hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Erich Raeder during World War II
Erich Johann Albert Raeder (24 April 1876 – 6 November 1960) was a naval leader in Germany who played a major role in the naval history of World War II.  Raeder attained the highest possible naval rank, Großadmiral (Grand Admiral), in 1939 and thus became the first person to hold that rank since Henning von Holtzendorff. Raeder led the Kriegsmarine (German: War Navy) for the first half of the war. He resigned in 1943 and was replaced by Karl Dönitz. Raeder was sentenced to life in prison at the Nuremberg Trials but was released early because of failing health.

Raeder is also well known for dismissing Reinhard Heydrich from the Reichsmarine in April 1931 for "conduct unbecoming to an officer and a gentleman".

This article covers Raeder's activities during World War II.

Naval history of World War II
At the start of World War II, the Royal Navy was the strongest navy in the world, with the largest number of warships built and with naval bases across the globe. It had over 15 battleships and battlecruisers, 7 aircraft carriers, 66 cruisers, 164 destroyers and 66 submarines. With a massive merchant navy, a third of the world total, the British also dominated shipping. The Royal Navy fought in every theatre from the Atlantic, Mediterranean, freezing Northern routes to Russia and the Pacific Ocean.

Over the course of the war the United States Navy grew tremendously as the United States was faced with a two-front war on the seas. By the end of World War II the U.S. Navy was by far the largest and most powerful navy in the world with 6,768 ships, including 28 aircraft carriers, 23 battleships, 71 escort carriers, 72 cruisers, 232 submarines, 377 destroyers, and thousands of amphibious, supply and auxiliary ships.
Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces
The Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Aerospace Forces (Russian: Главнокомандующий Воздушно-космическими силами, romanized: Glavnokomándujuščij vozdúšno-kosmíčeskij sílami) is the chief commanding authority of the Russian Aerospace Forces. The position was created in 2015, when the Russian Air Force, Russian Air and Missile Defense Forces and Russian Space Forces where placed under a unified command. He is appointed by the President of Russia. The current commander is Colonel general Viktor Afzalov.

Russian Aerospace Forces
The Russian Aerospace Forces or Russian Air and Space Forces (VKS) comprise the aerial, space warfare, and missile defence branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It was established on 1 August 2015 with the merging of the Russian Air Force (VVS) and the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces (VVKO), as recommended by the Ministry of Defence to improve efficiency and logistical support. The VKS is headquartered in Moscow.
M3 Bradley
The M3 Bradley Cavalry Fighting Vehicle (CFV) is an American tracked armored reconnaissance vehicle manufactured by BAE Systems Platforms & Services (formerly United Defense). A member of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle family, the M3 CFV is used by heavy armored cavalry units in the United States Army.

Reactive armour
Reactive armour is a type of vehicle armour used for protecting vehicles, especially modern tanks, against anti-vehicle armour-piercing munitions.

Reactive armour is most effective against shaped charges and hardened kinetic energy penetrators. When a shaped charge strikes the upper plate of the armour, it detonates the inner explosive, releasing blunt damage that the tank can absorb.

The most common type is explosive reactive armour (ERA), but variants include self-limiting explosive reactive armour (SLERA), non-energetic reactive armour (NERA), non-explosive reactive armour (NxRA), and electric armour. NERA and NxRA modules can withstand multiple hits, unlike ERA and SLERA.

Reactive armour can be defeated with multiple hits in the same place, often achieved with tandem-charge weapons, which fire two or more shaped charges in rapid succession.
Thuruthiply
Thuruthiply is a town in Kunnathunad Taluk of Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is near Allapra on Perumbavoor-Kolenchery road. Thuruthiply is famous for its St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian church.

Kolenchery
Kolenchery is a town in the Poothrikka gram panchayat in Ernakulam district, Kerala. Located on National Highway 85, Kolenchery is situated 3 km (1.9 mi) from Poothrikka and 20 km (12 mi) from Kochi. There have been plans to include Kolenchery as part of the Kochi metropolitan area.

The name of the place originates from St. Peter's and St. Paul's Orthodox Syrian Church or 'Kolenchery Church', which is an ancient and historic church at Kolenchery built by Thankan Mappila of the Kolenchery House in 9th century CE (7th century in Malayalam Calendar).  The Tomb of Mar Thoma VII, the 7th Malankara Metropolitan, is situated in this historical Church.

St. Peter's College in the town has conducted botanical research.
Farr West, Utah
Farr West is a city on the northern edge of Weber County, Utah. The population was 7,691 at the 2020 census, up from 5,928 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Ogden–Clearfield metropolitan area. As of January 2026, the mayor is David Bolos.

Ogden–Clearfield metropolitan area
The Ogden-Clearfield, UT Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget, is an area consisting of three counties in northern Utah, anchored by the cities of Ogden and Clearfield. As of the 2020 census, the MSA had a population of 637,197. On February 28, 2013, the White House released a bulletin Revising delineations of CSAs and MSAs which led to the addition of Box Elder County to the Ogden-Clearfield Metropolitan Statistical Area. On July 23, 2023, Box Elder County was moved to the newly created Brigham City micropolitan statistical area.
Internal rate of return
Internal rate of return (IRR) is a method of calculating an investment's rate of return. The term internal refers to the fact that the calculation excludes external factors, such as the risk-free rate, inflation, the cost of capital, or financial risk.

The method may be applied either ex-post or ex-ante. Applied ex-ante, the IRR is an estimate of a future annual rate of return. Applied ex-post, it measures the actual achieved investment return of a historical investment.

It is also called the discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFROR) or yield rate.

Ex-ante
The term ex-ante (sometimes written ex ante or exante) is a New Latin phrase meaning "before the event".

In economics, ex-ante or notional demand refers to the desire for goods and services that is not backed by the ability to pay for those goods and services. This is also termed as 'wants of people'.

Ex-ante is used most commonly in the commercial world, where results of a particular action, or series of actions, are forecast (or intended). The opposite of ex-ante is ex-post (actual) (or ex post). Buying a lottery ticket loses you money ex ante (in expectation), but if you win, it was the right decision ex post.
Axminster Town A.F.C.
Axminster Town Association Football Club is a football club based in Axminster, Devon, England. They are currently members of the South West Peninsula League Premier Division East and play at Tiger Way in Axminster, England.

Axminster
Axminster is a market town and civil parish on the eastern border of the county of Devon in England. It is 28 miles (45 km) from the county town of Exeter. The town is built on a hill overlooking the River Axe which heads towards the English Channel at Axmouth, and is in the East Devon local government district.  At the 2001 census, it had a population of 5,626, increasing to 5,761 at the 2011 census. The town contains two electoral wards (town and rural) whose combined population is 7,110. The market is still held every Thursday.

Axminster gave its name to a type of carpet. An Axminster-type power loom is capable of weaving high-quality carpets with many varying colours and patterns. While Axminster carpets are made in the town by Axminster Carpets Ltd, this type of carpet is now manufactured all over the world as well.
Salomon BIG
The Salomon Broad Investment Grade Index (known as the Salomon BIG or Citigroup BIG) is a common American Bond index, akin to the S&P 500 for stocks, originally owned by Salomon Brothers, run by its successor, Citigroup and now by FTSE Russell. The BIG is generally used for managing broad debt portfolios from short to long-dated maturities, similar to the Barclays Capital Aggregate Bond Index ("Agg") or the Merrill Lynch Domestic Master.

The BIG includes treasuries, agency debt, corporates, non-corporate credit, mortgage-backed securities, and asset-backed securities (ABS). Unlike the Agg, it includes 144As, but unlike the Agg, it does not include municipals or commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS). Like the Agg, the BIG does not include any inflation-indexed bonds, and is limited to investment grade securities, including no high-yield debt or emerging market debt.

Agency debt
Agency debt, also known as an agency bond, agency loan, agency security, or "Agencies", is a security, usually a bond, issued by a United States government-sponsored enterprise or federal budget agency. The offerings of these agencies are backed but not guaranteed by the US government. Some prominent issuers of these securities are the Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLBanks), Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac).
Mekong Review
Mekong Review is a quarterly English-language literary magazine on Southeast Asian literature, especially Cambodian literature, Burmese literature, Vietnamese literature, Laotian literature, and Thai literature. It was founded by Minh Bui Jones, a Vietnamese-born Australian-based journalist, in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and is based in Sydney, Australia.

Cambodian literature
Cambodian literature (Khmer: អក្សរសាស្ត្រខ្មែរ, Âksârsastr Khmêr [ʔaʔsɒːsah kʰmaɛ]), also Khmer literature, has a very ancient origin. Like most Southeast Asian national literatures its traditional corpus has two distinct aspects or levels:

The written literature, mostly restricted to the royal courts or the Buddhist monasteries.

The oral literature, which is based on local folklore. It is heavily influenced by Buddhism, the predominant religion, as well as by the Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata.
Zykov Island
Zykov Island (66°32′S 93°1′E﻿ / ﻿66.533°S 93.017°E﻿ / -66.533; 93.017) is a small island between Fulmar Island and Buromskiy Island in the Haswell Islands, near Queen Mary Land on Antarctica. It was discovered and first mapped by the Australasian Antarctic Expedition under Douglas Mawson of 1911–14 but mistakenly identified as part of Fulmar Island. Remapped by the Soviet expedition of 1956, it was named for Ye. Zykov, a student navigator who died in Antarctica on 3 February 1957.

Research has been done around the island. Because of its remoteness, the undisturbed benthic zone of Zykov Island was studied from 1970 to 1972, with underwater dives and sample collections. A decade later, the University of Canterbury studied Paramoera walkeri on Zykov Island and elsewhere in the Antarctic.

Buromskiy Island
Buromskiy Island is a small island lying 0.6 km (0.37 mi) south of Haswell Island in the Haswell Islands of Antarctica. About 200 m long and 100 m wide, it was discovered and mapped by the Australasian Antarctic Expedition under Douglas Mawson, 1911–14. It was photographed by the Soviet expedition of 1958 and named for N.I. Buromskiy, expedition hydrographer who lost his life in the Antarctic in 1957. It lies 2.7 km north of Mabus Point, the site of Russia's Mirny Station.
Huanghe Township, Qinghai
Maqu Township or Huanghe Township (Tibetan: རྨ་ཆུ་ཡུལ་ཚོ།, Chinese: 黄河乡) is a township in Madoi County, Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai, China. In 2010, Maqu Township had a total population of 1,585: 809 males and 776 females: 432 aged under 14, 1,076 aged between 15 and 65 and 77 aged over 65.

Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
Golog (Golok or Guoluo) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (Chinese: 果洛藏族自治州; pinyin: Guǒluò Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu; Tibetan: མགོ་ལོག་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ་, Wylie: Mgo-log Bod-rigs rang-skyong-khul) is an autonomous prefecture occupying the southeastern corner of Qinghai province, China. The prefecture has an area of 76,312 km2 (29,464 sq mi) and its seat is located in Maqên County. Due to its special geographical location and natural environment, the entire autonomous prefecture has been included in the Chinese largest natural environmental protection area — the Sanjiangyuan National Park.
Dallgow-Döberitz station
Dallgow-Döberitz (German: Bahnhof Dallgow-Döberitz) is a railway station located in Dallgow-Döberitz, Germany. The station is located on the Berlin-Lehrte Railway. The train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn and Ostdeutsche Eisenbahn (ODEG).

The station was opened with the construction of the Berlin–Lehrte railway in 1871 as Dallgow. It was renamed Dallgow-Döberitz in 1898. In 1996, as the railway was converted into a high-speed line, an island platform was built for the regional traffic.

The station is served by the following services as of 2026:

Regional service RE 4 (Stendal –) Rathenow – Dallgow-Döberitz – Berlin Jungfernheide – Berlin Südkreuz – Ludwigsfelde – Jüterbog (– Falkenberg)

Regional service RB 21 Potsdam – Wustermark – Elstal – Berlin-Spandau – Berlin Gesundbrunnen

Jüterbog station
Jüterbog station is a station in the town of Jüterbog in the German state of Brandenburg. It was  opened in 1841, which makes it one of the oldest railway stations in Brandenburg. The Jüterbog–Röderau railway has branched off the Berlin–Halle railway (Anhalterbahn) at the station since 1848. Its importance grew with the opening of further railway lines. Some of these lines have now been closed.

The station has lost its former importance in the fields of long-distance passenger, freight and military transport. Today it is almost exclusively used for regional transport. The entrance building of the station is a protected monument. Also protected are the station building of the Royal Prussian Military Railway, which was used for public transport until the end of the First World War, further buildings of the military railway and the water tower of the former locomotive depot to the north-east of the station.
Søfteland
Søfteland or Syfteland is a village in Bjørnafjorden Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It lies on the Bergen Peninsula, along the European route E39 highway, about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north of the municipal centre of Osøyro and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of the city of Bergen. The mountain Møsnuken lies about 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) east of the village and the mountain Lyshornet lies about 2.3 kilometres (1.4 mi) west of the village.

The 1.24-square-kilometre (310-acre) village has a population (2025) of 2,347 and a population density of 1,893 inhabitants per square kilometre (4,900/sq mi).

Bergen Peninsula
The Bergen Peninsula (Bokmål: Bergenshalvøya, Urban East Norwegian: [ˈbæ̀rɡn̩sˌhɑɫːœʏɑ]; Nynorsk: Bergenshalvøya) is a peninsula in Vestland county, Norway. The city of Bergen, Norway's second largest city, is located on the peninsula. The peninsula extends out from the mainland and it is surrounded by the following fjords: Samnangerfjorden, Bjørnafjorden, Fusafjorden, Raunefjorden, Byfjorden, Salhusfjorden, Sørfjorden. The peninsula is connected to the rest of mainland Norway by a narrow, 6.5-kilometre (4.0 mi) wide strip of land between the villages of Trengereid and Årland. The highest point is the 987-metre (3,238 ft) tall mountain Gullfjellet.

The peninsula is shared by three municipalities:

all of Bergen Municipality (465 square kilometres; 180 sq mi)

part of Bjørnafjorden Municipality (140 square kilometres; 54 sq mi)

part of Samnanger Municipality (50 square kilometres; 19 sq mi)
Sporting San Miguelito
Academia de Futbol Sporting San Miguelito is a Panamanian professional football team playing in Liga Panameña de Fútbol (the highest level of Panamanian football). Founded in 1989, it is based in San Miguelito District of Panamá Province.

San Miguelito District
San Miguelito is a city and district (distrito) of Panamá Province in Panama. The population according to the 2023 Panamanian census was 280,777. The district covers an area of 50.1 km². San Miguelito district is completely enclaved within Panama District (which completely surrounds it) and it is included in the Panama City Metropolitan Area.

Football player Luis Tejada was born in San Miguelito, and both Blas Pérez and Kevin Kurányi were once residents of the district.
Redfearn Island
Redfearn Island (68°37′S 77°53′E﻿ / ﻿68.617°S 77.883°E﻿ / -68.617; 77.883) is a small island in the Donskiye Islands group lying just west of Warriner Island and 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) off the west end of Breidnes Peninsula, Vestfold Hills. It was first plotted, mistakenly, as two small islands by Norwegian cartographers working from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition of 1936–37. Later it was replotted as a single island from ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) air photos taken jn 1957–58. The island was named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia (ANCA) for H.T. Redfearn, diesel mechanic at Davis Station, in 1961.

Warriner Island
Warriner Island is a small ice-free island in the Donskiye Islands group lying just off the west end of Breidnes Peninsula in the Vestfold Hills, off the coast of East Antarctica. It is 1.2 km long by 0.7 km wide, reaching an elevation of 52 m.
Michael Óg McFadden
Michael Óg McFadden (1885 – 27 August 1958) was an Irish Fine Gael politician. A merchant and auctioneer, he was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Cumann na nGaedheal Teachta Dála (TD) for the Donegal constituency at the June 1927 general election. He was re-elected at the September 1927 general election but lost his seat at the 1932 general election.

He re-gained his seat at the 1933 general election and was re-elected at each subsequent election until he lost his seat again at the 1951 general election. From the 1937 general election, he was elected for the Donegal West constituency. At the 1951 Seanad election, he was elected to the 7th Seanad on the Agricultural Panel. He lost his seat at the 1954 Seanad election.

7th Seanad
The 7th Seanad was in office from 1951 to 1954. An election to Seanad Éireann, the senate of the Oireachtas (Irish parliament), followed the 1951 general election to the 14th Dáil. The senators served until the close of poll for the 8th Seanad in 1954.
2022 National Invitation Tournament
The 2022 National Invitation Tournament was a single-elimination tournament of 32 NCAA Division I men's college basketball teams not selected to participate in the 2022 NCAA tournament. The tournament began on March 15 and ended on March 31. The first three rounds were played on campuses, with the semifinal and championship final played at Madison Square Garden in New York City.

2021 National Invitation Tournament
The 2021 National Invitation Tournament was a single-elimination tournament of 16 NCAA Division I men's college basketball teams that had not been selected to participate in the 2021 NCAA tournament. The Tournament began on March 17 and ended on March 28. All rounds were played at the Comerica Center in Frisco, Texas or the UNT Coliseum in Denton, Texas. First-round games began on Wednesday, March 17, and was played through Saturday, March 20. Quarterfinals also took place Thursday, March 25. The semifinals and championship took place Saturday and Sunday, March 27 and 28. The 2021 tournament also featured a third-place game Sunday, March 28, which had not been played at the NIT since 2003. Also, the final game to be played was not the championship, but, rather, the third-place game.
This was the first NIT in which the semifinals and final were not played in New York City.
Caproni Ca.97
The Caproni Ca.97 was a utility monoplane aircraft designed and produced by the Italian aircraft manufacturer Caproni. It had a range of powerplant arrangements, the aircraft could be flown with many as three radial engines, however, many were built with only the nose engine present or with only the two nacelle-mounted engines.

The Ca.97 was originally designed during the latter half of the 1920s as a high-wing braced trimotor monoplane of conventional configuration with one engine mounted on the nose and the other two carried on strut-mounted nacelles at the fuselage sides. It was adopted by both civilian and military operators, and thus saw a diverse range of uses from utility transport to limited use as an airliner. The Regia Aeronautica routinely used the Ca.97 to conduct colonial policing in North Africa.

Bristol Jupiter
The Bristol Jupiter is a British nine-cylinder single-row piston radial engine that was built by the Bristol Aeroplane Company. Originally designed late in World War I and known as the Cosmos Jupiter, a lengthy series of upgrades and developments turned it into one of the finest engines of its era.

The Jupiter was widely used on many aircraft designs during the 1920s and 1930s. Thousands of Jupiters of all versions were produced, both by Bristol and abroad under licence.

A turbo-supercharged version of the Jupiter known as the Orion suffered development problems and only a small number were produced. The "Orion" name was later re-used by Bristol for an unrelated turboprop engine.

The Bristol Jupiter was licensed by the Soviet Union as the Shvetsov M-22.
Edirne 25 Kasım Stadium
Edirne 25 Kasım Stadium (Turkish: Edirne 25 Kasım Stadyumu) is a football stadium in Edirne, Turkey and is the home ground of the football club Edirnespor. The stadium has an all-seated capacity of 3,500.

Edirne
Edirne (US: /eɪˈdɪərnə, ɛˈ-/; Turkish: [e.ˈdiɾ.ne]), historically known as Orestias, Orestiada, Adrianople, or Adriana is a city in Turkey, in the northwestern part of the province of Edirne in Eastern Thrace. Situated 7 km (4.3 mi) from the Greek and 20 km (12 mi) from the Bulgarian borders, Edirne was the second capital city of the Ottoman Empire from the 1360s to 1453, before Constantinople became its capital.

The city is a commercial centre for woven textiles, silks, carpets and agricultural products and has a growing tourism industry. It is the seat of Edirne Province and Edirne District. Its population is 180,002 (2022).
Lanús Athletic Club
Lanús Athletic Club was an Argentine sports club located in the Remedios de Escalada district of Lanús Partido, established by employees of railway company Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway.

While initially established as a cricket club, Lanús later added a football team. That squad competed officially during the first years of football in Argentina, playing in the top division, Primera División, from 1897 to 1899, and then returning in 1913 before being dissolved in 1914.

Along with other clubs that practised football in Lanús Partido (such as Lanús United and Talleres de Remedios de Escalada), Lanús A.C. is considered a predecessor (but not related to) of Club Atlético Lanús, founded in 1915.

Remedios de Escalada
Remedios de Escalada is a city located in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, within Lanús Partido, Gran Buenos Aires. It covers an area of 9.95 km2 and the population was 81,465 in 2001; the demonym for its inhabitants is "escaladense."