hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gmina Bolesław, Dąbrowa County
Gmina Bolesław is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Dąbrowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Bolesław, which lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) north-west of Dąbrowa Tarnowska and 73 km (45 mi) east of the regional capital Kraków.

The gmina covers an area of 35.41 square kilometres (13.7 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 2,868.

Dąbrowa Tarnowska
Dąbrowa Tarnowska [dɔmˈbrɔva tarˈnɔfska] (Yiddish: Dombrov) is a town in Poland, in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, about 16 kilometres (10 mi) north of Tarnów. It is the capital of Dąbrowa County.  Before reorganization (in 1999) Dąbrowa Tarnowska was part of Tarnów Voivodeship (1975–1998). As of December 2021, the town has a population of 11,828.
Lake Traverse Indian Reservation
The Lake Traverse Indian Reservation is the homeland of the federally recognized Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate, a branch of the Santee Dakota group of Native Americans. Most of the reservation covers parts of five counties in northeastern South Dakota, while smaller parts are in two counties in southeastern North Dakota, United States. Its largest community is the city of Sisseton, South Dakota.

As of 2019, the reservation had an estimated population of 11,095.

Veblen, South Dakota
Veblen is a city in Marshall County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 317 at the 2020 census.

Sioux country singer and actor Floyd Red Crow Westerman is buried here at Saint Matthew's Catholic Cemetery.
2023 Texas Longhorns baseball team
The 2023 Texas Longhorns baseball team represented the University of Texas at Austin during the 2023 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Longhorns played their home games at UFCU Disch–Falk Field as a member of the Big 12 Conference. They were led by head coach David Pierce, in his 7th season at Texas.

In the last weekend of the regular season, Texas swept No. 6 West Virginia to earn a share of the 2023 Big 12 Regular season Championship. With a conference record of 15–9, Texas tied West Virginia and Oklahoma State for 1st place in the conference. Due to tiebreakers, Texas was the top seeded team in the Big 12 tournament. This is Texas Baseball's 80th Conference Championship in program history.

2023 Oklahoma State Cowboys baseball team
The 2023 Oklahoma State Cowboys baseball team represented Oklahoma State University during the 2023 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Cowboys played their home games at O'Brate Stadium as a member of the Big 12 Conference. They were led by head coach Josh Holliday, in his eleventh season at Oklahoma State.
Landulf of Gaeta
Landulf (or Lando), either a Lombard count or a Docibilian senator, was the Duke and Consul of Gaeta from 1091 to 1103.

With the death of Jordan I of Capua in November 1090, anarchy erupted in the fiefs of the Principality of Capua, especially in Aquino and Gaeta. In the latter, Renaud Ridel was chased from his tower by the populace, who acclaimed Landulf as their duke. His reign may have lasted for over a decade, but of it nothing is known. He had a son Marinus by his wife Inmilgia, a daughter of a duke of Naples. He was thrown out of Gaeta in 1103 by the Norman William de Blosseville.

William de Blosseville
William de Blosseville, probably from Blosseville, was the consul and duke of Gaeta (as William II) from 1103 to 1105, after ousting Duke Gualganus. He appears on Gaetan follari of his time as DV, which stands for dux Vilelmus. In 1105, he was exiled by Richard I of Aquila after less than two years as duke.
Zhaozhou County
Zhaozhou County (simplified Chinese: 肇州县; traditional Chinese: 肇州縣; pinyin: Zhàozhōu Xiàn) is a county of southwestern Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China, bordering Jilin province to the south. It is under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Daqing.

Daqing
Daqing (simplified Chinese: 大庆; traditional Chinese: 大慶; pinyin: Dàqìng) is a prefecture-level city in the west of Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China. The name literally means "Great Celebration" and refers to the tenth anniversary of the PRC.: 2  Daqing is known as the "Oil Capital of China" and has experienced a phenomenal boom since oil was discovered at the Daqing Oil Field in 1959.

Its population was 2,781,562 as of the 2020 census, of whom 1,574,389 lived in the built-up (or metro) area in four out of the total of five urban districts: Sartu, Longfeng, Ranghulu and Honggang.According to the sample survey of 5‰ population changes in 2024, the resident population of the city at the end of the year was 2.663 million, a decrease of 37,000 compared with the end of the previous year. Among them, the urban population is 1.996 million and the rural population is 667,000.
Terre d'Adige
Terre d'Adige is a comune (municipality) in Trentino in the northern Italian region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, located about 9 kilometres (6 mi) north of Trento. As of 1 January 2018, it had a population of 3,138 and an area of 16.58 square kilometres (6.40 mi2).

Terre d'Adige borders the following municipalities: Lavis, Vallelaghi, Andalo, Fai della Paganella, Mezzolombardo and San Michele all'Adige.

The comune was established on 1 January 2019 after the merger of the municipalities of Nave San Rocco and Zambana.

Vallelaghi
Vallelaghi is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Trentino in the Italian region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.

It was established on 1 January 2016 by the merger of the municipalities of Padergnone, Terlago and Vezzano.
Weed science
Weed science is a scientific discipline concerned with plants that may be considered weeds, their effects on human activities, and their management "a branch of applied ecology that attempts to modify the environment against natural evolutionary trends.".

Applied ecology
Applied ecology is a sub-field within ecology that considers the application of the science of ecology to real-world (usually management) questions. It is also described as a scientific field that focuses on the application of concepts, theories, models, or methods of fundamental ecology to environmental problems.
Pudgalavada
The Pudgalavāda (Sanskrit: "Personalism"; Pali: Puggalavāda; Chinese: 補特伽羅論者; pinyin: Bǔtèjiāluō Lùnzhě; Vietnamese: Bổ-đặc-già-la Luận giả) was a Buddhist philosophical view and also refers to a group of Nikāya Buddhist schools (mainly known as Vātsīputrīyas) that arose from the Sthavira Nikāya. The school is believed to have been founded by the elder Vātsīputra in the third century BCE. They were a widely influential school in India and became particularly popular during the reign of emperor Harshavadana (606–647 CE). Harsha's sister Rajyasri was said to have joined the school as a nun. According to Dan Lusthaus, they were "one of the most popular mainstream Buddhist sects in India for more than a thousand years".

The unanswerable questions
In Buddhism, acinteyya (Pali), "imponderable" or "incomprehensible," avyākṛta (Sanskrit: अव्याकृत, Pali: avyākata, "unfathomable, unexpounded,"), and atakkāvacara, "beyond the sphere of reason," are unanswerable questions or undeclared questions. They are sets of questions that should not be thought about, and which the Buddha refused to answer, since this distracts from practice, and hinders the attainment of liberation. Various sets can be found within the Pali and Sanskrit texts, with four, and ten (Pali texts) or fourteen (Sanskrit texts) unanswerable questions.
Jubensha
Jubensha (Chinese: 剧本杀; pinyin: Jùběnshā), also known as script murder games, are a Chinese genre of live action role-playing (LARP) murder mystery game. This genre became popular in China in the late 2010s and has been described as a "mix of Cluedo, Werewolf and LARP".

Mafia (party game)
Mafia, also known as Werewolf, is a social deduction game created in 1986 by Dimitry Davidoff, then a psychology student at Moscow State University. The game models a conflict between two groups: an informed minority (the mafiosi or the werewolves) and an uninformed majority (the villagers). At the start of the game, each player is secretly assigned a role affiliated with one of these teams. The game has two alternating phases: first, a night-phase, during which those with night-killing-powers may covertly kill other players, and second, a day-phase, in which all surviving players debate and vote to eliminate a suspect. The game continues until a faction achieves its win condition; for the village, this usually means eliminating the evil minority, while for the minority, this usually means reaching numerical parity with the village and eliminating any rival evil groups.
Seine-Maritime's 7th constituency
The 7th constituency of Seine-Maritime is a French legislative constituency in Seine-Maritime. Like the other 576 French constituencies, it elects one MP using the two-round system, with a run-off if no candidate receives over 50% of the vote in the first round.

Seine-Maritime
Seine-Maritime (French pronunciation: [sɛn maʁitim] ⓘ) is a department of France in the Normandy region of northern France. It is situated on the northern coast of France, at the mouth of the Seine, and includes the cities of Rouen and Le Havre. Until 1955 it was named Seine-Inférieure. It had a population of 1,255,633 in 2019.
Tai'e
Tai’e (Chinese: 太阿 also written as 泰阿, Pinyin: Tài ē), is a legendary ancient Chinese sword. It is traditionally considered to be  Qin Shi Huang’s sword, and in ancient Chinese culture it is a symbol of power and reign. Legend has it that the Tai'e sword was cast by Ou Yezi and Gan Jiang during the Spring and Autumn period.

The Chinese idiom "Shou Ren Yi Bing" (授人以柄) originally referred to handing the hilt of the Tai’e sword.

Gan Jiang and Mo Ye
Gan Jiang (Chinese: 干將; pinyin: Gān Jiāng) and Mo Ye (Chinese: 莫邪; pinyin: Mò Yé) were a swordsmith couple, discussed in the literature involving the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. Some aspects of this material may be considered historical; others are certainly mythological. A pair of swords was forged by and named after them.
Andrew Newport (City of London MP)
Andrew Newport was a 14th-century English courtier, alderman of London and Warden of the Mint in the reign of Richard II.

Newport was a Serjeant-at-arms from 1385 until at least 1394.  He was an Esquire of the Body to Richard II and was rewarded for his services by being made Warden of the Mint in 1392. From 1395 he was also Keeper of the King’s gold and silver dies at the Tower and at Canterbury. He became Collector of the wool custom and subsidy in London from 1397.

He was a member of the Fishmongers' Company, became the Alderman for Aldersgate in 1397 and in the same year represented the City of London in Parliament as one of the two aldermanic representatives. He also served for 2 years as High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire from 1397 to 1399, having bought land in the Cambridgeshire village of Fulbourn.

He lost all his positions on the overthrow of King Richard in 1399.

He and his wife Margaret had died before 1408.

Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire
This is an incomplete list of sheriffs of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire in England from 1154 until the abolition of the office in 1965.

Exceptionally, the two counties shared a single sheriff. Sheriffs had a one-year term of office, being appointed at a meeting of the privy council generally held in February or March and holding office until the similar meeting in the next year. In 1648 it became the practice to rotate the office between inhabitants of Cambridgeshire proper, the Isle of Ely and Huntingdonshire. This was done in a three-year cycle, with an inhabitant of each area occupying the office in turn.

Note: the years shown are the date of commencement of the sheriff's year of office. For example, the high sheriff appointed in March 1892 "for the year 1892" held office until March 1893.
Tax policy and economic inequality in the United States
Tax policy and economic inequality in the United States discusses how tax policy affects the distribution of income, distribution of wealth, and income inequality in the United States. Income inequality can be measured before- and after-tax; this article focuses on the after-tax aspects. Income tax rates applied to various income levels and tax expenditures (i.e., deductions, exemptions, and preferential rates that modify the outcome of the rate structure) primarily drive how market results are redistributed to impact the after-tax inequality. After-tax inequality has risen in the United States markedly since 1980, following a more egalitarian period following World War II.

After a quarter-century of declining inequality following World War II, income inequality increased in the late 1960s and accelerated after 1980. Inequality in wealth and income grew markedly between 1980 and 2009 in the United States.

College tuition in the United States
College tuition in the United States is the cost of higher education collected by educational institutions in the United States, and paid by individuals. It does not include the tuition covered through general taxes or from other government funds, or that which is paid from university endowment funds or gifts. Tuition for college has increased as the value, quality, and quantity of education have increased. Many feel that increases in cost have not been accompanied by increases in quality, and that administrative costs are excessive. The value of a college education has become a topic of national debate in the U.S.
The Rope, the Chair, and the Needle
The Rope, the Chair, and the Needle: Capital Punishment in Texas, 1923–1990 is a 1993 book by James W. Marquart, Sheldon Ekland-Olson, and Jonathan R. Sorensen that examines capital punishment in Texas.

The book considers the historical administration of the Texas death penalty through both statistical and anecdotal analysis.  The authors argue that the execution rate in Texas is a symptom of the "cultural tradition of exclusion" in the Southern United States. They found there was an inverse relationship between the number of executions and lynchings. When the number of lynchings declined, the execution rate went up. Executions, they argue, are a way to continue to "dehumanize" and "exclude" certain groups from normal society.

The book was published by the University of Texas Press in 1993 (ISBN 978-0-292-75213-9).

Capital punishment in Texas
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Texas, known as the capital punishment capital, for murder, and participation in a felony resulting in death if committed by an individual who is at least 18 years old.

In 1982, the state became the first jurisdiction in the world to carry out an execution by lethal injection, when it executed Charles Brooks Jr. It was the first execution in the state since 1964.

Texas, which is the second most populous state in the United States, has executed 597 people since the U.S. capital punishment resumption in 1976 (beginning in 1982 with the Brooks execution) to January 28, 2026 (the execution of Charles Victor Thompson)—more than a third of the national total. Even per capita, Texas has the nation's second-highest execution rate, behind only neighboring Oklahoma.
Muskowekwan 85-23
Muskowekwan 85-23 is an Indian reserve of the Muskowekwan First Nation in Saskatchewan. It is about 22 kilometres (14 mi) south-west of Lestock, and adjacent to the southern boundary of Muskowekwan 85. In the 2016 Canadian Census, it recorded a population of 0 living in 0 of its 0 total private dwellings.

Lestock, Saskatchewan
Lestock is a special service area within the Rural Municipality of Kellross No. 247, Saskatchewan, Canada, that held village status prior to September 2017. Lestock had a population of 95 in the 2016 Canada Census, a -24.0% decline from 125 in the 2011 Canada Census.

The community was named after John Lestock Reid, a surveyor for the railway.
Crusades after the fall of Acre, 1291–1399
The Crusades after the fall of Acre, 1291–1399 represent the later Crusades that were called for by papal authorities in the century following the fall of Acre and subsequent loss of the Holy Land by the Western world in 1302. These include further plans and efforts for the recovery of the Holy Land, the later popular Crusades, Crusades against Christians, political Crusades, the latter parts of the Reconquista, and the Northern Crusades. Crusades were to continue well into the fifteenth century and would include those against the Ottoman Empire.

Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes
The Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes took place in 1306–1310. The Knights Hospitaller, led by Grand Master Foulques de Villaret, landed on the island in summer 1306 and quickly conquered most of it except for the city of Rhodes, which remained in Byzantine hands. Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos sent reinforcements, which allowed the city to repel the initial Hospitaller attacks, and persevere until it was captured on 15 August 1310. The Hospitallers transferred their base to the island, which became the centre of their activities until it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1522.
The Scene Changes (Bud Powell album)
The Scene Changes, also known as The Amazing Bud Powell, Vol. 5, is a studio album by American jazz pianist Bud Powell recorded at the Van Gelder Studio in Hackensack, New Jersey on December 29, 1958 and released on Blue Note the following year. Powell is backed by rhythm section Paul Chambers and Art Taylor.

Van Gelder Studio
The Van Gelder Studio is a recording studio at 445 Sylvan Avenue, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, United States. Following the use of his parents' home at 25 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, New Jersey, for the original studio, Rudy Van Gelder (1924–2016) moved to the new location for his recording studio in July 1959. It has been used to record many albums released by jazz labels such as Blue Note, Prestige, Impulse!, Verve, and CTI. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 25, 2022, for its significance in performing arts and engineering.
The Star Conquerors
The Star Conquerors is a science fiction novel by American writer Ben Bova. It was published in 1959 by the John C. Winston Company.

This is one of the thirty-five juvenile novels that comprise the Winston Science Fiction set, which novels were published in the 1950s for a readership of teen-aged boys.  The typical protagonist in these books was a boy in his late teens who was proficient in the art of electronics, a hobby that was easily available to the readers.  In this book, though, the protagonist is a junior officer, about twenty years old, in the Star Watch, the interstellar navy of the Terran Confederation.

Winston Science Fiction
Winston Science Fiction was a series of 37 American juvenile science fiction books published by the John C. Winston Company of Philadelphia from 1952 to 1960 and by its successor Holt, Rinehart & Winston in 1960 and 1961. It included 35 novels by various writers, including many who became famous in the SF field, such as Poul Anderson, Arthur C. Clarke, Ben Bova, and Lester del Rey. There was also one anthology, The Year After Tomorrow, edited by del Rey and others. There was one non-fiction book Rockets Through Space: The Story of Man's Preparations to Explore the Universe by del Rey which details the factual science and technology of rocket flight. Many of the dust jackets became science fiction classics; the artists included Hugo Award winners Ed Emshwiller and Virgil Finlay along with Hugo nominees such as Mel Hunter and Alex Schomburg.
2025 North American Cup
The 2025 North American Cup was the inaugural edition of the North American Cup, a cricket tournament that was contested in the Cayman Islands from 19 to 27 April 2025. The five participating teams were the hosts Cayman Islands, along with Bahamas, Bermuda, Canada and the United States.

The tournament provided the teams with preparations for the 2025 Men's T20 World Cup Americas Regional Final (which did not feature the United States who had already qualified for the 2026 Men's T20 World Cup).

The United States beat Canada in the final by 6 wickets, to become the first champions of the North American Cup.

North American Cup
The North American Cup is an international limited-overs cricket tournament featuring national teams in North America. The inaugural edition was played in the Cayman Islands in April 2025 and involved five teams.

The first edition was won by the United States, who defeated Canada in the final by 6 wickets.
2012 Nigeria floods
The 2012 Nigeria floods began in early July 2012. It killed 363 people and displaced over 2.1 million people as of 5 November 2012. According to the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), 30 of Nigeria's 36 states were affected by the floods and the two most affected areas were Kogi and Benue States. The floods were termed as the worst in 40 years, and affected an estimated total of seven million people. The estimated damages and losses caused by the floods was N2.6 trillion.

Plateau State
Plateau is a Nigerian state located in the North Central geopolitical zone. Its capital city is Jos. Officially nicknamed the "Home of Peace and Tourism", the state has a population of around 4.7 million people.
Chinese songs with Vietnamese lyrics
Chinese songs with Vietnamese lyrics (nhạc Hoa lời Việt, lit. "Chinese music with Vietnamese lyrics") are Vietnamese-language songs written to melodies or backing tracks from Chinese-language popular music, especially Mandopop and Cantopop associated with mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. They circulate in Vietnam and among overseas Vietnamese communities.

Vietnamese lyric versions range from close translation to new lyric sets written to an existing tune. The practice has roots before 1975; it expanded after 1975 in overseas communities (especially in the 1980s), entered Vietnam's commercial market in the 1990s and early 2000s, and gained new visibility from the late 2010s through platform-driven cycles of cover versions. Commercial releases and online circulation have fueled disputes over derivative works, licensing, and rights management, particularly on digital platforms where cover recordings spread quickly.

Performing rights
Performing rights are the right to perform music in public. It is part of copyright law and demands payment to the music's composer/lyricist and publisher (with the royalties generally split 50/50 between the two). Performances are considered "public" if they take place in a public place and the audience is outside of a normal circle of friends and family, such as at concerts, nightclubs, or restaurants, though some exceptions to this exist in the U.S. Public performance also includes broadcast and cable television, radio, and any other transmitted performance of a live song.

Permission to publicly perform a song must be obtained from the copyright holder or a collective rights organization.