hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Knight's Tram
Knight's tram, Raurimu was a bush tramway owned by the Tamaki Sawmill Co., Raurimu and managed by Len Knight (formally Benjamin Leonard Knight). It was located at Raurimu in the central North Island of New Zealand, connecting to the North Island Main Trunk Railway. The tramway with a track gauge of 3+1⁄2 feet (1,067 mm) was used for at least ten years from 1912 to 1922.

Bush tramway
In New Zealand railway terminology, a bush tramway is an industrial tramway, most commonly used for logging. They are distinguished from urban trams as bush tramways were predominantly for freight, usually logging in the bush, and not for passengers, and were often built in parts of the countryside that were otherwise inaccessible to transport. In some cases, such as the Kinleith Branch, bush tramways were converted to heavy rail and incorporated into the New Zealand Government Railways network. In modern parlance, both urban trams and bush tramways are known as light rail.
Individualist feminism
Individualist feminism, also known as ifeminism, is a libertarian feminist movement that emphasizes individualism, personal autonomy, freedom from state-sanctioned discrimination against women, and gender equality.

Nikita Klæstrup
Nikita Klæstrup (born 8 November 1994) is a Danish political commentator, fashion model and reality TV star. Klæstrup is a member of the Liberal Alliance but was a member of Young Conservatives until after the 2015 Danish general election.
Battle of Perez Dasmariñas
The Battle of Perez Dasmariñas (Filipino: Labanan sa Perez Dasmariñas, Spanish: Batalla de Perez Dasmariñas) was a battle of the Philippine Revolution. It occurred during the Cavite Offensive of 1897, commanded by Maj. Gen. Jose de Lachambre under Governor-General Camilo de Polavieja, as the Spanish aimed to recapture Cavite from Katipunan rebel control. Both the battle and the offensive was a success for the Spanish, and the retreat to Montalban occurred several weeks after the battle.

Silang, Cavite
Silang (Tagalog: [ˈsi.lɐŋ]), officially the Municipality of Silang (Filipino: Bayan ng Silang), is a municipality in the province of Cavite, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 313,145 people. Its land area is 209.43 km2 (80.86 sq mi), making it the largest municipality in Cavite.

It is known for its scenic landscapes and rich cultural heritage. Also renowned for its agricultural produce particularly sweet mangoes, which are regarded as some of the best in the country.
LSWR 380 class
The LSWR 380 class was a class of 4-4-0 tender locomotives designed by William Adams for the London and South Western Railway and introduced about 1879. They were built by Beyer, Peacock and Company and received LSWR numbers 380–391. They were nicknamed "steam rollers" because of their small solid bogie wheels. The design was developed from Adams' 46 class 4-4-0T, later rebuilt as 4-4-2T.

Twelve were purchased in 1879 and were numbered 380 to 391. They were all placed on the duplicate list as 0380 to 0391 in 1902. Four were withdrawn in 1913; and five of the remaining eight were renumbered again in 1914, still on the duplicate list. These eight all passed to the Southern Railway in 1923, but all were withdrawn by the end of 1925.

4-4-0
4-4-0, in the Whyte notation, denotes a steam locomotive with a wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles (usually in a leading bogie), four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles, and no trailing wheels.

First built in the 1830s, locomotives with this wheel arrangement were known as "standard" or "Eight-Wheeler" type. In the first half of the 19th century, almost every major railroad in North America owned and operated locomotives of this type, and many rebuilt their 4-2-0 and 2-4-0 locomotives as 4-4-0s.

In April 1872, Railroad Gazette used "American" as the name of the type. The type subsequently also became popular in the United Kingdom, where large numbers were produced.

The vast majority of 4-4-0 locomotives had tenders, though some tank locomotives (designated 4-4-0T) were built.
2024 Libéma Open
The 2024 Libéma Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts at Autotron Rosmalen in Rosmalen, 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands from 10 to 16 June 2024. It was the 33rd edition of the Rosmalen Grass Court Championships and is classified as an ATP 250 event on the 2024 ATP Tour and a WTA 250 event on the 2024 WTA Tour.

2024 ATP Tour
The 2024 ATP Tour was the global elite men's professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2024 tennis season. The 2024 ATP Tour calendar comprised the Grand Slam tournaments, supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF), the ATP Finals, the ATP Masters 1000, the United Cup (organized with the WTA), the ATP 500 series and the ATP 250 series. Also included in the 2024 calendar are the Davis Cup (organised by the ITF), the Summer Olympics in Paris, Next Gen ATP Finals and Laver Cup, none of which distribute ranking points.

Jannik Sinner finished the year as world No. 1 for the first time in his career. He won eight tournaments during the season, including two majors at the Australian Open and US Open, as well as the ATP Finals. He also won three ATP Masters 1000 events.
Charlotte Webb
Charlotte Webb was a 19th-century New York City pilot boat built in 1865 at the Webb & Bell shipyard to take the place of the James Funk, that was destroyed by the rebel Tallahassee during the Civil War. She survived the Great Blizzard of 1888, but was run down by the French steamship La Normandie in 1889. She was replaced by the pilot boat George H. Warren.

Pilot boat
A pilot boat is a type of boat used to transport maritime pilots between land and the inbound or outbound ships that they are piloting. Pilot boats were once sailing boats that had to be fast because the first pilot to reach the incoming ship got the business. Today, pilot boats are scheduled by telephoning the ship agents/representatives prior to arrival.
Life of the Virgin (Goya)
The Goya Murals in the Cartuja de Aula Dei (Ciclo pictórico de la Vida de la Virgen de la Cartuja del Aula Dei, 1774) are a cycle of mural paintings on the Life of the Virgin by Francisco de Goya, realised in secco (i.e., painted in oils directly onto the wall surface), in the church of the Charterhouse of Aula Dei (Spanish: Cartuja de Aula Dei) near Peñaflor de Gállego on the outskirts of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain.

They were an important early commission for Goya, who was not yet thirty.

Charterhouse of Aula Dei
The Charterhouse of Aula Dei (Spanish: Cartuja de Aula Dei) is a Carthusian monastery, or charterhouse, located about 10 kilometers north of the city of Zaragoza in Aragon, north-eastern Spain. It was declared a national monument on 16 February 1983.
2024 USA Cross Country Championships
The 2024 USA Cross Country Championships were the 133rd edition of the USA Cross Country Championships. The races took place at Hanover County, Virginia's Pole Green Park in Richmond, Virginia, on 20 January 2024, and served as the US Trials for the 45th edition of 2024 World Athletics Cross Country Championships (6 member teams), to be held on March 30 in Belgrade, Serbia.

2024 World Athletics Cross Country Championships
The 2024 World Athletics Cross Country Championships was the 45th edition of the World Athletics Cross Country Championships held on 30 March 2024 in Belgrade, Serbia. It was held in the Park of Friendship, located next to the Danube River. Originally planned to be held in Medulin and Pula in Croatia in February 2024, the World Athletics announced in September 2023 that event would be moved to Belgrade. Belgrade has previously hosted the 2013 European Cross Country Championships, and recently hosted the 2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships.

The Championships consisted of five events– the 10 km main races for men and women, 8 km and 6 km races for under-20 men and women respectively, and a 4 x 2 km mixed relay. About 485 athletes from 51 nations participated in the events. There were nine sets of medals that were awarded across the five events. Kenya topped the medal table with 11 medals including six gold medals.
Ministry of Justice and Human Rights (Chile)
The Ministry of Justice and Human Rights of Chile (Spanish: Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos; MinJusticia) is the state ministry responsible for liaising between the executive branch and the judicial branch, and promoting and fostering human rights. Currently, the lawyer Jaime Gajardo Falcón serves as Minister of Justice and Human Rights and Daniela Quintanilla holds the position of Head of the Undersecretariat of Human Rights, both appointed under president Gabriel Boric.

The Undersecretary for Human Rights is the chief executive of the Undersecretariat of Human Rights and the immediate collaborator of the Minister in matters within its sphere of competence, and, in the event of the absence or incapacity of the Undersecretary of Justice, serves as the latter's legal substitute.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Chile)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Chile (Spanish: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores) is the cabinet-level administrative office in charge of planning, directing, coordinating, executing, controlling and informing the foreign policy formulated by the President of Chile. It is located in the Edificio José Miguel Carrera at Plaza de la Constitución (Constitution Square), in downtown Santiago.

The present minister of foreign affairs (who is also known colloquially as Chancellor) is Alberto van Klaveren.
Murder of Lina Delsarte
On 23 September 2023, Lina Delsarte disappeared from her home in the Alsace region of France. The fifteen-year-old girl was reported missing in Saint-Blaise-la-Roche after she failed to arrive at the town train station. After months of investigation the prime suspect, Samuel Gonin, committed suicide in July 2024 after the police seized his vehicle. Inside the car genetic traces were found along with the teenager's missing bag. The car's geolocation data allowed police to investigate further. 13 months after her disappearance, the body of Lina Delsarte was later discovered on 16 October 2024 in woods near Nevers, in the commune of Sermoise-sur-Loire.

Plaine, Bas-Rhin
Plaine (French pronunciation: [plɛn] ⓘ; German: Blen) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in northeastern France. Five hamlets belong to the commune (Diespach, Poutay, Champenay, Le Bambois and Devant Fouday).
X Factor Georgia
X Factor Georgia is the Georgian version of The X Factor, a show originating from the United Kingdom. It is a television music talent show featuring aspiring singers of all genres drawn from auditions held all across Georgia. The show was broadcast on Rustavi 2 channel in 2014. The categories are: Boys, Girls, Kids and Groups.

The Voice Georgia
The Voice Sakartvelo (Georgian: The Voice საქართველო), known in English as The Voice Georgia, is a Georgian reality television show and singing competition broadcast on 1TV.

From seasons one through three, the show was called The Voice of Georgia (Georgian: ახალი ქართული ხმა, Akhali Kartuli Khma, lit. 'New Georgian Voice') and was broadcast on IMEDI TV. It is part of the international franchise The Voice based on the reality singing competition, The Voice of Holland, launched in the Netherlands, created by Dutch television producer John de Mol.

One of the show's important premises is the contestants' singing quality. Three or four coaches, themselves popular performing artists, composers, and producers, train talents in their team and occasionally perform with them. Talents are selected in blind auditions, where the coaches cannot see, but only hear the auditioner.
Askomandoura
Askomandoura (Greek: ασκομαντούρα) is a type of bagpipe played as a traditional instrument on the Greek island of Crete, similar to the tsampouna.

Its use in Crete is attested in illustrations from the mid-15th Century.

With respect to the way of the production sound, it is categorized as an aerophone musical instrument.

Bagpipes
The bagpipe is a woodwind instrument using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag. The Great Highland bagpipe is well known, but people have played bagpipes for centuries throughout large parts of Europe, North Africa, West Asia, around the Persian Gulf and northern parts of South Asia.

The term bagpipes is also used, though pipers usually refer to the bagpipes as "the pipes", "a set of pipes" or "a stand of pipes".

Bagpipes are part of the aerophone group because to play the instrument,  air must be blown into it to produce a sound.
Castoreum (fungus)
Castoreum is a genus of truffle-like fungi in the Mesophelliaceae family. The genus, circumscribed by English mycologists Mordecai Cubitt Cooke and George Edward Massee in 1887, contains three species found in Australia.

Truffle
A truffle is the fruiting body of a subterranean ascomycete fungus, one of the species of the genus Tuber. More than one hundred other genera of fungi are classified as truffles including Geopora, Peziza, Choiromyces, and Leucangium. These genera belong to the class Pezizomycetes and the Pezizales order. Several truffle-like basidiomycetes are excluded from Pezizales, including Rhizopogon and Glomus.

Truffles are ectomycorrhizal fungi, so they are found in close association with tree roots. Spore dispersal is accomplished through fungivores, animals that eat fungi. These fungi have ecological roles in nutrient cycling and drought tolerance.

Some truffle species are prized as food. Edible truffles are used in Italian, French and other national haute cuisines. Truffles are cultivated and harvested from natural environments.
Sergey Ling
Sergei Stepanovich Ling (born 7 May 1937) is a Belarusian politician and agronomist. He was Prime Minister of Belarus from 1996 to 2000 and Permanent Representative of Belarus to the United Nations (2000–2002).

Permanent Representative of Belarus to the United Nations
This is a list of the Permanent Representatives of Belarus to the United Nations. Permanent Representative is the head of the permanent mission of Belarus to the United Nations. The current officeholder is Valentin Rybakov, since August 7, 2017.
Demodocus of Leros
Demodocus (/dɪˈmɒdəkəs/; Ancient Greek: Δημόδoκος, Demodokos) of Leros was an ancient Greek poet who is believed to have lived during the sixth century BC on the small island of Leros in the Aegean Sea.  He composed in elegiacs and iambs and appears to have specialized in gnomic poetry like his likely contemporary Phocylides. Little of his poetry survives, preserved in brief quotations by other authors, but it is possible that, like those of Phocylides, many of his gnomic utterances opened with the tag "And Demodocus says ...," as in the following assessment of Milesians:

M.L. West, who characterizes this couplet and similar fragments dealing with Demodocus' contemporary Lerians as "brilliant", notes that the poet's use of the elegiac couplet in poetry with an "epigrammatic air" is indicative of the meter's suitability for composing the pithy verse that would later become a hallmark of the classical epigram.

Phocylides
Phocylides (Greek: Φωκυλίδης ὁ Μιλήσιος), Greek gnomic poet of Miletus, contemporary of Theognis of Megara, was born about 560 BC.

A few fragments of his "maxims" have survived (chiefly in the Florilegium of Stobaeus), in which he expresses his contempt for the pomps and vanities of rank and wealth, and sets forth in simple language his ideas of honour, justice and wisdom. An example is an epigram quoted by Dio Chrysostom:

And this from Phocylides: a city in good order, though small
and built on a distant crag, is mightier than foolish Nineveh.

Aristotle also found cause to quote him:

Many things are best in the mean; I desire to be of a middle condition in my city.
2018–19 Temple Owls men's basketball team
The 2018–19 Temple Owls basketball team represented Temple University during the 2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Owls, led by head coach Fran Dunphy in his 13th and final season with the Owls, played their home games at the Liacouras Center in Philadelphia as members of the American Athletic Conference. They finished the season 23–10, 13–5 in AAC play to finish in a tie for third place. They lost in the quarterfinals of the AAC tournament to Wichita State. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament where they lost in the First Four to Belmont.

This was Fran Dunphy's final season as Temple head coach, as the school announced on April 13, 2018, that he would step down at the end of the season with top assistant and former Owls star Aaron McKie succeeding him in 2019.

Aaron McKie
Aaron Fitzgerald McKie (born October 2, 1972) is an American basketball coach and former professional basketball player who played 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is currently the special advisor for athletics at his alma mater Temple University. From 2019 until 2023 he served as the head coach for the Temple men's basketball team. Selected by the Portland Trail Blazers 17th overall in the 1994 NBA draft, McKie spent time as a point guard, shooting guard or small forward throughout his professional playing career from 1994 to 2007.
Processivity
In molecular biology and biochemistry, processivity is an enzyme's ability to catalyze "consecutive reactions without releasing its substrate".

For example, processivity is the average number of nucleotides added by a polymerase enzyme, such as DNA polymerase, per association event with the template strand. Because the binding of the polymerase to the template is the rate-limiting step in DNA synthesis, the overall rate of DNA replication during S phase of the cell cycle is dependent on the processivity of the DNA polymerases performing the replication. DNA clamp proteins are integral components of the DNA replication machinery and serve to increase the processivity of their associated polymerases. Some polymerases add over 50,000 nucleotides to a growing DNA strand before dissociating from the template strand, giving a replication rate of up to 1,000 nucleotides per second.

Polymerase
In biochemistry, a polymerase is an enzyme (EC 2.7.7.6/7/19/48/49) that synthesizes long chains of polymers or nucleic acids. DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase are used to assemble DNA and RNA molecules, respectively, by copying a DNA template strand using base-pairing interactions or half ladder replication.

A DNA polymerase from the thermophilic bacterium, Thermus aquaticus (Taq) (PDB 1BGX, EC 2.7.7.7), is used in the polymerase chain reaction, an important technique of molecular biology.

A polymerase may be template-dependent or template-independent. Poly-A-polymerase is an example of template independent polymerase. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is also known to have template independent and template dependent activities.
1981 National League Championship Series
The 1981 National League Championship Series was a best-of-five playoff series in Major League Baseball’s 1981 postseason to end the 1981 National League season. It was the 13th NLCS in all. The series featured the first-half West Division champion Los Angeles Dodgers and the second-half East Division champion Montreal Expos. The Dodgers won the series three games to two over the Expos, thanks to a tie-breaking, game-winning ninth-inning home run in Game 5 by Rick Monday in what has ever since been referred to as "Blue Monday" by Expos fans.

The Dodgers would go on to defeat the New York Yankees in the World Series.

National League Championship Series
The National League Championship Series (NLCS) is a best-of-seven playoff and one of two League Championship Series comprising the penultimate round of Major League Baseball's (MLB) postseason. It is contested by the winners of the two National League (NL) Division Series. The winner of the NLCS wins the NL pennant and advances to the World Series, MLB's championship series, to play the winner of the American League's (AL) Championship Series. The NLCS began in 1969 as a best-of-five playoff and used this format until 1985, when it changed to a best-of-seven format.
Sacaton (village)
Sacaton or Socatoon was a village of the Maricopa people, established above the Pima Villages, (now the Gila River Indian Community) after the June 1, 1857, in the Battle of Pima Butte where it appears a few months later in the 1857 Chapman Census.  Sacaton village lay on the Gila River, 3.75 miles west of modern Sacaton.

The 1858–1861 Socatoon Station of the Butterfield Overland Mail located four miles east of the village took its name from this village.

Battle of Pima Butte
The  Battle of Pima Butte, or the Battle of Maricopa Wells, was fought on September 1, 1857 at Pima Butte, Arizona near Maricopa Wells in the Sierra Estrella. Yuma, Mohave, Apache and Yavapai warriors attacked a Maricopa village named Secate in one of the largest battles in Arizona's history.  It was also the last major battle fought by the Yumas and the last major battle fought solely between Native Americans in North America.
2019 World Wrestling Championships – Men's freestyle 61 kg
The men's freestyle 61 kilograms is a competition featured at the 2019 World Wrestling Championships, and was held in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan on 21 and 22 September.

This freestyle wrestling competition consists of a single-elimination tournament, with a repechage used to determine the winner of two bronze medals. The two finalists face off for gold and silver medals. Each wrestler who loses to one of the two finalists moves into the repechage, culminating in a pair of bronze medal matches featuring the semifinal losers each facing the remaining repechage opponent from their half of the bracket.

2019 World Wrestling Championships
The 2019 World Wrestling Championships were held in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan from 14 September to 22 September 2019.

The tournament served as qualification for the 2020 Summer Olympics, the top six wrestlers from each category earned their NOCs a qualification.
Verbania–Pallanza railway station
Verbania–Pallanza railway station (Italian: Stazione di Verbania-Pallanza) serves the city and comune of Verbania, in the Piedmont region, northwestern Italy. Opened in 1905, it forms part of the Milan–Domodossola railway.

The station is currently managed by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI). However, the commercial area of the passenger building is managed by Centostazioni.  Train services are operated by Trenitalia. Each of these companies is a subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane (FS), Italy's state-owned rail company.

Domodossola railway station
Domodossola railway station (Italian: Stazione di Domodossola) serves the city and comune of Domodossola, in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy.  Opened in 1888, it forms a major break of gauge junction between standard gauge lines to Milan, Brig and Novara, and a metre gauge line to Locarno.

The station is managed by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI), the commercial area of the passenger building by Centostazioni, while train services on the line to Novara are operated by Trenitalia. Each of these companies is a subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane (FS), Italy's state-owned rail company. The link with Milan is operated by both Trenitalia and Trenord.

Train services on the line to Brig are operated by BLS AG and Swiss Federal Railways, and those on the line to Locarno by the Società Subalpina Imprese Ferroviarie (SSIF).  These two lines combine to form an international link, via Domodossola, between the German and Italian speaking parts of Switzerland.