hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gurguéia River
The Gurguéia River is a river in Piauí state of northeastern Brazil. The Gurguéia is a tributary of the Parnaíba River, which originates in the Chapada das Mangabeiras in the southern portion of the state, and flows north to join the Parnaíba. The Serra Uruçui separates the Gurguéia basin from the Uruçui-Preto basin to the west, and the Serra da Capivara separates the Gurguéia basin from that of the Piauí to the east.

The Cerrado savannas occupy most of the Gurguéia basin, while several large enclaves of Atlantic dry forest lie east of the river, separating the Cerrado from the dry Caatinga shrublands further east.

Parnaíba River
The Parnaíba River (Portuguese: Rio Parnaíba [paɾnaˈibɐ]) is a river in Brazil, which forms the border between the states of Maranhão and Piauí. Its main course is 1,400 km (870 mi) long and the Parnaíba River Basin covers 330,000 km2 (130,000 sq mi). The Parnaíba River rises in the Chapada das Mangabeiras range, and flows northeastward to empty into the Atlantic Ocean, being the longest river entirely located within Brazil's Northeast Region. The middle and upper regions of this river are separated by the Boa Esperança Hydroelectric Power Plant dam, but is otherwise navigable.
California Uninsured Patient Hospital Pricing Litigation
In a series of class action lawsuits, uninsured patients alleged that several of California's largest hospital chains imposed exorbitant fees for medical care and engaged in price gouging. Under settlements reached in cases in 2006–2008, almost a million patients received refunds or bill adjustments, and millions more benefited from reduced prices for future medical care. These hospital cases returned almost $1 billion to patients.

Four of the class actions were brought against hospital chains: Scripps Health, John Muir Health, Sutter Health, and Catholic Healthcare West (two of the largest hospital chains in California whose cases were resolved earlier). The fifth action was brought against California Emergency Physicians (CEP) Medical Group, one of the state's largest providers of emergency medical care.

Sutter Health
Sutter Health is a not-for-profit integrated health delivery system headquartered in Sacramento, California. It operates 25 acute care hospitals and over 200 clinics in Northern and Central California.

Sutter Hospital Association was founded in 1921 as a response to the 1918 flu pandemic. Named for nearby Sutter's Fort, its first hospital opened in 1923. Later known as Sutter Community Hospitals, the organization eventually merged with several struggling hospitals in the surrounding area.
Microsynodontis nasutus
Microsynodontis nasutus is a species of upside-down catfish endemic to Gabon where it occurs in the Ogowe River.  It was first described in 2004 by Ng Heok Hee.

The genus Microsynodontis is restricted to the rivers of western Africa (from the Saint Paul River drainage south and east to the Congo River drainage), and comprises small mochokid catfishes diagnosed by the following synapomorphies: a narrow mesethmoid, lack of free orbital margin, transverse ventral fold of branchiostegal membranes, slender cleithral process, and a rounded or truncate caudal fin (Howes, 1980).

Mochokidae
The Mochokidae are a family of catfishes (order Siluriformes) that are known as the squeakers or upside-down catfish (although not all species swim upside-down). Nine genera and about 200 species of mochokids ae described. All the mochokids are freshwater species originating from Africa.

They have three pairs of barbels, with the nasal barbels absent; sometimes, the mandibular barbels may be branched. The lips are modified into a suckermouth in Atopochilus, Chiloglanis, and Euchilichthys. The adipose fin is usually very long. The dorsal and pectoral fins have spines that are usually strong and with a locking mechanism. They range in size up to 72 cm (28 in) standard length. This group contains many popular species among aquarists, such as Synodontis nigriventris, Synodontis angelicus, and Synodontis multipunctatus.
Mariana Mazza
Mariana Mazza  (born 5 July 1990 in Montreal) is a Canadian  comedian from Quebec of Uruguayan and Lebanese origin. She is also an actress, appearing notably in the films Bon Cop, Bad Cop 2 in 2017, with among others Patrick Huard and Colm Feore, as well as in Father and Guns 2 released the same year, starring Louis-José Houde and Michel Côté.

Just for Laughs
Just for Laughs (French: Juste pour rire) is a comedy festival that is held every July in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Founded in 1982 by Gilbert Rozon, it is the largest international comedy festival in the world. In addition to the festivals themselves, Just for Laughs also developed, produced, and distributed other forms of comedy entertainment, such as television programming.

In March 2024, it was announced that Just for Laughs as a business went bankrupt, and consequently, all of its festivals were cancelled. The media speculated about its future in Montreal, and how it could be uncertain. In May, however, ComediHa, another Quebec-based company specializing in comedy, announced its acquisition of several assets, including the festival. It was then announced that the anglophone festival would go on, albeit smaller, and without the usual televised galas.
George Reid (Victorian politician)
Sir George Oswald Reid, QC (22 July 1903 – 18 February 1993) was an Australian politician.

Reid was born in Hawthorn, Victoria, to railway officer George Watson Reid and Lillias Margaret Easton. He attended Camberwell Grammar School and Scotch College, Melbourne, and studied law at the University of Melbourne and in 1926 was admitted as a barrister and solicitor, practising at the bar until 1927 and as a solicitor thereafter. In 1947 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the Liberal member for Box Hill. He was party whip from 1950 to 1952, when he was defeated. Returned in 1955, he became cabinet secretary and minister without portfolio. In 1956 he became Minister of Labour and Industry, moving to Fuel and Power in 1965, and to Immigration (until 1970) and Attorney-General in 1967. He was leader of the Assembly from 1971 to 1972. Reid retired in 1973, having taken silk in 1971 and been knighted in 1972. He died in 1993.

Minister for Labour (Victoria)
The Minister for Labour was a ministry portfolio within the Executive Council of Victoria. The portfolio was originally held by Alexander Peacock in the Second Turner ministry from 19 November 1900. At the dissolution of the Kirner ministry on 6 October 1992 the position was disestablished. The role was held by the Minister for Industrial Relations from 1999.
Docosapentaenoic acid
Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) designates any straight open chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) which contains 22 carbons and 5 double bonds. DPA is primarily used to designate two isomers, all-cis-4,7,10,13,16-docosapentaenoic acid (i.e. 4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z-docosapentaenoic acid) and all-cis-7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic acid (i.e. 7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosapentaenoic acid). They are also commonly termed n−6 DPA and n−3 DPA, respectively; these designations describe the position of the double bond being 6 or 3 carbons closest to the (omega) carbon at the methyl end of the molecule and is based on the biologically important difference that n−6 and n−3 PUFA are separate PUFA classes, i.e. the omega-6 fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids, respectively. Mammals, including humans, can not interconvert these two classes and therefore must obtain dietary essential PUFA fatty acids from both classes in order to maintain normal health (see essential fatty acids).

Polyunsaturated fat
In biochemistry and nutrition, a polyunsaturated fat is a fat that contains a polyunsaturated fatty acid (abbreviated PUFA), which is a subclass of fatty acid characterized by a backbone with two or more carbon–carbon double bonds.
Some polyunsaturated fatty acids are essentials. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are precursors to and are derived from polyunsaturated fats, which include drying oils.
State Forests of New South Wales
The State Forests of New South Wales include over 2 million hectares (4.9 million acres) of public land managed by the Forestry Corporation of NSW as state forests on behalf of the NSW Government. As of March 2014, there were over 530 state forests in NSW.

Forestry Corporation manages environmental conservation, community access, tourism, fire, land management and timber production within the state forests of NSW. Approximately 225,000 hectares (560,000 acres) of NSW State Forests are softwood timber plantations, and just under 35,000 hectares (86,000 acres) are hardwood timber plantations. Around 1 million hectares (2.5 million acres) of forests are permanently set aside for conservation.

Wingello State Forest
34°43′27″S 150°10′39″E﻿ / ﻿34.724234°S 150.177552°E﻿ / -34.724234; 150.177552

Wingello State Forest is a planted forest in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is located in the Southern Highlands between Sydney and Goulburn. The forest is managed by the Forestry Corporation of NSW and includes pine plantations, hardwood forest and native forests with stands of peppermint, manna gum and stringybarks. It is popular with mountain bike riders. The first radiata pines were planted in this area in Belanglo State Forest in 1919. Today there are around 3,500 hectares of commercial pine plantations in the southern highlands, with timber being processed at a local mill.
Sooviku
Sooviku is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County, Estonia. Until the 2017 administrative reform of Estonian municipalities the village was located in Tarvastu Parish. Sooviku is located 22 km (13.6 miles) southeast of the town of Viljandi, 2.2 km (1.3 miles) northwest of the small borough of Mustla, near the western shore of Lake Võrtsjärv. Neighboring villages include Porsa, Tarvastu, Villa and Vanausse. Sooviku had a population of 34 as of 2011, a decrease from 69 in the 2000 census.

The ruins of the 14th century Tarvastu Castle (Estonian: Tarvastu ordulinnus) are located near the village of Sooviku.

Vanausse
Vanausse is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County, Estonia. Until the 2017 administrative reform of Estonian municipalities the village was located in Tarvastu Parish. Vanausse is located 19 km (11.8 miles) southeast of the town of Viljandi, 3 km (1.8 miles) north of the small borough of Mustla, near the western shore of Lake Võrtsjärv. Neighboring villages include Ülensi, Villa and Tarvastu. Vanausse had a population of 39, a decrease from 71 in the 2000 census.
PAH clearance
Para-aminohippurate (PAH) clearance is a method used in renal physiology to measure renal plasma flow, which is a measure of renal function.

PAH is completely removed from blood that passes through the kidneys (PAH undergoes both glomerular filtration and tubular secretion), and therefore the rate at which the kidneys can clear PAH from the blood reflects total renal plasma flow.

The concentration of PAH is measured in one arterial blood sample (PPAH) and one urine sample(UPAH). The urine flow (V) is also measured. Renal perfusion flow is then calculated by:

What is calculated is the effective renal plasma flow (eRPF). However, since the renal extraction ratio of PAH almost equals 1, then eRPF almost equals RPF.

Urine flow rate
Urine flow rate or urinary flow rate is the volumetric flow rate of urine during urination. It is a measure of the quantity of urine excreted in a specified period of time (per second or per minute). It is measured with uroflowmetry, a type of flow measurement.

The letters "V" (for volume) and "Q" (a conventional symbol for flow rate) are both used as a symbol for urine flow rate. The V often has a dot (overdot), that is, V̇ ("V-dot"). Qmax indicates the maximum flow rate. Qmax is used as an indicator for the diagnosis of enlarged prostate. A lower Qmax may indicate that the enlarged prostate puts pressure on the urethra, partially occluding it.

Uroflowmetry is performed by urinating into a special urinal, toilet, or disposable device that has a measuring device built in. The average rate changes with age. Teenage boys and younger men tend to have the fastest urine flow rates.
Shah Neshin, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad
Shah Neshin (Persian: شاه نشين, also Romanized as Shāh Neshīn; also known as Shahneshin) is a village in Bahmai-ye Garmsiri-ye Shomali Rural District, Bahmai-ye Garmsiri District, Bahmai County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 21, in 5 families.

Bahmai-ye Garmsiri-ye Shomali Rural District
Bahmai-ye Garmsiri-ye Shomali Rural District (Persian: دهستان بهمئي گرمسيرئ شمالي) is in Mombi District of Bahmai County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Gerd-e Kuchak. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Qaleh Mombi, now a city.
Brian Ackland-Snow
Brian Ackland-Snow (31 March 1940 – 30 March 2013) was an English production designer. He won an Oscar in the category Best Art Direction for the film A Room with a View. He also won an Emmy for best art direction for a miniseries or special in 1995 for Scarlett on CBS. His son, Andrew Ackland-Snow, went on to become an art director in films.

Academy Award for Best Production Design
The Academy Award for Best Production Design recognizes achievement for art direction in film. The category's original name was Best Art Direction, but was changed to its current name in 2012 for the 85th Academy Awards. This change resulted from the Art Directors' branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) being renamed the Designers' branch. Since 1947, the award is shared with the set decorators. It is awarded to the best interior design in a film.

The films below are listed with their production year (for example, the 2000 Academy Award for Best Art Direction is given to a film from 1999). In the lists below, the winner of the award for each year is shown first, followed by the other nominees in alphabetical order.
Patrick Hogan (Australian politician)
Patrick Hogan (1 January 1835 – 2 September 1918) was an Irish-born Australian politician.

He was born in Blackfort in County Tipperary to farmer Michael Hogan and Mary Fitzgerald. Educated locally, he migrated to New South Wales in 1861 and became a policeman. In 1863 he married Bridget Kelly, with whom he had six children. He worked as a commercial agent in the timber business, and was also an alderman and mayor at Waterloo. He was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1885 as the member for Richmond. He did not contest the 1887 election, but was returned in 1889 as the member for Macleay, representing the Protectionist Party. He transferred to Raleigh in 1894. He retired in 1895, although he did contest the 1898 election. Hogan died in 1918.

Protectionist Party
The Protectionist Party, also known as the Protectionist Liberal Party or Liberal Protectionist Party, was an Australian political party, formally organised from 1887 until 1909, with policies centred on protectionism. The party advocated protective tariffs, arguing it would allow Australian industry to grow and provide employment. It had its greatest strength in Victoria and in the rural areas of New South Wales. Its most prominent leaders were Sir Edmund Barton and Alfred Deakin, who were the first and second prime ministers of Australia.
Mangalam Assembly constituency
Mangalam is a legislative assembly constituency in the Union territory of Puducherry in India. It is a part of Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency and comprises parts of Villianur Commune Panchayat and Kurumbapet Gram Panchayat, both in Puducherry district. As of 2021, is represented by C. Djeacoumar of the All India N.R. Congress.

Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency
Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency  covers the entire Union Territory of Puducherry. Pondicherry became a union territory after the implementation of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India in 1962 and changed its name to Puducherry in 2006. This constituency first held elections in 1967 and its first member of parliament (MP) was Thirumudi N. Sethuraman of the Indian National Congress.
Enrique Gómez Carrillo
Enrique Gómez Carrillo (February 27, 1873 in Guatemala City – November 29, 1927 in Paris) was a Guatemalan literary critic, writer, journalist and diplomat, and the second husband of the Salvadoran-French writer and artist Consuelo Suncin de Sandoval-Cardenas, later Consuelo Suncin, comtesse de Saint-Exupéry, who in turn was his third wife; he had been previously married to intellectual Aurora Cáceres and Spanish actress Raquel Meller.

He also became famous for his travels, chronicles, bohemian lifestyle and his notoriously numerous love affairs. At one time he was falsely accused of being the one that betrayed Mata Hari and gave the famous German spy up to the French during World War I.

Rubén Darío
Félix Rubén García Sarmiento (18 January 1867 – 6 February 1916), known as Rubén Darío (US: /dɑːˈriːoʊ/ dah-REE-oh, Spanish: [ruˈβen daˈɾi.o]), was a Nicaraguan poet who initiated the Spanish-language literary movement known as modernismo (modernism) that flourished at the end of the 19th century. Darío had a great and lasting influence on 20th-century Spanish-language literature and journalism.
Dhvaja
Dhvaja (Sanskrit: ध्वज, romanized: Dhvaja, lit. 'flag'; Tibetan: རྒྱལ་མཚན, Wylie: rgyal-msthan) is the Sanskrit term for a banner or a flag. Flags are featured in the iconography, mythology, and architecture of Indian religions such as Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. They are one of the ashtamangala, the eight auspicious emblems of these religions.

Hindu iconography
Over the millennia of its development, Hinduism has adopted several iconic symbols, forming part of  Hindu iconography, that are imbued with spiritual meaning based on either the scriptures or cultural traditions. The exact significance accorded to any of the icons varies with region, period and denomination of the followers. Over time some of the symbols, for instance the Swastika has come to have wider association while others like Om are recognized as unique representations of Hinduism. Other aspects of Hindu iconography are covered by the terms murti, for icons and mudra for gestures and positions of the hands and body.
Loewy ring
In mathematics, a left (right) Loewy ring or left (right) semi-Artinian ring is a ring in which every non-zero left (right) module has a non-zero socle, or equivalently if the Loewy length of every left (right) module is defined. The concepts are named after Alfred Loewy.

Emil Artin
Emil Artin (German: [ˈaʁtiːn]; March 3, 1898 – December 20, 1962) was an Austrian mathematician of Armenian descent.

Artin was one of the leading mathematicians of the twentieth century. He is best known for his work on algebraic number theory, contributing largely to class field theory and a new construction of L-functions. He also contributed to the pure theories of rings, groups and fields.

Along with Emmy Noether, he is considered the founder of modern abstract algebra.
Jack Coghill
John Bruce "Jack" Coghill (September 24, 1925 – February 13, 2019) was an American politician and businessman who was the sixth lieutenant governor of Alaska from 1990 to 1994, serving under Governor Walter Hickel. Both were members of the Alaskan Independence Party.

Originally elected as the Republican Party's lieutenant governor nominee in 1990, Coghill had faced serious compatibility issues with running mate Arliss Sturgulewski. AIP chair Joe Vogler vacated his party's nominated slate of John Lindauer and Jerry Ward and replaced them with Wally Hickel and Coghill. While Hickel turned his back on the AIP and their platform almost immediately after taking office, Coghill remained loyal to the party, even becoming their gubernatorial nominee in 1994. Prior to these events, he was well known in Alaskan political circles as "Mr. Republican."

John Howard Lindauer
John Howard Lindauer II (born November 20, 1937) is an American economist who served as chancellor for the University of Alaska Anchorage from 1976 to 1978 then was Dean of the School of Business and Public Affairs. He was the Republican Party candidate for governor of Alaska in 1998, but ultimately ended up pleading no contest to campaign finance violations. He is the father of Susan Lindauer and John Howard Lindauer III, and lived in Alaska from 1976 until 2002. He currently resides in Chicago.
Botanical Garden of TU Braunschweig
The botanical garden of  the TU Braunschweig (Botanischer Garten der Technischen Universität Braunschweig) was founded in 1840 by Johann Heinrich Blasius on the banks of the River Oker on the grounds of the former stately mansion in the woods of Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany.

It was originally started in 1828 on the opposite bank of the Oker – a much smaller garden by Blasius, who sought a larger site. The old garden was lost in 1868.

By 1900 there were 2700 species outside and 1200 in greenhouses. Some trees from 1840 remain today. During the Second World War, the garden suffered bombing, especially in the years 1944–45, and was partially destroyed, but was reconstructed after the end of the war.

In 1985, an approximately 800m² Baroque garden, with an emphasis on farming, was laid out, which was augmented with a stream and a waterfall in a small ravine in 1989.

In 1995, the garden area was expanded by about 4 acres (16,000 m2). This area is mainly for research.

TU Braunschweig
TU Braunschweig (German: Technische Universität Braunschweig) is the oldest technical university in Germany. It was founded in 1745 as Collegium Carolinum. It is a member of TU9, an incorporated society of the most renowned German institutes of technology. It is commonly ranked among the top engineering universities in Germany.

TU Braunschweig's research profile is very interdisciplinary, but with a focus on aeronautics, vehicle engineering including autonomous driving and electric mobility, manufacturing, life sciences, and metrology. Research is conducted in close collaboration with external organizations such as the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, several Fraunhofer Institutes, and Germany's national metrology institute (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, PTB), among many others. As one of very few research institutions of its type in the world, the university has its own research airport.
Pavel Haas Quartet
The Pavel Haas Quartet is a Czech string quartet founded in 2002. Their debut album, featuring the second string quartets of Haas and Janáček, received the 2007 Gramophone Award for Chamber music. Reviewer David Fanning described their interpretation as "streamlined but full-blooded". In 2011, their recording of Dvořák’s String Quartets Op. 106 and Op. 96 won Gramophone magazine’s "Recording of the Year" award, the publication’s highest accolade.

String Quartet No. 1 (Janáček)
Leoš Janáček's String Quartet No. 1, called "The Kreutzer Sonata", was written quickly between 13 and 28 October 1923 at a time of great creative concentration, and then revised, in the autograph, from 30 October to 7 November 1923. It was inspired by Leo Tolstoy's novella The Kreutzer Sonata, which had itself been inspired by Beethoven's Violin Sonata No. 9, known as the "Kreutzer" after its dedicatee, Rodolphe Kreutzer. The premiere was given on 17 October 1924 by the Czech Quartet at a concert of the Spolek pro moderní hudbu (Contemporary Music Society) at the Mozarteum in Prague. A pocket score was published in April 1925 by Hudební matice.

Janáček had used the Tolstoy novella earlier as well, in 1908–1909, when it inspired him to compose a Piano Trio in three movements. This is lost but surviving fragments of it suggest similarities to the quartet, and reconstructions as a piano trio have been made and performed.