hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Buq Buq labor camp
The labor camp at Buq Buq was a forced labor camp for Libyan Jews, operated by Italy between August and November 1942 at the Egyptian-Libyan border in Buq Buq (بقبق) in Egypt's Matrouh Governorate. The camp was established in the context of the Axis occupation of Egypt in World War II. Buq Buq's 350 prisoners were exclusively Libyan Jewish men between the ages of 18 and 45, mostly from Tripoli and the surrounding area, who were transferred to Buq Buq from the Libyan Sidi Azaz labor camp.

History of the Jews in Libya
The history of the Jews in Libya stretches back to the 3rd century BCE, when Cyrenaica was under Greek rule. The Jewish population of Libya, a part of the Sephardi-Maghrebi Jewish community, continued to populate the area continuously until modern times. During World War II, Libya's Jewish population was subjected to antisemitic laws by the Fascist Italian regime and deportations by both the Italian and German armies.

After the war, anti-Jewish violence caused many Jews to leave the country, principally for Israel, though significant numbers moved to Italy and North America. Under Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, who ruled the country from 1969 to 2011, the situation deteriorated further, eventually leading to the emigration of the remaining Jewish population. The last Jew in Libya, 80-year-old Rina Debach, left the country in 2003.
Archdiocese of Toledo
The Archdiocese of Toledo (Latin: Archidioecesis Metropolitae Toletana) is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church located in Spain. They are also the Primates of Spain. It was, according to tradition, established in the 1st century by James the Great and was elevated to an archdiocese in 313 after the Edict of Milan. The incumbent Metropolitan Archbishop also bears the title Primate of Spain and since 1937 the title General Vicar of the Armies (but the pastoral care for the Spanish armed forces is now provided, since 1986, by the Military Archbishopric of Spain)

Military Archbishopric of Spain
The Military Archbishopric of Spain (Spanish: Arzobispado Castrense de España) is a military ordinariate of the Roman Catholic Church. Immediately subject to the Holy See, it provides pastoral care to Roman Catholics serving in the Spanish Armed Forces and their families.
Vardø Chapel
Vardø Chapel or Steglnes Chapel (Norwegian: Vardø kapell / Steglnes kapell) is a chapel of the Church of Norway in Vardø Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. It is located on the western part of the island of Vardøya in the town of Vardø, just south of the historic Vardøhus Fortress. It is an annex chapel for the Vardø parish which is part of the Varanger prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland.

The small white chapel was built in 1908 at the site of the new parish cemetery. It has mostly been used for funerals, but more recently it has been opened up for weddings and baptisms also. Unlike most churches in Finnmark county, this one was not burned down during World War II.

Vardø Municipality
Vardø (Norwegian pronunciation: [vaɖːø] ⓘ; Finnish: Vuoreija; Kven: Vuorea; Northern Sami: Várggát) is a municipality in Finnmark county in the extreme northeastern part of Norway. Vardø is the easternmost town in Norway, more to the east than Saint Petersburg or Istanbul. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Vardø. Two of the larger villages in the municipality are Kiberg and Svartnes.

The 601-square-kilometre (232 sq mi) municipality is the 188th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Vardø is the 284th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,972. The municipality's population density is 3.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (8.5/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 6.9% over the previous 10-year period.
2023 University of Nevada, Las Vegas shooting
On December 6, 2023, a shooting occurred at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). Three people were killed, and three additional people were wounded. Two of the wounded were police officers. The perpetrator was killed in a shootout with police. It is the deadliest school shooting in Nevada history.

Lee Business School
The Lee Business School is the business school at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). It holds international dual accreditation in business and accounting by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB). The Lee Business School is one of the largest colleges at UNLV and offers ten undergraduate majors, 14 minors and seven graduate programs.
1946 South Dakota gubernatorial election
The 1946 South Dakota gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1946. Incumbent Republican Governor Merrell Q. Sharpe ran for re-election to a third term, but was defeated in the Republican primary by Attorney General George T. Mickelson. In the general election, Mickelson faced farmer Richard Haeder, the Democratic nominee. In part because of South Dakota's growing trend toward the Republican Party, and because of the national Republican landslide, Mickelson easily defeated Haeder, winning 67% of the vote to Haeder's 33%.

1946 United States elections
Elections were held on November 5, 1946, and elected the members of the 80th United States Congress. In the first election after World War II, incumbent President Harry S. Truman (who took office on April 12, 1945, upon the death of his predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt) and the Democratic Party suffered large losses. After having been in the minority of both chambers of Congress since 1932, Republicans took control of both the House and the Senate.

This Republican wave reflected the public backlash against President Truman for the post-war economic hardships the country suffered, straining American-Soviet relations, and his handling of the United Auto Workers strike. Afterwards, Truman was widely expected to face a tough reelection environment in the subsequent presidential election, but he ultimately defied expectations.
Russian bath in Antarctica
The Russian bath (banya) of Novolazarevskaya Station, Schirmacher Oasis, Queen Maud Land (70°46′S 11°52′E﻿ / ﻿70.767°S 11.867°E﻿ / -70.767; 11.867) is the only glued timber building in Antarctica. It is the southernmost wooden sauna in the world.

Banya (sauna)
The banya (Russian: баня, IPA: [ˈbanʲə] ⓘ) is a traditional Russian steam bath that utilizes a wood stove. It is a significant part of Russian culture, and is typically conducted in a small room or building designed for dry or wet heat sessions. The high heat and steam cause bathers to perspire.

In addition to its use as a steam bath, the term banya can also refer to a public bathhouse in the Russian language. The most historically renowned of these is the Sanduny (Sandunovskie bani). The banya has been depicted in various forms of Russian art and literature, reflecting its cultural significance and widespread use.
Orders, decorations, and medals of the Republic of Ireland
Ireland has no formal honours system. Proposals to introduce one have been made by various groups at different times. The Order of St. Patrick, established by the British monarchy in the Kingdom of Ireland in 1783, has been in abeyance for decades. The Constitution of Ireland mandates that "Titles of nobility shall not be conferred by the State", and honours are not issued directly by the Government of Ireland.

As with military and police forces in other jurisdictions, medals and decorations are issued by the Irish Defence Forces and Garda Síochána, including for distinguished service, operational service, long service, and commemorative purposes. Service and commemorative medals are also issued by civilian and volunteer groups.

Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade
The Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade (Irish: An tAire Gnóthaí Eachtracha agus Trádála) is a senior minister in the Government of Ireland and leads the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

The Minister's office is located at Iveagh House, on St Stephen's Green in Dublin; "Iveagh House" is often used as a metonym for the department as a whole. From 1922 until 1971, the title of the office was Minister for External Affairs.

The office holder since November 2025 is Helen McEntee, TD. She is also Minister for Defence.

She is assisted by:

Thomas Byrne, TD – Minister of State for European Affairs

Neale Richmond, TD – Minister of State for International Development and Diaspora
BBL Trophy
The British Basketball League Trophy, often shortened to the BBL Trophy, is an annual cup competition for the British Basketball League (BBL). It is the unique of  peripheral competitions operated by the League during the regular season,  The competition's structure and format vary from season to season and, unlike the BBL Cup, often includes invited clubs from the English Basketball League and the Scottish Basketball League, and representatives from Basketball Wales, a novelty in BBL events which gives the competition much of its character.

The most recent champions are the Cheshire Phoenix who defeated London Lions at Arena Birmingham.

Guildford Kings
Guildford Kings were a British basketball team, most prominent in the National Basketball League during the early 1980's and later the British Basketball League (BBL) during the late 1980s and early 1990s. The team ceased operations at the end of the 1993–94 season and folded.
Kosmos 2402
Kosmos 2402 (Russian: Космос 2402 meaning Cosmos 2402) is one of a set of three Russian military satellites launched in 2003 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system. It was launched with Kosmos 2403 and Kosmos 2404.

This satellite is a GLONASS satellite, also known as Uragan, and is numbered Uragan No. 794.

Kosmos 2402 / 2403 / 2404 were launched from Site 81/24 at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. A Proton-K carrier rocket with a Blok DM upper stage was used to perform the launch which took place at 17:42 UTC on 10 December 2003. The launch successfully placed the satellites into Medium Earth orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the International Designator 2003-056B. The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 28113.

It was in the first orbital plane in orbital slot 2. It is no longer part of the GLONASS constellation.

Kosmos (satellite)
Kosmos (Russian: Космос, IPA: [ˈkosməs], meaning '(outer) space') is a designation given to many satellites operated by the Soviet Union and subsequently Russia. Kosmos 1, the first spacecraft to be given a Kosmos designation, was launched on 16 March 1962.
Nishan-e-Pakistan (monument)
Nishan-e-Pakistan (Urdu: نشانِ پاکستان) is a national solidarity monument in Clifton Beach of the city of Karachi in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It became the second tallest flag pole in Pakistan after a taller flag pole was installed on the Wagha Border on the occasion of Independence Day in 2017.

Nishan-e-Pakistan was inaugurated on Apr 29, 2016 by the Governor of the province of Sindh, Dr. Ishrat ul Ibad Khan, Chief Minister of Sindh Qaim Ali Shah, and Corps Commander Karachi Lt. Gen. Naveed Mukhtar.

Clifton Beach, Karachi
Clifton Beach, also known as Sea View, is a beach in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan and is located on the Arabian Sea. It stretches from Karachi to Ormara (Balochistan). The beach is very popular in Pakistan. It is open 24/7 for the general public.

Karachi is the most prominent coastal city of Pakistan and beach lovers here have many opportunities to visit different beaches bordering the Arabian Sea. Clifton Beach is purported to give the best value in leisure and recreational opportunities for fun seekers and beach lovers.

In recent times, the area surrounding the beach has seen massive commercial activity as it is located in one of the most sought after localities in Karachi. 
The beach offers multiple leisure activities including camel rides, buggy rides, horse rides, and plastic plane flying, among others. Across from the beach is the Seaview Apartments, a gated residential area. Other apartments and villas which can be seen along the Clifton beach coasts are becoming popular as well.
Shan Wickremesinghe
Deshabandu Shanthilal Nilkantha Wickremesinghe, popularly as Shan Wickremesinghe (born 20 December 1947), is a Sri Lankan media proprietor, television presenter and a broadcast engineer. He is the founder of Sri Lanka's first television station ITN and the current chairman of TNL TV television and radio network. He is the older brother of the former President of Sri Lanka, Ranil Wickremesinghe.

Deshabandhu
Deshabandhu (Sinhala: දේශබන්ධු, romanized: dēśabandhu;  Tamil: தேசபந்து, romanized: Tēcapantu, lit. 'Patriot') is the third highest national honour awarded in Sri Lanka. It is awarded "for meritorious service". The title is held by no more than 150 living holders at any time. It is conferred with a citation and a silver medal with a symbol of a peacock. It is conventionally used as a title or prefix to the awardee's name.

Deshabandhu ranks lower than Deshamanya.
Democratic Sicily
Democratic Sicily (Italian: Sicilia Democratica, SD) was a regional centrist Italian political party active in Sicily.

The party was launched in November 2014 by Nicola Leanza (elected on the UDC list), a long-time regional deputy, following a split from Article Four for internal disagreements during the formation of the 3rd Crocetta regional government.

The Democratic Sicily group in the ARS, as well as by Leanza, was joined by other five deputies: Totò Lentini (ex UDC), Giambattista Coltraro (ex Megaphone), Carmelo Currenti (ex Musumeci list), Luisa Lantieri (ex Great South) and Salvatore Cascio (ex PID).

In May 2015 Leanza died, leaving the future of the party quite uncertain. Indeed, the party did not participate in the 2017 regional election and is no longer active since the end of 2017.

The Megaphone – Crocetta List
The Megaphone – Crocetta List  (Italian: Il Megafono – Lista Crocetta) was a regional centre-left political party active in Sicily, Italy. The party was led by Rosario Crocetta, the former President of Sicily, also affiliated to the Democratic Party.
Projection matrix
In statistics, the projection matrix , sometimes also called the influence matrix or hat matrix , maps the vector of response values (dependent variable values) to the vector of fitted values (or predicted values). It describes the influence each response value has on each fitted value. The diagonal elements of the projection matrix are the leverages, which describe the influence each response value has on the fitted value for that same observation.

Linear model
In statistics, the term linear model refers to any model which assumes linearity in the system. The most common occurrence is in connection with regression models and the term is often taken as synonymous with linear regression model.  However, the term is also used in time series analysis with a different meaning. In each case, the designation "linear" is used to identify a subclass of models for which substantial reduction in the complexity of the related statistical theory is possible.
Edward Ramberg
Edward Granville Ramberg (June 14, 1907  – January 9, 1995) was an American physicist who contributed to the early development of electron microscopy and color television.  He was the uncle of Mario Capecchi, a 2007 Nobel laureate.

Arnold Sommerfeld
Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld (German: [ˈaʁnɔlt ˈzɔmɐˌfɛlt]; 5 December 1868 – 26 April 1951) was a German theoretical physicist who pioneered developments in both atomic and quantum physics, and also educated and mentored many students for the new era of theoretical physics.

Sommerfeld served as doctoral advisor and postdoctoral advisor to seven Nobel Prize winners and supervised at least 30 other famous physicists and chemists.

Sommerfeld introduced the second quantum number, azimuthal quantum number, and the third quantum number, magnetic quantum number. He also introduced the fine-structure constant and pioneered X-ray wave theory.
Sam Ouandja
Sam Ouandja is a town located in the Central African Republic prefecture of Haute-Kotto near the border with Sudan. It has historically served as important arms trafficking hub for armed groups in Central African Republic. Artisanal diamond mining is also active in the commune.

Séléka
Séléka CPSK-CPJP-UFDR was an alliance of rebel militia groups that subjugated the Central African Republic (CAR) on 24 March 2013. After its official dissolution in September 2013, the remaining rebel groups became known as Ex-Séléka. Séléka leader Michel Djotodia became the nation's president from March 2013 until his resignation in January 2014. Members of Séléka were almost all Muslim.
Vigevano Cathedral
Vigevano Cathedral (Italian: Duomo di Vigevano, Cattedrale di Sant'Ambrogio) is a Roman Catholic cathedral dedicated to Saint Ambrose and located in the Piazza Ducale of Vigevano, Italy. It is the seat of the Bishop of Vigevano. The present building dates from the 16th century, with a west front of the 1670s.

Francesco II Sforza
Francesco II Sforza (4 February 1495 – 1 November 1535) was Duke of Milan from 1521 until his death. He became the Duke of Milan after Emperor Charles V reconquered it from the French. He fought at the Battle of Bicocca against the French, but in 1526 joined the League of Cognac with Francis I of France. Surviving a poisoning, he married Christina of Denmark, but died childless. He was the last member of the Sforza family to rule Milan.
2017 Panda Cup
The 2017 Panda Cup was the fourth edition of Panda Cup, an under-19 association football competition.

The tournament was hosted in Chengdu between 17 and 21 May. Players born on or after 1 January 1999 are eligible to compete in the tournament.

Panda Cup
The Panda Cup International Youth Football Tournament (Chinese: 熊猫杯国际青年足球邀请赛) is an annual international youth football tournament that is held in the city of Chengdu, China.

The tournament was first announced in April 2014.

The original logo was designed by a Los Angeles–based Chinese student; it was inspired by a Chinese dragon, a giant panda and the Olympic rings.

Originally an under-19 event, the tournament format began as a single round league format. Prior to the 2019 event tournament the Chinese Football Association announced the intention to expand the format in future years to include more teams or multiple age groups. An international youth football development seminar and other events run in conjunction with the Panda Cup.
Ager Vaticanus
In ancient Rome, the Ager Vaticanus ([ˈa.ɡɛr waː.t̪iːˈkaː.n̪ʊs], "Vatican Field") was the alluvial plain on the right (west) bank of the Tiber. It was also called Ripa Veientana or Ripa Etrusca, indicating the Etruscan dominion during the archaic period. It was located between the Janiculum, the Vatican Hill, and Monte Mario, down to the Aventine Hill and up to the confluence of the Cremera creek.

Aurelian Walls
The Aurelian Walls (Italian: Mura aureliane) are a line of city walls built between 271 AD and 275 AD in Rome, Italy, during the reign of the Roman Emperor Aurelian. They superseded the earlier Servian Wall built during the 4th century BC.

The walls enclosed all the seven hills of Rome plus the Campus Martius and, on the right bank of the Tiber, the Trastevere district. The river banks within the city limits appear to have been left unfortified, although they were fortified along the Campus Martius. The size of the entire enclosed area is 1,400 hectares (3,500 acres). The wall cut through populated areas: in reality the city at the time embraced 2,400 hectares (5,900 acres). Pliny the Elder in the first century AD suggested that the densely populated areas, extrema tectorum ("the limits of the roofed areas") extended 2.8 kilometres (1.7 mi) from the Golden Milestone in the Forum (Natural History 3.67).
Armenian political crisis (2020–present)
The Armenian political crisis started in 2020 with the Azerbaijani offensive against the self-declared Republic of Artsakh which triggered mass protests in Armenia. The crisis escalated after the Russian peacekeeping force were not involved in the third war leaving Armenia isolated. The war ended with the expulsion of more than 100,000 Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh. There had been multiple coup plots during the crisis. As of December 2023, parts of Armenia remains under Azerbaijani occupation.

Since the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War and the 2023 Expulsion of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians, Nikol Pashinyan's approval rating has plummeted from 82 percent in August 2018 to 11.5 percent as of 6 May 2025, one of the lowest approval ratings of any world leader.

National Democratic Alliance (Armenia)
The National Democratic Alliance (Armenian: Ազգային ժողովրդավարական բևեռ, romanized: Azgayin zhoghovrdavarakan bever) sometimes referred as the National Democratic Pole or the National Democratic Party, is an Armenian political alliance between the Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party, the National Progress Party of Armenia, as well as, several independent politicians. The European Party of Armenia was a founding member, but withdrew from the alliance in May 2021. The alliance is currently led by a Council consisting of eight members.
Liu Zhenli (general)
Liu Zhenli (Chinese: 刘振立; born August 1964) is a former Chinese general (Shangjiang) of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), who served as chief of staff of the Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission. He was commander of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force from June 2021 to December 2022.

He is a member of the 19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a delegate to the 12th National People's Congress.

12th National People's Congress
The 12th National People's Congress (NPC) was elected in national congressional conferences from October 2012 to February 2013 and was in session from 2013 to 2018. It succeeded the 11th National People's Congress.  It held five plenary sessions in this period, occurring around early March every year.  It was succeeded by the communing of the 13th National People's Congress.
Elizabeth Ursic
Elizabeth Ursic is an American theologian, scholar, and musician recognized for her contributions to feminist theology and the study of women's spirituality. She is the author of the 2014 book Women, Ritual, and Power: Placing Female Imagery of God in Christian Worship which analyzes how contemporary Christian congregations engage with a female concept of God. She is a professor of Religious Studies at Mesa Community College in Arizona. In addition to her work as a scholar of religion, she chaired the Women's Caucus of the American Academy of Religion for a decade. Ursic twice held the Guinness World Records for tap-dancing 13.1 miles during a marathon, a record which has been noted by Sports Illustrated.

Sophia (wisdom)
Sophia, or Sofia (Koine Greek: σοφία, sophía—"wisdom") is a central idea in Hellenistic philosophy and religion, Platonism, and Gnosticism. Originally carrying a meaning of "cleverness, skill", the later meaning of the term, close to the meaning of phronesis ("wisdom, intelligence"), was significantly shaped by the term philosophía ("love of wisdom") as used by Plato.

In the Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church, the feminine personification of divine wisdom as Holy Wisdom (Ἁγία Σοφία; Hagía Sophía) can refer either to Jesus Christ the Word of God (as in the dedication of the church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople) or to the Holy Spirit.

References to sophía in Koine Greek translations of the Hebrew Bible are translated from the Hebrew term Chokmah.