11 May 1652 – 18 February 1704) was a soldier who served  the Habsburg monarchy for 30 years. Because he surrendered the fortress of Breisach after only 13 days, he was sentenced to death and executed. A different general named Arco, Jean Baptist, Comte d'Arco was employed by the Electorate of Bavaria, Austria's enemy in the War of the Spanish Succession.

Jean Baptist, Comte d'Arco
Generalfeldmarschall Jean Baptist, Comte d'Arco (born Johann Baptist; c. 1650 – 21 March 1715) was a German military officer, diplomat nobleman who served in the Bavarian Army and the Imperial Army during the Great Turkish War and the War of the Spanish Succession.
Aichi 7th district
Aichi 7th district (愛知県[第]7区, Aichi-ken-[dai-]nanaku) is a single-member constituency of the House of Representatives, the lower house of the national Diet of Japan. It covers the commuter and industrial towns northeast of Nagoya. The district consists of the cities of Ōbu, Owariasahi, Toyoake, Nisshin, Nagakute and Aichi District. As of 2016, 448,591 eligible voters were registered in the district.

Owariasahi
Owariasahi (尾張旭市, Owariasahi-shi) is a city located in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 October 2019, the city had an estimated population of 81,954 in 35,583 households, and a population density of 3,897 persons per km². The total area of the city is 21.03 square kilometres (8.12 sq mi).
Peripheral vascular examination
A peripheral vascular examination is a medical examination to discover signs of pathology in the peripheral vascular system. It is performed as part of a physical examination, or when a patient presents with leg pain suggestive of a cardiovascular pathology, typically peripheral artery disease.

The exam includes several parts: Position/lighting/draping, Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation, and Special maneuvers.

Physical examination
In a physical examination, medical examination, clinical examination, or medical checkup, a medical practitioner examines a patient for any possible medical signs or symptoms of a medical condition. It generally consists of a series of questions about the patient's medical history followed by an examination based on the reported symptoms. Together, the medical history and the physical examination help to determine a diagnosis and devise the treatment plan. These data then become part of the medical record.
Jim Eastwood
Charles James Eastwood (born 1978) is a British businessman from Cookstown, Northern Ireland, who was one of the final four contestants in the seventh series of the BBC reality TV series The Apprentice. He was born in Cookstown and is a graduate of the University of Ulster and the University of North Carolina. During his time on The Apprentice, he gained the nickname "Jedi Jim" due to his persuasive abilities and use of mind games. Eastwood is also a former all-Ireland cycling champion.

Cookstown
Cookstown is a town in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is the fourth-largest town in the county and had a population of 12,546 in the 2021 census. It, along with Magherafelt and Dungannon, is one of the main towns in the Mid-Ulster council area. It was founded around 1620 when the townlands in the area were leased by an English ecclesiastical lawyer, Dr. Alan Cooke, from the Archbishop of Armagh, who had been granted the lands after the Flight of the Earls during the Plantation of Ulster. It was one of the main centres of the linen industry west of the River Bann, and until 1956 the flax-related processes of spinning, weaving, bleaching and beetling were carried out in the town.
100 Gigabit Ethernet
40 Gigabit Ethernet (40GbE) and 100 Gigabit Ethernet (100GbE) are groups of computer networking technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at rates of 40 and 100 gigabits per second (Gbit/s), respectively. These technologies offer significantly higher speeds than 10 Gigabit Ethernet. The technology was first defined by the IEEE 802.3ba-2010 standard and later by the 802.3bg-2011, 802.3bj-2014, 802.3bm-2015, and 802.3cd-2018 standards. The first succeeding Terabit Ethernet specifications were approved in 2017.

The standards define numerous port types with different optical and electrical interfaces and different numbers of optical fiber strands per port. Short distances (e.g. 7 m) over twinaxial cable are supported while standards for fiber reach up to 80 km.

JDSU
JDS Uniphase Corporation (JDSU) was an American company that designed and manufactured products for optical communications networks, communications test and measurement equipment, lasers, optical solutions for authentication and decorative applications, and other custom optics. It was headquartered in Milpitas, California. In August 2015, JDSU split into two different companies – Viavi Solutions and Lumentum Holdings.
Districts of Wales
The districts of Wales were a form of local government in Wales used between 1974 and 1996. There were thirty-seven districts, and they were the second tier of local government introduced by the Local Government Act 1972, being subdivisions of the eight counties introduced at the same time.  This system of two-tier local government was abolished in 1996 and replaced with the current system of unitary principal areas.

Each district was administered by an elected district council. The council was entitled to petition for a charter granting borough status, whereupon the district became a borough and the district council a borough council headed by a mayor. In addition, a district could be granted letters patent granting city status.

For the list of districts before 1974, see List of rural and urban districts in Wales in 1973.

Local government in Wales
Local government in Wales is primarily undertaken by the twenty-two principal councils. The councils are unitary authorities, meaning they are responsible for providing local government services within their principal area, including education, social work, environmental protection, and most highway maintenance. The principal areas are divided into communities, most of which have an elected community council. The services provided by community councils vary, but they will typically maintain public spaces and facilities. Local councils in Wales are elected; the most recent local elections in Wales took place in 2022, and the next are due to take place in 2027.
Viripara Weir
Viripara Weir is a Diversion weir constructed across  Upper Kallar river which is a tributary of Pooyankutty river in Mankulam village of Idukki district in Kerala, India. The water flows from the dam to Menachery river and flows through the taluk of Devikulam. The Viripara weir is constructed as an augmentation scheme to Neriamangalam Hydro Electric Project. Upper Kallar, a tributary of Pooyankutty river is diverted in to Kallarkutty reservoir by a low diversion weir at Viripara along with a short diversion tunnel.

Kallarkutty Dam
Kallarkutty Dam is a gravity dam built on the Muthirapuzha river, a tributary of the Periyar river, as part of the Neriamangalam Hydroelectric Project at Kallarkutty in Vellathooval panchayat of Idukki district in Kerala, India. The water discharged from the Chenkulam dam's powerhouse and the Muthirapuzha river is diverted to the Neriamangalam powerhouse near Panamkutty above the Pambla dam. The Hydroelectric Project was commissioned on 27 January 1961 to generate 45 MW of power using 3 turbines with a capacity of 15 MW. In 2006, the project was upgraded from 45 MW to 52.65 MW. Taluks through which release flow are Udumbanchola, Devikulam, Idukki, Kothamangalam, Muvattupuzha, Kunnathunadu, Aluva, Kodungalloor and Paravur. The Project was led by Kerala State Electricity Board Engineer E.U. Philipose
Young Tigress
Young Tigress Football Club is a Malaysian professional women's football team based in Kelana Jaya, Selangor. The club was established in 2025 and currently competes in the National Women's League, the top division of women's football in Malaysia. It serves as a developmental team affiliated with the national women’s football structure overseen by the Football Association of Malaysia (FAM).

Malaysia women's national football team
The Malaysia women's national football team represents Malaysia in international women's association football; it is controlled by the Football Association of Malaysia (FAM). Unlike the men's team, Malaysia women's football team is represented by amateur players and semi professional players.
Soft tennis at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's team
The men's team soft tennis event was part of the soft tennis programme and took place on August 31 and September 1, at the JSC - Tennis Court. South Korea clinched the gold medal in this event after beat Japan team in the final.

Soft tennis at the 2018 Asian Games
Soft tennis at the 2018 Asian Games was held at the JSC Tennis Court, Palembang, Indonesia. It was held from 28 August to 1 September 2018.

Soft tennis had team and singles events for men and women, as well as a mixed doubles competition.
Glossary of module theory
Module theory is the branch of mathematics in which modules are studied. This is a glossary of some terms of the subject.

See also: Glossary of linear algebra, Glossary of ring theory, Glossary of representation theory.

Dualizing module
In abstract algebra, a dualizing module, also called a canonical module, is a module over a commutative ring that is analogous to the canonical bundle of a smooth variety. It is used in Grothendieck local duality.
Columbia T-23
The Columbia T-23, or Columbia T23, is an American sailboat that was designed by Australian Alan Payne and first built in 1973. The "T" designation indicates that the boat is designed to be trailerable.

Trailer sailer
A trailer sailer is a keelboat that is big enough to accommodate crew for a weekend cruise, yet small enough to be launched, rigged, and recovered single-handed. It is also relatively easy to haul on a trailer behind a car, which requires low displacement and a shallow draft.

Although many small yachts can in principle be moved on a trailer, not all qualify as trailer sailers. The term is generally reserved for cabin sailboats intended for regular ramp launching. It does not apply to dinghies or small open keelboats under about 19 feet, since these are almost always easy to tow due to their characteristic light weight and shallow draft.
Aurora Mountain
Aurora Mountain is located in the Blue Range of the Canadian Rockies, which forms part of the Continental Divide and the provincial boundary between British Columbia and Alberta. It is named after HMS Aurora, a British Royal Navy light cruiser launched in 1913 that was transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy in 1920. The mountain was originally named Mount Aurora in 1916 by a survey party but was changed in 1957 to its current name.

Blue Range
The Blue Range is a mountain range of the Canadian Rockies, located on the Continental Divide in Banff National Park, Canada. The range was so named on account of its blueish colour when viewed from afar. Mount Alcantara is the highest point in the range.
Bourbonnais Creole
Bourbonnais Creole is the group of French-based creole languages spoken in the western Indian Ocean. The close relation of the languages is from the similar historical and cultural backgrounds of the islands. The name is derived from the former name of Réunion Island: Bourbon Island before 1793. Another name is Mascarene Creole, as the predominant island group is called the Mascarenes.

There are six languages in this group:

Agalega Creole

Chagossian Creole

Mauritian Creole

Réunion Creole

Rodriguan Creole

Seychellois Creole

Agalega creole
Agalega creole is a creole language influenced by French spoken in Agalega. It has been heavily influenced by both Mauritian Creole and Seychellois Creole, as well as Malagasy. The population of speakers number just under 1,000.
Japanese loanwords in Hawaii
Loanwords from the Japanese language in Hawaiʻi appear in various parts of the culture. Many loanwords in Hawaiian Pidgin (or Hawaiian Creole English) derive from the Japanese language. The linguistic influences of the Japanese in Hawaiʻi began with the first immigrants from Japan in 1868 and continues with the large Japanese American population in Hawaiʻi today.

Japanese in Hawaii
The Japanese in Hawaii (simply Japanese Hawaiians or "Local Japanese", rarely Kepanī) are the second largest ethnic group in Hawaii. At their height in 1920, they constituted 43% of Hawaii's population. They now number about 16.7% of the islands' population, according to the 2000 U.S. census. The U.S. Census categorizes mixed-race individuals separately, so the proportion of people with some Japanese ancestry is likely much larger.
Chaim Zhitlowsky
Chaim Zhitlowsky (Yiddish: חײם זשיטלאָװסקי; Russian: Хаим Осипович Житловский) (April 19, 1865 – May 6, 1943) was a Jewish socialist, philosopher, social and political thinker, writer and literary critic born in Ushachy, Vitebsk Governorate, Russian Empire (present-day Usachy Raion, Vitebsk Region, Belarus).

He was a founding member and theoretician of the Union of Russian Socialist Revolutionaries Abroad and the Socialist Revolutionary Party in Russia, and a key promoter of Yiddishism and Jewish Diaspora nationalism, which influenced the Jewish territorialist and nationalist movements. He was an advocate of Yiddish language,
culture and was a vice-president of the Czernowitz Yiddish Language Conference of 1908, which declared Yiddish to be "a national language of the Jewish people."

American Jewish Congress
The American Jewish Congress (AJCongress) is an association of American Jews organized to defend Jewish interests in the US and internationally through public policy advocacy, using diplomacy, legislation, and the courts.
Shemshak (ski resort)
Shemshak is a ski resort situated to the north-east of Tehran in the Alborz mountain range.  Shemshak is the second-largest ski area in Iran after Dizin and Darbandsar. It came into operation in 1958. It includes two chairlifts and three surface lifts. The slopes lie at an altitude of 2,550 m to 3,050 m above sea level. The resort includes two main slopes, each with a chair lift at the apex and several lifts. There are no lighting facilities for night skiing.

Darbandsar Ski Resort
Darbandsar is one of the largest Iranian ski resorts, and is located in Tehran Province. It is located on the Alborz mountain range about 47 kilometres away from the Iranian capital of Tehran.

Darbandsar is the only resort in Iran that is capable of Snowmaking.
1999 Suwon Samsung Bluewings season
The 1999 Suwon Samsung Bluewings season was Suwon Samsung Bluewings's fourth season in the K-League in Republic of Korea. Suwon Samsung Bluewings is competing in K-League, League Cup, Korean FA Cup, Super Cup and Asian Club Championship.

1999 K League
The 1999 K League was the 17th season of K League. In the second leg of the playoffs final, Saša Drakulić's golden goal scored with his hand caused controversy. His handball was recognized as a goal by the Chinese referee Sun Baojie, and it directly determined Suwon's league title. Under the influence of controversy, Drakulić failed to win the MVP Award.
Cheesemelter
A cheesemelter is a cooking device used primarily in commercial restaurant kitchens. Powered by direct flame or electricity, these long, toaster-like appliances allow cooks to put finishing touches on dishes, especially those topped with shredded cheese.

It is closely related to the Salamander broiler though it offers more fine control for browning a dish at the end of the cooking cycle. It is also less expensive and easier to use than a salamander.

Toaster
A toaster is a small electric appliance that uses radiant heat to cook sliced bread into toast. When cooked the bread browns due to the maillard reaction.  It typically consists of one or more slots into which bread is inserted, lowered, and cooked using heating elements, often made of nichrome wire, to generate heat and toast the bread.