hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Formal concept analysis
In information science, formal concept analysis (FCA) is a principled way of deriving a concept hierarchy or formal ontology from a collection of objects and their properties. Each concept in the hierarchy represents the objects sharing some set of properties; and each sub-concept in the hierarchy represents a subset of the objects (as well as a superset of the properties) in the concepts above it. The term was introduced by Rudolf Wille in 1981, and builds on the mathematical theory of lattices and ordered sets that was developed by Garrett Birkhoff and others in the 1930s.

Formal concept analysis finds practical application in fields including data mining, text mining, machine learning, knowledge management, semantic web, software development, chemistry and biology.

Partially ordered set
In mathematics, especially order theory, a partial order on a set is an arrangement such that, for certain pairs of elements, one precedes the other. The word partial is used to indicate that not every pair of elements needs to be comparable; that is, there may be pairs for which neither element precedes the other. Partial orders thus generalize total orders, in which every pair is comparable.

Formally, a partial order is a homogeneous binary relation that is reflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive. A partially ordered set (poset for short) is an ordered pair  consisting of a set  (called the ground set of ) and a partial order  on . When the meaning is clear from context and there is no ambiguity about the partial order, the set  itself is sometimes called a poset.
Tascón List
The Tascón List is a list of millions of signatures of Venezuelans who asked in 2003 and 2004 for the recall of the President of Venezuela, Hugo Chávez. The list, published online by National Assembly member Luis Tascón, was used by the Venezuelan government to discriminate against those who have signed it.

National Electoral Council (Venezuela)
The National Electoral Council (Spanish: Consejo Nacional Electoral, CNE) is the head of one of the five branches of government of Venezuela under its 1999 constitution. It is the institution that has the responsibility of overseeing and guaranteeing the transparency of all elections and referendums in Venezuela at the local, regional, and national levels. The creation of the CNE was ratified in Venezuela's 1999 constitutional referendum. Following the election of Nicolás Maduro into the presidency, the CNE has been described, by the president's opponents, as being pro-Maduro.
Apsara Dance
Robam Tep Apsara (Khmer: របាំទេពអប្សរា) is one of the traditional dances of the Royal Ballet of Cambodia repertoire. It is played by women, sewn into tight-fitting traditional dress, whose graceful, sinuous gestures are codified to narrate classical myths or religious stories. It is one of the national symbols of Cambodia.

Norodom Buppha Devi
Norodom Buppha Devi (Khmer: នរោត្តម បុប្ផាទេវី [nɔroːˈɗɑm ɓopˈpʰaː teːʋiː]; 8 January 1943 – 18 November 2019) was a Cambodian princess, dancer, director of the Royal Ballet of Cambodia, senator, and Minister of Culture and Fine Arts. She was the daughter of Norodom Sihanouk and the late Neak Moneang Phat Kanhol, the elder sister of Prince Norodom Ranariddh, and a half-sibling of the current King of Cambodia, Norodom Sihamoni. Her official title was Her Royal Highness Samdech Reach Botrei Preah Ream Norodom Buppha Devi (Khmer: សម្តេចរាជបុត្រីព្រះរៀមនរោត្តម បុប្ផាទេវី).
Miss Grand Japan 2023
Miss Grand Japan 2023 (Japanese: 2023 ミス・グランド・ジャパン) was the ninth edition of the Miss Grand Japan pageant, held on July 16, 2023, at the Tokyo FM Hall of the Tokyo FM Center in Chiyoda, Tokyo. Fourteen candidates who qualified for the national pageant via an audition performed in March 2023 competed for the title, and a 26-year-old Tokyo-based Entrepreneur, Yayoi Machida, was elected the winner,  and obtained right to represent Japan at the international parent contest, Miss Grand International 2023, to be held in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, on October 25.

The contest was run concurrently with the second edition of the Mister Gay Japan pageant, Mister Gay Japan 2023.

Miss Grand International 2023
Miss Grand International 2023 was the 11th Miss Grand International pageant, held at the Phú Thọ Indoor Stadium in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, on 25 October 2023.

At the end of the event, Isabella Menin of Brazil crowned Luciana Fuster of Peru as Miss Grand International 2023, marking the country's second victory in the pageant's history.

Contestants from sixty-nine countries and territories competed in this year's pageant. The pageant's grand final round was hosted by Thai television personality Matthew Deane, and featured a live performance by Miss Grand International 2022 first runner-up, Engfa Waraha.
2022 Nonthaburi Challenger
The 2022 Nonthaburi Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the 1st edition of the tournament which was part of the 2022 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Nonthaburi, Thailand from 22 to 28 August 2022.

2022 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour in 2022 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2022 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 184 tournaments with prize money ranging from $37,520 up to $159,360. It was the 45th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 14th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Austroicetes frater
Austroicetes frater, commonly known as the southern austroicetes, is an Australian grasshopper in the subfamily Oedipodinae or Acridinae. It is found in regions of South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania.

Bandwing
Bandwings, or band-winged grasshoppers, are the subfamily Oedipodinae of grasshoppers classified under the family Acrididae. They have a worldwide distribution and were originally elevated to full family status as the Oedipodidae.  Many species primarily inhabit xeric weedy fields, and some are considered to be important locusts:

Locusta migratoria: the migratory locust

Chortoicetes terminifera: the Australian plague locust

Locustana pardalina the brown locust

These grasshoppers often have colorful hindwings that may be yellow or red and edged with black. Others have black hindwings with pale edges, and a few species (including the most economically important ones) have clear hindwings. The arolium is extremely small or absent.
Kelly Dulfer
Kelly Dulfer (born 21 March 1994) is a Dutch handball player for Győri ETO KC and the Dutch national team. She normally plays left back, but is known to be a very versatile player.

She was a part the Netherlands team that won the 2019 World Women's Handball Championship; the first title in the country's history.

Kvindeligaen (handball)
The Kvindeligaen (English: women's league) is the top professional league for Danish women's handball clubs. It is administered by the Danish Handball Federation, and the winners are recognized as Danish champions. The league was previously called Bambusa Kvindeligaen for sponsorship reasons. It has previously been known as HTH GO Ligaen, Primo Tours Ligaen, Boxer Dameligaen, TOMS Ligaen and GuldBageren Ligaen. The current title holder is Odense Håndbold (2025). The European Handball Federation (EHF) ranks the Danish league 4th in the coefficients of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the past seasons.
Nongo-Souala
Nongo-Souala is a village rural commune in the Cercle of Sikasso in the Sikasso Region of southern Mali. The commune covers an area of 264 square kilometers and includes four villages. In the 2009 census it had a population of 4,578. The village of Nongo-Souala, the administrative center (chef-lieu) of the commune, is 50 km north of Sikasso.

Sikasso
Sikasso (Bambara: ߛߌߞߊߛߏ tr. Sikaso) is a city in the south of Mali and the capital of the Sikasso Cercle and the Sikasso Region.  It is Mali's second largest city with 225,753 residents in the 2009 census. The city is a large centre and trading port, and was the capital of the Kénédougou Kingdom between 1877 and 1898.
Astrid Sandvik
Astrid Sandvik (born 1 October 1939) is a Norwegian Alpine skier who finished tied for sixth place (with fellow Norwegian and 1958 Holmenkollen medalist Inger Bjørnbakken) in the women's slalom at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo.  In 1963, Sandvik was awarded the Holmenkollen medal (shared with Alevtina Kolchina, Pavel Kolchin, and Torbjørn Yggeseth.).  Sandvik is one of only eleven non-Nordic skiers to win the Holmenkollen medal (Stein Eriksen, King Haakon VII, Boghild Niskin, Inger Bjørnbakken, Sandvik, King Olav V, Erik Håker, Jacob Vaage, King Harald V, and Queen Sonja (all from Norway); and Ingemar Stenmark (Sweden) are the others.).

She also finished fourth in the slalom twice at the Alpine Skiing World Championships (1958, 1962) and competed at three Winter Olympics.

Jakob Vaage
Jakob Vaage (9 February 1905 – 29 January 1994) was a Norwegian educator, author and historian. He served as secretary of the Association for the Promotion of Skiing and curator of the Holmenkollen Ski Museum.
Mosul Eyalet
Mosul Eyalet (Arabic: إيالة الموصل; Ottoman Turkish: ایالت موصل, romanized: Eyālet-i Mūṣul) was an eyalet in Ottoman Iraq of the Ottoman Empire. Its reported area in the 19th century was 7,832 square miles (20,280 km2). Although the eyalet was overwhelmingly Kurdish, the city of Mosul itself was largely inhabited by Arabs.

Baneh
Baneh (Persian: بانه) is a city in the Central District of Baneh County, Kurdistan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. Baneh is approximately 30 km (18 miles) from Kurdistan Region in Iraq.
American Music Awards of 2015
The 43rd Annual American Music Awards was held at the Microsoft Theater in Los Angeles, California on November 22, 2015. It was broadcast on ABC and hosted by Jennifer Lopez. With three awards Taylor Swift was the big winner of the night. Jared Leto presented a eulogy mourning the November 2015 Paris attacks prior to presenting Celine Dion for her tributing performance. The show also marked Prince's last public award show appearance before his death in April 2016. The telecast garnered 10.98 million viewers in the United States.

American Music Awards
The American Music Awards (AMAs) is an annual American music awards show produced by Dick Clark Productions since 1974. Nominees are selected on commercial performance such as sales and airplay. Winners are determined by a poll of the public who vote through the AMAs website.

The event originally aired on ABC after the network's contract to air the Grammy Awards expired. After the 2022 ceremony, when ABC's rights to broadcast the ceremony expired, the American Music Awards were put on hiatus. In March 2024, it was announced that the AMAs would move to CBS as part of a deal with its rights to broadcast the now DCP-owned Golden Globe Awards. The event remained on hiatus for 2024, with CBS airing a 50th anniversary special in October 6, ahead of a 2025 return, which was held on May 26, and hosted by Jennifer Lopez.
Indigenous peoples in Guatemala
Indigenous peoples in the country of Guatemala (Spanish: Pueblos Indígenas en Guatemala), also known as Native Guatemalans (Spanish: Guatemaltecos nativos), are the original inhabitants of Guatemala, predating Spanish colonization.

Guatemala is home to about 6.5 million (43.75%) people of Indigenous heritage belonging to the 22 Mayan peoples (Achi’, Akatec, Awakatec, Chalchitec, Ch’ortí, Chuj, Itzá, Ixil, Jacaltec, Kaq- chikel, K’iche, Mam, Mopan, Poqomam, Poqomchí, Q’anjob’al, Q’eqchí, Sakapultec, Sipakapense, Tektitek, Tz’utujil and Us- pantek), Garífuna and Xinca. The Maya are the largest Indigenous population in Guatemala.

Ixil people
The Ixil (pronounced [iʂil]) are a Maya people located in the states of Campeche and Quintana Roo in Mexico and in the municipalities of Santa María Nebaj, San Gaspar Chajul, and San Juan Cotzal in the northern part of the Cuchumatanes mountains of the department of Quiché, Guatemala. These three municipalities are known as the Ixil Triangle and are the place of origin of the Ixil culture and where the majority of the population lives.

During the Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996), the Ixil people were victims of repression and violence by the Guatemalan military government in what is known as the Guatemalan genocide; many were displaced forcibly to Mexico to escape the violence. Once on Mexican territory, they established refugee camps that later turned to new towns and permanent communities.
False garden mantis
The false garden mantis (Pseudomantis albofimbriata) is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae,  and was first described in 1860 by Carl Stål as Mantis albofimbriata.  Females reach 70 mm while males reach 50 mm.

Mantidae
Mantidae is one of the largest families in the order of praying mantises, based on the type species Mantis religiosa; most genera are tropical or subtropical. Historically, this was the only family in the order, and many references still use the term "mantid" to refer to any mantis. Technically, however, "mantid" refers only to members of the family Mantidae, and not the numerous remaining families of mantises. Some of the most recent classifications have promoted a number of the mantid subfamilies to the rank of family, e.g. Iridopterygidae, Sibyllidae, Tarachodidae, Thespidae, and Toxoderidae, while other classifications have reduced the number of subfamilies without elevating them to higher rank.
Trocka metro station
Trocka  is a Warsaw Metro station in Warsaw's Targówek district. It is part of the extension of Line M2 from Dworzec Wileński to Targówek, with construction started in 2016. All three stations opened on September 15, 2019.

Dworzec Wileński metro station
Dworzec Wileński is an underground station on the central part of Line M2 of the Warsaw Metro.

The station fully opened for passenger use on 8 March 2015 as the eastern terminus of the inaugural stretch of Line M2 between Rondo Daszyńskiego and Dworzec Wileński. It was designed by Polish architect Andrzej M. Chołdzyński and constructed by Metroprojekt. Murals were created by Wojciech Fangor, artist of the Polish School of Posters.

The station was constructed under Plac Wileński beside Warszawa Wileńska station, with a direct interchange between them.
Mascaron (architecture)
A mascaron is an ornament in the form of a face used in architecture and the decorative arts.  Originally intended to frighten evil spirits from entering a building, the compositional element became purely decorative, usually human in appearance, sometimes chimeric. The most recent architectural styles to extensively employ it were Beaux Arts and Art Nouveau. In addition to architecture, mascarons are used in the other applied arts.

Architecture of Russia
The architecture of Russia refers to the architecture of modern Russia as well as historical states, including Kievan Rus', the Russian principalities, the Tsardom of Russia, and the Russian Empire.

The vernacular architecture stems from wooden construction traditions, and monumental masonry construction started to appear during the Kievan period. After the Mongol invasions, the Russian architectural trajectory continued in succeeding feudal Russian states, including Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal, Pskov, and Moscow, until they were united into a centralized state at the dawn of the modern era.

Much of the early standing architectural tradition in Russia stems from foreign influences and styles. Among the characteristic styles present in Russian architecture are the Byzantine revival style of Kievan Rus' and succeeding principalities' churches, the Muscovite style, baroque, neoclassical, eclecticism, art nouveau, as well as the signature styles of the Soviet period.
Hula hoop
A hula hoop is a toy hoop that is twirled around the waist, limbs or neck.

Joan (Constance Manning) Anderson named the Hula-Hoop.

Hoops can be used for hoop rolling, wheeled along the ground like a wheel with careful execution and practice. They have been used by children and adults since at least 500 BC. The modern hula hoop was inspired by Australian bamboo hoops. Common lore posits the creators of the plastic hoop witnessed Australian children playing with bamboo hoops while driving past in an automobile. The new plastic version was popularized in 1958 by the Wham-O toy company and became a fad.

Hula hoops for children generally measure approximately 70 centimetres (28 in) in diameter, while those for adults measure around 100 centimetres (39 in). Traditional materials for hula hoops include willow, rattan (a flexible and strong vine), grapevines and stiff grasses. Commercial hoops are usually made of plastic tubing.

Twirling
Twirling is a form of object manipulation where an object is twirled by one or two hands, the fingers or by other parts of the body. Twirling practice manipulates the object in circular or near circular patterns. It can also be done indirectly by the use of another object or objects as in the case of devil stick manipulation where handsticks are used. Twirling is performed as a hobby, sport, exercise or performance.
1983 European Weightlifting Championships
The 1983 European Weightlifting Championships were held at the Izmailovo Sports Palace in Moscow, Soviet Union from October 22 to October 31, 1983. This was the 62nd edition of the event. There were 123 men in action from 21 nations. This tournament was a part of 1983 World Weightlifting Championships.

European Weightlifting Championships
European Weightlifting Championships is an annual event organised by the European Weightlifting Federation (EWF). It has been held since 1896. A separate event for women was held from 1988 to 1997, after which both championships have been held as one event.
Project Connect
Project Connect (listed as Proposition A on the general election ballot) is a transit expansion program in Austin, Texas led by the Austin Transit Partnership and the Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority (CapMetro). The program was approved by voters on November 3, 2020, in a local election concurrent with the 2020 presidential election.

The project is estimated to cost $7.1 billion and will be funded with public funds, both federally and locally through increasing the local property tax rate by 8.75 cents. This is a smaller-scale version of the proposal, originally estimated at $10 billion, but ultimately downsized to $7.1 billion due to COVID-induced cost concerns. Plans were again scaled down in 2023 as construction costs had risen since the proposition's passage.

Austin Community College District
The Austin Community College District (ACC) is a public community college system serving the Austin, Texas, metropolitan area and surrounding Central Texas communities. The college maintains numerous campuses, centers, and distance learning options to serve about 100,000 students in academic, continuing education and adult education programs.

ACC offers associate degrees and career/technical certificate programs in more than 100 areas of study as well as four bachelor degree programs. Most courses taken within the district are meant to apply for associate degrees, which help students qualify for jobs or can be transferred to four-year institutions. ACC is the sixth largest community college system in the United States, and the fourth largest college in Texas.
2019 French Open – Girls' singles
Leylah Fernandez won the girls' singles tennis title at the 2019 French Open, defeating Emma Navarro in the final, 6–3, 6–2.

Cori Gauff was the defending champion, but received a wildcard into the women's singles qualifying competition, losing to Kaja Juvan in the second round.

2019 French Open – Women's singles qualifying
The 2019 French Open – Women's singles qualifying was a series of tennis matches that took place from 21 May 2018 to 24 May 2019 to determine the twelve qualifiers into the main draw of the 2019 French Open – Women's singles, and, if necessary, the lucky losers.
Corona-Norco Unified School District
The Corona-Norco Unified School District (CNUSD) is a school district in Riverside County, California, in the United States, serving the cities of Corona, Norco, and Eastvale, along with the CDPs of Coronita, El Cerrito, Home Gardens, Lake Mathews and Temescal Valley, and a small portion of Jurupa Valley. It is the largest public school district in Riverside County (5th largest in SoCal after LA Unified, San Diego Unified, Long Beach Unified, and San Bernardino City Unified)  and was named the California Exemplary School District of 2019. CNUSD has 50 schools in operation: 30 elementary schools, 3 K–8 academies, 8 intermediate schools, 1 Hybrid school, and 8 high schools. The school board is composed of five members, elected by geographical district and serve a four-year term with the elections being held in November of even-numbered years.

Norco, California
Norco is a city in northwestern Riverside County, California, United States. Located roughly 40 miles (64 km) inland from the Pacific Ocean, Norco is known as "Horsetown, USA" and prides itself on being a "horse community". The area is dotted with corrals, farms, hitching posts, ranches, riding trails, and tack-and-feed supply stores; there are also city ordinances in-place requiring new construction to have a "traditional, rustic ... Western flavor".

As of the 2020 census, the city population was 26,316, down from 27,063 at the 2010 census.
Étienne-Ferréol Roy
Étienne-Ferréol Roy (1771 – November 22, 1852) was a seigneur and political figure in Lower Canada. He represented Hertford in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1804 to 1820.

He was born in Beaumont, the son of seigneur Joseph Roy and Gabrielle Sarault. He inherited the seigneury of Varennes from his father in 1791; Roy sold the seigneury in 1847. In 1792, he married Marie-Charlotte Talbot dit Gervais. He was a major in the militia, reaching the rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1815. Roy did not run for reelection in 1820. He died in Beaumont.

His sister Marie-Gabriel married Louis Blais.

Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
The Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada was the lower house of the bicameral structure of provincial government in Lower Canada until 1838. The legislative assembly was created by the Constitutional Act of 1791. The lower house consisted of elected legislative councilors who created bills to be passed up to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada, whose members were appointed by the governor general.

Following the Lower Canada Rebellion, the lower house was dissolved on March 27, 1838, and Lower Canada was administered by an appointed Special Council. With the Act of Union in 1840, a new lower chamber, the Legislative Assembly of Canada, was created for both Upper and Lower Canada which existed  until 1867, when the Legislative Assembly of Quebec was created.
George (judge royal)
George (Hungarian: György) was a nobleman in the Kingdom of Hungary, the first known Judge royal (Latin: curialis comes), who held the position around between 1127 and 1131, during the reign of Stephen II of Hungary. The dignity developed from some jurisdictional roles of the Palatine of Hungary (management of the royal household, representing the King at the Court of Personal Presence, etc.).

Judge royal
The judge royal, also justiciar, chief justice or Lord Chief Justice (German: Oberster Landesrichter, Hungarian: országbíró, Slovak: krajinský sudca or dvorský sudca, Latin: curialis comes or iudex curiae regiae), was the second-highest judge, preceded only by the palatine, in the Kingdom of Hungary between around 1127 and 1884. After 1884, the judge royal was only a symbolic function, but it was only in 1918 — with the end of Habsburgs in the Kingdom of Hungary (the kingdom continued formally until 1946) — that the function ceased officially.

There remain significant problems in the translation of the title of this officer. In Latin, the title translates as 'Judge of the Royal Court', which lacks specificity. In Hungarian, he is 'Judge of the Country', with 'country' in this sense meaning 'political community', being thus broadly analogous to the German 'Land'. English has no obvious translation for Landesrichter, which is the direct German translation of országbíró.