hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Middle Low German
Middle Low German is a developmental stage of Low German. It developed from the Old Saxon language in the Middle Ages and has been documented in writing since about 1225–34 (Sachsenspiegel). During the Hanseatic period (from about 1300 to about 1600), Middle Low German was the leading written language in the north of Central Europe and served as a lingua franca in the northern half of Europe. It was used parallel to medieval Latin also for purposes of diplomacy and for deeds.

Prussia (region)
Prussia is a historical region in Central Europe on the south-eastern coast of the Baltic Sea that ranges from the Vistula delta in the west to the end of the Curonian Spit in the east and extends inland as far as Masuria, divided between Poland (Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship), Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) and Lithuania (Lithuania Minor). This region is often also referred to as Old Prussia.

Tacitus's Germania (98 AD) is the oldest known record of an eyewitness account on the territory and its inhabitants. Suiones, Sitones, Goths and other Germanic people had temporarily settled to the east and west of the Vistula River during the Migration Period, adjacent to the Aesti, who lived further to the east.
Namkung Do
Namkung Do (Korean: 남궁도, born June 4, 1982) is a South Korean football manager and former player who serves as the assistant coach for the Vietnam national team.

He was part of the South Korean 2004 Olympic football team, who finished second in Group A, making it through to the next round, before being defeated by silver medal winners Paraguay.

His brother Namkung Woong is also a footballer.

Korean FA Cup
The Korea Cup (Korean: 코리아컵), formerly the Korean FA Cup, is a national football cup knockout competition of South Korea, held annually by the Korea Football Association (KFA). Before the competition was established in 1996, two similar tournaments named All Joseon Football Tournament (1921–1940) and Korean National Football Championship (1946–2000) were played. It was renamed Korea Cup in 2024, with the winners qualifying for the AFC Champions League Elite (if they finish top four in the K League 1) or the AFC Champions League Two (if they finish outside the top four in the K League 1).
UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying Group 3
Group 3 of the UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying competition consisted of five teams: France, Ukraine, Romania, Greece, and Albania. The composition of the eight groups in the qualifying group stage was decided by the draw held on 20 April 2015.

The group was played in home-and-away round-robin format. The group winners qualified directly for the final tournament, while the runners-up also qualified directly if they were one of the six best runners-up among all eight groups (not counting results against the fifth-placed team); otherwise, the runners-up advance to the play-offs.

UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying play-offs
The play-offs of the UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying competition involved the two runners-up with the worst records among all eight groups in the qualifying group stage: Portugal and Romania. The draw for the play-offs (to decide the order of legs) was held on 23 September 2016.

The play-offs were played in home-and-away two-legged format. The play-off winner qualified for the final tournament.
Bond option
In finance, a bond option is an option to buy or sell a bond at a certain price on or before the option expiry date. These instruments are typically traded OTC.

A European bond option is an option to buy or sell a bond at a certain date in future for a predetermined price.

An American bond option is an option to buy or sell a bond on or before a certain date in future for a predetermined price.

Generally, one buys a call option on the bond if one believes that interest rates will fall, causing an increase in bond prices. Likewise, one buys the put option if one believes that interest rates will rise. One result of trading in a bond option, is that the price of the underlying bond is "locked in" for the term of the contract, thereby reducing the credit risk associated with fluctuations in the bond price.

Interest rate cap and floor
In finance, an interest rate cap is a type of interest rate derivative in which the buyer receives payments at the end of each period in which the interest rate exceeds the agreed strike price.  An example of a cap would be an agreement to receive a payment for each month the LIBOR rate exceeds 2.5%.

Similarly, an interest rate floor is a derivative contract in which the buyer receives payments at the end of each period in which the interest rate is below the agreed strike price.

Caps and floors can be used to hedge against interest rate fluctuations. For example, a borrower who is paying the LIBOR rate on a loan can protect himself against a rise in rates by buying a cap at 2.5%.  If the interest rate exceeds 2.5% in a given period the payment received from the derivative can be used to help make the interest payment for that period, thus the interest payments are effectively "capped" at 2.5% from the borrowers' point of view.
Hampden Coit DuBose
Hampden Coit DuBose (30 September 1845 in Darlington, South Carolina – 22 March 1910 in Suzhou) was a missionary in China with the American Presbyterian Mission (South) and founder of the Anti-Opium League in China. DuBose was the son of Julius Jesse DuBose, a minister, and Margaret Eliza Thompson. He married Pauline McAlpine and had seven children with her.

American Southern Presbyterian Mission
American Southern Presbyterian Mission was an American Presbyterian missionary society of the Southern Presbyterian Church that was involved in sending workers to countries such as China during the late Qing Dynasty, Japan and Korea. It was organized in 1862.
Opalozoa
Opalozoa is a subphylum of heterotrophic protists of the phylum Bigyra, and is the sister group to Sagenista. Opalozoans are non-photosynthetic heterokonts that are ancestrally phagotrophic but many times have evolved to be osmotrophic saprotrophs in the gut of vertebrate animals.

Opalinidae
The opalines are a small group of peculiar heterokonts, currently assigned to the family Opalinidae, in the order Slopalinida.  Their name is derived from the opalescent appearance of these microscopic organisms when illuminated with full sunlight.  Most opalines live in the large intestine and cloaca of anurans (frogs and toads), though they are sometimes found in fish, reptiles, molluscs and insects; whether they are parasitic is not certain.  The unusual features of the opalines, first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1683, has led to much debate regarding their phylogenetic position among the protists.
Untitled Virtua Fighter game
An untitled Virtua Fighter game is an upcoming fighting game developed by Ryu Ga Gotoku Studio and published by Sega. It will be the sixth main installment of the Virtua Fighter series and the first original entry in two decades.

A new Virtua Fighter game was teased by Sega in November 2024 before being officially revealed the following month. It is one of the first titles from Ryu Ga Gotoku Studio outside their flagship Yakuza and Super Monkey Ball franchises instead of the original developer Sega AM2, although developers of previous games in the Virtua Fighter series are also involved. The game is billed as a reimagining of the franchise with redesigned and new characters, and the integration of streamlined narrative and character elements through the inclusion of a single-player story mode, a first for the series. It will also be the first installment designed for modern console and PC platforms from the beginning.

Street Fighter
Street Fighter is a Japanese media franchise centered on a series of fighting games developed and published by Capcom. The first game in the series was released in 1987, followed by the other six main games in the series, various spin-offs and crossovers, and numerous appearances in other media. Its best-selling 1991 release, Street Fighter II, established many of the conventions of the one-on-one fighting genre.

Street Fighter is one of the highest-grossing video game franchises of all time and one of Capcom's flagship series, with total sales of 56 million units worldwide as of March 2025. It is also one of the highest-grossing media franchises and is the longest-running fighting game franchise.
Crocus (mythology)
In Greek and Roman mythology, Crocus (Ancient Greek: Κρόκος, romanized: Krókos, lit. 'saffron') is a mortal young man who was changed by the gods into a saffron flower. Depending on the version, Crocus was the lover of either the nymph Smilax or the god Hermes.

Nonnus
Nonnus of Panopolis (Ancient Greek: Νόννος ὁ Πανοπολίτης, Nónnos ho Panopolítēs, fl. 5th century AD) was the most notable Greek epic poet of the Imperial Roman era. He was a native of Panopolis (Akhmim) in the Egyptian Thebaid and probably lived in the 5th century AD. He is known as the composer of the Dionysiaca, an epic tale of the god Dionysus, and of the Metabole, a paraphrase of the Gospel of John. The epic Dionysiaca describes the life of Dionysus, his expedition to India, and his triumphant return. It was written in Homeric Greek and in dactylic hexameter, and it consists of 48 books at 20,426 lines.
Magok-i-Kurpa Mosque
The Magok-i-Kurpa Mosque is a historical mosque in the Uzbek city of Bukhara. It was built in 1637. The mosque is located in the historical center of Bukhara, about 250 meters southwest of Po-i-Kalyan and 10 meters west of Toqi Telpak Furushon trading dome. It is a part of UNESCO World Heritage Site  Historic Centre of Bukhara.

Po-i-Kalyan
Po-i-Kalan, or Poi Kalan (Uzbek: Poi Kalon; Tajik: Пои калон; Persian: پای کلان, romanized: Pā-i Kalān, lit. 'At the Foot of the Great One'), is an Islamic religious complex located in Bukhara, Uzbekistan. The complex consists of three parts, the Kalan Mosque (Masjid-i Kalan), the Kalan Minaret (Minâra-i Kalân) to which the name refers, and the Mir-i-Arab Madrasah.

The positioning of the three structures creates a square courtyard in its center, with the Mir-i-Arab and the Kalan Mosque standing on opposite ends. In addition, the square is enclosed by a bazaar and a set of baths connected to the Minaret on the northern and southern ends respectively.

The congregational mosque in the complex is one of the largest mosques in Central Asia, behind the Bibi Khanum Mosque in Samarkand, Uzbekistan, and the Great Mosque of Herat, Afghanistan.
Portal (sculptures)
The Portal is a series of sculpture attractions which videoconference between one another. Created by Lithuanian artist Benediktas Gylys, they are large, identical circular sculptures that are located in various public city spaces, connecting two cities together by displaying a livestream of each city along with a camera on top of the screen. Initially starting as a concept in 2016, the first two installations of the Portal series were unveiled in 2021 for the Vilnius–Lublin Portal. In 2024, the New York–Dublin Portal, the next two and most recent installations in the series, were unveiled.

Tourist attraction
A tourist attraction is a place of interest that tourists visit, typically for its inherent or exhibited natural or cultural value, historical significance, natural or built beauty, offering leisure and amusement.
Fernwood–Yeadon station
Fernwood–Yeadon station (originally Fernwood station) is a SEPTA Regional Rail station in Yeadon, Pennsylvania. It serves the Media/Wawa Line and is located at Church Lane (US 13) and Penn Boulevard. The station saw 113 boardings and 132 alightings on an average weekday. The station originally had a wooden pedestrian bridge and a grade crossing.

Fernwood–Yeadon station is east of the terminus of the former Newtown Square Branch and the Cardington Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 1.5 miles from the station is the Yeadon Loop, which is the terminus for the Route 13 trolley of the SEPTA Subway-Surface Trolley Lines. Two bus routes (68 and 108) connecting to this station intersect with the Route 13 line.

Yeadon station (SEPTA Metro)
Yeadon station (Yeadon Loop) is a SEPTA Metro trolley stop in Yeadon, Pennsylvania. It has an off-street loop with one revenue track and two storage tracks. Yeadon serves as the outer terminus for most service on the T3; service further west between Yeadon and Darby Transportation Center is provided only during morning hours when trolleys are pulling out of Elmwood Depot and evening hours when they are pulling in.
State monopoly capitalism
The theory of state monopoly capitalism (also referred as stamocap) was initially a Marxist thesis popularised after World War II. Lenin had claimed in 1916 that World War I had transformed laissez-faire capitalism into monopoly capitalism, but he did not publish any extensive theory about the topic. The term refers to an environment where the state intervenes in the economy to protect larger monopolistic or oligopolistic businesses from threats.  
As conceived by Lenin in his pamphlet of the same name, the theory aims to describe the final historical stage of capitalism, of which he believed the Imperialism of that time to be the highest expression.

Monopoly Capital
Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order is a 1966 book by the Marxian economists Paul Sweezy and Paul A. Baran. It was published by Monthly Review Press. It made a major contribution to Marxian theory by shifting attention from the assumption of a competitive economy to the monopolistic economy associated with the giant corporations that dominate the modern accumulation process. Their work played a leading role in the intellectual development of the New Left in the 1960s and 1970s. As a review in the American Economic Review stated, it represented "the first serious attempt to extend Marx’s model of competitive capitalism to the new conditions of monopoly capitalism."  It attracted renewed attention following the Great Recession.
Yoga Upanishads
Yoga Upanishads are a group of minor Upanishads of Hinduism related to Yoga. There are twenty Yoga Upanishads in the anthology of 108 Upanishads listed in the Muktika anthology. The Yoga Upanishads, along with other minor Upanishads, are generally classified separate from the thirteen major Principal Upanishads considered to be more ancient and from the Vedic tradition.

The Yoga Upanishads deal with the theory and practice of Yogic techniques, with varied emphasis on methodology and meditation, but with some shared ideas. They contrast from other groups of minor Upanishads, such as the Samanya Upanishads which are of a generic nature, the Sannyasa Upanishads which focus on the Hindu renunciation and monastic practice, the Shaiva Upanishads which highlight aspects of Shaivism, the Vaishnava Upanishads which highlight Vaishnavism, and the Shakta Upanishads which highlight Shaktism.

Principal Upanishads
Principal Upanishads, also known as Mukhya Upanishads, are the most ancient and widely studied Upanishads of Hinduism. Composed between 800 BCE to the start of common era, these texts are connected to the Vedic tradition.
St. Raphael the Archangel Catholic Church
Saint Raphael the Archangel Catholic Church is a Roman Catholic Jesuit parish located in Raleigh, North Carolina, United States.

St. Raphael is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Raleigh. The parish is also the host of Saint Raphael Catholic School. and Saint Raphael Catholic Preschool. The priests are members of the USA East Province of the Society of Jesus (the USA East Province was formed when the Maryland and USA Northeast provinces merged in 2020), the US Jesuit Portal, and Jesuits Worldwide.

Diocese of Raleigh
The Diocese of Raleigh (Latin: Dioecesis Raleighiensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or diocese, of the Catholic Church that covers eastern North Carolina in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archbishop of Atlanta.

On July 5, 2017, Pope Francis named Luis Rafael Zarama to be the 6th Bishop of Raleigh; Zarama was installed on August 29, 2017, at the recently consecrated Holy Name of Jesus Cathedral in Raleigh.
The Welshman (newspaper)
The Welshman (established in 1832) was a weekly 'radical' English language Welsh newspaper, reporting local and national news and information. It was published in Carmarthen and distributed in the Cardiganshire area and through much of South Wales.

From 1840 to 1942 it was known as The Welshman and general advertiser for the Principality of Wales, reverting to its original name in 1942.

In the late 1940s the paper was bought by the owners of the Carmarthen Journal .  The Welshman ceased publication in 1984.

There are 2,032 issues of the paper (from 1835 to 1910) free online at the National Library of Wales.

Carmarthen Journal
The Carmarthen Journal is a newspaper founded in 1810 in Wales and now based in Carmarthen, the county town of Carmarthenshire, Wales. The building housing the Carmarthen Journal asserts that the Carmarthen Journal is the oldest newspaper in Wales.

In 2012, Local World acquired ownership of Northcliffe Media from Daily Mail and General Trust.

Welsh Newspapers Online has digitised 1340 issues of the Carmarthen Journal (1810–1919) from the newspaper holdings of the National Library of Wales.
Conductor (class field theory)
In algebraic number theory, the conductor of a finite abelian extension of local or global fields provides a quantitative measure of the ramification in the extension. The definition of the conductor is related to the Artin map.

Abelian extension
In abstract algebra, an abelian extension is a Galois extension whose Galois group is abelian. When the Galois group is also cyclic, the extension is also called a cyclic extension. Going in the other direction, a Galois extension is called solvable if its Galois group is solvable, i.e., if the group can be decomposed into a series of normal extensions of an abelian group. Every finite extension of a finite field is a cyclic extension.
Yang Yong-eun
Yang Yong-eun (Korean: 양용은; born 15 January 1972), also called Y. E. Yang, is a South Korean professional golfer who currently plays on the PGA Tour Champions. He was previously a member of the PGA Tour, where he won twice, including most notably the 2009 PGA Championship when he came from behind to defeat Tiger Woods, thus winning the first major championship by a male player born in Asia. He is occasionally known by the nickname The Tiger Killer.

Cognizant Classic
The Cognizant Classic is a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour in south Florida. It was founded in 1972 as "Jackie Gleason's Inverrary Classic". Prior to a schedule change in 2021, this was frequently the first of the Florida events in late winter following the "West Coast Swing."

National Airlines was the sponsor in 1973 with Jackie Gleason. American Motors Corporation backed the event in 1981 as the "American Motors Inverrary Classic". From 1982 until 2023, American Honda Motor Company was the title sponsor, and the tournament was known as The Honda Classic. In late 2023, Cognizant became the new title sponsor; as a result, the name of the event was changed.
Portulaca amilis
Portulaca amilis, known as Paraguayan purslane, is a species of Portulaca native to South America. It was introduced to the southeastern United States and other countries around the world and can be found in sandy soil in disturbed areas, roadsides, fields, lawns and gardens.

Portulaca
Portulaca (/ˌpɔːrtʃəˈlækə/ POR-chə-LAK-ə, UK also /ˌpɔːrtjʊˈlækə/ POR-tyuul-AK-ə, US also /ˌpɔːrtʃəˈlɑːkə/ POR-chə-LAH-kə) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Portulacaceae, and is the type genus of the family. With over 100 species, it is found in the tropics and warm temperate regions. Portulacas are also known as the purslanes.

Common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is widely consumed as an edible plant, and in some areas it is invasive. Portulaca grandiflora is a well-known ornamental garden plant. Purslanes are relished by chickens. Some Portulaca species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the nutmeg moth (Hadula trifolii).

Some Portulaca species can undergo photosynthesis using the C4 or the CAM light-independent pathway as required depending on environmental conditions.
Deh Now-e Shurab
Deh Now-e Shurab (Persian: دهنوشوراب, also Romanized as Deh Now-e Shūrāb; also known as Deh Now) is a village in Siyakh Darengun Rural District, in the Central District of Shiraz County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 90, in 19 families.

Siyakh Rural District
Siyakh Rural District (Persian: دهستان سیاخ) is in Siyakh Darengun District of Shiraz County, Fars province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Bab Ayur. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Kedenj.
Schinnen
Schinnen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈsxɪnə(n)] ⓘ; Limburgish: Sjènne [ˈʃɛnə]) is a village and a former municipality in the province of Limburg, the Netherlands.  It was home to US Army Garrison Schinnen, a support base for US personnel assigned to nearby Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum.  It is also the location of Alfa Brewery, the only brewery in the Netherlands that uses an officially certified underground spring. In 2019, it merged with Nuth and Onderbanken to form the municipality of Beekdaelen.

Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum
The Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum (abbr.  JFCBS) is a NATO command with its headquarters at Brunssum, the Netherlands. It was established in 2004, as part of a reorganisation that reduced the number of NATO Military Command Structure headquarters.
Tennessee Scholastic Lacrosse Association
The Tennessee Scholastic Lacrosse Association is the athletic association which oversees high school lacrosse in the state of Tennessee, United States. It is the Tennessee chapter of US Lacrosse.

For the 2012 state lacrosse season, the TSLA combined the state's nine Division I teams with 14 Division II teams to form the State Championship Division.

As of August 2016, TSLA was still unsuccessfully lobbying the state to be adopted as part of the state's normal governing body for state athletics, the Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association.

In 2017, the TSLA decided to split the state into four divisions with four separate state champions beginning in 2018, making it by far the smallest state in the nation with as many state champions.

USA Lacrosse
USA Lacrosse, a Recognized Sport Organization of the United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, is the governing body of men and women's lacrosse in the United States. It provides a leadership role in virtually every aspect of the game and has more than 425,000 members throughout the United States, and offers programs and services to inspire participation while protecting the integrity of the sport. The USA Lacrosse national headquarters is located in Sparks, Maryland along with the Lacrosse Museum and National Hall of Fame. In addition, the headquarters campus features the IWLCA Building, Tierney Field and a memorial to the members of the lacrosse community that died in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. USA Lacrosse also oversees the U.S. National Team Program, which have won a combined 36 world championships, and the sport has been added to the 2028 Summer Olympics.