hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Product-service system
Product-service systems (PSS) are business models that provide for cohesive delivery of products and services. PSS models are emerging as a means to enable collaborative consumption of both products and services, with the aim of pro-environmental outcomes.

Business model
A business model describes how a business organization creates, delivers, and captures value, in economic, social, cultural or other contexts. The model describes the specific way in which the business conducts itself, spends, and earns money in a way that generates profit. The process of business model construction and modification is also called business model innovation and forms a part of business strategy.

In theory and practice, the term business model is used for a broad range of informal and formal descriptions to represent core aspects of an organization or business, including purpose, business process, target customers, offerings, strategies, infrastructure, organizational structures, profit structures, sourcing, trading practices, and operational processes and policies including culture.
Peptidiphaga gingivicola
Peptidiphaga gingivicola is a Gram-positive, non-spore forming, coccus shaped bacterium. Coccus are spherical and generally round in shape. Coccus are differentiated by their groupings that can range from chains, groups, or grape-like clusters. Peptidiphaga gingivicola was observed to grow in groups of 2-5 cocci between 0.2-0.9 mm in diameter. Growth was observed when cultured under anaerobic conditions between 33 and 40 degrees celsius on Blood Brucella agar for 4 days. Peptidiphaga gingivicola has been cultured from patients with periodontal disease, primarily caused by bacterial plaque formation on the gum and teeth of the oral cavity. The microbe is known to break down peptides of the gum causing tissue damage and tooth decay, leading to serious implications for oral health.

Actinomycetaceae
The Actinomycetaceae (often called actinomycetes or mycelial bacteria) are a family of bacteria in the order Actinomycetales that contains the medically important genus Actinomyces. These organisms are closely related to the mycobacteria, but were originally classified as fungi because they were thought to be transitional forms between bacteria and fungi.
Achlain
Achlain is a house in Glenmoriston in the Highland council area of Scotland. It is about 15 km west of Invermoriston, next to the A887 road and the River Moriston.

Achlain is on the route of a historic military road, which ran from Fort Augustus to Bernera Barracks, at Glenelg. This road was constructed in the 18th century, and ran north west over the hills from Fort Augustus, before dropping down to Glen Moriston at Achlain. Parts of the route are still visible as dirt tracks.  In 1773 Dr Samuel Johnson, accompanied by James Boswell, travelled this road and stayed the night at Aonach, an Inn on Achlain ground, today no longer extant.  On the next day they continued on their way to Skye.

Invermoriston
Invermoriston (Inbhir Mhoireastain in Gaelic) (grid reference NH420167) is a small village 11 kilometres (7 miles) north of Fort Augustus, Highland, Scotland. The village is on the A82 road, at a junction with the A887.

The village's most visited attraction is the Thomas Telford bridge, built in 1813, which crosses the spectacular River Moriston falls.  This bridge used to form part of the main road between Drumnadrochit and Fort Augustus but was replaced in the 1930s with the new bridge used today. Invermoriston's attractions include a hotel, called Glenmoriston Arms, village shop, clog and craft shop  as well as a coffee shop/restaurant. From the top of the hill above the village, Sròn Na Muic (Scottish Gaelic for "The Nose of the Pig"), one can admire the finest views of the Great Glen.
Salem Chaker
Salem Chaker (Kabyle: Salem u Aɛli Ijlili; born 1950 in Nevers) is a French linguist. A specialist in Berber linguistics (syntax, diachrony, sociolinguistics), he is recognized as the "dean" of modern Berber studies.

Gabriel Camps
Gabriel Camps (May 20, 1927 – September 6, 2002) was a French archaeologist and social anthropologist, the founder of the Encyclopédie berbère and is considered a prestigious scholar on the history of the Berber people.
Niceforo's wren
Niceforo's wren (Thryophilus nicefori) is a species of bird in the family Troglodytidae. It is endemic to Colombia.

Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude dry shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss.

In Spanish the bird is known as Cucarachero de Nicéforo or Cucarachero del Chicamocha.

Santander Department
Santander (Spanish pronunciation: [santanˈdeɾ]) is a department of Colombia. Santander inherited the name of one of the nine original states of the United States of Colombia. It is located in the central northern part of the country, borders the Magdalena River to the east, Boyacá to the south and southeast, the Norte de Santander Department to the northeast, the Cesar Department to the north, the Bolivar and Antioquia Departments to the west. Its capital is the city of Bucaramanga.
1988 Wigtown District Council election
The 1988 Wigtown District Council election took place on 5 May 1988, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's various other districts. The number of seats and the total vote share won by each party is listed below.

1988 Scottish local elections
Local elections were held in Scotland on 5 May 1988, to elect members to all 53 district councils under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, which had established the two-tier system of regions and districts.
DAYDREAMER
DAYDREAMER is a goal-based agent and cognitive architecture developed at University of California, Los Angeles by Erik Mueller. It models the human stream of thought and its triggering and direction by emotions, as in human daydreaming. The architecture is implemented as 12,000 lines of Lisp code.

Daydreaming
Daydreaming is a stream of consciousness that detaches from current external tasks when one's attention becomes focused on a more personal and internal direction.

Various names of this phenomenon exist, including mind-wandering, fantasies, and spontaneous thoughts. There are many types of daydreams – however, the most common characteristic to all forms of daydreaming meets the criteria for mild dissociation. In addition, the impacts of the various types of daydreams are not identical. While some are disruptive and deleterious, others may be beneficial to some degree.

The term daydreaming is derived from clinical psychologist Jerome L. Singer, whose research created the foundation for nearly all subsequent modern research. The terminologies assigned by modern researchers brings about challenges centering on identifying the common features of daydreaming and building collective work among researchers.
Western Story Magazine
Western Story Magazine was a pulp magazine published by Street & Smith, which ran from 1919 to 1949. It was the first of numerous pulp magazines devoted to Western fiction. In its heyday, Western Story Magazine was one of the most successful pulp magazines; in 1921 the magazine was selling over half a million copies each issue. The headquarters were located in New York City.

Street & Smith
Street & Smith or Street & Smith Publications, Inc., was a New York City publisher specializing in inexpensive paperbacks and magazines referred to as dime novels and pulp fiction.  They also published comic books and sporting yearbooks. Among their many titles was the science fiction pulp magazine Astounding Stories, acquired from Clayton Magazines in 1933, and retained until 1961. Street & Smith was founded in 1855, and was bought out in 1959. The Street & Smith headquarters were at 79 Seventh Avenue in Manhattan; they were designed by Henry F. Kilburn. Notable creations to emerge from the company include The Shadow, Doc Savage and The Avenger.
Alofau, American Samoa
Alofau (Samoan: Ālōfau) is a village on the southeast coast of Tutuila Island, American Samoa. It is located at the eastern end of Faga'itua Bay, six miles east of Pago Pago, between Pagai and Amouli. It is home to Alofau Village Marine Protected Area. It is an agrarian and traditional village. It is also a poor village with residents with low literacy and high unemployment rates. As of the U.S. census in 2000, the per capita income was $4,357 and 67 percent of children were below the poverty line. 15.6 percent of residents were receiving public assistance. It is lauded as a kava place in the Manu'a Songs. Alofau is located in Sa'Ole County.

Alofau Volcano is a major named volcano on Tutuila Island, although it is sometimes regarded as part of Pago Volcano.

Great surfing conditions can be found in Faga'itua Bay near Alofau.

An Adventist congregation had been established in the village by 1956.

Amouli, American Samoa
Āmouli is a village on the southeast coast of Tutuila Island, American Samoa at the narrowest point of the island. It is located to the west of 'Au'asi, immediately to the south of ʻAoa on the north coast. It was home to 920 residents at the 2010 U.S. census, all of which were Pacific Islanders by race. It is located in Sa'Ole County.

A larger shipwreck is located right beside the road in Āmouli. Locals say the vessel ran aground with a full load of fish, and when it overturned, it spilled its cargo within reach of villagers to gather it.

Dr. Charles Fletcher of the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa has conducted a sea level study of Āmouli village. He was the keynote speaker at American Samoa's first climate change summit in 2011, where he revealed that land in the village near the sea could be covered by water within ten years.
Ōmura Domain
Ōmura Domain (大村藩, Ōmura-han) was a Japanese domain of the Edo period.  It was centered around Kushima Castle in what is now the city of Ōmura, Nagasaki and was ruled by the tozama daimyō Ōmura clan for all of its history.

Abolition of the han system
The abolition of the han system (廃藩置県, haihan-chiken) in the Empire of Japan and its replacement by a system of prefectures in 1871 was the culmination of the Meiji Restoration begun in 1868, the starting year of the Meiji period. Under the reform, all daimyos (大名, daimyō, feudal lords) were required to return their authority to the Emperor Meiji and his house. The process was accomplished in several stages, resulting in a new centralized government of Meiji Japan and the replacement of the old feudal system with a new oligarchy.
Utility
In economics, utility is a measure of a certain person's satisfaction from a certain state of the world. Over time, the term has been used with at least two meanings.

In a normative context, utility refers to a goal or objective that we wish to maximize, i.e., an objective function. This kind of utility bears a closer resemblance to the original utilitarian concept, developed by moral philosophers such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

In a descriptive context, the term refers to an apparent objective function; such a function is revealed by a person's behavior, and specifically by their preferences over lotteries, which can be any quantified choice.

The relationship between these two kinds of utility functions has been a source of controversy among both economists and ethicists, with most maintaining that the two are distinct but generally related.

Oskar Morgenstern
Oskar Morgenstern (German: [ˈmɔʁɡn̩ʃtɛʁn]; January 24, 1902 – July 26, 1977) was a German-born economist. In collaboration with mathematician John von Neumann, he is credited with founding the field of game theory and its application to social sciences and strategic decision-making. He also made significant contributions to decision theory (see von Neumann–Morgenstern utility theorem).

He served as a consultant or co-founder for companies including the Market Research Corporation of America and the original Mathematica Inc.
Red Baron Records
Red Baron Records was a jazz record company and label founded by Bob Thiele around 1991.

The Bob Thiele Collective, an all-star group, recorded three albums for the label which Thiele produced. Other new recordings included music by John Hicks, Steve Marcus, David Murray, Ali Ryerson, and McCoy Tyner. Red Baron's reissues included albums by Ruby Braff, Paul Desmond, Earl Hines, Mel Lewis, and the Modern Jazz Quartet. Its list of previously unreleased material included Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn. Red Baron folded in 1996 when Bob Thiele died.

Ali Ryerson
Ali Ryerson (born 21 October 1952 in New York City) is a flutist with a background in both classical and jazz, as well as being an instructor. She has performed and toured worldwide with a wide range of artists including Billy Taylor, Kenny Barron, Stephane Grappelli, Frank Wess, Red Rodney, Laurindo Almeida, Art Farmer, Maxine Sullivan, Roy Haynes, and (as principal flutist with the Monterey Bay Symphony) with Luciano Pavarotti.  She has also released numerous albums under her own name, as well as duo recordings with noted guitarist Joe Beck.

Ryerson has toured the U.S., Canada, Europe, Japan and Africa, and has performed in many major jazz festivals, including the  Monterey Jazz Festival, the JVC Jazz Festival in New York, Cork Jazz Festival, Guinness Festival in Scotland, Edinburgh Festival in Scotland, and Carnegie Hall.
South Down (UK Parliament constituency)
South Down is a parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom House of Commons. The seat covers the Mourne Mountains, and Downpatrick to the north. It has a short border with the Republic of Ireland to the south. The MP since 2017 is Chris Hazzard of Sinn Féin.

Parliament of Northern Ireland
The Parliament of Northern Ireland was the home rule legislature of Northern Ireland, created under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, which sat from 7 June 1921 to 30 March 1972, when it was suspended because of its inability to restore order during the Troubles, resulting in the introduction of direct rule. It was abolished under the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973.

The Parliament of Northern Ireland was bicameral, consisting of a House of Commons with 52 seats, and an indirectly elected Senate with 26 seats. The Sovereign was represented by the governor (initially by the Lord Lieutenant), who granted royal assent to Acts of Parliament in Northern Ireland, but executive power rested with the prime minister, the leader of the largest party in the House of Commons.
Countryside Partnerships
Countryside Partnerships plc, formerly Countryside Properties plc, is a UK housebuilding and urban regeneration company, operating mainly in London and the South East of England, but with a presence in the North West of England. Until 2022, it was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.

In November 2022, Vistry Group acquired Countryside Partnerships for £1.27 billion.

Taylor Wimpey
Taylor Wimpey plc (formerly Taylor Woodrow plc) is a home construction company in the United Kingdom. The company was created from the merger of rivals Taylor Woodrow and George Wimpey on 3 July 2007. Its headquarters are based in High Wycombe, England. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.
(15807) 1994 GV9
(15807) 1994 GV9 (provisional designation 1994 GV9) is a trans-Neptunian object from the classical Kuiper belt located in the outermost region of the Solar System. The cubewano belongs to the orbitally unexcited cold population. It was discovered on 15 April 1994, by astronomers David Jewitt and Jun Chen at the Mauna Kea Observatories, near Hilo, Hawaii.

Jun Chen (astronomer)
Jun Chen is a Chinese American astronomer and discoverer of minor planets.

She obtained her BS at Beijing University in 1990, and obtained her PhD from the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa in 1997. Working together with David C. Jewitt and Jane Luu and other astronomers, she has co-discovered a number of Kuiper belt objects. The Minor Planet Center credits her with the co-discovery of 10 minor planets during 1994–1997.

She is currently working as a software developer in private industry.
Oostelijke Polders
Oostelijke Polders is a resort in Suriname located in the Nickerie District.  Its population at the 2012 census was 7,153. Villages in the resort include Glasgow, Hamptoncourtpolder, and Paradise. Oostelijke Polders is an agricultural area with a focus on rice production. Oostelijke Polder has a clinic and a school.

Paradise, Suriname
Paradise is a village in the Nickerie District of Suriname. It has a population of about 966 residents. The village is located about two kilometers from the town of Nieuw Nickerie.

The village is named after the sugar and cotton plantation Paradise The plantation was founded in 1797. Paradise and Plaisance were the first two concessions for plantations in Nickerie. On 31 December 1913, the plantation was disbanded and turned into 335 plots for small scale agriculture. The plantation was also home to several dozen free slaves. A railway station was planned in Paradise, however the plan was never completed.
J. R. McNeill
John Robert McNeill (born October 6, 1954) is an American environmental historian, author, and professor at Georgetown University. He is best known for "pioneering the study of environmental history". In 2000 he published Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World, which argues that human activity during the 20th century led to environmental changes on an unprecedented scale, primarily due to the energy system built around fossil fuels.

American Historical Association
The American Historical Association (AHA) is the oldest professional association of historians in the United States and the largest such organization in the world with 11,000 members as of 2025. Founded in 1884, AHA works to protect academic freedom, develop professional standards, and support scholarship and innovative teaching. It publishes The American Historical Review four times annually, which features scholarly history-related articles and book reviews.

AHA is the major learned society for historians working in the United States, while the Organization of American Historians is a field society for historians who study and teach about the United States. The AHA's congressional charter of 1889, established it "for the promotion of historical studies, the collection and preservation of historical manuscripts, and for kindred purposes in the interest of American history, and of history in America."
Deviationism
In political ideology, a deviationist is a person who expresses a deviation: an abnormality or departure. In Stalinist ideology and practice, deviationism is an expressed belief which does not accord with official party doctrine for the time and area. Accusations of deviationism often led to purges. Forms of deviationism included revisionism, dogmatism, and bourgeois nationalism.

In a 1953 speech, Mao Zedong referred to both left and right deviationists. Years later, in 1976, the Gang of Four would strike out against "rightist deviationism" in China.

Bourgeois nationalism
In Marxist theory, bourgeois nationalism is the ideology of the ruling capitalist class which aims to overcome class antagonism between proletariat and bourgeoisie by appealing to national unity. It is seen as a distraction from engaging in class struggle and an attempt to impose interests of capitalists on the proletariat by constructing capitalist interests as "national interests". Internationally, it aims to create antagonism between workers of different nations and serves as a divide-and-conquer strategy. The bourgeois nationalism is contrasted with left-wing nationalism and proletarian internationalism.
Belka, Western Australia
Belka is a small town located in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia between the towns of Bruce Rock and Merredin.

The town originated as a station along the railway line for both passengers and heavy goods, and was gazetted in 1914. The word is Aboriginal in origin and is thought to mean ankle. A town hall was built in 1915 and a dam was also completed in the same year.

Merredin, Western Australia
Merredin (/ˈmɛrədɪn/) is a town in Western Australia, located in the central Wheatbelt roughly midway between Perth and Kalgoorlie, on Route 94, Great Eastern Highway. It is located on the route of the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme, and as a result is also on the Golden Pipeline Heritage Trail.

It is connected by public transport to Perth via the Prospector and MerredinLink rail services.
Donald Wright (schoolmaster)
Arthur Robert Donald Wright OBE (20 June 1923 – 10 July 2012) was an English schoolmaster who taught at several schools, including Marlborough College and Shrewsbury School, where he was head master. In 1971 he was Chairman of the Headmasters' Conference. After retiring from teaching, he worked at Lambeth Palace for the Archbishop of Canterbury.

As a young man he saw active service with the British Army during the closing stages of the Second World War.

Leighton Park School
Leighton Park School is a co-educational private school for day and boarding pupils in Reading in South East England. Founded in 1890 as a Quaker school, its ethos remains closely aligned with Quaker values. The school describes its core values as “The Stripes”, defined as simplicity, truth, respect, integrity, peace, equality and sustainability. It is one of the 10 Quaker schools in the UK.
Halim (crater)
Halim is a crater on Mercury.  Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) on November 14, 2024. The crater is named for Egyptian painter Tahia Halim.

Halim lies between Sholem Aleichem and Bruegel craters to the east and west.  It is north of Scarlatti.

Bruegel (crater)
Bruegel is a crater on Mercury. It has a diameter of 72 kilometers. Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1985. Bruegel is named for the Flemish painter Pieter Bruegel the Elder, who lived from 1525 to 1569. The crater was first imaged by Mariner 10 in 1974.

Bruegel is located southeast of To Ngoc Van crater, which shows evidence of volcanic activity.
2009 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships – Women's 1500 m
The women's 1500 m  at the 2009 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships in Heerenveen took place at Thialf on 2 November 2008. Although the championships were held in 2008 it is the 2009 edition as it was part of the 2008/2009 speed skating season. The top five speed skaters qualified for the 1500 m at the 2008–09 ISU Speed Skating World Cup. The title holder was Paulien van Deutekom.

2008–09 ISU Speed Skating World Cup
The 2008–09 ISU Speed Skating World Cup, officially the Essent ISU World Cup Speed Skating 2008–2009, was a series of  international speed skating competitions which ran the entire season. The season started on 7 November 2008 in Berlin, Germany, and ended on 7 March 2009 in Salt Lake City, United States. In total, nine competition weekends were held at eight different locations, twelve cups were contested (six for men, and six for women), and 84 races took place. The World Cup is organized by the International Skating Union (ISU).
Dialects of Latin
Throughout Roman history, there was regional variation in the Latin language. In certain regions, terms or morphological features from pre-Roman substrate languages were borrowed into the local dialects. For instance, the dialect of Gaul borrowed terms from their native Gaulish language, which was spoken by the Gauls, a Celtic people. Regional dialects were often perceived as inferior to the prestige "Roman" dialect, which—in the view of some authors—may have constituted a genuine style of speech common to the city of Rome. However, other authors perceived their ideal "Roman dialect" as an artificial, prescribed standard of "correct" speech that did not necessarily reflect the vernacular of any given region.

Gaius Lucilius
Gaius Lucilius (180, 168 or 148 BC – 103 BC) was the earliest Roman satirist, of whose writings only fragments remain. A Roman citizen of the equestrian class, he was born at Suessa Aurunca in Campania, and was a member of the Scipionic Circle.