hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Anthea Hucklesby
Anthea Hucklesby FAcSS FRSA is Professor of Criminal Justice 
at the University of Birmingham where she holds a joint appointment in Birmingham Law School and the School of Social Policy. She was Head of the School of Social Policy at the University of Birmingham 2020–2022. She was a member of the Law School at the University of Leeds between 2003 and 2020 where she was latterly Pro-Dean for research and innovation in the Faculty of Social Sciences. She is a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences and the Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA).

In 2016 she gave evidence before a House of Commons committee in connection with the Policing and Crime Bill 2015–16.

Academy of Social Sciences
The Academy of Social Sciences (AcSS) is a representative body for social sciences in the United Kingdom. The academy promotes social science through its sponsorship of the Campaign for Social Science, its links with Government on a variety of matters, and its own policy work in issuing public comment, responding to official consultations, and organising meetings and events about social science. It confers the title of Fellow upon nominated social scientists following a process of peer review. The academy comprises over 1000 fellows and 41 learned societies based in the UK and Europe.
Subtiliolithus
Subtiliolithus is an oogenus of fossil egg from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia and the Ohyamashimo Formation of Japan. The eggs are notable for a very thin eggshell. It contains three oospecies: S. hyogoensis, S. kachchhensis and S. microtuberculatus. They were originally classified as a distinct oofamily, Subtiliolithidae, but numerous similarities to Laevisoolithus have led to their reclassification as Laevisoolithid eggs. A complete skeleton of Nanantius valifanovi was found associated with Subtiliolithus eggshells, indicating that the oogenus represents eggs of enantiornithine birds.

Paleontology portal

Nemegt Formation
The Nemegt Formation (also known as Nemegtskaya Svita) is a geological formation in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia, dating to the Late Cretaceous. The formation consists of river channel sediments and contains fossils of fish, turtles, crocodilians, and a diverse fauna of dinosaurs, including birds.
Connectedness
In mathematics, connectedness is used to refer to various properties meaning, in some sense, "all one piece". When a mathematical object has such a property, we say it is connected; otherwise it is disconnected. When a disconnected object can be split naturally into connected pieces, each piece is usually called a component (or connected component).

Connectivity (graph theory)
In mathematics and computer science, connectivity is one of the basic concepts of graph theory: it asks for the minimum number of elements (nodes or edges) that need to be removed to separate the remaining nodes into two or more isolated subgraphs. It is closely related to the theory of network flow problems. The connectivity of a graph is an important measure of its resilience as a network.
Mangled Demos from 1983
Mangled Demos from 1983 is a collection of various recordings from the earliest incarnation of American rock group Melvins first recorded in 1983, then remastered and released on Ipecac Records in 2005.

Until 2005, none of the material had ever been officially released, with the exception of the first version of "Forgotten Principles". A few tracks included in this album have previously appeared on bootleg releases. It is the only record featuring the original lineup (guitarist/vocalist Buzz Osborne, bassist Matt Lukin, drummer Mike Dillard). Tracks 3–13 were recorded by Michael Diamond at Sound Art Studio by Mud Bay, a suburb of Olympia, Washington, for possible album release. Ultimately the album was not released at the time, as no record label was interested in the Melvins until 1985.

Despite the album's title, Allmusic described the sound quality as "surprisingly good."

Dingbat
In typography, a dingbat (sometimes more formally known as a printer's ornament or printer's character) is an ornament, specifically, a grapheme used in typesetting, often employed to create box frames (similar to box-drawing characters), or as a dinkus (section divider). Some of the dingbat symbols have been used as signature marks or used in bookbinding to order sections.

In the computer industry, a dingbat font or pi font is a computer font that has symbols and shapes located at the code points normally designated for alphabetical or numeric characters. This practice was necessitated by the limited number of code points available in 20th century operating systems. Modern computer fonts containing dingbats are based on Unicode encoding, which has unique code points for dingbats.
Llanthony Secunda Priory
Llanthony Secunda Priory was a house of Augustinian canons in the parish of Hempsted, Gloucestershire, England, situated about half a mile south-west of Gloucester Castle in the City of Gloucester. It was founded in 1136 by Miles de Gloucester, 1st Earl of Hereford, a great magnate based in the west of England and the Welsh Marches, hereditary Constable of England and Sheriff of Gloucestershire (who resided at Gloucester Castle), as a secondary house and refuge for the canons of Llanthony Priory in the Vale of Ewyas, within his Lordship of Brecknock in what is now Monmouthshire, Wales. The surviving remains of the Priory were designated as Grade I listed in 1952 and the wider site is a scheduled ancient monument. In 2013, the Llanthony Secunda Priory Trust received funds for restoration work, which was completed in August 2018 when it re-opened to the public.

Gloucester Castle
51°51′47″N 2°14′56″W﻿ / ﻿51.863°N 2.249°W﻿ / 51.863; -2.249

Gloucester Castle was a Norman-era royal castle situated in the city of Gloucester in Gloucestershire, England. It was demolished in 1787 and replaced by Gloucester Prison.
Mouse-colored tyrannulet
The mouse-colored tyrannulet (Nesotriccus murinus) is a species of bird in subfamily Elaeniinae of the tyrant flycatchers family Tyrannidae. It is found from Costa Rica and Panama south to Brazil and northern Argentina. The mouse-colored tyrannulet has sometimes been split into two species, the northern mouse-colored tyrannulet and the southern mouse-colored tyrannulet.

Johann Baptist von Spix
Johann Baptist Ritter von Spix (9 February 1781 – 13 March 1826) was a German biologist. From his expedition to Brazil, he brought to Germany a large variety of specimens of plants, insects, mammals, birds, amphibians and fish. They constitute an important basis for today's National Zoological Collection in Munich. Numerous examples of his ethnographic collections, such as dance masks and the like, are now part of the collection of the Museum of Ethnography in Munich.
Miss America 1951
Miss America 1951, the 24th Miss America pageant, was held at Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey on September 9, 1950. Traditionally, since a majority of Miss America's reign occurred during the year following her coronation, the pageant referred to her title with the upcoming year. Thus, Yolande Betbeze, who was crowned in September 1950, was called Miss America 1951. This practice continued until 2006, when pageant activities moved from September to January. From that point, the title year aligned with the year in which the titleholder won. This change also occurred recently in 2024, and it marked the transition from Atlantic City, the pageant's long-time base, to its new home in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Miss America
Miss America is an annual competition that is open to women from the United States between the ages of 18 and 28. Originating in 1921 as a "bathing beauty revue", the contest is judged on competition segments with scoring percentages: Private Interview (30%) – a 10-minute press conference-style interview with a panel of judges, On Stage Question (10%) – answering a judge's question onstage, Talent or HER Story (20%) – a performance talent or 90 second speech, Health and Fitness (20%) – demonstrated physical fitness onstage dressed in athletic wear, and Evening Gown (20%) – modeling evening-wear onstage.

The previous year's titleholder crowns the winner. Miss America 2026 is Cassie Donegan of New York, who was crowned on September 7, 2025, at the Dr Phillips Center for the Performing Arts in Orlando, Florida.
Urana Shire
Urana Shire was a local government area in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. The Newell Highway crosses its north-west corner. The Shire included the town of Urana and the small towns of Boree Creek, Morundah, Oaklands and Rand.

The last mayor of Urana Shire was Cr. Patrick Bourke an unaligned politician.

Newell Highway
Newell Highway is a national highway in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. It provides the major road link between southeastern Queensland and Victoria via central NSW and as such carries large amounts of freight. At 1,058 kilometres (657 mi) in length, the Newell is the longest highway in NSW, and passes through fifteen local government areas.

The highway is named in honour of H. H. Newell, the first Commissioner for Main Roads in New South Wales (1932–1941). It is designated route A39 for its entire length.
2022 Heilbronner Neckarcup
The 2022 Heilbronner Neckarcup was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the eighth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2022 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Heilbronn, Germany between 9 and 14 May 2022.

2022 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour in 2022 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2022 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 184 tournaments with prize money ranging from $37,520 up to $159,360. It was the 45th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 14th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Lasha Shergelashvili
Lasha Shergelashvili (Georgian: ლაშა შერგელაშვილი, romanized: lasha shergelashvili, pronounced [laʃa ʃeɾɡelaʃʷili]; born 17 January 1992) is a Georgian professional footballer who plays for Samgurali as a left back.

Known mostly for long-distance free kick goals, he has won all three domestic competitions with different teams.

Georgian Super Cup
The Georgian Super Cup is a super cup tournament in Georgian football. Founded in 1996 as a two-team competition, the current version has been contested since 2023 by four teams, those being the first, second, and third placed teams in the Erovnuli Liga, as well as the winners of the Georgian Cup.

Formerly, the tournament used to be a single football match solely played between the champions of the Erovnuli Liga and the winners of the Georgian Cup. When a club had won both competitions, the Georgian Cup losing finalists play for the Super Cup. This occurred in 1996, 1997, 2013 and 2014 when Dinamo Tbilisi won the double on all four occasions.

In 2023, the format of Super Cup changed to be contested between four teams. The three teams that qualified for the Champions League and Europa Conference League from the Erovnuli Liga and the winners of the Georgian Cup play one-legged semi-finals, and a final. The losers of each semi-final play a third place play-off.
Evolutionary database design
Evolutionary database design involves incremental improvements to the database schema so that it can be continuously updated with changes, reflecting the customer's requirements. People across the globe work on the same piece of software at the same time hence, there is a need for techniques that allow a smooth evolution of database as the design develops. Such methods utilize automated refactoring and continuous integration so that it supports agile methodologies for software development. These development techniques are applied on systems that are in pre-production stage as well on systems that have already been released. These techniques not only cover relevant changes in the database schema according to customer's changing needs, but also migration of modified data into the database and also customizing the database access code accordingly without changing the data semantics.

Test-driven development
Test-driven development (TDD) is a way of writing code that involves writing an automated unit-level test case that fails, then writing just enough code to make the test pass, then refactoring both the test code and the production code, then repeating with another new test case.

Alternative approaches to writing automated tests is to write all of the production code before starting on the test code or to write all of the test code before starting on the production code. With TDD, both are written together, therefore shortening debugging time necessities.

TDD is related to the test-first programming concepts of extreme programming, begun in 1999, but more recently has created more general interest in its own right.

Programmers also apply the concept to improving and debugging legacy code developed with older techniques.
Demon Lord 2099
Demon Lord 2099 (Japanese: 魔王2099, Hepburn: Maō 2099) is a Japanese light novel series written by Daigo Murasaki and illustrated by Kureta. The series began publication by Fujimi Shobo under their Fujimi Fantasia Bunko imprint in January 2021. The light novel series has been licensed in English by Yen Press. A manga adaptation by Kiiro Akashiro was serialized online on Kadokawa Shoten's Shōnen Ace Plus from November 2021 to June 2022. A second manga adaptation by Yutaka Sakurai was serialized on the same website from March 2023 to August 2024. An anime television series adaptation produced by J.C.Staff aired from October to December 2024.

The story revolves around an evil demon lord from a magical world who is defeated in battle and put to sleep for 500 years. When he wakes up, he discovers his world has merged with Earth. The plot thus takes place in Earth in the year 2099, where magic has merged with engineering and Earth has become a fantasy cyberpunk world.

Fujimi Fantasia Bunko
Fujimi Fantasia Bunko (富士見ファンタジア文庫, Fujimi Fantajia Bunko) is a light novel publishing imprint affiliated with the Japanese publishing company Fujimi Shobo, a brand company of Kadokawa Corporation. It was established in 1988 and is aimed at young adult male audience. Many light novels published under this imprint are serialized in Fujimi Shobo's Dragon Magazine.
Arctic Research Foundation
The Arctic Research Foundation (ARF) is a private, nonprofit organization based in Canada. Federally incorporated in 2011, ARF works with Indigenous and northern communities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), government, private corporations and academia to facilitate science research and community initiatives.

ARF’s mandate is to find innovative and flexible solutions to the unique challenges that are ever-present in the Arctic.

By developing effective science-community partnerships and physical infrastructure initiatives, ARF aims to contribute to the economic, social and spiritual well-being of communities, provide important and timely information on how and why the environment is changing, and inform systems-based, adaptive co-management approaches to climate adaptation.

John Franklin
Rear-Admiral Sir John Franklin KCH FRS FLS FRGS (16 April 1786 – 11 June 1847) was a British Royal Navy officer, explorer and colonial administrator. After serving in the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812, he led two expeditions into the Canadian Arctic and through the islands of the Arctic Archipelago, during the Coppermine expedition of 1819 and the Mackenzie River expedition of 1825, and served as Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemen's Land from 1837 to 1843. During his third and final expedition, an attempt to traverse the Northwest Passage in 1845, Franklin's ships became icebound off King William Island in what is now Nunavut, where he died in June 1847. The icebound ships were abandoned ten months later, and the entire crew died from causes such as starvation, hypothermia, and scurvy.
Antithesis (Netherlands)
The Antithesis (Dutch: Antithese) is a conflict between Christian democratic, confessional parties, united in the Coalition and Liberal parties, united in the Concentration between 1888 and 1918. The conflict concerned the equalisation of payment for religious schools. The realisation of this necessitated a constitutional revision, which needed the support of two-thirds of both houses of parliament. Both political parties held about fifty per cent of the MPs, however. The issue was forced by Anti-Revolutionary Party leader Abraham Kuyper, who hoped that an alliance of Catholics and Protestants would gain the necessary number of seats, but this strategy failed. The issue was finally resolved in the Pacification of 1917.

Concentration (Netherlands)
The Concentration was a coalition of Dutch liberal parties between 1901 and 1918. The Vrijzinnig Democratische Bond, Liberale Unie and the Bond Vrije Liberalen participated. The main issue which united these parties was universal suffrage and their opposition to equal financing for religious schools. The Concentration governed between 1905 and 1908, led by the Theo de Meester with support of the social-democratic SDAP and 1913 and 1918 led by Pieter Cort van der Linden in an extra-parliamentary cabinet. In 1921 two of the component parties, the League of Free Liberals and the Liberal Union form the Liberal State Party, the Freedom League.
Cheung Sha
Cheung Sha (Chinese: 長沙) is a rural area on the south coast of Lantau Island, New Territories, Hong Kong. Along the South Lantau Road, Cheung Sha is located between Tong Fuk (to the southwest) and San Shek Wan (to the northeast).

The most notable feature of the area is the Cheung Sha Beach, the longest beach in Hong Kong.

San Shek Wan, Lantau South
San Shek Wan (Chinese: 䃟石灣) is a small village located on Lantau Island, Hong Kong.

On the most prominent hill west of the village itself, is a campsite managed by the Hong Kong Young Women's Christian Association.

The village has a resident population of around 50 people, of which over half are expatriates.
Sociedade Partenon Literário
The Sociedade Parthenon Literário ("Literary Parthenon Society"), better known simply as Parthenon Litterario, was a Brazilian literary society created in Porto Alegre, the capital of Rio Grande do Sul, considered the main cultural association of the state in the 19th century.

Rio-grandense Republican Party
The Republican Party of Rio Grande do Sul (Portuguese: Partido Republicano Rio-grandense, PRR) was a Brazilian political party founded on February 23, 1882. It was dissolved in 1937 due to the Estado Novo.
2012 Monterrey Open
The 2012 Monterrey Open was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the fourth edition of the Monterrey Open and was an International tournament on the 2012 WTA Tour. It took place at the Sierra Madre Tennis Club in Monterrey, Mexico, from 20 February through 26 February 2012. Unseeded Tímea Babos won the singles title.

Monterrey Open
The Monterrey Open, known as the Abierto GNP Seguros for sponsorship reasons, is a professional WTA 500 tennis tournament played on outdoor hardcourts in Monterrey, Mexico. From 2009 to 2013, the tournament was held in the Sierra Madre Tennis Club and since 2014 the tournament is currently held at the Club Sonoma.
Nimotuzumab
Nimotuzumab (h-R3, BIOMAb EGFR, Biocon, India; TheraCIM, CIMYM Biosciences, Canada; Theraloc, Oncoscience, Europe, CIMAher, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that as of 2014 had orphan status in the US and EU for glioma, and marketing approval in India, China, and other countries for squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, and was undergoing several clinical trials.

Like cetuximab, nimotuzumab binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a signalling protein that normally controls cell division. In some cancers, this receptor is altered to cause uncontrolled cell division, a hallmark of cancer. These monoclonal antibodies block EGFR and stop the uncontrolled cell division.

It has a humanized human-mouse h-R3 heavy chain and a humanized human-mouse h-R3 κ-chain.

Cetuximab
Cetuximab, sold under the brand name Erbitux, is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor medication used for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer and head and neck cancer. Cetuximab is a chimeric (mouse/human) monoclonal antibody given by intravenous infusion.

Cetuximab was approved for medical use in the United States in 2004.
Booth Island
Booth Island (or Wandel Island; 65°4′48″S 64°0′0″W﻿ / ﻿65.08000°S 64.00000°W﻿ / -65.08000; -64.00000﻿ (Booth Island)) is a Y-shaped island, 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) long and rising to 980 metres (3,220 ft) in the northeast part of the Wilhelm Archipelago, Antarctica.

Wauwermans Islands
Wauwermans Islands is a group of small, low, snow-covered islands forming the northernmost group in the Wilhelm Archipelago. Discovered by a German expedition 1873–74, under Dallmann. Sighted by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1897–99, under Gerlache, and named for Lieutenant General Wauwermans, president of the Société Royale Belge de Géographie, a supporter of the expedition.
Makasar (Unicode block)
Makasar is a Unicode block containing characters for Makasar script (also known as "Old Makassarese" or "Makassarese bird script" in English-language scholarly works).
The script was used historically in South Sulawesi, Indonesia for writing the Makassarese language.

Unicode block
A Unicode block is one of several contiguous ranges of numeric character codes (code points) of the Unicode character set that are defined by the Unicode Consortium for administrative and documentation purposes.  Typically, proposals such as the addition of new glyphs are discussed and evaluated by considering the relevant block or blocks as a whole.

Each block is generally, but not always, meant to supply glyphs used by one or more specific languages, or in some general application area such as mathematics, surveying, decorative typesetting, social forums, etc.
Kanako Murata
Kanako Murata (村田 夏南子, born August 10, 1993) is a Japanese mixed martial artist and former wrestler, who competes in the Strawweight division. A professional mixed martial artist since 2016, Murata has competed in the Ultimate Fighting Championship, Rizin Fighting Federation and Invicta FC where she is a former Invicta FC Strawweight Champion.

2016 in Rizin Fighting Federation
The year 2016 was the second year in the history of the Rizin Fighting Federation, a mixed martial arts promotion based in Japan. The first event of the year was Rizin 1 on April 17, 2016, in Nagoya.

Rizin events are broadcast through a television agreement with Fuji Television.
RegioSprinter
The RegioSprinter is a German diesel railcar built by Siemens-Duewag for rapid regional railway services. Originally the RegioSprinter was designated as a Regional Combustion-engined Railbus (Regional-Verbrennungstriebwagen or RVT) by Duewag.

Developed as prototypes for fast regional railway services on the plains, the RegioSprinter still has the fastest acceleration of any multiple unit or railbus in Germany. Due to several technical and conceptual defects, however, only very few were built. Based on their experience with the Regiosprinter Siemens developed its successor, the Desiro, which was initially marketed as the Regiosprinter 2.

In 1999, all the Vogtlandbahn vehicles were converted to meet tramway regulations (BO Strab), in order to be able to transfer to a tram line in the centre of Zwickau.

Siemens Desiro
The Siemens Desiro (/ˈdɛziroʊ/, /dɛˈziːroʊ/, German pronunciation: [ˈdɛziʁoː]) is a family of diesel or electric multiple unit passenger trains developed by Siemens Mobility, a division of the German Siemens AG conglomerate. The main variants are the Desiro Classic, Desiro ML, Desiro UK and the later Desiro City, Desiro HC and Desiro RUS. The trains are mostly used for commuter and regional services, and their rapid acceleration makes them suitable for services with short distances between stations. The design is flexible, and has become common in many European countries.