hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Infantry in the Middle Ages
Despite the rise of knightly cavalry in the 11th century, infantry played an important role throughout the Middle Ages on both the battlefield and in sieges. From the 14th century onwards, it has been argued that there was a rise in the prominence of infantry forces, sometimes referred to as an "infantry revolution", but this view is strongly contested by some military historians.

Pavise
A pavise (or pavis, pabys, or pavesen) was an oblong shield used during the mid-14th to early 16th centuries. Often large enough to cover the entire body, it was used by archers, crossbowmen, and other infantry soldiers on the battlefield as primarily stationary cover.
Kashmir Super League
Kashmir Super League (KSL), also known as Khyber Cement Kashmir Super League due to sponsorship reasons, is a franchise-based professional football league held in Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India. It is the first corporate-owned, auction‑based football competition in the region . It was launched in 2025 to promote and provide a professional platform for players in the region.

The inaugural season was won by United Elegant FC who defeated Kashmir Avengers FC in a penalty shootout.

TRC Turf Ground
TRC Turf Ground is a football stadium located in Srinagar, in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Owned by Jammu & Kashmir Football Association, It is currently the home ground of Real Kashmir and most JKFA Professional League teams.
Mrzli Vrh, Idrija
Mrzli Vrh (pronounced [ˈməɾzli ˈʋəɾx]) is a dispersed settlement in the hills northeast of Spodnja Idrija in the Municipality of Idrija in the traditional Inner Carniola region of Slovenia.  It is a continuation of the settlement of Mrzli Vrh in the neighboring Municipality of Žiri.

Spodnja Idrija
Spodnja Idrija (pronounced [ˈspoːdnja ˈiːdɾija], in older sources also Idrija pri Fari; German: Unteridria) is a settlement on the right bank of the Idrijca River in the Municipality of Idrija in the traditional Inner Carniola region of Slovenia.
Stadionul Minerul (Motru)
Minerul Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Motru, Romania. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Minerul Motru youth squads. The stadium holds 5,000 people.

During the 2017–18 Liga II season, Pandurii Târgu Jiu played their home matches at the Minerul Stadium because of the rebuilding of the Tudor Vladimirescu Stadium from Târgu Jiu.

Constantina Diță-Tomescu Stadium
The Constantina Diță-Tomescu Municipal Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Târgu Jiu, Romania. It serves as the home ground of CSM Târgu Jiu. The facility can also be used for a variety of other activities such as track and field and concerts.

The stadium replaced the former Stadionul Tudor Vladimirescu, being named after Wallachian hero Tudor Vladimirescu.

It was opened on 25 October 2019 when Gorj County native Constantina Diță cut the ribbon on new stadium.

In December 2022, the municipality of Târgu Jiu made the decision to rename the stadium, choosing the best performing athlete of the city in the last 100 years - Constantina Diță.
Arceuthobium californicum
Arceuthobium californicum is a species of dwarf mistletoe commonly known as sugar pine dwarf mistletoe. It is a small shrub endemic to California that parasitizes the sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana). Although detrimental to the health of its host, it is ecologically important as a food source for wildlife and because the witch's brooms that it sometimes induces on host trees provide valuable habitat for birds and small rodents.

Arceuthobium littorum
Arceuthobium littorum is a species of dwarf mistletoe known as coastal dwarf mistletoe. It is a endemic to the coastline of northern California, where it lives as a parasite on Bishop pine and Monterey pine trees, and occasionally on Bolander's pine. This species significantly impacts the ecology of coastal pine forests, negatively affecting the health of host trees but providing important habitat and food for other organisms.
Oligoryzomys fornesi
Oligoryzomys fornesi, also known as Fornes' colilargo, is a species of rodent in the genus Oligoryzomys of family Cricetidae. It is found from northeastern Brazil via Paraguay into northeastern Argentina. Its karyotype has 2n = 62 and FNa = 64.

Oligoryzomys
Oligoryzomys is a genus of rodents in the tribe Oryzomyini of family Cricetidae. Many species are known as pygmy rice rats or colilargos. The genus is found from Mexico to Tierra del Fuego and includes approximately 17 species.

In Argentina and Chile, Oligoryzomys longicaudatus and other members of the genus represent the reservoir for the hantavirus strain Andes virus (ANDV) (Wells et al., 1997; Levis et al., 1998; Cantoni et al., 2001).
Prophecy of Melkin
The Prophecy of Melkin is a medieval text about an alleged hidden grave of Joseph of Arimathea at Glastonbury in England, containing the Holy Grail. It is contained in a local chronicle (Cronica sive antiquitates Glastoniensis ecclesiae) written by John of Glastonbury in the mid-14th century, who attributes it to an alleged Celtic bard named Melkin, said to have lived "before Merlin". It is thought to have been created in the context of legends that linked Joseph of Arimathea with the mythical Avalon, Glastonbury and the court of King Arthur, which had arisen in England in the mid-13th century.

Joseph of Arimathea
Joseph of Arimathea (Ancient Greek: Ἰωσὴφ ἀπὸ Ἀριμαθαίας) is a Biblical figure who assumed responsibility for the burial of Jesus after his crucifixion. Three of the four canonical Gospels identify him as a member of the Sanhedrin, while the Gospel of Matthew identifies him as a rich disciple of Jesus. The historical location of Arimathea is uncertain, although it has been identified with several towns. A number of stories about him developed during the Middle Ages.
879 Ricarda
879 Ricarda is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf on July 22, 1917.

This is a member of the dynamic Maria family of asteroids that most likely formed as the result of a collisional breakup of a parent body.

It is named after German intellectual Ricarda Huch. Main-belt asteroid 8847 Huch is also named after her.

Maria family
The Maria family (adj. Marian; FIN: 506; also known as the Roma family) is a collisional asteroid family located in the inner parts of the intermediate asteroid belt, near the 1:3 Kirkwood gap. The family consist of several thousand  stony S-type asteroids. It is named after its parent body and lowest numbered member, the asteroid 170 Maria.: 23  It is also known as the Roma family, named after its alternative parent body, 472 Roma.

The family was initially identified by Japanese astronomer Kiyotsugu Hirayama in 1918. Asteroids in this family typically have a semi-major axis between 2.52−2.62 AU, and an inclination of 12 to 17°.
East Africa Royal Commission
The East Africa Royal Commission was a commission set up by the British government to review issues of economic development in British colonies across British East Africa.

The Commission was established by Royal Warrant on 1 January 1953. It consisted of Hugh Dow, Sally Herbert Frankel, Arthur Gaitskell, Rowland Skeffington Hudson, Daniel Jack and Chief Kidaha Makwa.

It focused on six issues

economic development through introduction of improved farming methods

reforming the traditional tribal systems of land tenure

making more land available for cultivation and settlement

finding suitable locations for industrial development

reviewing conditions of employment in industry, commerce, mining and plantation agriculture in relation to the growth of large urban populations

the social problems which arise form increased urbanisation and industrialisation

East Africa Protectorate
East Africa Protectorate (also known as British East Africa) was a British protectorate in the African Great Lakes, occupying roughly the same area as present-day Kenya, from the Indian Ocean inland to the border with Uganda in the west part. Controlled by the United Kingdom in the late 19th century, it grew out of British commercial interests in the area in the 1880s and remained a protectorate until 1920 when it became the Colony of Kenya, save for an independent 16-kilometre-wide (10 mi) coastal strip that became the Kenya Protectorate.
General strike
A general strike (or mass strike) is a strike action in which a substantial proportion of the total labour force in a city, region, or country participates. General strikes are characterised by the participation of workers from a multitude of workplaces across different industries, and tend to involve entire communities. They are often used to strengthen the bargaining position of a trade union or achieve a common social or political goal. General strikes first occurred in the mid-19th century and have characterised many historically important strikes.

Industrial unionism
Industrial unionism is a trade union organising method through which all workers in the same industry are organized into the same union, regardless of skill or trade, thus giving workers in one industry, or in all industries, more leverage in bargaining and in strike situations. De Leon believed that militarized Industrial unions would be the vehicle of class struggle.

Industrial unionism contrasts with craft unionism, which organizes workers along lines of their specific trades.
Geoscience education
Also known as Earth science education, It is the study of Earth's physical features, processes, and systems, as well as the natural and human-induced events that shape it. It encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including geology, oceanography, meteorology, climatology, environmental science, and more. Geoscience education plays a crucial role in fostering scientific literacy, environmental awareness, and sustainable development, as well as in preparing future generations of geoscientists, policymakers, educators, and citizens. It is also a branch of science education.

The journals on this subject are the Journal of Geoscience education and the Journal of Astronomy and Earth Science Education.

Earth science
Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to the planet Earth. This is a branch of science dealing with the physical, chemical, and biological complex constitutions and synergistic linkages of Earth's four spheres: the biosphere, hydrosphere/cryosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere (or lithosphere). Earth science can be considered to be a branch of planetary science but with a much older history.
AFL on FSN
The Arena Football League had a regional-cable deal with Fox Sports Net (beginning in 2004), where FSN regional affiliates in AFL markets carried local team games. In some areas Fox Sports affiliates still carry the games.

2004 Arena Football League season
The 2004 Arena Football League season was the 18th season of the Arena Football League. It was succeeded by 2005. The league champions were the San Jose SaberCats, who defeated the Arizona Rattlers in ArenaBowl XVIII. The AFL reduced its playoff teams from the top 12 teams in the league making the playoffs to the top eight teams in the league making the playoffs.
Q-type asteroid
Q-type asteroids are relatively uncommon inner-belt asteroids with a strong, broad 1 micrometre olivine and pyroxene feature, and a spectral slope that indicates the presence of metal. There are absorption features shortwards and longwards of 0.7 μm, and the spectrum is generally intermediate between the V and S-type.

Q-type asteroids are spectrally more similar to ordinary chondrite meteorites (types H, L, LL) than any other asteroid type.  This has led scientists to speculate that they are abundant, but only about 20 of this type has been characterized. Examples of Q-type asteroids are: 1862 Apollo, 2102 Tantalus, 3753 Cruithne, 6489 Golevka, and 9969 Braille.

V-type asteroid
V-type asteroids, also known as Vestoids, are a class of asteroids whose spectral type is characterized by a strong absorption feature at wavelengths longward of 0.75 μm, similar to that of 4 Vesta, the second-most-massive asteroid in the asteroid belt. These asteroids comprise approximately 6% of main-belt asteroids and are characterized by their basaltic surface composition, making them distinct from other asteroid types.
Shraga Feivel Zimmerman
Shraga Feivel Halevi Zimmerman is an American and English Haredi rabbi who serves as the rov and av beis din of Kehillas Federation in London. He served as the rabbi and av beis din of the Jewish community in Gateshead between 2008 and 2020. He is a posek and is regarded as one of the United Kingdom's most influential Haredi rabbis.

After growing up in Brooklyn, New York City, and serving various rabbinical positions in the United States, he was appointed in April 2008 as the rov and av beis din of the Jewish community in Gateshead. During his tenure, he allowed for a loosening of previous traditions, permitting the opening of the community's first kosher restaurant, and invested in improving social services and children's education. In January 2020, he concluded his tenure in Gateshead and assumed office as the rov and av beis din of Kehillas Federation in London.

Monsey, New York
Monsey (English pronunciation: /ˈmʌnsi/ ⓘ, Yiddish: מאנסי, romanized: Monsi) is a hamlet and census-designated place in the town of Ramapo, Rockland County, New York, United States, north of Airmont, east of Viola, south of New Hempstead, and west of Spring Valley. The village of Kaser is surrounded by the hamlet of Monsey. The 2020 census listed the population at 26,954.

The hamlet has a large, and growing, community of Haredi Jews.
Military Governor (Russia)
The Military Governor (Russian: Военный губернатор) was the highest government and military official in a Governorate or Oblast, who was also the commander of troops in his area in the Russian Empire until 1917.

Primorskaya Oblast
Primorskaya Oblast (Russian: Примо́рская о́бласть) was an administrative division of the Russian Empire and the early Russian SFSR, created on October 31, 1856 by the Governing Senate. The name of the region literally means "Maritime" or "Coastal." The region was established upon a Russian conquest of Daur people that used to live along Amur River. Before the Russian conquest of Outer Manchuria, the territory belonged to the Chinese region of Manchuria.
Judith Lauand
Judith Lauand (26 May 1922 – 9 December 2022) was a Brazilian painter and printmaker. She is considered a pioneer of the Brazilian modernist movement that started in the 1950s, and was the only female member of the concrete art movement based in São Paulo, the Grupo Ruptura.

Concrete art
Concrete art was an art movement with a strong emphasis on geometrical abstraction. The term was first formulated by Theo van Doesburg and was then used by him in 1930 to define the difference between his vision of art and that of other abstract artists of the time. After his death in 1931, the term was further defined and popularized by Max Bill, who organized the first international exhibition in 1944 and went on to help promote the style in Latin America. The term was taken up widely after World War 2 and promoted through a number of international exhibitions and art movements.
Geumganggul Cave
Geumganggul Cave (Korean: 금강굴) is a cave located in Seoraksan National Park in Sokcho, South Korea. The cave is in the rocks of the mountain and is around 600 meters above sea level. It was once a place of worship and  contains a Buddha stone.  At the end of the route, hikers need to use stairs and bridges.  It takes approximately two hours to travel from the temple Sinheungsa to Geumganggul Cave via Biseondae.

Seoraksan National Park
Seoraksan National Park (Korean: 설악산국립공원) is a national park in South Korea. It is listed by the South Korean government with UNESCO as a tentative World Heritage Site. Located on the east-central Korean peninsula, the park includes the Dinosaur Ridge, Injegun, Yanyanggun, and Sokchosi. It is popular with tourists and nature enthusiasts. It is home to many rare taxa of flora and fauna.
Temporoparietalis muscle
The temporoparietalis muscle is a distinct muscle of the head. It lies above the auricularis superior muscle. It lies just inferior to the epicranial aponeurosis of the occipitofrontalis muscle. The temporoparietalis muscle may be used in reconstructive ear surgery.

Function
Pulls the scalp upward and slightly backward or laterally over the temples.

Superior auricular muscle
The superior auricular muscle is a muscle above the auricle of the outer ear. It originates from the epicranial aponeurosis, and inserts into the upper part of the medial surface of the auricle. It draws the auricle upwards.
Georges Bernanos
Louis Émile Clément Georges Bernanos (French: [ʒɔʁʒ bɛʁnanɔs]; 20 February 1888 – 5 July 1948) was a French author, and a soldier in World War I. A Catholic with monarchist leanings, he was critical of elitist thought and was opposed to what he identified as defeatism. He believed this had led to France's defeat and eventual occupation by Germany in 1940 during World War II. His two best-known novels Sous le soleil de Satan (1926) and the Journal d'un curé de campagne (1936) both revolve around a parish priest who combats evil and despair in the world. Most of his novels have been translated into English and frequently published in both Great Britain and the United States.

Sheed and Ward
Sheed and Ward is a publishing house founded in London in 1926 by Catholic activists Frank Sheed and Maisie Ward. The head office was moved to New York in 1933. The United States assets of Sheed and Ward have been owned by Rowman & Littlefield since 2002, and those in the United Kingdom are owned by Bloomsbury Publishing. In 2022 Rowman & Littlefield began acquiring books under the Sheed & Ward brand again.
Lutherhaus
The Lutherhaus is a writer's house museum in Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Germany. Originally built in 1504 as part of the University of Wittenberg, the building was the home of Martin Luther for most of his adult life and a significant location in the history of the Protestant Reformation. Luther was living here when he wrote his 95 Theses.

The Augusteum is an expansion to the original building that was constructed after Luther's death to house a Protestant seminary and library which still exist today. Since 1996, both buildings have been recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites along with other sites associated with Martin Luther in Wittenberg and Eisleben, because of their religious significance and testimony to one of the most influential figures of medieval Europe.

All Saints' Church, Wittenberg
All Saints' Church, commonly referred to as Schlosskirche (Castle Church) to distinguish it from the Stadtkirche (Town Church) of St. Mary's, sometimes known as the Reformation Memorial Church, is a Lutheran church in Wittenberg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is the site where, according to Philip Melanchthon, the Ninety-five Theses were posted by Martin Luther in 1517, launching the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

Beginning in 1883, the church was restored as a memorial site and re-inaugurated on 31 October 1892, 375 years after Luther's posting. Because of its religious significance and testimony to the lasting global effects of the Reformation, the church was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1996 along with other sites in Wittenberg and Eisleben associated with Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon.
Leka Church
Leka Church (Norwegian: Leka kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Leka Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the village of Leknes on the island of Leka. It is the church for the Leka parish which is part of the Namdal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nidaros. The white, wooden church was built in a long church style in 1867 by Knudt Grudt who used plans drawn up by the architect Jacob Wilhelm Nordan. The church seats about 200 people.

Diocese of Nidaros
Nidaros is a diocese in the Lutheran Church of Norway. It covers Trøndelag county in Central Norway and its cathedral city is Trondheim, which houses the well-known Nidaros Cathedral.  Since 10 September 2017, the Bishop of Nidaros is Herborg Finnset.  The bishop preses, currently Olav Fykse Tveit is also based at the Nidaros Cathedral.  The diocese is divided into nine deaneries (prosti).  While the bishop preses holds episcopal responsibility within the Nidaros domprosti (deanery) in Trondheim, the bishop of Nidaros holds episcopal authority of the other eight deaneries as well as the language based parish of the Southern Sámi.
2007 Barcelona municipal election
A municipal election was held in Barcelona on Sunday, 27 May 2007, to elect the 8th City Council of the municipality. All 41 seats in the City Council were up for election. It was held concurrently with regional elections in thirteen autonomous communities and local elections all across Spain.

2007 Spanish local elections
The 2007 Spanish local elections were held on Sunday, 27 May 2007, to elect all 66,131 councillors in the 8,111 municipalities of Spain and all 1,038 seats in 38 provincial deputations. They were held concurrently with regional elections in thirteen autonomous communities, as well as local elections in the three foral deputations of the Basque Country and the eleven island councils in the Balearic and Canary Islands.

The results saw few changes overall; most incumbent governments retained their majority, with only a few exceptions. The PP government in the Balearics fell, and a coalition led by PSOE took power.  While the elections were seen as a first indication of how the 2008 Spanish general election might turn out, the results proved to be inconclusive. In 2003, the PSOE had a slight edge with 34.8 against the PP's 34.3; in this election, the PP had 35.6 to the PSOE's 34.9. Turnout was slightly lower, with 63.8 instead of 67.7 four years earlier.
Antarlide
Antarlides are a family of macrocyclic polyketide natural products (antarlides A–H) isolated from Streptomyces sp. BB47. These compounds are notable for their potent activity as androgen receptor (AR) antagonists, including activity against mutant ARs associated with resistance to clinically used antiandrogens.

Polyketide
In organic chemistry, polyketides are a class of natural products derived from a precursor molecule consisting of a chain of alternating ketone (>C=O, or its reduced forms) and methylene (>CH2) groups: [−C(=O)−CH2−]n. First studied in the early 20th century, discovery, biosynthesis, and application of polyketides has evolved. It is a large and diverse group of secondary metabolites caused by its complex biosynthesis which resembles that of fatty acid synthesis. Because of this diversity, polyketides can have various medicinal, agricultural, and industrial applications. Many polyketides are medicinal or exhibit acute toxicity. Biotechnology has enabled discovery of more naturally occurring polyketides and evolution of new polyketides with novel or improved bioactivity.
Graptostethus
Graptostethus is a genus in the insect family Lygaeidae (seed bugs). Although originally restricted to the Old World (Palaearctic, Ethiopian, and Oriental Regions) some species like G. servus have spread to parts of the New World.

Species in the genus include:

Lygaeidae
The Lygaeidae are a family in the Hemiptera (true bugs), with more than 110 genera in four subfamilies. The family is commonly referred to as seed bugs, and less commonly, milkweed bugs, or ground bugs. Many  species feed on seeds, some on sap or seed pods, others are omnivores and a few, such as the wekiu bug, are insectivores. Insects in this family are distributed across the world.

The family was vastly larger, but numerous former subfamilies have been removed and given independent family status, including  the Artheneidae, Blissidae, Cryptorhamphidae, Cymidae, Geocoridae, Heterogastridae, Ninidae, Oxycarenidae and Rhyparochromidae, which together constituted well over half of the former family.

The bizarre and mysterious beetle-like Psamminae were formerly often placed in the Piesmatidae, but this is almost certainly incorrect. Their true affiliations are not entirely resolved.