hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stamford Brook
Stamford Brook was a tributary of the Tideway stretch of the River Thames in west London supplied by three headwaters. Historically used as an irrigation ditch or dyke, the network of small watercourses had four lower courses and mouths.

Sanitary sewer
A sanitary sewer is an underground pipe or tunnel system for transporting sewage from houses and commercial buildings (but not stormwater) to a sewage treatment plant or disposal.

Sanitary sewers are a type of gravity sewer and are part of an overall system called a "sewage system" or sewerage. Sanitary sewers serving industrial areas may also carry industrial wastewater. In municipalities served by sanitary sewers, separate storm drains may convey surface runoff directly to surface waters. An advantage of sanitary sewer systems is that they avoid combined sewer overflows. Sanitary sewers are typically much smaller in diameter than combined sewers which also transport urban runoff. Backups of raw sewage can occur if excessive stormwater inflow or groundwater infiltration occurs due to leaking joints, defective pipes etc. in aging infrastructure.
Buston, Sughd
Buston (Tajik: Бӯстон; Persian: بوستان; Russian: Бустон, formerly Chkalovsk or Chkalov) is a town in northern Tajikistan. It is located in Sughd Region, between the cities of Khujand and Ghafurov. Buston is a city of regional subordination, and is not part of a district.

The population of Buston in 2020 is estimated at 34,000 for the city proper and 36,900 for the city with the outlying communities. The city of Guliston also covers the town Palos.

As a result of its involvement in the processing of uranium ore mined nearby, Chkalovsk was a closed city until the collapse of the USSR. The first Soviet uranium processing plant, Leninabad Mining and Chemical Combine was founded in Chkalovsk during 1940s.

The Presidential National Guard of Tajikistan formed one of its new units here.

On February 1, 2016, the Government of Tajikistan decided to rename Chkalovsk into Buston (Бӯстон). According to TASS news agency, it was the last town in Tajikistan with a Russian name.

Khujand
Khujand, sometimes spelled Khodjent and formerly known as Leninabad from 1936 to 1991, is the second-largest city of Tajikistan and the capital of Tajikistan's northernmost Sughd province.

Khujand is one of the oldest cities in Central Asia, dating back about 2,500 years to the Persian Empire. Situated on the Syr Darya river at the mouth of the Fergana Valley, Khujand was a major city along the ancient Silk Road. After being captured by Alexander the Great in 329 BC, it was renamed Alexandria Eschate and has since been part of various empires in history, including the Umayyad Caliphate (8th century), the Mongol Empire (13th century) and the Russian empire (19th century). Today, the majority of its population are ethnic Tajiks and the city is close to the present borders of both Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan.
McPhail Angus Farm
The McPhail Angus Farm is a farm at 320 Coyote Trail near Seneca, South Carolina in Oconee County. It is also known as the Tokena Angus Farm. It was named to the  National Register of Historic Places as a historic district on November 7, 2007. It was named because of its significance to the transition from a nineteenth-century cotton farm to a twentieth-century, Upstate, cattle farm.

American Angus
The American Angus is an American breed of beef cattle. It derives from the Scottish Aberdeen Angus population, but may only be black; red-coated individuals may not be registered with the American Angus Association, but can be registered as Red Angus.: 730 : 238
Alternaria leaf spot
Alternaria leaf spot or Alternaria leaf blight are a group of fungal diseases in plants, that have a variety of hosts. The diseases infects common garden plants, such as cabbage, and are caused by several closely related species of fungi. Some of these fungal species target specific plants, while others have been known to target plant families. One commercially relevant plant genus that can be affected by Alternaria Leaf Spot is Brassica, as the cosmetic issues caused by symptomatic lesions can lead to rejection of crops by distributors and buyers. When certain crops such as cauliflower and broccoli are infected, the heads deteriorate and there is a complete loss of marketability. Secondary soft-rotting organisms can infect stored cabbage that has been affected by Alternaria Leaf Spot by entering through symptomatic lesions. Alternaria Leaf Spot diseases that affect Brassica species are caused by the pathogens Alternaria brassicae and Alternaria brassicicola.

Alternaria brassicae
Alternaria brassicae is a plant pathogen able to infect most Brassica species including important crops such as broccoli, cabbage and oil seed rape. It causes damping off if infection occurs in younger plants and less severe leaf spot symptoms on infections of older plants.
Mercedes Partido
Mercedes Partido is a partido in the eastern part of Buenos Aires Province in Argentina.

The provincial subdivision has a population of about 62,000 inhabitants in an area of 1,050 km2 (405 sq mi), and its capital city is Mercedes, 100 km (62 mi) from Buenos Aires.

Partidos of Buenos Aires
A partido is the second-level administrative subdivision used only in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. They are formally considered to be a single administrative unit, usually contain one or more population centers (i.e., towns and cities), and are divided into localidades. The subdivision in partidos in Buenos Aires Province is distinct from all other provinces of Argentina, which call their second-level subdivisions departamento and are further subdivided into distinct municipalities.
Mollifier
In mathematics, mollifiers (also known as approximations to the identity) are particular smooth functions, used for example in distribution theory to create sequences of smooth functions approximating nonsmooth (generalized) functions, via convolution. Intuitively, given a (generalized) function, convolving it with a mollifier "mollifies" it, that is, its sharp features are smoothed, while still remaining close to the original.

They are also known as Friedrichs mollifiers after Kurt Otto Friedrichs, who introduced them.

Integral operator
An integral operator is an operator that involves integration. Special instances are:

The operator of integration itself,  denoted by the integral symbol

Integral linear operators, which are linear operators induced by bilinear forms involving  integrals

Integral transforms, which are maps between two function spaces, which involve integrals
Høvåg
Høvåg (historically: Høvaag) is a former municipality in the old Aust-Agder county in Norway.  The 77 km2 (30 sq mi) municipality existed from 1865 until its dissolution in 1962. It was located in the southern part of the present-day municipality of Lillesand which is now in Agder county. The administrative centre of the municipality was the village of Høvåg where the Høvåg Church is located. Old coastal settlements in Høvåg include Ulvøysund, Gamle Hellesund, Skottevik, Kjøbmannsvig and Åkerøyhamn. The village of Høvåg is located midway between the towns of Lillesand and Kristiansand.

Skottevik
Skottevik is a village in Lillesand municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located on the Skaggerak coast, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) east of the village of Ribe and about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) northeast of the village of Ulvøysund. The outport of Gamle Hellesund lies about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the northeast of Skottevik in the nearby coastal archipelago.
Craiglockhart railway station
Craiglockhart Railway Station was a railway station in Scotland on the Edinburgh Suburban and Southside Junction Railway (SSJR).  It was opened on 1 June 1887. Located on Colinton Road next to the Myreside Aqueduct of the Union Canal, it served the Craiglockhart area of Edinburgh, in the south-west of the city.

Craiglockhart station closed in 1962, when passenger rail services were withdrawn from the Edinburgh Suburban line although the line itself was retained for rail freight use. The route continues to be used for freight services to this day, so freight trains avoid Edinburgh's main stations of Edinburgh Waverley and Haymarket, and occasionally diverted passenger trains also pass along this line.

Edinburgh Waverley railway station
Edinburgh Waverley (also known simply as Edinburgh; Scottish Gaelic: Waverley Dhùn Èideann) is the principal railway station serving Edinburgh, Scotland. It is the second busiest station in Scotland, after Glasgow Central. The station serves as the northern terminus of the East Coast Main Line, 393 miles 13 chains (393.16 miles; 632.7 kilometres) from London King's Cross, although some trains operated by London North Eastern Railway continue to other Scottish destinations beyond Edinburgh.
Hospital Rock Tunnels
The Hospital Rock Tunnels are a small pair of highway tunnels passing through a ridge on the edge of the Ko‘olau Range on the island of O‘ahu, Hawaiʻi, USA. The tunnels are located on Interstate H-3, which connects Kaneohe with Interstate H-1 at Hālawa near Pearl Harbor, and are 354 feet (108 m) long Kaneohe bound and 353 feet (108 m) long Halawa bound. The tunnels are "cut and cover" tunnels.

Also nearby are the larger Tetsuo Harano Tunnels.

Interstate H-1
Interstate H-1 (H-1) is the longest and busiest Interstate Highway in the US state of Hawaii. The highway is located on the island of Oʻahu and runs for a length of 27.16 miles (43.71 km). Despite the number, this is an east–west highway; the 'H'-series (for Hawaii) numbering reflects the order in which routes were funded and built. H-1 goes from Route 93 (Farrington Highway) in Kapolei to Route 72 (Kalanianaole Highway) in Kāhala. East of Middle Street in Honolulu (exit 19A), H-1 is also known as the Lunalilo Freeway, after the former Hawaiian king; H-1 is sometimes signed as such at older signs in central Honolulu. West of Middle Street, H-1 is also known as the Queen Liliʻuokalani Freeway, after the former Hawaiian queen; this name is shown on some roadmaps. It is both the southernmost and westernmost signed Interstate Highway located in the US.
1947 Sylhet referendum
The 1947 Sylhet referendum was held in the Sylhet district of the Assam Province of British India to decide whether the district would remain in undivided Assam and therefore within the post-independence Dominion of India, or leave Assam for East Bengal and consequently join the newly created Dominion of Pakistan. The referendum's turnout was in favour of joining the Pakistani union; however, the district's Karimganj subdivision remained within the Indian state of Assam.

Assam (1947–1963)
Undivided Assam refers to the then undivided greater state of Assam in India soon after the Indian Independence in 1947 until 1963.  In addition to the present-day Assam, it included the current states of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Mizoram.  The capital of this state was Shillong, currently the capital of Meghalaya. Undivided Assam included five of the seven contiguous states of Northeast India—with Tripura and Manipur not being a part of it.

Prior to the Partition of India, Sylhet was a part of Assam.

Undivided Assam had a total area of 234,568 km2 (90,567 sq mi) which is slightly smaller than the nation of Ghana. The present day population of Undivided Assam would be 50 million which is slightly less than the population of South Korea.
The Social Transformation of American Medicine
The Social Transformation of American Medicine is a book written by Paul Starr and published by Basic Books in 1982. It won the 1984 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction as well as the Bancroft Prize.

Capers Jones wrote, "Paul Starr's book detailed the attempts of the American Medical Association to improve academic training of physicians, establish a canon of professional malpractice to weed out quacks, and to improve the professional status of physicians."

According to Lester S. King, the book "offers illumnation and stimulation to physicians and laymen alike and can serve as a reference for scholars. It will give a deeper insight into medical sociology, whose importance to modern life is constantly expanding."

A second edition with a new epilogue by Starr was published in 2017.

Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction
The Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are awarded annually for the "Letters, Drama, and Music" category. The award is given to a nonfiction book written by an American author and published during the preceding calendar year that is ineligible for any other Pulitzer Prize. The Prize has been awarded since 1962; beginning in 1980, one to three finalists have been announced alongside the winner.
1991 Virginia Slims of Albuquerque
The 1991 Virginia Slims of Albuquerque was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Albuquerque Tennis Complex in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in the United States that was part of the Tier IV category of the 1991 WTA Tour. It was the third and last edition of the tournament and was held from August 5 through August 11, 1991. Second-seeded Gigi Fernández won the singles title.

1991 WTA Tour
The 1991 WTA Tour (officially titled 1991 Kraft General Foods World Tour after its sponsor) was the elite professional tennis circuit organized by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for the 1991 tennis season.

The WTA Tour is the elite tour for professional women's tennis organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). The WTA Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Tier I, Tier II, Tier III and Tier IV events. ITF tournaments are not part of the WTA Tour, although they award points for the WTA World Ranking.
Sulpicius Severus
Sulpicius Severus (/sʌlˈpɪʃəs ˈsɛvərəs/; c. 363 – c. 425) was a Christian writer and native of Aquitania in modern-day France. He is known for his chronicle of sacred history, as well as his biography of Saint Martin of Tours.

Priscillianism
Priscillianism was a Christian sect developed in the Roman province of Hispania in the 4th century by Priscillian. It is derived from the Gnostic doctrines taught by Marcus, an Egyptian from Memphis. Priscillianism was later considered a heresy by both the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church.
Second Hussein cabinet
Hussein Onn formed the second Hussein cabinet after being invited by Tuanku Yahya Petra to begin a new government following the 8 July 1978 general election in Malaysia. Prior to the election, Hussein led (as Prime Minister) the first Hussein cabinet, a coalition government that consisted of members of the component parties of Barisan Nasional. It was the 8th cabinet of Malaysia formed since independence.

This is a list of the members of the second cabinet of the third Prime Minister of Malaysia, Hussein Onn.

First Hussein cabinet
Hussein Onn formed the first Hussein cabinet after being invited by Tuanku Yahya Petra to begin a new government following the death of the previous Prime Minister of Malaysia, Abdul Razak Hussein. Prior to his death, Razak led (as Prime Minister) the second Razak cabinet, a coalition government that consisted of members of the component parties of Barisan Nasional. It was the 7th cabinet of Malaysia formed since independence.

A reshuffle of the cabinet was done on 31 December 1977, due to Parti Islam Se-Malaysia's expulsion from Barisan Nasional, resignation of Health Minister Lee Siok Yew, and the death of Minister of Agriculture Ali Ahmad from the plane crash at Tanjung Kupang.

This is a list of the members of the first cabinet of the third Prime Minister of Malaysia, Hussein Onn.
Area code 345
Area code 345 is the telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the Cayman Islands.  The area code was created in a split of numbering plan area 809 which comprised many of the Caribbean islands.

After service commencement, a permissive dialing period was in effect from 1 September 1996 to 31 August 1997.

For calls within the Cayman Islands, seven-digit dialing is in effect. For all other calls the dialing rules of the NANP are in effect.

Prior to splitting from 809, the Cayman Islands used the group 94X of central office codes and five-digit dialing was possible using only the digits that followed 94.

Area codes 809, 829, and 849
Area codes 809, 829, and 849 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the Dominican Republic. Like all NANP members, the Dominican Republic uses country code 1, and has similar dialing procedures for dialing the ten-digit national telephone numbers, which consist of the area code, a three-digit central office code, and a four-digit line number. The three area codes of the country are organized as an overlay complex for a single numbering plan area (NPA), comprising the entire country. Thus, ten-digit dialing is mandatory.
Hillclimbing in the United States
In the United States, hill climbs have a long tradition stretching back to the early days of motoring competition. Some are in the European-style and take place on long mountain courses, and in many cases spectators are either banned or heavily restricted for safety or insurance reasons.

Hillclimbing
Hillclimbing, also known as hill climbing, speed hillclimbing, or speed hill climbing, is a branch of motorsport in which drivers compete against the clock to complete an uphill course. It is one of the oldest forms of motorsport, since the first known hillclimb at La Turbie near Nice, France, took place as long ago as 31 January 1897. The hillclimb held at Shelsley Walsh, in Worcestershire, England, is the world's oldest continuously staged motorsport event still staged on its original course, having been first run in 1905.
Cleopatra (1917 film)
Cleopatra is a 1917 American silent historical drama film based on H. Rider Haggard's 1889 novel Cleopatra, the 1890 play Cleopatre by Émile Moreau and Victorien Sardou, and the play Antony and Cleopatra by William Shakespeare. The film stars Theda Bara in the title role, Fritz Leiber Sr. as Julius Caesar, and Thurston Hall as Mark Antony.

The film is considered partially lost; only a minute of footage is known to survive.

1937 Fox vault fire
A major fire occurred in a 20th Century-Fox film-storage facility in Little Ferry, New Jersey, United States on July 9, 1937. Flammable nitrate film had previously contributed to several fires in film-industry laboratories, studios and vaults, although the precise causes were often unknown. In Little Ferry, gases produced by decaying film, combined with high temperatures and inadequate ventilation, resulted in spontaneous combustion.

One death and two injuries resulted from the fire, which also destroyed all of the archived film in the vaults, resulting in the loss of most of the silent films produced by the Fox Film Corporation before 1932. Also destroyed were negatives from several other studios. The fire brought attention to the potential for decaying nitrate film to spontaneously ignite and changed the focus of film-preservation efforts to include a greater focus on fire safety.
USS Pintail
USS Pintail (AMc-17) was a coastal minesweeper acquired by the U.S. Navy for the dangerous task of removing mines from minefields laid in the water to prevent ships from passing.

Pintail, built in 1937 as Three Star by the Kruse and Banks Shipbuilding Co., North Bend, Oregon, was purchased by the Maritime Commission from the MacPhister Van Camp Canning Co., San Pedro, California, and transferred to the Navy 19 November 1940; renamed Pintail (AMc–17), 7 December 1940; converted by the Western Boat Building Co., Tacoma, Washington; and placed in service 18 February 1941.

North Bend, Oregon
North Bend is a city in Coos County, Oregon, United States with a population of 10,317 as of the 2020 census. North Bend is surrounded on three sides by Coos Bay, an S-shaped water inlet and estuary where the Coos River enters Coos Bay and borders the city of Coos Bay to the south. North Bend became an incorporated city in 1903.
Frashokereti
Frashokereti (Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬴𐬋⸱𐬐𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬌 frašō.kərəti) is the Avestan language term (corresponding to Middle Persian 𐭯𐭫𐭱(𐭠)𐭪𐭥𐭲 fraš(a)gird <plškrt>) for the Zoroastrian doctrine of a final renovation of the universe, when evil will be destroyed, and everything else will be then in perfect unity with God (Ahura Mazda).

The doctrinal premises are (1) good will eventually prevail over evil; (2) creation was initially perfectly good, but was subsequently corrupted by evil; (3) the world will ultimately be restored to the perfection it had at the time of creation; (4) the "salvation for the individual depended on the sum of [that person's] thoughts, words and deeds, and there could be no intervention, whether compassionate or capricious, by any divine being to alter this." Thus, each human bears the responsibility for the fate of his own soul, and simultaneously shares in the responsibility for the fate of the world.

Avestan
Avestan (/əˈvɛstən/ ə-VESS-tən) is the liturgical language of Zoroastrianism. It belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family and was originally spoken during the Avestan period (c. 1500 – c. 400 BCE) by the Iranians living in eastern Greater Iran as evidenced from names in Avestan geography.

After Avestan became extinct, its religious texts were transmitted orally, then collected and put into writing during the Sasanian period (c. 400 – c. 500 CE). The extant material falls into two groups: Old Avestan (c. 1500 – c. 900 BCE) and Younger Avestan (c. 900 – c. 400 BCE). The immediate ancestor of Old Avestan was the Proto-Iranian language, a sister language to the Proto-Indo-Aryan language, with both having developed from the earlier Proto-Indo-Iranian language. As such, Old Avestan is quite close in both grammar and lexicon to Vedic Sanskrit, the oldest preserved Indo-Aryan language.
Amsterdam Westerpark train collision
On 21 April 2012 at 18:30 local time (16:30 UTC), two trains were involved in a head-on collision at Westerpark, near Sloterdijk, in the west of Amsterdam, Netherlands. Approximately 117 people were injured, one of whom later died in hospital. The collision is thought to have been caused by the driver of one of the trains passing a red signal.

Westerpark (former borough)
Westerpark is a former borough (stadsdeel) just northwest of the centre of the city of Amsterdam, Netherlands.
As a borough it existed from 1990 till 2010, when it merged with the boroughs Oud-West, Bos en Lommer and De Baarsjes to form the new borough Amsterdam-West.

Westerpark comprised the following neighborhoods and areas:

Frederik Hendrikbuurt

Houthaven (former harbour area)

Spaarndammerbuurt

Staatsliedenbuurt

Waterwijk

Zeeheldenbuurt

Westerpark (neighborhood) proper including the Westerpark (park)
USS Morris (1846 schooner)
The third USS Morris was a schooner in the United States Navy in commission in 1846. She was named for Robert Morris, a Founding Father, Continental Congressman, and major financier of the American Revolutionary War.

Morris served as a despatch boat during the Mexican War, going into service early in 1846. She was wrecked in a hurricane off Key West, Florida on 11 October 1846.

Dispatch boat
Dispatch boats were small boats, and sometimes large ships, tasked to carry military dispatches from ship to ship or from ship to shore or, in some cases from shore to shore. Dispatch boats were employed when other means of transmitting a message was not possible or safe or as quick.

Dispatch boats, which performed their dispatch-carrying duties only on a temporary basis, should not be confused with packet ships—sometimes called packet boats or paquetbots—which were cargo ships which also routinely carried the mail from port to port.

Generally, dispatch boats served the military, and paquetbots served commerce.