hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2018 Pennsylvania elections
Elections were held in Pennsylvania on November 6, 2018. On that date, the state held elections for governor and lieutenant governor (on one ticket), U.S. Senate, U.S. House of Representatives, Pennsylvania State Senate, Pennsylvania House of Representatives, and various others. Primary elections took place on May 15, 2018.

2018 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
The 2018 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania took place on November 6, 2018, to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the State of Pennsylvania, concurrently with other elections to the United States Senate, elections to the United States House of Representatives, and various state and local elections. This was one of ten Democratic-held Senate seats up for election in a state that Donald Trump won in the 2016 presidential election. The primary elections were held on May 15. Incumbent Democratic Senator Bob Casey Jr. ran for re-election to a third term. Casey, who faced no primary opposition, defeated the Republican nominee, Lou Barletta, Green Party nominee Neal Gale, and Libertarian Party nominee Dale Kerns. Casey was the first senator to be elected to a third term from Pennsylvania since Arlen Specter in 1992, and the first Pennsylvania Democrat to be popularly elected to three terms in the Senate.
Watling Chase Timberland Trail
The Watling Chase Timberland Trail is a 10.5 mile footpath in the Watling Chase Community Forest in Hertfordshire. It starts at Elstree & Borehamwood railway station, where it links with the London Loop, and goes mainly through farmland and parks. It passes through Shenley, London Colney and Colney Heath, finishing in Smallford near St Albans, where it links with the Alban Way.

London Outer Orbital Path
The London Outer Orbital Path—more usually the "London LOOP"—is a 150-mile (242 km) signed walk along public footpaths, and through parks, woods and fields around the edge of Outer London, England, described as "the M25 for walkers". The walk begins at Erith on the south bank of the River Thames and passes clockwise through Crayford, Petts Wood, Coulsdon, Banstead, Ewell, Kingston upon Thames, Uxbridge, Elstree, Cockfosters, Chingford, Chigwell, Grange Hill and Upminster Bridge before ending at Purfleet, almost directly across the Thames from its starting point.  Between these settlements the route passes through green buffers and some of the highest points in Greater London.
Washington: Village and Capital, 1800–1878
Washington: Village and Capital, 1800–1878 (1962) is first volume of a two-volume Pulitzer Prize–winning work by American historian Constance McLaughlin Green, tracing the development of Washington, DC, from 1800 to 1878. Green won the 1963 Pulitzer Prize for History for it. Donald H. Mugridge of the Historical Society of Washington, D.C., called the work "the first volume of what is self-evidently the most important general history of the City of Washington, and I have no hesitation in saying the most important contribution to the knowledge of its history, in nearly half a century."

Green's second volume was published in 1963, titled Washington: Capital City, 1879–1950, tracing its development from 1879 to 1950.

Pulitzer Prize for History
The Pulitzer Prize for History, administered by Columbia University, is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It has been presented since 1917 for a distinguished book about the history of the United States. Thus it is one of the original Pulitzers, for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year. The Pulitzer Prize program has also recognized some historical work with its Biography prize, from 1917, and its General Nonfiction prize, from 1962.

Finalists have been announced since 1980, ordinarily two others beside the winner.
Unseen Masters
Unseen Masters, Modern Struggles against Hidden Powers is a 2001 Horror fiction tabletop role-playing game adventure, written by Bruce Ballon, with a cover by Matt Harpold, and published by Chaosium for Call of Cthulhu.

Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)
Call of Cthulhu is a horror fiction role-playing game based on H. P. Lovecraft's story of the same name and the associated Cthulhu Mythos. The game, often abbreviated as CoC, is published by Chaosium; it was first released in 1981 and is in its seventh edition, with licensed foreign language editions available as well. Its game system is based on Chaosium's Basic Role-Playing (BRP) with additions for the horror genre. These include special rules for sanity and luck.
Airbreathing jet engine
An airbreathing jet engine (or ducted jet engine) is a jet engine in which the exhaust gas which supplies jet propulsion is atmospheric air, which is taken in, compressed, heated, and expanded back to atmospheric pressure through a propelling nozzle. Compression may be provided by a gas turbine, as in the original turbojet and newer turbofan, or arise solely from the ram pressure of the vehicle's velocity, as with the ramjet and pulsejet.

All practical airbreathing jet engines heat the air by burning fuel. Alternatively a heat exchanger may be used, as in a nuclear-powered jet engine. Most modern jet engines are turbofans, which are more fuel efficient than turbojets because the thrust supplied by the gas turbine is augmented by bypass air passing through a ducted fan.

Specific thrust
Specific thrust is the thrust per unit air mass flowrate of a jet engine (e.g. turbojet, turbofan, etc.) and can be calculated by the ratio of net thrust/total intake airflow.

Low specific thrust engines tend to be more efficient of propellant (at subsonic speeds), but also have a lower effective exhaust velocity and lower maximum airspeed. High specific thrust engines are mostly used for supersonic speeds, and high specific thrust engines can achieve hypersonic speeds.
Xylitol pentanitrate
Xylitol pentanitrate (XPN) is a nitrated ester primary explosive first synthesized in 1891 by Gabriel Bertrand. Law enforcement has taken an interest in XPN along with erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) due to their ease of synthesis, which makes them accessible to amateur chemists and terrorists.

Nitrate ester
In organic chemistry, a nitrate ester is an organic functional group with the formula R−ONO2, where R stands for any organyl group.  They are the esters of nitric acid and alcohols. A well-known example is nitroglycerin, which is not a nitro compound, despite its name.

Pentaerythritol tetranitrate is a commercially important explosive that contains four nitrate ester groups.
Conventional Prompt Strike
Conventional Prompt Strike (CPS), formerly called Prompt Global Strike (PGS), is a United States military effort to develop a system that can deliver a precision-guided conventional weapon strike anywhere in the world within one hour, in a similar manner to a nuclear ICBM. Such a weapon would allow the United States to respond far more swiftly to rapidly emerging threats than is possible with conventional forces. A CPS system could also be useful during a nuclear conflict, potentially replacing the use of nuclear weapons against up to 30% of targets. The CPS program encompasses numerous established and emerging technologies, including conventional surface-launched missiles and air- and submarine-launched hypersonic missiles.

Submarine-launched ballistic missile
A submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) is a ballistic missile capable of being launched from submarines. Modern variants usually deliver multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), each of which carries a nuclear warhead and allows a single launched missile to strike several targets. Submarine-launched ballistic missiles operate in a different way from submarine-launched cruise missiles.

Modern submarine-launched ballistic missiles are closely related to intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), with ranges of over 5,500 kilometres (3,000 nmi), and in many cases SLBMs and ICBMs may be part of the same family of weapons.
COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C.
The first cases relating to the COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C., were reported on March 7, 2020. The city has enacted a variety of public health measures in an attempt to curb the spread of the virus, including limiting business activities, suspending non-essential work, and closing down schools.

As of December 20, 2021, the District of Columbia had administered 1,229,170 COVID-19 vaccine doses and 85% of the population had received at least one shot while 67% were fully vaccinated.

District of Columbia Public Schools
The District of Columbia Public Schools (DCPS) is the local public school system for the District of Columbia, in the United States. It is distinct from the District of Columbia Public Charter Schools (DCPCS), which governs public charter schools in the district.
Raj Narain
Raj Narain (23 November 1917 – 31 December 1986) was an Indian freedom fighter and politician. He won in a famous electoral malpractice case against the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, which led to her disqualification and, eventually, imposition of the 21-month Emergency in India from 1975. He defeated Gandhi during the 1977 Lok Sabha elections.

Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency
Rae Bareli is one of the 80 Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituencies in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is considered to be a bastion of the Indian National Congress. The first Member of Parliament was Baijnath Kureel. From 1967 to 1977, the seat was held by former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, and from 2004 until her appointment to the Rajya Sabha in 2024, by Sonia Gandhi.
Alaina Lockhart
Alaina Lockhart (born May 26, 1974) is a Canadian Liberal politician who represented the riding of Fundy Royal in the House of Commons of Canada from 2015 to 2019. She took on the role of Parliamentary Secretary to Small Business and Tourism, as well as Official Languages and La Francophonie. She has served as a member of the Agriculture and Agri-food Standing Committee, and the Veterans Affairs Standing Committee. Lockhart lost her seat in the 2019 Canadian federal election to Rob Moore.

Kelowna
Kelowna (/kəˈloʊnə/ ⓘ kə-LOH-nə) is a city on Okanagan Lake in the Okanagan Valley in the southern interior of British Columbia, Canada. It serves as the head office of the Regional District of Central Okanagan. The name Kelowna derives from the Okanagan word kiʔláwnaʔ, referring to a grizzly bear.

Kelowna is the province's third-largest metropolitan area (after Vancouver and Victoria). It is the seventh-largest municipality in BC and the largest in the Interior. It is the 20th-largest metropolitan area in Canada. The city proper encompasses 214 km2 (83 sq mi), and the census metropolitan area 2,902.45 km2 (1,120.64 sq mi). Kelowna's population in 2025 is 165,907 in the city proper and 254,605 in the metro area.

Nearby communities include the City of West Kelowna (also referred to as Westbank and Westside) to the west, across Okanagan Lake; Lake Country and Vernon to the north; Peachland to the southwest; and Summerland and Penticton to the south.
MetroTurf Racecourse
MetroTurf Racecourse is a horse racing venue in the Philippines. Located in Malvar and Tanauan, Batangas.

It is owned by the Metro Manila Turf Club (MMTC). MMTC was founded in 2013. Since 2022, it serves as the sole horse racing hub in the Philippines as the San Lazaro Leisure Park and the Santa Ana Park in Cavite has closed. It will be competing against the Philippine Jockey Club in the future.

San Lazaro Leisure Park
The San Lazaro Leisure Park is a mixed-used venue which features a racetrack in Carmona, Cavite, Philippines. It is the home of the Manila Jockey Club (MJC).

The leisure park occupies a land 77 hectares (770,000 m2) and houses around 1,800 thoroughbreds as of 2015. Its horse racing operations lasted from its inception in 2013 until 2022.
Judges of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
The first Judges of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights were elected on January 22, 2006 at the Eighth Ordinary Session of the Executive Council of the African Union, held in Khartoum, Sudan.  The judges, hailing from 11 of the 53 member states of the African Union, are from varying backgrounds of judicial experience and knowledge of international and human rights law.

Each judge serves for a six-year term, and can be re-elected once. The President and Vice-President  are elected to two-year terms and can only be re-elected once.

Dr. Gerard Niyungeko (President)

Modibo Tounty Guindo  (Vice-President)

Dr. Fatsah Ouguergouz

Jean Emile Somda

Sophia A.B. Akuffo

Kellelo Justina Mafoso-Guni

Hamdi Faraj Fanoush

Jean Mutsinzi

El Hadj Guissé

Bernard Ngoepe

George W. Kanyeihamba

Gerard Niyungeko
Gerard Niyungeko was a Judge of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, a position he was appointed to in 2006.

At the time of his election he was Professor of Law at the University of Burundi at Bujumbura. There, he holds the UNESCO Chair in Education for Peace and Conflicts Resolution. Dr. Niyungeko is also a consultant to the Political Affairs Commission of the African Union.
Gordon McCorkell
Gordon McCorkell (born 1983) is a Scottish actor who is best known for the role of Derek "Deek" Henderson in River City from 2002 to 2012. He has also appeared in the Ford Kiernan and Greg Hemphill productions, Chewin' the Fat and as Winston's grandson Joe the boxer in the pilot episode of Still Game. He was a member of PACE Youth Theatre until 2002 but still is involved in activities. He also appeared as David in the BAFTA Award-winning children's drama Jeopardy (2002–2004).

In June 2016, McCorkell was recognised by Glasgow's International Financial Services District for achieving top marks in his final exams.

McCorkell was nominated for the award by Glasgow Kelvin College for his 'A' grade achieved on the HND Accountancy course.

Ford Kiernan
Ford John Kiernan (born 10 January 1962) is a Scottish actor, comedian and writer. He is best known for his work with Greg Hemphill on the BBC Scotland sketch comedy series Chewin' the Fat (1999–2005) and the sitcom Still Game (2002–2007, 2016–2019). He also starred as Archie Henderson in Dear Green Place (2007–2008) and as Colin Holliday in Happy Hollidays (2009).

Kiernan is one of the executive producers and co–owner of the production company Effingee Productions. The production company has largely created productions in which Kiernan has featured, including Still Game, Chewin' the Fat and Dear Green Place.
California Technical Bulletin 117
California Technical Bulletin 117 (TB 117) is a California fire safety law, first implemented in 1975. It has recently been updated as a Technical Bulletin 117-2013. The law requires fabric to pass a smouldering test. The test exposes fabrics and foams to burning cigarettes for 45 minutes. The ignition and char level are measured, with the goal being that the cigarette extinguishes without the fabric or foam igniting.

Smouldering
Smouldering (British English) or smoldering (American English; see spelling differences) is the slow, flameless form of combustion, sustained by the heat evolved when oxygen directly attacks the surface of a condensed-phase fuel. Many solid materials can sustain a smouldering reaction, including coal, cellulose, wood, cotton, tobacco, cannabis, peat, plant litter, humus, synthetic foams, charring polymers including polyurethane foam and some types of dust. Common examples of smouldering phenomena are the initiation of residential fires on upholstered furniture by weak heat sources (e.g., a cigarette, a short-circuited wire), and the persistent combustion of biomass behind the flaming front of wildfires.
Full spectrum diplomacy
Full spectrum diplomacy is a combination of traditional, government-to-government diplomacy with the many components of public diplomacy as well as the integration of these two functions with other instruments of statecraft. The term was coined by John Lenczowski,  founder and president of The Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C. in his book Full Spectrum Diplomacy and Grand Strategy:  Reforming the Structure and Culture of U.S. Foreign Policy which was released in May, 2011.

Soft power
In politics (and particularly in international politics), soft power is the ability to co-opt rather than coerce (in contrast with hard power). It involves shaping the preferences of others through appeal and attraction. Soft power is non-coercive, using culture, political values, and foreign policies to enact change. In 2012, Joseph Nye of Harvard University explained that with soft power, "the best propaganda is not propaganda", further explaining that during the Information Age, "credibility is the scarcest resource".

Nye popularised the term in his 1990 book, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power.
In this book he wrote: "when one country gets other countries to want what it wants might be called co-optive or soft power in contrast with the hard or command power of ordering others to do what it wants". He further developed the concept in his 2004 book, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics.
Entomolepididae
Entomolepididae is a family of crustaceans belonging to the order Siphonostomatoida.

Genera:

Entomolepis Brady, 1899

Entomopsyllus McKinnon, 1988

Lepeopsyllus Thompson & Scott, 1903

Paralepeopsyllus Ummerkutty, 1960

Parmulella Stock, 1992

Parmulodes Wilson, 1944

Spongiopsyllus Johnsson, 2000

Siphonostomatoida
Siphonostomatoida is an order of copepods, containing around 75% of all the copepods that parasitise fishes. Their success has been linked to their possession of siphon-like mandibles and of a "frontal filament" to aid attachment to their hosts. Most are marine, but a few live in fresh water. There are 40 recognised families:
Woodarra, Western Australia
Woodarra, also once known as Darlot or Lake Darlot, is an abandoned town located between Leinster and Laverton in the Goldfields–Esperance region of Western Australia. The town is situated close to Lake Darlot.

Gold was discovered in the area in the 1890s, and following an influx of prospectors and miners the Lake Darlot progress association lobbied for the declaration of a townsite. Lots were surveyed in 1896 and the progress association asked for the town to be named Woodarra. The townsite was gazetted in 1898.

A bicycle postal service to and from Lawlers was established in 1895, this was later replaced with a mail run from Cue via Lawlers. In 1896 the mail run was again changed, this time from Mount Magnet via Lawlers; that lasted for six years.

The name is Aboriginal in origin and is the name of a granite rock formation located near the town's water supply.

Laverton, Western Australia
Laverton, originally known as British Flag, is a town in the Goldfields region of Western Australia, and the centre of administration for the Shire of Laverton. The town of Laverton is located at the western edge of the Great Victoria Desert, 957 kilometres (595 mi) north-northeast of the state capital, Perth, and 124 kilometres (77 mi) east-northeast of the town of Leonora, with an elevation of 461 metres (1,512 ft).

About 20% of the population is of Aboriginal descent. The area is semi-arid, with a mean annual rainfall of 233 millimetres (9.2 in). It is also quite warm, with mean daily maximum temperatures ranging from 17 °C (62 °F) in July to 36 °C (97 °F) in January.

Laverton is the westernmost town on the Outback Way – a proposed highway which goes through the Northern Territory to Winton in outback Queensland.
Visual processing abnormalities in schizophrenia
Visual processing abnormalities in schizophrenia are commonly found, and contribute to poor social function.

There is evidence that schizophrenia affects perception of contrast and motion, control of eye movements, detection of visual contours, and recognition of faces or facial expressions. The specificity of many visual processing abnormalities in schizophrenia is still an area of active debate within the scientific community.

Spatial frequency
In mathematics, physics, and engineering, spatial frequency is a characteristic of any structure that is periodic across position in space. The spatial frequency is a measure of how often sinusoidal components (as determined by the Fourier transform) of the structure repeat per unit of distance.

The SI unit of spatial frequency is the reciprocal metre (m−1), although cycles per meter (c/m) is also common. In image-processing applications, spatial frequency is often expressed in units of cycles per millimeter (c/mm) or also line pairs per millimeter (LP/mm).

In wave propagation, the spatial frequency is also known as wavenumber. Ordinary wavenumber is defined as the reciprocal of wavelength  and is commonly denoted by  or sometimes :

Angular wavenumber , expressed in rad per metre (rad/m), is related to ordinary wavenumber and wavelength by
Gopal Sharma (politician)
Gopal Sharma (born 5 March 1959) is an Indian politician serving as a member of the 16th Rajasthan Assembly, he is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party, and represents the Civil Lines Assembly constituency from Jaipur district.

16th Rajasthan Assembly
The Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan was constituted after the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly elections which were concluded in November 2023 and the results were declared on 3 December 2023.
1973 California Golden Bears football team
The 1973 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley in the Pacific-8 Conference (Pac-8) during the 1973 NCAA Division I football season. In their second year under head coach Mike White, the Golden Bears compiled a 4–7 record (2–5 against Pac-8 opponents), finished in a tie for fifth place in the Pac-8, and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 380 to 245.

The team's statistical leaders included Vince Ferragamo with 1,014 passing yards (Steve Bartkowski added 910 passing yards), Chuck Muncie with 801 rushing yards, and Wesley Walker with 361 receiving yards.

Steve Bartkowski
Steven Joseph Bartkowski (born November 12, 1952) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Atlanta Falcons (1975–1985), Washington Redskins (1985) and the Los Angeles Rams (1986). He was a two-time Pro Bowl selection. Bartkowski played college football for the California Golden Bears, earning consensus All-American honors as a senior in 1974. He was selected by the Falcons with the first overall pick of the 1975 NFL draft.
Scratchappyland
Scratchappyland contains selections from the Scratchcratchratchatch mixtape. It was released in 10" format by Ninja Tune (ZEN10KK). Due to heavy use of unlicensed samples, the 10" has a label with 'for promotional use only - not for resale' printed on it.

Scratchcratchratchatch
Scratchcratchratchatch is the debut mixtape of turntablist Kid Koala. There were reports of only 500 copies released initially, but it was picked up by Ninja Tune records. They continue to sell it in its original format as a cassette tape.  Due to heavy use of unlicensed samples, the cassette has a label with 'for promotional use only' printed on it.