hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lungfish
Lungfish, also known as dipnoans, are freshwater vertebrates belonging to the class Dipnoi. Lungfish are best known for their innovative respiratory system, including the ability to breathe air, and derived structures within Sarcopterygii, including the presence of lobed fins with a well-developed internal skeleton. Lungfish represent the closest living relatives of the tetrapods (which includes living amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals). The mouths of lungfish typically bear tooth plates, which are used to crush hard shelled organisms.

Today there are only six known species of lungfish, living in Africa, South America, and Australia, though they were formerly globally distributed. The fossil record of the group extends into the Early Devonian, over 410 million years ago. The earliest known members of the group were marine, while almost all post-Carboniferous representatives inhabit freshwater environments.

Aestivation
Aestivation (Latin: aestas (summer); also estivation in American English) is a state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation, although taking place in the summer rather than the winter. Aestivation is characterized by inactivity and a lowered metabolic rate, that is entered in response to high temperatures and arid conditions. It takes place during times of heat and dryness, which are often the summer months.

Invertebrate and vertebrate animals enter an aestivating state to avoid damage from high temperatures and the risk of desiccation. Both terrestrial and aquatic animals undergo aestivation. Fossil records suggest that aestivation may have evolved several hundred million years ago.
Congreve (horse)
Congreve (1924–1944) was an Argentine Thoroughbred racehorse and one of the most influential sires in South America. He was a bay stallion by Copyright (GB) (by Tracery, who was sired by Rock Sand) his dam Per Noi by Perrier (GB).

Gran Premio Jorge de Atucha
The Gran Premio Jorge de Atucha (previously known as the Clásico Jorge Atucha, Premio Jorge Atucha, Premio General Las Heras) is a Group 1 thoroughbred horse race run at Hipódromo Argentino de Palermo in Buenos Aires, Argentina, open to two-year-old fillies. It is run over a distance of 1500 metres (0.93 mi) on the dirt.
Cao Wenzhao
Cao Wenzhao (Chinese: 曹文诏) (?–1635) was a Ming dynasty military general during the Transition from Ming to Qing period. He was active in the suppression of the Late Ming peasant rebellions until his death at the hand of the rebels.

Ma Shilong
Ma Shilong (1594–1634), courtesy name Yuancang, was a Hui Muslim general in the Ming dynasty. He was born in 1594 in what is now called Ningxia. He was a protégé of Sun Chengzong.

He started his career as Provincial Level Knight, and served as Youji General in Xuanfu (nowadays Xuanhua, Hebei). He is responsible for the loss in Campagne of Liuhe in the 5th year of Tianqi (1625). In the 7th year of Chongzhen (1634), he died of illness.
Finchcocks
Finchcocks is an early Georgian manor house in Goudhurst, Kent. For 45 years it housed a large, visitor-friendly museum of historical keyboard instruments, displaying a collection of harpsichords, clavichords, fortepianos, square pianos, organs and other musical instruments. The museum was run by the owners of the house, Richard and Katrina Burnett until 2017. It is now owned by Neil and Harriet Nichols who use it as a family home and a venue for residential piano courses and classical concerts.

Giraffe piano
The giraffe piano is a type of an upright piano that has a "long-necked" appearance due to a narrow, but tall, upright case, essentially a grand piano set up vertically. The design had been invented in Austria around 1805 and was manufactured throughout the first half of the 19th century. This "monstrosity" eventually evolved into the modern upright piano ("pianino"). Two closely related instruments, similar in construction, but different in shape, are called the pyramid piano and the lyre piano (see the History section below).
Apache Click
Apache Click is a page and component oriented web application framework for the Java language and is built on top of the Java Servlet API.

It is a free and open-source project distributed under the Apache license and runs on any JDK installation (1.5 or later).

Click was initially created by Malcolm Edgar as the click.sourceforce.net project in 2003.  The project then graduated to an Apache top-level project in November 2009 with Bob Schellink. The project was retired in May 2014.

Web framework
A web framework (WF) or web application framework (WAF) is a software framework that is designed to support the development of web applications including web services, web resources, and web APIs. Web frameworks provide a standard way to build and deploy web applications on the World Wide Web. Web frameworks aim to automate the overhead associated with common activities performed in web development. For example, many web frameworks provide libraries for database access, templating frameworks, and session management, and they often promote code reuse. Although they often target development of dynamic web sites, they are also applicable to static websites.
Regions of Montana
The Regional designations of Montana vary widely within the U.S state of Montana. The state is a large geographical area (147,046 square miles (380,850 km2)) that is split by the Continental Divide, resulting in watersheds draining into the Pacific Ocean, Gulf of Mexico and Hudson's Bay.  The state is approximately 545 miles (877 km) east to west along the Canada–United States border and 320 miles (510 km) north to south. The fourth largest state in land area, it has been divided up in official and unofficial ways into a variety of regions.  Additionally, Montana is part of a number of larger federal government administrative regions.

Daniels County, Montana
Daniels County is a county located in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,661. Its county seat is Scobey. It is on Montana's north border, and thus abuts the Canada–US border with Saskatchewan.
Yurkud
Yurkud is a town in the southwestern Gedo region of Somalia. It was the site of the Battle of Yurkud (2012).

It is dominated by a subclan of the Rahaweyn called Malinwiin, also known as Macalinweyn (in the Maxa language). This group was mostly pastoralist before the civil war, and some were Islamic school teachers. Today, this clan has grown large and lives in Bay, Bakool, Gedo, and Middle Juba, specifically in Dinsoor and Bardera.

Bardere
Bardere (Arabic: باردير, Somali: Bardhere, Italian: Bardera) also known as Bardera, is a city in Jubaland State of Somalia. It is the second most populous city in Jubaland with Kismayo being the largest and most densely populated city in the region. Bardere sits on the Jubba River around 250 km west of the city of Baidoa and is in a highland area with fertile soil.
Southwest Louisiana
Southwest Louisiana (SWLA) is a five-parish area intersecting the Acadiana and Central Louisiana regions in the U.S. state of Louisiana. It is composed of the following parishes (counties): Allen, Beauregard, Calcasieu, Cameron, and Jefferson Davis. As of 2020, the combined population of the five parish area was 313,951.

Southwest Louisiana has one metropolitan area: Lake Charles. The southwestern portion of Louisiana is also geographically and culturally attached to Southeast Texas.

Three of the parishes — Calcasieu, Cameron, and Jefferson Davis — are also part of Acadiana, the region of French and Acadian influence defined by the Louisiana State Legislature in 1971.

Cameron Parish, Louisiana
Cameron Parish (French: Paroisse de Cameron) is a parish in the southwest corner of the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 5,617. The parish seat is Cameron. Although it is the largest parish by area in Louisiana, it has the second-smallest population in the state, ahead of only Tensas. Cameron Parish is part of the Lake Charles metropolitan statistical area.
Mynämäki
Mynämäki (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈmynæˌmæki]; Swedish: Virmo) is a municipality of Finland located in the Southwest Finland region. Neighbouring municipalities are Aura, Eura, Laitila, Masku, Nousiainen, Pöytyä, Rusko, Taivassalo, Turku and Vehmaa.

The municipality has a population of 7,464 (31 March 2025) and covers an area of 536.08 square kilometres (206.98 sq mi) of which 16.37 km2 (6.32 sq mi) is water. The population density is 14.36 inhabitants per square kilometre (37.2/sq mi). The municipality is unilingually Finnish.

The municipality of Karjala was consolidated with Mynämäki in 1977. The municipality of Mietoinen was consolidated with Mynämäki in 2007.

In the 1980s, the local traditional dishes of Mynämäki were waffle called poffe, and cheese called laurinjuusto made from cow's or goat's milk, which is dried until it can be cut with scissors, for example into soured milk gruel. It can also be smoked using a marsh Labrador tea.

Laitila
Laitila (Finnish: [ˈlɑi̯tilɑ]; Swedish: Letala) is a town and a municipality of Finland. It is located in the Southwest Finland region, and it is 59 kilometres (37 mi) from Laitila to Turku. The municipality has a population of 8,492 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 545.32 square kilometres (210.55 sq mi) of which 13.65 km2 (5.27 sq mi) is water. The population density is 15.97 inhabitants per square kilometre (41.4/sq mi). The municipality is monolingually Finnish.

Laitila is renowned for its poultry farms and "egg festival" (Laitilan Munamarkkinat), which is why the subject of the municipal coat of arms of Laitila also refers to the parish's fame for chicken care. There is much demand for Laitila-based chicken eggs, as the local egg producer company Munax, among other things, has even planned to export eggs to South Korea. Laitila has also been called the "egg capital of Finland".
Jonah Kim
Jonah Kim (born June 8, 1988) is a South Korean cellist based in the United States. He has been referred to as "the next Yo-Yo Ma" and is known for his "technical finesse" and "romantic and ardent" playing style. Kim made his debut in 2002 with Wolfgang Sawallisch conducting the Philadelphia Orchestra and has since performed internationally as both a soloist and chamber musician.

His primary teachers include János Starker, Orlando Cole, Peter Wiley and Lynn Harrell. Kim is artistic director of Festival San Miguel de Allende. He has been artist in residence at Festival Mozaic and has also been involved with the Atlantic Music Festival since its founding in 2009. Widely considered one of the most technically proficient cellists of all time, he is known for "definitive performances" and has been recorded and broadcast internationally on public radio and television.

Lynn Harrell
Lynn Harrell (January 30, 1944 – April 27, 2020) was an American classical cellist. Known for the "penetrating richness" of his sound, Harrell performed internationally as a recitalist, chamber musician, and soloist with major orchestras over a career spanning nearly six decades.

Harrell was the winner of the inaugural Avery Fisher Prize and two Grammy Awards, among other accolades, and taught at the University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music, Royal Academy of Music, Cleveland Institute of Music, Juilliard School, USC Thornton School of Music, and the Shepherd School of Music.
Meitetsu Hiromi Line
The Meitetsu Hiromi Line (名鉄広見線, Meitetsu Hiromi-sen) is a railway line in Japan operated by the private railway operator Meitetsu (Nagoya Railroad). It connects Inuyama Station in Inuyama, Aichi with Mitake Station in Mitake, Gifu.

Manaca
Manaca (マナカ, Manaka), stylized in lowercase as manaca, is a rechargeable contactless smart card used in Nagoya, Japan and the surrounding area in Aichi Prefecture. It launched on February 11, 2011, replacing the Tranpass magnetic fare card system. Since 2013, it has been part of Japan's Nationwide Mutual Usage Service, allowing it to be used in all major cities across the country.
Kesh Garma
Kesh Garma (Persian: كش گرما, also Romanized as Kesh Garmā) is a village in Chehel Shahid Rural District, in the Central District of Ramsar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 30, in 9 families.

Chehel Shahid Rural District
Chehel Shahid Rural District (Persian: دهستان چهل شهيد) is in Dalkhani District of Ramsar County, Mazandaran province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Chalakrud. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Galesh Mahalleh, now the city of Dalkhani.
Arabic-based pidgins and creoles
There have been a number of pidgins and creoles throughout history which are based on the Arabic language, including a number of new ones emerging today. These share a common ancestry, and incipient immigrant pidgins. Additionally, Maridi Arabic may have been an 11th-century pidgin.

Turku Arabic
Turku Arabic or simply just Turku is an extinct variant of Bimbashi Arabic that served as a lingua franca in Chad. It is the ancestor to Bongor Arabic and potentially other Arabic pidgins spoken in Chad today, but since they have not been described, it is unclear whether they are direct descendants of Turku.
Island Lakes
Island Lakes are a set of closely related freshwater lakes located on a prominent valley at the western base of Pratt Mountain, between Mount Defiance and Bandera Mountain, in King County, Washington. They include Island Lake proper, Rainbow Lake and Blazer Lake. They are themselves surrounded by other alpine lakes, including Lake Kulla Kulla and Mason Lake on the west side of the valley. Because of its proximity to Snoqualmie Pass and other prominent peaks in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness, the lakes are a popular area for hiking, swimming, and fishing rainbow trout. Access to Island Lakes is through Mount Defiance Trail 1009, which is an offshoot of Pratt Lake Trail 1007. The trail passes between Rainbow Lake and Blazer Lake on the north edge.

Alpine Lakes Wilderness
The Alpine Lakes Wilderness is a large wilderness area spanning the Central Cascades of Washington state in the United States. The wilderness is located in parts of Wenatchee National Forest and Snoqualmie National Forest, and is approximately bounded by Interstate 90 and Snoqualmie Pass to the south and U.S. Route 2 and Stevens Pass to the north. The Alpine Lakes is the largest wilderness area near the population centers of Puget Sound, counted at 414,161 acres (167,605 ha) following the 2014 expansion.
Second Bureau (1936 film)
Second Bureau is a 1936 British spy romance film directed by Victor Hanbury and starring Marta Labarr, Charles Oliver and Arthur Wontner. It was made at Shepperton Studios and based on the 1934 novel Second Bureau by Charles Robert-Dumas. It was a remake of a 1935 French film of the same name.

The film's title refers to the French military intelligence outfit Deuxième Bureau.

Shepperton Studios
Shepperton Studios is a film studio located in Shepperton, Middlesex, England, with a history dating back to 1931. It is now part of the Pinewood Studios Group. During its early existence, the studio was branded as Sound City (not to be confused with the Californian Sound City Studios).
Yacolt Burn
The Yacolt Burn is the collective name for dozens of fires in Washington state and Oregon occurring between September 8 and September 12, 1902, causing 38 deaths in the Lewis River area, at least nine deaths by fire in Wind River and 18 deaths in the Columbia River Gorge.

Wind River (Washington)
The Wind River is a tributary of the Columbia River, in the U.S. state of Washington. Its entire course of 30 miles (48 km) lies within Skamania County. Crusattes River is an old variant name.

When Lewis and Clark passed by the river in October 29, 1805, they called it the ‘New Timbered River’ after the Oregon Ash trees in the area.
1988 East German Athletics Championships
The 1988 East German Athletics Championships (German: DDR-Leichtathletik-Meisterschaften 1988) was the 39th edition of the national championship in outdoor track and field for East Germany. It was held on 24–26 June at the Ostseestadion in Rostock. It served as the selection meeting for East Germany at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

At the competition, Sven Matthes set a new European junior record of 10.18 in the men's 100 metres qualifying, Anke Schäning set a world junior record of 32:44.52 minutes in the women's 10,000 metres, and Beate Anders broke the senior German record in the women's 5000 metres race walk with 21:35.28 minutes.

Ostseestadion
The Ostseestadion is the home stadium of FC Hansa Rostock, a German association football club, located in the city of Rostock. It has a capacity of 29,000.

"Ostseestadion" translates in English to "Baltic Sea Stadium", and is named after the Baltic Sea, whose coast Rostock lies upon. Ostseestadion is the original name of the stadium, but on 2 July 2007, Hansa Rostock sold the naming rights for the following 10 years to Deutsche Kreditbank (DKB), hence the new official name became "DKB Arena". In 2015, the club announced that the stadium was to regain its original name, and that the DKB had allowed an early renaming of the stadium and agreed to end the naming contract in advance.
William S. and Mary Beckett House
The William S. and Mary Beckett House is a historic house located in Boonville, Cooper County, Missouri. It was built in 1903, and is a 2+1⁄2-story, Queen Anne style brick dwelling. It has a complex, steep hipped and lower cross-gable roofs and projecting bays. It features decorative, terra cotta panels with a six-pointed star-like design.: 2

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 16, 1990.

Boonville, Missouri
Boonville is a city and the county seat of Cooper County, Missouri, United States. The population was 7,964 at the 2020 census. The city was the site of a skirmish early in the Civil War, on July 17, 1861. Union forces defeated the Missouri State Guard in the first Battle of Boonville. It is part of the Columbia, Missouri metropolitan area.
Tokyo Toden
The Tokyo Toden (東京都電, Tōkyō Toden) or simply Toden, is the tram network of Tokyo, Japan. Of all its former routes, only one, the Tokyo Sakura Tram, remains in service. The Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation operates the Toden. The formal legal name is Tokyo-to Densha. Its nickname, "Toden," distinguished it from the "Kokuden" (the Japanese National Railways electrified lines).

The network had a track gauge of 1,372 mm (4 ft 6 in), except for the former Seibu Railway lines which were 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in). Today the Toden has 30 stops, running from Minowabashi Station to Waseda Station.

Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation
The Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation (東京都交通局, Tōkyō-to Kōtsū-kyoku), also known as Toei Transportation (都営交通, Toei Kōtsū), Toei Transport, or simply Toei (都営), is a bureau of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government which operates public transport services in Tokyo. Among its services, the Toei Subway is one of two rapid transit systems which make up the Tokyo subway system, the other being Tokyo Metro.
George D. Wallace
George Dewey Wallace (June 8, 1917 – July 22, 2005) was an American stage and screen actor. Wallace co-starred with Mary Martin in the Broadway musical Jennie and was nominated for a New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for playing the male lead in New Girl in Town opposite Gwen Verdon. He is also remembered for playing Commando Cody in the movie serial Radar Men from the Moon.

Gwen Verdon
Gwyneth Evelyn "Gwen" Verdon (January 13, 1925 – October 18, 2000) was an American actress and dancer. She won four Tony Awards for her musical comedy performances, and she served as an uncredited choreographer's assistant and specialty dance coach for theater and film. Verdon was a critically acclaimed performer on Broadway in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, having originated many roles in musicals, including Lola in Damn Yankees, the title character in Sweet Charity, and Roxie Hart in Chicago.

Her second husband was director-choreographer Bob Fosse, with whom she worked on a number of theater and film projects. After Fosse's death, she worked to preserve his legacy.
AAG Gold Medal
The AAG Gold Medal is the highest award given by the international Association of Applied Geochemists (AAG). It recognizes recipients' lifetime achievements, or significant contributions to geochemistry and its applications. The medal is minted with the name of the recipient and the year of the award from two troy ounces of silver bullion.

Geochemistry
Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans.: 1  The realm of geochemistry extends beyond the Earth, encompassing the entire Solar System, and has made important contributions to the understanding of a number of processes including mantle convection, the formation of planets and the origins of granite and basalt.: 1  It is an integrated field of chemistry and geology.
Nagavanshi
Nagavanshi (IAST: Nāgavaṃśī) refers to several Indian Kshatriya dynasties or ruling groups claiming descent from the mythical Nāgas. Along with Suryavanshi, Agnivanshi and Chandravanshi, the Nagavanshi clans form a part of the Kshatriya class in the Varna system of India. The notable members of this class include:

Nairs, who ruled in Kerala

Nagas of Chotanagpur, who ruled in Chota Nagpur, Jharkhand

Nagas of Padmavati, who ruled in Madhya Pradesh

Nagas of Vidisha, who ruled in Madhya Pradesh

Nagas of Vindhyatabi, ancient dynasty of Odisha

Bhanja Khandayats,who ruled in Odisha.

Nagas of Panna State, who ruled in Madhya Pradesh

Nagas of Kalahandi, who ruled in Kalahandi, Odisha

Chindaka Naga, who ruled in Chhattisgarh and Odisha

Pithipatis of Magadha, medieval Buddhist dynasty formed in Magadha by a branch of the Chindaka Nagas

Alupas (part of the Bunt community), ancient dynasty of Karnataka

Bunts (Shetty and Chowtas), who ruled in Karnataka

Nagas of Padmavati
The Naga (IAST: Nāga) dynasty ruled parts of north-central India during the 3rd and the 4th centuries, after the decline of the Kushan Empire and before the rise of the Gupta Empire. Its capital was located at Padmavati, which is identified with modern Pawaya in Gwalior City, in Madhya Pradesh. Modern historians identify it with the family that is called Bharashiva (IAST: Bhāraśiva) in the records of the Vakataka dynasty.

According to the Puranic texts as well as numismatic evidence, dynasties known as the Nagas also ruled at Vidisha, Kantipuri, and Mathura. All these Naga dynasties may have been different branches of a single family, or may have been a single family that ruled from different capitals at different times. No concrete conclusions can be drawn regarding this based on the available historical evidence.
Avison Ensemble
The Avison Ensemble is one of England's leading exponents of classical music on period instruments. It is named after Charles Avison (1709–1770), the Newcastle-born composer, conductor and organist, considered ‘the most important English concerto composer of the 18th Century’. Comprising some of Europe's leading musicians and soloists, the Ensemble is directed by violinist Pavlo Beznosiuk. It varies in numbers depending on the repertoire being performed, and is typically of chamber ensemble or concerto grosso size, expanding to full chamber orchestra when needed.

Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione
Il cimento dell’armonia e dell’inventione (The Contest Between Harmony and Invention) is a set of twelve concertos written by Antonio Vivaldi and published in 1725 as Op. 8. All are for violin solo, strings and basso continuo. The first four, which date back to 1718–23, are called The Four Seasons (Le quattro stagioni). The set was published in the Amsterdam workshop of Michel-Charles Le Cène and dedicated to Wenceslas, Count of Morzin, an advisor to Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (not to be confused with Karl Joseph, Count Morzin, benefactor of Joseph Haydn).