hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Method of support
In statistics, the method of support is a technique that is used to make inferences from datasets.

According to A. W. F. Edwards, the method of support aims to make inferences about unknown parameters in terms of the relative support, or log likelihood, induced by a set of data for a particular parameter value.  The technique may be used whether or not prior information is available.

The method of maximum likelihood is part of the method of support, but note that the method of support also provides confidence regions that are defined in terms of their support.

Notable proponents of the method of support include A. W. F. Edwards.

Likelihood function
A likelihood function (often simply called the likelihood) measures how well a statistical model explains observed data by calculating the probability of seeing that data under different parameter values of the model. It is constructed from the joint probability distribution of the random variable that (presumably) generated the observations. When evaluated on the actual data points, it becomes a function solely of the model parameters.

In maximum likelihood estimation, the model parameter(s) or argument that maximizes the likelihood function serves as a point estimate for the unknown parameter, while the Fisher information (often approximated by the likelihood's Hessian matrix at the maximum) gives an indication of the estimate's precision.

In contrast, in Bayesian statistics, the estimate of interest is the converse of the likelihood, the so-called posterior probability of the parameter given the observed data, which is calculated via Bayes' rule.
Warren Allmand
William Warren Allmand PC OC QC (September 19, 1932 – December 7, 2016) was a Canadian politician who served as a Member of Parliament in the Parliament of Canada from 1965 to 1997. A member of the Liberal Party, he represented the Montreal riding of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce and served in the cabinet of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau from 1972 to 1979. As Solicitor General, Allmand introduced legislation that successfully abolished the death penalty in Canada in 1976.

After leaving federal politics, Allmand took on the role of human rights activist, and led the International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development and the World Federalist Movement-Canada. He briefly returned to politics by serving a term from 2005 to 2009 as a Montreal city councillor under Gérald Tremblay's Union Montreal party, becoming vice president of the city council. Allmand died on December 7, 2016, from terminal brain cancer.

1979 Canadian federal election
The 1979 Canadian federal election was held on May 22, 1979, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 31st Parliament of Canada. It resulted in the defeat of the Liberal Party of Canada after 16 years in power, 11 of them under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. Joe Clark led the Progressive Conservative Party to power but with only a minority of seats in the House of Commons. The Liberals, however, beat the Progressive Conservatives in the overall popular vote by more than 400,000 votes (40.11% to 35.89%). Taking office on the eve of his 40th birthday, Clark became the youngest prime minister in Canadian history.
Statue of John C. Calhoun
John C. Calhoun is a marble sculpture depicting the American statesman of the same name by Frederick Ruckstull, installed in the United States Capitol's crypt, in Washington, D.C., as part of the National Statuary Hall Collection. The statue was gifted by the U.S. state of South Carolina in 1910.

The statue is one of three that Ruckstull has had placed in the Collection.

National Statuary Hall Collection
The National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol is composed of statues donated by individual states to honor persons notable in their history. Limited to two statues per state, the collection was originally set up in the old Hall of the House of Representatives, which was then renamed National Statuary Hall. The expanding collection has since been spread throughout the Capitol and its visitor center.

With the addition of New Mexico's second statue in 2005, the collection is complete with 100 statues contributed by 50 states, plus two from the District of Columbia (see Statues of the National Statuary Hall Collection). Since Congress authorized replacements in 2000, fourteen states have replaced at least one of their original two statues. In 2022, Kansas became the first state to replace both of its statues; it has been joined by Arkansas and Nebraska.
Mount Tok Wan
Mount Tok Wan (Malay: Gunung Tok Wan) is a mountain located on the summit of Broga Hill in Semenyih, Hulu Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia, close to the border with Negeri Sembilan. It rises to 675 m (2,215 ft) at its peak.

The mountain is reported to have been discovered by a group of officers from Kajang Prison in 2010. The hike up Gunung Tok Wan is rated moderate to hard. Hikers must first summit Broga Hill before continuing up Mount Tok Wan.

Semenyih
Semenyih is a town and a mukim in Hulu Langat District in southeastern Selangor, Malaysia along the Kajang–Seremban road. It is 28 km (17 mi) southeast of downtown Kuala Lumpur and 8 km (5.0 mi) southeast of Kajang.
Casalfiumanese
Casalfiumanese (Romagnol: Casêl Fiumanés) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Bologna in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Bologna.

Casalfiumanese borders the following municipalities: Borgo Tossignano, Castel del Rio, Castel San Pietro Terme, Dozza, Fontanelice, Imola, Monterenzio. A reinforced concrete bridge over the Santerno River connects Casalfiumanese to Fontanelice.

Near the end of World War Two, during the Spring Offensive in Italy, Casalfiumanese was liberated by American troops and Italian soldiers of the 184th Infantry Division "Nembo" on 12 April 1945.

Castel del Rio
Castel del Rio (Romagnol: Castel d'e' Rì) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Bologna in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southwest of Bologna.

Historically, the town's countryside is a large producer of chestnut, which has received the European Protected Geographical Status.
Monjingup, Western Australia
Monjingup is a locality of the Shire of Esperance in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia. The South Coast Highway and the Kalgoorlie to Esperance railway pass through Monjingup while the Coolgardie–Esperance Highway forms its eastern border. The western part of the townsite of Shark Lake is located in the north-east of Monjingup, while the Lake Warden Nature Reserve is located in the south-east.

Monjingup is on the traditional land of the Njunga people of the Noongar nation. The Njunga were previously part of the Wudjari Noongar, but separated from them for cultural reasons.

The Lake Warden Nature Reserve was gazetted on 23 July 2010, has a size of 7.03 square kilometres (2.71 sq mi) and is located in the Esperance Plains bioregion. A second nature reserve, the Unnamed WA24953 Nature Reserve, is also located within Monjingup. It was gazetted on 28 March 1958, has a size of 0.43 square kilometres (0.17 sq mi), and is also located in the Esperance Plains bioregion.

Shire of Esperance
The Shire of Esperance is a local government area in the Goldfields–Esperance region of Western Australia, about 400 kilometres (250 mi) south of the city of Kalgoorlie and about 720 kilometres (450 mi) east-southeast of the state capital, Perth. The Shire covers an area of 42,547 square kilometres (16,427 sq mi), and its seat of government is the town of Esperance, where about three-quarters of the Shire's population resides.
Rhypopteryx rubripunctata
Rhypopteryx rubripunctata is a species of moth of the subfamily Lymantriinae first described by Gustav Weymer in 1892. It is known from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Africa and Tanzania.

This species has a body length of 19 mm, the length of the forewings is 25 mm. The forewings are pale brown with a row of white spots near the costa.

Lymantriinae
The Lymantriinae (formerly called the Lymantriidae) are a subfamily of moths of the family Erebidae. The taxon was erected by George Hampson in 1893.

Many of its component species are referred to as "tussock moths" of one sort or another. The caterpillar, or larval, stage of these species often has a distinctive appearance of alternating bristles and haired projections. Many tussock moth caterpillars have urticating hairs (often hidden among longer, softer hairs), which can cause painful reactions if they come into contact with skin.

The subfamily Lymantriinae includes about 350 known genera and over 2,500 known species found in every continent except Antarctica. They are particularly concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and South America. One estimate lists 258 species in Madagascar alone. Apart from oceanic islands, notable places that do not host lymantriines include the Antilles and New Caledonia.
Pudzików
Pudzików [puˈd͡ʑikuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gomunice, within Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) east of Gomunice, 14 km (9 mi) north-east of Radomsko, and 68 km (42 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

Gomunice
Gomunice [ɡɔmuˈnit͡sɛ] is a village in Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Gomunice. It lies approximately 12 km (7 mi) north of Radomsko and 69 km (43 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.
Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force
The Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force (RDJTF) is an inactive United States Department of Defense Joint Task Force. It was first envisioned as a three-division force in 1979 as the Rapid Deployment Force (RDF), a highly mobile rapid deployment force that could be rapidly moved to locations outside the normal overseas deployments in Europe and Korea. Its charter was expanded and greatly strengthened in 1980 as the RDJTF. It was inactivated in 1983, and re-organized as the United States Central Command (USCENTCOM).

After the end of American involvement in the Vietnam War, U.S. attention gradually focused on the Persian Gulf region. The Yom Kippur War of 1973, the Soviet–U.S. confrontation, and the subsequent 1973 oil crisis led to President Richard Nixon issuing a warning that "American military intervention to protect vital oil supplies" was a possibility, served to increase attention on the area as being vital to U.S. national interests.

9th Infantry Division (United States)
The 9th Infantry Division (nicknamed "Old Reliables") is an inactive infantry division of the United States Army. It was formed as the 9th Division during World War I, but never deployed overseas. In later years it was an important unit of the U.S. Army during World War II and the Vietnam War. It was also activated as a peacetime readiness unit from 1947 to 1962 at Fort Dix, New Jersey as a Training Division, West Germany, and Fort Carson, Colorado as a Full Combat Status Division, and from 1972 to 1991 as an active-duty infantry division at Fort Lewis, Washington. The division was inactivated in December 1991.
Violin Sonata No. 4 (Hill)
Violin Sonata No. 4 in C minor "Maori Sonata", Stiles 1.2.1.6 So4, is a sonata for violin and piano by Alfred Hill composed ca.1909. It was premiered on 6 April 1910 by Cyril Monk and Laurence Godfrey Smith in the YMCA Hall, Sydney. Its approximate duration is 18 minutes.

C minor
C minor is a minor scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E♭, F, G, A♭, and B♭. Its key signature consists of three flats. Its relative major is E♭ major and its parallel major is C major.

The C natural minor scale is:

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are:
Mayotte drongo
The Mayotte drongo (Dicrurus waldenii) is a species of bird in the family Dicruridae.
It is endemic to Mayotte.

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical mangrove forest, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, and plantations.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

Drongo
A drongo is a member of the family Dicruridae of passerine birds of the Old World tropics. The 28 species in the family are placed in a single genus, Dicrurus.

Drongos are mostly black or dark grey, short-legged birds, with an upright stance when perched. They have forked tails and some have elaborate tail decorations. They feed on insects and small birds, which they catch in flight or on the ground. Some species are accomplished mimics and have a variety of alarm calls, to which other birds and animals often respond. They are known to utter fake alarm calls that scare other animals off food, which the drongo then claims.
Great Fire of 1901
The Great Fire of 1901 was a conflagration in Jacksonville, Florida, on May 3, 1901. It was one of the worst disasters in Florida history and the third largest urban fire in the U.S., after the Great Chicago Fire and the 1906 San Francisco fire.

1906 San Francisco earthquake
The 1906 San Francisco earthquake was a major earthquake which struck the coast of Northern California at 05:12 am Pacific Standard Time on Wednesday, April 18, 1906. With an estimated moment magnitude of 7.9 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), it created high-intensity shaking from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley, an agricultural region to the south of the San Francisco Bay Area.

Extensive fires soon broke out in San Francisco and lasted for several days. More than 3,000 people died and over 80% of the city was destroyed. The event is remembered as the deadliest earthquake in the history of the United States. The death toll remains the greatest loss of life from a natural disaster in California's history and high on the list of worst American disasters, natural or man-made.
Chinese hamster ovary cell
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are a family of immortalized cell lines derived from epithelial cells of the ovary of the Chinese hamster, often used in biological and medical research and commercially in the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins. They have found wide use in studies of genetics, toxicity screening, nutrition and gene expression, and particularly since the 1980s to express recombinant proteins. CHO cells are the most commonly used mammalian hosts for industrial production of recombinant protein therapeutics.

Exogenous DNA
Exogenous DNA is DNA originating outside the organism of concern or study. Exogenous DNA can be found naturally in the form of partially degraded fragments left over from dead cells. These DNA fragments may then become integrated into the chromosomes of nearby bacterial cells to undergo mutagenesis. This process of altering bacteria is known as transformation. Bacteria may also undergo artificial transformation through chemical and biological processes. The introduction of exogenous DNA into eukaryotic cells is known as transfection. Exogenous DNA can also be artificially inserted into the genome, which revolutionized the process of genetic modification in animals. By microinjecting an artificial transgene into the nucleus of an animal embryo, the exogenous DNA is allowed to merge the cell's existing DNA to create a genetically modified, transgenic animal. The creation of transgenic animals also leads into the study of altering sperm cells with exogenous DNA.
1938 Tour de Suisse
The 1938 Tour de Suisse was the sixth edition of the Tour de Suisse cycle race and was held from 6 August to 14 August 1938. The race started and finished in Bern. The race was won by Giovanni Valetti.

Tour de Suisse
The Tour de Suisse (English: Tour of Switzerland) is an annual road cycling stage race. Raced over eight days, the event covers two weekends in June, and along with the Critérium du Dauphiné, it is considered a proving ground for the Tour de France, which is on the calendar approximately two weeks after the end of the Tour de Suisse. Since 2011 the event is part of the UCI World Tour, cycling's highest level of professional races.

From 2021, a women's race has been held at the same time, with the event joining the UCI Women's World Tour from 2023.
1968 in the sport of athletics
While the most notable story coming out of 1968 was socio-political, politics involved with the Olympics was not something unique to this year. However, the year marked the beginning of several emerging elements of contemporary track and field.

Men's 400 metres world record progression
The first world record in the 400 m for men (athletics) was recognized by the International Amateur Athletics Federation, now known as World Athletics, in 1912. The IAAF ratified Charles Reidpath's 48.2 s performance set at that year's Stockholm Olympics as a world record, but it also recognized the superior mark over 440 yards (402.336 metres) run by Maxie Long in 1900 as a world record.

Up to and including 2021, World Athletics has ratified 24 outdoor world records in the event.

The following tables show the world record progression in the men's 400 metres, as ratified by World Athletics.
Social Democracy (Mexico)
Social Democracy (Spanish: Democracia Social) was a Mexican political party formed in June 1999 and disbanded after the 2000 federal elections.

In the 2 July 2000 presidential elections its candidate, Gilberto Rincón Gallardo, won 1.6% of the popular vote. In the senatorial elections of the same date the party won 1.8% but no seats in the Senate of Mexico. Since it did not secure 2.0% percent of the national vote it lost its conditional recognition by the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE).

In 2003 its most visible leaders could not reorganize its former members under the Party of the Rose (Partido de la Rosa). After failing to regain the federal recognition, most of them migrated to different parties of the center-left such as México Posible, Fuerza Ciudadana, Convergencia and the Social Democratic Party.

Among its most prominents members were Gilberto Rincón Gallardo, Ricardo Raphael and Patricia Mercado.

Citizen Force Party
Citizen Force Party (Spanish: Fuerza Ciudadana, FC) was a Mexican political party between 2002 and 2003, created by former PRI politician Jorge Alcocer Villanueva, Alongside other former PRI members. their postulates did not fit within the traditional political phantom of left or right, but that it looked for to be one more an option for the citizen policy.
Vandenberg State Marine Reserve
Vandenberg State Marine Reserve (SMR) is a marine protected area located offshore of Vandenberg Air Force Base, near the city of Lompoc on California's central coast.  The marine protected area covers 32.84 square miles (85.1 km2).  Vandenberg SMR protects all marine life within its boundaries.  Fishing and take of all living marine resources is prohibited.

Vandenberg Space Force Base
Vandenberg Space Force Base (IATA: VBG, ICAO: KVBG, FAA LID: VBG), previously Vandenberg Air Force Base, is a United States Space Force Base in Santa Barbara County, California. Established in 1941, Vandenberg Space Force Base is a space launch base, launching spacecraft from the Western Range, and also performs missile testing. The United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 30 serves as the host delta for the base, equivalent to an Air Force air base wing. In addition to its military space launch mission, Vandenberg Space Force Base also hosts space launches for civil and commercial space entities, such as NASA and SpaceX.
Hyperactivation
Hyperactivation is a type of sperm motility.  Hyperactivated sperm motility is characterised by a high amplitude, asymmetrical beating pattern of the sperm tail (flagellum).  This type of motility may aid in sperm penetration of the zona pellucida, which encloses the ovum.

Hyperactivation could then be followed by the acrosome reaction where the cap-like structure on the head of the cell releases the enzymes it contains.  This facilitates the penetration of the ovum and fertilisation.

Some definitions consider sperm activation to consist of these two processes of hyperactivation and the acrosome reaction.

Hyperactivation is a term also used to express an X chromosome gene dosage compensation mechanism and is seen in Drosophila. Here, a complex of proteins bind to the X-linked genes to effectively double their genetic activity. This allows males (XY) to have equal genetic activity as females (XX), whose X's are not hyperactivated.

Egg cell
The egg cell or ovum (pl.: ova) is the female reproductive cell, or gamete, in most anisogamous organisms (organisms that reproduce sexually with a larger, female gamete and a smaller, male one). The term is used when the female gamete is not capable of movement (non-motile). If the male gamete (sperm) is capable of movement, the type of sexual reproduction is also classified as oogamous. A nonmotile female gamete formed in the oogonium of some algae, fungi, oomycetes, or bryophytes is an oosphere. When fertilized, the oosphere becomes the oospore.

When egg and sperm fuse together during fertilisation, a diploid cell (the zygote) is formed, which rapidly grows into a new organism.
Victorian Reliance II
The Victorian Reliance II is a cargo ship owned by Strait Link in Australia. It is primarily used on Bass Strait services between Melbourne and Burnie. It replaced the Victorian Reliance.

Along with its sister ship Tasmanian Achiever II, it was the largest cargo ship registered in Australia when introduced in March 2019.

Toll Group
Toll Group is an Australian freight company that operates a logistics and global freight forwarding network spanning 150 countries, with over 20,000 customers. Toll has more than 16,000 workers across 500 sites. It is a subsidiary of Japan Post Service.
Agnetha Fältskogs svensktoppar
Agnetha Fältskogs svensktoppar is a compilation album released in 1998 by Swedish pop singer Agnetha Fältskog, known from the Sweden pop group ABBA. The songs on the album are hits by her on the Swedish hitlist Svensktoppen.

Svensktoppen
Svensktoppen (Swedish: [ˈsvɛ̂nːskˌtɔpːɛn]) is a weekly record chart airing on Sveriges Radio. Until January 2003, the songs had to be in the Swedish language. Svensktoppen has aired since 1962, except for the years 1982–1985. In the years leading up to the January 2003 change, the programme was strongly dominated by dansband music.

The first number-one hit song was "Midnattstango" performed by Swedish crooner Lars Lönndahl.

New rules on 17 January 2016 restricted the maximum length for a song to chart to one year.
Elm Farm, Aylesbury
Elm Farm is a modern housing estate Built in the 1970s in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, England and one of the last new estates to be built within the parish boundary of Aylesbury.

It has its own football team called Elm Farm FC and in the political geography of the town it now forms a ward with Mandeville.

Southcourt
Southcourt is a housing estate in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, England.  Building commenced in the early 1920s through to the mid-1930s and only stopped because of the Second World War.  It was turned into a post war housing estate during the years of 1946 and 1955.  The area is named after the pig farm over which the housing estate was built.