hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dickey–Fuller test
In statistics, the Dickey–Fuller test tests the null hypothesis that a unit root is present in an autoregressive (AR) time series model. The alternative hypothesis is different depending on which version of the test is used, but is usually stationarity or trend-stationarity. The test is named after the statisticians David Dickey and Wayne Fuller, who developed it in 1979.

Random walk
In mathematics, a random walk, sometimes known as a drunkard's walk, is a stochastic process that describes a path that consists of a succession of random steps on some mathematical space.

An elementary example of a random walk is the random walk on the integer number line  which starts at 0, and at each step moves +1 or −1 with equal probability. Other examples include the path traced by a molecule as it travels in a liquid or a gas (see Brownian motion), the search path of a foraging animal, or the price of a fluctuating stock and the financial status of a gambler. Random walks have applications to engineering and many scientific fields including ecology, psychology, computer science, physics, chemistry, biology, economics, and sociology. The term random walk was first introduced by Karl Pearson in 1905.

Realizations of random walks can be obtained by Monte Carlo simulation.
Derived functor
In mathematics, specifically category theory, certain functors may be derived to obtain other functors closely related to the original ones. This operation, while fairly abstract, unifies a number of constructions throughout mathematics.

Snake lemma
The snake lemma is a tool used in mathematics, particularly homological algebra, to  construct long exact sequences. The snake lemma is valid in every abelian category and is a crucial tool in homological algebra and its applications, for instance in algebraic topology. Homomorphisms constructed with its help are generally called connecting homomorphisms.
Tokiwa shrine
Tokiwa Jinja (常磐神社) is a Shinto shrine adjacent to the gardens of Kairakuen in Mito, Ibaraki, Japan. Founded in 1874, enshrined are Tokugawa Mitsukuni, second daimyō of the Mito Domain and compiler of Dai Nihonshi, and Tokugawa Nariaki, ninth lord and founder of the nearby Kōdōkan han school. In 1882 the shrine joined the ranks of the bekkaku kanpeisha (別格官幣社) or Imperial Shrines. The Tokiwa Jinja Reisai or annual festival is held on 12 May. A cannon and a drum have been designated as Cultural Properties by the city.

Dai Nihonshi
The Dai Nihonshi (大日本史), literally History of Great Japan, is a book on the history of Japan written in Classical Chinese. It was begun in the 17th century and was completed by 1715 by Tokugawa Mitsukuni, the head of the Mito branch of the Tokugawa family. After his death, work on the book was continued by the Mito branch until its completion in the Meiji era. The format of the book closely resembles the Chinese literary histories in form and structure and is considered extremely accurate. Dai Nihonshi was given its name by the feudal lord Tokugawa Tsunaeda in 1715, after the death of Tokugawa Mitsukuni. Contemporaneously it was also known by the names Honchō-shiki (lit. Historical Record of the Imperial Court), Kokushi (lit. National History), and Washi (lit. History of Wa).
Roderick John MacLeod, Lord Minginish
Roderick John MacLeod, Lord Minginish (Gaelic: Ruairidh Iain MacLeòid; born c. 1953), also known as Roddy John, is a Scottish advocate. From 2014 until his retirement in December 2022, he was Chairman of the Scottish Land Court and President of the Lands Tribunal for Scotland.  He was the first Gaelic-speaking chair of the court.

Portnalong
Portnalong (Scottish Gaelic: Port nan Long) is a small village on north west of the Isle of Skye on the shore of Loch Harport. Portnalong is Gaelic for "harbour of the ships". It was founded by crofters from Lewis and Harris in 1921.

Portnalong and Fiskavaig are both crofting townships in the North Talisker common grazings where 69 crofters hold in common the sheep stock club that manages that commons.

Portnalong served as a refueling point for allied shipping during World War II. Also in World War II the surrounding hills were used to train the Norwegian resistance soldiers who were involved in the Norwegian heavy water sabotage.
Dust astronomy
Dust astronomy is a subfield of astronomy that uses the information contained in individual cosmic dust particles ranging from their dynamical state to its isotopic, elemental, molecular, and mineralogical composition in order to obtain information on the astronomical objects occurring in outer space. Dust astronomy overlaps with the fields of Planetary science, Cosmochemistry, and Astrobiology.

Eberhard Grün et al. stated in the 2002 Kuiper prize lecture "Dust particles, like photons, carry information from remote sites in space and time. From knowledge of the dust particles' birthplace and their bulk properties, we can learn about the remote environment out of which the particles were formed. This approach is called Dust Astronomy which is carried out by means of a dust telescope on a dust observatory in space".

Poynting–Robertson effect
The Poynting–Robertson effect, also known as Poynting–Robertson drag, named after John Henry Poynting and Howard P. Robertson, is a process by which solar radiation causes a dust grain orbiting a star to lose angular momentum relative to its orbit around the star. This is related to radiation pressure tangential to the grain's motion.

This causes dust that is small enough to be affected by this drag, but too large to be blown away from the star by radiation pressure, to spiral slowly into the star. In the Solar System, this affects dust grains from about 1 μm to 1 mm in diameter. Larger dust is likely to collide with another object long before such drag can have an effect.

Poynting initially gave a description of the effect in 1903 based on the luminiferous aether theory, which was superseded by the theories of relativity in 1905–1915. In 1937 Robertson described the effect in terms of general relativity.
Grabowa, Opoczno County
Grabowa [ɡraˈbɔva] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mniszków, within Opoczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) north of Mniszków, 19 km (12 mi) west of Opoczno, and 58 km (36 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.

Mniszków, Łódź Voivodeship
Mniszków [ˈmniʂkuf] is a village in Opoczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Mniszków. It lies approximately 18 km (11 mi) west of Opoczno and 61 km (38 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2020)
The following is a timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales during 2020. There are significant differences in the legislation and the reporting between the countries of the UK: England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales.

Zakynthos
Zakynthos, also known as Zante, is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea. It is the third largest of the Ionian Islands, with an area of 405.55 km2 (156.6 sq mi), and a coastline 123 km (76 mi) in length. The name, like all similar names ending in -nthos, is pre-Mycenaean or Pelasgian in origin. In Greek mythology, the island was said to be named after Zacynthus, the son of the legendary Arcadian chief Dardanus.

Zakynthos is a tourist destination, especially amongst British tourists, with an international airport served by charter flights from northern Europe. The island's nickname is "Fioro di Levante" (Flower of the East), bestowed upon it by the Venetians, who ruled Zakynthos from 1484 to 1797.
Uigshader
Uigshader (from Old Norse  Vík-sœtr 'dwelling at the riverbend', Scottish Gaelic: Ùigseadar) is a settlement on the Isle of Skye in Scotland.

The settlement is 2 miles (3 kilometres) south of Carbost and 4 miles (6 kilometres) northwest of Portree. The River Snizort flows north to the west of this settlement.

The hamlet of Peiness is located less than 1⁄2 mile (800 metres) from Uigshader.

Carbost, Trotternish
Carbost (Scottish Gaelic: Càrrabost) is a crofting settlement at the southern end of the Trotternish peninsula on the Isle of Skye in the  Highlands of Scotland. It is a few miles north west of the village of Portree and is in the council area of Highland.
David Allen Sibley
David Allen Sibley (born October 22, 1961, in Plattsburgh, New York) is an American ornithologist. He is the author and illustrator of The Sibley Guide to Birds,  which rivals Roger Tory Peterson's as the most comprehensive guides for North American ornithological field identification.

Sibley has also authored a follow-up book, The Sibley Guide to Bird Life & Behavior.

Roger Tory Peterson
Roger Tory Peterson (August 28, 1908 – July 28, 1996) was an American naturalist, conservationist, citizen scientist ornithologist, artist and illustrator, educator, and a founder of the 20th-century environmental movement, where he was an inspiration for many.
2025 Saint-Tropez Open
The 2025 Saint-Tropez Open was a professional tennis tournament played on hardcourts. It was the fifth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2025 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Saint-Tropez, France between 15 and 21 September 2025.

2025 ATP Challenger Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour in 2025 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2025 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 217 tournaments with prize money ranging from $60,000 up to $250,000. It was the 48th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 17th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Naisjärjestöjen Keskusliitto
Naisjärjestöjen Keskusliitto (NJKL) (Finnish) or Kvinnoorganisationernas centralförbund (Swedish), is a non-profit Finnish women's organization which was established in 1911.

When the Finnish Women's Association was split in the Naisasialiitto Unioni (1892) and the Suomalainen naisliitto (1907), there was a need of an umbrella organization of the Finnish women's movement, and the Naisjärjestöjen Keskusliitto was founded in Helsinki in 1911 by Elin Sjöström.

The NJKL is dedicated for human rights, gender equality (particularly in the work place) and oppose domestic violence, trafficking and prostitution. It has 61 local branches with 400 000 members (2010).

It is affiliated to the European Women's Lobby.

Suomalainen naisliitto
Suomalainen naisliitto (Hfrs), is a non-profit Finnish women's organization which was established in 1907.

Suomalainen naisliitto was founded in 1907 by Lucina Hagman. Hagman as well as other leading members, such as Maikki Friberg and Tekla Hultin, were affiliated with the Young Finnish Party.

The Hfrs promoted women's emancipation by arranging courses and leactures. Until the 1940s, it published its own magazine, the Naisten Ääni; Maikki Friberg was its editor in 1907–1927. Nowadays Naisten Ääni https://www.naistenaani.fi/ is a data base collecting biographies of women.

The Suomalainen naisliitto publishes the magazine Minna since 1981.
Hotel Holidays in the Sun
"Hotel Holidays in the Sun" is the second live DVD released by Yui. It was released on March 9, 2011 and contains footage of the final performance in her "Holidays in the Sun" tour. First press edition of the DVD comes with a special sleeve case design and a photobook.

It's All Too Much/Never Say Die
"It's All Too Much"/"Never Say Die" is the fourteenth single by Japanese pop singer-songwriter Yui. The single was released on October 7, 2009. The two songs were used for the first live-action film adaptation of the manga series Kaiji, as theme song and insert song, respectively. "It's All Too Much"/"Never Say Die" debuted at number one in the first week sales with sales of 75,047 copies and is Yui's 5th overall number one single on the Japanese Oricon charts. The single is certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for shipment of 100,000 copies.
Charles P. Mountford
Charles Pearcy "Monty" Mountford OBE (8 May 1890  –  16 November 1976) was an Australian anthropologist and photographer. He is known for his pioneering work on Indigenous Australians and his depictions and descriptions of their art. He also led the American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land.

Mountford's written works, along with those by contemporaries, foreshadowed subsequent scholarly investigations like T. G. H. Strehlow's Journey to Horseshoe Bend (1969) and iconic late-20th-century works such as Stephen Muecke, Krim Benterrak, and Paddy Roe's Reading the Country: Introduction to Nomadology (1984).

Mountford's final book, Nomads of the Australian Desert, was the subject of an important court case due to its inclusion of culturally restricted content.

Pitjantjatjara
The Pitjantjatjara (/ˌpɪtʃəntʃəˈtʃɑːrə/; Pitjantjatjara: [ˈpɪɟanɟaɟaɾa] or [ˈpɪɟanɟaɾa]) are an Aboriginal people of the Central Australian desert near Uluru. They are closely related to the Yankunytjatjara and Ngaanyatjarra and their languages are, to a large extent, mutually intelligible (all are varieties of the Western Desert language).

They refer to themselves as Anangu (people). The Pitjantjatjara live mostly in the northwest of South Australia, extending across the border into the Northern Territory to just south of Lake Amadeus, and west a short distance into Western Australia. The land is an inseparable and important part of their identity, and every part of it is rich with stories and meaning to aṉangu.
Rochechouart
Rochechouart  (French: [ʁɔʃ(ə)ʃwaʁ] ⓘ, locally [ʁɔʃwaʁ]; Occitan: Rechoard, earlier La Ròcha Choard) is a commune in the Haute-Vienne department, region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, west central France. It is a subprefecture of the department.

The name of the town comes from Latin roca cavardi, which roughly translates as the rock of Cavardus, the lord who had the fortified place built at the beginning of the 11th century. More often than not, natives pronounce it [ʁoˈʃwaʁ], not *[ʁɔʃəˈʃwaʁ] as is its pronunciation in Standard French.

Subprefectures in France
In France, a subprefecture (French: sous-préfecture) is the commune that hosts the administrative centre of an arrondissement (a primary division of a department). The commune that hosts the administrative center for the whole department is known as the prefecture. The term "subprefecture" also applies to the building that houses the administrative headquarters for an arrondissement.

The civil servant in charge of a subprefecture is the subprefect, assisted by a general secretary. Between May 1982 and February 1988, subprefects were known instead by the title Deputy Commissioner of the Republic (commissaire adjoint de la République). Where the administration of an arrondissement is carried out from a prefecture, the general secretary to the prefect carries out duties equivalent to those of the subprefect.

(The municipal arrondissements of Paris, Lyon and Marseille are divisions of the commune rather than the department. They are not arrondissements in the same sense.)
New Castle Court House Museum
The New Castle Court House Museum is the center of a circle with a 12-mile radius that defines most of the border between the states of Delaware and Pennsylvania and parts of the borders between Delaware and New Jersey and Maryland.

It is one of the oldest courthouses in the United States and has played a role in a number of historic events. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972. The building is also a contributing property to a second National Historic Landmark, the New Castle Historic District. It is part of First State National Historical Park.

First State National Historical Park
First State National Historical Park is a National Park Service unit which lies primarily in the state of Delaware but which extends partly into Pennsylvania in Chadds Ford. Initially created as First State National Monument by President Barack Obama under the Antiquities Act on March 25, 2013, the park was later redesignated as First State National Historical Park by Congress.
Matthieu Laurette
Matthieu Laurette (born August 24, 1970 in Villeneuve Saint Georges, France) is a media and conceptual contemporary French artist who works in a variety of media, from TV and video to installation and public interventions.

He lives and works in Paris, Amsterdam, Bogotá, Mexico, Rio de Janeiro and New York City.

Look-alike
A look-alike, or double, is a person who bears a strong physical resemblance to another person, excluding cases like twins and other instances of family resemblance.

Some look-alikes have been notable individuals in their own right. Other notable look-alikes have been notable solely for resembling well-known individuals, such as Clifton James, who acted as a double for British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery during World War II.

Some look-alikes who have resembled celebrities have worked as entertainers, impersonating them on stage or screen, or at venues like parties and corporate functions. Professional look-alikes have often been represented by talent agencies specializing in celebrity impersonators.

Close physical resemblance between individuals is also a common plot point in works of fiction.
John S. Trower
John Sheppard Trower (1849–1911) was an American businessman, restaurateur, and founder of a school. He co-founded Downingtown Industrial and Agricultural School, in operation from 1905 until 1993. Trower was among the wealthiest African Americans in Pennsylvania and possibly the United States at the time of his death.

Free Negro
In the British colonies in North America and in the United States before the abolition of slavery in 1865 free Negro, free Black, and free Colored described the legal status of African Americans who were not enslaved. The term was applied both to formerly enslaved people (freedmen) and to those who had been born free (free people of color), whether of African or mixed descent.
Leimen, Rhineland-Palatinate
Leimen (German pronunciation: [ˈlaɪmən] ⓘ) is a municipality in the district of Südwestpfalz in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.  It is located between the cities of Kaiserslautern and Pirmasens, and is situated in the heart of the Pfaelzerwald (Palatinate Forest). Leimen belongs to the municipal association of Rodalben.

Leimen was founded before 1152 under the auspices of the Benedictine cloister of Herbitzheim.  Possession of Leimen later passed to the Counts of Leiningen, who administered the region from their seat at Gräfenstein Castle.

Südwestpfalz
Südwestpfalz (pronounced [zyːtˈvɛstˌpfalts], lit. 'Southwest Palatinate') is a district (Kreis or more precise Landkreis) in the south of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Saarpfalz, the district-free city Zweibrücken, the districts Kaiserslautern and Bad Dürkheim, the district-free city Landau  (the Taubensuhl/Fassendeich forest part of the city), Südliche Weinstraße, and the French département Bas-Rhin. The district-free city Pirmasens is surrounded by the district.
Adaptive sort
A sorting algorithm falls into the adaptive sort family if it takes advantage of existing order in its input.  It benefits from the presortedness in the input sequence – or a limited amount of disorder for various definitions of measures of disorder – and sorts faster.  Adaptive sorting is usually performed by modifying existing sorting algorithms.

Merge sort
In computer science, merge sort (also commonly spelled as mergesort or merge-sort) is an efficient and general purpose comparison-based sorting algorithm. Most implementations of merge sort are stable, which means that the relative order of equal elements is the same between the input and output. Merge sort is a divide-and-conquer algorithm that was invented by John von Neumann in 1945. A detailed description and analysis of bottom-up merge sort appeared in a report by Goldstine and von Neumann as early as 1948.
Farfa Abbey
Farfa Abbey (Italian: Abbazia di Farfa) is a territorial abbey in northern Lazio, central Italy. In the Middle Ages, it was one of the richest and most famous abbeys in Italy. It belongs to the Benedictine Order and is located about 60 km (37 mi) from Rome, in the comune (municipality) of Fara Sabina, of which it is also a frazione (hamlet).

In 2016 it was added to the "tentative" list to be a UNESCO World Heritage Site, as part of a group of eight Italian medieval Benedictine monasteries, representing "The cultural landscape of the Benedictine settlements in medieval Italy".

Territorial abbey
A territorial abbey (or territorial abbacy) is a particular church of the Catholic Church comprising defined territory which is not part of a diocese but surrounds an abbey or monastery whose  abbot or superior functions as ordinary for all Catholics and parishes in the territory. Such an abbot is called a territorial abbot or abbot nullius diœceseos (abbreviated abbot nullius and Latin for "abbot of no diocese"). A territorial abbot thus differs from an ordinary abbot, who exercises authority only within the monastery's walls or to monks or canons who have taken their vows there. A territorial abbot is equivalent to a diocesan bishop in Catholic canon law.

While most belong to the Latin Church, and usually to the Benedictine or Cistercian Orders, there is one Eastern Catholic territorial abbey: the Italo-Albanian Greek Catholic Abbey of Grottaferrata. The closest equivalent in the Eastern Orthodox Church would be a stauropegion (e.g. most famously, Mount Athos).
Parpeville
Parpeville (French pronunciation: [paʁpəvil]) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. Situated 24 kilometers east of Saint-Quentin and 28 kilometers northwest of Laon, Parpeville overlooks the surrounding plains due to its varying altitudes, ranging from 79 meters to 144 meters above sea level.

Saint-Quentin, Aisne
Saint-Quentin (French: [sɛ̃ kɑ̃tɛ̃] ⓘ; Picard: Saint-Kintin; older Dutch: Sint-Kwintens [sɪnt ˈkʋɪntəns]) is a city in the Aisne department, Hauts-de-France, northern France. It has been identified as the Augusta Veromanduorum of antiquity.  It is named after Saint Quentin of Amiens, who is said to have been martyred there in the 3rd century.
Itaquera (district of São Paulo)
Itaquera is a district in the subprefecture of Itaquera of the city and prefecture of São Paulo in Brazil.

The population of the District in 2010 was 204,871.

The name in Tupi means "hard stone", "insensitive stone" or "rest stone".

Artur Alvim
Artur Alvim is a district in the subprefecture of Penha in the city of São Paulo, placed in the eastern suburban area of the city. It constitutes in a medium-low income neighbourhood, with a mixed space occupied by residences and local commerce. It is served by the Artur Alvim station of the São Paulo metro.

23°32′00″S 46°30′00″W﻿ / ﻿23.533333°S 46.500000°W﻿ / -23.533333; -46.500000
Royal Jordanian Army
The Royal Jordanian Army (Arabic: اَلْقُوَّاتُ ٱلْبَرِّيَّةُ ٱلْأُرْدُنِيَّةُ; lit. 'Jordanian Ground Forces') is the ground force branch of the Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF). It draws its origins from units such as the Arab Legion, formed in the British Mandate of Transjordan in the 1920s. It has seen combat against Israel in 1948, 1956, 1967, and 1973. The Army also fought the Syrians and the PLO during Black September in 1970.

Ordnance QF 17-pounder
The Ordnance Quick-Firing 17-pounder (or just 17-pdr) was a 76.2 mm (3 inch) gun developed by the United Kingdom during World War II. It was used as an anti-tank gun on its own carriage, as well as equipping a number of British tanks. Used with the APDS shot, it was capable of defeating all but the thickest armour on German tanks. It was used to "up-gun" some foreign-built vehicles in British service, notably to produce the Sherman Firefly variant of the US M4 Sherman tank, giving British tank units the ability to hold their own against their German counterparts. In the anti-tank role, it was replaced after the war by the 120 mm BAT recoilless rifle. As a tank gun, it was succeeded by the 84 mm 20 pounder.