hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2023 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2023.

Background extinction rate
Background extinction rate (BER), also known as the normal extinction rate, refers to the standard rate of extinction in Earth's geological and biological history, excluding major extinction events, such as the current human-induced Holocene extinction. There have been five mass extinction events throughout Earth's history.
Gmina Milanów
Gmina Milanów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Parczew County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Milanów, which lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north of Parczew and 55 km (34 mi) north-east of the regional capital Lublin.

The gmina covers an area of 116.64 square kilometres (45.0 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,174 (4,016 in 2014).

Parczew
Parczew [ˈpart͡ʂɛf] is a town in eastern Poland, with a population of 10,281 (2006).  It is the capital of Parczew County in the Lublin Voivodeship.

Parczew historically belongs to Lesser Poland (Małopolska) region. The town lies 60 kilometers north of Lublin, and 70 kilometers south of Biala Podlaska. It has a rail station on the secondary-importance line from Lublin to Łuków, which was inaugurated in 1898.
Coronariae
Coronariae (literally a crown or garland) is a term used historically to refer to a group of flowering plants, generally including the lilies (Liliaceae), and later replaced by the order Liliales. First used in the 17th century by John Ray, it referred to flowers used to insert in garlands. Coronariae soon came to be associated with Liliaceae in the Linnaean system. The term was abandoned at the end of the 19th century, being replaced with Liliiflorae and then Liliales.

Melanthiaceae
Melanthiaceae, also called the bunchflower family, is a family of flowering herbaceous perennial plants native to the Northern Hemisphere. Along with many other lilioid monocots, early authors considered members of this family to belong to the family Liliaceae, in part because both their sepals and petals closely resemble each other and are often large and showy like those of lilies, while some more recent taxonomists have placed them in a family Trilliaceae. The most authoritative modern treatment, however, the APG III system of 2009 (unchanged from the 2003 APG II system and the 1998 APG system), places the family in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots. Circumscribed in this way, the family includes up to 17 genera.

Familiar members of the family include the genera Paris and Trillium.
Supreme Court of Nevada
The Supreme Court of Nevada is the highest state court of the U.S. state of Nevada, and the head of the Nevada Judiciary. The main constitutional function of the Supreme Court is to review appeals made directly from the decisions of the district courts. The Supreme Court does not pursue fact-finding by conducting trials, but rather determines whether legal errors were committed in the rendering of the lower court's decision. While the Court must consider all cases filed, it has the discretion to send appeals to the Nevada Court of Appeals for final resolution, as well as the power to determine the jurisdiction of that court.

There are seven Justices on the court, who are elected to six-year terms in officially nonpartisan elections and who are not subject to term limits, which were rejected by voters in 1996. The Governor appoints Justices in the case of a vacancy. The most senior justice becomes Chief Justice for a two-year term.

State supreme court
In the United States, a state supreme court (known by other names in some states) is the highest court in the state judiciary of a U.S. state. On matters of state law, the judgment of a state supreme court is considered final and binding in both state and federal courts.

Generally, a state supreme court, like most appellate tribunals, is exclusively for hearing appeals of legal issues. Although state supreme court rulings on matters of state law are final, rulings on matters of federal law (generally made under the state court's concurrent jurisdiction) can be appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States. Each state supreme court consists of a panel of judges selected by methods outlined in the state constitution. Among the most common methods for selection are gubernatorial appointment, non-partisan election, and partisan election, but the different states follow a variety of procedures.
Hello Counselor
Hello Counselor (Korean: 안녕하세요; RR: Annyeonghaseyo; lit. Hello) was a South Korean social commentary talk show that debuted on November 22, 2010. It was hosted by Shin Dong-yup, Lee Young-ja, and Cultwo (Jung Chan-woo, Kim Tae-gyun). Choi Tae-joon joined the show as host from August 29, 2016 to September 4, 2017. After 8 years as host, Jung Chan-woo has left the show after the broadcast of April 23, 2018 due to health problems.

According to the show's official description through KBS, Hello Counselor is a talk show with an emphasis on regular people, regardless of age or gender, that aims to help take down communication barriers by sharing stories about life. The program airs a new episode every Monday on KBS2, and re-airs it with English subtitles on KBS World a week later in the same time frame.

The final episode of the series aired on September 30, 2019.

Jung Chan-woo (comedian)
Jung Chan-woo (Korean: 정찬우; Hanja: 鄭燦宇; born February 28, 1968), is a South Korean comedian, actor and singer. He is member of comedy duo Cultwo. His syndicated talk radio show Cultwo Show, airs via the SBS Power FM since 2006.
Free City of Greyhawk
The Free City of Greyhawk, also known as Greyhawk City and the "Gem of the Flanaess",  is a fictional city-state in the World of Greyhawk campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy roleplaying game. Since the setting was originally published in a folio and then again in a boxed set that were both titled World of Greyhawk, the word "Greyhawk" is often used to describe the entire campaign world setting, although the proper name for that part of the world is the Flanaess. Sometimes the lands controlled by the Free City are also referred to as Greyhawk, though the proper term for the region is the Domain of Greyhawk.

James M. Ward
James Michael Ward III (May 23, 1951 – March 18, 2024) was an American game designer and fantasy author who worked for TSR, Inc. for more than 20 years, most notably on the role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons. He wrote various books relating to Dungeons & Dragons, including guidebooks such as Deities & Demigods, and novels including Pool of Radiance, based on the computer game of the same name.
Harvard–Penn football rivalry
The Harvard–Penn football rivalry is an American college football rivalry between the Harvard Crimson and Penn Quakers. The first game was played in 1881.

In the first 18 games played in the series, Harvard won 13 and Penn won 5. By 1958 Penn pulled even with 14 games won by each school. There was 1 tie (1940). From 1959 through 1981 Harvard dominated the series winning 20 games to Penn's winning 2 games (1963, 1972). There was 1 tie (1965). However, in recent years the Harvard–Penn football game in mid-November has usually had Ivy League Football Championship implications. Since 1982 Harvard and Penn have won 31 Ivy League Football Championships between them. Penn has won 17 and Harvard has won 14. Penn has been undefeated 8 times in the Ivy League and Harvard has been undefeated 6 times in the Ivy League during this time span.

Penn Quakers football
The Penn Quakers football program is the college football team at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. The Penn Quakers have competed in the Ivy League since its inaugural season of 1956, and are a Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Penn's first game was in 1876, and the team has played in 1,413 football games, the most of any school in any division. Penn plays its home games at historic Franklin Field, the oldest football stadium in the nation. All Penn games are broadcast on WNTP or WFIL radio.
Peace Development Fund
The Peace Development Fund is a non-profit public foundation, based in Amherst, Massachusetts. Its mission statement describes it as working "to build the capacity of community-based organizations through grants, training, and other resources as partners in the human rights and social justice movements.

The fund was co-founded in 1981 by Bob Mazer and Meg Gage, and originally focused on funding grassroots anti-nuclear organizations. They soon expanded to fund groups opposing the Reagan administration's policies in Central America, and later to low-income community organizing not necessarily related to war-and-peace issues. This last led to a broadened board of directors: as Meg Gage put it in 2007, "...to build a strong peace and social justice movement, you have to connect with people of color... I'm very proud of the large, diverse board we built."

Nuclear disarmament
Nuclear disarmament is the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons. Its end state can also be a nuclear-weapons-free world, in which nuclear weapons are completely eliminated. The term denuclearization is also used to describe the process leading to complete nuclear disarmament.

Disarmament and non-proliferation treaties have been agreed upon because of the extreme danger intrinsic to nuclear war and the possession of nuclear weapons.

Proponents of nuclear disarmament say that it would lessen the probability of nuclear war occurring, especially considering accidents or retaliatory strikes from false alarms. Critics of nuclear disarmament say that it would undermine deterrence and make conventional wars more common.
Monona County Courthouse
The Monona County Courthouse, located in Onawa, Iowa, United States, was built in 1892. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the third building the county has used for court functions and county administration.

Onawa, Iowa
Onawa is a city in and the county seat of Monona County, Iowa, United States. The population was 2,906 at the time of the 2020 Census. It is the largest town on the Iowa side of the Missouri River between Council Bluffs and Sioux City.
Los Angeles's 13th City Council district
Los Angeles's 13th City Council district is one of the fifteen districts in the Los Angeles City Council. It is currently represented by Democrat Hugo Soto-Martinez since 2022, after beating previous councilmember Mitch O'Farrell that year.

The district was created in 1925 after a new city charter was passed, which replaced the former "at large" voting system for a nine-member council with a district system with a 15-member council.

Elysian Park
Elysian Park is one of the largest parks in Los Angeles, California, United States, at 600 acres (240 ha). Most of Elysian Park is located in the neighborhood of the same name, but a small portion of the park is in Echo Park.

The park was created by city ordinance on April 5, 1886. City engineer George Hansen sponsored the ordinance. The land was considered "worthless" at the time and only a few other parks existed within the Los Angeles city limits. For some time the land sat unimproved, but eventually roads, trails, and landscaping was added.

Parts of Elysian Park were swapped for other lands held by the Los Angeles Dodgers when Dodger Stadium was built.
Midale
Midale (/ˈmaɪdeɪl/) is a town in the Rural Municipality of Cymri No. 36, in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It is located on Highway 39, midway between the cities of Weyburn and Estevan. It is 160 kilometres (100 mi) south-east of Regina.

Weyburn
Weyburn is the tenth-largest city in Saskatchewan, Canada. The city has a population of 11,019. It is on the Souris River 110 kilometres (68 mi) southeast of the provincial capital of Regina and is  70 kilometres (43 mi) north from the North Dakota border in the United States. The name is reputedly a corruption of the Scottish "wee burn," referring to a small creek. The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Weyburn No. 67.
Xixiposaurus
Xixiposaurus (meaning "Xixipo lizard") is a genus of "prosauropod" dinosaur which existed in what is now Lower Lufeng Formation, China during the lower Jurassic period.  It was first named by Sekiya Toru in 2010 and the type species is X. suni.

Sauropodomorpha
Sauropodomorpha (/ˌsɔːrəˌpɒdəˈmɔːrfə/ SOR-ə-POD-ə-MOR-fə; from Greek, meaning "lizard-footed forms") is an extinct clade of saurischian dinosaurs that includes the long-necked, herbivorous sauropods and their ancestral relatives. Early, more basal sauropodomorphs (traditionally termed prosauropods) were bipedal, and the earliest show evidence of omnivorous or carnivorous diets. Over time, sauropodomorph evolution resulted in a shift to herbivorous diets, larger body sizes, and quadrupedal locomotion. The sauropods themselves generally grew to very large sizes, had long necks and tails, and became the largest animals to ever walk the Earth. The sauropods were the dominant terrestrial herbivores throughout much of the Mesozoic Era, from their origins in the Late Triassic (approximately 230 Ma) until their decline and extinction at the end of the Cretaceous.
Blairmore Holdings
Blairmore Holdings, Inc. was an offshore investment company established by Ian Cameron, father of former British Prime Minister, David Cameron. Following the Panama Papers leak, it was discovered that Blairmore Holdings was a customer of Mossack Fonseca, a large Panamanian law firm and corporate service provider at the centre of an international scandal on tax havens, tax avoidance and corruption.

Blairmore Holdings is still in operation and has assets of £35 million.

HM Revenue and Customs
His Majesty's Revenue and Customs (commonly HM Revenue and Customs) is a  department of the UK government responsible for the collection of taxes, the payment of some forms of state support, the administration of other regulatory regimes including the national minimum wage and the issuance of national insurance numbers.

HMRC was formed by the merger of the Inland Revenue and HM Customs and Excise, which took effect on 18 April 2005. The department's logo is the Tudor Crown enclosed within a circle.
Chuchaujasa
Chuchaujasa (Quechua chuchaw agave, q'asa mountain pass, "agave pass") is a mountain in the northwest of the Vilcabamba mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about 4,800 metres (15,748 ft) high. It is situated in the Cusco Region, La Convención Province, Vilcabamba District. Chuchaujasa lies west of Quenuaorco and northeast of Azulcocha and Panta at a brook or valley named Hatun Wayq'u ("big brook (or valley)").

Azulcocha (Cusco)
Azulcocha (possibly from Quechua asul blue (a borrowing from Spanish azul), qucha lake, "blue lake") is a 5,269-metre-high (17,287 ft) mountain in the Vilcabamba mountain range in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Cusco Region, La Convención Province, on the border of the districts of Inkawasi and Vilcabamba. Azulcocha lies northwest of the Panta group. The Ranq'a Wayq'u (Rancahuayco) originates northwest of the mountain and its waters flow to the Apurímac River.
Thomas Corrigan (priest)
Christianity portal

Thomas George Corrigan (1928–2011)  was an Irish Anglican priest.

He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin and the Church of Ireland Theological College; and ordained in 1959. After a curacy at Cavan he  held incumbencies in Drung, Belfast and Enniskeen. He died on 5 September 2011.

Church of Ireland Theological Institute
The Church of Ireland Theological Institute (formerly the Church of Ireland Theological College) is responsible for ministerial formation and lay training within the Church of Ireland. It is located in Churchtown in Dublin. The Church of Ireland, Representative Church Body (RCB) Library and archives, are also housed on the CITI Campus.
Merrill Leroy Ellis
Merrill Leroy Ellis (9 December 1916 Cleburne, Texas – 12 July 1981 Denton, Texas) was an American composer, performer, and experimental music researcher. He is most known for his work with electronic (analog) and intermedia compositions, new compositional techniques, development of new instruments, and exploration of new notation techniques for scoring and performance.

Louisville Orchestra
The Louisville Orchestra is the primary orchestra in Louisville, Kentucky. It was founded in 1937 by Robert Whitney (1904–1986). The Louisville Orchestra employs salaried musicians, and offers a wide variety of concert series to the community, including classical programs featuring international guest artists, pops performances, and education and family concerts. In 1942 the orchestra adopted the name of the former Louisville Philharmonic Society (founded in 1866), which it kept until 1977 before reverting to its original name. The orchestra is the resident performing group for the Louisville Ballet and the Kentucky Opera, and presents several concerts across the Kentucky/Indiana area.

The orchestra performs its concerts at Whitney Hall (named for its founder) in the Kentucky Center for the Arts and The Brown Theatre. The current music director of the Louisville Orchestra is Teddy Abrams, who began his tenure in 2014.
West Indian cricket team in England in 1995
The West Indian cricket team toured England from 13 May to 3 September 1995 as part of the 1995 English cricket season. The tour included six Tests and three One Day Internationals. The Test series was drawn 2–2 while the ODI series finished 2–1 to England. The first ODI match of the series was the 1,000th ODI to be played.

This was Ray Illingworth's first series in charge as England Team Manager as well as Chairman of Selectors, having sacked Keith Fletcher earlier in the year after the Ashes defeat.

1995 English cricket season
The 1995 English cricket season was the 96th in which the County Championship had been an official competition. There was a continued dominance of the domestic scene by Warwickshire after they won the Britannic Assurance County Championship and the NatWest Trophy. 
The West Indies toured England to compete in a test series which was drawn 2-2.
International Swaminarayan Satsang Organisation
Acharya Shree Tejendraprasadji Maharaj (who was then Acharya of the Swaminarayan Sampraday (Ahmedabad Gadi)) founded International Swaminarayan Satsang Organization (I.S.S.O.) (Devanagari: अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्वामींनारायण सत्संग संस्थान) in the United States on the occasion of Vijaya Dashami in the year 1978.

The prime objective of I.S.S.O. is "To advance the Sanatana Dharma, in accordance with the principles and teachings of the Swaminarayan Sampraday, founded and ordained by Sahajanand Swami", enabling Lord Swaminarayan's devotees from both the NarNarayan Dev Gadi (Ahmedabad) & LaxmiNarayan Dev Gadi (Vadtal) to practice their religious duties in harmony.

This achieved, the efforts of all the followers of the Swaminarayan Sampraday can be polarised, allowing for joint activities to be undertaken. In turn, this will enable the followers to meet the challenges they are faced with today in giving their youth a religious experience that they can understand and practice themselves.

Vadtal
Vadtal is located in the Kheda district of Gujarat, India. It is the pilgrim centre of Swaminarayan Sampraday and the headquarter of Swaminarayan's temple. Gomati is a holy lake in Vadtal.

In 2011, ONGC announced that it would begin drilling operations in Vadtal in search of oil and gas. Its previous exploration in 2007 in Vadtal had found an oil field, which it is developing.
Guépratte Island
Guépratte Island is an ice-covered island 2.8 km (1.7 mi) long, lying between Anvers Island and Brabant Island at the east side of the entrance to Fournier Bay, in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. The island was first shown on the Ludwig Friederichsen map of 1895, embodying the 1873–74 explorations of a German expedition under Eduard Dallmann. It was later charted by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1903–05, under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, who named it after Captain Guépratte of the French Navy. The name "Discovery Island", applied in 1927 by Discovery Investigations personnel on the Discovery, has been rejected in favour of the earlier name.

Brabant Island
Brabant Island is the second largest island of the Palmer Archipelago within the British Antarctic Territory, lying between Anvers Island and Liège Island. Brabant Island is 59 km (37 mi) long north-south, 30 km (19 mi) wide, and rises to 2,520 m (8,268 ft) in Mount Parry.  The interior of the island is occupied by two mountain ranges, Solvay Mountains (Cook Summit, 1590 m) in its southern part and Stribog Mountains (summit Mount Parry) in its central and northern parts.

It was named by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition (1897–1899) under Adrien de Gerlache, who named it after the Belgian Province of Brabant, in recognition of the support given to the expedition by its citizens.

A paper summarizing the Joint Services expedition of 1984–1985 describes the island as "notoriously inhospitable" and states that there is evidence for only six visits between the discovery in 1898 and 1984.  Members of the expedition overwintered there in 1984–1985, and made the first ascent of Mount Parry.
Lug, Beočin
Lug (Serbian Cyrillic: Луг) is a village in the municipality of Beočin, South Bačka District, Vojvodina, Serbia. It lies on the northwest slopes of Fruška gora mountain, in the region of Syrmia. The village has a population numbering 529 people (2022 census).

South Bačka District
The South Bačka District (Serbian: Јужнобачки округ, romanized: Južnobački okrug, pronounced [jûʒnobâːtʃkiː ôkruːɡ]) is one of administrative districts of Serbia. It lies in the southern part of Bačka and northern part of Syrmia. According to the 2022 census, the South Bačka District has a population of 607,178 inhabitants. The administrative center of the district is the city of Novi Sad, which is also the administrative center and the largest city of the Vojvodina.
Alternating-time temporal logic
In computer science, alternating-time temporal logic, or ATL, is a branching-time temporal logic that extends computation tree logic (CTL) to multiple players. ATL naturally describes computations of multi-agent systems and concurrent games. Quantification in ATL is over program-paths that are possible outcomes of games. ATL uses alternating-time formulas to construct model-checkers in order to address problems such as receptiveness, realizability, and controllability.

Temporal logic
In logic, temporal logic is any system of rules and symbolism for representing, and reasoning about, propositions qualified in terms of time (for example, "I am always hungry", "I will eventually be hungry", or "I will be hungry until I eat something"). It is sometimes also used to refer to tense logic, a modal logic-based system of temporal logic introduced by Arthur Prior in the late 1950s, with important contributions by Hans Kamp. It has been further developed by computer scientists, notably Amir Pnueli, and logicians.

Temporal logic has found an important application in formal verification, where it is used to state requirements of hardware or software systems. For instance, one may wish to say that whenever a request is made, access to a resource is eventually granted, but it is never granted to two requestors simultaneously. Such a statement can conveniently be expressed in a temporal logic.