hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Caving in the United Kingdom
Recreational caving in the United Kingdom dates back to the mid-19th century. The four major caving areas of the United Kingdom are North Yorkshire, South Wales, Derbyshire, and the Mendips. Minor areas include Devon, Forest of Dean, North Wales, and the Scottish Highlands.

Caving grew in popularity in the 1950s and 60s through participation in caving clubs. There are about 4,000 active cavers in the UK and nearly twenty times that number who attend instructor-led courses each year in caves around the country. In addition, many tourists visit show caves such as Wookey Hole Caves.

Cave diving is a niche technical area of caving practised in the UK since the 1930s. This skill enables cavers to explore water-filled cave passages  in Britain, and around the world. In recent years, British cave divers have been called on internationally for cave rescues and recoveries.

Marble Arch Caves
The Marble Arch Caves are a series of natural limestone caves located near the village of Florencecourt in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. The caves are named after the nearby Marble Arch, a natural limestone arch at the upstream end of Cladagh Glen under which the Cladagh River flows.
The caves are formed from three rivers draining off the northern slopes of Cuilcagh mountain, which combine underground to form the Cladagh. On the surface, the river emerges from the largest karst resurgence in Ireland, and one of the largest in the United Kingdom.
At 11.5 kilometres (7.1 mi), the Marble Arch Caves form the longest known cave system in Northern Ireland, and the karst is considered to be among the finest in the British Isles.
Callum McGregor
Callum William McGregor (born 14 June 1993) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for and captains Scottish Premiership club Celtic.

A Celtic academy graduate, McGregor has spent his entire professional career at the club, except for a single season on loan at Notts County in 2013–14. He is one the most decorated players in Celtic's history, winning ten Scottish Premierships, six Scottish Cups and eight Scottish League Cups. He succeeded Scott Brown as captain from the 2021–22 season. He has won the Scottish Domestic treble five times, once as captain.

Internationally, McGregor represented Scotland at every youth level before making his debut for the senior side in 2017, representing them at UEFA Euro 2020 and Euro 2024. He went on to earn 63 caps before retiring from international football in 2024.

2019–20 Scottish League Cup
The 2019–20 Scottish League Cup (also known as the Betfred Cup for sponsorship reasons) was the 74th season of Scotland's second-most prestigious football knockout competition.

The format for the 2019–20 competition was the same as the previous three seasons.

It began with eight groups of five teams which included all 2018–19 Scottish Professional Football League (SPFL) clubs, excluding those competing in Champions League and Europa League qualifiers, as well as the winners of the 2018–19 Highland Football League (Cove Rangers) and the 2018–19 Lowland Football League (East Kilbride).
2013 Tatarstan Open
The 2013 Tatarstan Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the fourth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2013 ITF Women's Circuit, offering a total of $50,000+H in prize money. It took place in Kazan, Russia, on 26 August–1 September 2013.

2013 ITF Women's Circuit
The 2013 ITF Women's Circuit is the 2013 edition of the second-tier tour for women's professional tennis. It is organised by the International Tennis Federation and is a tier below the WTA Tour. The ITF Women's Circuit includes tournaments with prize money ranging from $10,000 up to $100,000.
Marina Promenade, Singapore
Marina Promenade is a park in Singapore that links Kallang Riverside Park in the north to Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay in the south. The entire park is situated on the western bank of the Kallang Basin and Marina Channel, along Republic Avenue and Republic Boulevard. Notable landmarks along the park include the Merdeka Bridge, the Benjamin Sheares Bridge, the Singapore Flyer and the Helix Bridge.

Marina Promenade extends across two planning areas in the Central Region of Singapore: Kallang and Downtown Core.

Marina Promenade provides excellent scenery of the Singapore skyline, the Singapore Sports Hub as well as the Marina Bay Sands. The park is in close proximity to Promenade and Nicoll Highway MRT stations.

Merdeka Bridge, Singapore
The Merdeka Bridge (Chinese: 独立桥, Malay: Jambatan Merdeka) is a vehicular and pedestrian bridge located in Kallang in the south-eastern part of Singapore. It spans the river mouths of the Kallang River and Rochor River, which empty into the Kallang Basin. Designed by R. J. Hollis-Bee of the then Public Works Department (now CPG Corporation), the bridge was officially opened on 17 August 1956.

The Merdeka Bridge carries Nicoll Highway, a semi-expressway connecting Kallang with the Singapore downtown.
Cladia blanchonii
Cladia blanchonii, known by the common name Dan's Cladia, is a species of lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. Found in Australia and New Zealand, the species was first described in 2013 by Sittiporn Parnmen and Helge Thorsten Lumbsch, who named the species after New Zealand botanist Dan Blanchon.

Unitec Institute of Technology
Unitec (Māori: Te Whare Wānanga o Wairaka) is the largest institute of technology in Auckland, New Zealand. 16,844 students study programmes from certificate to postgraduate degree level (levels 1 to 9) across a range of subjects.

The main campus is situated in Mt Albert while a secondary Waitākere campus is situated in Henderson and there are various pop-ups throughout the North Shore. It also offers programs overseas.
Yildirim Army Group
The Yıldırım Army Group or Thunderbolt Army Group of the Ottoman Empire or Army Group F (German: Heeresgruppe F) was an Army Group of the Ottoman Army during World War I. While being an Ottoman unit, it also contained the German Asia Corps. It was modeled after stormtrooper doctrine.

Starting in June 1917, the Yildirim Army Group's first commander in chief was the former Prussian Minister of War and Chief of Staff Erich von Falkenhayn. Von Falkenhayn was replaced by General of the Cavalry Otto Liman von Sanders on 25 February 1918. After the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, Mustafa Kemal took command until the Group's dissolution a few days later.

Halil Kut
Halil Kut (1881 – 20 August 1957), also known as Halil Pasha, was an Ottoman Turkish military commander and politician. He served in the Ottoman Army during World War I, notably taking part in the military campaigns against Russia in the Caucasus and the British in Mesopotamia.

Halil was responsible for numerous atrocities committed against Armenian and Assyrian civilians during the Armenian genocide, overseeing the massacres of Armenian men, women and children in Bitlis, Mush, and Beyazit.  Many of the victims were buried alive in specially prepared ditches. He also crossed into neighboring Persia and massacred Armenians, Assyrians and Persians.
Cotillion
The cotillion (also cotillon or French country dance) is a social dance, popular in 18th-century Europe and North America. Originally for four couples in square formation, it was a courtly version of an English country dance, the forerunner of the quadrille and, in the United States, the square dance.

It was for some fifty years regarded as an ideal finale to a ball but was eclipsed in the early 19th century by the quadrille. It became so elaborate that it was sometimes presented as a concert dance performed by trained and rehearsed dancers. The later "German" cotillion included more couples as well as plays and games.

Social dance
Social dances are dances that have social functions and context. Social dances are intended for participation rather than performance. They are often danced merely to socialise and for entertainment, though they may have ceremonial, competitive and erotic functions.

Many social dances of European origin are in recent centuries partner dances (see Ballroom dance) but  elsewhere there may instead be circle dances or line dances.
1976 British Formula Three season
The 1976 British Formula Three season was the 26th season of the British Formula Three season. Rupert Keegan took the B.A.R.C. BP Super Visco British Formula 3 Championship, while Bruno Giacomelli took the B.R.D.C. Shellsport British Formula Three Championship.

Thanks to Giacomelli's March 763-Toyota and to Keegan's old 743, March dominated the two championships with 12 race wins, the other five falling to the Chevron B34s of Geoff Lees and mid-season convert Keegan.

Rupert Keegan
Rupert Keegan (26 February 1955 – 23 September 2024) was an English racing driver. He participated in 37 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 8 May 1977. He scored no championship points.
Peritoneal ligament
Peritoneal ligaments are folds of peritoneum that are used to connect viscera to viscera or the abdominal wall.

There are multiple named ligaments that usually are named in accordance with what they are.

Gastrocolic ligament, connects the stomach and the colon.

Splenocolic ligament, connects the spleen and the colon.

Gastrosplenic ligament

Gastrophrenic ligament

Phrenicocolic ligament

Splenorenal ligament

Hepatic ligaments - Ligaments that are associated with the liver
Coronary ligament
Left triangular ligament
Right triangular ligament
Hepatoduodenal ligament
Hepatogastric ligament
Falciform ligament
Round ligament of liver

Phrenicocolic ligament
A fold of peritoneum, the phrenicocolic ligament is continued from the left colic flexure to the thoracic diaphragm opposite the tenth and eleventh ribs; it passes below and serves to support the spleen, and therefore has received the name of sustentaculum lienis.

The phrenicocolic ligament is also called Hensing's ligament after Friedrich Wilhelm Hensing (1719–1745), a German professor for medicine in Giessen.
Portrait of a Woman (Sebastiano del Piombo)
Portrait of a Woman is a 1512 oil painting on panel by the Italian painter Sebastiano del Piombo, dated by the artist and now in the Uffizi in Florence.

A 1589 inventory misattributed it to Raphael and another to Giorgione, with the latter misattribution lasting until 1784. The gallery's director Tommaso Puccini reverted to Raphael in 1793 and – exhibiting it in the Tribuna of the Uffizi – claimed it was Raphael's portrait of La Fornarina mentioned by Vasari.

Missirini argued its subject was Vittoria Colonna and reattributed its underdrawing to Michelangelo and painting to Sebastiano. Passavant and Garas continued to support the attribution to Raphael, but more recent studies such as those by Morelli, Berenson, Venturi and Lucco have conclusively attributed it to Sebastiano del Piombo. Lucco also mentions a possibly autograph copy of the painting in the Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia in Rome.

La Fornarina
The Portrait of a Young Woman (also known as La fornarina) is a painting by the  Italian High Renaissance master Raphael, made between 1518 and 1519. It is in the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica in Palazzo Barberini, Rome.

It is probable that the picture was in the painter's studio at his death in 1520, and that it was modified and then sold by his assistant Giulio Romano.

Art-history tradition or legend identifies the woman as the fornarina ("baker" or "baker's daughter")  Margherita Luti, Raphael's Roman lover who refused to marry him, though this identification has been questioned. An alternative view sees the work not as a portrait of a specific woman, but rather as Raphael's interpretation of a belle donne genre and a depiction of a courtesan. Still another interpretation identifies the figure as a witch.
Operation Viking Hammer
Operation Viking Hammer was an unconventional warfare operation during the Iraq War which took place in northern Iraq, commonly known as Iraqi Kurdistan. The goal of the operation was to eliminate Ansar al-Islam and dismantle the Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan. Ansar al-Islam was established by former Al-Qaeda members in 2001 as a Kurdish Salafist movement that imposed a strict application of Sharia in villages it controlled.

Kurdistan Justice Group
The Kurdistan Justice Group (Kurdish: کۆمه‌ڵی دادگەری کوردستان, romanized: Komellî Dadgerî Kurdistan), colloquially called Komell, formerly the Kurdistan Islamic Group (Kurdish: گرووپی ئیسلامی کورد, romanized: Koma Îslamî ya Kurd), is a movement in Iraqi Kurdistan established in May 2001 by Ali Bapir, a former leader of the Kurdistan Islamic Movement and a former deputy of the Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan.
Quyllur (star)
Quyllur is a red supergiant (RSG) located in the galaxy cluster of El Gordo. It is likely the first red supergiant star at cosmological distances and has an estimated radius of 965 solar radii, making it one of the largest known stars.

Red supergiant
Red supergiants (RSGs) are stars with a supergiant luminosity class (Yerkes class I) and a stellar classification K or M. They are the largest stars in the universe in terms of volume, although they are not the most massive or luminous. Betelgeuse and Antares A are the brightest and best known red supergiants (RSGs), indeed the only first magnitude red supergiant stars.
Chorrerón, Cuba
Chorrerón is a small town in Camajuaní, Villa Clara Province, Cuba. With a population of 614 it is classified as a rural town. Some nearby towns include Vega de Palma, Vega Alta, Tarafa, Taguayabón, San Benigno, Vueltas, and Oliver.

San Antonio de las Vueltas
San Antonio de las Vueltas, also known as Vueltas, is a village and consejo popular ("people's council", i.e. hamlet) in central northern Cuba, belonging to the municipality of Camajuaní, Villa Clara Province. It is the most populated village in the municipality after Camajuaní.
Pleumjit Thinkaow
Pleumjit Thinkaow (Thai: ปลื้มจิตร์ ถินขาว; RTGS: Pluemchit Thinkhao; born 9 November 1983) is a Thai volleyball player.

She was a member of the Thailand women's national volleyball team. Her international debut was at the 21st SEA Games in Malaysia.

2017 Asian Women's Club Volleyball Championship
The 2017 Asian Women's Club Volleyball Championship was the 18th edition of the Asian Women's Club Volleyball Championship, an international volleyball club tournament organised by the Asian Volleyball Confederation (AVC) with Volleyball Federation of the Republic of Kazakhstan (VFRK). It was held in Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan from 25 to 31 May 2017. The tournament will serve as the Asian qualifiers for the 2018 FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship with the champion qualifying for the world championship.

The matches was played in only one stadium in Ust-Kamenogorsk: Boris Alexandrov Sports Palace. It was the second time that Kazakhstan and the first time that Ust-Kamenogorsk had hosted the tournament. As hosts, Kazakhstan automatically participated for the tournament.
Deaths in December 2014
The following is a list of notable deaths in December 2014.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship and reason for notability, established cause of death, reference.

Hamilton Academical F.C.
Hamilton Academical Football Club, often known as Hamilton Accies, or The Accies, is a Scottish football club from Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, who currently compete in Scottish League One. They were established in 1874 from the school football team at Hamilton Academy and remain the only professional club in British football to have originated from a school team. Hamilton have won the Scottish Challenge Cup three times and have finished runners-up in the Scottish Cup twice. The club play their home games at Broadwood Stadium.
Chamdo
Chamdo, officially Qamdo (Tibetan: ཆབ་མདོ, Wylie: chab mdo, ZWPY: qamdo) and also known in Chinese as Changdu (Chinese: 昌都; pinyin: Chang Du), is a prefecture-level city in the eastern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Its seat is the town of Chengguan in Karuo District. Chamdo is Tibet's third largest city after Lhasa and Shigatse.

Chamdo is divided into 11 county-level divisions: one district and ten counties. The main district is  Karuo District. Other  counties include Jonda County, Gonjo County, Riwoche County, Dengqen County, Zhag'yab County, Baxoi County, Zognang County, Maarkam County, Lhorong County, and Banbar County.

Shigatse
Shigatse, officially known as Xigazê (Tibetan: གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ་, Wylie: gzhis ka rtse, ZWPY: xigazê) or Rikaze (Chinese: 日喀则; pinyin: Rìkāzé), is a prefecture-level city of the Tibet Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. Its area of jurisdiction, with an area of 182,000 km2 (70,271 sq mi), corresponds to the historical Ü-Tsang region of Tibet, and is most notable for containing the Chinese half of Mount Everest.
Nashotah House
Nashotah House is an Anglican seminary in Nashotah, Wisconsin. The seminary opened in 1842 and received its official charter in 1847. The institution is independent and generally regarded as one of the more theologically conservative seminaries in the Episcopal Church. It is also officially recognized by the Anglican Church in North America.

Nashotah House is the oldest institution of higher learning in Wisconsin.  Its campus was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.

Nashotah House Seminary and Nashotah House Foundation Inc. have EIN 11-3751035 as a 501(c)(3) Public Charity; in 2024 it reported $129,778 in total revenue and $1,133,308 in total assets.

Alexander C. Eschweiler
Alexander Chadbourne Eschweiler (August 10, 1865 – June 12, 1940) was an American architect with a practice in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He designed residences, churches, and commercial buildings. His substantial turn-of-the-20th-century residences for the Milwaukee business elite, in conservative Tudor, Jacobethan,  and neo-Georgian idioms, have preserved their cachet in the city.  His eye-catching Japonist pagoda design  for Wadham's Oil and Grease Company filling station in Milwaukee is still admired.
Strathmore Park
Strathmore Park is a suburb of Wellington City, New Zealand. It is located at the southern end of the Miramar Peninsula to the south of the suburb of Miramar, and due east of the airport. A hill suburb, it overlooks Lyall Bay (which lies to the west), Evans Bay (to the North) and several bays along the Seatoun coast close to the mouth of Wellington Harbour, which lies to the east.

Strathmore Park is noted for several areas of open land, including the Beacon Hill Reserve and Miramar Golf Course. The southern end of the suburb is dominated by Atatürk Park, which is located high above Tarakena Bay. The site was chosen for its similarity to the landscape of Gallipoli, and was erected as part of a joint agreement with the Turkish and Australian governments in mutual respect of the men of both sides who lost their lives in the Gallipoli Campaign of World War I. The memorial was designed by Ian Bowman and unveiled in 1990.

Evans Bay
Evans Bay (Māori: Ākau Tangi) is a large bay at the southern end of Wellington Harbour, New Zealand. Located between the Miramar Peninsula and Hataitai, it was the site of New Zealand's first patent slip and served as Wellington's international flying-boat terminal from 1938 until 1956. It is named after George Samuel Evans, an early Wellington settler.
Theory of religious economy
Religious economy refers to religious persons and organizations interacting within a market framework of competing groups and ideologies. An economy makes it possible for religious suppliers to meet the demands of different religious consumers. By offering an array of religions and religious products, a competitive religious economy stimulates such activity in  a market-type setting.

The field applies rational choice theory to the theory of religion such that supply and demand are used to model the development and success of organized religions. Major proponents of the theory include William Sims Bainbridge, Roger Finke, Laurence Iannaccone, and Rodney Stark.

Organized religion
Organized religion, also known as institutional religion, is religion in which belief systems and rituals are systematically arranged and formally established, typically by an official doctrine (or dogma), a hierarchical or bureaucratic leadership structure, and a codification of proper and improper behavior.
Democratic Senate
Democratic Senate (Spanish: Senado Democrático) or Senators for Democracy (Spanish: Senadores por la Democracia) was an electoral alliance in Spain formed by the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), Democratic Left (ID) and Liberal Alliance (AL) to contest the 1977 Spanish Senate election in a number of constituencies, including Badajoz, Burgos, Granada, Madrid, Málaga, Murcia and Oviedo. In the latter, the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also participated.

Madrid (Senate constituency)
Madrid is one of the 59 constituencies (Spanish: circunscripciones) represented in the Senate of Spain, the upper chamber of the Spanish parliament, the Cortes Generales. The constituency elects four senators. Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Madrid. The electoral system uses open list partial block voting, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. Electors can vote for up to three candidates.
Suzanne Weekes
Suzanne Louise Weekes is the Chief Executive Officer of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. She is also Professor of Mathematical Sciences at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI). She is a co-founder of the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute Undergraduate Program.

Association for Women in Mathematics
The Association for Women in Mathematics (AWM) is a professional society whose mission is to encourage women and girls to study and to have active careers in the mathematical sciences, and to promote equal opportunity for and the equal treatment of women and girls in the mathematical sciences. The AWM was founded in 1971 and incorporated in the state of Massachusetts.  AWM has approximately 5200 members, including over 250 institutional members, such as colleges, universities, institutes, and mathematical societies.  It offers numerous programs and workshops to mentor women and girls in the mathematical sciences.  Much of AWM's work is supported through federal grants.
Gittisham
Gittisham is a village and civil parish in East Devon, Devon, England, near Honiton. The village is 3 miles (5 km) from Ottery St Mary and it has a church called St Michael. The parish is surrounded, clockwise from the north, by the parishes of Awliscombe, Honiton, Sidmouth, Ottery St Mary, Feniton and Buckerell. In 2021 the parish had a population of 838.

Honiton
Honiton (/ˈhɒnitən/) is a market town and civil parish in East Devon, situated close to the River Otter, 17 miles (27 km) north east of Exeter in the county of Devon. Honiton has a population estimated at 12,154 (based on 2021 census).
Jahlil Beats
Orlando Jahlil Tucker (born February 8, 1988), better known by his stage name Jahlil Beats, is an American hip hop record producer. He has produced for artists such as Lil Wayne, Fabolous, Meek Mill, Chris Brown, Tyga, Rick Ross, Ace Hood, Bobby Shmurda, T.I., and 50 Cent, among others.

He is best known for producing Meek Mill's "Ima Boss" and "Burn", and Lloyd Banks' "Jackpot", which was more famously used by Bobby Shmurda's  "Hot Nigga".

Torae
Torae Liston Carr (born March 18, 1977), known mononymously as Torae, is an American rapper from the Coney Island section of Brooklyn, New York. He has released a number of solo albums and collaborative works, and operates the independent record label Internal Affairs Entertainment.