hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Three-photon adaptive optics microscopy
Three-photon adaptive optics microscopy (3PAOM) is a technology that implements adaptive optics to correct wavefront aberrations produced by three-photon microscopy. This technique allows for significantly improved performance when compared to traditional confocal microscopy (also known as single-photon microscopy) and two-photon microscopy.

Confocal microscopy
Confocal microscopy, most frequently confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation. Capturing multiple two-dimensional images at different depths in a sample enables the reconstruction of three-dimensional structures (a process known as optical sectioning) within an object. This technique is used extensively in the scientific and industrial communities and typical applications are in life sciences, semiconductor inspection and materials science.

Light travels through the sample under a conventional microscope as far into the specimen as it can penetrate, while a confocal microscope only focuses a smaller beam of light at one narrow depth level at a time. The CLSM achieves a controlled and highly limited depth of field.
Piebald Horde
The Piebald Horde (Russian: Пегая Орда) is the Russian term for a confederation of Selkup and Ket tribes in the Ob and Tom river basins which existed in the 16th century, in what is called the Narym region. It was the eastern neighbor and ally of the Khanate of Sibir. As Russian encroachment became a bigger threat, Piebald found itself in conflict with some of the Ugrian Khanty principalities that had allied itself with the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and later the Tsardom of Russia, namely the Principality of Kod.

Selkup people
The Selkup (Russian: селькупы, romanized: sel'kupy) are an Indigenous people of Siberia traditionally settling in the northern parts of Tomsk Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai and Tyumen Oblast (with Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug). Their original language belongs to the Samoyedic branch of the Uralic family.

The Selkups are included in the list of so-called Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Far East of Russia.
Alexian Brothers' Novitiate
The Alexian Brothers' Novitiate is a manor house located in Gresham, Shawano County, Wisconsin, United States. Originally built in 1939 as a residence, it would be converted into a novitiate for the Alexian Brothers' order in 1950 after being donated to them. The building ceased to be used as a novitiate after 1968, following the Second Vatican Council and the reforms from it. It has since been largely vacated and partially demolished, leaving very little of it standing. The building is best known for being seized by the Menominee Warrior Society, in 1975, with demands that it be turned over to the nearby Menominee Indian Reservation. Though successful, it ultimately was returned to Gresham, where it would fall into disrepair and be largely forgotten.

Menominee Indian Reservation
The Menominee Indian Reservation (Menominee: Omāēqnomenēw Eskōnekan, oh-mat-na-mah-nay es-co-nee-cun) is an Indian reservation located in northeastern Wisconsin held in trust by the United States for the Menominee Tribe of Wisconsin. It is the largest Indian reservation east of the Mississippi River. In the Menominee language, it is called Omāēqnomenēw-Otāēskonenan, "Menominee Thing Set Apart", or alternatively omǣqnomenēw-ahkīheh, "in the Menominee Country".
Manila Police District
The Manila Police District (MPD) is the agency of the Philippine National Police (PNP) responsible for law enforcement in the City of Manila including the Manila South Cemetery exclave. Formerly known as the Western Police District (WPD), the MPD is under the National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO), which also handles the Quezon City, Eastern, Northern and Southern Police Districts.

Philippine Constabulary
The Philippine Constabulary (PC; Filipino: Hukbóng Pamayapà ng Pilipinas, HPP; Spanish: Constabularía Filipina) was a gendarmerie-type military police force of the Philippines from 1901 to 1991, and the predecessor to the Philippine National Police. It was created by the American occupational government to replace the Spanish colonial Guardia Civil, happened on the 19th century history of the Philippines. It was the first of the four branches of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. On January 29, 1991, it was merged with the Integrated National Police to form the Philippine National Police.
Bethel United Methodist Church (Lake City, Florida)
Bethel United Methodist Church is located at 4843 South US Hwy. 441 at County Road 133-B in Lake City, Florida. Known as Old Bethel Church, it was first organized by Alligator area settlers as early as the 1820s. The original church was a small log structure located about two miles northeast of its current location. In 1855, the new building was erected to accommodate a growing number of parishioners. It is one of only a few Antebellum church buildings which have survived in rural Florida. Bethel Church has served its congregation continuously since its mid-nineteenth century founding. The building has been known in the community as "the white church by the side of the road" for over one hundred years. There is also a Bethel UMC in Warrenton, Virginia.

Lake City, Florida
Lake City is a city in and the county seat of Columbia County, Florida, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city's population was 12,329, up from 12,046 at the 2010 census. It is the principal city of the Lake City Micropolitan Statistical Area, composed of Columbia County, as well as a principal city of the Gainesville metropolitan area, Florida. Lake City is 60 miles west of Jacksonville. Lake City has the moniker The Gateway to Florida because it is adjacent to the intersection of Interstate 75 and Interstate 10.
Nina Ortlieb
Nina Ortlieb (born 2 April 1996) is an Austrian World Cup alpine ski racer, and specializes in the speed events of downhill and super-G. She is the daughter of Patrick Ortlieb, the Olympic gold medalist in downhill in 1992 and world champion in 1996.

FIS Alpine Ski Europa Cup
The FIS Alpine Ski Europa Cup is a second level international alpine skiing circuit organized annually by the International Ski Federation (FIS) beginning with the 1971–72 season.

Although held in Europe, these races are also open to non-European skiers.
Death and state funeral of Mindon Min
Mindon Min, the tenth king of the Konbaung Kingdom, died in Mandalay Palace at the age of 64 on the afternoon of 1 October 1878 (6th waxing day of Thadingyut, 1240 M.E.). A mourning period of seven days preceded his funeral, which took place on 7 October. His son Thibaw was proclaimed the new monarch by the Hluttaw (royal parliament).

Mindon Min was the first to break a tradition of putting cremation ashes into a velvet bag which was then thrown into the river; his remains were not cremated, but instead were buried intact, according to his wishes, at the place where his tomb still stands. Mindon's was the last funeral of a Burmese monarch to take place within the kingdom, since his successor, Thibaw, was dethroned by the British Empire in the Third Anglo-Burmese War and sent to Ratnagiri, India, on 29 November 1885.

Salin Supaya
Thu Thiri Myatswa Ratana Devi (Burmese: သုသီရိမြတ်စွာရတနာဒေဝီ, Pali: Susīrimratswāratanādevi), commonly known as the Princess of Salin (Burmese: စလင်းမင်းသမီး) or Salin Supaya (Burmese: စလင်းစုဖုရား, pronounced [səlɪ́ɰ̃ sṵpʰəjá]), was the Tabindaing princess (chief queen designate) during the late Konbaung dynasty in Burma. She was nicknamed "Selina Sophia" by Europeans. As a favourite daughter of King Mindon and one who was proficient in mathematics, she served as head of the royal treasury (the equivalent of HM Treasury) during the reign of King Mindon.
Carex arctata
Carex arctata, known as drooping woodland sedge, is a species of sedge native to eastern North America.  It is sometimes called black sedge, compressed sedge, or drooping wood sedge. It occurs from Manitoba to the Maritimes in Canada, south to northwestern North Carolina, and west to Minnesota. Carex arctata grows in bogs, hardwood forests, and spruce forests.

Carex
Carex is a vast genus of over 2,000 species of grass-like plants in the family Cyperaceae, commonly known as sedges (or seg, in older books). Other members of the family Cyperaceae are also called sedges; however, those of genus Carex may be called true sedges. Carex is the most species-rich genus in the family. The study of Carex is known as caricology.
GÜFA
GÜFA (Gesellschaft zur Übernahme und Wahrnehmung von Filmaufführungsrechten mbH) is a German copyright collective of pornographic film production companies and copyright holders. As a copyright collective, GÜFA performs collective rights management for its member companies, such as by enforcing film distribution rights and copyright. It also endeavors to influence German law to the advantage of its member companies. The organisation is headquartered in Düsseldorf.

GÜFA operates in the Netherlands as GÜFA Nederland, and cooperates with several comparable organisations in other European countries: V.A.M. (Verwertungsgesellschaft für Audiovisuelle Medien) of Austria, SIA ATBALSS of Latvia, EGEDA Ciudad de la Imagen of Spain, and Intergram of the Czech Republic.

Pornographic films and videos registered with GÜFA must bear its seal on their packaging.  Furthermore, the GÜFA seal must be included before the film's or video's opening credits.

Collective rights management
Collective rights management is the licensing of copyright and related rights by organisations acting on behalf of rights owners. Collective management organisations (CMOs), sometimes also referred to as collecting societies, typically represent groups of copyright and related rights owners, i.e.; authors (such as writers, composers, painters and photographers), performers (such as musicians, actors and dancers), publishers, phonogram producers, film producers and other rights holders. At the least, rights holders authorize collective rights management organizations to monitor the use of their works, negotiate licenses with prospective users, document correct right management data and information, collect remuneration for use of copyrighted works, ensuring a fair distribution of such remuneration amongst rightsholders. CMOs also act on legal mandates. Governmental supervision varies across jurisdictions.
Anderson Lake (Poplar River)
Anderson Lake is a 28-acre lake in Cook County, Minnesota which is a tributary to the Poplar River. It consists of a western lobe of 15 acres and an eastern lobe of 13 acres. Anderson Lake should not be confused with the Anderson Lake which is a tributary to the Temperance River and lies slightly more than one mile northwest.

Temperance River
The Temperance River is a 39.2-mile-long (63.1 km) river in northern Minnesota. It drains into Lake Superior along its north shore just south of Tofte. It flows out of Brule Lake in Cook County generally south towards its mouth within Temperance River State Park. Its name is supposedly a pun on its lack of a sand bar.
Singré
Singré is an arrondissement in the Donga department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Copargo. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 13,378.

Copargo
Copargo  [kɔ.paʁ.go] is a town, arrondissement, and commune in the Donga Department of western Benin. The commune covers an area of 876 square kilometres and as of 2013 had a population of 70,938 people.
Segment (handwriting)
A segment of handwriting is a piece of the pen-tip trajectory between two defined segmentation points. If the occurrence of a minimum in the absolute (tangential) velocity is used as a heuristic for segmentation, the pen-tip trajectory can be subdivided into segments corresponding to ballistic strokes.

In handwriting recognition or optical character recognition, other terminologies may be used, such as the term glyph for a non-character (i.e.: sub character or 
multi-character) pattern.

Trajectory
A trajectory is the path an object takes through its motion over time. In classical mechanics, a trajectory is defined by Hamiltonian mechanics via canonical coordinates; hence, a complete trajectory is defined by position and momentum, simultaneously.

The object as a mass might be a projectile or a satellite. For example, it can be an orbit — the path of a planet, asteroid, or comet as it travels around a central mass.

In control theory, a trajectory is a time-ordered set of states of a dynamical system (see e.g. Poincaré map). In discrete mathematics, a trajectory is a sequence  of values calculated by the iterated application of a mapping  to an element  of its source.
Leeward Islands Station
The Leeward Islands Station originally known as the Commander-in-Chief at Barbadoes and the Leeward Islands was a formation or command of the Kingdom of Great Britain and then the United Kingdom's Royal Navy stationed at English Harbour, Antigua, Leeward Islands. It existed from 1743 to 1821.

English Harbour
English Harbour (North Antiguan: Inglish Aaba) is a natural harbour and settlement on the island of Antigua in the Caribbean, in the extreme south of the island. The settlement takes its name from the nearby harbour in which the Royal Navy established its base of operations for the area during the eighteenth century. Its population is 570 (2011 census).

English Harbour is a centre of boating, especially yachting. There are two sheltered deepwater harbours nearby; English Harbour itself and Falmouth Harbour.
Calvatia pachyderma
Calvatia pachyderma, also known as the elephant-skin puffball or thick-skinned puffball, is a species of edible fungus. This mid-sized, spring-fruiting puffball is known from relatively dry, open places near human settlements. The appropriate binomial name, taxonomic placement, and geographic distribution "have been much debated and are the subject of controversy".

Andrew Price Morgan
Andrew Price Morgan (27 October 1836 – 19 October 1907) was an American botanist and mycologist. He investigated the flora of the Miami Valley in Ohio. While his interest included flowering plants, as noted by his Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio, his special interest was in fungi. Morgan worked as a teacher in Dayton.  He studied the botany of the Great Miami River, publishing in 1878 the Flora of the Miami River, Ohio; Morgan also showed particular interest in mycology and bryology.  A.P. Morgan was a mentor to the prominent American mycologist Curtis Gates Lloyd. His correspondence with Lloyd is stored in the Lloyd Library and Museum in Cincinnati. Lloyd's portion of the correspondence is stored in the Ada Hayden Herbarium at Iowa state university. Morgan's collections of preserved fungi can also be found at the Ada Hayden Herbarium along with Laura Morgan's gouache illustrations of fungi that could not be preserved.
Mr. James Kent Calhoun House
The Mr. James Kent Calhoun House is a historic house at 740 Greenwood Avenue in Glencoe, Illinois. The house was built in 1895 for James Kent Calhoun and his family. Calhoun held several positions in Glencoe government, including Village President and Village Trustee, and wrote one of the first chronicles of Glencoe's early history and politics. The house has a Queen Anne style design with a spindlework front porch, bracketed projecting bays, and a cross-gable roof. The Calhoun family has owned the house for all but fifteen of the years since its construction; it was sold after Calhoun's second wife Blanche died in 1975, but his grandson R. Scott Javore bought the house back in 1990.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 7, 2010.

Glencoe, Illinois
Glencoe (/ˈɡlɛnˌkoʊ/) is a lakefront village in northeastern Cook County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,849. Glencoe is part of Chicago's North Shore and one of the wealthiest communities in Illinois. According to the United States Census Bureau, the median household income in Glencoe was $228,750 in 2022.
Vanishing scalar invariant spacetime
In mathematical physics, vanishing scalar invariant (VSI) spacetimes are Lorentzian manifolds in which all polynomial curvature invariants of all orders are vanishing. Although the only Riemannian manifold with the VSI property is flat space, the Lorentzian case admits nontrivial spacetimes with this property.  Distinguishing these VSI spacetimes from Minkowski spacetime requires comparing non-polynomial invariants or carrying out the full Cartan–Karlhede algorithm on non-scalar quantities.

All VSI spacetimes are a subset of Kundt spacetimes.  An example of a VSI spacetime in four dimensions is a pp-wave. However, VSI spacetimes also contain some other four-dimensional Kundt spacetimes of Petrov type N and III.  VSI spacetimes in higher dimensions have similar properties to the four-dimensional case.

Pseudo-Riemannian manifold
In mathematical physics, a pseudo-Riemannian manifold, also called a semi-Riemannian manifold, is a differentiable manifold with a metric tensor that is everywhere nondegenerate.  This is a generalization of a Riemannian manifold in which the requirement of positive-definiteness is relaxed.

Every tangent space of a pseudo-Riemannian manifold is a pseudo-Euclidean vector space.

A special case used in general relativity is a four-dimensional Lorentzian manifold for modeling spacetime, where tangent vectors can be classified as timelike, null, and spacelike.
Charlie Miller
Charles Miller (born 18 March 1976) is a Scottish retired footballer. He started his career at Rangers, and was voted the SPFA Young Player of the Year in 1995 during his time with the club. After spells with English Premier League clubs Leicester City and Watford, Miller joined Dundee United in 2000 where he played for four seasons.

Miller played for Norwegian club SK Brann from 2004 to 2006 and won the Norwegian Cup with the club in 2004. After spells in Belgium and Australia, he returned to Scotland in 2011 when he joined Clyde.

1994–95 in Scottish football
The 1994–95 season was the 98th season of competitive football in Scotland. This season saw the introduction of a fourth tier of league football (the Scottish 3rd Division) and also three points for a win being awarded instead of just two.
2010 Tour of California
The 2010 Tour of California was the fifth running of the Tour of California cycling stage race. It was held from May 16–23, and was the first edition of the race held in the month of May, after the first four occurred in February. It was rated as a 2.HC event on the UCI America Tour. It began in Nevada City and concluded in the Agoura Hills.

The event's move to later in the year has made it so the route was different from previous editions of the race, and also provided for a different makeup of ridership, as it conflicted with the 2010 Giro d'Italia.

The race was won by Team HTC–Columbia rider Michael Rogers, who held off Garmin–Transitions' David Zabriskie and Levi Leipheimer of Team RadioShack. In other classifications, Liquigas–Doimo's Peter Sagan won both the points and young rider classifications, Thomas Rabou of Team Type 1 won the mountains classification and Garmin-Transitions won the teams classification.

2009–10 UCI America Tour
The 2009–10 UCI America Tour was the sixth season for the UCI America Tour. The season began on 4 October 2009 with the Vuelta Chihuahua and ended on 12 September 2010 with the Univest Grand Prix.

The points leader, based on the cumulative results of previous races, wears the UCI America Tour cycling jersey. Gregorio Ladino of Colombia was the defending champion of the 2008–09 UCI America Tour and was crowned as the 2009–10 UCI America Tour champion.

Throughout the season, points are awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races and the final general classification standings of each of the stages races and one-day events. The quality and complexity of a race also determines how many points are awarded to the top finishers, the higher the UCI rating of a race, the more points are awarded.

The UCI ratings from highest to lowest are as follows:

Multi-day events: 2.HC, 2.1 and 2.2

One-day events: 1.HC, 1.1 and 1.2
Philcon
Philcon, also known as the "Philadelphia Science Fiction Conference", is an annual three-day science fiction convention held at the Doubletree by Hilton Hotel in Cherry Hill, New Jersey (formerly the Crowne Plaza Hotel). The convention is run by the Philadelphia Science Fiction Society (PSFS). The 1936 Philcon is claimed to be the world's first science fiction convention.

Cherry Hill, New Jersey
Cherry Hill is a township within Camden County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As a suburb of Philadelphia, the township is part of the South Jersey and Delaware Valley regions. Cherry Hill Township grew during the mid-20th century suburbanization, becoming one of the Delaware Valley's main commercial centers, including the Cherry Hill Mall. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 74,553.
Ankyra
Ankyra is a genus of green algae in the family Characiaceae. This genus of algae is closely related to Atractomorpha and Sphaeroplea. They are found in stagnant waters.

Ankyra consists of single cells that are planktonic or epiphytic. Cells are spindle-shaped or cylindrical with the ends tapering into long spines. At one end, the spine is bifid and/or enlarged into a spatula-like appendage. The cell wall consists of two pieces that are joined together at the middle of the cell. One band-shaped chloroplast lines the inside of the cell membrane, and contains a single pyrenoid.

Reproduction occurs via zoospores which are released when the two halves of the cell wall break apart, or through a hole formed in the cell wall. Sexual reproduction has not been observed in Ankyra. However, various aplanospore-like stages and other resting stages have been observed in Ankyra, and need to be studied further.

Species are identified based on the shape of the cells and their appendages.

Characiaceae
Characiaceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales. It contains epiphytic or planktonic algae that are unicellular or colonial. The cells are heteropolar, with basal and apical ends having different shapes. The daughter cells are often retained in the cell wall of the old mother cell, whose cell wall becomes gelatinized.