hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Reduction operator
In computer science, the reduction operator is a type of operator that is commonly used in parallel programming to reduce the elements of an array into a single result. Reduction operators are associative and often (but not necessarily) commutative. The reduction of sets of elements is an integral part of programming models such as Map Reduce, where a reduction operator is applied (mapped) to all elements before they are reduced. Other parallel algorithms use reduction operators as primary operations to solve more complex problems. Many reduction operators can be used for broadcasting to distribute data to all processors.

Parallel algorithm
In computer science, a parallel algorithm, as opposed to a traditional serial algorithm, is an algorithm which can do multiple operations in a given time. It has been a tradition of computer science to describe serial algorithms in abstract machine models, often the one known as random-access machine. Similarly, many computer science researchers have used a so-called parallel random-access machine (PRAM) as a parallel abstract machine (shared-memory).

Many parallel algorithms are executed concurrently – though in general concurrent algorithms are a distinct concept – and thus these concepts are often conflated, with which aspect of an algorithm is parallel and which is concurrent not being clearly distinguished. Further, non-parallel, non-concurrent algorithms are often referred to as "sequential algorithms", by contrast with concurrent algorithms.
3367 Alex
3367 Alex, provisional designation 1983 CA3, is a background asteroid from the intermediate region of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers (11 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 2 September 1993, by American astronomer Norman Thomas at Lowell's Anderson Mesa Station, near Flagstaff, Arizona, in the United States. The X-type asteroid has a rotation period of 9.6 hours. It was named after the grandson of the discoverer, Alex Baltutis.

Norman G. Thomas
Norman Gene Thomas (May 1, 1930 – May 19, 2020) was an American astronomer and discoverer of minor planets.

He worked at Lowell Observatory using the blink comparator alongside Robert Burnham Jr., author of the famous three-volume Celestial Handbook.

He is credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery of 55 numbered minor planets during 1964–1989, including the Apollo asteroids 4544 Xanthus and 4581 Asclepius, as well as the Amor asteroid 3352 McAuliffe.

The main-belt asteroid 2555 Thomas, discovered by Edward Bowell at Anderson Mesa Station in 1980, was named in his honor. Naming citation was published on 8 April 1982 (M.P.C. 6835).
Singapore Network Information Centre
Singapore Network Information Centre (SGNIC) is the national Internet registry for Singapore. It administers the .sg top level domain.

Formed in October 1995, the SGNIC took over the operation of Domain Name Registration (DNR) Services in November 1995. It operated under the National Computer Board until July 1997 when SGNIC was registered as a company.

Until the formation of SGNIC, Singaporean IP numbers were requested through Technet or SingNet. Plans to establish SGNIC began in early 1995.

The SGNIC comprises four entities:

SGNIC Board

SGNIC Operations

Domain Name Registration Service (DNRS) Committee

Domain Name System Technical (DNST) Committee

The SGNIC board formulates policies for SGNIC and comprises representatives from regulatory and commercial agencies in Singapore.

TechNet (computer network)
TechNet Augusta was established in 1991 as a closed research and development computer network for academics at the National University of Singapore (NUS). It was set up by the National Science and Technology Board of Singapore (NSTB), providing Singapore's first Internet access service.

TechNet's international connectivity then was provided by a 128 kbit/s satellite link from JvNCnet.

In March 1995, the Pacific Internet Consortium (SembMedia, ST Computer Systems and SIM) bought TechNet, and commercialised its services in September 1995 when it launched Pacific Internet Corporation Pte Ltd.

TechNet was also responsible for the allocation of IP numbers in Singapore along with Singnet.
WAJH
WAJH (91.1 FM) is a non-commercial, listener-supported radio station licensed to Birmingham, Alabama, and owned and operated by the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame, Inc. The station broadcasts smooth jazz and other music programs. The station's antenna is located on Shades Mountain in Homewood, Alabama. The broadcast studio is on the Samford University campus.

The station's owner is the nonprofit corporation that operates the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame, located in the Carver Theatre in Birmingham.

Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame
The Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame (AJHF) is an organization and museum in Birmingham, Alabama, United States. It was founded in 1978, and opened as museum on September 18, 1993, with a mission "to foster, encourage, educate, and cultivate a general appreciation of the medium of jazz music as a legitimate, original and distinctive art form indigenous to America. Its mission is also to preserve a continued and sustained program of illuminating the contribution of the State of Alabama through its citizens, environment, demographics and lore, and perpetuating the heritage of jazz music."
Achard II, Count of Lecce
Achard II was the Norman count of Lecce (from before 1133) and Ostuni, both in southern Apulia, in today's southern Italy.

He was the son of Count Geoffrey II of Lecce and a descendant of one of the sons of Tancred of Hauteville, Geoffrey, arrived c. 1054, later count of Brindisi. His daughter Emma of Lecce (b. ca. 1120; d. 1194) had an affair with Roger, Duke of Apulia (b. 1118; d. 10 May 1148), son of Roger II of Sicily (b. 22 December 1095; d. 26 February 1154). His grandson, of this relationship, was later his heir and King Tancred (b. 1138; d. 20 February 1194).

Italo-Normans
The Italo-Normans (Italian: Italo-Normanni), or Siculo-Normans (Siculo-Normanni) when referring to Sicily and Southern Italy, are the Italian-born descendants of the first Norman conquerors to travel to Southern Italy in the first half of the eleventh century. While maintaining much of their distinctly Norman culture and customs of war, French culture also played an important role, they were partly shaped by the diversity of Southern Italy, by the cultures and customs of the Greeks, Lombards, and Arabs in Sicily.
South Fourche LaFave River Bridge
The South Fourche LaFave River Bridge was a historic bridge in rural western Perry County, Arkansas. It was a two-span Parker pony truss bridge, carrying Arkansas Highway 7 across the South Fourche La Fave River, roughly midway between Ola and Jessieville in the eastern reaches of Ouachita National Forest. The bridge was built in 1933, and had a total length of 485 feet (148 m), each of its main spans measuring 102 feet (31 m).

The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

South Fourche La Fave River
The South Fourche La Fave River is a stream in the Ouachita Mountains of Perry and Yell counties of Arkansas. It is a tributary of the Fourche La Fave River.

The headwaters arise southwest of the Allen Peak Lookout Tower (at 34°50′47″N 93°28′26″W﻿ / ﻿34.84639°N 93.47389°W﻿ / 34.84639; -93.47389) and the stream flows east-northeast. It flows under Arkansas Highway 27 just south of Onyx and then parallel to Arkansas Highway 314 past Steve and Hollis. It passes under Arkansas Route 7 and flows north and east to its confluence with the Fourche La Fave River east of Nimrod (at 34°57′14″N 93°01′57″W﻿ / ﻿34.95389°N 93.03250°W﻿ / 34.95389; -93.03250).

The South Fourche LaFave River has a mean annual discharge of 295 cubic feet (8.4 m3) per second, according to statistics from the USGS station at Hollis.
CYP35B1
The Dod-13 gene in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans encoding a cytochrome p450 enzyme, which have steroid hydroxylase activity, with the CYP Symbol CYP35B1 (Cytochrome P450, family 35, member B1). Dod-13 is downstream gene of Daf-16 influenced the lifespan of C. elegans.

Daf-16
DAF-16 is the sole ortholog of the FOXO family of transcription factors in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. It is responsible for activating genes involved in longevity, lipogenesis, heat shock survival and oxidative stress responses. It also protects C.elegans during food deprivation, causing it to transform into a hibernation - like state, known as a Dauer. DAF-16 is notable for being the primary transcription factor required for the profound lifespan extension observed upon mutation of the insulin-like receptor DAF-2. The gene has played a large role in research into longevity and the insulin signalling pathway as it is located in C. elegans, a successful ageing model organism.
Design of the FAT file system
The FAT file system is a file system used on MS-DOS and Windows 9x family of operating systems. It continues to be used on mobile devices and embedded systems, and thus is a well-suited file system for data exchange between computers and devices of almost any type and age from 1981 through to the present.

Fragmentation (computing)
In computer storage, fragmentation is a phenomenon in the computer system which involves the distribution of data in to smaller pieces which storage space, such as computer memory or a hard drive, is used inefficiently, reducing capacity or performance and often both. The exact consequences of fragmentation depend on the specific system of storage allocation in use and the particular form of fragmentation. In many cases, fragmentation leads to storage space being "wasted", and programs will tend to run inefficiently due to the shortage of memory.
Florbal Chodov
Florbal Chodov (FAT PIPE Florbal Chodov after its sponsor) is a floorball club based in Chodov, Prague, Czech Republic. The team was founded in 1991.

The men's team has played in the highest Czech floorball league, Superliga florbalu, since its foundation in 1993. With two titles in the 2015–16 and 2016–17 seasons, it is the fourth most successful team of the league, after Tatran Střešovice, 1. SC Vítkovice and Florbal MB.

The women's team has also played in the highest Czech floorball league, Extraliga žen, since the 2005–06 season. The team won the league in the 2014–15 season.

Florbal MB
Florbal MB (Předvýběr.CZ Florbal Mladá Boleslav after its sponsor) is a floorball club based in Mladá Boleslav, Czech Republic. The current club was formed in 2003 by merging FbK Mladá Boleslav (1999) and Sokol Mladá Boleslav (1998).

The men's team has played in the highest Czech floorball league, Superliga florbalu, since the season 2004–05, after being promoted from a lower league. With four titles in the 2017–18, 2020–21, 2021–22 and 2024–25 seasons, it is the third most successful team of the league, after Tatran Střešovice and 1. SC Vítkovice. The team was only fourth one to win a title, and the first one that started in a lower league.

The team also won three second places, in the seasons 2014–15, 2016–17, and 2018–19. In 2025, they won silver at the Champions Cup.
Mihi Creek heritage site
The Mihi Creek heritage site is a heritage-listed archaeological site at Mihi Junction, Brassall, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It is also known as Mihi Junction and Mi Hi Creek. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 16 July 2010.

North Ipswich Railway Workshops
North Ipswich Railway Workshops is a heritage-listed current Australian railway workshop at North Street, North Ipswich, Queensland. It was built from 1878 to 1980s. It is also known as the Queensland Museum Rail Workshops. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 April 1997.

The original site was built in 1864, then expanding to its current location by 1885 with continued expansion until the 1980s. The front third of the current site is run by Queensland Museums. Behind this Queensland Rail still operate and have continuously operated this site since 1864/1865. It is the oldest continuously operating railway workshop in Australia.  (Any information found saying it has closed at any stage is incorrect.)  As well as steam locomotives and heritage coaches, other works are still completed here by various tradespersons for Queensland Rail from across the business as a whole.
Suriname Museum
The Suriname Museum is a historical and cultural museum located in Amsterdam, Netherlands, dedicated to the history, heritage, and diaspora of Suriname. Officially opened on 25 November 2025, the 50th anniversary of Surinamese independence, it is the first museum in the Netherlands exclusively focused on Suriname’s past and its enduring ties with the Dutch state and society. The museum is housed in the Hugo Olijfveldhuis building in Amsterdam-Oost and operated by the Stichting Suriname Museum, an initiative of the Vereniging Ons Suriname. Its core exhibition, “Meet Su, Meet Us”  covers Indigenous people, colonization, slavery, post-emancipation migration, and the cultural identity of the Surinamese diaspora in the Netherlands.

Amsterdam-Oost
Amsterdam-Oost (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌɑmstərdɑmˈoːst]) is a borough of Amsterdam, Netherlands, established in May 2010 after a merger of the former boroughs of Zeeburg and Oost-Watergraafsmeer. In 2013, the borough had almost 123,000 inhabitants.
Aladdin City, Florida
Aladdin City is an unincorporated community in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States.  It is located about 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Miami within the unincorporated community of Redland. The site of a Moorish architecture style planned community,  development was snuffed out by the abrupt end of the Florida land boom of the 1920s. Opa-locka, Coral Gables, and Miami Springs, Florida were also themed developments.

Homestead, Florida
Homestead is a city within Miami-Dade County in the U.S. state of Florida, between Biscayne National Park to the east and Everglades National Park to the west. Homestead is primarily a Miami suburb and a major agricultural area. It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida, which was home to 6,138,333 people at the 2020 census. It is located approximately 26 miles (42 km) southwest of Miami, and 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Key Largo. The population was 80,737 as of the 2020 census.

The city of Homestead is located near the southern terminus of the Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike where it ends at its junction with U.S. 1.  Homestead is immediately north and east of Florida City, and these two cities comprise the greater Homestead–Florida City area. Some of the notable unincorporated communities in the area are Redland, Leisure City, Naranja, and Princeton.
Aam Ganv
Aam Ganv is a village in Badaun Tehsil and Budaun district, Uttar Pradesh, India.  Aam Ganv village is administrated by Gram panchayat who is elected by the residents of that village. Aam Ganv is 7 kilometers away from Badaun City. The total geographical area of the village is 536.58 hectares. There are 398 houses in Aam Ganv village.Narendra Kumar is the present "Panchayat Head" of the Village.

Budaun
Budaun (romanised: Badāʾūn or Badāyūn, Hindi pronunciation: [bəd̪aːjũː]) is a medieval city and headquarters of Budaun district, in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is located about a mile east of the Sot river, and 27 km north of the Ganges, in the Rohilkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. According to the 2011 census, Budaun has a population of 159,221, which is projected to be 161,555 at present. Budaun rose to historical importance as the capital of the Delhi Sultanate for four years from 1210 CE to 1214 CE during the reign of Sultan Iltutmish. It was the most important post of Northern Frontier during Mughal reign. Budaun is a big market, historically famous and religiously important city. Budaun is 230 km south-east of New Delhi and 245 km north-west of Lucknow, both taking about 6 hours by road.
Kalburabastı
Kalburabastı (sometimes spelled kalbura bastı) or kalburabasma (Turkish, also known as hurmašice in Bosnia and Herzegovina,
and throughout the rest of former Yugoslavia as urmašice), and sometimes also known under the name of hurma, are syrup-drenched pastries that have a riddled appearance. They are featured among the favorite specialities that are prepared during the Islamic holidays, including the three-day Eid al-Fitr (called Şeker Bayramı or "Candy Feast" in Turkish language) and Eid al-Adha.

This Ottoman Turkish treat has a very similar variation of it ("hurmašice") which can be found in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and other parts of former Yugoslavia.

Melomakarono
The melomakarono (Greek: μελομακάρονο plural: μελομακάρονα, melomakarona) is an egg-shaped Greek dessert made mainly from flour, olive oil, and honey.
Along with the kurabies, it is a traditional dessert prepared primarily during the Christmas holiday season. They are also known as finikia.

Typical ingredients of the melomakarono are flour or semolina, sugar, orange zest and/or fresh juice, cognac (or similar beverage), cinnamon, crushed or ground clove and olive oil. During rolling they are often filled with ground walnuts.  Immediately after baking, they are immersed for a few seconds in cold syrup made of honey and sugar dissolved in water. Finally, they are decorated with ground, as well as bigger pieces of walnut. Dark chocolate-covered melomakarona are also a more recent variation of the traditional recipe.
Michael Warren Powell
Michael Warren Powell (January 22, 1937 – July 17, 2016) was an American artistic director, director, actor and designer involved in the Off-Off-Broadway movement, Off-Broadway and in the development of new American plays.

Marshall W. Mason
Marshall W. Mason (born February 24, 1940) is an American theater director, educator, and writer. Mason founded the Circle Repertory Company in New York City and was artistic director of the company for 18 years (1969–1987). He received an Obie Award for Sustained Achievement in 1983. In 2016, he received the Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theater.

From 1983 to 1986, Mason was president of the Stage Directors and Choreographers Society, a national labor union.
Chatham Vase
The Chatham Vase is a stone sculpture by John Bacon commissioned as a memorial to William Pitt the Elder by his wife, Hester, Countess of Chatham. It was originally erected at their house in Burton Pynsent in 1781. It was subsequently moved to Stowe House but sold in 1848, then purchased in 1857 by a member of the family and installed at Revesby Abbey. It was moved to the grounds of Chevening House in 1934, where it currently resides. It is currently grade II listed.

Burton Pynsent House
Burton Pynsent House is a historic country-house in the parish of Curry Rivel, Somerset, England. It is a Grade II* listed building. The house was built in stages between 1565 and 1765, when it was bequeathed to William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham by Sir William Pynsent, 2nd Baronet, who did not want the house to go to Lord North. Pitt had an additional wing built to a design by Lancelot Brown, and the subsequent owner demolished everything but this wing in 1805.

The house was extended around this wing in the 20th century, overlooking the 98 hectares (240 acres) of formal gardens and parkland. To the northwest of the house is Burton Pynsent Monument, a 140 feet (43 m) column with an urn finial, built to commemorate Pynsent's generosity to Pitt.
Boophone
Boophone is a small genus of herbaceous, perennial and bulbous plants in the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae.) It consists of two confirmed species distributed across South Africa to Kenya and Uganda. It is closely related to Crossyne, a genus whose species have prostrate leaves. They are drought tolerant but not cold-hardy, and are very poisonous to livestock.

Amaryllidoideae
Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae s.s., amaryllids) is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. The most recent APG classification, APG IV, takes a broad view of the Amaryllidaceae, which then has three subfamilies, one of which is Amaryllidoideae (the old family Amaryllidaceae), and the others are Allioideae (the old family Alliaceae) and Agapanthoideae (the old family Agapanthaceae). The subfamily consists of about seventy genera, with over eight hundred species, and a worldwide distribution.
Beckmans Island
Beckmans Island, is a small privately owned island near Beckmans Landing in Seabrook, Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. It is owned by the Beckman family, who allow public access to the island. It is named after John Robinson Beckman, a Revolutionary War soldier who was the first member of the Beckman family to settle in Seabrook; Beckmans Point, Pond, and Landing are nearby features which were also named after him.

Seabrook, New Hampshire
Seabrook is a town in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 8,401 at the 2020 census. Located at the southern end of the coast of New Hampshire, on the border with Massachusetts, Seabrook is noted as the location of the Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant, the third-most recently constructed nuclear power plant in the United States.

Seabrook is the first town one encounters when entering New Hampshire northbound on I–95.
Anna Cope Hartshorne
Anna Cope Hartshorne (January 8, 1860 – October 2, 1957) was an American educator and writer based in Japan. A member of a prominent Philadelphia Quaker family, she was a founder and faculty member of Tsuda University, with her close friend Tsuda Umeko.

Tsuda Umeko
Tsuda Umeko (津田 梅子; born Tsuda Ume (津田 梅); December 31, 1864 – August 16, 1929) was a Japanese educator who founded Tsuda University. She was the daughter of Tsuda Sen, an agricultural scientist, and at the age of 7, she became Japan's first female exchange student, traveling to the United States on the same ship as the Iwakura Mission.

Originally named Tsuda Ume, with ume referring to the Japanese plum, she went by the name Ume Tsuda while studying in the United States before changing her name to Umeko in 1902.
Corgan (company)
Corgan Associates, Inc., commonly known as Corgan, is an American multinational architecture and design firm headquartered in Dallas, Texas. It is one of the largest architecture firms in the world, both by revenue and number of architects. Corgan reported a revenue of US$510.47 million in 2024 and employs over 1200 professionals across 21 offices worldwide.

The firm provides architectural services in various sectors, including aviation, commercial, data centers, education, healthcare, mixed-use, multifamily, offices, and workplaces.

Dallas Love Field
Dallas Love Field (IATA: DAL, ICAO: KDAL, FAA LID: DAL) is a city-owned public airport in the neighborhood of Love Field, 6 miles (9.7 km; 5.2 nmi) northwest of downtown Dallas, Texas, United States. It was Dallas' main airport until 1974 when Dallas Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) opened. Love Field covers an area of 1,300 acres (530 ha) at an elevation of 487 feet (148 m) above mean sea level and has two runways.

Love Field is the birthplace, corporate headquarters, and a major operating base of Southwest Airlines; as of August 2021, Southwest has a 95% market share at the airport. Several full-service fixed-base operators (FBOs) provide general aviation services: fuel, maintenance, hangar rentals, and air charters. The City of Dallas Department of Aviation headquarters is on the airport grounds.