hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Al-Butaymat
Al-Butaymat (Arabic: البطيمات, El Buteimât) was a Palestinian Arab village the Haifa Subdistrict, located 31 kilometers (19 mi) southeast of Haifa. It was depopulated during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on May 1, 1948, under the Battle of Mishmar HaEmek.

Haifa Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine
The Haifa Subdistrict (Arabic: قضاء حيفا; Hebrew: נפת חיפה) was one of the subdistricts of Mandatory Palestine. It covered the northern Mediterranean coast of regional Palestine, southwestern Galilee, and the Wadi Ara region. It was disintegrated after the British withdrawal from the area. Prior to and during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War around half of the Arab localities were depopulated or destroyed. The entire district was captured by Israel and most of its Arab defenders were composed of the Arab Liberation Army and local militias.

Its predecessor was Haifa Subdistrict, Ottoman Empire.

The subdistrict was transformed into Haifa District, divided into Haifa Subdistrict and Hadera Subdistrict under Israel.
Patent Reform Act of 2007
The Patent Reform Act of 2007 (H.R. 1908, S. 1145) was a bill introduced in the 110th United States Congress to introduce changes in United States patent law. Democratic Congressman Howard Berman introduced the House of Representatives bill on April 18, 2007. Democratic Party Senator Patrick Leahy introduced the Senate bill on April 18, 2007.   The bill passed the house but died in the Senate.

The bills broadly resembled the proposed Patent Reform Act of 2005 which would have enacted many of the proposals recommended by a 2003 report by the Federal Trade Commission and a 2004 report by the National Academy of Sciences. Similar acts were introduced as the Patent Reform Act of 2009 in the 111th Congress and as the America Invents Act in the 112th.

Leahy–Smith America Invents Act
The Leahy–Smith America Invents Act (AIA) is a United States federal statute that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama on September 16, 2011. The law represents the most significant legislative change to the U.S. patent system since the Patent Act of 1952 and closely resembles previously proposed legislation in the Senate in its previous session (Patent Reform Act of 2009).

Named for its lead sponsors, Sen. Patrick Leahy (D–VT) and Rep. Lamar Smith (R–TX), the Act switches the U.S. patent system from a "first to invent" to a "first inventor to file" system, eliminates interference proceedings, and develops post-grant opposition. Its central provisions went into effect on September 16, 2012 and on March 16, 2013.
Henry Dove
Henry Dove D.D. was an English priest in the 17th century.

The nephew of Bishop John Pearson, Dove was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was incorporated at Oxford in 1669. He became the incumbent at St Bride's Church in the City of London in 1673; and Archdeacon of Richmond in 1678. He was Chaplain to Charles II, James II and William and Mary.

Dove died on 11 March 1694.

Archdeacon of Richmond and Craven
The Archdeacon of Richmond and Craven is an archdiaconal post in the Church of England. It was created in about 1088 within the See of York and was moved in 1541 to the See of Chester, in 1836 to the  See of Ripon and after 2014 to the See of Leeds, in which jurisdiction it remains today. It is divided into seven rural deaneries: Ewecross, Harrogate, Richmond, Ripon, Skipton, and Wensley, all in Yorkshire and Bowland in Lancashire.
Kamnara railway station
Kamnara railway station is a railway station in Bardhaman–Katwa line under Howrah railway division of Eastern Railway zone. It is situated beside Bardhaman–Katwa Road at Kamnara of Purba Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

Howrah railway division
Howrah Division is the oldest operational railway division under the Eastern Railway zone of Indian Railways. Serving as a major rail hub for Eastern India, its headquarters based in Howrah, West Bengal, and has historical and strategic importance for passenger and freight transport. It is one of the four railway divisions under the jurisdiction of Eastern Railway zone. In 2025, the Howrah Division marked its 100th anniversary since it was officially established as a division. It covers the area more than 400 km which includes parts of Bihar and Jharkhand also. The division manages nearly 200 stations ranging from major terminals to smaller halts.

Asansol railway division, Sealdah railway division and Malda railway division are the other railway divisions under ER Zone headquartered at Kolkata.
Victoria Peak (Belize)
Victoria Peak within the Maya Mountains is the second highest mountain in Belize, at a height of 1,120 metres (3,675 ft).  The highest peak in the country, Doyle's Delight, at a height of 1,124 metres (3,688 ft), is located 57 kilometres (35 mi) southwest of Victoria Peak. Victoria Peak is situated in the Stann Creek District of Belize, in the Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary, and is home to many flora and fauna common to Belize.
It was pronounced a natural monument in 1998, comprising about 4,847 acres bordered by the Sittee River Wildlife Reserve, Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary, and Chiquibul National Park.

Dwarf forest
Dwarf forest, elfin forest, or pygmy forest is an uncommon ecosystem featuring miniature trees, inhabited by small species of fauna such as rodents and lizards. They are usually located at high elevations, under conditions of sufficient air humidity but poor soil. There are two main dwarf forest ecosystem types, involving different species and environmental characteristics: coastal temperate and montane tropical regions. Temperate coastal dwarf forest is common for parts of Southern California. Montane tropical forests are found across tropical highlands of Central America, northern South America and Southeast Asia. There are also other isolated examples of dwarf forests scattered across the world, while the largest dwarf forest is found in the Philippines.
February 2008 California elections
Elections were held in California on February 5, 2008. Presidential primaries and a special election for a State Assembly seat were among the contests held. Seven ballot propositions were also decided on.

Cahuilla
The Cahuilla, also known as ʔívil̃uqaletem or Ivilyuqaletem, are a Native American people of the various tribes of the Cahuilla Nation, living in the inland areas of southern California. Their original territory encompassed about 2,400 square miles (6,200 km2). The traditional Cahuilla territory was near the geographic center of Southern California. It was bounded to the north by the San Bernardino Mountains, to the south by Borrego Springs and the Chocolate Mountains, to the east by the Colorado Desert, and to the west by the San Jacinto Plain and the eastern slopes of the Palomar Mountains.
Moore River National Park
Moore River National Park is a national park in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, 95 km north of Perth.  The Moore River runs through the park on its way to the Indian Ocean where the township of Guilderton is situated.

The park is situated west of the Brand Highway near Regans Ford and consists of mainly banksia heathland.  There are no facilities in the park.

There is also an eponymous locality of the Shire of Gingin, but the boundaries of the national park and the locality are not identical.

Shire of Gingin
The Shire of Gingin is a local government area in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, just beyond the northern fringe of the Perth metropolitan area. The Shire covers an area of 3,211 square kilometres (1,240 sq mi) and its seat of government is the town of Gingin.
A Voice from the Town
A Voice from the Town is a poem by Australian writer and poet Andrew Barton "Banjo" Paterson. It was first published in The Bulletin magazine on 20 October 1894.

In Up The Country, Lawson had criticised "The City Bushman" such as Banjo Paterson who tended to romanticise bush life. Paterson, in turn, accused Lawson of representing bush life as nothing but doom and gloom, famously ending with the line "For the bush will never suit you, and you'll never suit the bush."

This exchange sparked what is known as the Bulletin Debate, mainly between Paterson and Lawson, but also including Edward Dyson and Francis Kenna.

This poem appeared two years after "The Poets of the Tomb" by Henry Lawson, the previous poem in the debate, and brought the exercise to an end. An author's note stated that it had been written in response to the 1871 poem "A Voice from the Bush", written by Mowbray Morris.

Bulletin Debate
The "Bulletin Debate" was a well-publicised dispute in The Bulletin magazine between two of Australia's best known writers and poets, Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson. The debate took place via a series of poems about the merits of living in the Australian "bush", published from 1892 to 1893.
Mount Hill (South Australia)
Mount Hill (Alternative name:Korti Purre, also previously known as Bluff Mount) is a prominent peak in the Australian state of South Australia on the eastern side of southern Eyre Peninsula. It is located within the locality of Butler.

Eyre Peninsula
The Eyre Peninsula is a triangular peninsula in South Australia. It is bounded by the Spencer Gulf on the east, the Great Australian Bight on the west, and the Gawler Ranges to the north.

Earlier called Eyre's Peninsula, it was named after explorer Edward John Eyre, who explored parts of the peninsula in 1839–41. The coastline was first charted by the expeditions of Matthew Flinders in 1801–02 and French explorer Nicolas Baudin around the same time. Flinders also named the nearby Yorke's Peninsula and Spencer's Gulph on the same voyage.

The peninsula's economy is primarily agricultural, with growing aquaculture, mining, and tourism sectors. The main towns are Port Lincoln in the south, Whyalla and Port Augusta in the northeast, and Ceduna in the northwest. Port Lincoln (Galinyala in Barngarla), Whyalla and Port Augusta (Goordnada) are part of the Barngarla Aboriginal country.: 230  Ceduna is within Wirangu country.
Kasori Shell Mound
The Kasori Shell Mounds (加曽利貝塚, Kasori kaizuka) is an archaeological site in the Sakuragi neighborhood of Wakaba ward of the city of Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, in the Kantō region of Japan. It contains the largest known shell midden found in Japan, and was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1971. Its status was raised to that of a special National Historic Site in 2017.

Jōmon pottery
The Jōmon pottery (縄文土器, Jōmon doki) is a type of ancient earthenware pottery which was made during the Jōmon period in Japan. The term "Jōmon" (縄文) means "rope-patterned" in Japanese, describing the patterns that are pressed into the clay.
Cotinguiba River
The Cotinguiba River (Portuguese: Rio Cotinguiba) is a river in Sergipe, a state in northeastern Brazil. Its source is between the municipalities of Areia Branca and Laranjeiras. It flows into the Sergipe River at the border of the municipalities of Laranjeiras and Nossa Senhora do Socorro. It is approximately 50 kilometres (31 mi) long with a basin of 232.5 square kilometres (89.8 sq mi). The Cotinguiba River is one of the main tributaries of the right bank of the Sergipe River, and flows into the Sergipe in a river bed in the form of an estuary. It passes through the municipalities of Areia Branca, Riachuelo, Laranjeiras and Nossa Senhora do Socorro.

The economy of the region of the Cotinguiba River was closely tied to the height and decline of sugarcane cultivation. After its decline, Laranjeiras alone remained prosperous due to its port. After the abolition of slavery in Brazil, the region went into economic decline and the Cotinguiba was no longer used for inland transportation.

Nossa Senhora do Socorro
Nossa Senhora do Socorro (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈnɔsɐ sẽˈɲɔɾɐ du soˈkoʁu]) is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Sergipe. Its population was 185,706 (2020) and its area is 155.02 km2 (59.85 sq mi). Nossa Senhora do Socorro is located 36 km (22 mi) from the state capital of Sergipe, Aracaju.
Primary polydipsia
Primary polydipsia and psychogenic polydipsia are forms of polydipsia characterised by excessive fluid intake in the absence of physiological stimuli to drink. Psychogenic polydipsia caused by psychiatric disorders—oftentimes schizophrenia—is frequently accompanied by the sensation of dry mouth. Some conditions with polydipsia as a symptom are non-psychogenic (e.g., early Type 2 diabetes, primary hyperaldosteronism, and zinc deficiency,  and some forms of diabetes insipidus). Primary polydipsia is a diagnosis of exclusion.

Fluid deprivation test
A fluid or water deprivation test is a medical test which can be used to determine whether the patient has diabetes insipidus as opposed to other causes of polydipsia (a condition of excessive thirst that causes an excessive intake of water). The patient is required, for a prolonged period, to forgo intake of water completely, to determine the cause of the thirst.

This test measures changes in body weight, urine output, and urine composition when fluids are withheld. Sometimes measuring blood levels of ADH (a synonym for vasopressin) during this test is also necessary.

If there is no change in the water loss despite fluid deprivation, desmopressin may be administered to distinguish between the two types of diabetes insipidus which are central & nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

The time of deprivation may vary from 4 to 18 hours.

The serum osmolality and urine osmolality are both measured in the test.
1950 Maryland Terrapins football team
The 1950 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in 1950 college football season as a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon).

Maryland was led by fourth-year head coach Jim Tatum, who Time magazine called "the most successful major college coach in the game" during his nine-year tenure at College Park. To date, Tatum remains the winningest Maryland football coach of the modern era, with a winning percentage of 0.819. The team was led on the field by sophomore quarterback and future Heisman Trophy runner-up Jack Scarbath who made his first career start in the season-opener.

The highlight of the season was Maryland's upset victory over second-ranked Michigan State, 34–7, in what was that team's only loss of the season. Two weeks later, however, the Terrapins' bowl game hopes were ended with a homecoming defeat at the hands of NC State.

Jim Tatum
James Moore "Big Jim" Tatum (August 22, 1913 – July 23, 1959) was an American college football and college baseball player and coach. Tatum served as the head football coach at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (1942, 1956–1958), the University of Oklahoma (1946), and the University of Maryland, College Park (1947–1955), compiling a career college football head coaching record of 100–35–7. His 1953 Maryland team won a national title. As a head coach, he employed the split-T formation with great success, a system he had learned as an assistant under Don Faurot at the Iowa Pre-Flight School during World War II. Tatum was also the head baseball coach at Cornell University from 1937 to 1939, tallying a mark of 20–40–1. Tatum's career was cut short by his untimely death in 1959. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1984.
Arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis, literally meaning "hardening of the arteries", is an umbrella term for a set of vascular disorders characterized by abnormal thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries. This process gradually restricts the blood flow to one's organs and tissues and can lead to severe health risks brought on by atherosclerosis, which is a specific form of arteriosclerosis caused by the buildup of fatty plaques, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the arterial walls. Risk factors include family history, smoking, and obesity.

Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke, with multiple genetic and environmental contributions. Genetic-epidemiologic studies have identified many genetic and non-genetic risk factors for CAD. However, such studies indicate that family history is the most significant independent risk factor.

Vascular disease
Vascular disease is a class of diseases of the vessels of the circulatory system in the body, including blood vessels – the arteries and veins, and the lymphatic vessels. Vascular disease is a subgroup of cardiovascular disease. Disorders in this vast network of blood  and lymph vessels can cause a range of health problems that can sometimes become severe, and fatal. Coronary heart disease for example, is the leading cause of death for men and women in the United States.
Megan Olson
Megan Olson is an American painter born in 1971. She was raised in rural Connecticut, and has lived in Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Diego, New York, and Berlin. She currently works out of her studio on the Lower East Side of New York City. Olson received her BFA from the San Francisco Art Institute in 2002, and was discovered by Maxwell Davidson Gallery while attending the AICAD New York Studio Residency Program. Olson is a member of American Abstract Artists.

American Abstract Artists
American Abstract Artists (AAA) was founded in 1937 in New York City, to promote and foster public understanding of abstract art. American Abstract Artists exhibitions, publications, and lectures helped to establish the organization as a major forum for the exchange and discussion of ideas, and for presenting abstract art to a broader public. The American Abstract Artists group contributed to the development and acceptance of abstract art in the United States and has a historic role in its avant-garde. It is one of the few artists' organizations to survive from the Great Depression and continue into the 21st century.
David Atienza
David Atienza Alonso is a Spanish/Swiss scientist in the disciplines of computer and electrical engineering. His research focuses on hardware‐software co‐design and management for energy‐efficient and thermal-aware computing systems, always starting from a system‐level perspective to the actual electronic design. He is a full professor of electrical and computer engineering at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Associate Vice President of Research Centers and Platforms, and the head of the Embedded Systems Laboratory (ESL). He is an IEEE Fellow (2016), and an ACM Fellow (2022).

ACM Fellow
ACM Fellowship is an award and fellowship that recognises outstanding members of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). The title of ACM Fellow indicates excellence, as evinced by technical, professional and leadership contributions that:

advance computing

promote the free exchange of ideas

advance the objectives of ACM

At most 1% of the ACM membership may be elected as Fellows.

New fellows are elected annually since 1993.
John Hart (colonial administrator)
John Hart (died c. 1740) was an Irish colonial administrator who served as the governor of Maryland from 1714 to 1715 and again from 1715 to 1720, after the restoration of proprietary control to Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore. His governorship marked the beginnings of the restoration of the Calvert family's control of Maryland.

Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore
Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, FRS (29 September 1699 – 24 April 1751) was a British politician and colonial administrator who served as the proprietary governor of the Province of Maryland. He inherited the title to Maryland aged just fifteen, on the death of his father and grandfather, when the colony was restored by the British monarchy to the Calvert family's control, following its seizure in 1688. In 1721 Charles came of age and assumed personal control of Maryland, travelling there briefly in 1732. For most of his life, he remained in England, where he pursued an active career in politics, rising to become Lord of the Admiralty from 1742 to 1744. He died in 1751 in England, aged 52.
2022 New Mexico State Aggies football team
The 2022 New Mexico State Aggies football team represented New Mexico State University in the 2022 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Aggies played their home games at Aggie Memorial Stadium in Las Cruces, New Mexico, and compete as an FBS independent. They were led by first-year head coach Jerry Kill.

The season was the program's last season as an independent as the Aggies joined Conference USA in 2023.
Prior to the 2022 season 247Sports predicted them to have a 3–9 record and be one of the ten worst programs in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision.

Despite having a 6–6 regular-season record with two wins over FCS teams, the NCAA granted a waiver for New Mexico State to be bowl-eligible due to their canceled game against San Jose State.

Aggie Memorial Stadium
Aggie Memorial Stadium is an outdoor football stadium in the southwestern United States, located on the campus of New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, New Mexico. It is the home field of the New Mexico State Aggies of Conference USA.

Opened 47 years ago in 1978, the current seating capacity is 28,853. Its artificial turf playing field is aligned north-northwest to south-southeast at an elevation of 3,980 feet (1,215 m) above sea level. It is the former home of Aggies women's soccer.
By-election to the 25th Canadian Parliament
One by-election to the 25th Canadian Parliament was held to fill a vacancy in the House of Commons of Canada between the 1962 federal election and the 1963 federal election. The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada led a minority government for the entirety of the 25th Canadian Parliament.

The vacancy was created due to the resignation of a New Democratic Party Member of Parliament. Tommy Douglas, elected leader of the New Democratic Party a year prior to the 1962 general election in the 1961 New Democratic Party founding convention, did not gain his riding in the 1962 election, and instead ran in a later by-election.

25th Canadian Parliament
The 25th Canadian Parliament was in session from September 27, 1962, until February 6, 1963. The membership was set by the 1962 federal election on June 18, 1962, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1963 election.

It was controlled by a Progressive Conservative Party minority under Prime Minister John Diefenbaker and the 18th Canadian Ministry.  The Official Opposition was the Liberal Party, led by Lester B. Pearson.

It was the third shortest parliament in Canadian history.

The Speaker was Marcel Lambert.  See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1952-1966 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.

There was only one session of the 25th Parliament.
2nd/10th Dragoons
The 2nd/10th Dragoons (short-form:  2/10 D) (in its last incarnation, the 57th Field Artillery Regiment [2nd/10th Dragoons], Royal Canadian Artillery or 57 Fd Regt RCA) was a militia regiment of the Canadian Army, based in the Niagara, Wentworth, and Brant regions of southern Ontario. It was formed in 1936 by amalgamating the 2nd and 10th Dragoons, both of which had served previously as cavalry units in the Canadian Militia. After the Second World War the regiment was converted into an anti-aircraft artillery unit. In 1962 the regiment was converted into a field howitzer unit and in 1968, amid a downsizing of the Canadian Armed Forces, the regiment was reduced drastically before eventually being completely disbanded in the mid-1990s. The regiment is currently on the Supplementary Order of Battle.

4th Battalion (Central Ontario), CEF
4th (Central Ontario) Battalion, CEF was an infantry battalion raised as part of the Canadian Expeditionary Force for service during the First World War. Raised in Canada in September 1914, the battalion sailed to the United Kingdom within weeks of its establishment. After a short period of training it was committed to the fighting on the Western Front, remaining in France and Belgium until the war ended. It returned to Canada in mid-1919 and after its personnel had been demobilized, the battalion was subsequently disbanded in 1920.