hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
General Order No. 3
General Order No. 3 was an American legal decree issued in 1865 enforcing the Emancipation Proclamation to the residents of the U.S. state of Texas and freeing all remaining slaves in the state. The general order was issued by Union General Gordon Granger on June 19, 1865, upon arriving at Galveston, Texas, at the end of the American Civil War and two and a half years after the original issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation. The order, and Granger's enforcement of it, is the central event commemorated by the holiday of Juneteenth, which originally celebrated the end of slavery in Texas.

The order was not read aloud by the Union Army, but it was posted around town, and communicated to most African Americans by slavemasters. News of the Emancipation Proclamation had reached Texas and been covered in Texas newspapers, but due to the lack of Union military presence, it had not been enforced.

General order
A general order, in military and paramilitary organizations, is a published directive, originated by a commander and binding upon all personnel under their command. Its purpose is to enforce a policy or procedure that is not otherwise addressed in applicable service regulations, military law, or public law.
Boeing C-137 Stratoliner
The Boeing C-137 Stratoliner is a retired VIP transport aircraft derived from the Boeing 707 jet airliner used by the United States Air Force. Other nations also bought both new and used 707s for military service, primarily as VIP or tanker transports. In addition, the 707 served as the basis for several specialized versions, such as the E-3 Sentry AWACS aircraft. The designation C-18 covers several later variants based on the 707-320B/C series. The C-137 should not be confused with the similar Boeing C-135 Stratolifter; although they share a common ancestor the two aircraft have different fuselages, among other structural differences.

Pratt & Whitney J57
The Pratt & Whitney J57 (company designation: JT3C) is an axial-flow turbojet engine developed by Pratt & Whitney in the early 1950s. The J57 (first run January 1950) was the first 10,000 lbf (45 kN) thrust class engine in the United States. It is a two spool engine.

The J57/JT3C was developed into the J52 turbojet, the J75/JT4A turbojet, the JT3D/TF33 turbofan, and the XT57 turboprop (of which only one was built). The J57 and JT3C saw extensive use on fighter jets, jetliners, and bombers for many decades.
Akhilesh Pati Tripathi
Akhilesh Pati Tripathi (born 20 January 1984) is an Indian politician and a former member of the Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi (M.L.A.). He was a member of Aam Aadmi Party and represented Model Town (Assembly constituency) of Delhi.

6th Delhi Assembly
The Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi was constituted on 14 February 2015 after the 2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly elections were concluded earlier that month. Second Kejriwal ministry was the cabinet during the term of 6th Delhi Assembly.
Colombia Justa Libres
Colombia Justa Libres (English: Fair Free Colombia; CJL) is a right-wing Colombian political party founded in 2017 that groups the majority of evangelical denominations in the country together. This includes, among others, Assemblies of God, Foursquare Church, Peace Mission to the Nations, and Spring of Eternal Life. During the 2018 Colombian parliamentary election, four of its members were elected to the Congress of Colombia. After the 2022 legislative election, the party formed the Nos Une Colombia coalition with the MIRA. It has the slogan "Let's do it together!" and a youth wing known as "RUGE!".

Bogotá City Council
The Bogotá City Council is the highest Political and second highest Administrative Authority of Bogotá, Colombia. It is the only city council in the country which has 45 Councillors, since the limit for all other city councils is 21 Councillors. The Bogotá City Council, along with the Principal Mayor, is responsible for the city administration. The Councillors are elected by popular vote for a 4 years term, and they can be re-elected.
Steroidal antiandrogen
A steroidal antiandrogen (SAA) is an antiandrogen with a steroidal chemical structure. They are typically antagonists of the androgen receptor (AR) and act both by blocking the effects of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and by suppressing gonadal androgen production. SAAs lower concentrations of testosterone through simulation of the negative feedback inhibition of the hypothalamus. SAAs are used in the treatment of androgen-dependent conditions in men and women, and are also used in veterinary medicine for the same purpose. They are the converse of nonsteroidal antiandrogens (NSAAs), which are antiandrogens that are not steroids and are structurally unrelated to testosterone.

Paraphilia
A paraphilia is an uncommon, intense, and persistent sexual arousal or attraction to anything not sexual by nature. It has also been defined as a sexual interest in anything other than a legally consenting human partner. Paraphilias are contrasted with normophilic ("normal") sexual interests, although the definition of what makes a sexual interest normal or atypical remains controversial.

The exact number and taxonomy of paraphilia is under debate; Anil Aggrawal has listed as many as 549 types of paraphilias. Several sub-classifications of paraphilia have been proposed; some argue that a fully dimensional, spectrum, or complaint-oriented approach would better reflect the evident diversity of human sexuality. Although paraphilias were believed in the 20th century to be rare among the general population, subsequent research has indicated that some level of paraphilic interests are relatively common.
Bokuzen Hidari
Bokuzen Hidari (左 卜全, Hidari Bokuzen, 20 February 1894 – 26 May 1971) was a Japanese actor and comedian born in Kotesashi Village (now part of Tokorozawa), Iruma District, Saitama Prefecture, Japan. He appeared in such films as Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai, The Lower Depths and Ikiru. Hidari was famous among Japanese audiences for his portrayals of meek, downtrodden men, and although a teetotaller, was renowned for his convincing drunk scenes (see esp. "Ikiru").

Ikiru
Ikiru (生きる; "To Live") is a 1952 Japanese drama film directed by Akira Kurosawa from a screenplay co-written with Shinobu Hashimoto and Hideo Oguni. The film examines the struggles of a terminally ill Tokyo bureaucrat (played by Takashi Shimura) and his final quest for meaning. The screenplay was partly inspired by Leo Tolstoy's 1886 novella The Death of Ivan Ilyich.

The film's major themes include learning how to live, the inefficiency of bureaucracy, and decaying family life in Japan, which have been the subject of analysis by academics and critics. It won awards for Best Film at the Kinema Junpo and Mainichi Film Awards and is widely considered one of the greatest films of all time. Ikiru is regarded by some as Kurosawa's masterpiece alongside Seven Samurai.
Covariant (invariant theory)
In invariant theory, a branch of algebra, given a group G, a covariant is a G-equivariant polynomial map  between linear representations V, W of G. It is a generalization of a classical convariant, which is a homogeneous polynomial map from the space of binary m-forms to the space of binary p-forms (over the complex numbers) that is -equivariant.

Invariant theory
Invariant theory is a branch of abstract algebra dealing with actions of groups on algebraic varieties, such as vector spaces, from the point of view of their effect on functions. Classically, the theory dealt with the question of explicit description of polynomial functions that do not change (are invariant) under the transformations from a given linear group. For example, if we consider the action of the special linear group SLn on the space of n by n matrices by left multiplication, then the determinant is an invariant of this action because the determinant of A X equals the determinant of X, when  A is in SLn.
Yongding, Beijing
Yongding Town (Chinese: 永定镇; pinyin: Yǒngdìng Zhèn) is a town that the southeastern corner of Mentougou District, Beijing, China. It borders Longquan Town, Dayu and Guangning Subdistricts in the north, Gucheng Subdistrict in the east, Wangzuo Town and Beigong Town in the south, Tanzhesi Town in the west, and has an exclave north of Tanzhesi Town. It had 106,112 people living within its borders as of 2020.

The area was named Yongding (Chinese: 永定; lit. 'Eternal Stability') after the Yongding River that passes through it.

Mentougou, Beijing
Mentougou District (Chinese: 门头沟区; pinyin: Méntóugōu Qū) is a district of the city of Beijing. It is at the western part of the city. Spanning 1,321 square kilometres (510 sq mi), with 392,606 inhabitants (2020 Census), it is subdivided into 4 subdistricts and 9 towns. It borders the Beijing districts of Changping to the northeast, Haidian and Shijingshan to the east, Fengtai to the southeast, and Fangshan to the south, as well as Hebei province to the west and northwest.

It lies in the Western Hills of Beijing and is mountainous in terrain. In fact, the mountainous terrain—including a hundred or more peaks—occupy a stunning 93% of the entire area.
Clara Mateo
Clara Coline Mona Mateo (born 28 November 1997) is a French professional footballer who plays as a forward or attacking midfielder for Première Ligue club Paris FC, which she captains, and the France national team.

Trophées UNFP du football
The Trophées UNFP du football are a number of awards given annually by the Union Nationale des Footballeurs Professionnels (UNFP) to players playing in France's Ligue 1, Ligue 2, and Division 1 Féminine, as well as to managers and referees. The most prestigious award is the Ligue 1 Player of the Year. Created in 1988 under the name Oscars du football, they were renamed in 2004 after a complaint by the Academy Awards committee. The ceremony has been broadcast live on Canal+ since 1994.
Kevin Payne (soccer)
Kevin J. Payne (March 5, 1953 – December 25, 2022) was an American soccer executive. He was the president and chief executive officer of D.C. United from 1994 to 2012, and the president and general manager of Toronto FC. He was also chairman of the technical committee and board member for the U.S. Soccer Federation and vice chairman of the U.S. Soccer Foundation.

Anschutz Entertainment Group
Anschutz Entertainment Group, Inc. (AEG), also known as AEG Worldwide, is an American global sporting and music entertainment presenter and a subsidiary of the Anschutz Corporation. It is the world's largest owner of sports teams and sports events. Under the AEG Presents brand, it is the world's second-largest presenter of live music and entertainment events, after Live Nation. AEG Presents was founded in 2002 as AEG Live.
Oleg Firsov
Oleg Borisovich Firsov (Russian: Олег Борисович Фирсов, June 13 1915, Petrograd – April 2, 1998, Moscow) – was a Russian Soviet theoretical physicist known for his work on atomic interaction.  He was awarded the Lenin Prize in 1972 for a series of work titled "Elementary processes and non-elastic scattering at nuclear collisions".

Kurchatov Institute
The Kurchatov Institute (Russian: Национальный исследовательский центр «Курчатовский Институт», National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute") is Russia's leading research and development institution in the field of nuclear energy. It is named after Igor Kurchatov and is located at 1 Kurchatov Square, Moscow.

In the Soviet Union it was known as I. V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy (Russian: Институт Атомной Энергии им. И.В. Курчатова), abbreviated KIAE (Russian: КИАЭ). Between 1991 and 2010, it was known as the Russian Scientific Centre "Kurchatov Institute" (Роcсийский научный центр «Курчатовский Институт») before its name was changed to National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute".
SM City Mindpro
SM City Mindpro is a shopping mall located along La Purisima St. cor. Campaner St., Brgy. Zone III, Zamboanga City. It is owned and operated by SM Prime Holdings (70%), the largest retail and mall operator in the Philippines, and Mindpro Retail Inc. (30%), opened on December 8, 2020. It is the first SM Supermall in Zamboanga Peninsula, 7th SM Supermall in Mindanao and the 75th SM Supermall in the Philippines. It is also the second largest SM supermall in Zamboanga City and Zamboanga Peninsula after SM City Zamboanga.

Prior to SM's partial acquisition, the mall as Mindpro Citimall houses Mindpro Supermarket, 3 cinemas, a foodcourt and a digital hub. Although it was initially reported that the property was acquired by SM Prime Holdings last August 2016, Mindpro Retail Inc., still holds 30% of its ownership.

Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga Peninsula (Cebuano: Lawis sa Zamboanga; Chavacano/Spanish: Península de Zamboanga; Filipino: Tangway ng Zamboanga), designated as Region IX, is an administrative region in Mindanao, Philippines. It consists of the provinces of Sulu, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay and Zamboanga del Sur, and the cities of Isabela and Zamboanga.

The region was previously known as Western Mindanao. Pagadian serves as the regional center, while Zamboanga City is the region's commercial and industrial center.
Murray Sidman
Murray Sidman (April 29, 1923 – May 18, 2019) was an American behavioral scientist, best known for Sidman Avoidance, also called "free-operant avoidance", in which an organism learns to avoid an aversive stimulus by engaging in a targeted response in the absence of stimuli indicating whether the aversive  stimulus is forthcoming. Sidman's explanation of free-operant avoidance is an alternative to the Miller-Mowrer two-process theory of avoidance.

Orval Hobart Mowrer
Orval Hobart Mowrer (January 23, 1907 – June 20, 1982) was an American psychologist and professor of psychology at the University of Illinois from 1948 to 1975 known for his research on behaviour therapy. Mowrer practiced psychotherapy in Champaign-Urbana and at Galesburg State Research Hospital. In 1954 Mowrer held the position of president of the American Psychological Association. Mowrer founded Integrity Groups (therapeutic community groups based on principles of honesty, responsibility, and emotional involvement) and was instrumental in establishing GROW groups in the United States. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Mowrer as the 98th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.
Muhammad ibn Makki (died 1532)
Muḥammad Shams al-Dīn Ibn al-Makkī (died 17 January 1532), a native of Damascus, was the shaykh of the physicians of Syria. According to his contemporary, Ibn Ṭūlūn, he was the most learned physician but, owing to "poor luck", he had little success in treating patients. He was accused of killing the scholar al-Burhān ibn ʿAwn in 1510. He was accused of being a Shīʿī, but the 17th-century scholar Najm al-Dīn al-Ghazzī considered the accusation baseless. Besides medicine, he taught cosmography, geometry and astronomy.

Ibn Makkī was the teacher of Ghars al-Dīn Ibn al-Naqīb. He also taught the Italian Andrea Alpago, who calls him Rays Ebenmechi. He probably introduced the Italian to the works of Avicenna that he translated into Latin.

Najm al-Din al-Ghazzi
Najm al-Din Muhammad al-Ghazzi (19 January 1570–1651) was a scholar based in Damascus during Ottoman rule. He is best known for his biographical dictionaries. The biographies were mainly about the notables of Syria and, to a lesser extent, those of Egypt and other parts of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries.
Tape casting
Tape casting (also called doctor blading and knife coating) is a casting process used in the manufacture of thin ceramic tapes and sheets from ceramic slurry. The ceramic slurry is cast in a thin layer onto a flat surface and then dried and sintered. It is a part of powder metallurgy.: 167

Casting
Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. The solidified part is also known as a casting, which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Casting materials are usually metals or various time setting materials that cure after mixing two or more components together; examples are epoxy, concrete, plaster and clay. Casting is most often used for making complex shapes that would be otherwise difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods. Heavy equipment like machine tool beds, ships' propellers, etc. can be cast easily in the required size, rather than fabricating by joining several small pieces. Casting is a 7,000-year-old process. The oldest surviving casting is a copper frog from 3200 BC.
Associate degree
An associate degree or associate's degree is an undergraduate degree awarded after a course of post-secondary study lasting two to three years. It is a level of academic qualification above a high school diploma and below a bachelor's degree.

The first associate degrees were awarded in the UK (where they are no longer awarded) in 1873 before spreading to the US in 1898. In the United States, the associate degree may allow transfer into the third year of a bachelor's degree. Associate degrees have since been introduced in a small number of other countries.

National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom
The national qualification frameworks in the United Kingdom are qualifications frameworks that define and link the levels and credit values of different qualifications.

The current frameworks are:

The Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF) for general and vocational qualifications regulated by Ofqual in England and the Council for the Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment (CCEA) in Northern Ireland;

The Credit and Qualifications Framework for Wales (CQFW) in Wales, regulated by Qualifications Wales;

The Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework (SCQF)  in Scotland;

The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies (FHEQ) for qualifications awarded by bodies across the United Kingdom with degree-awarding powers.

Credit frameworks use the Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme, where 1 credit = 10 hours of nominal learning.
HMS Basilisk (H11)
HMS Basilisk was a B-class destroyer built for the Royal Navy around 1930. Initially assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet, she was transferred to the Home Fleet in 1936. The ship escorted convoys and conducted anti-submarine patrols early in World War II before participating in the Norwegian Campaign. Basilisk was sunk by German aircraft during the Dunkirk evacuation in 1940.

A- and B-class destroyer
The A- and B-class destroyers were a group of 18 destroyers built for the Royal Navy during the late 1920s, with two additional ships built for the Royal Canadian Navy. The British ships were divided into two flotillas of eight destroyers, each with a flotilla leader.
George Pomutz
George Pomutz (in Romanian: Gheorghe Pomuț, in Hungarian: Pomucz György or Pomutz György; May 31, 1818 – October 12, 1882) was a Romanian-American officer during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 against the Habsburgs, a general in the Union Army in the American Civil War, a lawyer, and a diplomat.

Keokuk, Iowa
Keokuk /ˈkiːəkʌk/ is a city in and a county seat of Lee County, Iowa, United States. It is Iowa's southernmost city. The population was 9,900 at the time of the 2020 census. The city is named after the Sauk chief Keokuk. It is in the extreme southeast corner of Iowa, where the Des Moines River meets the Mississippi. Keokuk is also the home of Keokuk National Cemetery.

It is at the junction of U.S. Routes 61, 136 and 218. Just across the rivers are the towns of Hamilton and Warsaw, Illinois, and Alexandria, Missouri. Keokuk, along with the city of Fort Madison, is a principal city of the Fort Madison-Keokuk micropolitan area, which includes all of Lee County, Iowa, Hancock County, Illinois and Clark County, Missouri.
Oregon–Oregon State football rivalry
The Oregon–Oregon State football rivalry commonly known as the Civil War, is an American college football rivalry game played annually in the state of Oregon between the Ducks of the University of Oregon in Eugene and the Beavers of Oregon State University in Corvallis.

First played 132 years ago in 1894 and renewed annually since 1945, it is the fifth-most played college football rivalry game in the Football Bowl Subdivision, and the most-played rivalry in the Western United States. Oregon State is still a member of the Pac-12 Conference while Oregon moved to the Big Ten Conference on August 1, 2024. The campuses are less than fifty miles (80 km) apart in the Willamette Valley.

1894 Oregon Webfoots football team
The 1894 Oregon Webfoots football team represented the University of Oregon as a member of the Oregon Intercollegiate Football Association (OIFA) during the 1894 college football season. The team was led by coach J. A. Church. They finished the season with an overall record of 0–2–1. The first Oregon football team played on the field that is now the site of the university's Computing Center and Gilbert Hall.
Utah State Route 265
State Route 265 is a west–east thoroughfare completely within Utah County in northern Utah that cuts through Orem and Provo. Utah Valley University and Brigham Young University are in close proximity to SR-265. The entirety of the route is named University Parkway.

U.S. Route 189
U.S. Route 189 is a spur of U.S. Route 89.  It currently runs for 322 miles (518 km) from Provo, Utah at Interstate 15 to Jackson, Wyoming. The highway was not part of the original 1926 U.S. Highway system. The highway was created in the 1930s, absorbing former U.S. Route 530 and a portion of U.S. Route 30S. The portion through Provo Canyon (between Provo and Heber City, Utah) has been designated the Provo Canyon Scenic Byway by the state of Utah.
Metton, Norfolk
Metton is a small village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Sustead, in the North Norfolk district, in the county of Norfolk, England. The village is 2.1 km west of Roughton, 5.2 km south of Cromer, 29.3 km north of Norwich and 11.2 km northwest of North Walsham. In 1931 the parish had a population of 86. On 1 April 1935 the parish was abolished and merged with Sustead.

The village’s name origin is uncertain. 'Meadow farm/settlement' or 'mowing farm/settlement', perhaps indicating a place where grass or another crop was mown, are possibilities.

It has a church dedicated to St Andrew and is part of the Diocese of Norwich.

April Fabb, a missing schoolgirl, lived in the village and disappeared on a journey from here to Roughton in 1969. She has not been found.

North Walsham
North Walsham is a market town and civil parish in the North Norfolk district of the county of Norfolk, England. The town is located 8 mi (13 km) south of Cromer and Norwich is 15 mi (24 km) south.

In local dialect, North Walsham is pronounced "Nor Walsham", "Wals'm" "Wolsam"; "North Wolshum"
The Confession (The Borgias)
"The Confession" is the final episode of the second season of Showtime-Bravo! historical drama The Borgias. It was written by Guy Burt and directed by David Leland. It originally aired on June 17, 2012.

The episode deals with the grief of the Pope for Juan, killed by Cesare for shaming the Borgia name. While Lucrezia chooses to marry Alfonso d'Aragona, Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake with a fake confession of heresy. Cesare admits his guilt to the Pope, who releases him from his cardinal's vows, but when Cesare asks for his father's forgiveness, the Pope is poisoned by Cardinal Della Rovere's assassin, leaving the season with a cliff-hanger.

François Arnaud (actor)
François Landriault-Barbeau (born July 5, 1985), known professionally as François Arnaud, is a Canadian actor. He is best known for his roles as Cesare Borgia in the Showtime period drama series The Borgias (2011–2013), Manfred Bernardo in the NBC supernatural drama series Midnight, Texas (2017–2018), and Scott Hunter in the Crave sports romance series Heated Rivalry (2025–present).