hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Abell 1942 BCG
Abell 1942 BCG (short for Abell 1942 Brightest Cluster Galaxy), also known as PGC 1256558, is a massive elliptical galaxy of type-cD residing as the brightest cluster galaxy of the Abell 1942 galaxy cluster, located in the constellation Virgo. With a redshift of 0.224, the galaxy is located nearly 2.7 billion light-years away from Earth.

Photometric system
In astronomy, a photometric system is a set of well-defined passbands (or optical filters), with a known sensitivity to incident radiation. The sensitivity usually depends on the optical system, detectors and filters used. For each photometric system a set of primary standard stars is provided.

A commonly adopted standardized photometric system is the Johnson-Morgan or UBV photometric system (1953). At present, there are more than 200 photometric systems.

Photometric systems are usually characterized according to the widths of their passbands:

broadband (passbands wider than 30 nm, of which the most widely used is Johnson-Morgan UBV system)

intermediate band (passbands between 10 and 30 nm wide)

narrow band (passbands less than 10 nm wide)
Arohana
Arohana, arohanam, aroh or aroha, in the context of Indian classical music, is the ascending scale of notes in a raga. The pitch increases as we go up from Shadja (Sa) to the Taar Shadja (Sa), possibly in a crooked (vakra) manner.

It contrasts with an avarohana, avarohanam or avaroha the descending scale of any raga. The notes descend in pitch from the upper tonic (taar shadja or Sa) down to the lower tonic, possibly in a crooked (vakra) manner.

Melakarta
Mēḷakartā is a collection of fundamental musical scales (ragas) in Carnatic music (South Indian classical music). Mēḷakartā ragas are parent ragas (hence known as janaka ragas) from which other ragas may be derived. A melakarta raga is sometimes referred as mela, karta or sampurna as well, though the latter usage is inaccurate, as a sampurna raga need not be a melakarta (take the raga Bhairavi, for example).

In Hindustani music the thaat is the rough equivalent of Melakartā. There are 10 thaats in Hindustani music, though the commonly accepted melakarta scheme has 72 ragas.
Metal ion buffer
A metal-ion buffer provides a controlled source of free metal ions in a manner similar to the regulation of hydrogen ion concentration by a pH buffer A metal-ion buffer solution contains the free (hydrated) metal ion along with a complex compound formed by the association of the ion with a ligand in excess. The concentration of free metal ion depends on the total concentration of each component (ligand and metal ion) as well as on the stability constant of the complex. If the ligand can undergo protonation, the concentration of the free metal ion depends also on solution pH.

A considerable improvement in the detection limit of a liquid-membrane ion-selective electrode has been achieved by using a metal-ion buffer as internal solution.

Stability constants of complexes
In coordination chemistry, a stability constant (also called formation constant or binding constant) is an equilibrium constant for the formation of a complex in solution. It is a measure of the strength of the interaction between the reagents that come together to form the complex. There are two main kinds of complex: compounds formed by the interaction of a metal ion with a ligand and supramolecular complexes, such as host–guest complexes and complexes of anions. The stability constant(s) provide(s) the information required to calculate the concentration(s) of the complex(es) in solution. There are many areas of application in chemistry, biology and medicine.
Juries Act 1825
The Juries Act 1825 (6 Geo. 4. c. 50), also known as the County Juries Act 1825, is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that consolidated and amended statutes for England and Wales related to juries. The act abolished outdated penalties, moved responsibility for creating jury lists from petty constables to churchwardens and parish overseers, expanded jury qualification to include bankers and merchants and devise a new method of jury selection. The act repealed for England and Wales statutes from 1259 to 1824.

Similar provision was made for Ireland by the Juries (Ireland) Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 91).

Malicious Injuries to Property Act 1827
The Malicious Injuries to Property Act 1827 (7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 30) or the Malicious Injuries to Property (England) Act 1827 was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that consolidated enactments relating to malicious injuries to property in England and Wales.

The act was one of Peel's Acts which consolidated, repealed and replaced a large number of existing statutes. The enactments replaced by the act were repealed by the Criminal Statutes Repeal Act 1827 (7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 27).

Similar provisions were made for Ireland by the Malicious Injuries to Property (Ireland) Act 1828 (9 Geo. 4. c. 56).
Humboldt Crabs
The Humboldt Crabs are a collegiate summer baseball team located in Arcata, California. Playing in every season since they were founded in 1945 by Lou Bonomini, later joined by Ned Barsuglia, the Crabs are the oldest continually-operated summer collegiate baseball team in American baseball. Through the 2025 season the Crabs have a total record of 2732 wins, 841 losses, and one tie. The Crabs did not play the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic.  As of 2024, the Crabs are charter members of the newly-formed Pacific Empire League.

Crabs games are broadcast on ESPN Radio KATA 107.3 FM/1340 AM, the Humboldt Crabs YouTube Channel, and stats are live on the Pointstreak App. Most games also include the Crab Grass Band, formed in 1983, that play songs in between innings.

Far West League (collegiate summer baseball league)
The Far West League (FWL) was a collegiate summer baseball league based on the west coast of the United States that served primarily California and Oregon.  It was formed as part of a merger between the West Coast League/Tri-State and Pacific West Baseball League, even though the PWBL is still in operation.

The FWL began play in 2011 with each team facing each of the other teams three times for 27 regular-season league games.  Post-season play saw the top five teams in a nine-game double-elimination tournament with the Humboldt Crabs winning the 2011 championship.
2011 CFU Club Championship
The 2011 CFU Club Champions’ Cup was the 13th edition of the CFU Club Championship, the annual international club football competition in the Caribbean region, held amongst clubs whose football associations are affiliated with the Caribbean Football Union (CFU). The top three teams in the tournament qualified for the 2011–12 CONCACAF Champions League.

Caribbean Club Championship
The Caribbean Club Championship, also known as the CFU Club Championship or CFU Club Champions' Cup, was an annual international football competition held amongst association football clubs that are members of the Caribbean Football Union (CFU). The tournament served as a qualifying event for the CONCACAF Champions League and, from 2017, the CONCACAF League.

In 2023, the tournament was replaced by the CONCACAF Caribbean Cup which follows a similar format. This change was made in conjunction with the expansion of the CONCACAF Champions League starting from the 2024 edition.
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1; also known as Wermer syndrome) is one of a group of disorders, the multiple endocrine neoplasias, that affect the endocrine system through development of neoplastic lesions in pituitary, parathyroid gland and pancreas. Individuals suffering from this disorder are prone to developing multiple endocrine and nonendocrine tumors. 
It was first described by Paul Wermer in 1954.

Acromegaly
Acromegaly is a disorder that results in excess growth of certain parts of the human body. It is caused by excess growth hormone (GH) after the growth plates have closed. The initial symptom is typically enlargement of the hands and feet. There may also be an enlargement of the forehead, jaw, and nose. Other symptoms may include joint pain, thickened skin, deepening of the voice, headaches, and problems with vision. Complications of the disease may include type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, and high blood pressure.
Femen France
FEMEN France is the French branch of FEMEN (Ukrainian: Фемен), a feminist protest group founded in Ukraine in 2008 and famous for organizing topless protests. In October 2013 FEMEN had its largest membership in France. As of early January 2013, the organization consisted of 30 local activists. The only Ukrainians regularly present were Oksana Shachko and Inna Shevchenko.

Oksana Shachko
Oksana Shachko (Ukrainian: Оксана Шачко; 31 January 1987 – 23 July 2018) was a Ukrainian artist and activist. Along with Anna Hutsol and Alexandra Shevchenko, she was one of the founders of the radical feminist activist group Femen, which publicly demonstrates in various countries against sexual exploitation, income inequality, and policies of the Roman Catholic Church, among other causes.
Morača (monastery)
The Morača Monastery (Serbian: Манастир Морача, romanized: Manastir Morača) is a Serbian Orthodox monastery located in the valley of the Morača River in Kolašin, central Montenegro. It was founded in 1252 by Stefan Vukanović, of the Serbian Nemanjić dynasty. It is one of the best known medieval monuments of Montenegro.

Kolašin
Kolašin (Cyrillic: Колашин, pronounced [kɔlǎʃin]) is a town in northern Montenegro. It has a population of 2,989 (2003 census). Kolašin is the centre of Kolašin Municipality (population 9,949) and an unofficial centre of Morača region, named after Morača River.
Jewish culture
Jewish culture is the culture of the Jewish people, from its formation in ancient times until the current age. Judaism itself is not simply a faith-based religion, but an orthopraxy and ethnoreligion, pertaining to deed, practice, and identity. Jewish culture covers many aspects, including religion and worldviews, literature, media, and cinema, art and architecture, cuisine and traditional dress, attitudes to gender, marriage, family, social customs and lifestyles, music and dance. Some elements of Jewish culture come from within Judaism, others from the interaction of Jews with host populations, and others still from the inner social and cultural dynamics of the community. Before the 18th century, religion dominated virtually all aspects of Jewish life, and infused culture. Since the advent of secularization, wholly secular Jewish culture emerged likewise.

Hayim Nahman Bialik
Hayim Nahman Bialik (Hebrew: חיים נחמן ביאַליק; January 9, 1873 – July 4, 1934) was a Russian-Jewish poet who wrote primarily in Hebrew and Yiddish. Bialik is considered a pioneer of modern Hebrew poetry, part of the vanguard of Jewish thinkers who gave voice to a new spirit of his time, and recognized today as Israel's national poet. Being a noted essayist, poet and story-teller, Bialik also translated major works from European languages into Hebrew.
Omocerus bicornis
Omocerus bicornis is a species of tortoise beetle from South America. It lives on Cordia (Boraginaceae) plants, and is found in Brazil, Suriname, French Guiana, Suriname and Venezuela. It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1763 work Centuria Insectorum under the name Cassida bicornis, and was later made the type species of the genus Omocerus by Philogène Auguste Joseph Duponchel and Alcide d'Orbigny in 1843.

Cassidinae
The Cassidinae (tortoise and leaf-mining beetles) are a subfamily of the leaf beetles, or Chrysomelidae. The antennae arise close to each other and some members have the pronotal and elytral edges extended to the side and covering the legs so as to give them the common name of tortoise beetles. Some members, such as in the tribe Hispini, are notable for the spiny outgrowths to the pronotum and elytra.
2022 Czech Cycling Tour
The 2022 Sazka Tour was a road cycling stage race that took place between 4 and 7 August 2022 in Czech Republic. The race was rated as a category 2.1 event on the 2022 UCI Europe Tour calendar, and was the 13th edition of the Sazka Tour.

2022 UCI Europe Tour
The 2022 UCI Europe Tour was the eighteenth season of the UCI Europe Tour. The 2022 season began on 23 January 2022 with the Clàssica Comunitat Valenciana 1969, and concluded on 16 October 2022 with the Chrono des Nations and the Veneto Classic.

Throughout the season, points are awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races and the final general classification standings of each of the stages races and one-day events. The quality and complexity of a race also determines how many points are awarded to the top finishers, the higher the UCI rating of a race, the more points are awarded.

The UCI ratings from highest to lowest are as follows:

Multi-day events: 2.Pro, 2.1 and 2.2

One-day events: 1.Pro, 1.1, 1.2, and Criterium Pro (CRTP)

On 1 March 2022, the UCI cancelled all events that would have taken place in Russia and Belarus, due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine; the only event impacted by this was the Five Rings of Moscow, originally scheduled for 8–12 June.
USCGC Winnebago
USCG Winnebago (WHEC-40) was an Owasco-class high endurance cutter which served with the United States Coast Guard from 1945 to 1973. Originally intended for World War II service, she was commissioned only weeks before the end of the war and consequently did not see combat until her deployment in the Vietnam War more than 20 years later.

Winnebago was built by Western Pipe & Steel (WPS) at the company's San Pedro shipyard. Named after Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin, she was commissioned as a patrol gunboat with ID number WPG-40 on 21 June 1945. In the postwar period, her ID was changed to WHEC-40 (HEC for "High Endurance Cutter" - the "W" signifies a Coast Guard cutter).

Owasco-class cutter
The Owasco-class cutter was a 255-foot (78 m) cutter class operated by the United States Coast Guard. A total of thirteen cutters in the class were built, all named after lakes. Eleven were constructed by the Western Pipe & Steel Company at San Pedro, California, while the remaining two—Mendota and Pontchartrain—were constructed by the Coast Guard Yard at Curtis Bay, Maryland. Initially heavily armed for World War II service and designated patrol gunboats (WPG) under the United States Navy designation system, the vessels were stripped of much of their armament shortly after the war, and in 1965 were redesignated high endurance cutters (WHEC) after the Coast Guard adopted its own designation system.
Last Supper in Christian art
The Last Supper of Jesus and the Twelve Apostles has been a popular subject in Christian art, often as part of a cycle showing the Life of Christ. Depictions of the Last Supper in Christian art date back to early Christianity and can be seen in the Catacombs of Rome.

The Last Supper was depicted both in the Eastern and Western Churches. By the Renaissance, it was a favorite subject in Italian art. It was also one of the few subjects to be continued in Lutheran altarpieces for a few decades after the Protestant Reformation.

There are two major scenes shown in depictions of the Last Supper: the dramatic announcement of the betrayal of Jesus, and the institution of the Eucharist. After the meal the further scenes of Jesus washing the feet of his apostles and the Farewell Discourse (farewell of Jesus to his disciples) are also sometimes depicted.

John the Evangelist
John the Evangelist (c. 6 AD – c. 100 AD) is the name traditionally given to the author of the Gospel of John. Christians have traditionally identified him with John the Apostle, John of Patmos, and John the Presbyter, although there is no consensus on how many of these may actually be the same individual.
2021 Vuelta a Andalucía
The 2021 Vuelta a Andalucía Ruta del Sol was a road cycling stage race that took place in the Andalusia region of southern Spain between 18 and 22 May 2021. It was the 67th edition of the Vuelta a Andalucía, and was rated as a category-2.Pro event on the 2021 UCI Europe Tour and the 2021 UCI ProSeries calendars.

The race was originally scheduled for 17 to 21 February, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it had to be postponed to mid-May.

2021 UCI ProSeries
The 2021 UCI ProSeries is the second season of the UCI ProSeries, the second tier road cycling tour, below the UCI World Tour, but above the various regional UCI Continental Circuits.

The 2021 season initially consisted of 55 events of which 28 were one-day races (1.Pro) and 27 were stage races (2.Pro). There were 47 events in Europe, 5 in Asia, 2 in the United States and 1 in Argentina.

During January 2021, five races were cancelled and three were postponed, leaving 47 races in the 2021 UCI ProSeries season. Two races were added to the calendar (the Dwars door het Hageland and Eurométropole Tour), bringing the number of races scheduled to 49 in early February.
2020 South Dakota Senate election
Elections to the South Dakota Senate were held on November 3, 2020 as a part of the biennial elections in the U.S. state of South Dakota. Voters in 35 single-member constituencies elected members to the 93rd Senate. Elections were also held in the state for U.S. president, the U.S. Senate, the U.S. House, and the South Dakota House of Representatives.

Primary elections were held on June 2, 2020.

2020 United States presidential election in South Dakota
The 2020 United States presidential election in South Dakota was held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020, as part of the 2020 United States presidential election in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia participated. South Dakota voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote, pitting the Republican Party's nominee, incumbent President Donald Trump, and running mate Vice President Mike Pence against Democratic Party nominee, former Vice President Joe Biden, and his running mate California Senator Kamala Harris. South Dakota has three electoral votes in the Electoral College.

Trump carried South Dakota by 61.8%–35.6%, or a margin of 26.2%. Biden performed four points better than Hillary Clinton in 2016. Prior to the election, all 12 news organizations considered this a state Trump would win, or a safe red state. This was Libertarian Jo Jorgensen’s best state, with 2.63% of the vote.
Rosachely Rivera
Rosachely Rivera Santana is a Puerto Rican politician and professor who serves as the Secretary of State of Puerto Rico. A member of the New Progressive Party, Rivera previously served as the mayor of the municipality of Gurabo. In federal politics, she is a member of the Democratic Party.

In May 2025, Governor Jenniffer González-Colón announced her intention to nominate Rivera to the position of Secretary of State of Puerto Rico.  After the failed nominations of Verónica Ferraiuoli and Arthur Garffer, the governor nominated Rivera to head the Department of State.

On June 9, 2025, the Senate confirmed her nomination as Secretary of State alongside Lourdes Gómez Torres as Secretary of Justice and María Del Pilar Vélez Casanova as Secretary of Labor and Human Resources. Rivera’s nomination was confirmed by the House on June 30, 2025. She was sworn in by Governor González-Colón on July 3, 2025.

Jenniffer González-Colón
Jenniffer González Colón (born August 5, 1976), also colloquially known as JGo, is a Puerto Rican politician who is serving as the governor of Puerto Rico since 2025. She previously served as the 20th resident commissioner of Puerto Rico from 2017 to 2025. González Colón has also held leadership positions in the New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico (PNP) and the Republican Party of the United States, including being chair of the Puerto Rico Republican Party, speaker and minority leader of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico, and vice-chair of the PNP. She is the second elected and third serving female governor, after Sila María Calderón and Wanda Vázquez Garced, and she is also the first and only woman to be elected or serve as Resident Commissioner.
Aleksey Vysotsky
Aleksej Vladimirovich Vysotsky (Алексе́й Владимирович Высоцкий) (18 July 1919 in Kiev – 28 October 1977 in Moscow) was a Soviet Union journalist and author, as well as a hero of  World War II who attained the rank of Colonel.

Order of the Patriotic War
The Order of the Patriotic War (Russian: Орден Отечественной войны, romanized: Orden Otechestvennoy voiny) is a Soviet military decoration that was awarded to all soldiers in the Soviet armed forces, security troops, and to partisans for heroic deeds in the Eastern Front of World War II. After the beginning of the German Operation Barbarossa, the Soviet Government applied the term "Great Patriotic War" to the war.
Calcium arsenide
Calcium arsenide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca2As2 and is one of the arsenides of calcium. It is a hexagonal crystal with a space group of P62m. It is isostructural with sodium peroxide and can be expressed as (Ca2+)2(As-As)4−. It reacts with sodium monoarsenide and silicon in a tantalum container to obtain Na4Ca2SiAs4. It reacts with potassium arsenide, iron arsenide and calcium fluoride at high temperature to obtain KCa2Fe4As4F2.

Calcium fluoride
Calcium fluoride is the inorganic compound of the elements calcium and fluorine with the formula CaF2. It is a white solid that is practically insoluble in water. It occurs as the mineral fluorite (also called fluorspar), which is often deeply coloured owing to impurities.
Prabumulih Baru X6 railway station
Prabumulih Baru X6 Station (PBR X6) is a class II railway station located in West Prabumulih District, Prabumulih, South Sumatra, Indonesia. The station served as a block post, and it is located at a railway junction where the line from Lubuklinggau split, with one goes to Kertapati and the other one to Tanjung Karang. The signaling system and rail switches of both X6 and X5 block post are operated from this station.

With the opening of X6–Tanjung Rambang and X6–Prabumulih double tracks, the station has four tracks.

Kertapati railway station
Kertapati Station (KPT) is a railway station located in Kemas Rindo, Kertapati, Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia. It is operated by the Regional Division III Palembang of Kereta Api Indonesia, and has become the main station of the city. The station is close to the Musi River and Ogan River.
Hadfield, Derbyshire
Hadfield is a town in the High Peak of Derbyshire, England; it had a population of 6,763 at the 2021 Census. It lies on the south side of the River Etherow, near to the border with Greater Manchester, at the western edge of the Peak District and close to Glossop. Hadfield doubled as the fictional town of Royston Vasey in the BBC comedy series The League of Gentlemen.

Longdendale
Longdendale is a valley in the Peak District of England, which spans the counties of Greater Manchester, Derbyshire, South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire. It runs from the north of Glossop and to the south-west of Holmfirth. The name means "long wooded valley".