hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Innovation economics
Innovation economics is a growing field of economic theory and applied/experimental economics that emphasizes innovation and entrepreneurship. It comprises both the application of any type of innovations, especially technological but not only, into economic use. In classical economics, this is the application of customer new technology into economic use; it could also refer to the field of innovation and experimental economics that refers the new economic science developments that may be considered innovative. In his 1942 book Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, economist Joseph Schumpeter introduced the notion of an innovation economy. He argued that evolving institutions, entrepreneurs, and technological changes were at the heart of economic growth; however, it is only in the early 21st century that "innovation economy", grounded in Schumpeter's ideas, became a mainstream concept.

Technological change
Technological change or technological development is the overall process of invention, innovation and diffusion of technology or processes. Technological change includes the invention of technologies (including processes) and their commercialization or release, research and development (producing emerging technologies), the continual improvement of technologies (toward goals such as maximizing profit), and the diffusion of technologies throughout industry or society (which sometimes involves disruption and convergence).
2008 CFU Youth Cup
The 2008 Caribbean Football Union Youth Cup was played from July 31 - August 10 in Trinidad & Tobago. It was part of the 2009 CONCACAF U-17 Championship qualification. Cuba beat Trinidad and Tobago in the final, thus both qualified for the 2009 CONCACAF U-17 Championship.

2009 CONCACAF U-17 Championship
The 2009 CONCACAF U17 Championship was the football championship tournament for under-17 in the CONCACAF region (North America, Central America and the Caribbean), and was formatted to determine the four CONCACAF representatives to advance to the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Nigeria. The 8-team tournament was originally scheduled to be played from April 21 to May 2 and hosted by Mexico at the Estadio Caliente in Tijuana. However, the tournament was cancelled on April 27 due to the swine flu outbreak in Mexico. At the time that the tournament was cancelled the group stage had already been played, and the four teams who could qualify to the U-17 World Cup – Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, and the United States – had already done so.
Alpine Lakes Wilderness
The Alpine Lakes Wilderness is a large wilderness area spanning the Central Cascades of Washington state in the United States. The wilderness is located in parts of Wenatchee National Forest and Snoqualmie National Forest, and is approximately bounded by Interstate 90 and Snoqualmie Pass to the south and U.S. Route 2 and Stevens Pass to the north. The Alpine Lakes is the largest wilderness area near the population centers of Puget Sound, counted at 414,161 acres (167,605 ha) following the 2014 expansion.

Leavenworth, Washington
Leavenworth is a city in Chelan County, Washington, United States. The population was 2,263 at the 2020 census. The entire town center is modeled on a Bavarian village as part of a civic initiative that began in the 1960s. Leavenworth is part of the Wenatchee–East Wenatchee metropolitan area.

The city is connected to the Seattle metropolitan area by U.S. Route 2, which also provides access to the Stevens Pass Ski Area.
Lawrence Hill, Bristol
Lawrence Hill is an electoral ward of Bristol, United Kingdom and includes the districts of Barton Hill, St Philips Marsh and Redcliffe, Temple Meads and parts of Easton and the Broadmead shopping area. Lawrence Hill takes its name from a leper hospital dedicated to St Lawrence, which was founded by King John. This lay below what is now Lawrence Hill roundabout.

It is one of the most deprived electoral wards in the south west region of England, was part of the Bristol European Union Objective 2 area, and had a New Deal for Communities project within its boundaries. In 2013 the City Academy Bristol secondary school opened in the area. The Bristol and Bath Railway Path starts in the south of the ward.

Lawrence Hill can pointed out on Bristol skyline by its large 1960s tower blocks situated in the area.

St Philip's Marsh
St Philip's Marsh is an industrial inner suburb of Bristol, England. It is bounded by River Avon and Harbour feeder canal making it an almost island area.

The site is home of Avonmeads Retail Park, a large retail and leisure park with Showcase Cinemas and a Hollywood Bowl ten-pin bowling centre among its tenants. It was extensively redeveloped in the 15 years to 2007. There is very little housing in the area making it almost deserted at night, and other than the retail area it does contain one shop, pub, takeaway and Sparke Evans Park.

A major road, St Philips Causeway, links the area to the A4 road in south east Bristol and junction 3 of the M32 motorway. It forms a prominent landmark as it is elevated over the feeder canal and railways on a viaduct that was built in the early 1990s.
Pengtoushan culture
The Pengtoushan culture was a Neolithic culture located around the central Yangtze River region in northwestern Hunan province, China. It dates to around 7500–6100 BC, and was roughly contemporaneous with the Peiligang culture to the north. It is named after the type site at Pengtoushan.

Peiligang culture
The Peiligang culture was a Neolithic culture in the Yi-Luo river basin (in modern Henan Province, China) that existed from about 7000 to 5000 BC. Over 100 sites have been identified with the Peiligang culture, nearly all of them in a fairly compact area of about 100 square kilometers in the area just south of the river and along its banks.
Savelugu
Savelugu is a town and the capital of Savelugu Municipal, a municipality in the Northern Region of north Ghana. Savelugu has a 2021 settlement population of 122,888 people. There are many villages under Savelugu kingship. Most of the villages are smaller.

Northern Region (Ghana)
The Northern Region is one of the sixteen regions of Ghana. It is situated in the northern part of the country and ranks as the second largest of the sixteen regions. Before its division, it covered an area of 25,000 square kilometres, representing 10 percent of Ghana's area. In December 2018, the Savannah Region and North East Region were created from it.  The Northern Region is divided into 16 districts. The region's capital is Tamale,  Ghana's third-largest city.
Alberto Callaspo
Alberto José Callaspo Brito (/kaɪˈæspoʊ/, Spanish: [alˈβeɾto xoˈse kaˈʎaspo]; born April 19, 1983) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball infielder for the Guerreros de Lara of the Venezuelan Major League. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Arizona Diamondbacks, Kansas City Royals, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Oakland Athletics, Atlanta Braves and Los Angeles Dodgers. Callaspo has primarily played third base and second base during his career.

Charleston Dirty Birds
The Charleston Dirty Birds are an American professional baseball team based in Charleston, West Virginia. They are a member of the South Division of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball, a partner league of Major League Baseball. The Dirty Birds have played their home games at GoMart Ballpark since 2005.
Mehndipur
Mehndipur is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) away from branch post office Kulam, 3.4 kilometres (2.1 mi) from Nawanshahr, 11.7 kilometres (7.3 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 92.7 kilometres (57.6 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

Kulam, SBS Nagar
Kulam is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 3.3 kilometres (2.1 mi) away from postal head office Nawanshahr, 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Balachaur, 11.4 kilometres (7.1 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 89.8 kilometres (55.8 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.
Predrag Danilović
Predrag "Saša" Danilović (Serbian Cyrillic: Предраг "Саша" Даниловић, pronounced [prêdraːɡ saːʃa danǐːloʋitɕ]; born February 26, 1970), usually referred to in English as Sasha Danilović, is a Serbian professional basketball executive and former player, considered one of the best European shooting guards of the 1990s. Danilović was the EuroLeague Final Four MVP in 1992, was voted Mister Europa Player of the Year in 1998, and was Italian League MVP the same year.

Beginning in 2007, Danilović served as the president of Partizan, the club with which he spent six years as a player during the 1980s and early 1990s. In 2015, he resigned from the position. On December 15, 2016, Danilović became the president of the Basketball Federation of Serbia (KSS).

EuroBasket 1989
The 1989 FIBA European Championship, commonly called FIBA EuroBasket 1989, was the 26th FIBA EuroBasket regional basketball championship, held by FIBA Europe. It was held in Yugoslavia between 20 and 25 June 1989. Eight national teams entered the event under the auspices of FIBA Europe, the sport's regional governing body. The Dom Sportova in Zagreb was the hosting venue of the tournament. The host, Yugoslavia, won its fourth FIBA European title by defeating the defending champions Greece, with a 98–77 score in the final. Yugoslavia's Dražen Petrović was voted the tournament's MVP. The five best teams in the final standings were given berths to the 1990 FIBA World Championship.
Zootope
Zootope is the total habitat available for colonisation within any certain ecotope or biotope by animal life. The community of animals so established constitutes the zoocoenosis of that ecotope.

All these words (ecotope, biotope, zootope and others) describe environmental niches at very small scales of consideration. The rabbits and squirrels and mosquitoes of any suburban garden or village park, or the deer and wolves and birds of a wilderness ravine would each be deserving of the label.

Biotope
A biotope is an area of uniform environmental conditions providing a living place for a specific assemblage of plants and animals. Biotope is almost synonymous with the term habitat, which is more commonly used in English-speaking countries. However, in some countries these two terms are distinguished: the subject of a habitat is a population, the subject of a biotope is a biocoenosis, or "biological community".

It is an English loanword derived from the German Biotop, which in turn came from the Greek bios, meaning 'life', and topos, meaning 'place'. (The related word geotope has made its way into the English language by the same route, from the German Geotop.)
Lamaing, Madaya
Lamaing is a village in Madaya Township, Pyin Oo Lwin District, in the Mandalay Region of central Burma. It is located southeast of  Madaya and north of Mandalay, connected along the National Highway 31. On October 1, 1886 there was a reported small native garrison at Lamaing.

Madaya Township
Madaya (Burmese: မတ္တရာမြို့နယ်) is a township of Aungmyethazan District in the Mandalay Region of Myanmar.

Taungbyone Festival of nat (spirit) takes place in the township in August yearly. The township is also home to Myanmar's largest marble quarry in Sagyin.
Olenivka, Podilsk Raion, Odesa Oblast
Olenivka (Ukrainian: Оленівка; Romanian: Urâta) is a village in Podilsk Raion, Odesa Oblast, southern Ukraine, located at 47° 57' 16"n, 29° 30' 45"e, near the Dniester River border with Moldova. Olenivka belongs to Balta urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. It is approximately 110 kilometres (68 mi) from Chișinău.

Until 18 July 2020, Shkarbynka belonged to Balta Municipality. The municipality as an administrative unit was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Odesa Oblast to seven. The area of Balta Municipality was merged into Podilsk Raion.

Balta, Ukraine
Balta (Ukrainian: Балта, pronounced [ˈbɑltɐ] ⓘ; Romanian: Balta; Polish: Bałta; Yiddish: באַלטאַ) is a city in Podilsk Raion, Odesa Oblast in south-western Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Balta urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 17,854 (2022 estimate). The city's population was 19,772 as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census.
Sport in Barcelona
Barcelona, the capital of Catalonia, is the second largest city and metropolitan area in Spain and sixth-most populous urban area in the European Union. It has hosted many major international tournaments and has professional teams in different sports.

RCD Espanyol
Reial Club Deportiu Espanyol de Barcelona (Catalan: [rəˈjal ˈklub dəpuɾˈtiw əspəˈɲɔl də βəɾsəˈlonə]; "Royal Spanish Sports Club of Barcelona"), commonly known as RCD Espanyol, is a Spanish professional sports club based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The club competes in La Liga, the top tier of Spanish football.

Founded in 1900 in Barcelona, Espanyol currently play their home games just outside the city at the RCDE Stadium, which holds up to 40,000 spectators. Domestically, Espanyol has won the Copa del Rey four times, most recently in 2006. In international competitions, the club reached the UEFA Cup final in 1988 and 2007. It has a long-standing local rivalry with FC Barcelona.
Abuse in gymnastics
A variety of forms of abuse have been reported in gymnastics, including physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. Abuse has been reported in multiple countries including Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Sport Integrity Australia
Sport Integrity Australia is an executive agency of the Australian Government which commenced operation on 1 July 2020. The agency was established by the Parliament of Australia from the recommendations presented in the Report of the Review of Australia's Sports Integrity Arrangements, completed by the Department of Health.

Sport Integrity Australia combined the operations of the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority, the National Integrity of Sport Unit of the Department of Health, and the integrity programs of Sport Australia. The agency focuses on countering prohibited substances and methods, child abuse in sporting environments, unfair manipulation of games, and failures to protect those involved.
St Augustine's College, Sydney
St Augustine's College, Sydney is an independent Roman Catholic single-sex primary and secondary day school for boys, located in Brookvale, on the Northern Beaches of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.  The school caters from approximately 1,200 boys in Year 5 to Year 12 with an education ethos of Augustinian. It was founded by the Priests of the Order of St. Augustine and is situated directly opposite Brookvale Oval.

From its founding until 2003, the college was known as St Augustine's College, Brookvale.  When the college began its International Student Program by encouraging enrolments of students from other countries, the name was changed to St Augustine's College, Sydney.

The school is a member of the Independent Sporting Association (ISA), a collection of independent schools grouped primarily for the purpose of sporting competition. Its brother school is Villanova College, located in Brisbane, Queensland also instituted by the Augustinians.

Northern Beaches
The Northern Beaches is a region within Northern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia, near the Pacific coast. This area extends south to the entrance of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), west to Middle Harbour and north to the entrance of Broken Bay. The area was formerly inhabited by the Garigal or Caregal people in a region known as Guringai country.

The Northern Beaches district is governed on a local level by the Northern Beaches Council, which was formed in May 2016 from Warringah Council (est. 1906), Manly Council (est. 1877), and Pittwater Council (est. 1992).
Z7/8 Beijing–Qingdao through train
The Z7/8 Beijing–Qingdao through train (Chinese:Z7/8次北京到青岛北直达特快列车) is a Chinese railway running between the capital Beijing to Qingdao express passenger trains by the Beijing Railway Bureau, Qingdao passenger segment responsible for passenger transport task, Qingdao originating on the Beijing train. 25T Type Passenger trains running along the Jiaoji Railway and Jinghu Railway across Shandong, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing and other provinces and cities, the entire 873 km. Beijing railway station to Qingdao North railway station running 8 hours and 41 minutes, use trips for Z7; Qingdao North railway station to Beijing railway station to run 9 hours and 19 minutes, use trips for Z8.

China Railway Beijing Group
China Railway Beijing Group, officially abbreviated as CR Beijing or CR-Beijing, formerly, Beijing Railway Administration is a subsidiary company under the jurisdiction of the China Railway (formerly the Ministry of Railway). The railway administration was reorganized as a company in November 2017.

It is responsible for the railway network within Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei province. CR Beijing also operates and supervises the expansion of the Beijing Suburban Railway, the commuter rail service linking urban Beijing and surrounding suburbs.

High speed services on the Beijing-Tianjin intercity railway are also managed by CR Beijing.
Nebivolol
Nebivolol is a beta blocker used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. As with other β-blockers, it is generally a less preferred treatment for high blood pressure. It may be used by itself or with other blood pressure medication. It is taken by mouth.

Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, nausea, and headaches. Serious side effects may include heart failure and bronchospasm. Its use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is not recommended. It works by blocking β1-adrenergic receptors in the heart and dilating blood vessels.

Nebivolol was patented in 1983 and came into medical use in 1997. It is available as a generic medication in the United Kingdom. In 2023, it was the 191st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2 million prescriptions.

Vascular resistance
Vascular resistance is the resistance that must be overcome for blood to flow through the circulatory system. The resistance offered by the systemic circulation is known as the systemic vascular resistance or may sometimes be called by another term total peripheral resistance, while the resistance caused by the pulmonary circulation is known as the pulmonary vascular resistance. Vasoconstriction (i.e., decrease in the diameter of arteries and arterioles) increases resistance, whereas vasodilation (increase in diameter) decreases resistance. Blood flow and cardiac output are related to blood pressure and inversely related to vascular resistance.
Jesús Jiménez Zamora
Jesús María Ciriaco Jiménez Zamora (June 18, 1823 – February 12, 1897) was a Costa Rican physician and politician who served as the 4th and 6th President of Costa Rica from 1863 to 1866, and from 1868 to 1870

He was popularly elected in 1863, but dissolved Congress two months into his term of office. During his presidency he granted asylum to former Salvadoran President  Gen. Gerardo Barrios, as a result of which the other four Central American governments broke off diplomatic relations with Costa Rica.

He passed on the presidency democratically to José María Castro Madriz at the end of his mandate in 1866, only to overthrow him in a coup d'état two years later and assume the office of president for a second time. This second mandate, in turn, came to an end in a coup on 27 April 1870.

Jesús Jiménez was the father of three-time President Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno.

President of Costa Rica
The president of the Republic of Costa Rica is the head of state and head of government of Costa Rica. The president is currently elected in direct elections for a period of four years, which is not immediately renewable. Two vice presidents are elected in the same ticket with the president. The president appoints the Council of Ministers. Due to the abolition of the military of Costa Rica in 1948, the president is not a commander-in-chief, unlike the norm in most other countries, although the Constitution does describe him as commander-in-chief of the civil defense public forces.

From 1969 to 2005, the president was barred from seeking reelection. After the amendment banning reelection was overturned by the Supreme Court in 2005, an incumbent president became eligible to run again after waiting for at least eight years after leaving office.
Asparagopsis
Asparagopsis is a genus of edible red macroalgae (Rhodophyta). The species Asparagopsis taxiformis is found throughout the tropical and subtropical regions, while Asparagopsis armata is found in warm temperate regions. Both species are highly invasive, and have colonised the Mediterranean Sea. A third accepted species is A. svedelii, while others are of uncertain status.

Cystocarp
A cystocarp  is the fruiting structure produced in the red algae after fertilization, especially such a structure having a special protective envelope (as in
Polysiphonia). The structure from which carpospores are released.
Low Gill Moor Wetlands
Low Gill Moor Wetlands is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) within Yorkshire Dales National Park in North Yorkshire, England. It is located 1.5km southwest of the village of Thornton Rust in moorland referred to as Thornton Rust Moor. This area is protected because of the plants, mosses and animals that occur in and around the calcareous streams here. The streams here drain into the River Ure in Wensleydale.

River Ure
The River Ure in North Yorkshire, England, is about 74 miles (119 km) long from its source to the point where it becomes the River Ouse.  It is the principal river of Wensleydale, which is the only major dale now named after a village rather than its river. The old name for the valley was Yoredale after the river that runs through it.

The Ure is one of many rivers and waterways that drain the Dales into the River Ouse. Tributaries of the Ure include the River Swale and the River Skell.
Soviet Water Polo Championship
The Soviet Water Polo Championship was the premier water polo in the Soviet Union. First held in 1925, it was disestablished in 1992 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and succeeded by the Russian Championship. Three teams from the Soviet Championship, CSKA Moscow, Dynamo Moscow and MGU Moscow, won the European Cup and/or the Cup Winners' Cup.

Russian Water Polo Championship
The premier division of Russian water polo organized by the FVPR (Federacijaa Vodnogo Polo Rossij / Russian Water Polo Federation). First held in 1992-93, it is currently contested by twelve teams. Spartak Volgograd is the most successful club with 13 titles since 1997, followed by Dynamo Moscow with 9.
Beatriz of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu
Infanta Beatriz of Portugal (13 June 1430 – 30 September 1506) was a Portuguese infanta, daughter of John, Constable of Portugal (fourth son of King John I of Portugal and his wife Philippa of Lancaster), and Isabella of Barcelos, a daughter of Afonso I, Duke of Braganza.

John I of Portugal
John I (Portuguese: João [ʒuˈɐ̃w̃]; 11 April 1357 – 14 August 1433), also called John of Aviz, was King of Portugal from 1385 until his death in 1433. He is recognized chiefly for his role in Portugal's victory in a succession war with Castile, preserving his country's independence and establishing the Aviz (or Joanine) dynasty on the Portuguese throne. His long reign of 48 years, the most extensive of all Portuguese monarchs, saw the beginning of Portugal's overseas expansion. John's well-remembered reign in his country earned him the epithet of Fond Memory (de Boa Memória).