hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dm-cache
dm-cache is a component (more specifically, a target) of the Linux kernel's device mapper, which is a framework for mapping block devices onto higher-level virtual block devices.  It allows one or more fast storage devices, such as flash-based solid-state drives (SSDs), to act as a cache for one or more slower storage devices such as hard disk drives (HDDs); this effectively creates hybrid volumes and provides secondary storage performance improvements.

The design of dm-cache requires three physical storage devices for the creation of a single hybrid volume; dm-cache uses those storage devices to separately store actual data, cache data, and required metadata.  Configurable operating modes and cache policies, with the latter in the form of separate modules, determine the way data caching is actually performed.

dm-cache is licensed under the terms of GNU General Public License (GPL), with Joe Thornber, Heinz Mauelshagen and Mike Snitzer as its primary developers.

Sequential access
Sequential access is a term describing a group of elements (such as data in a memory array or a disk file or on magnetic-tape data storage) being accessed in a predetermined, ordered sequence. It is the opposite of random access, the ability to access an arbitrary element of a sequence as easily and efficiently as any other at any time.

Sequential access is sometimes the only way of accessing the data, for example if it is on a tape. It may also be the access method of choice, for example if all that is wanted is to process a sequence of data elements in order.
Pratima (film)
Pratima is a 1945 Indian Hindustani-language movie directed by Paidi Jairaj. The film was produced by Bombay Talkies and was the directorial debut of P. Jairaj. The film stars Dilip Kumar, Swaran Lata, Mumtaz Ali, Shah Nawaz and Mukri. Swarn Lata was cast following her big success the preceding year, Rattan (1944). Mukri was cast in his debut role by Devika Rani, who is stated to have "liked his smile and off-screen enthusiasm". The music direction was by Arun Kumar Mukherjee and the lyricist was Narendra Sharma.

Rattan (film)
Rattan  or Ratan is a 1944 Indian film, directed by M. Sadiq, produced by Abdul Rashid Kardar, and starring Swaran Lata, Karan Dewan and Amir Bano.

It was the highest-grossing film of 1944.

The film is noted as the film which made Naushad one of the top music directors in the Indian film industry.
Kwun Tong Promenade
Kwun Tong Promenade is an urban waterfront park in Kwun Tong, New Kowloon, Hong Kong. The first and second stages of the promenade, opened in 2010 and 2015 respectively, comprise the first open space project of the Kai Tak Development. The promenade is about one kilometre in length. It overlooks the Kwun Tong Typhoon Shelter and sits beneath the Kwun Tong Bypass.

New Kowloon
New Kowloon is an area in Hong Kong, bounded to the south by Boundary Street, and to the north by the ranges of the Eagle's Nest, Beacon Hill, Lion Rock, Tate's Cairn and Kowloon Peak. It covers the present-day Kwun Tong District and Wong Tai Sin District, and northern parts of the Sham Shui Po District and Kowloon City District.

The name of this area is rarely used in day-to-day life. Areas that belong to New Kowloon are usually referred to as a part of Kowloon. However, in land leases, it is common to refer to land lots in lot numbers as "New Kowloon Inland Lot number #".
1966 Edinburgh Corporation election
An election to the Edinburgh Corporation was held on 3 May 1966, alongside municipal elections across Scotland. Of the councils 69 seats, 23 were up for election.

After the election, Edinburgh Corporation was composed of 36 Progressives, 33 Labour councillors, and 1 Liberal. The Progressives increased their majority to three seats.

Progressive Party (Scotland)
The Progressive Party was a municipal political organisation that operated in several Scottish cities and towns in the 20th century. It was based on tacit anti-Labour co-operation between the Unionist Party, Scottish Liberals and independents.
Jewish Emergent Network
The Jewish Emergent Network is a network of seven independent Jewish congregations in the United States. Founded in January 2016, the network shares a "devotion to revitalizing the field of Jewish engagement, a commitment to approaches both traditionally rooted and creative, and a demonstrated success in attracting unaffiliated and disengaged Jews to a rich and meaningful Jewish practice."

The various members of the Network have a wide range of religious perspectives, but share a commitment to reaching populations that are not addressed by traditional American synagogues and fighting "demographic free fall."  The Network currently includes IKAR in Los Angeles, Kavana in Seattle, The Kitchen in San Francisco, Mishkan in Chicago, Sixth & I in Washington, D.C., and Lab/Shul and Romemu in New York.

Kavana Cooperative
The Kavana Cooperative (transliterated from Hebrew as "intention"; pronounced "Kah-va-NAH") is a non-denominational Jewish congregation located in Seattle, Washington, in the United States. Formed in 2006, the pluralistic community is based on a cooperative model, where partners and participants take on the responsibility for actively creating a Jewish life for the group. It hosts educational, religious, and social programs for adults and families.

Rabbi Rachel Nussbaum is the organization's spiritual leader. The congregation's administration office is located in the Queen Anne neighborhood of Seattle.
Araneta City Cyberpark
The Araneta City Cyberpark is an 8-hectare (20-acre) PEZA certified office development located within the Araneta City in Cubao, Quezon City. Located along the southern area of the mixed-use commercial development, the office complex is part of the Araneta City Master Plan and is currently undergoing a ₱20 billion redevelopment project under a new master plan which began in 2012. The present master plan consists of five green office towers, commercial spaces, and an outdoor park situated in between the complex. The office complex is designed by ASYA Design while ACI Inc. serves as the owner and developer of the project, which already has 3 towers completed and a total floor area of 288,000 m2 (3,100,006.20 sq ft) of office space as of September 2025.

Expert Global Solutions
Founded in 2012, Expert Global Solutions, Inc. (EGS, formerly NCO Group), based in Plano, Texas, was a privately owned business process outsourcing company.   It is a holding company for NCO Group and APAC Customer Services, Inc. (APAC), providers of business process outsourcing services. NCO provides accounts receivable management (ARM) services, and APAC provides customer relationship management (CRM) services. EGS has over 100 locations with more than 42,000 employees. EGS was previously owned by One Equity Partners (OEP), the private investment arm of JP Morgan Chase & Co.

In 2016, the company was acquired by Alorica Inc, a California-based customer service company.
Kim Jung-eun's Chocolate
Kim Jung-eun's Chocolate (Korean: 김정은의 초콜릿) was a South Korean late-night television music program which began airing on March 11, 2008 on Tuesday nights at 12:35 am on SBS replacing Lee Juk's Music Space. It was then moved to Wednesday nights at 12:30 am, Saturday nights at 12:10 am, and now Sunday nights at 12:10 am. It is hosted by famed actress, Kim Jung-eun, who starred in highly rated dramas such as Lovers in Paris and its sequel, Lovers. It aired its 3rd anniversary as its final episode on March 20, 2011.

Lovers in Paris
Lovers in Paris (Korean: 파리의 연인; RR: Pariui yeonin) is a 2004 South Korean television series starring Park Shin-yang, Kim Jung-eun and Lee Dong-gun. It aired on SBS from 12 June to 15 August 2004 on Saturdays and Sundays at 21:55 for 20 episodes. The series is the first in the Lovers trilogy by writer Kim Eun-sook and director Shin Woo-chul. This was followed by Lovers in Prague (2005), and the third, simply titled Lovers (2006), was not set in Europe like the first two.

The series was very popular during its run. Kim Jung-eun and Park Shin-yang shared Grand Prize ("Daesang") honors at the 2004 SBS Drama Awards, and later at the 2005 Baeksang Arts Awards, Kim won Best TV Actress, Kim Eun-sook and Kang Eun-jung won Best TV Screenplay, and the drama won the Grand Prize for Television.
Number Cruncher Politics
Number Cruncher Politics is a political analysis and polling consultancy and website launched in 2014. The site is non-partisan and focused on UK opinion polling, psephology, and statistical analysis. It became known for correctly predicting the polling failure at the 2015 general election.

Opinion poll
An opinion poll, often simply referred to as a survey or a poll, is a human research survey of public opinion from a particular sample. Opinion polls are usually designed to represent the opinions of a population by conducting a series of questions and then extrapolating generalities in ratio or within confidence intervals. A person who conducts polls is referred to as a pollster.
March of loyalty to martyrs
The March of loyalty to martyrs (Arabic: مسيرة الوفاء للشهداء masīra al-wafāʾ ash-shuhadāʾ) was a protest on 22 February 2011 in Manama, Bahrain. Tens of thousands participated in the protest, one of the largest in the Bahraini uprising. Named after the seven victims killed by police and army forces during previous protests, the march filled the space between Bahrain mall and Pearl Roundabout. Protesters carried Bahrain's flag and demanded the fall of the government, implementation of a constitutional monarchy and other reforms, with some of them also demanding the end of the regime.

The march was named the largest in the country's history by organizers; sources estimated that over 100,000 protesters (20% of Bahrain's citizens) participated, although other sources gave higher and lower estimations. A number of ambulance drivers, police and army officers joined the protest. Security forces were not present and unlike previous protests, it ended peacefully.

Bahrain: Shouting in the Dark
Bahrain: Shouting in the Dark is a television documentary film produced by Qatar-based news channel Al Jazeera English about the 2011 Bahraini uprising. The film was first screened on 4 August 2011, featuring footage recorded during protests and police crackdowns, interviews with activists and physicians, as well as footage broadcast by Bahraini state television.
Hurrian songs
The Hurrian songs (or Hurrian Hymns) are a collection of music written in cuneiform on clay tablets excavated from the ancient city of Ugarit, a headland in northern Syria, which date to approximately 1400 BC. One of these tablets, which is nearly complete, contains the Hurrian Hymn to Nikkal (also known as the Hurrian cult hymn or "a zaluzi-prayer to the gods," or simply "h.6"), making it the oldest surviving substantially complete work of notated music in the world. While the composers' names of some of the fragmentary pieces are known, h.6 is an anonymous work.

Hurrian language
Hurrian is an extinct Hurro-Urartian language spoken by the Hurrians (Khurrites), a people who entered northern Mesopotamia around 2300 BC and had mostly vanished by 1000 BC. Hurrian was the language of the Mitanni kingdom in northern Mesopotamia and was likely spoken at least initially in Hurrian settlements in modern-day Syria.
Francisco de Borja Queipo de Llano, 8th Count of Toreno
H.E. Don Francisco de Borja Queipo de Llano y Gayoso de los Cobos, Grandee of Spain, 8th Count of Toreno and 8th Viscount of Matarrosa (6 November 1840 – 31 January 1890) was a Spanish noble and politician. He served as Minister of State between 1875 and 1879, and was also appointed Mayor of Madrid. His father was President of Spain and his great-grandmother was the Princess of Anglona of the Borja family. He is named after his ancestor Francisco de Borja y Aragon, great-grandson of both Pope Alexander VI and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. His descendants are also the Count of Toreno, Marquess of Guadiaro, Count of Casares, Count of Belalcazar, Countess of San Martín de Quiroga, Viscount of Valoria, Duke of Monteagudo, Count of Mayorga, Count of San Martín de Quiroga, and Viscount of Matarrosa.

María Josefa Pimentel, Duchess of Osuna
Lady María Josefa de Borja Pimentel y Téllez-Girón iure uxoris Duchess of Osuna, suo jure 12th Duchess of Benavente (26 November 1752 – 5 October 1834), was a Spanish Salonnière, famous as a patron of artists, writers and scientists and an important figure of the Spanish Age of Enlightenment. She was the first female (honorary) member of the royal Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País de Madrid as well as the first president of the royal Junta de Damas de Honor y Mérito.
Spleen (Chinese medicine)
The Spleen (Chinese: 脾; pinyin: pí) is one of the zàng organs stipulated by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It is a functionally defined entity and not equivalent to the anatomical organ of the same name.

Zangfu
The zangfu (simplified Chinese: 脏腑; traditional Chinese: 臟腑; pinyin: zàngfǔ) are functional relationships stipulated by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). This concept did not primarily develop out of anatomical biological considerations, but from cosmological patterns and influences.

Each zang is paired with a fu, and each pair is assigned to one of the Wuxing (Five Elements). The zangfu are also connected to the twelve standard meridians – each zang organ is attached to a yin meridian, and each fu organ, to a yang meridian. They are five systems of Heart, Liver, Spleen, Lung, Kidney.

To highlight the fact that the zangfu are not equivalent to the anatomical organs, their names are often capitalized.
Hydrodynamic stability
In fluid dynamics, hydrodynamic stability is the field which analyses the stability and the onset of instability of fluid flows. The study of hydrodynamic stability aims to find out if a given flow is stable or unstable, and if so, how these instabilities will cause the development of turbulence. The foundations of hydrodynamic stability, both theoretical and experimental, were laid most notably by Helmholtz, Kelvin, Rayleigh and Reynolds during the nineteenth century. These foundations have given many useful tools to study hydrodynamic stability. These include Reynolds number, the Euler equations, and the Navier–Stokes equations. When studying flow stability it is useful to understand more simplistic systems, e.g. incompressible and inviscid fluids which can then be developed further onto more complex flows. Since the 1980s, more computational methods are being used to model and analyse the more complex flows.

Fluid
In physics, a fluid is a liquid, gas, or other material that may continuously move and deform (flow) under an applied shear stress, or external force. They have zero shear modulus, or, in simpler terms, are substances which cannot resist any shear force applied to them.
Niigata Athletic Stadium
Niigata City Athletics Stadium (新潟市陸上競技場, Niigata-shi Rikujō-kyōgijō) is a sports venue in Niigata, Japan, and was the home of the Albirex Niigata football team until they moved to the Big Swan in 2001. It is used mostly for association football matches, but also for rugby union and athletics. The stadium is an athletics stadium which has hosted major Japanese athletic events, including the 1964 National Sports Festival. Albirex Niigata Ladies also use the stadium.

Albirex Niigata Ladies
Albirex Niigata Ladies is a professional women's football club based in Niigata and affiliated with Albirex Niigata, founded in 2002. The club currently plays in the WE League, the highest division of women's football in Japan.
Hahn family of California
The Hahn family of California is an American political family related to Gordon Hahn, a State Assemblyman and Los Angeles City Councilmember, and his younger brother Kenneth Hahn, a Los Angeles City Councilmember and later a County Board Supervisor. Kenneth's children, James and Janice, have also held various political offices based in the Los Angeles area, with the Los Angeles Times writing that their political strength has been compared with the Daleys of Chicago.

2011 California's 36th congressional district special election
A 2011 special election filled the vacancy in California's 36th congressional district after the resignation of incumbent Jane Harman on February 28, 2011; Harman vacated her seat in the U.S. House of Representatives to become head of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.

The special primary election occurred on May 17, 2011. Democrat Janice Hahn received the highest number of votes, with Republican Craig Huey taking second place. Because no candidate received more than 50 percent of the vote in the primary, a special general election was held on July 12, 2011, between the top two vote recipients. The runoff election was won by Janice Hahn.
Battle for the Brice–Cowell Musket
The Battle for the Brice–Cowell Musket is the rivalry between the Maine Black Bears and the New Hampshire Wildcats. Both schools are members of CAA Football, the legally separate football league operated by the multi-sports Coastal Athletic Association (CAA). Through the 2025 season, the two teams have met 115 times on the football field, with New Hampshire currently holding a 61–46–8 edge in the all-time series.

Maine Black Bears football
The Maine Black Bears football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the University of Maine located in the U.S. state of Maine. The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) and are members of the Coastal Athletic Association Football Conference. Maine's first football team was fielded in 1892. The team plays its home games at the 8,419 seat Alfond Stadium in Orono, Maine.
Pueraria tuberosa
Pueraria tuberosa, commonly known as kudzu, Indian kudzu, or Nepalese kudzu, Vidarikand, Sanskrit: Bhukushmandi (भूकुशमंडी) is a climber with woody tuberculated stem. It is a climbing, coiling and trailing vine with large tuberous roots. The tubers are globose or pot-like, about 25 centimetres (9.8 in) across and the insides are white, starchy and mildly sweet. Leaves are trifoliate and alternate, while the leaflets are egg-shaped, with round base and unequal sides. They are 18 cm (7.1 in) long and 16 cm (6.3 in) wide and are hairless above. Flowers are bisexual, around 1.5 cm (0.59 in) across and blue or purplish-blue in color. The fruit pods are linear, about 2–5 cm (0.79–1.97 in) long and constricted densely between the seeds. They have silky, bristly reddish-brown hair. Seeds vary from 3 to 6 in number.

It is native to India, Pakistan, and Nepal.  In Telugu, Kudzu is termed as Nela Gummadi, Dari Gummadi, Vidari Kanda.

Kudzu
Kudzu (/ˈkuːdzu, ˈkʊd-, ˈkʌd-/), also called Japanese arrowroot or Chinese arrowroot, is a group of climbing, coiling, and trailing deciduous perennial vines native to much of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and some Pacific islands. It is invasive in many parts of the world, primarily North America.

The vine densely climbs over other plants and trees and grows so rapidly that it smothers and kills them by blocking most of the sunlight and taking root space. The plants are in the genus Pueraria, in the pea family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. The name is derived from the Japanese name for the plant East Asian arrowroot, (Pueraria montana var. lobata), kuzu (クズ/葛). Where these plants are naturalized, they can be invasive and are considered noxious weeds. The plant is edible, but often sprayed with herbicides.
2022 FIBA U16 Women's European Championship
The 2022 FIBA U16 Women's European Championship was the 32nd edition of the Women's European basketball championship for national under-16 teams. It was played from 19 to 27 August 2022 in Matosinhos, Portugal.

FIBA U16 Women's EuroBasket
The FIBA U16 Women's EuroBasket is the new name for the FIBA U16 Women's European Championship, originally known as the FIBA European Championship for Cadettes. It's a women's youth basketball competition that was inaugurated with the 1976 edition. Through the 2003 edition, it was held every second year, but since the 2004 edition onward, it is held every year. The tournament serves as a qualification for the FIBA Under-17 Women's Basketball World Cup in odd years, for the FIBA Europe region. The current champions are Finland.
General Service Medal (1918)
The General Service Medal (1918 GSM) was instituted to recognise service in minor Army and Royal Air Force operations for which no separate medal was intended. Local forces, including police, qualified for many of the clasps, as could units of the Indian Army prior to 1947.

The GSM was equivalent to the 1915 Naval General Service Medal. Both these medals were replaced by the General Service Medal in 1962.

King's Commendation for Bravery
The King's Commendation for Bravery and the King's Commendation for Bravery in the Air are United Kingdom awards, open to both military personnel and civilians. They were established in 1994, when the award of the Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct and the Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air were discontinued.
IR-40
IR-40 (officially the Khondab Heavy Water Research Reactor), part of the Arak Nuclear Complex, is an Iranian 40 megawatt (thermal) heavy water reactor near Arak, adjacent to the 1990s era Arak Heavy Water Production Plant. Civil works for the project began in October 2004. It was initially planned that the reactor would begin nuclear operations in 2014. The reactor was hit by an Israeli airstrike during the Iran–Israel war in June 2025.

Heavy-water reactor
A heavy water reactor (HWR) is a type of nuclear reactor which uses heavy water (D2O, deuterium oxide) as a neutron moderator. It may also use this as the coolant, in the case of pressurized heavy water reactors. Due to heavy water's low neutron absorption cross section, HWRs can operate with natural uranium fuel.
Dad joke
A dad joke is a joke typically involving a pun, often presented as a one-liner or a question and answer. Generally inoffensive, dad jokes are told with sincere humorous intent or to provoke a negative "groaning" reaction to their overly simplistic humor. Dad jokes are so-called because they are stereotypically thought to be those a father figure would tell to a child.

Dad jokes have been published under that name at least as early as 1987, and in 2017, #dadjokes became one of the most popular hashtags on Twitter. The phrase was added to the Merriam-Webster dictionary in 2019, and several major magazines have published compilations, such as Today's list of 330 "corny one-liners, dumb puns and groan-worthy dad jokes" in October 2025.

Father figure
A father figure is usually an older man, normally one with power, authority, or strength, with whom one can identify on a deeply psychological level and who generates emotions generally felt towards one's father. The role of a father figure is not limited to a person's biological parent, but may be filled by uncles, grandfathers, elder brothers, family friends, or other role models. The similar term mother figure refers to an older woman.

Several studies have suggested that positive father figures and mother figures (whether biological or not) are generally associated with healthy child development, both in boys and in girls.