hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Derivation of the Navier–Stokes equations
The derivation of the Navier–Stokes equations as well as their application and formulation for different families of fluids, is an important exercise in fluid dynamics with applications in mechanical engineering, physics, chemistry, heat transfer, and electrical engineering. A proof explaining the properties and bounds of the equations, such as Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness, is one of the important unsolved problems in mathematics.

Orthogonal coordinates
In mathematics, orthogonal coordinates are defined as a set of d coordinates  in which the coordinate hypersurfaces all meet at right angles (note that superscripts are indices, not exponents). A coordinate surface for a particular coordinate qk is the curve, surface, or hypersurface on which qk is a constant. For example, the three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) is an orthogonal coordinate system, since its coordinate surfaces x = constant, y = constant, and z = constant are planes that meet at right angles to one another, i.e., are perpendicular. Orthogonal coordinates are a special but extremely common case of curvilinear coordinates.
Devkesen
42°17′15″N 58°23′56″E﻿ / ﻿42.28750°N 58.39889°E﻿ / 42.28750; 58.39889
Devkesen (also: Dev-Kesken; Turkmen: Döwkesen) is an archaeological site in the Dashoguz region of northern Turkmenistan, 62 km west of Koneurgench.

Daşoguz Region
41°0′N 58°30′E﻿ / ﻿41.000°N 58.500°E﻿ / 41.000; 58.500

Daşoguz Region (Turkmen: Daşoguz welaýaty; formerly Daşhowuz) is one of the regions of Turkmenistan.  It is in the north of the country, bordering Uzbekistan. The area of the province is 73,430 square kilometers, and the total population is 1,550,354 (2022 census).  The capital is Daşoguz.

The region is mostly desert, and is experiencing severe environmental degradation as a result of the Aral Sea ecological catastrophe. Increased soil salinity has ruined thousands of square kilometers of farmland.

The region contains the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Köneürgenç and the archaeological site, Butentau.
Los Tuxtlas
Los Tuxtlas is a region in the south of the Mexican state of Veracruz.

Politically it refers to four municipalities: Catemaco, San Andrés Tuxtla, Santiago Tuxtla and Hueyapan de Ocampo. It also refers to a high complex natural ecosystem, an isolated volcanic mountain range next to the Gulf of Mexico, home to the northern edge of tropical rainforest in the Americas. Although seriously deforested, most of it is under protection as the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, which stretches over eight municipalities, centering on the four mentioned above. The area's early history was influenced by the Olmecs but had its own trajectory. In the colonial period, the population became a mix of indigenous, African and European. For all its history until the present, it has been rural and agricultural. Today one of its notable crops is tobacco. However, conservation efforts since the 1970s have promoted ecotourism, especially in Catemaco.

Catemaco
Catemaco (Spanish: [kate'mako] ⓘ) is a city in the south of the Mexican state of Veracruz. It serves as the municipal seat for the municipality of the same name. The city is located on Lake Catemaco, with the municipality stretching north to the Gulf of Mexico. Catemaco is a tourist destination, with its main attractions being the lake, remnants of the region's rainforest and a tradition of sorcery/witchcraft that has its roots in the pre-colonial period and is mostly practiced by men. This tradition is well-known in Mexico and attracts clients from various walks of life, including businessmen and national-level politicians. Catemaco holds an annual event in March dedicated to sorcery, which can draw up to 5,000 visitors.
Rębusz
Rębusz [ˈrɛmbuʂ] (German: Augustwalde) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bierzwnik, within Choszczno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) west of Bierzwnik, 18 km (11 mi) south-east of Choszczno, and 79 km (49 mi) south-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has an approximate population of 80.

Bierzwnik, Choszczno County
Bierzwnik [ˈbjɛʐvnik] (German: Marienwalde) is a village in Choszczno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Bierzwnik. It lies approximately 24 km (15 mi) south-east of Choszczno (Arnswalde) and 84 km (52 mi) south-east of the regional capital Szczecin (Stettin).
Athletics at the 2013 Summer Universiade
Athletics was contested at the 2013 Summer Universiade from July 7 to 12 at the Universiade Village Stadium and the Central Stadium in Kazan, Russia.

Level of participation and performance was moderate. The proximity of other important athletics competitions like Asian Championships, South American Championships, Central American and Caribbean Championships and European U23 Championships caused many high-profile student-athletes to skip the event. The host nation, Russia, however, fielded most of its top athletes which resulted in three Universiade records and first place on the medal table with a huge lead over the second nation, Ukraine.

2013 South American Championships in Athletics
The 48th South American Championships in Athletics were held at the Parque de Atletismo Campo Elías Gutiérrez in Cartagena, Colombia, between July 5-7, 2013.

A total of 44 events were contested, 22 by men and 22 by women.

Detailed reports on the championships were given by Eduardo Biscayart.
Tubal
Tubal (Hebrew: תֻּבָל, Tuḇāl), in Genesis 10 (the "Table of Nations"), was the name of a son of Japheth, son of Noah. Modern scholarship has identified him with Tabal. Traditionally, he is considered to be the father of the Caucasian Iberians (ancestors of the Georgians) according to primary sources. Later, Saint Jerome refashioned the Caucasian Iberia (Georgia) into the Iberian Peninsula (Western Europe) and Isidore of Seville consolidated this idea.

Tibareni
The Tibareni (Greek: Τιβαρηνοί, Τιβαρανοί) were a people residing on the coast of ancient Pontus referred to in Herodotus, Xenophon, Strabo and other classical authors. The Tibareni were believed to be of Scythian origin, but modern scholars generally identify them as proto-Kartvelian. Tabalians are often thought to represent the same ethnic group.
Luisa Tetrazzini
Luisa Tetrazzini (29 June 1871 – 28 April 1940) was an Italian coloratura soprano of great international fame. Tetrazzini "had a scintillating voice with a brilliant timbre and a range and agility well beyond the norm...". She enjoyed a highly successful operatic and concert career in Europe and America from the 1890s through to the 1920s. Her voice lives on in recordings made from 1904–1920. She wrote a memoir, My Life of Song, in 1921 and a treatise, How to Sing, in 1923. After retirement, she taught voice in her homes in Milan and Rome until her death.

Rigoletto
Rigoletto is an opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi. The Italian libretto was written by Francesco Maria Piave based on the 1832 play Le roi s'amuse by Victor Hugo. Despite serious initial problems with the Austrian censors who had control over northern Italian theatres at the time, the opera had a triumphant premiere at La Fenice in Venice on 11 March 1851.

The work, Verdi's sixteenth in the genre, is widely considered to be the first of the operatic masterpieces of Verdi's middle-to-late career. Its tragic story revolves around the licentious Duke of Mantua, his hunch-backed court jester Rigoletto, and Rigoletto's daughter Gilda. The opera's original title, La maledizione (The Curse), refers to a curse placed on both the Duke and Rigoletto by the Count Monterone, whose daughter the Duke has seduced with Rigoletto's encouragement. The curse comes to fruition when Gilda falls in love with the Duke and sacrifices her life to save him from the assassin hired by her father.
AlphaBay
AlphaBay was a darknet market operating at different times between September 2014 and February 2023. At times, it was both an onion service on the Tor network and an I2P node on I2P. After it was shut down in July 2017 following law enforcement action in the United States, Canada, and Thailand as part of Operation Bayonet, it was relaunched in August 2021 by the self-described co-founder and security administrator DeSnake. The alleged original founder, Alexandre Cazes, a Canadian citizen born on 19 October 1991, was found dead in his cell in Thailand several days after his arrest, with police suspecting suicide.

Operations security
Operations security (OPSEC) is a process that identifies critical information to determine whether friendly actions can be observed by enemy intelligence, determines if information obtained by adversaries could be interpreted to be useful to them, and then executes selected measures that eliminate or reduce adversary exploitation of friendly critical information.

The term "operations security" was coined by the United States military during the Vietnam War.
Quad-City Times
The Quad-City Times is a daily morning newspaper based in Davenport, Iowa, and circulated throughout the Quad Cities metropolitan area, including Davenport, Bettendorf and Scott County in Iowa; and Moline, East Moline, Rock Island, and Rock Island County in Illinois.

As a regional newspaper, the Quad-City Times is also circulated and has readership in Cedar, Clinton, Jackson, Louisa and Muscatine counties in Iowa; and Carroll, Henry, Mercer and Whiteside counties in Illinois.

According to the Iowa Newspaper Association, the Quad-City Times has a circulation of 61,366 as of 2006. The newspaper is owned by Lee Enterprises, which is also located in Davenport.

East Moline, Illinois
East Moline is a city in Rock Island County, Illinois, United States. The population was 21,374 at the 2020 census. East Moline was incorporated in April 1907. It is one of the five Quad Cities at the confluence of the Rock and Mississippi rivers, along with neighboring Moline and Rock Island in Illinois and Davenport and Bettendorf in Iowa.
NGC 1934
NGC 1934 (also known as ESO 56-SC109) is an emission nebula located in the Dorado constellation and part of the Large Magellanic Cloud. It was discovered by John Herschel on November 23, 1834. Its apparent magnitude is 10.50.

Emission nebula
An emission nebula is a nebula formed of ionized gases that emit light of various wavelengths. The most common source of ionization is high-energy ultraviolet photons emitted from a nearby hot star. Among the several different types of emission nebulae are H II regions, in which star formation is taking place and young, massive stars are the source of the ionizing photons; and planetary nebulae, in which a dying star has thrown off its outer layers, with the exposed hot core then ionizing them.
Abhanpur Junction railway station
Abhanpur Junction Railway Station is a main narrow-gauge railway junction in Raipur district, Chhattisgarh. Its code is AVP. It serves Abhanpur city. The station consists of 2 platforms. The station lies on the Raipur–Dhamtari branch line as well as Abhanpur–Rajim branch line of Bilaspur–Nagpur section.

Bilaspur–Nagpur section
The Bilaspur–Nagpur section is part of the Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line and connects Bilaspur in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh and Nagpur in Maharashtra. Part of one of the major trunk lines in the country, it passes through a forested plateau region interspersed with fertile valleys.
Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya line
The Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya line (Кали́нинско-Солнцевская ли́ния, IPA: [kəˈlʲinʲɪnskə ˈsontsəfskəjə ˈlʲinʲɪjə] pronunciationⓘ) (Line 8; Yellow Line) is a line of the Moscow Metro system in Moscow, Russia, currently consisting of two separate parts. It was opened as the eastwards Kalininskaya line in 1979, with the first stations of the western Solntsevsky radius opening in 2014. Presently, there are 8 stations on the eastern section and 14 on the western section. The two parts are planned to be joined after 2023. To distinguish the 2 sections, the newer west section is identified as the  Line 8A or Solntsevskaya Line.

Bolshaya Koltsevaya line
The Bolshaya Koltsevaya line (Russian: Большая кольцевая линия) (English: Big Circle Line) (Line 11; Teal Line) is a rapid transit line of the Moscow Metro system in Moscow, Russia. It is the third circle line on the system, running outside of the existing circle Koltsevaya line and interlocking with the Moscow Central Circle.

The first section of the line opened on 26 February 2018, with the remaining stations opening on 1 March 2023. The line includes 29 stations, including three from the former Kakhovskaya line, and is 57.5 km (35.7 mi) long, which makes it the longest metro circle line in the world, surpassing Line 10 of Beijing Subway by 514 m (1,686 ft). In November 2017 the city estimated the total cost of the project at 501 billion rubles, up from earlier estimates of 378.9 billion rubles.

Formerly known as the Third Interchange Contour, the city adopted "Bolshaya koltsevaya liniya" as the official name of the line after a vote via the "Active Citizen" web portal.
2022 Odlum Brown Vancouver Open
The 2022 Odlum Brown Vancouver Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the fifteenth edition of the men's event and eighteenth of the women's, which are also part of the 2022 ATP Challenger 125 and the 2022 WTA 125 tournaments respectively. It was also the first edition of the women's event as a WTA 125 after being upgraded from the ITF 100K tournament. It took place in Vancouver, Canada between 14 and 21 August 2022. The tournament could not be staged in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

2022 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour in 2022 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2022 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 184 tournaments with prize money ranging from $37,520 up to $159,360. It was the 45th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 14th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Cognitive poetics
Cognitive poetics is a school of literary criticism that applies the principles of cognitive science, particularly cognitive psychology, to the interpretation of literary texts.  It has ties to reader-response criticism, and also has a grounding in modern principles of cognitive linguistics. The research and focus on cognitive poetics paves way for psychological, sociocultural and indeed linguistic dimensions to develop in relation to stylistics.

Topics addressed by cognitive poetics include deixis; text world theory (the feeling of immersion within texts); schema, script, and their role in reading; attention; foregrounding; and genre.

One of the main focal points of cognitive literary analysis is conceptual metaphor, an idea pioneered and popularized by the works of Lakoff, as a tool for examining texts. Rather than regarding metaphors as ornamental figures of speech, cognitive poetics examines how the conceptual bases of such metaphors interact with the text as a whole.

Cognitive linguistics
Cognitive linguistics is an interdisciplinary branch of linguistics, combining knowledge and research from cognitive science, cognitive psychology, neuropsychology and linguistics. Models and theoretical accounts of cognitive linguistics are considered as psychologically real, and research in cognitive linguistics aims to help understand cognition in general and is seen as a road into the human mind.

There has been scientific and terminological controversy around the label "cognitive linguistics"; there is no consensus on what specifically is meant with the term.
Who Wants to Be a Superhero?
Who Wants to Be a Superhero? was a superhero genre reality TV series broadcast on the Sci-Fi Channel (now SyFy) produced by Nash Entertainment and POW! Entertainment. The show was created by Stan Lee and Nash Entertainment. A junior version of the show was broadcast on BBC Two/CBBC in the UK.

Nash Entertainment
Nash Entertainment is an American reality television production company founded in 1994 by Bruce Nash. The company is located at Sunset Gower Studios in Hollywood, California.  It has 14 corporate employees and approximately 250 production employees.

In October 2024, the company signed a multi-title distribution deal with Shout! Studios to bring unscripted shows to streaming and other digital platforms worldwide.
Steigkoppe
Steigkoppe is a wooded hill in the Spessart range of Bavaria, Germany.

The 502 metres (1,647 ft) tall hill is located in the district of Aschaffenburg. More specifically, Steigkoppe is in the unincorporated area Sailaufer Forst between Laufach and Jakobsthal, part of Heigenbrücken.

The Eselsweg long-distance hiking path passes over the hill. There is also a district road (AB2) from Sailauf to Wiesen. South of the peak rises the Beibuschbach. To the west lies the source of the Sailaufbach.

Aschaffenburg (district)
Aschaffenburg (Low Franconian: Aschebersch) is a Landkreis (district) in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the districts of Darmstadt-Dieburg, Offenbach, Main-Kinzig (all in the state of Hesse), the districts Main-Spessart and Miltenberg, and the City of Aschaffenburg.
MV Red Kestrel
MV Red Kestrel is a freight ferry built by Cammell Laird for Red Funnel for use on its Southampton to East Cowes service. She was launched on 19 February 2019 and entered service in May 2019 after completing her sea trials.

Red Funnel
Red Funnel, the trading name of the Southampton Isle of Wight and South of England Royal Mail Steam Packet Company Limited, is a ferry company that carries passengers, vehicles and freight on routes between the English mainland and the Isle of Wight. High-speed foot passenger catamarans, known as Red Jets, run between Southampton and Cowes, while vehicle ferries run between Southampton and East Cowes. It also runs the ferry between Southampton and Hythe.

Red Funnel's main competitor is Wightlink whose services operate from Portsmouth to Fishbourne and Ryde, and from Lymington to Yarmouth. The other major Solent ferry company, Hovertravel, operates between Southsea and Ryde. Both provide a frequent service to the Isle of Wight, but neither normally serve Southampton, Cowes or East Cowes.
Speckled hummingbird
The speckled hummingbird (Adelomyia melanogenys) is a species of hummingbird. It is the only member of the genus Adelomyia. It inhabits Neotropical montane cloud forests at elevations of 1,000–2,500 meters and is confined to the Andes of Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela; as well as to some isolated montane forests in western Ecuador and Venezuela. In Ecuador, it ranges across both the eastern and western slopes of the Andes and occupies a broad altitudinal range from subtropical forests (1400 m) to cloud forests (3000 m). In addition, one isolated population inhabits the Chongón Colonche cordillera in the coastal evergreen montane forest (600 m) located ca. 130 km away from the Andes.

Egg incubation
Egg incubation is the process by which an egg, of oviparous (egg-laying) animals, develops an embryo within the egg, after the egg's formation and ovipositional release. Egg incubation is done under favorable environmental conditions, possibly by brooding and hatching the egg.

Multiple and various factors are vital to the incubation of various species of animal. In many species of reptile for example, no fixed temperature is necessary, but the actual temperature determines the sex ratio of the offspring. In birds, the sex of offspring is genetically determined, but in many species a constant and particular temperature is necessary for successful incubation. Especially in poultry, the act of sitting on eggs to incubate them is called brooding. The action or behavioral tendency to sit on a clutch of eggs is also called broodiness, and most egg-laying breeds of poultry have had this behavior selectively bred out of them to increase production.
Lake Celilo
Lake Celilo is a 24 mi (39 km) long reservoir on the Columbia River in the United States, between the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon. It was created in 1957 with the construction of The Dalles Dam near The Dalles, Oregon, and stretches upstream to the John Day Dam. Its filling drowned the former site of Celilo Falls and the neighboring fishing and trade village sites. Celilo Village, a small, unincorporated community of Native Americans, still exists today, though it is no longer the thriving cultural and economic center it once was.

The reservoir lies in parts of Wasco and Sherman counties in Oregon, and Klickitat County in Washington.

Wasco County, Oregon
Wasco County is one of the 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the population was 25,213.  Its county seat is The Dalles. The county is named for a local tribe of Native Americans, the Wasco, a Chinook tribe who live on the south side of the Columbia River. It is near the Washington state line. Wasco County comprises The Dalles Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve
The Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve (GNNR) is a protected area comprising the Gaoligong Mountains and the nearby Nu Jiang Reserve in the western Yunnan Province of China, near the international border with Burma. It covers a vast stretch of the junction of Baoshan City, Tengchong, and Lushui County, towards the west side of Nu (Salween) River.

It is a nature reserve of China, under the authority of the Chinese Ministry of Forestry. It is also recognized by international organizations: it is a Protected Area of the World Wildlife Fund, a World Biosphere Reserve, and a part of the Three Parallel Rivers World Heritage Site.

Phayre's leaf monkey
Phayre's leaf monkey (Trachypithecus phayrei), also known as Phayre's langur, is a species of Old World monkey native to South Asia and Southeast Asia, namely India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. Populations from further east are now thought to belong to other species. It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and is threatened by hunting and loss of habitat.
The species epithet commemorates Arthur Purves Phayre.
Tiku, Iran
Tiku (Persian: تيكو, also Romanized as Tīkū; also known as Tīkūh) is a village in Fin Rural District, Fin District, Bandar Abbas County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 40, in 7 families.

Fin Rural District
Fin Rural District (Persian: دهستان فین) is in Fin District of Bandar Abbas County, Hormozgan province, Iran. It is administered from the city of Fin. The rural district is home to the centuries-old Fin Castle.
Huejo (Puno)
Huejo or Huecco (possibly from Aymara for a corner in a house, a mountain cove) is a mountain in the Apolobamba mountain range in Peru, about 4,900 metres (16,076 ft) high. It is situated in the Puno Region, Putina Province, Sina District. Huejo lies north of the mountain Riti Urmasca.

Riti Urmasca
Riti Urmasca or Ritiurcamasca (possibly from Quechua rit'i snow, urmasqa fallen down, "snow fallen down") is a mountain in the Andes of Peru, about 5,200 metres (17,060 ft) high. It is situated in the Puno Region, Putina Province, on the border of the districts Ananea and Sina. Riti Urmasca lies southeast of the mountain Ritipata and southwest of Chaupi Orco at the mountain pass Iscaycruz (possibly from  Quechua iskay two, Spanish cruz cross, "two crosses").
USNS Cesar Chavez
USNS Cesar Chavez (T-AKE-14), a Lewis and Clark-class dry cargo ship, is the first ship operated by the United States Navy to be named for Cesar Chavez (1927–1993), labor leader and civil rights activist.
Chávez joined the Navy at the age of seventeen in 1944 during World War II, and served for two years.

Cesar Chavez's keel was laid down on 9 May 2011 by the National Steel and Shipbuilding Company (NASSCO) in San Diego.
The ship was launched on 5 May 2012.

Lewis and Clark-class dry cargo ship
The Lewis and Clark class of dry cargo ship is a class of 14 underway replenishment vessels operated by the United States Navy's Military Sealift Command. The ships in the class are named after famous American explorers and pioneers.