hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Maniram Assembly constituency
Maniram (Vidhan Sabha constituency) was one of the 425 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of Uttar Pradesh state in central India.  It was a part of the Gorakhpur district and one of the assembly constituencies in the Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency. Maniram Assembly constituency came into existence in 1962 and ceased to exist in 2008 as a result of the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008.

Gorakhpur district
Gorakhpur district is one of the 75 districts of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India. This district is a part of the Gorakhpur division. The city of Gorakhpur, or Gorakhpur is the administrative headquarters of this district and Gorakhpur division. It borders Sant Kabir Nagar district to the west, Kushinagar and Deoria districts to the east, and Maharajganj and Azamgarh districts to the north and south.
Garden Theater Block
The Garden Theater Block is a historic commercial block and theater at 353-367 Main Street in Greenfield, Massachusetts.  The Colonial Revival block was completed in 1929, and is home to the city's largest theatrical performance venue.  The theater is a unique example of an "atmospheric" garden theater, with artwork and mechanical systems designed to give its interior an outside appearance.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, and included in the Main Street Historic District in 1988.  The theater is now known as the Greenfield Garden Cinemas.

Greenfield, Massachusetts
Greenfield is the county seat, and sole city, of Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. Greenfield was first settled in 1686. The population was 17,768 at the 2020 census. Greenfield is home to Greenfield Community College, the Pioneer Valley Symphony Orchestra, the Franklin County Fair, and the Green River Festival. The city has a Main Street Historic District containing fine examples of Federal, Greek Revival, and Victorian architecture.

Greenfield anchors the Greenfield Town, MA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Springfield-Greenfield Town, MA Combined Statistical Area.
Battle of Cyzicus
The Battle of Cyzicus (Greek: Kyzikos) took place in May or June 410 BC during the Peloponnesian War. During the battle, an Athenian fleet commanded by Alcibiades, Thrasybulus, and Theramenes routed and destroyed a Spartan fleet commanded by Mindarus. The victory allowed Athens to recover control over a number of cities in the Hellespont over the next year. In the wake of their defeat, the Spartans made a peace offer, which the Athenians rejected.

Diodorus Siculus
Diodorus Siculus or Diodorus of Sicily (Ancient Greek: Διόδωρος, romanized: Diódōros; fl. 1st century BC) was an ancient Greek historian from Sicily. He is known for writing the monumental universal history Bibliotheca historica, in forty books, fifteen of which survive intact, between 60 and 30 BC. 
The history is arranged in three parts. The first covers mythic history up to the destruction of Troy, arranged geographically, describing regions around the world from Egypt, India and Arabia to Europe. The second covers the time from the Trojan War to the death of Alexander the Great. The third covers the period to about 60 BC. Bibliotheca, meaning 'library', acknowledges that he was drawing on the work of many other authors.
Kalokol Airport
Kalokol Airport (IATA: KLK, ICAO: HKFG), also named Fergusons Gulf Airport, is an airport located in Kalokol, a village in Turkana County in northwestern Kenya, on the western shores of Lake Turkana, close to the International border with Ethiopia.

By air, Kalokol airport is situated approximately 552 kilometres (343 mi) northwest of Nairobi International Airport, Kenya's largest civilian airport. The geographic coordinates of this airport are:3° 29' 24.00"N, 35° 50' 24.00"E (Latitude:3.490000; Longitude:35.840000).

Jomo Kenyatta International Airport
Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (IATA: NBO, ICAO: HKJK) is an international airport serving Nairobi, the capital and largest city of Kenya. The other three important international airports in Kenya include Kisumu International Airport, Moi International Airport and Eldoret International Airport. Located in the Embakasi suburb 18 kilometres (11 mi) southeast of Nairobi's central business district, the airport has scheduled flights to destinations in over 50 countries. Originally named Embakasi Airport, the airport's name was changed in 1978 to honour Jomo Kenyatta, who was Kenya's first president and Prime Minister. The airport served over 9 million passengers in 2024, making it the sixth busiest airport in passenger traffic on the continent. It also handled over 364,000 tonnes of cargo & mail in 2024, making it the top airport in freight traffic on the continent.

The postal code for Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) is 00501.
Gwalior division
Gwalior Division is an administrative subdivision of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. It includes the districts of Ashoknagar,  Datia, Guna, Gwalior, and Shivpuri. The historic city of Gwalior is the administrative headquarters of the division.

Gwalior and Chambal divisions correspond to the Gird region of Madhya Pradesh, which is mostly a level agricultural plain, dotted with ranges of low hills. The divisions include the northern, contiguous portion of the former princely state of Gwalior together with the former princely state of Datia; the non-contiguous southern portions of the former state of Gwalior are currently part of Bhopal, Indore and Ujjain divisions.

Bhopal division
Bhopal Division is an administrative geographical unit of Madhya Pradesh state of central India. Bhopal is the administrative headquarters of the division.  The division consists of districts of Bhopal,  Raisen, Rajgarh, Sehore, and Vidisha.

Before they were merged into Madhya Pradesh in 1956, Bhopal, Sehore, and Raisen districts were part of the former Bhopal State, and Vidisha was part of the former Madhya Bharat state.
Stochastically stable equilibrium
In game theory, a stochastically stable equilibrium is a refinement of the evolutionarily stable state in evolutionary game theory, proposed by Dean Foster and Peyton Young. An evolutionary stable state S is also stochastically stable if under vanishing noise, the probability that the population is in the vicinity of state S does not go to zero.

The concept is extensively used in models of learning in populations, where "noise" is used to model experimentation or replacement of unsuccessful players with new players (random mutation). Over time, as the need for experimentation dies down or the population becomes stable, the population will converge towards a subset of evolutionarily stable states. Foster and Young have shown that this subset is the set of states with the highest potential.

Solution concept
In game theory, a solution concept is a formal rule for predicting how a game will be played. These predictions are called "solutions", and describe which strategies will be adopted by players and, therefore, the result of the game. The most commonly used solution concepts are equilibrium concepts, most famously Nash equilibrium.

Many solution concepts, for many games, will result in more than one solution. This puts any one of the solutions in doubt, so a game theorist may apply a refinement to narrow down the solutions. Each successive solution concept presented in the following improves on its predecessor by eliminating implausible equilibria in richer games.
Gloucester, Essex and Beverly Street Railway
The Gloucester, Essex & Beverly Street Railway was a former street railway operating in the Cape Ann region of Massachusetts. Incorporated in 1893 in Gloucester, the railway first opened for operation on August 21, 1895, and was completed in its entirety by September 30, 1896. The railway was sold to the Gloucester Street Railway in 1900.

Cape Ann
Cape Ann is a rocky peninsula in northeastern Massachusetts on the Atlantic Ocean.  It is about 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Boston and marks the northern limit of Massachusetts Bay. Cape Ann includes the city of Gloucester and the towns of Essex, Manchester-by-the-Sea and Rockport.
Argia (daughter of Adrastus)
In Greek mythology, Argia /ɑːrˈdʒaɪə/ or Argea /ɑːrˈdʒiːə/ (Ancient Greek: Ἀργεία Argeia) was a daughter of King Adrastus of Argos, and of Amphithea, daughter of Pronax. She was married to Polynices, the exiled king of Thebes, and bore him three sons: Thersander, Adrastus, and Timeas.

Gaius Julius Hyginus
Gaius Julius Hyginus (/hɪˈdʒaɪnəs/; c. 64 BC – AD 17) was a Latin author, a pupil of the scholar Alexander Polyhistor, and a freedman of Augustus, and reputed author of the Fabulae and the De astronomia, although this is disputed.
History of robots
The history of robots has its origins in the ancient world. During the Industrial Revolution, humans developed the structural engineering capability to control electricity so that machines could be powered with small motors. In the early 20th century, the notion of a humanoid machine was developed.

The first uses of modern robots were in factories as industrial robots. These industrial robots were fixed machines capable of manufacturing tasks which allowed production with less human work. Digitally programmed industrial robots with artificial intelligence have been built since the 2000s.

Humanoid robot
A humanoid robot is a robot resembling the human body in shape. The design may be aimed at functional purposes, such as interacting with human tools and environments and working alongside humans, for experimental purposes, such as the study of bipedal locomotion, or for other purposes. In general, humanoid robots are characterized by their anthropomorphic design, which includes a torso, a head, two arms, and two legs. However, some humanoid robots may have a more limited range of body replicas, comprising only a subset of the above-mentioned components. Androids are humanoid robots designed to more closely resemble the human physique. The term "Gynoid" is sometimes used to refer to female-looking robots.
Protected species of South Korea
Under South Korean law, the hunting and capturing of a large number of species of wild animals is prohibited.  These include 64 species of mammals, 396 species of birds, 16 species of reptiles, and 10 species of amphibians.  Most of these species are not actually endangered species, but are protected for other reasons.  No freshwater fish are included on the list, although some are endangered.

These species are defined in Appendix 6 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Protection of Wild Fauna and Flora Act, Ministry of Environment Ordinance #183, amended September 27, 2005.

Asian particolored bat
The Asian parti-colored bat (Vespertilio sinensis) is a species of parti-coloured bat.  An adult Asian parti-colored bat has a body length of 6–7 cm (2.4–2.8 in), a tail of 4.3–4.5 cm (1.7–1.8 in), and a wing length of 5 cm (2.0 in).  Asian parti-colored bats are distributed across East Asia, from Taiwan through eastern China, eastern Mongolia and Russia (Siberia) to the Korean Peninsula and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu).
Forensic psychiatry
Forensic psychiatry is a subspecialty of psychiatry and is related to criminology. It encompasses the interface between law and psychiatry. According to the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, it is defined as "a subspecialty of psychiatry in which scientific and clinical expertise is applied in legal contexts involving civil, criminal, correctional, regulatory, or legislative matters, and in specialized clinical consultations in areas such as risk assessment or employment". A forensic psychiatrist provides services—such as assessing competency to stand trial—to a court to help with the legal process and provides treatment, including medications and psychotherapy, to offenders.

Expert witness
An expert witness, particularly in common law countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States, is a person whose opinion by virtue of education, training, certification, skills or experience, is accepted by the judge as an expert. The judge may consider the witness's specialized (scientific, technical or other) opinion about evidence or about facts before the court within the expert's area of expertise, to be referred to as an "expert opinion". Expert witnesses may also deliver "expert evidence" within the area of their expertise. Their testimony may be rebutted by testimony from other experts or by other evidence or facts.
Hugh S. Cumming Jr.
Hugh Smith Cumming Jr. (March 10, 1900 – November 24, 1986) was a career Foreign Service Officer from 1933 until 1963 when he retired. During these 30 years, he was a United States diplomat who was United States Ambassador to Indonesia from 1953 to 1957 and then Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research from 1957 to 1961.

Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research
The assistant secretary of state for intelligence and research is the head of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR) within the United States Department of State.  Before 1986, the head of INR was the director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research.  The assistant secretary of state for intelligence and research reports to the deputy secretary of state.
Antillean Creole
Antillean Creole (also known as Lesser Antillean Creole, Kreyol, or Patois) is a creole language that is primarily spoken in the Lesser Antilles. Its grammar and vocabulary include elements of Indigenous languages, African languages, French, and English.

Voiced velar fricative
A voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in various spoken languages. It is not found in most varieties of Modern English but existed in Old English. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɣ⟩, a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, ⟨γ⟩, which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically-similar ⟨ɤ⟩, the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel, which some writings use for the voiced velar fricative.

The symbol ⟨ɣ⟩ is also sometimes used to represent the velar approximant, which, however, is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: [ɣ̞] or [ɣ˕]. The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, [ɰ].

There is also a voiced post-velar fricative, also called pre-uvular, in some languages. For the voiced pre-velar fricative, also called post-palatal, see voiced palatal fricative.
Myomegalin
Myomegalin, also known as phosphodiesterase 4D-interacting protein or cardiomyopathy-associated protein 2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDE4DIP gene. It has roles in the formation of microtubules from the centrosome. Its name derives from the fact that it is highly expressed in units of tubular myofibrils known as sarcomeres and is a large protein, at 2,324 amino acids. It was first characterised in 2000.

Sequence homology
Sequence homology is the biological homology between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences, defined in terms of shared ancestry in the evolutionary history of life. Two segments of DNA can have shared ancestry because of three phenomena: either a speciation event (orthologs), or a duplication event (paralogs), or else a horizontal (or lateral) gene transfer event (xenologs).

Homology among DNA, RNA, or proteins is typically inferred from their nucleotide or amino acid sequence similarity. Significant similarity is strong evidence that two sequences are related by evolutionary changes from a common ancestral sequence. Alignments of multiple sequences are used to indicate which regions of each sequence are homologous.
Richard Clarkin
Richard Clarkin is a Canadian actor. He is most noted for his performance in the 2017 film The Drawer Boy, for which he won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor at the 7th Canadian Screen Awards in 2019.

Canadian Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor
The Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television presents an annual award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role to the best performance by a supporting actor in a Canadian film. The award was first presented in 1970 by the Canadian Film Awards, and was presented annually until 1978 with the exception of 1974 due to the cancellation of the awards that year.

From 1980 until 2012, the award was presented as part of the Genie Awards ceremony; since 2013, it has been presented as part of the new Canadian Screen Awards.

In August 2022, the Academy announced that it will discontinue its past practice of presenting gendered awards for film and television actors and actresses; beginning with the 11th Canadian Screen Awards in 2023, gender-neutral awards for Best Performance will be presented, with eight nominees per category instead of five. Supporting performances are now honoured with the Canadian Screen Award for Best Supporting Performance in a Film.
Copsey v WWB Devon Clays Ltd
Copsey v WWB Devon Clays Ltd [2005] EWCA Civ 932; [2005] IRLR 811 is a UK employment discrimination law case, concerning the right to freedom of religion under Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights.

Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights provides a right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion. This includes the freedom to change a religion or belief, and to manifest a religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance, subject to certain restrictions that are "in accordance with law" and "necessary in a democratic society".
1978 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships
The 1978 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor green clay courts (Har-Tru) at the Longwood Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts in the United States. The event was part of the 1978 Grand Prix circuit. It was the 51st edition of the tournament and was held from August 21 through August 28, 1978. Despite pressure to switch to a hard court surface from the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) and some leading players, in line with the surface change made that year by the US Open which directly followed the Boston event, the tournament organization elected to remain a clay court tournament in 1978. Several top players including Björn Borg, Guillermo Vilas and Jimmy Connors elected not to play the tournament. Fourth-seeded and defending champion Manuel Orantes won the singles title and the accompanying $32,000 first-prize money. The final was delayed until Tuesday, August 29 due to rain.

1978 Grand Prix (tennis)
The 1978 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix was a professional tennis circuit held that year. It consisted of four Grand Slam tournaments, the Grand Prix tournaments and the Nations Cup, a team event. In addition eight World Championship Tennis (WCT) tournaments, a separate professional tennis circuit held from 1971 through 1977, were incorporated into the Grand Prix circuit. The 28 tournaments with prize money of $175,000 or more formed the Super Series category. Jimmy Connors won 10 of the 84 tournaments which secured him the first place in the Grand Prix points ranking. However he did not play enough tournaments (13) to qualify for largest share ($300,000) of the bonus pool, which instead went to third–ranked Eddie Dibbs.
Mason Dam
Mason Dam is a dam near Baker City, Oregon, in Baker County, of the north-eastern part of the state.

Mason Dam is a water conservation project of the United States Bureau of Reclamation, an earthen and rockfill dam originally constructed from 1965 through 1968.  Owned by the Bureau, it is operated by the local Baker Valley Irrigation District.  The nearby Thief Valley Reservoir from 1932 is part of the same Baker Project.

The dam is 167 feet (51 m) high, and the reservoir has a capacity of 114,000 acre-feet (141,000,000 m3).  It impounds the water of the Powder River to create Phillips Reservoir, which covers 2,235 acres (904 ha) and offers recreational fishing, boating, camping, etc.  The lake is surrounded by the Wallowa–Whitman National Forest.

Baker County is in the process of adding a hydroelectric power plant at the dam which would sell power to Idaho Power through a nearby 138 kilovolt transmission line

Wallowa–Whitman National Forest
The Wallowa–Whitman National Forest is a United States National Forest in the U.S. states of Oregon and Idaho. Formed upon the merger of the Wallowa and Whitman national forests in 1954, it is located in the northeastern corner of Oregon, in Wallowa, Baker, Union, Grant, and Umatilla counties, and includes small areas in Nez Perce and Idaho counties in Idaho.   The forest is named for the Wallowa band of the Nez Perce people, who originally lived in the area, and Marcus and Narcissa Whitman, Presbyterian missionaries who settled just to the north in 1836. Forest headquarters are located in Baker City, Oregon with ranger districts in La Grande, Joseph and Baker City.
Upper Woodcott
Upper Woodcott or just Woodcott is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Litchfield and Woodcott, in the Basingstoke and Deane district of Hampshire, England. It is situated in the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Its nearest town is Whitchurch, which lies approximately 4+1⁄2 miles (7 km) south-east from the hamlet. In 1931 the parish had a population of 87. On 1 April 1932 the parish was abolished to form "Litchfield and Woodcott".

Whitchurch, Hampshire
Whitchurch is a town in the borough of Basingstoke and Deane in Hampshire, England. It is on the River Test, 13 miles (21 km) south of Newbury, Berkshire, 12 miles (19 km) north of Winchester, 8 miles (13 km) east of Andover and 12 miles (19 km) west of Basingstoke. Much of the town is a Conservation Area. Because of the amount of wildlife in and near the River Test, its course and banks are designated as Site of Special Scientific Interest. Whitchurch markets itself as a gateway to the North Wessex Downs National Landscape; it is the third largest of Britain's National Landscapes.

The West of England Main Line links the town's railway station to London, and two main roads bypass the town (the A34, a major north–south route, and the A303, a major east–west route.
Aldo Serena
Aldo Serena Cavaliere OMRI (Italian pronunciation: [ˈaldo seˈreːna]; born 25 June 1960) is an Italian former professional footballer, who was usually deployed as a forward. He played for several Italian clubs throughout his career, winning four Serie A titles, among other trophies. Serena won several trophies with Inter, including a league title and the UEFA Cup.

At international level, Serena played for the Italy national team in the 1986 FIFA World Cup and the 1990 FIFA World Cup, helping the team to a third-place finish in the latter tournament. He works as a pundit for Mediaset.

1990–91 UEFA Cup
The 1990–91 UEFA Cup was the 20th season of the UEFA Cup, the secondary club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). The final was played over two legs at San Siro, Milan, Italy, and at the Stadio Olimpico, Rome, Italy. The competition was won by Internazionale, who defeated fellow Italian team Roma by an aggregate result of 2–1 to claim their first UEFA Cup title.

For the second consecutive year, two Italian teams reached the final of the UEFA Cup, This was the first European title for Internazionale in 26 years, after their two consecutive European Cup triumphs in 1964 and 1965. This tournament also marked the return of English clubs, after a five-year ban resulting from the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985.