hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dean–Stark apparatus
Stirrer bar/anti-bumping granules

Still pot

Fractionating column

Thermometer/Boiling point temperature

Condenser

Cooling water in

Cooling water out

Burette

Tap

Collection vessel

The Marcusson apparatus, Dean-Stark apparatus, Dean–Stark receiver, distilling trap, or Dean–Stark Head is a piece of laboratory glassware used in synthetic chemistry to collect water  (or occasionally other liquid) from a reactor. It is used in combination with a reflux condenser and a distillation flask for the separation of water from liquids. This may be a continuous removal of the water that is produced during a chemical reaction performed at reflux temperature, such as in esterification reactions. The original setup by Julius Marcusson (invented in 1905) was refined by the American chemists Ernest Woodward Dean (1888–1959) and David Dewey Stark (1893–1979) in 1920 for determination of the water content in petroleum.

Laboratory glassware
Laboratory glassware is a variety of equipment used in scientific work, traditionally made of glass. Glass may be blown, bent, cut, molded, or formed into many sizes and shapes. It is commonly used in chemistry, biology, and analytical laboratories.  Many laboratories have training programs to demonstrate how glassware is used and to alert first–time users to the safety hazards involved with using glassware.
Oxybelis
Oxybelis is a genus of colubrid snakes, endemic to the Americas, which are commonly known as vine snakes. Though similar in appearance to the Asian species of vine snakes of the genus Ahaetulla, they are not closely related, and are an example of convergent evolution.

Johann Georg Wagler
Johann Georg Wagler (28 March 1800 – 23 August 1832) was a German herpetologist and ornithologist.

Wagler was assistant to Johann Baptist von Spix, and gave lectures in zoology at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich after it was moved to Munich. He worked on the extensive collections brought back from Brazil by Spix, and published partly together with him books on reptiles from Brazil. Wagler wrote Monographia Psittacorum (1832), which included the correct naming of the blue macaws.

In 1832, Wagler died of an accidental self-inflicted gunshot wound while out collecting in München-Moosach.
Von der Leyen Commission I
The first von der Leyen Commission was the European Commission in office from 1 December 2019 to 30 November 2024. It consisted of one commissioner from each of the member states of the European Union – including Ursula von der Leyen, its president, who is from Germany.

The commission was scheduled to take office on 1 November 2019; however, the French, Hungarian and Romanian commissioner-candidates lost their confirmation votes by the European Parliament in early October 2019, so new commissioners had to be selected from those three member states by the President-elect and subsequently confirmed by the Parliament. This process took place in November 2019 and the Commission eventually took office in its entirety on 1 December 2019.

László Trócsányi
László Trócsányi (born 6 March 1956) is a Hungarian lawyer, academic, diplomat, politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) since 2019. Formerly, he was the Hungarian Ambassador to Belgium and Luxembourg from 2000 to 2004, a member of the Constitutional Court of Hungary between 2007 and 2010 and Hungarian Ambassador to France from 2010 to 2014. He was Minister of Justice in the third and fourth Orbán cabinets, from 6 June 2014 to 30 June 2019.
Hammer and sickle
The hammer and sickle (Unicode: U+262D ☭ HAMMER AND SICKLE) is a socialist and communist symbol representing proletarian solidarity between industrial and agricultural workers. It was first adopted during the Russian Revolution at the end of World War I, the hammer representing workers and the sickle representing the peasants.

After World War I (from which Russia withdrew in 1917) and the Russian Civil War, the hammer and sickle became more widely used as a symbol for labor within the Soviet Union (USSR) and for international proletarian unity. It was taken up by many communist movements around the world, some with local variations. The hammer and sickle remains commonplace in Communist states, such as China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam, but also some former Soviet republics following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, such as Belarus and Russia. Some countries have imposed bans on communist symbols, where the display of the hammer and sickle is prohibited.

Communist Party of Indonesia
The Communist Party of Indonesia (Indonesian: Partai Komunis Indonesia, Indonesian pronunciation: ['partaɪ koˈmunɪs indo'nesija], PKI, [ˈpekai̯]) was a communist party in the Dutch East Indies and later Indonesia. It was the largest non-ruling communist party in the world before its violent disbandment in 1965. The party had two million members in the 1955 elections, with 16 percent of the national vote and almost 30 percent of the vote in East Java. At the time, it was the largest communist party in the world after the Chinese and Soviet communist parties.

During most of the period immediately following the Indonesian Independence until the eradication of the PKI in 1965, it was a legal party operating openly in the country. Accused of responsibility for the 1965 army-led coup attempt, the party was banned by General Suharto in March 1966 and its members were violently purged.
Trump family
The Trump family is a prominent wealthy American family. The most well-known member is Donald Trump, the 45th and current 47th president of the United States (2017–2021, 2025–present), which makes them the First family of the United States. The family is of German descent. They are active in business, entertainment, politics, and real estate. Other prominent members include Donald Trump's father Fred Trump, and his grandfather Frederick Trump.

Marla Maples
Marla Ann Maples (born October 27, 1963) is an American singer, television personality, model, actress and presenter. She was the second wife of Donald Trump, the 45th and 47th president of the United States. They married two months after the birth of their daughter, Tiffany, in 1993. Donald and Marla separated in 1997 and divorced in 1999.
Palaemnema reventazoni
Palaemnema reventazoni is a species of damselfly in the family Platystictidae. It is endemic to Costa Rica.  Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Platystictidae
Platystictidae is a family of damselflies, commonly known as shadowdamsels. They look very similar to the threadtail damselfly family (Protoneuridae). They can mostly be found throughout Asia, Central America, and South America.

Most members of this family live in dense forests in the tropics where they are found around streams. Their wings are narrow and their abdomen slender and elongated. The adults probably do not disperse far as many species are known from a single location or have small ranges and there are probably other species as yet undescribed.

The oldest members of the family belong to the genus Mesosticta from the Cenomanian aged Burmese amber of Myanmar.
San Diego Viejo Plaza
San Diego Viejo Plaza (San Diego Old Plaza), also called Plaza de Las Armas (Plaza of the Cannon), Old Town Plaza, and Washington Square, is a historical site in San Diego, California. The San Diego Viejo Plaza site is California Historical Landmark No. 63, listed on December 5, 1932. The plaza (town square) was the center of the Pueblo de San Diego, founded in 1835 in Alta California.

Cosmopolitan Hotel and Restaurant
The Casa de Bandini, now known as the Cosmopolitan Hotel and Restaurant, is a registered national historic landmark in Old Town San Diego State Historic Park, built in the early 19th century by Juan Bandini and later purchased by Albert Seeley to serve as a stagecoach hotel. In 2010, restorations and added fine dining restaurants revived the hotel to its 1870s charm, making it again a focal point of the original downtown area.
Zongo, Sud-Ubangi (DR Congo)
Zongo is a city in Sud-Ubangi Province in the northwestern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo, lying on the south bank of the Ubangi River, across from Bangui in the Central African Republic.  It is linked by ferry to Bangui but has declined in importance as a transport hub since much traffic moved east in the late 1980s.

By the end of the First Congo War, the city was controlled by the Movement for the Liberation of Congo.  In 2001 the city saw an influx of refugees from the Central African Republic, the government of which alleged former soldiers among them were behind an attempted coup in Bangui in 2002.

During the 2012-13 Central African Republic conflict, refugees from the Central African Republic capital of Bangui, including many family members of President François Bozizé, fled here after the capital fell to Séléka rebels on 24 March 2013.

Cities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The cities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo are administrative divisions of provinces with the exception of Kinshasa which itself has the status of a province.  Cities are further divided into communes.  They are led by mayors except for Kinshasa which is led by a governor.
2022 Chicago White Sox season
The 2022 Chicago White Sox season was the club's 123rd season in Chicago, their 122nd in the American League and their 32nd at Guaranteed Rate Field.

On December 2, 2021, Commissioner of Baseball Rob Manfred announced a lockout of players, following expiration of the collective bargaining agreement (CBA) between the league and the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA). On March 10, 2022, MLB and the MLBPA agreed to a new collective bargaining agreement, thus ending the lockout. Opening Day was played on April 7. Although MLB previously announced that several series would be cancelled due to the lockout, the agreement provided for a 162-game season, with originally canceled games to be made up via doubleheaders.

The White Sox failed to repeat as division champions and finished in second in the American League Central with a record of .500 at 81–81.

2022 Major League Baseball All-Star Game
The 2022 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 92nd Major League Baseball All-Star Game, held between the American League (AL) and the National League (NL) of Major League Baseball (MLB). The game was hosted by the Los Angeles Dodgers at Dodger Stadium. The game was played on July 19, broadcast nationally by Fox, Fox Deportes, and ESPN Radio.

The American League defeated the National League 3–2, for its ninth straight All-Star Game win.

Coincidentally, the previous time Dodger Stadium hosted the game in 1980, that year's result gave the National League its ninth straight win as well.
Postal codes in Greenland
Postal codes in Greenland consist of the two letter ISO 3166 code "GL", followed by four digits, the first two of which are "39".

Nuuk Sømandshjem

Postbox 1021

GL-3900 Nuuk

GREENLAND

They were first introduced in 1967 as part of the Danish postcode system, which also originally included the Faroe Islands.

Previously, the capital of Greenland, Nuuk, was known by the Danish language name Godthåb, and the "DK" prefix for Denmark was used with the postcode in addresses.

Municipality of Godthåb

PO Box 1005

DK-3900 Godthåb

GREENLAND

In addition, "DK-3900 Nuuk" is also used.

Postal codes in Denmark
Postal codes in Denmark are determined by a four digit system that was introduced in 1967. The only exceptions are five special purpose 3-digit codes.

The self-governing territory of Greenland is part of the Danish system (39xx). Historically, the Faroe Islands also formed part of the Danish postal code system using the 38xx range and the prefix "FR", but this was changed to a new format consisting of a three-digit code and the country code "FO", with FR 3800 Tórshavn becoming FO-110 Tórshavn.
Heresy in the Catholic Church
Heresy is defined by the Catholic Church as "the obstinate denial or obstinate doubt after the reception of baptism of some truth which is to be believed by divine and Catholic faith". The term heresy connotes both the belief in itself, and the attitude towards said belief.

Vincible and invincible ignorance
Vincible ignorance is, in Catholic moral theology, ignorance that a person could remove by applying reasonable diligence in the given set of circumstances. It contrasts with another concept in Catholic moral theology, invincible ignorance, which is an ignorance that a person is either entirely incapable of removing, or could only do so by supererogatory efforts (i.e., efforts above and beyond normal duty).
United States Proof Set
The United States Mint Proof Set, commonly known as the Proof Set in the United States, is a set of proof coins sold by the United States Mint.  The proof set is popular with coin collectors as it is a way to collect examples of United States coinage in proof condition.

West Point Mint
The West Point Mint is a U.S. Mint production and depository facility erected in 1937 near the U.S. Military Academy in West Point, New York. As of July 2025, the facility held 54,067,331 troy ounces (1,681,682.0 kg) fine gold (over $183 billion USD as of August, 2025). As of 2019, 54 million troy ounces represented 22% of the United States' gold reserves.  The mint at West Point is second only to the gold reserves held in secure storage at Fort Knox. Originally, the West Point Mint was called the West Point Bullion Depository. At one point it had the highest concentration of silver of any U.S. mint facility, and for 12 years produced circulating Lincoln cents. It has since minted mostly commemorative coins and stored gold.

It gained official status as a branch of the United States Mint on March 31, 1988. Later that year it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Pieup
Pieup (letter: ㅍ; name: 피읖) is a consonant of the Korean hangul alphabet. It is pronounced aspirated, as [pʰ] at the beginning of a syllable and as [p] at the end of a syllable. For example: aspirated in 프랑스 peurangseu ("France"), but unaspirated in 앞 ap ("front").

Voiceless bilabial plosive
A voiceless bilabial plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in most spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "p" sound in "spit". The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨p⟩.
Wagaman
Wagaman is a suburb of the Australian city of Darwin, Northern Territory.  It lies in the band of locations known as the northern suburbs. It is on the traditional Country and waterways of the Larrakia people. An established residential area, Wagaman is bounded by Vanderlin Drive in the north, Lee Point Road in the east, Parer Drive in the south and Trower Road in the west; these confines correspond to the neighbouring suburbs of Alawa, Moil, Anula, Wanguri and Casuarina.

Alawa, Northern Territory
Alawa is a northern suburb of the city of Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. It is bounded by Trower and Dripstone Roads, Lakeside Drive and the Rapid Creek in the local government area of City of Darwin. It is the traditional country and waterways of the Larrakia people.
Hermann Josef Roth
Hermann Josef Ludwig Roth (pseudonym: Antonius R.; author abbreviation: HJR) (b. 2 January 1938 at Montabaur) is a German theologian and scientist, cultural historian and historian of science, educator and monument preservation and nature conservation activist. He is a specialist in the area of mediaeval reform movements and is considered today’s foremost expert on the geography of the Rhineland region and on the life and work of the naturalist, Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied, and his circle.

Heiligenkreuz Abbey
Heiligenkreuz Abbey (German: Stift Heiligenkreuz, lit. 'Abbey of the Holy Cross') is a Cistercian monastery in the village of Heiligenkreuz in the southern part of the Vienna woods, c. 13 km north-west of Baden in Lower Austria. It is the oldest continuously occupied Cistercian monastery in the world.
Bijin Park
Bijin Park (Chinese: 碧津公园; lit. 'Green Lakeshore Park') is an urban park in the Yubei District of Chongqing located in China. It is one of the largest parks in Lianglu region of Yubei, Chongqing, and is one of the facade parks of Chongqing Municipal. The park contains a lake of about 4.3 hectares, on which people can row boats. The park is also a major base to present the traditional folk culture of Chongqing, the Ba-Yu culture. It is also home to the memorial of Wang Pu, a communist educator who was killed by the KMT in Chongqing in 1949.

Yubei, Chongqing
Yubei District (Chinese: 渝北区; pinyin: Yúběi Qū), literally meaning the north of Yu (with Yu being an abbreviation for Chongqing), was a former district of Chongqing municipality, bordering Sichuan province to the north. Lianglu, which is a town administered by Yubei District, is where the Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport is located. It's now a part of Liangjiang New Area.
Philotimo
Philotimo (also spelled filotimo; Greek: φιλότιμο) is a Greek noun that has the literal translation of "love of honor". However, philotimo is difficult to translate as it describes a complex array of virtues.

Virtue
A virtue (Latin: virtus) is a trait of excellence, including traits that may be moral, social, or intellectual. The cultivation and refinement of virtue is held to be the "good of humanity" and thus is valued as an end purpose of life or a foundational principle of being. In human practical ethics, a virtue is a disposition to choose actions that succeed in showing high moral standards: doing what is said to be right and avoiding what is wrong in a given field of endeavour, even when doing so may be unnecessary from a utilitarian perspective. When someone takes pleasure in doing what is right, even when it is difficult or initially unpleasant, they can establish virtue as a habit. Such a person is said to be virtuous through having cultivated such a disposition. The opposite of virtue is vice.

Other examples of this notion include the concept of merit in Asian traditions as well as De (Chinese 德).
University of Puerto Rico at Utuado
The University of Puerto Rico at Utuado (UPRU or UPR-Utuado) is a public college in Utuado, Puerto Rico. Founded in 1979, it is the youngest of the campuses that compose the University of Puerto Rico system. UPR-Utuado is also known by its previous name Colegio Regional de la Montaña (Regional College of the Mountain) and its acronym "CORMO".

The University of Puerto Rico at Utuado is the only university campus in Puerto Rico in a rural setting. The campus specializes in agricultural technological studies; it is located in the center of the island, about an hour and a half from San Juan, in a region of archaeological value where the first inhabitants of Puerto Rico, the Taino Indians, lived.

University of Puerto Rico
The University of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Universidad de Puerto Rico; often shortened to UPR) is the main public university system in the U.S. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. It is a government-owned corporation with 11 campuses and approximately 44,200 students and approximately 4,450 faculty members. UPR has the largest and most diverse academic offerings in the commonwealth, with 472 academic programs of which 32 lead to a doctorate.
Indian Wells (Kern County, California)
An Indian Wells California Historical Landmark was erected near the Indian Wells Lodge, 4.9 miles north of Freeman Junction on Highway 14 where William L. Manly found water after his group left Death Valley.

This marker was placed by California Centennials Commission in cooperation with Kern County Historical Society and dedicated on July 9, 1950.
This site is California Historical Landmark #457.

The inscription on the plaque reads:

Indian water hole on Joseph R. Walker trail of 1834 where Manly-Jayhawker parties of 1849 found their first water after five days of travel from Argus Range. During 1860s was site of stage and freight station from Los Angeles to Coso and Cerro Gordo mines.

Cerro Gordo Mines
The Cerro Gordo Mines are a collection of abandoned mines located in Cerro Gordo in the Inyo Mountains, Inyo County, near Lone Pine, California. Mining operations were conducted from 1866 to 1957, producing high grade silver, lead, and zinc ore; and, more rarely, gold and copper.

Some ore was smelted on site, but larger capacity smelters were eventually constructed along the shore of nearby Owens Lake. These smelting operations were the beginnings of the towns of Swansea and Keeler. Most of the metal ingots produced here were transported to Los Angeles. Mining of silver and lead peaked in the early 1880s, with a second mining boom producing zinc in the 1910s.

Home to some 4,700 people during its peak, the site is now a California ghost town.
2020 Tri Nations Series
The 2020 Tri Nations Series was the seventeenth edition of the annual southern hemisphere competition, involving Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. On 16 October 2020, 2019 Rugby Championship winners and 2019 Rugby World Cup champions South Africa confirmed their withdrawal from the originally planned 2020 Rugby Championship due to South African government travel restrictions, player welfare and safety concerns related to COVID-19. This meant that the competition temporarily returned to its previous Tri-Nations format; played across six weekends with each team playing each other twice.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the tournament was moved to later in the year than usual. It had been mooted that all matches might be played in New Zealand, however, in September 2020 it was announced that all matches would be held in Australia rather than in all of the competing nations.

The Rugby Championship
The Rugby Championship, formerly known as the Tri Nations Series (1996–2011), is an international rugby union competition contested by Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. These are traditionally the four highest-ranked national teams in the Southern Hemisphere.

The competition is administered by SANZAAR, a consortium consisting of four national governing bodies: the South African Rugby Union (SARU), New Zealand Rugby (NZR), Rugby Australia (RA) and the Argentine Rugby Union (UAR). The inaugural Tri Nations Series tournament was in 1996, and was won by New Zealand. South Africa won their first title in 1998, and Australia their first in 2000. Following the last Tri Nations Series tournament in 2011, New Zealand had won ten championships, with South Africa and Australia on three titles each. The first Rugby Championship was won by New Zealand, who won all six of their matches.
Abdulkarim Baderkhan
Abdulkarim Baderkhan (Arabic: عبد الكريم بدرخان) (born 22 November 1986) is a Syrian poet, translator and critic. Starting his career in February 2006, he published three poetry collections, and translated seven books from English into Arabic. Also, he published articles, critical studies and translations in several Arabic newspapers and magazines.

César Aira
César Aira (Argentine Spanish: [ˈsesaɾ ˈajɾa]; born 23 February 1949 in Coronel Pringles, Buenos Aires Province) is an Argentine writer and translator, and an exponent of contemporary Argentine literature. He has published over a hundred short books of stories, novels and essays. He has lectured at the University of Buenos Aires, on Copi and Arthur Rimbaud, and at the University of Rosario on Constructivism and Stéphane Mallarmé, and has translated and edited books from France, England, Italy, Brazil, Spain, Mexico, and Venezuela.