hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lyon from the First to the Second Empire
Lyon had undergone a period of considerable evolution. Experiencing an economic "golden age" driven by the silk industry, the city saw massive urban expansion and the beginnings of industrialization. Its population, often at the vanguard of republican and anticlerical movements, rose in revolt on several occasions.

Lyon-Perrache station
Lyon–Perrache or simply Perrache (French: Gare de Lyon-Perrache, [ɡaʁ də ljɔ̃ pɛʁaʃ]) is a large railway station located in the Perrache quarter, in the 2nd arrondissement of Lyon, France. Historically the primary railway station in Lyon, today it is the city's second-busiest station, after the newer Lyon-Part-Dieu station.

Opened in 1857 on Lyon's Presqu'île, the station is located on the Paris–Marseille railway, Lyon–Geneva railway and Moret–Lyon railway. The train services are operated by the SNCF and include TGV, Intercités, TER and international services.
Nawat grammar
This article provides a grammar sketch of the Nawat or Pipil language, an endangered language spoken by the Pipils of western El Salvador and Nicarao people of Nicaragua. It belongs to the Nahua group within the Uto-Aztecan language family. There also exists a brief typological overview of the language that summarizes the language's most salient features of general typological interest in more technical terms.

Quantifier (linguistics)
In linguistics and  grammar, a quantifier is a type of determiner, such as all, some, many, few, a lot, and no, (but not specific numerals) that indicates quantity.

Quantification is also used in logic, where it is a formula constructor that produces new formulas from old ones. 
Natural languages' determiners have been argued to correspond to logical quantifiers at the semantic level.
Roman Mikhailovich
Roman Mikhailovich the Old (c. 1218 – after 1288) was a Rus' prince of the Olgovichi clan. He was Prince of Bryansk (1246 – after 1288), and probably also Prince of Chernigov (1246/7 – after 1288), although most primary sources only mention him as Prince of Bryansk.

Roman was the second son of Mikhail Vsevolodovich of Chernigov (who later became prince of Chernigov, and grand prince of Kiev) by his wife, Elena Romanovna (or Maria Romanovna), a daughter of prince Roman Mstislavich of Halych. His mother most likely persuaded her husband to name their second son after her father. Around 1243, Roman’s elder brother, Rostislav Mikhailovich was disowned by their father when he decided to stay in Hungary.

Roman the Great
Roman Mstislavich (c. 4 April 1152 – 19 June 1205), also known as Roman the Great, was Prince of Novgorod (1168–1170), Volhynia (1170–1189; 1189–1205), and Galicia (1189; 1198/99–1205). He founded the Romanovichi branch of Rurikids, which would rule Galicia–Volhynia until 1340.

By seizing the throne of Galicia, he dominated the western regions of Kievan Rus'. In the early 13th century, Byzantine chroniclers applied the imperial title of autocrate (αύτοκράτωρ) to him, but there is no evidence that he assumed it officially.

He waged two successful campaigns against the Cumans, from which he returned with many rescued captives. The effect of Roman's victory was, however, undermined by new divisions among the princes of Rus'.

Roman was killed during the Battle of Zawichost, where his forces were crushed the Polish forces led by Leszek the White, Duke of Sandomierz, and his brother Konrad I of Masovia.
Siege of Goražde
The siege of Goražde (Bosnian: Opsada Goražda; Serbian Cyrillic: Опсада Горажда) refers to engagements during the Bosnian War (1992–95) in and around the town of Goražde in eastern Bosnia.

On 4 May 1992, Goražde was besieged by the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS). It was attacked from three sides - from the north, the south and the east. The Muslim majority towns in close proximity to Goražde, such as Foča, Rogatica and Višegrad had already been taken by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) in the earlier months of 1992, leaving only the Muslim stronghold of Goražde in the southern Bosnian Podrinje region. After the Dayton Agreement was signed to end the war, the enclave was connected to the rest of Bosnia.

Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnian: Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine; Cyrillic: Армија Републике Босне и Херцеговине; ARBiH), often referred to as Bosnian Army, was the military force of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was established by the government of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 following the outbreak of the Bosnian War.

Following the end of the war, and the signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement in 1995, it was transformed into the Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ARBiH was the only military force on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina recognised as legal by other governments. Under the State Defense Reform Law the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina were unified into a single structure, the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (OSBiH), making entity armies defunct.
Parseller (Istanbul Metro)
Parseller is an underground station on the M8 line of the Istanbul Metro. It is located on Kesikkaya Street in the Parseller neighbourhood of Ümraniye. It was opened on 6 January 2023, and is the northern terminus of the line.

North of the station is the Metro Istanbul Behiç Erkin Campus, which was built to be the common operation and warehouse center of the M5, M8 and M12 lines, and the depots of the M5 and M8 lines.

M5 (Istanbul Metro)
Line M5, officially referred to as the M5 Üsküdar–Samandıra Merkez line (Turkish: M5 Üsküdar–Samandıra Merkez metro hattı), is a rapid transit line of the Istanbul Metro System. It is colored deep purple on the maps and route signs.  M5 is the second rapid transit line on the Asian side of Istanbul, the other in service since August 2012, the M4. Furthermore, it is the first driverless rapid transit line in Turkey.
2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Sweden
The 2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Sweden was the second race of the 2000 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on 3 June in the Motorstadium in Linköping, Sweden It was the sixth Swedish SGP and was won by Australian Jason Crump.

2000 Speedway Grand Prix
The 2000 Speedway Grand Prix was the 55th edition of the official World Championship to determine the world champion rider. It was the sixth season in the Speedway Grand Prix era and was used to determine the Speedway World Champion.
Piracy in the British Virgin Islands
Piracy in the British Virgin Islands was prevalent during the so-called "Golden Age of Piracy", mainly during the years of 1690-1730. Privateering was also widely practised in the jurisdiction throughout frequent colonial wars, not least by emancipated slaves who, in preference to back-breaking labour in the fields for pitiful wages, took enormous risks to capture fortunes on the seas with the sanction of the Crown. In 1808, Patrick Colquhoun, a prize agent for the Territory spoke of "the most daring outrages which are frequently committed by people of colour."

Norman Island
Norman Island is an island at the southern tip of the British Virgin Islands archipelago. It is one of a number of islands reputed to be the inspiration for Robert Louis Stevenson's pirate novel Treasure Island.
Reynolds stress
In fluid dynamics, the Reynolds stress is the component of the total stress tensor in a fluid obtained from the averaging operation over the Navier–Stokes equations to account for turbulent fluctuations in fluid momentum.

Ensemble (mathematical physics)
In physics, specifically statistical mechanics, an ensemble (also statistical ensemble) is an idealization consisting of a large number of virtual copies (sometimes infinitely many) of a system, considered all at once, each of which represents a possible state that the real system might be in. In other words, a statistical ensemble is a set of systems of particles used in statistical mechanics to describe a single
system. The concept of an ensemble was introduced by J. Willard Gibbs in 1902.

A thermodynamic ensemble is a specific variety of statistical ensemble that, among other properties, is in statistical equilibrium (defined below), and is used to derive the properties of thermodynamic systems from the laws of classical or quantum mechanics.
Testifenon
Testifenon, also known as testiphenon, testiphenone, chlorphenacyl dihydrotestosterone ester, or dihydrotestosterone 17β-(4-(bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)phenyl)acetate, is a synthetic anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) and a cytostatic antineoplastic agent (i.e., chemotherapeutic) that was never marketed. It is an androgen ester – specifically, a chlorphenacyl nitrogen mustard ester of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) – and acts as a prodrug of these two components in the body. The drug was developed in Russia as a tissue-selective cytostatic drug for the treatment of various cancers occurring in androgen receptor-expressing tissues that would have reduced side effects and toxicity relative to other chemotherapy drugs.

Nitrogen mustard
Nitrogen mustards (NMs) are cytotoxic organic compounds with the bis(2-chloroethyl)amino ((ClC2H4)2NR) functional group. Although originally produced as chemical warfare agents, they were the first chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of cancer. Nitrogen mustards are nonspecific DNA alkylating agents.
2004 United States House of Representatives elections in Arkansas
The United States House of Representatives elections of 2004 in Arkansas occurred on November 2, 2004 to elect the members of the State of Arkansas's delegation to the United States House of Representatives. Arkansas had four seats in the House, apportioned according to the 2000 United States census.

These elections were held concurrently with the United States presidential election of 2004, United States Senate elections of 2004 (including one in Arkansas), the United States House elections in other states, and various state and local elections.

2004 United States Senate election in Arkansas
The 2004 United States Senate election in Arkansas took place on November 2, 2004, alongside other elections to the United States Senate in other states as well as elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections.

Incumbent Democratic senator Blanche Lincoln won re-election to a second term in office despite George W. Bush winning the state in the same election cycle. As of 2026, this was the last time Democrats won the Class 3 Senate seat from Arkansas and also the last time Arkansas elected a female to the United States Congress.
Psammoryctides
Psammoryctides is a genus of annelids belonging to the family Naididae.

The species of this genus are found in Eurasia and Northern America.

Species:

Psammoryctides albicola Michaelsen, 1901

Psammoryctides batillifer Schmankewicz, 1873

Psammoryctides barbatus Grube, 1860

Psammoryctides californianus Brinkhurst, 1965

Psammoryctides convolutus Loden, 1978

Psammoryctides deserticola Grimm, 1876

Psammoryctides hadzii Karaman, 1974

Psammoryctides hrabei Karaman, 1974

Psammoryctides lastoschkini Jarošenko, 1948

Psammoryctides longicapillatus Martínez-Ansemil & Giani, 1983

Psammoryctides moravicus Hrabě, 1934

Psammoryctides ochridanus Hrabě, 1931

Psammoryctides remifer Schmankewicz, 1873

Psammoryctides stankoi Karaman, 1974

Psammoryctides barbatus
Psammoryctides barbatus is a species of annelids belonging to the family Naididae. The species was first recorded in 1860 by Adolf Eduard Grube.

This species is most commonly found in Europe, especially Northern Europe, but it has been recorded in places such as Northern Africa, Siberia and the Chesapeake Bay. The species was discovered for the first time in Iraq in 2016 during samples of the Gharraf and Dijaila rivers.
Kanal 5 HD
Kanal 5 was launched on January 1, 2008 and was officially called the first Danish HDTV channel.
Kanal 5 is a Danish high-definition television channel from Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Discovery. The channel broadcasts high-definition simulcasts of Kanal 5, showing material available in HD in true HD, and upscaling the rest of the content.

Kanal 5 (Danish TV channel)
Kanal 5 (Channel 5) is a Danish subscription television channel operated by Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Discovery.
The station is broadcast to Denmark by satellite from London, showing mainly films, American drama shows and sports.

Kanal 5 aired the Danish version of So You Think You Can Dance.

Kanal 5 owns the Danish broadcast rights to show Spanish football from La Primera Division, and along with Canal Digital it shares the rights to show English Premier League football.

As of 2007 Kanal 5 has bought the rights to show the James Bond movies. At the end of the year, it became the first Danish channel to broadcast a simulcast in high definition.

Kanal 5 is distributed through cable and satellite. Kanal 5 lost a large part of the channel's viewers in 2020 after a dispute with YouSee, which led to the channel disappearing from YouSee's TV packages. Therefore, Kanal 5 is now only received by around 31.6% of Danes.
Camacho, Minas Gerais
Camacho is a Brazilian municipality located in the center of the state of Minas Gerais. Its population as of 2020 was 2,869 people living in a total area of 222 km2 (86 sq mi). The city belongs to the meso-region of Oeste de Minas and to the micro-region of Formiga.  It became a municipality in 1962.

Poços de Caldas
Poços de Caldas is a municipality in the south of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, in the microregion of the same name. Its estimated population in 2020 was 168,641 inhabitants. The city is known for its hot springs.
Abu Awn Abd al-Malik ibn Yazid
Abū ʿAwn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Yazīd al-Khurasānī (Arabic: أبو عون عبدالملك بن يزيد الخراساني; fl. 747–784/5) was an early supporter of the Abbasids.  He participated in the campaigns of the Abbasid Revolution and served as governor of Egypt and Khurasan.

Patricia Crone
Patricia Crone (28 March 1945 – 11 July 2015) was a Danish historian specialising in early Islamic history. Crone was a member of the revisionist school of Islamic studies and questioned the historicity of the Islamic traditions about the beginnings of Islam.
Mayes Middleton
David Mayes Middleton II (born September 18, 1981) is an American businessman and politician serving as a member of the Texas Senate for the 11th district. Previously, he served as a Texas House of Representatives for district 23. A member of the Republican Party, Middleton has been in the Texas legislature since January 8, 2019. He is running for Texas Attorney General in the 2026 election.

Chambers County, Texas
Chambers County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 46,571. The county seat is Anahuac. Chambers County is one of the nine counties that comprise Greater Houston, the  Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan statistical area.
Naklo, Črnomelj
Naklo (pronounced [ˈnaːklɔ]) is a settlement northwest of the town of Črnomelj in the White Carniola area of southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

Črnomelj
Črnomelj (pronounced [tʃəɾˈnòːməl] ⓘ; in older sources also Černomelj, German: Tschernembl) is a town in southeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Črnomelj. It lies on the left bank of the Lahinja and Dobličica rivers. The municipality is at the heart of the area of White Carniola, the southeastern part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. It includes the hamlets of Čardak, Kočevje, Kozji Plac, Loka, and Nova Loka.
Cecilia Livingston
Cecilia Livingston is a Canadian composer of opera and orchestral music. She is composer-in-residence at the Canadian Opera Company, and was composer-in-residence at Glyndebourne Opera.

A profile in Opera Canada headlined Livingston as "a true storyteller" in new opera. Her work has drawn comparisons from reviewers and musicologists to both Missy Mazzoli and Jeanine Tesori, the first two female composers commissioned by the Metropolitan Opera, and to Benjamin Britten. A cover story for La Scena Musicale concluded that "the range of Livingston's achievements is undeniable."

Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council
The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC; French: Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada, CRSH; often colloquially pronounced 'shirk', /ʃɜːrk/) is a Canadian federal research-funding agency that promotes and supports post-secondary research and training in the humanities and social sciences.

In 2019-2020, SSHRC funded 24,000 researchers and 5000 research trainees in 51 programs. Staff numbers were reported as 333 in the same period. Ted Hewitt is the current President. SSHRC's provided CA$684 million for funding and $453 million institutional support for the fiscal year 2023-2024 and the number of employees (FTE) was 258.

Along with the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), SSHRC forms the major source of federal government funding to post-secondary research. They are collectively referred to as the "Tri-Council" or "Tri-Agency.
James Genus
James Genus (born January 20, 1966) is an American jazz bassist. He plays both electric bass guitar and upright bass and currently plays in the Saturday Night Live Band. He also occasionally fills in for Mark Kelley of the hip hop band The Roots. Genus has performed as a session musician and sideman throughout his career, having worked with an extensive list of artists.

Nat Adderley
Nathaniel Carlyle Adderley (November 25, 1931 – January 2, 2000) was an American jazz trumpeter and composer. He was the younger brother of saxophonist Julian "Cannonball" Adderley, with whom he played for many years.

Adderley's composition "Work Song" (1960) is a jazz standard, and also became a success on the pop charts after singer Oscar Brown Jr. wrote lyrics for it.
Swabian Circle
The Circle of Swabia or Swabian Circle (German: Schwäbischer Reichskreis or Schwäbischer Kreis) was an imperial circle of the Holy Roman Empire established in 1500 on the territory of the former German stem-duchy of Swabia. However, it did not include the Habsburg home territories of Swabian Austria, the member states of the Swiss Confederacy nor the lands of the Alsace region west of the Rhine, which belonged to the Upper Rhenish Circle. The Swabian League of 1488, a predecessor organization, disbanded in the course of the Protestant Reformation and the Thirty Years War in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Further Austria
Further Austria, Outer Austria or Anterior Austria (Latin: Austria anterior; German: Vorderösterreich, formerly die Vorlande (pl.)) was the collective name for the early (and later) possessions of the House of Habsburg in the former Swabian stem duchy of south-western Germany, including territories in the Alsace region west of the Rhine and in Vorarlberg.

While the territories of Further Austria west of the Rhine and south of Lake Constance (except Konstanz itself) were gradually lost to France and the Swiss Confederacy, those in Swabia remained under Habsburg control until the Napoleonic Era, with Vorarlberg still forming a part of modern Austria.
Himanthalia elongata
Himanthalia elongata is a brown alga in the order Fucales, also known by the common names thongweed, sea thong and sea spaghetti. It is found in the north east Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea.

According to the World Register of Marine Species Himanthalia elongata is the only member of its genus, Himanthalia Lyngbye, 1819  and the only member of its family, Himanthaliaceae (Kjellman) De Toni, 1891.

Fucales
The Fucales (fucoids) are an order in the brown algae (class Phaeophyceae). The list of families in the Fucales, as well as additional taxonomic information on algae, is publicly accessible at Algaebase.

The class Phaeophyceae is included within the division Heterokontophyta. This name comes from the Greek word phaios meaning "brown" and phyton meaning plant. They include some of the largest organisms in the sea, but some are small and fine in structure.
Ergin Ataman
Halil Ergin Ataman (born January 7, 1966) is a Turkish professional basketball coach, currently managing Panathinaikos of the Greek Basketball League (GBL) and the EuroLeague. He is also the head coach of the Turkish national team.

During his playing career which began in 1982, he played for the Eczacıbaşı and Yeşilyurt basketball clubs in the amateur area.

Ataman is considered the most successful coach in Turkish basketball history and one of the most successful coaches in Europe, having won three Euroleague titles (2021, 2022 and 2024). In 2021 and 2022 he won back to back Euroleague titles with Anadolu Efes and in 2024 he won the Euroleague title with Panathinaikos BC in his first year.

Galatasaray S.K. (men's basketball)
Galatasaray S.K. is a professional basketball team based in the city of Istanbul in Turkey. It is a part of the Galatasaray Sports Club. The team competes in the Turkish Basketball Super League and Basketball Champions League. The team has won 18 Turkish championships (5 titles in the Turkish Super League, 11 titles in the former Turkish Basketball Championship and 2 titles in the former Spring Cup). The team furthermore won 3 Turkish Cups, 2 Turkish Super Cups, and 1 EuroCup.
Forotic
Forotic (Hungarian: Forotik) is a commune in Caraș-Severin County, Banat, Romania with a population of 1,488 people as of 2021. It is composed of four villages: Brezon (Bársonyfalva), Comorâște (Komornok), Forotic, and Surducu Mare (Nagyszurduk).

The commune is located on the western side of Caraș-Severin County, 44 km (27 mi) from the county seat, Reșița. To the southwest is borders Serbia, and to the west it borders Timiș County.

Reșița
Reșița (pronounced [ˈreʃit͡sa] ⓘ; German: Reschitz; Hungarian: Resicabánya; Croatian: Ričica; Czech: Rešice; Serbian: Решица/Rešica; Turkish: Reşçe) is a city in western Romania and the capital of Caraș-Severin County. It is located in the Banat region. The city had a population of 58,393 in 2021. It administers six villages: Câlnic (Kölnök), Cuptoare (Kuptore), Doman (Domány), Moniom (Monyó), Secu (Székul; Sekul), and Țerova (Krassócser).
Brunellia pauciflora
Brunellia pauciflora is a species of plant in the Brunelliaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador.  Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. 
The specific epithet pauciflora is Latin for 'few-flowered'.

Brunellia
Brunellia is the sole genus in the flowering plant family Brunelliaceae, and contains 60 species as of December 2025. Plants in this genus grow as trees and are distributed in the mountainous regions of southern Mexico, Central America, West Indies, and South America.
Assumptive mood
The assumptive mood (abbreviated ASS) is an epistemic grammatical mood found in some languages, which indicates that the statement is assumed to be true, because it usually is under similar circumstances, although there may not be any specific evidence that it is true in this particular case. An English example (although assumptive mood is not specially marked in English), would be, "That must be my mother. (She always comes at this time.)" Another example in English, using a different modal verb, would be, "He should be a good worker. (He has 15 years of prior experience.)"

The assumptive mood can be found in the Wintu language, an extinct Native American language once spoken in California. An example of a Wintu sentence demonstrating this grammatical mood is:

Epistemic modality
Epistemic modality is a sub-type of linguistic modality that encompasses knowledge, belief, or credence in a proposition. Epistemic modality is exemplified by the English modals may, might, must. However, it occurs cross-linguistically, encoded in a wide variety of lexical items and grammatical structures. Epistemic modality has been studied from many perspectives within linguistics and philosophy. It is one of the most studied phenomena in formal semantics.