hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shahmardan Yesenov
Shakhmardan Yessenov (August 5, 1927, Bala-Bi village, Shieli District, Qyzylorda Region – August 24, 1994, Almaty) was a Kazakhstani scientist and statesman, Minister of Geology of the Kazakh SSR (1961–1967, 1974–1978), Academician of the KazSSR Academy of Sciences (1967), President of the KazSSR Academy of Sciences (1967–1974), Doctor of Geology and Mineralogy (1970).

Kyzylorda Region
Qyzylorda Region, formerly known as Kyzyl-Orda Region until 1991, is a region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is the city of Qyzylorda, with a population of 234,736. The region itself has a population of 823,251. Other notable settlements include Aral, Kazaly (Kazalinsk) and the Russian-administered Baikonur, which services the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The total area of the province is 226,000 square kilometers (87,000 sq mi).
Tamansky otdel
The Tamansky otdel, known before 1910 as the Temryuksky otdel, was a Cossack district (otdel) of the Kuban oblast of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the Yeysky otdel to the north, the Black Sea to the west, the Black Sea Governorate to the south, and the Kavkazsky and Yekaterinodarsky otdels to the east. The area of the Tamansky otdel mostly corresponded to the contemporary Krasnodar Krai region of Russia. The district's administrative capital was the stanitsa of Slavyanskaya (Slavyansk-na-Kubani).

Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)
The Caucasus Viceroyalty was a special administrative unit of the Russian Empire located in the Caucasus region, existing from 1801 to 1917 under the governance of various administrative offices. It included the present-day countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, as well as the Russian republics of Adygea, Chechnya,  Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia and North Ossetia–Alania and portions of Southern Russia and Turkey.

Russia conquered the Caucasus in the early 19th century, beginning with the annexation of the Georgian Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and continuing with the Caucasian War and a series of conflicts against the Ottoman and Persian empires.
The Wrekin (UK Parliament constituency)
The Wrekin is a constituency in the House of Commons of the British Parliament, located in the county of Shropshire in the West Midlands of England. It has existed continuously since its creation by the Representation of the People Act 1918, and is named after a prominent landmark hill in the area, The Wrekin. It has been represented by the Labour and Conservative parties since the 1920s, a post held since 2005 by Conservative MP Mark Pritchard.

Newport, Shropshire
Newport is a market town and civil parish in the borough of Telford and Wrekin in Shropshire, England. It lies 7 miles (11 km) north-east of Telford, 12 miles (19 km) west of Stafford, and is near the Shropshire-Staffordshire border. The 2001 census recorded 10,814 people living in the parish, which rose to 11,387 by the 2011 census.
Kazimierzew
Kazimierzew [kaʑiˈmjɛʐɛf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zadzim, within Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 1 km (1 mi) south of Zadzim, 16 km (10 mi) south-west of Poddębice, and 43 km (27 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

Zadzim
Zadzim [ˈzad͡ʑim] is a village in Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Zadzim. It lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) south-west of Poddębice and 43 km (27 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.
Dude, You're a Fag
Dude, You're a Fag: Masculinity and Sexuality in High School is a 2007 book by the sociologist C. J. Pascoe. Through ethnographic research, Pascoe examines masculinity in high schools. Pascoe's work proposes that masculinity is defined primarily through dominance and control. Further, masculinity is established by high school boys through their use of the epithet "fag". This book explores masculinity as enacted by male and female students, the consequences of a strict gender system, heteronormativity within the school system, racialized masculine ideals, and acts of resistance to the gendered social order. Pascoe conducted fieldwork for a year and a half at "River High School", conducted formal interviews with fifty students, and informal interviews with many other students, administrators and faculty members.

Masculinity
Masculinity (also called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles generally associated with men and boys. Masculinity can be theoretically understood as socially constructed, and there is also evidence that some behaviors considered masculine are influenced by both cultural factors and biological factors. To what extent masculinity is biologically or socially influenced is subject to debate. It is distinct from the definition of the biological male sex, as anyone can exhibit masculine traits. Standards of masculinity vary across different cultures and historical periods. In Western cultures, its meaning is traditionally drawn from being contrasted with femininity.
Willem Mengelberg
Joseph Wilhelm Mengelberg (28 March 1871 – 21 March 1951) was a Dutch conductor, famous for his performances of Beethoven, Brahms, Mahler and Strauss with the Concertgebouw Orchestra in Amsterdam. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest symphonic conductors of the 20th century.

St Matthew Passion
The St Matthew Passion (German: Matthäuspassion), BWV 244, is a Passion, a sacred oratorio written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1727 for solo voices, double choir and double orchestra, with libretto by Picander. It sets the 26th and 27th chapters of the Gospel of Matthew (in the Luther Bible) to music, with interspersed chorales and arias. It is widely regarded as one of the masterpieces of Baroque sacred music. The original Latin title Passio Domini nostri J.C. secundum Evangelistam Matthæum translates to "The Passion of our Lord Jesus Christ according to the Evangelist Matthew".
Amy Tan
Amy Ruth Tan (born February 19, 1952) is an American author best known for her novel The Joy Luck Club (1989), which was adapted into a 1993 film. She is also known for other novels, short story collections, children's books, and a memoir.

Tan has earned a number of awards acknowledging her contributions to literary culture, including the National Humanities Medal, the Carl Sandburg Literary Award, and the Common Wealth Award of Distinguished Service.

Tan has written several other novels, including The Kitchen God's Wife (1991), The Hundred Secret Senses (1995), The Bonesetter's Daughter (2001), Saving Fish from Drowning (2005), and The Valley of Amazement (2013). Tan has also written two children's books: The Moon Lady (1992) and The Chinese Siamese Cat (1994), which was turned into an animated series that aired on PBS. Tan's latest book is The Backyard Bird Chronicles (2024), an illustrated account of her experiences with birding and the 2016-era sociopolitical climate.

American Academy of Achievement
The American Academy of Achievement (colloquially known as the Academy of Achievement) is a nonprofit corporation that recognizes some of high-achieving people in diverse fields and gives them the opportunity to meet one another. The academy also brings together the leaders with promising graduate students for mentorship. It hosts an International Achievement Summit, which ends with an awards ceremony, during which new members are inducted into the academy.
ISO 3166-2:MF
ISO 3166-2:MF is the entry for Saint Martin in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently no ISO 3166-2 codes are defined in the entry for Saint Martin. The territory has no defined subdivisions.

Saint Martin, an overseas territorial collectivity of France, is officially assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code MF since  2007, after its secession from Guadeloupe. Moreover, it is also assigned the ISO 3166-2 code FR-MF under the entry for France.

ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are two-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to represent countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. They are the most widely used of the country codes published by ISO (the others being alpha-3 and numeric), and are used most prominently for the Internet's country code top-level domains (with a few exceptions). They were first included as part of the ISO 3166 standard in its first edition in 1974.
M38 (Johannesburg)
The M38 is a short metropolitan route in Johannesburg, South Africa. The entire route is in the Johannesburg South area, connecting Southgate with Tulisa Park via Ridgeway. It is parallel to the Johannesburg Southern Bypass (N12 highway) for its entire route.

There is also a short route in the eastern part of Midrand that is designated as the M38.

Metropolitan routes in Johannesburg
Metropolitan Routes in Johannesburg, also called Metro Roads or Metro Routes are designated with the letter M, and are usually major routes around Johannesburg and some areas declared part of Greater Johannesburg (including the town of Krugersdorp and the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality).
Eriinae
The Eriinae form a subtribe of Podochileae, a tribe of the orchid family (Orchidaceae). The name is derived from the genus Eria.

The subtribe includes 24 genera with more than 900 species of epiphytic, lithophytic or (more rarely) terrestrial orchids from tropical regions of India, China, Southeast Asia, and Africa.

Genera:

Aeridostachya (Hook.f.) Brieger

Appendicula Blume

Ascidieria Seidenf.

Bambuseria Schuit., Y.P.Ng & H.A.Pedersen

Bryobium Lindl.

Callostylis Blume

Campanulorchis Brieger

Ceratostylis Blume

Cryptochilus Wall.

Cylindrolobus Blume

Dendrolirium Blume

Dilochiopsis (Hook.f.) Brieger

Epiblastus Schltr.

Eria Lindl.

Mediocalcar J.J.Sm.

Mycaranthes Blume

Oxystophyllum Blume

Pinalia Buch.-Ham. ex Lindl.

Poaephyllum Ridl.

Podochilus Blume

Porpax Lindl.

Pseuderia Schltr.

Strongyleria (Pfitzer) Schuit., Y.P.Ng & H.A.Pedersen

Trichotosia Blume

Trichotosia
Trichotosia is a genus of orchids with about 50 species distributed in China, the Himalayas, Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Indochina, Philippines etc.), New Guinea and various islands of the western Pacific (Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, etc.).
Pahabengkakia piliceps
Pahabengkakia piliceps is a species of true bug (Harpactorinae) found in Thailand. This species is apparently a specialist predator of the stingless bee Tetrigona sp. and Trigona collina. Larval P. piliceps mimic the bees, and eggs are laid in the bees' hives. Nymphs of P. piliceps were found to occupy the nest entrance and kill returning foraging bees.  The assassin bug does not seem to predate other Trigona species (T. apicalis, T. fimbriata, T. nitidiventris, T. terminata, T. ventralis and T. itama), even though they are also present in the area.

Harpactorinae
The Harpactorinae are a large subfamily of the Reduviidae (assassin bugs). About 300 genera and 2,000 species worldwide have been described. Some of the species of the genera Zelus, Pselliopus, Sinea, and Apiomerus are of interest as biological pest control agents.
Chloroplast membrane
Chloroplasts contain several important membranes, vital for their function.  Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have a double-membrane envelope, called the chloroplast envelope, but unlike mitochondria, chloroplasts also have internal membrane structures called thylakoids. Furthermore, one or two additional membranes may enclose chloroplasts in organisms that underwent secondary endosymbiosis, such as the euglenids and chlorarachniophytes.

The chloroplasts come via endosymbiosis by engulfment of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium by the eukaryotic, already mitochondriate cell. Over millions of years the endosymbiotic cyanobacterium evolved structurally and functionally, retaining its own DNA and the ability to divide by binary fission (not mitotically) but giving up its autonomy by the transfer of some of its genes to the nuclear genome.

Sulfolipid
Sulfolipids are a class of lipids which possess a sulfur-containing functional group.  An abundant sulfolipid is sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol, which is composed of a glycoside of sulfoquinovose and diacylglycerol.  In plants, sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerides (SQDG) are important members of the sulfur cycle. Other important sulfolipids include sulfatide and seminolipid, each of which are sulfated glycolipids. Sulfolipids have been implicated in the functions of two of the core components of the photosynthetic electron transport chain and while not necessarily essential, might have a protective function when the photosynthetic apparatus is under stress.
Sergey Smbatyan
Sergey Smbatyan (born 23 September, 1987) is an Armenian conductor. He is the founding Artistic Director and Principal Conductor of the Armenian State Symphony Orchestra, and Principal Conductor at Malta Philharmonic Orchestra since 2019. He is also the Artistic Director of the Khachaturian International Competition.

Brașov Philharmonic
Brașov Philharmonic (Romanian: Filarmonica Brașov), also touring as Romanian National Philharmonic Orchestra, is a musical institution in Brașov, Romania. It was founded in 1878 under the name “Kronstaedter Philharmonische Gessellschaft,” with the aim of supporting classical music in Brașov.
6th Guards Air and Air Defence Forces Army
The 6th Guards Leningrad Red Banner, Order of Zhukov Army of Air and Air Defence Forces (Russian: 6-я гвардейская Ленинградская Краснознаменная, ордена Жукова армия военно-воздушных сил и противовоздушной обороны) is an Air Army of the Russian Aerospace Forces.

The army was first active from 1998 to 2009, and was reformed in 2015. After the war, the Soviet Air Defence Forces' main command in the Leningrad area from 1960 was the 6th Independent Air Defence Army. As of 2020 it is the principal frontal aviation formation within the Western Military District of the Russian Armed Forces.

Mikoyan MiG-31
The Mikoyan MiG-31 (Russian: Микоян МиГ-31; NATO reporting name: Foxhound) is a supersonic interceptor aircraft developed for the Soviet Air Forces by the Mikoyan design bureau as a replacement for the MiG-25 "Foxbat", on which it is based and shares design elements.

The MiG-31 is the fastest known operational combat aircraft, with a top speed around 3,000 km/h (1,600 knots). It continues to be operated by the Russian Aerospace Forces following the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The other operator, the Kazakh Air Defence Forces, retired the type in 2023. The Russian Defence Ministry expects the MiG-31 to remain in service until at least 2030; that was confirmed in 2020 when an announcement was made to extend the service lifetime of the existing airframes from 2,500 to 3,500 hours. The MiG-31K variant carries the Kh-47M2 Kinzhal conventional or nuclear warhead-capable air-launched ballistic missile.
Kazimierz Porębski
Kazimierz Porębski (November 15, 1872 – January 21, 1933) was a Polish career naval officer who rose to the position of admiral within the Imperial Russian Navy and was subsequently the first commander-in-chief of the inter-war Polish Navy.

Minelayer
A minelayer is any warship, submarine, military aircraft or land vehicle deploying explosive mines. Since World War I the term "minelayer" refers specifically to a naval ship used for deploying naval mines. "Mine planting" was the term for installing controlled mines at predetermined positions in connection with coastal fortifications or harbor approaches that would be detonated by shore control when a ship was fixed as being within the mine's effective range.

An army's special-purpose combat engineering vehicles used to lay landmines are sometimes called "minelayers".
Daman Airport
Daman Airport (IATA: NMB, ICAO: VADN) is a military airbase at Daman in the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. It is home to the Indian Coast Guard Air Station, Daman which provides ATC and parking facilities to Defence as well as civilian aircraft.

Daman, India
Daman (IPA: [d̪əmən]) is a city and the administrative capital of the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. It is a municipal council situated in the Daman district.

The Daman Ganga River divides Daman into: Nani-Daman (Little Daman) and Moti-Daman (Big Daman). Despite its name, Nani-Daman is the larger of the two parts, while the old city is mainly in Moti-Daman. This holds most of the important entities, like the major hospitals, supermarkets, and major residential areas. Vapi, Gujarat, is the nearest city to Daman.
Applications of capacitors
Capacitors have many uses in electronic and electrical systems. They are so ubiquitous that it is rare that an electrical product does not include at least one for some purpose. Capacitors allow only AC signals to pass when they are charged blocking DC signals.
The main components of filters are capacitors.
Capacitors have the ability to connect one circuit segment to another.
Capacitors are used by Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) devices to represent binary information as bits.

Decoupling capacitor
In electronics, a decoupling capacitor is a capacitor used to decouple (i.e. prevent electrical energy from transferring to) one part of a circuit from another. Noise caused by other circuit elements is shunted through the capacitor, reducing its effect on the rest of the circuit.  For higher frequencies, an alternative name is bypass capacitor as it is used to bypass the power supply or other high-impedance component of a circuit.
2023 World Wrestling Championships – Men's freestyle 97 kg
The men's freestyle 97 kilograms is a competition featured at the 2023 World Wrestling Championships, and was held in Belgrade, Serbia on 18 and 19 September 2023.

This freestyle wrestling competition consists of a single-elimination tournament, with a repechage used to determine the winner of two bronze medals. The two finalists face off for gold and silver medals. Each wrestler who loses to one of the two finalists moves into the repechage, culminating in a pair of bronze medal matches featuring the semifinal losers each facing the remaining repechage opponent from their half of the bracket.

2023 World Wrestling Championships
The 2023 World Wrestling Championships was held from 16 to 24 September 2023 in Belgrade, Serbia. Wrestlers get a chance to win 90 quotas for the 2024 Summer Olympics from the Belgrade Worlds. Any nation that participated in the 2023 continental championships was eligible to participate in the World Championships.
Reorganization of occupied dioceses during World War II
The reorganization of occupied dioceses during World War II was an issue faced by Pope Pius XII of whether to extend the apostolic authority of Catholic bishops from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy to German-occupied Europe during World War II.

Although such reorganization was often refused, the decision of Pius XII to appoint German apostolic administrators to occupied Poland was "one of his most controversial decisions". These actions were the primary justification given by the Soviet-backed Polish Provisional Government (which replaced the pro-Catholic Polish government-in-exile), for declaring the Concordat of 1925 null and void in 1945, an act that had tremendous consequences for post-war Polish-Holy See relations. There was no Apostolic Nuncio to Poland between 1947 and 1989.

Archdiocese of Gdańsk
The Archdiocese of Gdańsk (Latin: Gedanen(sis)) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Poland. The diocese's episcopal see is Gdańsk.

According to the church statistics Sunday mass attendance was 38.1% in 2013 making it lower than the Polish average of weekly mass attendance (39.1%).

Its Archcathedral Basilica of The Holy Trinity, Blessed Virgin Mary and St Bernard in Gdańsk is listed as a Historic Monument of Poland.
Maglera Doe Boy
Tokelo Moyakhe (born 3 August 1993), is a South African rapper and songwriter known professionally as Maglera Doe Boy (or simply Maglera). He came to prominence subsequent to the release of "Never Ride" by MashBeatz after the single went viral on a video sharing platform TikTok.

In 2015 he made a name for himself after releasing his debut EP Progression which was later named Hype Magazine's top 5 underrated EPs and mixtapes.

Moyakhe signed a distribution deal with Universal Music South Africa through Khuli Chana's imprint Mythrone Records which he later released his debut studio album Diaspora under, and as he was named the fast rising artist from South Africa he was featured on the Apple Music Up Next playlist.

Khuli Chana
Khulane Morule (born 27 August 1982), better known by his stage name Khuli Chana, is a South African Motswako rapper.

In 2014, he released his single titled Hape Le Hape 2.1 featuring Da L.E.S and Magesh. In September of the year, he released the video of the single titled Never Grow Up.
Capillary surface
In fluid mechanics and mathematics, a capillary surface is a surface that represents the interface between two different fluids. As a consequence of being a surface, a capillary surface has no thickness in slight contrast with most real fluid interfaces.

Capillary surfaces are of interest in mathematics because the problems involved are very nonlinear and have interesting properties, such as discontinuous dependence on boundary data at isolated points. In particular, static capillary surfaces with gravity absent have constant mean curvature, so that a minimal surface is a special case of static capillary surface.

They are also of practical interest for fluid management in space (or other environments free of body forces), where both flow and static configuration are often dominated by capillary effects.

Fluid
In physics, a fluid is a liquid, gas, or other material that may continuously move and deform (flow) under an applied shear stress, or external force. They have zero shear modulus, or, in simpler terms, are substances which cannot resist any shear force applied to them.
Echternach Evangeliary
Echternach Evangeliaria (Echternacher Evageliarien) is the name given to a number of notable medieval evangeliaria produced in Echternach abbey:

the evangeliary of St. Willibrord, an insular ms. made ca. 690, now BNF Lat. 9389.

another evangeliary associated with St. Willibrord, made c. 710, now in Augsburg University library

an insular evangeliary of  the early 8th century, made either in Echternach or Trier, now kept in Trier cathedral

Codex aureus Epternacensis of the Ottonian period (mid 11th century), now GNM  Hs. 156 142, Nuremberg

Golden Gospels of Henry III, an Ottonian ms. of c.   1043–1046, now Escorial, Cod. Vitr. 17, Madrid.

Evangeliary
The Evangeliary or Book of the Gospels is a liturgical book containing only those portions of the four gospels which are read during Mass or in other public offices of the Church. The corresponding terms in Latin are Evangeliarium and Liber evangeliorum.

The Evangeliary developed from marginal notes in manuscripts of the Gospels and from lists of gospel readings (capitularia evangeliorum). Generally included at the beginning or end of the book containing the whole gospels, these lists indicated the days on which the various extracts or pericopes were to be read. They developed into books in which they were accompanied by the texts to which they referred, with the passages arranged in accordance with the liturgical year rather than in their order within the gospels themselves, and omitting passages not used in the liturgy.