hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
France–Japan relations (19th century)
The development of France–Japan relations in the 19th century coincided with Japan's opening to the Western world, following two centuries of seclusion under the "Sakoku" system and France's expansionist policy in Asia. The two countries became very important partners from the second half of the 19th century in the military, economic, legal and artistic fields. The Bakufu modernized its army through the assistance of French military missions (Jules Brunet), and Japan later relied on France for several aspects of its modernization, particularly the development of a shipbuilding industry during the early years of the Imperial Japanese Navy (Emile Bertin), and the development of a legal code. France also derived part of its modern artistic inspiration from Japanese art, essentially through Japonism and its influence on Impressionism, and almost completely relied on Japan for its prosperous silk industry.

French military mission to Japan (1867–1868)
The French military mission of 1867 to 1868 was one of the first foreign military training missions to Japan, and the first sent by France. The mission was formed by emperor Napoléon III following a request from the Tokugawa shogunate through its emissary to Europe, Shibata Takenaka, with the goal of modernizing the Japanese military.

Shibata was already negotiating the final details of the French support for the construction of the Yokosuka Shipyard, and had additionally requested both the United Kingdom and France to send a military mission for training in Western warfare. The United Kingdom provided support to the Bakufu naval forces through the Tracey Mission.  The French foreign minister Drouyn de Lhuys transmitted the agreement of the French government to provide training to the Shōgun's land-based armed forces.
Menger Cat 17
The Menger Cat 17 is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by Andrew Menger as a daysailer and cruiser and first built in 1983.

The boat was based on the lines of a 1905 William Goeller catboat design.

Trailer sailer
A trailer sailer is a keelboat that is big enough to accommodate crew for a weekend cruise, yet small enough to be launched, rigged, and recovered single-handed. It is also relatively easy to haul on a trailer behind a car, which requires low displacement and a shallow draft.

Although many small yachts can in principle be moved on a trailer, not all qualify as trailer sailers. The term is generally reserved for cabin sailboats intended for regular ramp launching. It does not apply to dinghies or small open keelboats under about 19 feet, since these are almost always easy to tow due to their characteristic light weight and shallow draft.
Abzas Media
Abzas Media is a non-profit independent media outlet in Azerbaijan. It was founded in 2016 and focused on news and investigations in domestic politics, especially involving corruption and human rights in Azerbaijan.

The outlet became known internationally in November 2023 when it became a target of the ongoing crackdown by the Ilham Aliyev regime on the civil society, journalists and human rights activists in Azerbaijan. The crackdown on Abzas Media has been widely seen by the international community as a devastating attack on the freedom of press and freedom of speech in the country. The journalists at Abzas Media have been arrested on charges that are considered dubious by various human rights organizations. Abzas Media was also mentioned in a resolution by the European Parliament, condemning the ongoing human rights violations in the country.

On 20 June 2025, six journalists from Abzas Media were sentenced to long prison sentences in Azerbaijan.

Heydar Aliyev International Airport
Heydar Aliyev International Airport (Azerbaijani: Heydər Əliyev adına Beynəlxalq Hava Limanı; IATA: GYD, ICAO: UBBB) is an airport serving Azerbaijan's capital, Baku, and one of the seven international airports of Azerbaijan. It is the busiest airport both in Azerbaijan and in the South Caucasus as well as one of the busiest in the post-Soviet countries. Formerly, it was called Bina International Airport, named after a suburb of Bina located within the metropolitan area of Baku. The airport is 20 kilometers northeast of Baku, connected to the city by Baku Airport Highway. It serves as the hub for national carrier Azerbaijan Airlines as well as for Azal Avia Cargo and Silk Way West Airlines.
EcoRI
EcoRI (pronounced "eco R one") is a type II restriction enzyme isolated from Escherichia coli. It cleaves DNA double helices into fragments at specific sites, and is also a part of the restriction modification system. The enzyme's name originates from the species from which it was isolated: "E" denotes generic name (Escherichia), "co" denotes species name (coli), "R" represents the strain (RY13), and the "I" denotes that it was the first enzyme isolated from this strain.

In molecular biology it is used for restriction digests. EcoRI creates sticky ends with 5' end overhangs of AATT. The nucleic acid recognition sequence where the enzyme cuts is G↓AATTC, which has a palindromic complementary sequence of CTTAA↓G.

Type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease
Type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease (EC 3.1.21.4, type II restriction enzyme) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates.
Garia
Garia is a neighbourhood of South Kolkata in the South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is bordered by the neighbourhoods of Jadavpur in the north, Bansdroni/Tollygunge in the north-west, Santoshpur/Mukundapur in the north-east and Narendrapur/Rajpur Sonarpur in the south. It is on the banks of Adi Ganga.

Santoshpur, Kolkata
Santoshpur is a locality of South Kolkata in West Bengal, India. It is a part of Jadavpur and is loosely bounded by Garfa to the north, the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass to the east and Baghajatin to the west and south.
1992 Dublin Senior Hurling Championship
The 1992 Dublin Senior Hurling Championship was the 105th staging of the Dublin Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Dublin County Board in 1887.

Cuala entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 27 September 1992 at Parnell Park in Donnycarney, between Faughs and Craobh Chiaráin, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Faughs won the match by 2–13 to 1–06 to claim their 30th championship title overall and a first title in five years.

1991 Dublin Senior Hurling Championship
The 1991 Dublin Senior Hurling Championship was the 104th staging of the Dublin Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Dublin County Board in 1887.

O'Tooles entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final, a replay, was played on 27 October 1991 at Parnell Park in Donnycarney, between Cuala and Craobh Chiaráin, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Cuala won the match by 4–06 to 1–07 to claim their second championship title overall and a first title in two years.
Meaning postulate
In formal semantics and philosophy of language, a meaning postulate is a way of stipulating a relationship between the meanings of two or more words. They were introduced by Rudolf Carnap as a way of approaching the analytic/synthetic distinction. Subsequently, Richard Montague made heavy use of meaning postulates in the development of Montague grammar, and they have features prominently in formal semantics following in Montague's footsteps.

Analytic–synthetic distinction
The analytic–synthetic distinction is a semantic distinction used primarily in philosophy to distinguish between propositions (in particular, statements that are affirmative subject–predicate judgments) that are of two types: analytic propositions and synthetic propositions. Analytic propositions are true or not true solely by virtue of their meaning, whereas synthetic propositions' truth, if any, derives from how their meaning relates to the world.

While the distinction was first proposed by Immanuel Kant, it was revised considerably over time, and different philosophers have used the terms in very different ways. Furthermore, some philosophers (starting with Willard Van Orman Quine) have questioned whether there is even a clear distinction to be made between propositions which are analytically true and propositions which are synthetically true. Debates regarding the nature and usefulness of the distinction continue to this day in contemporary philosophy of language.
Geldeston railway station
Geldeston (also Geldeston Halt) was a station on the Waveney Valley Line serving the village of Geldeston, Norfolk. It was operational for passenger services between 1863 and 1953, before closing completely in 1964. It was the penultimate station on the line, and the last in Norfolk as the line crossed the border into Suffolk before the junction station of Beccles. The station still exists today and can easily be found in Geldeston.

Beccles railway station
Beccles railway station is a stop on the East Suffolk Line in the east of England, serving the town of Beccles, Suffolk. It is 40 miles 34 chains (65.1 km) down the line from Ipswich and 109 miles 11 chains (175.6 km) from London Liverpool Street; it is situated between Brampton and Oulton Broad South stations. Its three-letter station code is BCC and is managed by Greater Anglia, which also operates all trains that call.
Kompakt 100
Kompakt 100 is a double-disc/4x12" compilation album released on 25 June 2004, to celebrate Kompakt's 100th release. On it the various familiar artists affiliated with the Cologne-based microhouse label (such as Superpitcher, Michael Mayer, Wolfgang Voigt, Jürgen Paape, etc.) were asked to remix their favourite Kompakt tracks from the past 100 releases.

Justus Köhncke
Justus Köhncke (born 1966 in Gießen) is a German techno producer and pop musician from Cologne.

Köhncke was a member of the house trio Whirlpool Productions, along with Hans Nieswandt and Eric D. Clark. Together, they had a number one hit in Italy in 1997 with their house track "From Disco to Disco". Since 1999, he has released tracks on the Cologne label Kompakt. In his music, he combines minimal techno with disco and Krautrock elements.
Hemostatic Powder Spray TC-325
Hemostatic Powder Spray TC-325 (Hemospray or TC-325) is an inert, highly absorptive mineral agent which is used for the treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding.  Applied during endoscopy to bleeding lesions, TC-325 is derived from bentonite, and is used to achieve hemostasis (control of bleeding) by absorbing water and creating a barrier that leads to mechanical tamponade (pressure) and concentration of clotting factors, resulting in enhanced coagulation (clotting of blood). TC-325 was approved for gastrointestinal bleeding from causes other than gastric or esophageal varices (e.g., nonvariceal bleeding). TC-325 results in immediate control of bleeding in 91–93% of cases. Technical success has gradually increased between 2011 and 2019, which may be due to device improvements or physician familiarity with the application of TC-325.

Endoscopy
An endoscopy is a procedure used in medicine to look inside the body. The endoscopy procedure uses an endoscope to examine the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body. Unlike many other medical imaging techniques, endoscopes are inserted directly into the organ.

There are many types of endoscopies. Depending on the site in the body and type of procedure, an endoscopy may be performed by a doctor or a surgeon. During the procedure, a patient may be fully conscious or anaesthetised. Most often, the term endoscopy is used to refer to an examination of the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract, known as an esophagogastroduodenoscopy.

Similar instruments are called borescopes for nonmedical use.
Antoine-Henri Jomini
Baron Antoine-Henri Jomini (French: [ʒɔmini]; 6 March 1779 – 22 March 1869) was a Swiss-French military officer who served as a general in French and later in Russian service, and one of the most celebrated writers on the Napoleonic art of war. Jomini was largely self-taught in military strategy, and his ideas are a staple at military academies, the United States Military Academy at West Point being a prominent example; his theories were thought to have affected many officers who later served in the American Civil War. He may have coined the term logistics in his Summary of the Art of War (1838).

John Keegan
Sir John Desmond Patrick Keegan (15 May 1934 – 2 August 2012) was an English military historian, lecturer, author and journalist. He wrote many published works on the nature of combat between prehistory and the 21st century, covering land, air, maritime, intelligence warfare and the psychology of battle.
Hovhannes Nazaryan
Hovhannes Nazaryan (Armenian: Հովհաննես Նազարյան, born 11 March 1998) is an Armenian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back is currently a free agent. He plays for the Armenia national team.

FC Ararat Yerevan
Football Club Ararat Yerevan (Armenian: Ֆուտբոլային Ակումբ Արարատ Երևան), commonly known as Ararat Yerevan, is an Armenian professional football club based in Yerevan that plays in the Armenian Premier League.

Since 1999 the club has been owned by the Swiss-Armenian businessman Vartan Sirmakes. The badge shows a white eagle standing on a football and is a reference to the club nickname. The badge also displays the name of Ararat in both Latin (Ararat) and Armenian (ԱՐԱՐԱՏ) text.
Bekor Ashot
Ashot Ghulyan (Armenian: Բեկոր Աշոտ; 6 October 1959 – 24 August 1992), also known as Bekor (Shard), was an Armenian military leader during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. He was awarded the Hero of Artsakh honorary title.

Hero of Artsakh
Hero of Artsakh (Armenian: Արցախի հերոս, romanized: Artsakhi heros) was the highest title of the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh. According to the official website of the President of Artsakh, the title Hero of Artsakh "is awarded for exceptional services in the defense of the state, strengthening its economic might, and for creating significant national values."

Recipients of the title are decorated with the Order of the Golden Eagle.

In 2016 Robert Abajyan became the 24th "Hero of Artsakh" awardee, as well as the youngest person ever to hold the title at 19 years old.

During and after 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war 23 servicemen were awarded the highest state title of "Hero of Artsakh".
Clivio
Clivio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Varese in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northwest of Milan and about 10 kilometres (6 mi) northeast of Varese, on the border with Switzerland. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,010 and an area of 2.9 square kilometres (1.1 sq mi).

Clivio borders the following municipalities: Arzo (Switzerland), Besazio (Switzerland), Cantello, Ligornetto (Switzerland), Saltrio, Stabio (Switzerland), Viggiù.

Varese
Varese (UK: /vəˈreɪzeɪ, -zi/ və-RAY-zay, -⁠zee, US: /vɑːˈreɪseɪ/ var-AY-say; Italian: [vaˈreːze] ⓘ or [vaˈreːse]; Varesino: Varés [ʋaˈreːs]; Latin: Baretium; archaic German: Väris) is a city and comune in north-western Lombardy, northern Italy, 55 km (34 mi) north-west of Milan. The population of Varese in 2018 was 80,559.

It is the capital of the Province of Varese. The hinterland or exurban part of the city is called Varesotto.
Over Silton
Over Silton is a village and civil parish in the county of North Yorkshire, England, about 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Northallerton and on the border of the North York Moors. The population taken at the 2011 Census was less than 100, and so detailed information is included in the civil parish of Nether Silton. The population was estimated to be 70 at the time of the 2011 census by North Yorkshire County Council. This had dropped to 60 by 2015.

Northallerton
Northallerton (/nɔːrˈθælərtən/ nor-THAL-ər-tən) is a market town and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. It is near the River Wiske in the Vale of Mowbray and had a population of 16,832 in 2011. Northallerton is an administrative centre for York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority and North Yorkshire Council.

There has been a settlement at Northallerton since Roman times. That grew in importance from the 11th century when King William II gifted land there to the Bishop of Durham, and it became an important religious centre. The Battle of the Standard fought nearby in 1138 involved the death of up to 12,000 Scots.

Northallerton was an important stopping point for coaches on the road between Edinburgh and London until the arrival of the railway.
Haserich
Haserich is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Cochem-Zell district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Zell, whose seat is in the municipality of Zell an der Mosel.

Zell (Mosel)
Zell (Mosel) (German pronunciation: [tsɛl] ⓘ) is a town in the Cochem-Zell district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Zell has roughly 4,300 inhabitants and is the seat of the like-named Verbandsgemeinde.
Boaco
Boaco (Spanish pronunciation: [boˈa.ko]) is the capital city and a municipality of the Boaco Department of Nicaragua. The municipality of Boaco has a population of 63,422 (2022 est.) and an area of 1,087 km2 (26% of the Boaco Department) while the department (state) is 4,177 km2.

The city of Boaco, with a population of 26,209 (2022 estimate), is located in the mountains 88 km. east of Managua. Boaco is called "Ciudad de Dos Pisos" (The Two-Storey City), nicknamed by Dr. Armando Incer Barquero.  The city's only two flat places are El Parque (Park) and the baseball field.

San José de los Remates
San José de los Remates is a municipality in the Boaco department of Nicaragua.

It has a population of 9,600 (2006, est.) and an extension of 280.46 km². The economy is based mainly on agricultural and agropecuarian activities, including coffee. The capital is the town of San José de Boaco located 97 km. from Managua.

The mayor is Carlos Cajina Loaisiga from Alliance for the Republic (APRE), brother of Fabricio Cajina Loaisiga, former mayor of San José de los Remates and vice-presidential candidate of Nicaraguan Liberal Alliance, currently second in the Nicaraguan general election, 2006 polls.
Dubins–Schwarz theorem
In the theory of martingales, the Dubins–Schwarz theorem (or Dambis–Dubins–Schwarz theorem) is a theorem that says all continuous local martingales and martingales are time-changed Brownian motions.

The theorem was proven in 1965 by Lester Dubins and Gideon E. Schwarz and independently in the same year by K. E. Dambis, a doctoral student of Eugene Dynkin.

Martingale (probability theory)
In probability theory, a martingale is a stochastic process in which the expected value of the next observation, given all prior observations, is equal to the most recent value. In other words, the conditional expectation of the next value, given the past, is equal to the present value. Martingales are used to model fair games, where future expected winnings are equal to the current amount regardless of past outcomes.
Chris Markoff
Risto Zelevarov (March 1, 1938 – February 10, 2024), known professionally as Chris Markoff, was a Yugoslav-American professional wrestler. He was best known for his appearances with professional wrestling promotions in the Midwestern United States in the 1960s.

AWA World Tag Team Championship
The American Wrestling Association (AWA) World Tag Team Championship was a professional wrestling world tag team championship in the American Wrestling Association from 1960 until the promotion folded in 1991.
Prix Corrida
The Prix Corrida is a Group 2 flat horse race in France open to thoroughbred fillies and mares aged four years or older. It is run at Saint-Cloud over a distance of 2,100 metres (about 1 mile and 2½ furlongs), and it is scheduled to take place each year in May.

Saint-Cloud Racecourse
Hippodrome de Saint-Cloud is a grass race course for Thoroughbred flat horse racing opened in 1901 at 1 rue du Camp Canadien in Saint-Cloud near Paris, France. During World War 1, the race course site housed the No. 4 Canadian Stationary Hospital operated by the Canadian Army Medical Corp.  On July 8, 1916 the No. 4 CSH was elevated to the No. 8 Canadian General Hospital and operated until decommissioned in 1919.  The facilities were built by politician and Thoroughbred owner/breeder Edmond Blanc (1856–1920) in whose honor the Prix Edmond Blanc was established in 1921.

The venue was used for some of the polo events for the 1924 Summer Olympics.

The Hippodrome de Saint-Cloud is host to a number of important races including the Group One Grand Prix de Saint-Cloud held at the end of June/first week of July each year, and the Critérium de Saint-Cloud run each November.

In 1992, the government declared Hippodrome de Saint-Cloud an official Monument historique.
The Borden-Field Museum Alaska-Arctic Expedition of 1927
The Borden-Field Museum Alaska-Arctic Expedition of 1927 (21 April 1927 – 10 September 1927) was a scientific hunting expedition sponsored and led by John Borden. The purpose of the expedition was to obtain collections of land and sea mammal from Alaska and its neighboring regions for the Field Museum of Natural History of Chicago, Illinois. The expedition lasted five months starting from San Francisco, California, and they sailed as far north as Wrangel Island off the northern Siberian coast.

The expedition resulted in the collection of several large mammal specimens, 106 botanical specimens, 111 bird specimens, 533 ethnological specimens from Indigenous peoples of the region, several photographs, and film reels.

Puffin
Puffins are any of three species of small alcids (auks) in the bird genus Fratercula. These are pelagic seabirds that feed primarily by diving in the water. They breed in large colonies on coastal cliffs or offshore islands, nesting in crevices among rocks or in burrows in the soil. Two species, the tufted puffin and horned puffin, are found in the North Pacific Ocean, while the Atlantic puffin is found in the North Atlantic Ocean.

All puffin species have predominantly black or black and white plumage, a stocky build, and large beaks that get brightly colored during the breeding season. They shed the colorful outer parts of their bills after the breeding season, leaving a smaller and duller beak. Their short wings are adapted for swimming with a flying technique underwater. In the air, they beat their wings rapidly (up to 400 times per minute) in swift flight, often flying low over the ocean's surface.
Charles Jones (Australian politician)
Charles Keith Jones AO (12 September 1917 – 7 August 2003) was an Australian politician and government minister.

He was Minister for Transport (19 December 1972 – 12 June 1974) and Minister for Civil Aviation (19 December 1972 – 30 November 1973) in the Second Whitlam ministry and Minister for Transport (12 June 1974 – 11 November 1975) in the Third Whitlam ministry.

Third Whitlam ministry
The third Whitlam ministry (Labor) was the 49th ministry of the Government of Australia. It was led by the country's 21st Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam. The third Whitlam ministry succeeded the Second Whitlam ministry, which dissolved on 12 June 1974 following the federal election that took place in May. The ministry was replaced by the First Fraser ministry on 11 November following the dismissal of the Whitlam government by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr.

The order of seniority in the third Whitlam ministry was determined by the order in which members were elected to the Ministry by the Caucus on 10 June 1974, except for the four parliamentary leaders.

As of 5 December 2025, Doug McClelland and Paul Keating are the last surviving members of the third Whitlam ministry.