hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
University of North Georgia Press
University of North Georgia Press, founded in 2009, is a university press operated by University of North Georgia that specializes in open-access monographs, textbooks, and children's books. In 2020, a Journal of Electronic Publishing reported that it was one of the "top university press publisher of open textbooks in terms of sheer output".

University of North Georgia Press is an affiliate member of the Association of University Presses, to which it was admitted in 2021. It is also an "Affordable Learning Georgia" partner and a member of the Association of the United States Army's (AUSA) Book Program.

Association of University Presses
The Association of University Presses (AUPresses) is an association of nonprofit, mostly, but not exclusively, North American university presses. It is based in New York City. Until December 2017, it was known as the Association of American University Presses (AAUP).

In 2021, AUPresses became an affiliate member of the American Council of Learned Societies. AUPresses is also an affiliate member of the International Publishers Association.
Hanifa Safi
Hanifa Safi (died 13 July 2012) was the regional head of the Women's Affairs Ministry for Laghman Province, Afghanistan,  since 2008. She worked on cases concerning violence against women, supporting the women to overcome the violence. On July 13, Hanifa Safi was killed by a bomb attached to her car, also wounding her husband and their daughter, while driving through Laghman's capital Mehtar Lam. Mehtar Lam lies roughly 150 km (93 miles) north-east of Kabul. The assassination was widely condemned including by the United Nations. In 2006, in a similar case, the regional head for Women's Affairs in Kandahar Province,  Safia Amajan, was gunned down by the Taliban.

Safia Amajan
Safia Amajan (1941–25 September 2006), also spelt Ama-jan, Ama Jan, Ahmed-jan and Ahmed Jan, was an Afghan women's rights activist, educator, politician, and critic of the Taliban's suppression of women, who was shot and killed in 2006, reportedly by the Taliban.
Macit Özcan Sports Complex
The Macit Özcan Sports Complex (Turkish: Macit Özcan Spor Kompleksi) is a multi-sport complex located at Yenişehir district in Mersin, Turkey. It is named after Macit Özcan, the mayor of Greater Mersin.

The complex is situated to the west of İsmet İnönü Boulevard. Its bird's flight distance to Mediterranean Sea coast is about 4.5 km (2.8 mi) and to Müftü River is 2 km (1.2 mi). The Nevin Yanıt Athletics Complex is to the south of Macit Özcan Complex.

Built on an area of 76,000 m2 (820,000 sq ft), the complex consists of three football fields, three tennis courts, three basketball courts and one Olympic-size and two smaller swimming pools. There is also an aerobic center and a gymnasium for the visitors in addition to a hotel, a restaurant and a conference hall at the site.

During the 2013 Mediterranean Games, the complex hosted the water polo events on 19–26 June.

Mersin
Mersin (pronounced [ˈmæɾsin]) is a large city and port on the Mediterranean coast of southern Turkey. It is the provincial capital of the Mersin Province (formerly İçel). It is made up of four district governorates, each having its own municipality: Akdeniz, Mezitli, Toroslar and Yenişehir.

A larger metropolitan region which combines Mersin with Tarsus and Erdemli houses more than 1.7 million inhabitants. Çukurova International Airport (COV) situated 50 kilometres (31 miles) from Mersin city centre, is its closest international airport. There are ferry services from Mersin to Famagusta (Mağusa) in Northern Cyprus. Mersin is linked to Adana via Tarsus by way of TCDD trains.
Grass stitcher
A grass stitcher is a gardening tool primarily used to repair and aerate lawns. Common uses include weed control by agitating the surface of the soil, loosening the soil, and preparing it prior to spreading grass seed. As a tool it is hand held and designed to be used while standing and have the spiked wheels pushed back and forth over the earth to be treated.

Grass stitchers are comparable to garden cultivators. While cultivators till the soil for crops or decorative plants, the grass stitcher prepares a seed bed ideal for sowing grass seed.

Garden tool
A garden tool is any one of many tools made for gardening and landscaping, which overlap with the range of tools made for agriculture and horticulture. Garden tools can be divided into hand tools and power tools.
Eurofly Fire Cat
The Eurofly Fire Cat is an Italian ultralight aircraft that was designed and produced by Eurofly srl of Galliera Veneta. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft or as a kit for amateur construction.

Bracing (aeronautics)
In aeronautics, bracing comprises structural members which stiffen the functional airframe to give it rigidity and strength under load. Bracing may be applied both internally and externally, and may take the form of struts, which act in compression or tension as the need arises, and/or wires, which act only in tension.

In general, bracing allows a stronger, lighter structure than one which is unbraced, but external bracing adds drag which slows down the aircraft and raises considerably more design issues than internal bracing. Another disadvantage of bracing wires is that they require routine checking and adjustment, or rigging, even when located internally.

During the early years of aviation, bracing was a universal feature of aeroplanes, including monoplanes and biplanes, which were then equally common. Bracing in the form of lift struts remains in use for some light commercial designs where a high wing and light weight are more important than ultimate performance.
Ishiyagawa Depot
Ishiyagawa Train Depot (石屋川車庫, Ishiyagawa shako) of the Hanshin Electric Railway is a Japanese traction maintenance depot situated between Ishiyagawa and Shinzaike stations of the Hanshin Main Line. It is situated in Higashinada Ward, Kobe, Hyogo Prefecture.

Ishiyagawa Station
Ishiyagawa Station (石屋川駅, Ishiyagawa-eki; station number: HS-26)  is a passenger railway station  located in Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the private transportation company Hanshin Electric Railway.
Ryan Williams (women's soccer)
Ryan Emilie Williams (born February 23, 1996) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a right back for the North Carolina Courage of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL).

Williams played college soccer for the TCU Horned Frogs and was drafted by the Courage with the final pick of the 2018 NWSL College Draft. She won two NWSL Shields and two NWSL Championships as a reserve player with the Courage before establishing herself as a starter in 2022. She has also won two NWSL Challenge Cups with the team. She was named in the NWSL Best XI Second Team in 2024.

2018 Women's International Champions Cup
The 2018 Women's International Champions Cup was the first edition of a series of friendly women's association football matches. It took place from July 26 to 29, 2018 in the United States.

For the first time, the ICC included a women's tournament. Nearly a dozen of the regular ICC participant clubs expressed interest in sending their women's sides, but the inaugural women's tournament featured just four teams before expanding in the 2019 ICC. The 2018 tournament featured the semi-finals on July 26, followed by third place play-off and final on July 29, all four matches being held at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida. The European participants joined for training sessions at the University of Portland before the tournament.
2022 NÖ Open
The 2022 NÖ Open was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the second edition of the tournament which was part of the 2022 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Tulln an der Donau, Austria between 5 and 10 September 2022.

2022 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour in 2022 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2022 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 184 tournaments with prize money ranging from $37,520 up to $159,360. It was the 45th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 14th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Sea denial
Sea denial is a military term for preventing an enemy from  using the sea. It is a naval warfare subset of anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) strategies, and does not necessarily mean that the denier itself will use the sea. It is a parallel concept to sea control, which implies that that controlling force cannot be successfully attacked.

Vego describes sea denial as "preventing partially or completely the enemy’s use of the sea for military and commercial purposes".

Corbett states that the object of sea denial is defensive. It is a less ambitious strategy than sea control and is often carried out by a weaker power. It is possible to pursue sea denial in one area of operation while pursuing sea control in another.

Sea denial can act as a direct complement to sea control. A nation may achieve sea control in its littorals, while enforcing sea denial outside the littorals, as was seen with the Soviet Union during periods of the Cold War.

Naval warfare
Naval warfare is combat in and on the sea, the ocean, or any other battlespace involving a major body of water such as a large lake or wide river.

The armed forces branch designated for naval warfare is a navy. Naval operations can be broadly divided into riverine/littoral applications (brown-water navy), open-ocean applications (blue-water navy), between riverine/littoral and open-ocean applications (green-water navy), although these distinctions are more about strategic scope than tactical or operational division. The strategic offensive purpose of naval warfare is projection of force by water, and its strategic defensive purpose is to challenge the similar projection of force by enemies.
William Havard
William Thomas Havard MC (23 October 1889 – 17 August 1956) was a Welsh clergyman and rugby union international player. He served as a military chaplain during the First World War, and later as Bishop of St Asaph and then Bishop of St David's in the Church in Wales.

Bishop of St Davids
The Bishop of St Davids is the ordinary of the Church in Wales Diocese of St Davids.

The succession of bishops stretches back to Saint David who in the 6th century established his seat in what is today the city of St Davids in Pembrokeshire, founding St Davids Cathedral. The most recent former bishop of St Davids was Joanna Penberthy, who retired on 31 July 2023. On 17 October 2023, Dorrien Davies, Archdeacon of Carmarthen, was elected to become the next Bishop; the confirmation of his election (where he legally became Bishop) happened on 29 November 2023 and his episcopal consecration took place on 27 January 2024 at Bangor Cathedral.
New classical macroeconomics
New classical macroeconomics is a school of thought in macroeconomics based on a neoclassical framework. It emphasizes the importance of foundations based on microeconomics, especially rational expectations.

New classical macroeconomics uses neoclassical microeconomic foundations for macroeconomic analysis. This is in contrast with the new Keynesian school that uses microfoundations, such as price stickiness and imperfect competition, to generate macroeconomic models similar to earlier, Keynesian ones.

Long run and short run
In economics, the long-run is a theoretical concept in which all markets are in equilibrium, and all prices and quantities have fully adjusted and are in equilibrium. The long-run contrasts with the short-run, in which there are some constraints and markets are not fully in equilibrium. 
More specifically, in microeconomics there are no fixed factors of production in the long-run, and there is enough time for adjustment so that there are no constraints preventing changing the output level by changing the capital stock or by entering or leaving an industry. This contrasts with the short-run, where some factors are variable (dependent on the quantity produced) and others are fixed (paid once), constraining entry or exit from an industry.  In macroeconomics, the long-run is the period when the general price level,  contractual wage rates, and expectations adjust fully to the state of the economy, in contrast to the short-run when these variables may not fully adjust.
Turks in Sweden
Turks in Sweden or Swedish Turks (Swedish: Turkar i Sverige; Turkish: İsveç Türkleri) are people of ethnic Turkish origin living in Sweden. The majority of Swedish Turks descend from the Republic of Turkey; however there has also been significant Turkish migration waves from other post-Ottoman countries including ethnic Turkish communities which have come to Sweden from the Balkans (e.g. from Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, North Macedonia and Romania), the island of Cyprus, and more recently Iraq and Syria.

In 2009 the Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs estimated that there were 100,000 people in Sweden with a Turkish background, and a further 10,000 Swedish-Turks living in Turkey. Many Turks in Sweden have double citizenship and 37,000 are registered voters in Turkey.

Iraqi Turkmens
The Iraqi Turkmens (Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri, عراق تورکمنلری; Arabic: تركمان العراق), also referred to as Iraqi Turks, (Turkish: Irak Türkleri, عراق توركلری; Arabic: أتراك العراق) are the third largest ethnic group in Iraq. Their traditional homeland is in northern Iraq, with Kirkuk considered by them as their capital. They have close cultural ties with Turkey, and are closely related to Syrian Turkmen. Iraqi Turkmens in Iraq do not identify with the traditionally-nomadic Turkmens of Central Asia.
Kalmin
Kalmin (Persian: كلمين, also Romanized as Kalmīn; also known as Galīn) is a village in Rudbar-e Mohammad-e Zamani Rural District, Alamut-e Gharbi District, Qazvin County, Qazvin Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 248, in 62 families.

Rudbar-e Mohammad-e Zamani Rural District
Rudbar-e Mohammad-e Zamani Rural District (Persian: دهستان رودبار محمد زماني) is in Rudbar-e Alamut-e Gharbi District of Qazvin County, Qazvin province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Rajai Dasht.
Hunn, Norway
Hunn (or historically Skage) is a village in Overhalla Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located on the northern shore of the river Namsen, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) west of the municipal center, Ranemsletta, and about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) east of the town of Namsos.

The village lies along the Norwegian County Road 17. The now-defunct Namsos Line railway ran through this village. Skage Church is also located in this village.

The 0.58-square-kilometre (140-acre) village has a population (2024) of 853 and a population density of 1,471 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,810/sq mi).

Namsen
Namsen (Norwegian) or Nååmesje (Southern Sami) is one of the longest rivers in Trøndelag county, in the central part of Norway.  The 228-kilometre (142 mi) long river flows through the municipalities of Røyrvik, Namsskogan, Grong, Overhalla, and Namsos before emptying into the Namsenfjorden. The river is the namesake for the whole Namdalen region. The river traditionally has been used for floating timber down from the forests to the town of Namsos, where the sawmills were located. Today, parts of the Namsen are regulated by several dams.
National Games of Nepal
The National Games of Nepal is a multi-sport event held in Nepal. It Comprises various discipline in which sportsmen from the provinces and departmental teams of Nepal compete against each other. The games are organized by National Sports Council (Nepal), Nepal Olympic Committee and the host province.

Bagmati Province have dominated the games throughout their history, having won 7 of 10 the official editions.

Lumbini Zone
Lumbini (Nepali: लुम्बिनी अञ्चलListenⓘ) was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal until the restructure of zones to provinces. Within the zone is the city of Lumbini, widely believed to be the birthplace of Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism and renowned as a major Buddhist pilgrimage site. The zone's headquarters was Butwal.
Birkbeck Students' Union
Birkbeck Students' Union (also Birkbeck Union or Birkbeck SU) is the representative body for students at Birkbeck, University of London, a public research university located in Bloomsbury, London, England.

As Birkbeck primarily offers part-time courses, often in the evenings, student life is less centralised than in other universities. Birkbeck Students' Union offers a number of societies for students, as well as a various sports clubs that compete in the University of London league. It also provides student representation and support, a student magazine, a student shop and a bar. Birkbeck students also have access to the societies and clubs of the Student Central, whose building adjoins Birkbeck's Bloomsbury site.

University of London Union
The University of London Union (ULU), known as Student Central after 2014, was the students' union of the federal University of London. Since the closure of its student governance, each student is instead primarily affiliated to a students' union of their individual college, as the University of London is a federal structure encompassing many constituent colleges.

ULU provided a range of services on an intercollegiate basis, including cultural, recreational and sporting activities. Its seven-floor building in Malet Street, Central London, next to Birkbeck, University of London, included bars, restaurants, shops, banks, a swimming pool and a live music venue.

In 2021 Student Central closed and the university leased the building to Birkbeck College to expand their teaching space.
Software evolution
Software evolution is the continual development of a piece of software after its initial release to address changing stakeholder and/or market requirements. Software evolution is important because organizations invest large amounts of money in their software and are completely dependent on this software. Software evolution helps software adapt to changing businesses requirements, fix defects, and integrate with other changing systems in a software system environment.

Darwinism
Darwinism is a term used to describe a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and his contemporaries. The theory states that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce. Also called Darwinian theory, it originally included the broad concepts of transmutation of species or of evolution which gained general scientific acceptance after Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859, including concepts which predated Darwin's theories. English biologist Thomas Henry Huxley coined the term Darwinism in April 1860.

Darwinism stricto sensu lacks a clear theory of inheritance, in contrast with later neo-Darwinian theories such as the modern synthesis (which integrates mendelian inheritance).
Empress Duan (Huimin)
Empress Duan (段皇后, personal name unknown) (died  400), formally Empress Huide (惠德皇后, literally 'the benevolent and virtuous empress'), was an empress of the Xianbei-led Later Yan dynasty of China. Her husband was Murong Bao (Emperor Huimin).

Based on her family name, Empress Duan was probably from the same Duan tribe royal line that a number of Former Yan and Later Yan empresses and imperial consorts came from.  Murong Bao created her empress in 396 after he became emperor. Little is known about her life during the next few years, when Murong Bao saw his empire collapse in light of attacks by Northern Wei and internal rebellions, and he was killed in a rebellion by Lan Han in 398, along with her son Murong Ce (慕容策) the crown prince. Lan spared her, however, and after Murong Bao's son by his concubine Consort Ding, Murong Sheng, killed Lan and became emperor, he honored her as empress dowager.  She died in early 400.

Duan tribe
The Duan (Chinese: 段; pinyin: Duàn) was a tribe of Xianbei ethnicity during the Sixteen Kingdoms period in China. They were a powerful tribe in the Liaoxi region and played a key role during the fall of the Western Jin dynasty. Unlike the Xianbei tribes of the steppe, the Duan were unique in that they were established within the borders of China. They ruled over their dukedom of Liaoxi and later established the Duan Qi state, although neither were considered part of the Sixteen Kingdoms. The tribe was conquered by the Murong-led Former Yan in 338, but remained politically influential as maternal relatives of the Murong.
2020 São Paulo mayoral election
The 2020 São Paulo municipal election took place in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, with the first round taking place on 15 November 2020 and the second round taking place on 29 November 2020. Voters voted to elect the Mayor, the Vice Mayor and 55 city councillors for the administration of the city. The result was a 2nd round victory for incumbent Mayor Bruno Covas of the Brazilian Social Democratic Party (PSDB), winning 3,169,121 votes and a share of 59,38% of the popular vote, defeating political activist Guilherme Boulos of the Socialism and Liberty Party (PSOL), who took 2,168,109 votes and a share of 40.62% of the popular vote.

Popular Unity (Brazil)
Popular Unity (Portuguese: Unidade Popular, UP), also known as Popular Unity for Socialism (Portuguese: Unidade Popular pelo Socialismo, UPS), is a Brazilian political party founded on 16 June 2016, which had its right to launch candidacies recognized by the Superior Electoral Court (TSE) on 10 December 2019. As a socialist party, it is connected to homeless workers' movements and defends the nationalization of the banking system, social control of all monopolies, capitalist consortia, and the means of production at-large, as well as rural land reform and collectivization.

In the 2018 Brazilian general election, Popular Unity supported the Socialism and Liberty Party presidential bid of Guilherme Boulos and Sônia Guajajara. Its first National Congress was held in Belo Horizonte from 23 to 24 March 2019. Its slogan is "party of the poor, with the poor, and for the poor". On 10 December 2019, the TSE approved the party's registration and assigned the number 80 for pollings.
Trevor railway station
Trevor railway station was formerly a station on the Ruabon to Barmouth Line in north-east Wales. The line was double track between Ruabon and Llangollen and there was a signal box at Trevor.

According to the Official Handbook of Stations the station handled both goods and passenger traffic in 1956 and the goods yard was equipped with a 3-ton crane.

There were also private sidings from the neighbourhood of the station to the firebrick works in the middle of the village (via a level crossing), and to the Cefn Mawr Monsanto works. The latter also connected to the Pontcysyllte Branch, and via the Rhos Branch eventually rejoined the main line on the outskirts of Wrexham.

Ruabon railway station
Ruabon railway station (Welsh: Rhiwabon) is a combined rail and bus interchange serving Ruabon, Wrexham County Borough, Wales. It is the second busiest station in Wrexham County Borough in terms of passenger journeys, after the mainline station, Wrexham General. It is on the Shrewsbury to Chester Line, which is part of the former Great Western Railway mainline route from London Paddington to Birkenhead Woodside which lasted until 1967.