hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Defeater
A defeater of a belief is evidence that this belief is false. Defeaters are of particular interest to epistemology because they affect whether a belief is justified. An important distinction is between undercutting and rebutting defeaters. Undercutting defeaters remove evidential support for a belief while rebutting defeaters provide evidential support for the opposite thesis of the belief. Defeaters play a central role in modern developments of defeasible reasoning.

Justification (epistemology)
Justification (also called epistemic justification) is a property of beliefs that fulfill certain norms about what a person should believe. Epistemologists often identify justification as a component of knowledge distinguishing it from mere true opinion. They study the reasons why someone holds a belief. Epistemologists are concerned with various features of belief, which include the ideas of warrant (a proper justification for holding a belief), knowledge, rationality, and probability, among others.

Debates surrounding epistemic justification often involve the structure of justification, including whether there are foundational justified beliefs or whether mere coherence is sufficient for a system of beliefs to qualify as justified. Another major subject of debate is the sources of justification, which might include perceptual experience (the evidence of the senses), reason, and authoritative testimony, among others.
1902 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team
The 1902 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team represented the University of Nebraska as an independent during the 1902 college football season. Led by third-year head coach Walter C. Booth, the Cornhuskers compiled a record of 9–0, excluding one exhibition game. Nebraska played home games at Antelope Field in Lincoln, Nebraska.

Cornhuskers compiled a 9–0 record and shut out every opponent by a combined score of 164–0. The Cornhuskers 's hopes to be considered the western champion were dashed when 11–0 Michigan was selected instead selected following their season-ending 23–6 win over Minnesota (Nebraska defeated the Gophers 6–0). Believing Michigan's membership in the Western Conference elevated its title chances, Nebraska applied to the conference following the season, but the application was denied on account of Lincoln's distance from other schools in the conference. Nebraska ultimately joined the conference over 100 years later, in 2011.

Antelope Field
Antelope Field was a multi-sport stadium on the campus of the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. It was the home venue for the Nebraska Cornhuskers football, baseball, and track and field teams from 1897 until it was demolished to make room for academic facilities in 1907. Following its closure, Nebraska played the 1908 football season at M Street Park before moving to Nebraska Field in 1909.

The contemporary name of the venue is unclear. It is now typically called Antelope Field but while in use it was most often referred to as simply the "athletic field," "campus field," or "Nebraska Field" (the name that would be officially applied to its successor).
Botanique metro station
Botanique (French, pronounced [bɔtanik] ⓘ) or Kruidtuin (Dutch, pronounced [ˈkrœytœyn]) is a Brussels Metro station on the northern segment of lines 2 and 6. It is located under the Small Ring (Brussels' inner ring road) at the Rue Royale/Koningsstraat in the municipality of the Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, north of the City of Brussels, Belgium.

The station opened on 18 August 1974 as a premetro (underground tram) station. It became a heavy metro station, serving line 2, when this line was converted on 2 October 1988. Then, following the reorganisation of the Brussels Metro on 4 April 2009, it now lies on the joint section of lines 2 and 6.

The National Botanic Garden of Belgium, for which the area and station is named, was moved in the 1930s to the Flemish municipality of Meise, but the name Le Botanique and the building complex located nearby is still used as a concert venue and cultural centre.

Le Botanique
Le Botanique (French pronunciation: [lə bɔtanik]) is a cultural complex and music venue in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, Brussels, Belgium. The building was previously the main orangery of the National Botanic Garden of Belgium and even as part of the garden had hosted cultural events. In 1958, the National Botanic Garden moved to Meise, Flemish Brabant. Le Botanique opened in 1984, and the gardens in front are now the Botanical Garden of Brussels.
Plutella porrectella
Plutella porrectella is a moth of the family Plutellidae found in Europe, the Caucasus, southern Siberia and Asia Minor.

The wingspan is 14–17 mm. The head is ochreous-whitish, with central fuscous line. Tuft of palpi long. Forewings pale ochreous, suffusedly streaked with whitish; costa and dorsum blackish - dotted; a whitish subdorsal longitudinal line, thrice sinuate upwards, margined above with an ocbreous-brownish suffusion and some blackish scales, darkest in the depressions discal stigmata usually indicated by dark fuscous dashes termen ochreous-brown, spotted with black. Hindwings are light grey. The larva is light green; dorsal line darker; dots black; head brownish - marked.

Adults are on wing in May and again from July to August.

The larvae feed on Brassicaceae species, including Hesperis matronalis. They distort or connect the leaves of their host plants with small amounts of silk.

Plutellidae
The Plutellidae are a family of moths commonly known as the diamondback moths, named after the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) of European origin. It was once considered to have three subfamilies: Plutellinae, Praydinae, and Scythropiinae. Praydinae was later elevated to its own family, Praydidae, while Scythropiinae has variously been moved to Yponomeutidae or also elevated to its own family.
Kranenbach
The Kranenbach is an orographically right-hand tributary of the Schwalm in the Lower Rhine county of Viersen.

Its source is in the vicinity of Vennbachhof near Ungerath (in the municipality of Schwalmtal) at a height of around 60 m above NN. The stream has a length of just under 9.5 kilometres and empties into the Schwalm by the mill of Borner Mühle at a height of about 40 m above NN.. The Kranenbach picks up the waters of the Haversloher Bach (1.5 kilometres long), the Heidweiher Bach (1.5 kilometres long), the Vogelsrather Bach (1.7 kilometres long), the Schageher Bach (1.4 kilometres long) and the Berggraben which has a length of 2.3 kilometres.

The Kranenbach was canalized in the years 1925/26. Its care and maintenance is the responsibility of the Schwalmverband, which has its head office in Brüggen.

Viersen (district)
Viersen (German pronunciation: [ˈfiːɐ̯zn̩]) is a Kreis (district) in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Cleves, Wesel, district-free Krefeld, Neuss, district-free Mönchengladbach, Heinsberg and the Dutch province of Limburg.
Akademikerne – The Danish Confederation of Professional Associations
Akademikerne – The Danish Confederation of Professional Associations Danish: Akademikerne was founded in 1972 and a national trade union center for 25 Danish trade unions.

Akademikerne has a membership of 418,000 and cooperates with the other Danish trade union centre, the Danish Trade Union Confederation (FH).

Members of the 25 trade unions of Akademikerne are typically employees with a higher education, i.e. a master's degree or a postgraduate education. Members of Akademikerne are e.g. lawyers, librarians, psychologists, dentists, veterinarians, pharmacists, high school teachers, medical doctors etc.

Akademikerne is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC), the Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD (TUAC) and the Council of Nordic Trade Unions (NFS).

Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD
The Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD (TUAC) is the interface of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) with organized labour. TUAC has 59 affiliated trade union centres in 32 OECD countries, representing more than 60 million workers. It also has five associate members in Brazil, Bulgaria, Indonesia, Peru, and South Africa.
Casualty recording
Casualty recording is the systematic and continuous process of documenting individual direct deaths from armed conflict or widespread violence. It aims to create a comprehensive account of all deaths within a determined scope, usually bound by time and location.

The Bureau of Investigative Journalism
The Bureau of Investigative Journalism, typically abbreviated to TBIJ or "the Bureau", is a nonprofit news organisation based in London that was founded in 2010 to pursue "public interest" investigations. The Bureau works with publishers and broadcasters to maximise the impact of its investigations. Since its founding, it has collaborated with Panorama, Newsnight, and File on 4 at the BBC, Channel 4 News and Dispatches, as well as the Financial Times, The Daily Telegraph, and The Sunday Times, among others.

The Bureau has covered a wide range of stories and won many awards including for its coverage of the drone wars and investigation of "joint enterprise" murder convictions. Rozina Breen was the chief executive officer and editor-in-chief from 2022 to 2025. The current chief executive officer and editor-in-chief is Franz Wild.
Cameron Young
Cameron Young (born May 7, 1997) is an American professional golfer. He has finished in the top three in two major championships, and has one win and several runner-up finishes on the PGA Tour. He has won twice on the Korn Ferry Tour and was voted PGA Tour Rookie of the Year for the 2021–22 season.

2022 Presidents Cup
The 2022 Presidents Cup was the 14th edition of the Presidents Cup golf competition, held at Quail Hollow Club in Charlotte, North Carolina, from September 22–25, 2022. This was Quail Hollow's first time hosting the Presidents Cup. The matches were originally scheduled for fall 2021, but the Presidents Cup, the Ryder Cup, and other team golf events were delayed by a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The USA won the competition and retained the cup.
Martina Bárta
Martina Bárta (Czech pronunciation: [ˈmarcɪna ˈbaːrta]; born 1 September 1988) is a Czech jazz singer and musician. A vocalist and a French horn player, she was part of the Frankfurt am Main-based jazz band 4 To The Bar. She also had a role in the musical Robin Hood and worked with Felix Slováček and Karel Gott.

She represented the Czech Republic in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 with the song My Turn but failed to qualify to the final. In 2018, she took part in Deutschland sucht den Superstar and reached the recall.

Karel Gott
Karel Gott (14 July 1939 – 1 October 2019) was a Czech singer, considered the most successful male singer in Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic. He was voted the country's best male singer in the annual Český slavík (Czech Nightingale) national music  award 42 times, most recently in 2017.

He achieved considerable success in the USSR and the German-speaking countries, where he was known as "the Golden Voice of Prague", winning the Goldene Stimmgabel award three times (1982, 1984, and 1995).

Over the course of his career he released over 100 albums and 100 compilation albums, and sold an estimated 50–100 million records worldwide, 23 million of them in the German-speaking market, and about 15 million in Czechoslovakia and its successor states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
Panče Toškovski
Panče Toškovski (Macedonian: Панче Тошковски, pronounced ['pant͡ʃe 'tɔʃkɔfski]) is a Macedonian politician. He has held the office of Minister of Internal Affairs since 29 January 2024 succeeding Oliver Spasovski.

Oliver Spasovski
Oliver Spasovski (Macedonian: Оливер Спасовски, pronounced ['ɔlivɛr 'spasɔfski]; born 21 October 1976) is a Macedonian politician.

Spasovski served the Minister of Internal Affairs for multiple terms: November 2015 to May 2016, September to December 2016, May 2017 to January 2020, and 30 August 2020 to 28 January 2024. He serves as general secretary of the Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (SDSM).

Spasovski served as Prime Minister of North Macedonia from 3 January to 30 August 2020 – following an agreement between the leaders of SDSM and VMRO-DPMNE, Zoran Zaev, and Hristijan Mickoski to hold early parliamentary elections on 12 April – which was rescheduled to the same year on 15 July.
Red Circle (typeface)
Red Circle is a geometric sans-serif typeface designed by Harold Lohner and based upon the c. 1930 lettering used in packaging and advertising for the range of A&P's Eight O'Clock, Red Circle, and Bokar brands of whole bean arabica coffees.

Red Circle is an all uppercase typeface exhibiting the geometric exploration of the Art Deco period. While having an overall rectilinear structure, circular forms are prominent in the characters A, B, D, M, N, and R. The lettering bears comparison with Georg Trump's City typeface. Exterior corners are rounded, and cross strokes extend left  of the stem in characters A, B, E, H, K, P, and R. The characters M and N take the form of Carolingian minuscule characters m and n similar to the same characters in Herbert Bayer's 1927 experimental universal typeface Architype Bayer.

Lohner offers the face as a font for the Mac and Windows operating systems.

Architype Bayer
Architype Bayer is a geometric sans-serif typeface based upon the 1927 experimentation of Herbert Bayer. Bayer reacted to the Germanic use of capitalization for all nouns by abandoning uppercase. His new case combined characters based on the Carolingian minuscule with uppercase K rescaled to top-align on the mean line. The Bayer Architype typeface is one of a collection of several revivals of early twentieth century typographic experimentation designed by Freda Sack and David Quay of The Foundry.
Thomas J. Lynch
Thomas Joseph Lynch (December 9, 1916 – March 8, 1944) was a United States Army Air Forces lieutenant colonel and a flying ace of World War II. After joining the United States Army Air Corps in 1940, Lynch flew the Bell P-39 Airacobra with the 39th Pursuit Squadron. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the squadron was deployed to Australia and then to Port Moresby in early 1942.

Lynch downed three Japanese planes while flying the P-39, and in June the squadron (now redesignated the 39th Fighter Squadron) was selected to be the first Fifth Air Force squadron to be reequipped with the new Lockheed P-38 Lightning. Lynch claimed two more victories in late December to become an ace. He became commander of the squadron in March 1943. By October Lynch had 16 victories. He went back to his hometown of Catasauqua, Pennsylvania, and married. Returning to the Pacific, Lynch claimed four more victories, and was killed while strafing Japanese barges on 8 March 1944.

North Catasauqua, Pennsylvania
North Catasauqua is a borough in Northampton County, Pennsylvania, United States. The borough was founded in 1907. The population of North Catasauqua was 2,971 at the 2020 census. The borough is part of the Lehigh Valley metropolitan area, which had a population of 861,899 and was the 68th-most populous metropolitan area in the U.S. as of the 2020 census.

In August 2008, borough council officially adopted and christened North Catasauqua as "small Town U.S.A.", with a campaign devised by the North Catasauqua Betterment Committee for the official recognition.
Zawadzkiego-Klonowica
Zawadzkiego-Klonowica (Polish: [za.vat͡sˈkiɛ.ɡɔ klɔ.nɔˈvɨ.t͡sa]) is a municipal neighborhood of the city of Szczecin, Poland, within the West district. Its a housing estate with apartment buildings. The neighbourhood has an area of 1.58 km2, and in 2015, was inhabited by 16,034 people. It was developed in the 1970s.

Głębokie-Pilchowo
Głębokie-Pilchowo is a municipal neighbourhood of the city of Szczecin, Poland situated on the left bank of Oder river, north-west of the Szczecin Old Town, in Zachód (West) District. As of January 2011 it had a population of 1,216.

Głębokie-Pilchowo comprises Głębokie and Pilchowo.
HMS Armada (D14)
HMS Armada was a Battle-class destroyer of the Royal Navy (RN). She was named in honour of the English victory over the Spanish Armada in 1588. Armada was built by Hawthorn Leslie and Company on the Tyne. She was launched on 9 December 1943 and commissioned on 2 July 1945.

R. & W. Hawthorn, Leslie and Company
R. & W. Hawthorn, Leslie and Company, Limited, usually referred to as Hawthorn Leslie, was a shipbuilder and locomotive manufacturer. The company was founded on Tyneside in 1886 and ceased building ships in 1982.
Couzinet 100
The Couzinet 100 was a three-engined, three-seat touring aircraft designed and built in France in 1930. It served as the basis for two closely related variants, the Couzinet 101 and Couzinet 103, which differed primarily in their engine installations. None of the versions entered series production.

Aircraft fairing
An aircraft fairing is a structure whose primary function is to produce a smooth outline and reduce drag.

These structures are covers for gaps and spaces between parts of an aircraft to reduce form drag and interference drag, and to improve appearance.
Slam Stewart
Leroy Eliot "Slam" Stewart (September 21, 1914 – December 10, 1987) was an American jazz double-bass player whose trademark style was his ability to bow the bass (arco) and simultaneously hum or sing an octave higher. He was a violinist before switching to bass at the age of 20.

Benny Goodman
Benjamin David Goodman (May 30, 1909 – June 13, 1986) was an American jazz clarinetist and bandleader, known as the "King of Swing". His orchestra did well commercially.

From 1935 until the mid-1940s, Goodman led one of the most popular swing big bands in the United States. His concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City on January 16, 1938, is described by critic Bruce Eder as "the single most important jazz or popular music concert in history: jazz's 'coming out' party to the world of 'respectable' music."

Goodman's bands started the careers of many jazz musicians. During an era of racial segregation, he led one of the first integrated jazz groups, his trio and quartet. He continued performing until the end of his life while pursuing an interest in classical music.
Government competitiveness
Government competitiveness is a state capacity concept created by Tobin Im, a scholar of public administration and a professor at the Graduate School of Public Administration at Seoul National University. Since 2011, the Center for Government Competitiveness (CGC) at Seoul National University has developed the Government Competitiveness (GC) index, which evaluates government achievements in the various fields and provides policy recommendations to increase the competitiveness of government in the future.

Seoul National University
Seoul National University (SNU; Korean: 서울대학교; lit. 'Seoul University') is a public research university in Seoul, South Korea. Founded in 1946 by the merger of ten institutions in the Seoul area, it is one of the SKY universities and a part of the Flagship Korean National Universities.

The university's main campus is located in Gwanak, and two additional campuses are located in Daehangno and Pyeongchang. The university comprises sixteen colleges, one graduate school and nine professional schools. The student body consists of nearly 16,000 undergraduate and 16,000 graduate students.
Hutch BMX
Hutch BMX was founded in 1979 by bicycle store owner Richard Hutchins in Pasadena, Maryland. Hutch BMX grew from a bicycle shop to a mail order business, and then to a BMX bicycle manufacturer. The company introduced (PROFILEs' frames) as their first model (Hutch Pro Racer) in 1981. The company is now named Hutch Hi-Performance inc.

BMX
BMX, an abbreviation for bicycle motocross or bike motocross, is a cycle sport performed on BMX bikes, either in competitive BMX racing or freestyle BMX, or else in general street or off-road recreation.
Chronology of the Reconquista
This chronology presents the timeline of the Reconquista, a series of military and political actions taken following the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula that began in 711. These Crusades began a decade later with dated to the Battle of Covadonga and its culmination came in 1492 with the Fall of Granada to Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. The evolution of the various Iberian kingdoms (including Aragon, León and Castile) to the unified kingdoms of Spain and Portugal was key to the conquest of al-Andalus from the Moors.

Urraca of León and Castile
Urraca (León, 1081 – Saldaña, 8 March 1126), called the Reckless (La Temeraria), was Queen of León, Castile and Galicia from 1109 until her death. She claimed the imperial title as suo jure Empress of All Spain and Empress of All Galicia. She is considered to be the first European queen to reign in her own right.
Lonely Mountains: Downhill
Lonely Mountains: Downhill is a 2019 sports video game developed by German developer Megagon Industries and published by Thunderful. The game is a third-person biking game, where the player tries to complete courses on different mountains. The game was released on October 23, 2019, for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows. A Nintendo Switch port was released in May 2020.

A sequel, titled Lonely Mountains: Snow Riders, was released in January 2025.

Sports video game
A sports video game is a video game that simulates the practice of sports. Most sports have been recreated with video games, including team sports, track and field, extreme sports, and combat sports. Some games emphasize playing the sport (such as EA Sports FC, eFootball, EA Sports F1, EA Sports WRC, NBA 2K and TopSpin 2K25), whilst others emphasize strategy and sport management (such as Football Manager and Out of the Park Baseball). Some, such as Need for Speed, Arch Rivals and Punch-Out!!, satirize the sport for comic effect. This genre has been popular throughout the history of video games and is competitive, just like real-world sports. A number of game series feature the names and characteristics of real teams and players, and are updated annually to reflect real-world changes. The sports genre is one of the oldest genres in gaming history.
2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 1500 metre freestyle
The men's 1500 metre freestyle competition at the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 18 at the William Woollett Jr. Aquatics Center.  The previous champion was Park Tae-Hwan of South Korea.

This event was a timed-final where each swimmer swam just once. The top 8 seeded swimmers swam in the evening, and the remaining swimmers swam in the morning session.

2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 1500 metre freestyle
The men's 1500 metre freestyle competition at the 2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 20 at the Saanich Commonwealth Place. The last champion was Grant Hackett of Australia.

This event was a timed-final where each swimmer swam just once. The top 8 seeded swimmers swam in the evening, and the remaining swimmers swam in the morning session.