hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Underclass
The underclass is the segment of the population that occupies the lowest possible position in a class hierarchy, below the core body of the working class. This group is usually considered cut off from the rest of the society.

The general idea that a class system includes a population under the working class has a long tradition in the social sciences (for example, lumpenproletariat). However, the specific term, underclass, was popularized during the last half of the 20th century, first by social scientists of American poverty, and then by American journalists.

The underclass concept has been a point of controversy among social scientists. Definitions and explanations of the underclass, as well as proposed solutions for managing or fixing the underclass problem have been highly debated.

William Julius Wilson
William Julius Wilson (born December 20, 1935) is an American sociologist, a professor emeritus at Harvard University, and an author of works on urban sociology, race, and class issues. Laureate of the National Medal of Science, he served as the 80th President of the American Sociological Association, was a member of numerous national boards and commissions. He identified the importance of neighborhood effects and demonstrated how limited employment opportunities and weakened institutional resources exacerbated poverty within American inner-city neighborhoods.
The East Temple
The East Temple is a prominent 7,709 feet (2,350 m) summit composed of Navajo Sandstone in Zion National Park, in Washington County of southwest Utah, United States. It is one of the notable landmarks in the park. The nearest neighbor is Twin Brothers, one-half mile to the north, and the nearest higher peak is The West Temple, 3.85 miles (6.20 km) to the west-southwest. The mountain is situated 1.8 miles northeast of the park headquarters, at the confluence of Pine Creek and the North Fork Virgin River. This feature's name was applied by John Wesley Powell during his explorations in 1872, and was officially adopted in 1934 by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names. The first ascent was made in 1937 by Glen Dawson, Dick Jones, Homer Fuller, Wayland Gilbert, and Jo Momyer.

Virgin River
The Virgin River is a tributary of the Colorado River in the U.S. states of Utah, Nevada, and Arizona. The river is about 162 miles (261 km) long. It was designated Utah's first wild and scenic river in 2009, during the centennial celebration of Zion National Park.
2025–26 National League
The 2025–26 National League season, known as the Enterprise National League for sponsorship reasons, is the 11th season under the title of the National League, the 22nd season consisting of three divisions, and the 47th season overall.

Enterprise Rent-A-Car were confirmed as the new sponsors for the National League on 23 June 2025 after agreeing a multi-year deal, replacing Vanarama.

2024–25 National League
The 2024–25 National League season, known as the Vanarama National League for sponsorship reasons, was the tenth season under the title of the National League, the twenty-first season consisting of three divisions, and the forty-sixth season overall.
Pierre Marot
Pierre Eugène Alexandre Marot (15 December 1900, Neufchâteau (Vosges) – 28 November 1992, Paris) was a 20th-century French medievalist historian, director of the École Nationale des Chartes. He was a member of the Institut de France, the Académie de Stanislas, the Société des Amis de Notre-Dame and the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres

Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
The Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (French pronunciation: [akademi dez‿ɛ̃skʁipsjɔ̃ e bɛl lɛtʁ]) is a French learned society devoted to history, founded in February 1663 as one of the five academies of the Institut de France. The academy's scope is the study of ancient inscriptions (epigraphy), historical literature (see Belles-lettres) and the cultures of the civilizations of antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the classical period, as well as those of non-European civilizations.
Neenach, California
Neenach (/ˈniːnæk/ NEE-nak) is an agricultural settlement in northwestern Los Angeles County, California, United States, with a population of about 800. It is facing a massive change with the proposed construction of a 23,000-home planned community to its north called Centennial.

Antelope Valley
The Antelope Valley is a valley primarily located in northern Los Angeles County, California, United States and the southeast portion of Kern County, and constitutes the western tip of the Mojave Desert. It is situated between the Tehachapi, Sierra Pelona, and the San Gabriel Mountains.  The valley was named for the pronghorns that roamed there until they were all eliminated in the 1880s, mostly by hunting, or resettled in other areas. The principal cities in the Antelope Valley are Palmdale and Lancaster.
OS/VS2 (SVS)
Single Virtual Storage (SVS) refers to Release 1 of Operating System/Virtual Storage 2 (OS/VS2); it is the successor system to the MVT option of Operating System/360. OS/VS2 (SVS) was a stopgap measure pending the availability of MVS, although IBM provided support and enhancements to SVS long after shipping MVS.

SVS provides a single 16MiB address space which is shared by all tasks in the system, regardless of the size of physical memory.

Telecommunications Access Method
Telecommunications Access Method (TCAM) is an access method, in IBM's OS/360 and successors computer operating systems on IBM System/360 and later, that provides access to terminals units within a teleprocessing network.
Level 10 (band)
Level 10 is an international heavy metal supergroup formed in 2012 by vocalist Russell Allen and bassist/producer Mat Sinner.

Allen and Sinner, wanting to work together, have been united for the new project of the President of Frontiers, Serafino Perugino. The final lineup for the album, including drummer Randy Black and guitar player Alex Beyrodt of Primal Fear, Roland Grapow of Masterplan and Alessandro Del Vecchio (Hardline, Voodoo Circle) on keyboards.

On January 23, 2015, Chapter One, their first and only album, was released.

Hardline (band)
Hardline is an American hard rock band. Originally formed in 1991 by brothers Johnny Gioeli and Joey Gioeli, the band consisted of five members, Johnny Gioeli, Joey Gioeli, Neal Schon, Todd Jensen and Deen Castronovo. The band's most recent album is Heart, Mind and Soul, which was released in 2021. Joey Gioeli has not appeared on a Hardline album since 2002's II, after retiring from music to focus on the family business. Since 2003, Johnny Gioeli is the only remaining original member of the band.
Bert Turner (footballer, born 1909)
Herbert Gwyn Turner (19 June 1909 – 8 June 1981) was a Welsh international footballer who played as a full back for Charlton Athletic. He was best known for scoring for both sides in the 1946 FA Cup Final, becoming the first player to do so.

1934–35 in English football
The 1934–35 season was the 60th season of competitive football in England. Arsenal became only the second team to win the League three consecutive times after Huddersfield Town who were the first to achieve this in the 1920s under the same manager Herbert Chapman.
2010–11 Jordan League
The 2010–2011 Jordanian Pro League (known as the Al-Manaseer Jordanian Pro League, named after Ziad AL-Manaseer Companies Group for sponsorship reasons) was the 59th season of the top-flight football in Jordan.Al-Faisaly are the defending champions. Ittihad Al-Ramtha and Al-Karmel were relegated to the second level of Jordan football after ending the 2009–10 season in the bottom two places. Promoted from the second level were Al-Ahli (Amman) and Manshia Bani Hassan. The championship was won by Al-Wehdat, while Al-Ahli and Al-Hussein were relegated. A total of 12 teams participated.

2009–10 Jordan League
The 2009–2010 Jordanian Pro League (known as the Al-Manaseer Jordanian Pro League, named after Ziad AL-Manaseer Companies Group for sponsorship reasons) was the 58th season of the top-flight football in Jordan.The league has been expanded from the previous season and now features 12 clubs, up two from the previous 10.Al-Faisaly won its 31 title.
Timor-Leste men's national basketball team
The Timor-Leste national basketball team  represents Timor-Leste in international basketball competitions and is managed by the National Basketball Federation of Timor-Leste abbreviated as FNBTL (Portuguese: Nacional de Basquetebol de Timor-Leste).

2006 Lusofonia Games
The 2006 Lusofonia Games (Portuguese: 1.os Jogos da Lusofonia; Chinese: 第一屆葡語系運動會) were held in the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China between 7 and 15 October 2006. The 2006 Games were the first edition of this multi-sport event for Portuguese-speaking countries and territories, under the banner of ACOLOP.

The site for the opening ceremony was the Macau Stadium and the closing ceremony was held at the Macau East Asian Games Dome. The mascot for the games was a dog named Leo. The pronunciation of "Leo" in Portuguese is similar to Chinese (嚟澳; Lei O) and it means "Come to Macau".

Due to the high expenses, some of the participating NOCs received financial support from the International Olympic Committee and Olympic Committee of Portugal.
Legislatures of British India
The Legislatures of British India included legislative bodies in the presidencies and provinces of British India, the Imperial Legislative Council, the Chamber of Princes and the Central Legislative Assembly. The legislatures were created under Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom. Initially serving as small advisory councils, the legislatures evolved into partially elected bodies, but were never elected through suffrage. Provincial legislatures saw boycotts during the period of dyarchy between 1919 and 1935. After reforms and elections in 1937, the largest parties in provincial legislatures formed governments headed by a prime minister. A few British Indian subjects were elected to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which had superior powers than colonial legislatures. British Indian legislatures did not include Burma's legislative assembly after 1937, the State Council of Ceylon nor the legislative bodies of princely states.

Burma Legislature
The Burma Legislature was the legislative body of British Burma from 1936 to 1947. As an elected body, the Legislature of Burma was a bicameral legislature consisting of the 36-seat Senate and the 132-seat House of Representatives.
Outline of Belgium
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Belgium:

Belgium – sovereign country located in northwest Europe.  It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters, as well as those of other major international organizations, including NATO, of which it is also a founding member. It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany and Luxembourg to the east, France to the south and southwest and the North Sea to the northwest. Brussels is its capital and largest city.

Geography of Belgium
Belgium is a federal state located in Western Europe and is divided into three regions: the Flemish Region (Flanders), the Walloon Region (Wallonia), and the Brussels Capital Region (Brussels).

Belgium borders the North Sea and shares borders with the countries of France (620 km), the Netherlands (450 km), Germany (162/167 km) and Luxembourg (148 km).
24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)
The 24 Preludes and Fugues, Op. 87 by Dmitri Shostakovich are a set of 24 musical pieces for solo piano, one in each of the major and minor keys of the chromatic scale. The cycle was composed in 1950 and 1951 while Shostakovich was in Moscow, and premiered by pianist Tatiana Nikolayeva in Leningrad in December 1952; it was published the same year. A complete performance takes approximately 2 hours and 32 minutes. It is one of several examples of music written in all major or minor keys.

Alex Ross (music critic)
Alex Ross (born January 12, 1968) is an American music critic and author who specializes in classical music. Ross has been a staff member of The New Yorker magazine since 1996. His extensive writings include performance and record reviews, industry updates, cultural commentary, and historical narratives in the realm of classical music. He has written three well-received books: The Rest Is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century (2007), Listen to This (2011), and Wagnerism: Art and Politics in the Shadow of Music (2020).

A graduate of Harvard University and student of composer Peter Lieberson, from 1992 to 1996 Ross was a critic for The New York Times. He has received wide acclaim for his publications; The Rest Is Noise was a finalist for the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction, and his other awards and honors include a MacArthur Fellowship and the Belmont Prize. He maintains a popular classical music blog, The Rest is Noise.
Rudby
Rudby is a village and civil parish, 4 miles (6.4 km) from the market town of Stokesley in the county of North Yorkshire, England.

From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the district of Hambleton, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.

Stokesley
Stokesley is a market town and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. It lies within the historic county boundaries of the North Riding of Yorkshire, on the River Leven. An electoral ward of the same name stretches south to Great Broughton and had a population at the 2021 Census of 6,180.

Stokesley is about two miles south of the Middlesbrough borough boundary and eight miles south of Middlesbrough town centre. Stokesley is between Middlesbrough, Guisborough, and Northallerton, in a farming area. Local attractions nearby include Great Ayton, Captain Cook's monument, and Roseberry Topping in the North York Moors National Park. From 1894 to 1974, the town was one of the North Riding of Yorkshire's rural district head towns.

From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the district of Hambleton, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.
Kamionka, Sieradz County
Kamionka [kaˈmjɔnka] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Burzenin, within Sieradz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) south-west of Burzenin, 22 km (14 mi) south of Sieradz, and 66 km (41 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Burzenin
Burzenin [buˈʐɛnin] is a village in Sieradz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Burzenin. It lies approximately 17 km (11 mi) south of Sieradz and 57 km (35 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź. It is located in the Sieradz Land.
2002 Grand Prix of Mosport
The 2002 mail2web.com Grand Prix of Mosport was a sports car racing event held at Mosport International Raceway near Bowmanville, Ontario, Canada from August 16 to the 18, 2002. The race was the seventh round of the 2002 American Le Mans Series season, and was the 17th IMSA sanctioned sports car race held at the facility.

2002 American Le Mans Series
The 2002 American Le Mans Series season was the 32nd season for the IMSA GT Championship, and the fourth under the American Le Mans Series banner.  It was a series for Le Mans Prototypes (LMP) and Grand Touring (GT) race cars divided into 4 classes: LMP900, LMP675, GTS, and GT.  It began March 16, 2002 and ended October 12, 2002 after 10 races.
1991 World Cup (men's golf)
The 1991 World Cup took place 31 October – 3 November 1991 at the Le Querce Golf Club, name later changed to Golf Nazionale, 30 miles north of Rome, Italy. It was the 37th World Cup event. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 32 teams. Each team consisted of two players from a country. The combined score of each team determined the team results. The Swedish team of Anders Forsbrand and Per-Ulrik Johansson won by one stroke over the Wales team of Ian Woosnam and Phillip Price. The individual competition was won by Woosnam. This was the second team victory in professional golf within a month for Sweden, winning also the 1991 Dunhill Cup for three-men teams, were the Swedish team also included Forsbrand and Johansson. By the win, Sweden became the first nation to simultaneously hold the team titles in the Eisenhower Trophy, the Dunhill Cup and the World Cup in men's golf.

World Cup (men's golf)
The World Cup of Golf is a men's golf tournament contested by teams of two representing their country. Only one team is allowed from each country. The players are selected on the basis of the Official World Golf Ranking, although not all of the first choice players choose to compete. The equivalent event for women was the Women's World Cup of Golf, played from 2005 to 2008.
Atlanta Empowerment Zone
The Atlanta Empowerment Zone was established in November 1994 as a 10-year, $250 million federal program to revitalize Atlanta's 34 poorest neighborhoods. Scathing reports from both the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Georgia Department of Community Affairs revealed corruption, waste, bureaucratic incompetence, and interference by mayor Bill Campbell. The Zone "imploded" in 2001 and was succeeded by ACoRA (Atlanta Coordinating Responsible Authority).

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is one of the executive departments of the U.S. federal government. It administers federal housing and urban development laws. It is headed by the secretary of housing and urban development, who reports directly to the president of the United States and is a member of the president's Cabinet.

Although its beginnings were in the House and Home Financing Agency, it was founded as a Cabinet department in 1965, as part of the "Great Society" program of President Lyndon B. Johnson, to develop and execute policies on housing and metropolises.
Tommy Gallarda
Tommy Gallarda (born May 5, 1988) is an American former professional football player who was a tight end in the National Football League (NFL). He signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars as an undrafted free agent in 2011. He played college football for the Boise State Broncos.

Boise State University
Boise State University (BSU) is a public research university in Boise, Idaho, United States. Founded in 1932 by the Episcopal Church, it became an independent junior college in 1934 and has been awarding baccalaureate and master's degrees since 1965. It became a public institution in 1969.

Boise State offers more than 100 graduate programs, including a variety of MBA programs and the MAcc program in the College of Business and Economics; master's and PhD programs in the Colleges of Engineering, Arts & Sciences, and Education; MPA program in the School of Public Service; and the MPH program in the College of Health Sciences. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". In the 2024 fiscal year, Boise State reported total research awards exceeding $83 million and research expenditures surpassing $70 million.

The university's intercollegiate athletic teams, the Broncos, compete in NCAA Division I as a member of the Mountain West Conference.
Wade Wilson (American football)
Charles Wade Wilson (February 1, 1959 – February 1, 2019) was an American professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Minnesota Vikings, Atlanta Falcons, New Orleans Saints, Dallas Cowboys, and Oakland Raiders in a seventeen-year NFL career from 1981 to 1998. He was quarterbacks coach for the Dallas Cowboys from 2000 to 2002 and from 2007 to 2017, and also for the Chicago Bears from 2004 to 2006. He played college football for East Texas State Lions (now East Texas A&M), where he was an NAIA All-American quarterback and led the Lions to the NAIA national semifinals during the 1980 season.

Hassan Jones
Hassan Ameer Jones (born July 2, 1964) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver for either seasons in the National Football League (NFL) from 1986 to 1993. He played college football for the Florida State Seminoles and was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the fifth round of the 1986 NFL draft.

Jones played for the Clearwater High School Tornadoes.  A 6'0", 195-lb. wide receiver from Florida State University, Jones' best year as a pro came during the 1990 season for the Vikings when he had 51 receptions for 810 yards and seven touchdowns. He was a first-team All-South independent in 1985.
Anil Aggrawal
Anil Aggrawal (Hindi: अनिल अग्रवाल, IAST: Anil Aggrawāl; born 17 August 1956) is a professor of forensic medicine at the Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India. He is known chiefly for his online journal, Anil Aggrawal's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. He joined Maulana Azad Medical College as a faculty member in 1985. Aggrawal proposed a new classification of necrophilia, and is considered the leading authority on necrophilia.

Maulana Azad Medical College
Maulana Azad Medical College (MAMC) is a public medical college in New Delhi, India, affiliated to the University of Delhi. It is named after Indian freedom fighter and first education minister of India Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. It was established in 1958 at Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg near Delhi Gate.

Four hospitals attached to MAMC have a combined bed strength of 2800 beds and cater to millions in Delhi alone and many more from the surrounding states in north India. The college is a tertiary care referral centre and has teaching programs for graduate and postgraduate degrees and residency and subspecialities/fellowships (referred to as superspecialities in India).
Saratoga Springs, Utah
Saratoga Springs is a city in Utah County, Utah, United States. The elevation is 4,547 feet.  It is part of the Provo–Orem, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city is a relatively new development along the northwestern shores of Utah Lake. It was incorporated on December 31, 1997 and has been growing rapidly since then. The population was 37,696 at the 2020 Census. Saratoga Springs became a city in 2001.

Provo–Orem metropolitan area
The Provo–Orem, UT Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget, is a metropolitan statistical area consisting of two counties in Utah, anchored by the cities of Provo and Orem. As of the 2020 census, the MSA had a population of 671,185.
Cambridgeshire Militia
The Cambridgeshire Militia was an auxiliary military regiment in the English county of Cambridgeshire and the Isle of Ely. From their formal organisation as Trained Bands and their service during the Armada Crisis and in the English Civil Wars, the Militia of Cambridgeshire served during times of international tension and all of Britain's major wars. The regiment provided internal security and home defence but sometimes operated further afield, relieving regular troops from routine garrison duties and acting as a source of trained officers and men for the British Army. It later became a battalion of the Suffolk Regiment until its final disbandment in 1908.

Prince George, Duke of Cambridge
Prince George, Duke of Cambridge (George William Frederick Charles; 26 March 1819 – 17 March 1904) was a member of the British royal family, a grandson of King George III and cousin of Queen Victoria. The Duke was an army officer by profession and served as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces (military head of the British Army) from 1856 to 1895, and was raised to the rank of field marshal in 1862. He succeeded to the title of Duke of Cambridge in 1850 upon the death of his father Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge. Deeply devoted to the old Army, he worked with Queen Victoria to defeat or minimise every reform proposal, such as setting up a general staff. His Army's weaknesses were dramatically revealed by the poor organisation at the start of the Second Boer War.