hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Differential argument marking
In linguistics, differential argument marking (DAM) is the phenomenon of a language's encoding a single grammatical function (e.g. subject or object) in different ways. It includes non-uniform encoding of arguments in terms of case marking, but also in terms of the presence or absence of agreement on the verb. The term differential marking – specifically differential object marking or DOM – was coined by Georg Bossong in relation to his work on Sardinian and New Iranian languages. However, in recent years there has been a growing interest in the great variety of differential marking patterns across the world's languages in both formal and functional linguistics.

Agreement (linguistics)
In linguistics, agreement or concord (abbreviated agr) occurs when a word changes form depending on the other words to which it relates. It is an instance of inflection, and usually involves making the value of some grammatical category (such as gender or person) "agree" between varied words or parts of the sentence.

For example, in Standard English, one may say I am or he is, but not "I is" or "he am". This is because English grammar requires that the verb and its subject agree in person. The pronouns I and he are first and third person respectively, as are the verb forms am and is. The verb form must be selected so that it has the same person as the subject in contrast to notional agreement, which is based on meaning.
Beit Liqya
Beit Liqya (Arabic: بيت لقيا) is a Palestinian town located in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, it had a population of approximately 9,304 in 2017.

Beit Liqya is located 13.5 km southwest of Ramallah. It is bordered by Beit ‘Anan  and Beit ‘Ur al Foqa  to the east, Kharbatha al Misbah to the north, Beit Sira and Beit Nuba to the west, and Beit Nuba and Kharayib Umm al Lahim to the south.

Beit 'Anan
Beit 'Anan (Arabic: بيت عنان) is a Palestinian village in the Quds Governorate, located northwest of Jerusalem. In 2017, it had a population of 4,210. Some residents of Beit 'Anan hold Israeli identity cards, while others hold Palestinian identity cards.
Holman (surname)
Holman is an English and Dutch surname first recorded in Essex, England in the subsidy rolls of 1327. There are variants including Hollman and Holeman. It is uncommon as a given name.

There are three main theories as to the meaning of the name, one occupational and two topographical:

"Holy man" – stemming from the Old English words Hol or Hool, meaning holy.

"Dweller in a hollow (hole)" – stemming from the Old English hohl, meaning hollow or hole.

"Dweller by a holly tree/Dweller on an island" – from Middle English holm, meaning holly or island.

William S. Holman
William Steele Holman (September 6, 1822 – April 22, 1897) was a lawyer, judge and politician from Dearborn County, Indiana. He was a member of the Democratic Party who served four different stints as a U.S. representative from 1859 to 1865, 1867 to 1877, 1881 to 1895, and 1897, spanning sixteen Congresses.  He is known for originating the Holman Rule, allowing amendments to appropriations bills to cut a specific program or federal employee salary. He died in office in 1897, a month after his last election.
Mitesh Rameshbhai Patel
Mitesh Rameshbhai Patel (known as Bakabhai) is an Indian politician and Chairperson and Managing Director of Laxmi Protein Products Pvt Ltd located in Vasad, Gujarat. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, lower house of the Parliament of India from Anand, Gujarat in the 2019 Indian general election as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He recorded a victory by 197,718 votes. He defeated Bharatsinh Madhavsinh Solanki of Indian National Congress, who served as Minister of State under UPAII.

Bharatsinh Madhavsinh Solanki
Bharatsinh Madhavsinh Solanki (born 26 November 1953) is an Indian politician and former president of Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee. He was Minister of State for Union Minister of State for Drinking Water and Sanitation (Independent Charge) in the Government of India in the Second Manmohan Singh ministry till May 2014. His previous posts include that of Minister of State for Power. He has also served as Secretary at All India Congress Committee from 2004 to 2006. He was born to Madhavsinh Solanki of Gujarat.

After winning the election twice, in 2004 and 2009, he lost the Anand seat in the 2014 Indian general election to Dilipbhai Patel of BJP.
1992 Ipswich Borough Council election
The 1992 Ipswich Borough Council election was an election to the Ipswich Borough Council under the arrangement, whereby a third of the councillors were to stand for election, each time.

It took place as part of the 1992 United Kingdom local elections.

There were 16 wards each returning one councillor. The Labour Party retained control of the Council.

Ipswich Borough Council
Ipswich Borough Council is the local authority for Ipswich, a non-metropolitan district with borough status in Suffolk, England. It is the second tier of a two-tier system, fulfilling functions such as refuse collection, housing and planning, with Suffolk County Council providing county council services such as transport, education and social services.

The council has been under Labour majority control since 2011. It meets at Ipswich Town Hall and has its main offices at Grafton House.
Nakhon Phanom province
Nakhon Phanom province (Thai: นครพนม, pronounced [ná(ʔ).kʰɔ̄ːn pʰā.nōm], lit. 'Mountain City'; Northeastern Thai: นครพนม, pronounced [nà(ʔ).kʰɔ᷇ːn pʰā.no᷇m]) is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces (changwat) lies in upper northeastern Thailand also called Isan. Directly adjacent provinces are (from south clockwise): Mukdahan, Sakon Nakhon, and Bueng Kan. To the northeast it borders Khammouan of Laos.

Khammouane province
Khammouane province (Khammouan) (Lao: ຄໍາມ່ວນ, pronounced [kʰám mūan]) is a province in southern Laos. Its capital is Thakhek. Khammouane province covers an area of 16,315 square kilometres (6,299 sq mi), most of which is forested mountainous terrain. The forests of the Nakai-Nam Theun National Park contains streams that feed Mekong tributaries and form the catchment area for Nam Theun 2, the largest hydropower project in Laos. The Xe Bang Fai River, Nam Hinboun River, and the Nam Theun are some of the rivers of the province.

Part of the aborted Thakhek-Tan Ap railway would have crossed the province to connect with the North-South Railway at Tân Ấp Railway Station, Quảng Bình province, Vietnam through Mụ Giạ Pass. Khammouane's human development index is 0.602 which is less than the Laos average of 0.620.
Nabetachiyama Tunnel
Nabetachiyama Tunnel (鍋立山トンネル, Nabetachiyama tonneru) is a tunnel on Hokuhoku Line under Mount Nabetachiyama that runs from Oshima Ward, Joetsu city, Niigata prefecture to Matsushiro, Tokamachi city, Niigata prefecture with total length of 9.130 km. It was built and completed in 1997.

Tōkamachi
Tōkamachi (十日町市, Tōkamachi-shi) is a city located in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 July 2019, the city had an estimated population of 28,728 in 19,823 households, and a population density of 86.3 persons per km². The total area of the city was 590.39 square kilometres (227.95 sq mi), although some borders of the city are not well defined. Tōkamachi derives its name from the fact that a market was held  every tenth day of the month. Similarly, the nearby former town of Muikamachi had its own local market held on days ending in six each month.
1998 Salem Open – Singles
The 1998 Salem Open was a men's tennis tournament played on Hard courts in Hong Kong that was part of the International Series of the 1998 ATP Tour. It was the 23rd edition of the tournament and was held from 6–12 April 1998.

1998 ATP Tour
The ATP Tour is the elite tour for professional men's tennis organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). The ATP Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the ATP World Tour Finals, the ATP Super 9, the Championship Series and the World Series tournaments.
Bi'ina
Bi'ina (alternatively transliterated as al-Bi'neh, al-Ba'ina, al-Ba'ana and el-Baneh) (Arabic: البعنة) is an Arab town in the Northern District of Israel. It is located east of Acre. In 2003, Bi'ina merged with Majd al-Krum and Deir al-Asad to form the city of Shaghur, but was reinstated as a local council in 2008 after Shaghur was dissolved. Bi'ina has a mostly Muslim population (92%) with a small Christian minority (8%); in 2023 its population was 8,703. In 2022, 92.6% of the population was Muslim and 7.4% was Christian.

Palestine Exploration Fund
The Palestine Exploration Fund is a British society based in London. It was founded in 1865, shortly after the completion of the Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem by Royal Engineers of the War Department. The Fund is the oldest known organization in the world created specifically for the study of the Levant region, also known as Palestine. Often simply known as the PEF, its initial objective was to carry out surveys of the topography and ethnography of Ottoman Palestine – producing the PEF Survey of Palestine. Its remit was considered to fall between an expeditionary survey and military intelligence gathering. There was also strong religious interest from Christians; William Thomson, Archbishop of York, was the first president of the PEF.

As a result, the PEF had a complex relationship with Corps of Royal Engineers of the War Department. The PEF members sent back reports to the UK on the need to salvage and modernise the Levant region.
1940 NCAA cross country championships
The 1940 NCAA Cross Country Championships were the third annual cross country meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men's collegiate cross country running in the United States.

Since the current multi-division format for NCAA championship did not begin until 1973, all NCAA members were eligible. In total, 21 teams and 90 individual runners contested this championship.

The meet was hosted by Michigan State College at the Forest Akers East Golf Course in East Lansing, Michigan for the third consecutive time. Additionally, the distance for the race was 4 miles (6.4 kilometers).

The team national championship was won by the Indiana Hoosiers, their second, while the individual championship was won by Gil Dodds, from Ashland, with a time of 20:30.2.

NCAA Division I men's cross country championships
The NCAA Division I men's cross country championships (formerly the NCAA University Division cross country championships) are contested at an annual meet hosted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association to determine the individual and team national champions of men's collegiate cross country running among its Division I members in the United States. It has been held every fall (typically in November) since the NCAA split into its current three-division format in 1973.

Teams and individual runners qualify for the championship at regional competitions approximately a week before the national championships.

Arkansas has been the most successful program, with eleven national titles.

Oklahoma State is the defending team national champion, winning their sixth title in 2025.
2014–15 Republika Srpska Cup
The 2014–15 Republika Srpska Cup (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Kup Republike Srpske, Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: Куп Републикe Српскe) is the eleventh occurrence of the Republika Srpska Cup, the secondary knock-out competition for clubs from Republika Srpska.

Organised by the Football Association of Republika Srpska, the tournament started around September 2014 and got concluded in June 2015. The defending champions were FK Radnik Bijeljina, while FK Rudar Prijedor were the new champions after beating FK Krupa in the final.

Republika Srpska Cup
The Cup of Republika Srpska (Serbian Cyrillic: Kуп Peпубликe Cpпcкe, Serbian Latin: Kup Republike Srpske), also just known as the Republika Srpska Cup, is a secondary knockout football competition contested annually by clubs from the entity Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The competition is run by the Football Association of Republika Srpska.
Aydan Siyavuş
Aydan Siyavuş (15 May 1947 - 11 January 1998) was a Turkish basketball coach and former basketball player. He coached a number of teams like Kadıköyspor, Eczacıbaşı, Efes Pilsen, Beşiktaş, Fenerbahçe, Çukurova, Darüşşafaka, Karşıyaka and Galatasaray as well as the youth, junior's university and  senior national teams. He was the most successful head coach of the Turkish Super Basketball League.

Karşıyaka Basket
Karşıyaka Basket is a Turkish professional basketball team located in Karşıyaka, İzmir, that competes in the Turkish Basketball Super League. It is a section of the multi-sport club Karşıyaka SK. The team also goes by the name of KSK, which stands for Karşıyaka Spor Kulübü (i.e. Karşıyaka Sport Club).
Chicago Public Schools boycott
The Chicago Public Schools boycott, also known as Freedom Day, was a mass boycott and demonstration against the segregationist policies of the Chicago Public Schools (CPS) on October 22, 1963. More than 200,000 students stayed out of school, and tens of thousands of Chicagoans joined in a protest that culminated in a march to the office of the Chicago Board of Education. The protest preceded the larger New York City public school boycott, also known as Freedom Day.

Chicago Public Schools
Chicago Public Schools (CPS; administratively referred to by the state of Illinois as City of Chicago School District #299 for funding and districting reasons) is a public school district in the city of Chicago, Illinois, United States.

It is the fourth-largest school district in the United States (after New York, Los Angeles, and Miami-Dade County). CPS students attend a particular school based on their area of residence, except for charter, magnet, and selective enrollment schools.

As of 2023, CPS has 634 schools, including 477 elementary schools and 157 high schools; of which 514 were district-run, 111 were charter schools, 7 were contract schools, and 2 were SAFE schools.

CPS is led by a chief executive officer, an alternative title for the position of superintendent in most other public school systems.
Alcyone and Ceyx
In Greek mythology, Alcyone (or dubiously Halcyone)  (/ælˈsaɪəˌni, hælˈsaɪəˌni/; Ancient Greek: Ἀλκυόνη, romanized: Alkyónē) and Ceyx (/ˈsiːɪks/; Ancient Greek: Κήυξ, romanized: Kḗux) were a wife and husband who incurred the wrath of the god Zeus for their romantic hubris.

Common kingfisher
The common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis), also known as the Eurasian kingfisher and river kingfisher, is a small kingfisher with seven subspecies recognized within its wide distribution across Eurasia and North Africa. It is resident in much of its range, but migrates from areas where rivers freeze in winter.

This sparrow-sized bird has the typical short-tailed, large-headed kingfisher profile; it has blue upperparts, orange underparts and a long bill. It feeds mainly on fish, caught by diving, and has special visual adaptations to enable it to see prey under water. The glossy white eggs are laid in a nest at the end of a burrow in a riverbank.
Argenson
Argenson, derived from an old hamlet situated in what is now the département of Indre-et-Loire, is the name of a French family which produced some prominent statesmen, soldiers and men of letters. The family's noble affiliation dates from 1374

Marc Antoine René de Voyer
Marc Antoine René de Voyer, Marquis de Paulmy and Marquis d'Argenson (1757) (22 November 1722, Valenciennes – 13 August 1787), was a French ambassador to  Switzerland, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Republic of Venice and to the Holy See, and later became the Minister of War. He was also a noted bibliophile and collector of art.
Deborah Reynolds
Deborah Reynolds was a Democratic member of the New Hampshire Senate, representing the 2nd District from 2006 to 2010.  She was Chairman of the New Hampshire Senate Judiciary Committee and served on the Commerce, Labor and Consumer Protection Committee, Rules and Enrolled Bills Committee, and the Ways and Means Committee.  She is one of five governor-appointed commissioners on the New Hampshire Commission for Human Rights.

The Senate District 2 comprises Alexandria, Ashland, Bath, Benton, Bridgewater, Bristol, Campton, Canaan, Center Harbor, Dorchester, Easton, Ellsworth, Groton, Haverhill, Hebron, Holderness, Landaff, Lyme, Meredith, Monroe, New Hampton, Orange, Orford, Piermond, Plymouth, Rumney, Sanbornton, Thornton, Warren, Wentworth and Woodstock.

New Hampshire Senate
The New Hampshire State Senate is the upper house of the New Hampshire General Court, alongside the New Hampshire House of Representatives. The Senate has been meeting since 1784. The senate consists of 24 members representing Senate districts based on population. There are 16 Republicans and 8 Democrats currently serving in the senate.
Shapyalyevichy
Shapyalyevichy (Belarusian: Шапялевічы, romanized: Šapialievičy; Russian: Шепелевичи, romanized: Shepelevichi) is a village in Kruhlaye District, Mogilev Region, Belarus. It is located 55 kilometres (34 mi) west-northwest of Mogilev, and it is administratively part of Tsyatsyeryn selsoviet.

Mogilev
Mogilev, or Mahilyow, is a city in eastern Belarus. It is located on the Dnieper River, about 76 kilometres (47 miles) from the border with Russia's Smolensk Oblast and 105 km (65 miles) from Bryansk Oblast. As of 2025, it has a population of 352,896. In 2011, its population was 360,918, up from an estimated 106,000 in 1956. It serves as the administrative centre of Mogilev Region, and is the third-largest city in Belarus.
Triaenophorus (flatworm)
Triaenophorus is a genus of flatworms belonging to the family Triaenophoridae.

The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America.

Species:

Triaenophorus crassus Forel, 1868

Triaenophorus lucii (Müller, 1776)

Triaenophorus meridionalis Kuperman, 1968

Triaenophorus nodulosus (Pallas, 1781) Rudolphi, 1793

Triaenophorus robustus Olsson, 1893

Triaenophorus stizostedionis Miller, 1945

Triaenophorus nodulosus
Triaenophorus nodulosus, the pike tapeworm, is a species of parasitic cestode (tapeworm) in the family Triaenophoridae. It is known to infect the northern pike, as well as other piscivorous fish, being found in the intestine of its host. It has been found in North America, Europe and England.
Yendegaia River
The Yendegaia River originates from the terminus of Stoppani Glacier in Cordillera Darwin located at  southwestern Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. It is part of Yendegaia National Park. It is approximately 13 km (8.1 mi) long and flows into the Yendegaia Bay.

Yendegaia National Park
Yendegaia National Park is in Tierra del Fuego in the Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region of Chile and contains 150,612 ha (372,170 acres) of mountainous terrain and Valdivian temperate rain forest. It borders the Alberto de Agostini National Park,inside the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, and Tierra del Fuego National Park.
JS Saoura
Jeunesse Sportive de la Saoura (Arabic: الشبيبة الرياضية للساورة), known simply as JS Saoura or JSS for short, is an Algerian football club founded in the town of Méridja in the Béchar Province. They take their name from the Saoura valley of southwestern Algeria. The club was founded in 2008 and its  colours are green and yellow. Their home stadium, 20 August 1955 Stadium in Béchar, has a capacity of 20,000 spectators. The club is currently playing in the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1.

Béchar Province
Béchar (Arabic: ولاية بشار) is a province (wilaya) in Algeria, located on the border with Morocco in the Algerian Sahara. It is the second least densely populated province in Algeria, with a population of 353 591 inhabitants in 2019, with a density of 2,19 people/square kilometer. Its capital and biggest city is Béchar.
Mr. Smith Carries On
Mr. Smith Carries On is a 1937 British crime film directed by Lister Laurance and starring Edward Rigby, Julien Mitchell and H. F. Maltby. It was made at Pinewood Studios as a quota quickie for release by Paramount Pictures. The screenplay concerns a secretary who accidentally shoots a business tycoon.

Pinewood Studios
Pinewood Studios is a British film and television studio located in the village Iver Heath, England, 18 miles (29 km) west of central London.

Opened in 1936, the studio has been the base for many productions from major films to television programmes, commercials, and pop promos, including the James Bond and Carry On film franchises.
Drake, North Dakota
Drake is a city in McHenry County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 292 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Minot Micropolitan Statistical Area. Drake was founded in 1902 and named after Herman Drake, a settler.

Minot, North Dakota
Minot (/ˈmaɪnɒt/ ⓘ MY-not) is a city in and the county seat of Ward County, North Dakota, United States. With a population of 48,377 at the 2020 census, Minot is the state's fourth-most populous city. The Minot metropolitan area in north-central North Dakota covers McHenry, Renville, and Ward counties and had a combined population of 77,546 at the 2020 census.

Minot was founded in 1886 during the construction of James J. Hill's Great Northern Railway. Minot is also known as "Magic City", commemorating its remarkable growth in size over a short time. It is a trading center for a large part of northern North Dakota, southwestern Manitoba, and southeastern Saskatchewan. It is most widely known for the Minot Air Force Base, approximately 15 miles (24 km) north of the city.
Adelaïde Salles-Wagner
Adelaïde Salles-Wagner (1825–1890) (born Adelheid Wagner) was a German-born painter active in France. She was a pupil of Claude Jacquand in Lyon, and Joseph Bernhardt in Munich or Paris.

She married the painter Jules Salles from Nîmes, France, in 1865.

She is known for portraits and genre works of children. Her work Breton Girl Praying was included in the book Women Painters of the World.

Her sister Elise Puyroche-Wagner also became a painter.

Claudius Jacquand
Claude Jacquand, known as Claudius Jacquand (French pronunciation: [klodjy(s) ʒakɑ̃]; 11 December 1803, Lyon – 2 April 1878, Paris) was a French painter of historical tableaus, genre scenes and religious subjects.
Found poetry
Found poetry is a type of poetry created by taking words, phrases, and sometimes whole passages from other sources and reframing them (a literary equivalent of a collage) by making changes in spacing and lines, or by adding or deleting text, thus imparting new meaning.  The resulting poem can be defined as treated: changed in a profound and systematic manner; or untreated: virtually unchanged from the order, syntax and meaning of the poem.

Free verse
Free verse is an open form of poetry which does not use a prescribed or regular meter or rhyme and tends to follow the rhythm of natural or irregular speech. It encompasses a large range of poetic form, and its distinction to other forms (such as prose) is often ambiguous.  In general, the core characteristic of free verse is its flexibility.
2014 Dothan Pro Tennis Classic
The 2014 Dothan Pro Tennis Classic was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the fourteenth edition of the tournament and part of the 2014 ITF Women's Circuit, offering a total of $50,000 in prize money. It took place in Dothan, Alabama, United States, on April 14–20, 2014.

Hardee's Pro Classic
The Hardee's Pro Classic (formerly known as the Movie Gallery Pro Tennis Classic and the Dothan Pro Tennis Classic) is a tennis tournament held on outdoor clay courts at the Westgate Tennis Center in Dothan, Alabama. It has been held since 2001 and is part of the ITF Women's Circuit as a $80,000 event. In the past it has been a $25,000 event (2001) and a $75,000 event (2002–2009).