hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Brandon Mayfield
Brandon Mayfield (born July 15, 1966) is an American lawyer who was incorrectly detained in connection with the 2004 Madrid train bombings on the basis of a faulty fingerprint match. On May 6, 2004, the FBI arrested Mayfield as a material witness in connection with the Madrid attacks, and held him for two weeks, before releasing him with a public apology following Spanish authorities identifying another suspect.

A United States DOJ internal review later acknowledged serious errors in the FBI investigation. Ensuing lawsuits resulted in a $2 million settlement. An initial ruling declared some provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act unconstitutional, but the United States government appealed, and the ruling was overturned at the Ninth Circuit level on technical standing grounds. Mayfield's case has been referenced in numerous scientific, political, and social journals.

Beaverton, Oregon
Beaverton is a city in the Tualatin Valley, located in Washington County in the U.S. state of Oregon, with a small portion bordering Portland. The city is among the main cities that make up the Portland metropolitan area. Its population was 97,494 at the 2020 census, making it the second most populous city in the county and the seventh-most populous city in Oregon. Beaverton is an economic center for Washington County along with neighboring Hillsboro.
Nguyễn Lam (painter)
Nguyễn Lam (born 1941 in Can Tho, born Lam Hùynh Long) is a Vietnamese painter. He is one of the first members of the Saigon Young Painters Association established in the 1970s. He specialises in lacquer painting, and was invited by the French consulate in Ho Chi Minh City to restore the works of Nguyen Gia Tri in 2013.

Nguyen Lam’s works are in the permanent collections of the Vietnam Fine Arts Museum, the National Gallery Singapore, Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Art, as well as in private collections throughout Asia, Europe and America.

Nguyễn Gia Trí
Nguyễn Gia Trí (Chương Mỹ, Hà Tây 1908 - 1993) was a Vietnamese painter best known for his lacquer paintings.
He also drew cartoons on political and social issues, many of them criticising French colonial rule.

Tri studied at the Hanoi College of Fine Arts (École des Beaux-Arts de l’Indochine) from 1932.
He worked for the magazines Phong Hóa and Ngày Nay starting from 1932 together with Nhất Linh and other famous writers and painters. He created the cartoon characters Xã Xệ and Bang Bạnh for the magazines and made changes to the character Lý Toét developed by Nhất Linh.
Cellular neural network
In computer science and machine learning, Cellular Neural Networks (CNN) or Cellular Nonlinear Networks (CNN) are a parallel computing paradigm similar to neural networks, with the difference that communication is allowed between neighbouring units only. Typical applications include image processing, analyzing 3D surfaces, solving partial differential equations, reducing non-visual problems to geometric maps, modelling biological vision and other sensory-motor organs.

CNN is not to be confused with convolutional neural networks (also colloquially called CNN).

Computation
A computation is any type of arithmetic or non-arithmetic calculation that is well-defined. Common examples of computation are mathematical equation solving and the execution of computer algorithms.

Mechanical or electronic devices (or, historically, people) that perform computations are known as computers. Computer science is an academic field that involves the study of computation.
Apalachicola (tribal town)
Apalachicola (Hitchiti: Apalaχtchi ókli, meaning 'those [people] on the other side, shore or river') was a tribal town in the Apalachicola Province in the 17th century, located on the lower part of the Chattahoochee River in what is now Alabama and Georgia. The residents of the town spoke the Hitchiti language. The town of Apalachicola moved to the Savannah River in the early 1690s, when the other towns in Apalachicola Province moved to central Georgia, primarily to sites along the Ocmulgee River. In 1715, Apalachicola moved back to the Chattahoochee River along with the towns that had been on the Ocmulgee River, with the English then calling them "Lower Creeks" ("Lower Towns of the Muscogee Confederacy"), while the Spanish called them "Ochese". The town of Apalachicola continued as part of the Lower Towns through the 18th century.

Tribal town
A tribal town (Muscogee talwa, Hitchiti okla) was a form of political and social organization of people in what is now the southeastern United States from at least the 16th century into the 19th century. It had aspects of both a town and a tribe, and was the basic unit of the Muscogee Confederacy (historically called the "Creek" Confederacy). Tribal towns were governed by a council of men (and, very rarely, women) of the town who were selected or had obtained recognized status as warriors. Tribal towns in the Muscogee Confederacy were classified as either "white" (peace) towns or "red" (war) towns. The men in each town were divided into white and red sides.
Hanxleden
The Hanxleden family is a Westphalian noble family whose seat is the village of Hanxleden, today part of Schmallenberg in the district of Hochsauerland in Germany. In the 14th and 15th centuries the family provided several bailiffs (Amtmänner) of Fredeburg.

Hochsauerlandkreis
Hochsauerlandkreis (German pronunciation: [ˈhoːxzaʊɐlantˌkʁaɪs], lit. 'High Sauerland District') is a Kreis (district) in the east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Soest, Paderborn, Höxter, Waldeck-Frankenberg, Siegen-Wittgenstein, Olpe, Märkischer Kreis.

The district is named “High Sauerland” because two of the highest mountains of the Sauerland mountainous landscape, Langenberg and Kahler Asten are in its territory. With 2,766 ft / 843 m (Langenberg) and 2,762 ft / 842 m (Kahler Asten) these are also the highest mountains of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Fakharrazi Hassan
Pengiran Mohammad Fakharrazi bin Pengiran Haji Hassan (born 15 July 1989), sometimes erroneously referred to as Ak Fakharazzi, is a Bruneian retired footballer who played as a right-sided defender or midfielder.

Malay styles and titles
The Malay language has a complex system of styles, titles and honorifics which are used extensively in Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and Singapore.

Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, few provinces in the Philippines and several provinces in Indonesia regularly award honorary and life titles. What follows in this article is specific to the Malaysian system. References to Brunei and Indonesia are given when pertinent.

In Malaysia, all non-hereditary titles can be granted to both men and women. Every title has a form of address which can be used by the wife of the title holder. This form is not used by the husband of a titled woman; such a woman will bear a title which is the same as a titled man.
Duar War
The Duar War (or Anglo-Bhutanese War) was a war fought between British India and Bhutan in 1864 to 1865. It was the only military conflict between the two states since 1774 and resulted in Bhutan losing a fifth of its territory.

As a result of the war, Bhutan lost its independent foreign policy capabilities for several decades.

Druk Desi
The Druk Desi (Dzongkha: འབྲུག་སྡེ་སྲིད་, Wylie: 'brug sde-srid; also called Deb Raja) was the title of the secular (administrative) rulers of Bhutan under the dual system of government between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. Under this system, government authority was divided among secular and religious administrations, both unified under the nominal authority of the Zhabdrung Rinpoche. Druk, meaning 'thunder dragon', refers symbolically to Bhutan, whose most ancient name is Druk-yul. Desi, meaning 'regent', was the chief secular office in the realm under this system of government.
Superior Red Sox
The Superior Red Sox were a Minnesota–Wisconsin League (1910–1911), Central International League (1912) and Northern League (1913–1916) minor league baseball team based in Superior, Wisconsin. The Red Sox won the Minnesota–Wisconsin League pennant in 1911, under manager John "Kid" Taylor. Future Hall of Fame shortstop Dave Bancroft played for the team from 1910 to 1911.

The Superior Red Sox were part of a broader boom in minor league baseball during the early 20th century. Teams like Superior helped develop local talent and provided entertainment in smaller cities. The SABR Minor Leagues Research Committee has documented these teams extensively, noting the challenges in preserving accurate statistics due to inconsistent record-keeping and league instability

Superior, Wisconsin
Superior is a city in Douglas County, Wisconsin, United States, and its county seat. The population was 26,751 at the 2020 census. Superior and nearby Duluth, Minnesota, sit at the western tip of Lake Superior and together form the Twin Ports, a major Great Lakes harbor.

Bordered by Saint Louis, Superior, and Allouez bays, the city is framed by two rivers: the Nemadji and the Saint Louis. Superior is at the junction of U.S. Route 2 and U.S. Route 53 immediately north of, and adjacent to, both the Village of Superior and the Town of Superior. It is an industrial city, with ship harbors along two sides, several large rail yards, an oil refinery, and a shipyard. Superior and neighboring Duluth feature museum ships (SS William A. Irvin in Duluth and SS Meteor in Superior), devoted to the local maritime heritage. Superior was the final port of call for SS Edmund Fitzgerald before her sinking on November 10, 1975.
Multivariate Behrens–Fisher problem
In statistics, the multivariate Behrens–Fisher problem is the problem of testing for the equality of means from two multivariate normal distributions when the covariance matrices are unknown and possibly not equal. Since this is a generalization of the univariate Behrens-Fisher problem, it inherits all of the difficulties that arise in the univariate problem.

F-distribution
In probability theory and statistics, the F-distribution or F-ratio, also known as Snedecor's F distribution or the Fisher–Snedecor distribution (after Ronald Fisher and George W. Snedecor), is a continuous probability distribution that arises frequently as the null distribution of a test statistic, most notably in the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and other F-tests.
Giovanni Carnovali
Giovanni Carnovali (29 September 1804 – 5 July 1873), known as Il Piccio ('the little one'), was an Italian painter. Trained as an academic painter, he gradually shifted towards painting of a less descriptive character with soft, hazy outlines under the influence of Correggio and Andrea Appiani. His work exerted a strong influence on Milanese artists of the next generation, the group known as the Scapigliati.

Antonio da Correggio
Antonio Allegri da Correggio (August 1489 – 5 March 1534), usually known as just Correggio (/kəˈrɛdʒioʊ/, also UK: /kɒˈ-/, US: /-dʒoʊ/, Italian: [korˈreddʒo]), was an Italian Renaissance painter who was the foremost painter of the Parma school of the High Renaissance, who was responsible for some of the most vigorous and sensuous works of the sixteenth century. In his use of dynamic composition, illusionistic perspective and dramatic foreshortening, Correggio prefigured the Baroque art of the seventeenth century and the Rococo art of the eighteenth century. He is considered a master of chiaroscuro.
Phoenix Trail
The Phoenix Trail is a 7-mile (11 km) footpath and cycleway which runs between the market towns of Thame in South Oxfordshire and Princes Risborough in Buckinghamshire, passing through the villages of Towersey and Bledlow.

Rail trail
A rail trail or railway walk is a shared-use path on a railway right of way. Rail trails are typically constructed after a railway has been abandoned and the track has been removed; in addition, rails with trails share the rail corridor with active railways, light rail or with disused track. As shared-use paths, rail trails are primarily for non-motorised traffic including pedestrians, bicycles, horseback riders, skaters and cross-country skiers, although snowmobiles and all-terrain vehicles may be allowed. The characteristics of abandoned railways lend themselves to rail trails and account for their popularity; these include gentle grades, well-engineered rights of way and structures (bridges and tunnels), and passage through historical areas. Many rail trails are long-distance trails, while some shorter rail trails are known as greenways or linear parks.
Michael McKinson
Michael McKinson (born 17 April 1994) is an English professional boxer. He defeated Evgenii Pavko by unanimous decision to win the vacant WBO European welterweight title in Brentwood, Essex, on 20 July 2019. McKinson also claimed the WBO Global welterweight title with a unanimous decision success over defending champion Chris Kongo in Gibraltar on 27 March 2021. He fought Tulani Mbenge for the vacant IBO welterweight title at the Copper Box Arena in London on 19 October 2024, but lost by unanimous decision.

Welterweight
Welterweight is a weight class in combat sports. Originally the term welterweight was used only in boxing, but other combat sports like muay Thai, taekwondo, and mixed martial arts also use it for their own weight division system to classify the opponents. If used, welterweight is typically between lightweight and middleweight.
Ogden Mills Phipps
Ogden Mills "Dinny" Phipps (September 18, 1940 – April 6, 2016) was an American financier, thoroughbred racehorse industry executive, and horse breeder. Widely known by the nickname "Dinny," he was chairman of the family's Bessemer Trust until retiring in 1994, and served as its vice chairman.

Breeders' Cup Distaff
The Breeders' Cup Distaff is a Weight for Age Thoroughbred horse race for fillies and mares, three years old and up. Known as the Breeders' Cup Ladies' Classic between 2008 and 2012, it is held annually at a different racetrack in the United States or Canada as part of the Breeders' Cup World Championships. It is the top ranked race for fillies and mares in North America, and often decides the title for champion three-year-old and / or champion older filly or mare.

Starting with the 2008 Breeders' Cup, the Distaff was the final race on the first day (Friday) of the two-day event. In 2018, it was returned to the Saturday card.

Distance : 11⁄4 miles (1984–1987); 11⁄8 miles (1988 to present).
Capital Dance
Capital Dance is a national digital radio station in the United Kingdom, owned and operated by Global and run as a spin-off from Capital. The station broadcasts from studios at Leicester Square in London alongside its siblings Capital, Capital Xtra and Capital Chill. The station predominantly plays contemporary and current electronic dance music. Capital Dance broadcasts nationally, transmitted on Digital One in the DAB+ format, and online. To enable the addition of the station to Digital One, several other Global stations on the platform, including Capital UK, Heart UK, Capital XTRA Reloaded, Gold and Heart 70s, saw a reduction in their broadcast bandwidth.

As of May 2025, the station broadcasts to a weekly audience of 1.052 million, according to RAJAR.

Heart 70s
Heart 70s is a national digital radio station owned and operated by Global as a spin-off from Heart. The station broadcasts from studios at Leicester Square in London.

Launched on 30 August 2019, Heart 70s is a rolling music service playing non-stop “feel good” music from the 1970s. It has its own dedicated live breakfast show, hosted by Carlos, 6–10 am on weekdays. At other times, the station is mostly an automated service. On 8 January 2021, Heart 70s announced that Carlos would host a Saturday Show from 8am–12noon with the first programme being on 9 January 2021.
Bishche
Bishche (Ukrainian: Біще, Polish: Buszcze) is a village in Ternopil Raion, Ternopil Oblast of western Ukraine. It belongs to Berezhany urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. First historical records date Bishche as far as to 1339.

Until 18 July 2020, Bishche belonged to Berezhany Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three. The area of Berezhany Raion was merged into Ternopil Raion.

Berezhany urban hromada
Berezhany urban hromada (Ukrainian: Бережанська міська територіальна громада, romanized: Berezhanska miska terytorialna hromada) is a hromada of Ukraine, in Ternopil Raion of Ternopil Oblast. Its administrative center is Berezhany. It has a population of 26,259 (2022 estimate)

Until 18 July 2020, the hromada belonged to the city of oblast significance of Berezhany. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three, the city was merged into Ternopil Raion.
Lokomotiv Yaroslavl (VHL)
Lokomotiv was an ice hockey team in Yaroslavl, Russia. They played in the VHL, the second level of Russian ice hockey. It was a farm club of Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the Kontinental Hockey League. It was founded for the 2011-12 season after the entire KHL team, along with its coaching staff, died in the 2011 Lokomotiv Yaroslavl plane crash and consisted of MHL players of Loko Yaroslavl. When the franchise rejoined the KHL in its 2012–13 season, it was decided to keep a minor team in the VHL structure.

In 2013, Lokomotiv Yaroslavl decided not to allow its team to participate in the VHL for the 2013–14 season. Therefore, Lokomotiv's VHL club was disbanded.

All-Russian Hockey League
The All-Russian Hockey League (VHL) (Russian: Всероссийская хоккейная лига (ВХЛ), Vserossiyskaya hokkeinaya liga (VHL)), also known as the Supreme Hockey League, Major Hockey League or Higher Hockey League (HHL) (Russian: Высшая хоккейная лига, Vysshaya hokkeinaya liga), is a professional ice hockey league in Eurasia, and the second highest level of Russian hockey.

As the Kontinental Hockey League, the top tier of Russian ice hockey, is independent from the Ice Hockey Federation of Russia, the VHL's champion is also declared the Champion of Russia.
Nikhil Prem
Nikhil Prem (born 4 August 1999) is a South African cricketer. He made his first-class debut for KwaZulu-Natal in the 2018–19 CSA 3-Day Provincial Cup on 21 February 2019. He made his List A debut for KwaZulu-Natal in the 2018–19 CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge on 24 February 2019.

KwaZulu-Natal cricket team
KwaZulu-Natal (formerly Natal) is the first-class cricket team that represents the province of KwaZulu-Natal (formerly Natal) in South Africa in the CSA 4-Day Domestic Series (previously the Currie Cup). KwaZulu-Natal is the only team that did not merge with another during the 2004 restructuring, but were rebranded as the Dolphins. However, the KwaZulu-Natal Inland cricket team was granted first-class status in 2006, and began competing in the CSA Provincial Competitions in 2006-2007, and were also represented by the Dolphins franchise. The team was originally called Natal and began playing in December 1889 at the start of first-class cricket in South Africa. The team joined the Currie Cup in 1893–94. The name changed in April 1998.
Saguenay Graben
The Saguenay Graben is a rift valley or graben in the geological Grenville Province of southern Quebec, Canada. It is an elongated flat-bottomed basin 250 km (155 mi) long and 50 km (31 mi) wide, bounded by normal faults running parallel to its length.

Rift valley
A rift valley is a linear shaped lowland between several highlands or mountain ranges produced by the action of a geologic rift. Rifts are formed as a result of the pulling apart of the lithosphere due to extensional tectonics. The linear depression may subsequently be further deepened by the forces of erosion. More generally the valley is likely to be filled with sedimentary deposits derived from the rift flanks and the surrounding areas. In many cases rift lakes are formed. One of the best known examples of this process is the East African Rift. On Earth, rifts can occur at all elevations, from the sea floor to plateaus and mountain ranges in continental crust or in oceanic crust. They are often associated with a number of adjoining subsidiary or co-extensive valleys, which are typically considered part of the principal rift valley geologically.
Attack on Titan: No Regrets
Attack on Titan: No Regrets (Japanese: 進撃の巨人 悔いなき選択, Hepburn: Shingeki no Kyojin Kui Naki Sentaku) is a Japanese manga series written by Gun Snark and illustrated by Hikaru Suruga, based on a visual novel of the same name. The series is a prequel spin-off of Hajime Isayama's popular Attack on Titan (進撃の巨人, Shingeki no Kyojin) manga. The story follows the character of Levi Ackerman before he joins the Survey Corps.

The series is published by Kodansha in Japan and by Kodansha USA in the North America. A two-part original animation DVD was released in 2014 and 2015.

Hajime Isayama
Hajime Isayama (Japanese: 諫山 創, Hepburn: Isayama Hajime; born August 29, 1986) is a Japanese manga artist. His first series, Attack on Titan (2009–2021), became one of the best-selling manga series of all time with 140 million copies in circulation as of November 2023. He was awarded the Kodansha Manga Award in 2011, a Harvey Award in 2014, and was honored with the Fauve Spécial award at the 50th Angoulême International Comics Festival in 2023.
Pam Patenaude
Pamela Hughes Patenaude (born January 20, 1961) is a former United States Deputy Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, having served from September 2017 to January 2019, under President Donald Trump.

United States Deputy Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
The deputy secretary of housing and urban development, in the United States government, is the chief operating officer of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. The current deputy secretary is Andrew D. Hughes, who was sworn in on June 27, 2025.

The deputy secretary is nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate.

Alfred A. DelliBovi was the first deputy secretary after the title had been changed from under secretary in 1990. The under secretary position was created with the establishment of the Department in 1966.
Ferric ammonium oxalate
Ferric ammonium oxalate (also known as ammonium ferrioxalate or ammonium tris(oxalato)ferrate) is the ammonium salt of the anionic trisoxalato coordination complex of iron(III).  It is a precursor to iron oxides, diverse coordination polymers, and Prussian Blue. The latter behavior is relevant to the manufacture of blueprint paper. Ferric ammonium oxalate has also been used in the synthesis of superconducting salts with bis(ethylene)dithiotetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF), see Organic superconductor.

Ammonium
Ammonium is a modified form of ammonia that has an extra hydrogen atom.  It is a positively charged (cationic) molecular ion with the chemical formula NH+4 or [NH4]+. It is formed by the addition of a proton (a hydrogen nucleus) to ammonia (NH3). Ammonium is also a general name for positively charged (protonated) substituted amines and quaternary ammonium cations ([NR4]+), where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic or other groups (indicated by R). Not only is ammonium a source of nitrogen and a key metabolite for many living organisms, but it is an integral part of the global nitrogen cycle. As such, human impact in recent years could have an effect on the biological communities that depend on it.