hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Scientific evidence
Scientific evidence is evidence that serves to either support or counter a scientific theory or hypothesis, although scientists also use evidence in other ways, such as when applying theories to practical problems. Such evidence is expected to be empirical evidence and interpretable in accordance with the scientific method. Standards for scientific evidence vary according to the field of inquiry, but the strength of scientific evidence is generally based on the results of statistical analysis and the strength of scientific controls.

Scientific control
A scientific control is an element of an experiment or observation designed to minimize the influence of variables other than the independent variable under investigation, thereby reducing the risk of confounding.

The use of controls increases the reliability and validity of results by providing a baseline for comparison between experimental measurements and control measurements. In many designs, the control group does not receive the experimental treatment, allowing researchers to isolate the effect of the independent variable.

Scientific controls are a fundamental part of the scientific method, particularly in fields such as biology, chemistry, medicine, and psychology, where complex systems are subject to multiple interacting variables.
Society Hill, South Carolina
Society Hill is a town in Darlington County, South Carolina, United States alongside the Pee Dee River. It is the oldest community in Darlington County and one of the first towns founded in South Carolina. The town was once the intellectual center of the Pee Dee region. However, the town's fortunes declined in the 19th century after rivers became less important as means of transportation. It is part of the Florence Metropolitan Statistical Area.

In the 2020 census, the population of Society Hill was 438, down from 563 in 2010, 700 in 2000 and 848 in 1980. Society Hill was originally settled in the 18th century by a colony of Baptists, who named the community after their "St. David's Society," the predecessor to the Society Hill Library Society.

Florence, South Carolina
Florence /ˈflɒrəns/ is a city in and the county seat of Florence County, South Carolina, United States. It lies at the intersection of Interstates 20 and 95 and is the eastern terminus of the former. It is the primary city within the Florence metropolitan area. The area forms the core of the historical Pee Dee region of South Carolina, which includes the eight counties of northeastern South Carolina, along with sections of southeastern North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 39,899, making it the 10th-most populous city in the state.

Florence is one of the major cities in South Carolina. In 1965, Florence was named an All-American City, presented by the National Civic League. The city was founded as a railroad hub and became the junction of three major railroad systems, including the Wilmington and Manchester, the Northeastern, and the Cheraw and Darlington.
Hastings Charter Township, Michigan
Hastings Charter Township is a charter township of Barry County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 3,013 at the 2020 census. The township borders the city of Hastings on the north, east, and south.

Charter township
A charter township is a form of local government in the U.S. state of Michigan. While all townships in Michigan are organized governments, a charter township has been granted a charter, which allows it certain rights and responsibilities of home rule that are generally intermediate between those of a city (a semi-autonomous jurisdiction in Michigan) and a village. Unless it is a home-rule village, a village is subject to the authority of any township in which it is located.

Of Michigan's 1,240 townships, 143 are charter townships. A number of charter townships are among the most populous municipalities in Michigan. For example, Clinton Township and Canton Township, both in Metro Detroit, were respectively the 8th and 9th most populous municipalities in Michigan at the 2020 census. The most recent township to become a charter township is Brady Township in Kalamazoo County, which adopted charter status on January 3, 2024.
Joël Bats
Joël Bats (born 4 January 1957) is a French former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He spent his entire senior club career in his native France, appearing in a total of 553 competitive club matches and 504 Division 1 matches for Sochaux, Auxerre and Paris Saint-Germain from 1976 to 1992. He made 50 appearances, 35 competitive matches and 15 friendly matches, for the France national team.

UEFA Euro 1984
The 1984 UEFA European Football Championship final tournament was held in France from 12 to 27 June 1984. It was the seventh UEFA European Championship, a competition held every four years and endorsed by UEFA.

At the time, only eight countries took part in the final stage of the tournament, seven of which had to come through the qualifying stage. France qualified automatically as hosts of the event; in the tournament led by Michel Platini, who scored nine goals in France's all five matches, which is still the record for goals scored in a single tournament and until UEFA Euro 2020 was also the record for goals scored by a single player at all tournaments. Les Bleus won the championship – their first major international title.
Sokidara
Sokidara (Russian: Хисокидара; Tajik: Сокидара, Yaghnobi: Хисоки Дарв Khisoki Darv or Хисоки Даԝр Khisoki Dawr) is a village in Sughd Region, northwestern Tajikistan. It is part of the jamoat Anzob in the Ayni District. Its population was 0 in 2007.

Anzob
Anzob (Tajik: Анзоб) is a village and jamoat in north-west Tajikistan. It is located in Ayni District in Sughd Region, in the Zarafshan Range, about 110 kilometres (68 mi) north of Dushanbe. The jamoat has a total population of 8,238 (2015). It is located on the M34 highway and in the Yaghnob River valley. Anzob has a mining and beneficiation complex.

The Jamoat consists of 23 villages, including Takfon (the seat), Anzob, Bidev, Dehbaland, Dumzoy, Gharmayn, Kashi, Khishortob, Kiryonti, Marghtumayn, Nomitkon, Piskon, Qul, Tagichinor and Waghinzoy.
Hashibetsu Station
Hashibetsu Station (箸別駅, Hashibetsu-eki) was a railway station on the Rumoi Main Line in Mashike, Hokkaido, Japan, operated by Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido). The station closed on 4 December 2016.

Mashike, Hokkaido
Mashike (増毛町, Mashike-chō) is a town located in Rumoi Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. As of 31 January 2025, the town had an estimated population of 3,495 in 1,954 households, and a population density of 9.5 people per km2. The total area of the town is 369.72 km2 (142.75 sq mi).
Cadillac Series 70
The Cadillac Series 70 (models 70 and 75) is a full-size V8-powered series of cars that were produced by Cadillac from the 1930s to the 1980s. It replaced the 1935 355E as the company's mainstream car just as the much less expensive Series 60 was introduced. The Series 72 and 67 were similar to the Series 75 but the 72 and 67 were produced on a slightly shorter and longer wheelbase respectively. The Series 72 was only produced in 1940 and the Series 67 was only produced in 1941 and 1942.  For much of the postwar era, it was the top-of-the-line Cadillac, and was Cadillac's factory-built limousine offering.

Production of the short wheelbase Series 70 ceased in 1938, but reappeared briefly as the relatively expensive Series 70 Eldorado Brougham four-door hardtop from 1957 to 1958, while the long wheelbase Series 75 made a final appearance in the 1987 model year.

Headlamp
A headlamp is a lamp attached to the front of a vehicle to illuminate the road ahead. Headlamps are also often called headlights, but in the most precise usage, headlamp is the term for the device itself and headlight is the term for the beam of light produced and distributed by the device.

Headlamp performance has steadily improved throughout the automobile age, spurred by the great disparity between daytime and nighttime traffic fatalities: the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration states that nearly half of all traffic-related fatalities occur in the dark, despite only 25% of traffic travelling during darkness.

Other vehicles, such as trains and aircraft, are required to have headlamps. Bicycle headlamps are often used on bicycles, and are required in some jurisdictions. They can be powered by a battery or a small generator like a bottle or hub dynamo.
Hymen (god)
In Greek mythology, Hymen (Ancient Greek: Ὑμήν, romanized: Humḗn), Hymenaios or Hymenaeus (Ὑμέναιος), is a god of marriage ceremonies who inspires feasts and song. Related to the god's name, a hymenaios is a genre of Greek lyric poetry that was sung during the procession of the bride to the groom's house in which the god is addressed, in contrast to the Epithalamium, which is sung at the nuptial threshold.

Servius the Grammarian
Servius, distinguished as Servius the Grammarian (Latin: Servius or Seruius Grammaticus), was a late fourth-century and early fifth-century grammarian. He earned a contemporary reputation as the most learned man of his generation in Italy. He authored a set of commentaries on the works of Virgil; these works, In Tria Virgilii Opera Expositio ("Exposition on Three Works of Virgil"), Commentarii in Virgilium ("Commentaries on Virgil"), Commentarii in Vergilii Opera ("Commentaries on the Works of Vergil"), or Vergilii Carmina Commentarii ("Commentaries on the Poems of Virgil"), constituted the first incunable to be printed at Florence, by Bernardo Cennini, in 1471.

In the Saturnalia of Macrobius, Servius appears as one of the interlocutors; allusions in that work and a letter from Symmachus to Servius indicate that he was not a convert to Christianity.
HR 4699
HR 4699 is a single star in the southern constellation of Corvus. It is orange in hue and is dimly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.14. This star is located at a distance of approximately 201 light years from the Sun based on parallax. It is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +14 km/s, after come to within 45.1 light-years some four million years ago.

This is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K0 III, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core then cooled and expanded to almost ten times the Sun's radius. It is nearly two billion years old with 1.76 times the mass of the Sun. The star is radiating 43 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,707 K.

Corvus (constellation)
Corvus is a small constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere. Its name means "crow" in Latin. One of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, it depicts a raven, a bird associated with stories about the god Apollo, perched on the back of Hydra the water snake. The four brightest stars, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, and Beta Corvi, form a distinctive quadrilateral or cross-shape in the night sky.

With an apparent magnitude of 2.59, Gamma Corvi—also known as Gienah—is the brightest star in the constellation. It is an aging blue giant around four times as massive as the Sun. The young star Eta Corvi has been found to have two debris disks. Three star systems have exoplanets, and a fourth planetary system is unconfirmed. TV Corvi is a dwarf nova—a white dwarf and brown dwarf in very close orbit.
Police Stadium, Trebinje
Stadion Police (Police Stadium) is a multi-purpose stadium in Trebinje, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FK Leotar. The stadium has a capacity of 8,550.

Trebinje
Trebinje (Serbian Cyrillic: Требиње, pronounced [trěːbiɲe]) is a city and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the southernmost city in Bosnia and Herzegovina and is situated on the banks of the Trebišnjica river in the region of East Herzegovina. As of 2013, it has a population of 31,433 inhabitants. The city's old town quarter, the Walled town of Trebinje, dates to the 18th-century Ottoman period and includes the Arslanagić Bridge on the Trebišnjica River, as of recently also known as Perovića Bridge. The city is one of the region’s popular tourist spots
Gmina Lipiany
Gmina Lipiany is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Pyrzyce County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Lipiany, which lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) south of Pyrzyce and 53 km (33 mi) south-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

The gmina covers an area of 94.62 square kilometres (36.5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 6,033 (out of which the population of Lipiany amounts to 4,124, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 1,909).

Pyrzyce County
Pyrzyce County (Polish: powiat pyrzycki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Pyrzyce, which lies 38 kilometres (24 mi) south-east of the regional capital Szczecin. The only other town in the county is Lipiany, lying 16 km (10 mi) south of Pyrzyce.

The county covers an area of 725.71 square kilometres (280.2 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 39,931, out of which the population of Pyrzyce is 12,642, that of Lipiany is 4,124, and the rural population is 23,165.
Qarah Hasanlu-ye Khvajeh Pasha
Qarah Hasanlu-ye Khvajeh Pasha (Persian: قره حسنلو خواجه پاشا, also Romanized as Qarah Ḩasanlū-ye Khvājeh Pāshā; also known as Qarah Ḩasanlū-ye Qarah Pāshā and Qareh Ḩasanlū) is a village in Bakeshluchay Rural District, in the Central District of Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. As of the 2006 census it had a population of 220 divided into 69 families.

Bakeshluchay Rural District
Bakeshluchay Rural District (Persian: دهستان بکشلوچای) is in the Central District of Urmia County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Emamzadeh. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Kashtiban.
Ikkeri
Ikkeri (Kannada: [ikːeːri]) is a hamlet situated in Sagara taluk (township) about 6 km to the south of the town centre in Sagara. It is known for the Aghoreshvara Temple, dedicated to an avatar of Shiva. The word Ikkeri in Kannada means "two streets".

Nandi (Hinduism)
Nandi (Sanskrit: नन्दि), also known as Nandikeshvara or Nandideva, is the bull vahana (mount) of the Hindu god Shiva. He is also the guardian deity of Kailash, the abode of Shiva. Almost all Shiva temples display stone images of a seated Nandi, generally facing the main shrine.
Ephraim P. Holmes
Ephraim Paul Holmes (May 14, 1908 – February 23, 1997) was a four-star admiral in the United States Navy who served as commander in chief of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet and Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic from 1967 to 1970.

Navy Distinguished Service Medal
The Navy Distinguished Service Medal is a military decoration of the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps which was first created in 1919 and is presented to Sailors and Marines to recognize distinguished and exceptionally meritorious service to the United States while serving in a duty or position of great responsibility.

Navy Distinguished Service Medal is equivalent to the Army's Distinguished Service Medal, Air and Space Forces' Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, and the Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal. The Navy Distinguished Service Medal was originally senior to the Navy Cross, until August 1942 when the precedence of the two decorations was reversed.  Currently, it is worn after the Defense Distinguished Service Medal and before the Silver Star Medal.
Lawnside, New Jersey
Lawnside is a borough in Camden County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Lawnside was developed in 1840 and incorporated in 1926 as the first independent, self-governing Black municipality north of the Mason–Dixon line. As of the 2020 United States census, approximately 75% of the borough's 2,955 population still identified as Black or African American, although this percentage has declined over the past two census periods. The population in 2020 had increased by 10 (+0.3%) from the 2010 census count of 2,945,

New Jersey's 1st congressional district
New Jersey's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The district, which includes Camden and South Jersey suburbs, has been represented by Democrat Donald Norcross since November 2014. It is among the most reliably Democratic districts in New Jersey, as it is mainly made up of Democratic-dominated Camden County.
2011 AFC Asian Cup Group B
Group B was one of four groups of nations competing at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup. The group's first round of matches began on 9 January and its last matches were played on 17 January. All six group matches were played at venues in Doha and Al Rayyan, Qatar. The group consisted of defending runners-up Saudi Arabia, Japan, Jordan and Syria.

2011 AFC Asian Cup
The 2011 AFC Asian Cup was the 15th edition of the men's AFC Asian Cup, a quadrennial international football tournament organised by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC). The finals were held in Qatar from 7 to 29 January 2011. It was the second time that the tournament was hosted by Qatar, the previous occasion being the 1988 AFC Asian Cup. Japan won the cup for the record-breaking fourth time after a 1–0 win against Australia, and earned the right to compete in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup in Brazil as the representative from AFC.

A television viewing audience of 484 million in 80 countries across the Asia-Pacific region, Europe, North America and North Africa witnessed Japan defeat Australia 1–0 in the final.
Jonathan Bamba
Jonathan Fousseni Bamba (born 26 March 1996) is a professional footballer who plays as a left winger or attacking midfielder for Major League Soccer club Chicago Fire. Born in France, he plays for the Ivory Coast national team.

2018–19 Ligue 1
The 2018–19 Ligue 1 season, also known as Ligue 1 Conforama for sponsorship reasons, was the 81st season since its establishment. The season began on 10 August 2018 and concluded on 24 May 2019. Paris Saint-Germain were the defending champions.

On 21 April, Paris Saint-Germain won their second consecutive Ligue 1 title and eighth title overall following Lille's 0–0 draw against Toulouse.
Atherfield Lifeboat Station
Atherfield Lifeboat Station was located at Atherfield Point, near the village of Atherfield, on the south west coast of the Isle of Wight.

A lifeboat was first placed here in 1890 by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI).

After operating for just 25 years, Atherfield Lifeboat Station closed in 1915.

Awards of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution
The National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck was established on 4 March 1824, becoming the Royal National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck (RNIPLS) on 20 March 1824, when it received royal approval from King George IV. The Institution became the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) on 5 October 1854.

Ever since its inception in 1824, a number of awards have been established by the Institution, both for gallantry at sea, and for service to the Institution. None are approved by the Crown, and are therefore unofficial awards. As such, they do not appear in the official British order of wear, although the principal lifesaving award, a Medal of the RNLI, can be worn on the right breast in uniform by members of the British armed forces.
Russula herrerae
Russula herrerae is an edible mushroom in the genus Russula. Described as new to science in 2002, it is found only in its type locality in Mexico, where it grows in temperate oak forests near the village of San Francisco Temezontla in the state of Tlaxcala. The specific epithet herrerae honors Mexican mycologist Teófilo Herrera. R. herrerae is classified in the section Plorantes, subsection Lactarioideae.

Russula
Russula is a very large genus composed of around 750 worldwide species of fungi. The genus was described by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1796.

The mushrooms are fairly large, and brightly colored – making them one of the most recognizable genera among mycologists and mushroom collectors. Their distinguishing characteristics include usually brightly coloured caps, a white to dark yellow spore print, brittle, attached gills, an absence of latex, and absence of partial veil or volva tissue on the stem. Microscopically, the genus is characterised by the amyloid ornamented spores and flesh (trama) composed of spherocysts. Members of the related genus Lactarius have similar characteristics but emit a milky latex when their gills are broken.

The ectomycorrhizal mushrooms are typically common. Although some species are toxic, a number of others are edible.
Argyle Street (Halifax)
Argyle Street is located in downtown Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. It is approximately 460 metres long and stretches four city blocks to the west of, and parallel to, Barrington Street from Duke Street to Blowers Street. The street is a popular centre for live music, nightlife, theatre, and al fresco dining.

Downtown Halifax
Downtown Halifax is the primary central business district of the Municipality of Halifax. Located on the central-eastern portion of the Halifax Peninsula, on Halifax Harbour. Along with Downtown Dartmouth, and other de facto central business districts within the Municipality (e.g. Cole Harbour, Lower Sackville, Spryfield), Downtown Halifax serves as the business, entertainment, and tourism hub of the region.
Calamaria gervaisii
Calamaria gervaisii, commonly known as Gervais's worm snake and the Philippine dwarf snake, is a species of small fossorial snake in the subfamily Calamariinae of the family Colubridae. The species is native to the Philippines.

Colubridae
Colubridae (/kəˈluːbrɪdiː/, commonly known as colubrids /ˈkɒljʊbrɪdz/, from Latin: coluber, 'snake') is a family of snakes. With 249 genera, it is the largest snake family. The earliest fossil species of the family date back to the Late Eocene epoch, with earlier origins suspected. Colubrid snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica.
The Real McKenzies
The Real McKenzies is a Canadian Celtic punk band founded in 1992 and based in Vancouver, British Columbia. They are considered the founders of the Canadian Celtic punk movement, and were one of the first Celtic punk bands, albeit 10 years after The Pogues. Founding member Paul McKenzie has been the only continuous member of the band since its inception.

In addition to writing and performing original music, Real McKenzies perform traditional Scottish songs, and their take on traditional Scottish poetry, giving them a new punk-influenced sound. The band has shared stages with several other bands and artists, including Rancid, Shane MacGowan, NOFX, Flogging Molly, The Misfits, Metallica, the Specials, and Voodoo Glow Skulls.

Flogging Molly
Flogging Molly is an Irish-American seven-piece Celtic punk band formed in Los Angeles in 1997, led by Irish vocalist Dave King, formerly of the hard rock band Fastway. They are signed to their own record label, Borstal Beat Records.