hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Macedonian Bulgarians
Macedonians (Bulgarian: македонци), or Macedonian Bulgarians (Bulgarian: македонски българи), sometimes also referred to as Macedono-Bulgarians, Macedo-Bulgarians, or Bulgaro-Macedonians, are a regional, ethnographic group of ethnic Bulgarians, inhabiting or originating from the region of Macedonia. This is how the majority of Slavic-speaking population of Macedonia had been referred to by most of the national conscious minority among them and by outside observers, from the 10th until the early 20th century in a sense of a demonym at first, and later as an social class synonym mainly, and as an ethnonym. Since 1913, the Macedonian Bulgarian population is largely concentrated in Pirin Macedonia but much is spread across the whole of Bulgaria and the diaspora.

Vardar Macedonia
Vardar Macedonia (Macedonian and Serbian: Вардарска Македонија, romanized: Vardarska Makedonija) is a historical term referring to the northern part of the broader Macedonian region, roughly corresponding to present-day North Macedonia. The name derives from the Vardar River and is primarily associated with the period of Serbian (1912–1918) and later Yugoslav rule (1918–1991).
Five themes of geography
The five themes of geography are an educational tool for teaching geography. The five themes were published in 1984 and widely adopted by teachers, textbook publishers, and curriculum designers in the United States. Most American geography and social studies classrooms have adopted the five themes in teaching practices, as they provide "an alternative to the detrimental, but unfortunately persistent, habit of teaching geography through rote memorization". They are pedagogical themes that guide how geographic content should be taught in schools.

Location
In geography, location or place is used to denote a region (point, line, or area) on Earth's surface. The term location generally implies a higher degree of certainty than place, the latter often indicating an entity with an ambiguous boundary, relying more on human or social attributes of place identity and sense of place than on geometry. A populated place is called a settlement.
St. Joseph High School (Westchester, Illinois)
St. Joseph High School (or St. Joe's) was a Roman Catholic, coeducational, college prep school in Westchester, Illinois, and was sponsored by the De La Salle Christian Brothers.

St. Joseph High School became accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools in 1987 and was approved by the Illinois State Board of Education. St. Joe's was a member of the National Catholic Educational Association and the Christian Brothers Educational Association. The school was also a member of the Illinois High School Association (IHSA) and the Chicago Catholic League (CCL).

Archdiocese of Chicago
The Archdiocese of Chicago (Latin: Archidiœcesis Chicagiensis) is an archdiocese of the Catholic Church located in Northeastern Illinois, in the United States. The Vatican erected it as a diocese in 1843 and elevated it to an archdiocese in 1880. Cardinal Blase Joseph Cupich is the archbishop. The cathedral parish for the archdiocese is Holy Name Cathedral in Chicago.

The archdiocese serves over 2 million Catholics in Cook and Lake counties, an area of 1,411 square miles (3,650 km2). It is the metropolitan see of the province of Chicago.
Common raven physiology
The common raven (Corvus corax), also known as the northern raven, is a large, all-black passerine bird. Found across the Northern Hemisphere, it is the most widely distributed of all corvids. Their Northern range encompasses Arctic and temperate regions of Eurasia and North America, and they reach as far South as Northern Africa and Central America. The common raven is an incredibly versatile passerine to account for this distribution, and their physiology varies with this versatility. This article discusses its physiology, including its homeostasis, respiration, circulatory system, and osmoregulation.

Loop of Henle
The loop of Henle (/ˈhɛnli/; also known as Henle's loop, Henle loop, nephron loop) is the portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. Named after its discoverer, the German anatomist Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, the loop of Henle's main function is to create a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney.

By means of a countercurrent multiplier system, which uses electrolyte pumps, the loop of Henle creates an area of high urea concentration deep in the medulla, near the papillary duct in the collecting duct system. Water present in the filtrate in the papillary duct flows through aquaporin channels out of the duct, moving passively down its concentration gradient. This process reabsorbs water and creates a concentrated urine for excretion.
Triptis–Marxgrün railway
The Triptis–Marxgrün railway is a branch line in Germany that runs through the states of Thuringia and Bavaria, and which was originally built and operated by the Prussian state railways. It ran from Triptis via Ziegenrück, Bad Lobenstein and Blankenstein to Marxgrün. The only section still in service today is the stretch of line between Ebersdorf-Friesau and Blankenstein. The Thuringian section is also called the  Oberlandbahn ("Oberland railway"); the Bavarian section the Höllentalbahn ("Hell Valley Railway").

Railway divisions in Germany
In Germany and Austria, the running of railway services for a railway administration or the regional network of a large railway company was devolved to railway divisions, variously known as Eisenbahndirektionen (ED), Bundesbahndirektionen (BD) or Reichsbahndirektionen (RBD/Rbd). Their organisation was determined by the railway company concerned or by the state railway and, in the German-speaking lands at least, they formed the intermediate authorities and regional management organisations within the state railway administration's hierarchy. On the formation of the Deutsche Bahn AG in 1994 the system of railway divisions (Eisenbahndirektionen) in Germany was discontinued and their tasks were transferred to new "business areas".
Dublin Townships
Dublin Townships was a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas from 1937 to 1948. The constituency elected 3 deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) to the Dáil, using proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).

Oireachtas
The Oireachtas (/ˈɛrəktəs/ EH-rək-təs; Irish: [ˈɛɾʲaxt̪ˠəsˠ]), sometimes referred to as Oireachtas Éireann, is the bicameral parliament of Ireland. The Oireachtas consists of the president of Ireland and the two houses of the Oireachtas (Irish: Tithe an Oireachtais): a lower house called Dáil Éireann and an upper house called Seanad Éireann.

The houses of the Oireachtas sit in Leinster House in Dublin, an eighteenth-century ducal palace. The directly elected Dáil is the more powerful of the houses of the Oireachtas.
Aspergillus allahabadii
Aspergillus allahabadii is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Terrei section. The species was first described in 1962. It has been reported to produce asperphenamate, atrovenetins, butyrolactones, citrinin, and gregatins.

Aspergillus
Aspergillus (/ˌæspərˈdʒɪləs/) is a genus consisting of several hundred mold species found in various climates worldwide.

Aspergillus was first catalogued in 1729 by the Italian priest and biologist Pier Antonio Micheli. Viewing the fungi under a microscope, Micheli was reminded of the shape of an aspergillum (holy water sprinkler), from Latin spargere (to sprinkle), and named the genus accordingly. Aspergillum is an asexual spore-forming structure common to all Aspergillus species; around one-third of species are also known to have a sexual stage. While some species of Aspergillus are known to cause fungal infections, others are of commercial importance.
Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India
The Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Nineteenth Amendment) Act, 1966, abolished Election Tribunals in India and enabled trial of election petitions by High Courts. It amended clause (1) of article 324 of the Constitution, which provides for vesting of the power of superintendence, direction and control of elections with the Election Commission. The 19th Amendment removed the provision relating to the power of "the appointment of election tribunals for the decision of doubts and disputes arising out of or in connection with elections to Parliament and to the Legislatures of States".

Provisions for the trial of election petitions by High Courts instead of the election tribunals, was provided for by amending the Representation of the People Act, 1951.

Representation of the People Act, 1951
The Representation of the People Act, 1951 is an act of Parliament of India to provide for the conduct of election of the Houses of Parliament and to the House or Houses of the Legislature of each State, the qualifications and disqualifications for membership of those Houses, what constitute corrupt practices and other offences at or in connection with such elections and the determination of disputes arising out of or in connection with such elections. It  was introduced in Parliament by law minister Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. The Act was enacted by the provisional parliament under Article 327 of the Indian Constitution, before the first general election.
Roscoe Hersey House
The Roscoe Hersey House is a historic house in Stillwater, Minnesota, United States, built 1879–1880.  It was designed by architect George W. Orff in a mix of Eastlake and early Queen Anne style.  Roscoe Hersey (?1841–1906) was a key figure in Stillwater's lumber and mercantile development, the son and local representative of Isaac Staples' Maine-based business partner Samuel F. Hersey.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for having local significance in the themes of architecture, commerce, and industry.  It was nominated for its embodiment of the commercial success of the Hersey–Staples partnership, the ties between the St. Croix Valley and Bangor, Maine, and the peak of Stillwater's lumber industry.

Stillwater, Minnesota
Stillwater is a city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Washington County. It is in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area, on the west bank of the St. Croix River, across from Houlton, Wisconsin. Stillwater's population was 19,394 at the 2020 census. Stillwater is often called "the birthplace of Minnesota" due to its role in the establishment of the state.
Mesoamerican calendars
The calendrical systems devised and used by the pre-Columbian cultures of Mesoamerica, primarily a 260-day year, were used in religious observances and social rituals, such as divination.

These calendars have been dated to early as ca. 1100 BCE. By 500 BCE at the latest, the essentials were fully defined and functional. 260-day calendars are still used in the Guatemalan highlands, Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico.

The importance of aboriginal calendars in ritual and other aspects of Mesoamerican life was noted by many missionary priests, travelers, and colonial administrators, and later by ethnographers who described and recorded the cultures of contemporary Mesoamerican ethnic groups.

Mesoamerican chronology
Mesoamerican chronology divides the history of prehispanic Mesoamerica into several periods: the Paleo-Indian (first human habitation until 3500 BCE); the Archaic (before 2600 BCE), the Pre-classic or Formative (2500 BCE – 250 CE), the Classic (250–900 CE), and the Postclassic (900–1521 CE); as well as the post European contact Colonial Period (1521–1821), and Postcolonial, or the period after independence from Spain (1821–present).

The periodisation of Mesoamerica by researchers is based on archaeological, ethnohistorical, and modern cultural anthropology research dating to the early twentieth century. Archaeologists, ethnohistorians, historians, and cultural anthropologists continue to work to develop cultural histories of the region.
Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
The Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (GIN RAS; Russian: Геологический институт РАН, full name: Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences) is a scientific institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences focusing on general theoretical and fundamental problems in the geological sciences. The main research areas of the institute are tectonics, lithology, stratigraphy, and Quaternary geology.

By the end of 2020, GIN RAS had 247 research staff, including 99 Candidates of Science and 56 Doctors of Science. The Institute employed 3 Corresponding Members, 3 Academicians of the RAS, and 5 Honored Scientists of the Russian Federation.

Nikolay Shatsky
Nikolay Sergeyevich Shatsky, also spelt Nicholas Shatski (Russian: Николай Серге́евич Шатский; August 28 [O.S. August 16] 1895 in Moscow – August 1, 1960 in Moscow) was a Soviet geologist, an expert in tectonics of ancient platforms.

Shatsky Rise, an oceanic plateau in North Pacific is named after him.

Since 1982 the USSR Academy of Sciences/Russian Academy of Sciences has awarded the annual Shatsky Prize (ru:Премия имени Н. С. Шатского) for achievements in tectonics.
Shobha Somnath Ki
Shobha Somnath Ki (English: Shobha of Somnath) is an Indian historical television drama series on Zee TV based on Acharya Chatursen's 1954 Hindi novel Somnath Mahalay. It tells the story of a fictional  young female called Shobha amid the infamous raids in western India by Maḥmūd of Ghazni in the early 11th century.

The show replaced another historical drama Jhansi Ki Rani on Zee TV. Initially, the drama was produced by Contiloe Entertainment. However, due to Veer Shivaji on Colors TV and Mahabharat (2013 TV series) on Star Plus, Contiloe Telefilms handed over the reins to Swastik Pictures. The show was shown every day for some months, and was changed to being broadcast bi-weekly due to decreased popularity. Another show Hitler Didi replaced the time slot when Shobha Somnath Ki was shown (starting 7 November 2011). On 12 November 2011, the broadcast time was changed to weekends only. It aired its last episode on 26 February 2012.

Mahabharat (2013 TV series)
Mahabharat is a 2013 Indian epic mythological television series based on the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata. It aired from 16 September 2013 to 16 August 2014 on Star Plus. The series is available digitally on Disney+ Hotstar. Produced by Swastik Productions Pvt. Ltd, it starred Saurabh Raj Jain, Pooja Sharma, Shaheer Sheikh and Aham Sharma.
SSV Aalen
SSV Aalen is a German football club from the city of Aalen, Baden-Württemberg. It is part of a larger sports club with a membership of approximately 900 and in addition to its football side has departments for athletics, basketball, jazz dance, gymnastics, tennis and disabled sport.

Aalen
Aalen (German pronunciation: [ˈaːlən] ⓘ; Swabian: Oole (Swabian pronunciation: [ˈɔːlɐ̃])) is a town located in the eastern part of the German state of Baden-Württemberg, about 70 kilometres (43 mi) east of Stuttgart and 48 kilometres (30 mi) north of Ulm. It is the seat of the Ostalbkreis district and is its largest town. It is also the largest town in the Ostwürttemberg region. Since 1956, Aalen has had the status of Große Kreisstadt (major district town). It is noted for its many half-timbered houses constructed from the 16th century through the 18th century.

With an area of 146.63 km2, Aalen is ranked 7th in Baden-Württemberg and 2nd within the Government Region of Stuttgart, after Stuttgart. With a population of about 66,000, Aalen is the 15th most-populated settlement in Baden-Württemberg.
Veappii
Veappii (Chechen: ваьппий) is a Chechen clan (teip) of the Aukhs, which inhabits Aukh, a region in modern-day Dagestan. The cultural center of the Veappii was Erzi, located in Ingushetia. During the 17th and 18th centuries, they migrated from Ingushetia to Aukh. According to their teptar, they originated from the mountainous aul of Tyarsh. The Veappii were renowned for their skills as blacksmiths and craftsmen. Veappii speak the Pkharchoi dialect of the Aukh dialect of the Chechen language.

Chechens
The Chechens (/ˈtʃɛtʃɛnz, tʃəˈtʃɛnz/ CHETCH-enz, chə-CHENZ; Chechen: Нохчий, Noxçiy, Old Chechen: Нахчой, Naxçoy), historically also known as Kisti and Durdzuks, are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group of the Nakh peoples native to the North Caucasus. They are the largest ethnic group in the region and refer to themselves as Nokhchiy (pronounced [no̞xtʃʼiː]; singular Nokhchi, Nokhcho, Nakhchuo or Nakhche). The vast majority of Chechens are Muslims and live in Chechnya, an autonomous republic within the Russian Federation.

The North Caucasus has been invaded numerous times throughout history. Its isolated terrain and the strategic value outsiders have placed on the areas settled by Chechens has contributed much to the Chechen community ethos and helped shape its national character.

Chechen society is largely egalitarian and organized around tribal autonomous local clans, called teips, informally organized into loose confederations called tukkhums.
Eighteenth-Century Fiction
Eighteenth-Century Fiction is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to the critical and historical investigation of literature and culture of the period 1660–1832. It is published by the University of Toronto Press.

Academic Search
Academic Search is a monthly indexing service. It was first published in 1997 by EBSCO Publishing in Ipswich, Massachusetts. Its academic focus is international universities, covering social science, education, psychology, and other subjects. Publishing formats covered are academic journals, magazines, newspapers, and CD-ROM.
Kalangani railway station
Kalangani railway station (station code: KLGN) is an NSG–6 category Indian railway station in Salem railway division of Southern Railway zone. It is a railway station situated in Kalangani, Namakkal district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The station is an intermediate station on the newly commissioned Salem Junction–Karur Junction line which became operational in  May 2013. The station is operated by the Southern Railway zone of the Indian Railways and comes under the Salem railway division.

Salem Junction railway station
Salem Junction railway station (station code: SA) is an NSG–2 category Indian railway station in Salem railway division of Southern Railway zone. It serves the city of Salem in Tamil Nadu. It is one of the major transit points in Southern India.
2021 Airdrie and Shotts by-election
A by-election for the United Kingdom parliamentary constituency of Airdrie and Shotts was held on 13 May 2021 following the resignation of incumbent Scottish National Party (SNP) MP Neil Gray to run for the corresponding seat—which he subsequently won—in the 2021 Scottish Parliament election. Anum Qaisar-Javed held the seat for the SNP with a decreased majority but an increased share of the vote.

This was the first UK parliamentary by-election in Scotland for nearly 10 years, with the previous one having been the 2011 Inverclyde by-election.

2011 Inverclyde by-election
A by-election for the United Kingdom parliamentary constituency of Inverclyde was held on 30 June 2011, triggered by the death of incumbent Labour Party MP David Cairns. It was won by Labour candidate Iain McKenzie, who retained the seat for the party.

Cairns had won the constituency in 2010 with a majority of 38.4%, making it a safe Labour seat.
2023–24 BCL 1-Day
The 2023–24 Bangladesh Cricket League One Day was the 3rd edition of the BCL 1-Day, a List A cricket competition in Bangladesh. It was held from 24 to 30 December 2023. The tournament was followed by the first-class 2023–24 Bangladesh Cricket League. Central Zone were the champion of the previous tournament, having win against South Zone by 3 runs in the final.
North Zone defeated East Zone by 4 wickets in final and became two-time champion of BCL 1-Day.

East Zone cricket team (Bangladesh)
The East Zone cricket team or Islami Bank East Zone is a first class cricket team that represents eastern Bangladesh in the Bangladesh Cricket League (BCL). It is a composite team of two Bangladeshi first-class teams: Chittagong Division and Sylhet Division. East Zone has played in the BCL from the opening 2012–13 season.

In January 2018, they scored 735 runs for 6 wickets in their first innings against Central Zone in the 2017–18 Bangladesh Cricket League. This was the third-highest total in first-class cricket in Bangladesh and the second-highest total in the history of the Bangladesh Cricket League.

In Round 3 of 2023–24 Bangladesh Cricket League, East Zone defeated North Zone by an innings and 112 runs. They finished the league as the table-toppers with 20 points, and clinched their maiden BCL title.
John Bone (bishop)
Christianity portal

John Frank Ewan Bone (28 August 1930 – 5 July 2014) was the area Bishop of Reading (Church of England) from 1989 until 1996.

He was educated at Monkton Combe School and St Peter's College, Oxford (gaining an Oxford Master of Arts {MA Oxon}) before embarking on an ecclesiastical career with a curacy at St Gabriel's, Warwick Square. After  incumbencies at Datchet  and Slough he was appointed Rural Dean of Burnham and then (his final appointment before ordination to the episcopacy) Archdeacon of Buckingham.

He died in 2014: his Church Times obituary stated that he was

"a great example of the quiet, reliable bishop who was trusted by many, worked hard, and never sought the limelight. "

Bishop of Reading
Christianity portal

The Bishop of Reading is an episcopal title used by a suffragan bishop of the Church of England Diocese of Oxford, which is within the Province of Canterbury, England. On 27 November 2024, it was announced that the next Bishop of Reading would be Mary Gregory, succeeding Olivia Graham. Gregory was consecrated as Bishop of Reading on 27 February 2025.

The title takes its name after the town of Reading in Berkshire. The bishops suffragan of Reading have been area bishops since the Oxford area scheme was founded in 1984. The Bishop of Reading is responsible for the archdeaconry of Berkshire.
Oliver Appropriate
Oliver Appropriate is the eighth studio album by American rock band Say Anything released on January 25, 2019 via Dine Alone Records. The album is a concept album and purported sequel to the band's second full-length album, ...Is a Real Boy, which follows the narrator of said album and his struggles with sexuality.

Museum Mouth
Museum Mouth is a band that originated in Southport, North Carolina, in 2009. It consists of three members: Karl Kuehn who also played in the band Family Bike (drums, vocals), Kory Urban (bass), and Morgan Roberts (guitar). Originally, Savannah Levin played bass and provided vocals but left the band in September 2010. Their band name is a reference to a line in the song "Little League" by Cap'n Jazz. Their musical genres include pop punk and rock. Museum Mouth is one of the more famous and long lasting bands to come out of the Wilmington DIY scene. Most of their music is downloadable for free from Bandcamp.

"Tears In My Beer", "Sexy But Not Happy", and "Alex I Am Nothing" received four-star reviews from Punknews.org.