hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2008 Formula BMW Europe season
The 2008 Formula BMW Europe season was the first season of a new open wheel racing series that resulted by the merging of the Formula BMW Germany and Formula BMW UK championships. Formula BMW Europe is a continental series for junior drivers, whose mission is to develop talented young drivers and introduce them to auto racing.

The season started on April 27, 2008 at the Circuit de Catalunya in Barcelona and ended on September 14 at Monza. All rounds were staged on the undercard of the Formula One World Championship except Zolder, which was a support race of the Masters of Formula 3.

After sixteen rounds, Mexican Esteban Gutiérrez became the first Formula BMW Europe champion.

Formula BMW
Formula BMW was a junior  racing formula for single seater cars. It was positioned at the bottom of the motorsport career ladder alongside the longer established Formula Ford category. Like Formula Ford, it was intended to function as the young kart racing graduate's first experience of car racing.

The new formula was created by BMW Motorsport in 2001, with the first of its championships being inaugurated in Germany in 2002. Selected competitors from each series meet in the World Final at the end of each season, with the promise of a Formula One test for the winner.

From 2011 onwards BMW ceased to support the Pacific and Europe series, in favour of the Formula BMW Talent Cup. The Talent Cup, which was the final Formula BMW championship in existence, ended after the 2013 season.
Cockfosters F.C.
Cockfosters Football Club is a football club based in Cockfosters in the London Borough of Enfield, England. They are currently members of the Spartan South Midlands League Premier Division and play at the Cockfosters Sports Ground on Chalk Lane.

Spartan South Midlands Football League
The Spartan South Midlands Football League is an English football league covering Hertfordshire, northwest Greater London, central Buckinghamshire and southern Bedfordshire. It is a feeder to the Southern Football League or the Isthmian League, and consists of five divisions – three for first teams (Premier Division, Division One and Division Two), and two for reserve teams (Reserve Division One and Reserve Division Two).

The Premier Division is at step 5 (or level 9) and Division One at step 6 (level 10) of the National League System (NLS) respectively. Division Two, at level 11, and the reserve divisions are not part of the NLS.
Boulevard de la Chapelle
The Boulevard de la Chapelle (French pronunciation: [bulvaʁ də la ʃapɛl]) marks the border between the 10th and 18th arrondissement of Paris. It corresponds in part to the mur des Fermiers généraux, which, until 1860, marked the border between the communes of Paris and La Chapelle, a commune in its own right on the outskirts of the city.

The street is served by the Paris Metro station La Chapelle.  At number 37 is the Théâtre des Bouffes du Nord.

18th arrondissement of Paris
The 18th arrondissement of Paris (XVIIIe arrondissement) is one of the 20 arrondissements, or administrative districts, of the capital city of France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is referred to as dix-huitième.

The arrondissement, known as Butte-Montmartre, is located on the right bank of the River Seine. It is mostly known for hosting the large hill of Montmartre, which is known for its artistic history, the Bateau-Lavoir where Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, and Amedeo Modigliani lived and worked in the early 20th century, the house of music diva Dalida, the Moulin Rouge cabaret, other historic features, and the prominent Sacré Cœur basilica which sits atop the hill.

The 18th arrondissement also contains Goutte d'Or district, which has large numbers of residents of North and sub-Saharan African origins, and which is famous for its market, the marché Barbès, which sells products from Africa.
Leader of the Opposition (Singapore)
The leader of the opposition of Singapore is a position in the Parliament of Singapore referring to a politician who leads the largest opposition party in the country, typically the leader of a party that possesses the most seats in Parliament that is not the governing party or part of a governing coalition. Although the position has de facto existed since 1955, it was formally established in 2020, with Pritam Singh of the Workers' Party (WP) serving from 24 August 2020 until his removal by Prime Minister Lawrence Wong of the People's Action Party (PAP) on 15 January 2026. The position has since remained vacant after the WP declined to nominate a replacement, stating that the leader of the largest opposition party in Parliament was themselves the leader of the opposition. The rejection was accepted by the Prime Minister's Office.

Westminster system
The Westminster system, or Westminster model, is a type of parliamentary government modelled on that of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Key aspects of the system include an executive branch made up of members of the legislature which is responsible to the legislature, the presence of parliamentary opposition parties, and a ceremonial head of state who is separate from the head of government. The term derives from the Palace of Westminster, the seat of the British parliament. The Westminster system can be contrasted with the presidential system, which originated in the United States, and with the semi-presidential system based on the government of France.

The Westminster system is used, or was once used, in the national and subnational legislatures of most former colonies of the British Empire upon gaining self-government, beginning with the Province of Canada in 1848. However, many former colonies have since adopted other forms of government.
March 14 Alliance
The March 14 Alliance (Arabic: تحالف 14 آذار, romanized: taḥāluf 14 āḏār), named after the date of the Cedar Revolution, was a coalition of political parties and independents in Lebanon formed in 2005 that were united by their anti-Assad stance and by their opposition to the March 8 Alliance. It was led by Saad Hariri, Walid Jumblatt and Samir Geagea, as well as other prominent figures.

President of Lebanon
The president of the Lebanese Republic (Arabic: رئيس الجمهورية اللبنانية, romanized: Ra’īs al-Jumhūriyyah al-Lubnāniyyah) is the head of state of Lebanon. The president is elected by the parliament for a term of six years, which cannot be renewed immediately because they can only be renewed non-consecutively. By convention, the president is always a Maronite Christian who fulfills the same requirements as a candidate for the house of representatives, as per article 49 of the Lebanese constitution.

The current holder is Joseph Aoun, who took office on 9 January 2025.
Matapihi
Matapihi is a suburb and peninsula of Tauranga in the Bay of Plenty region of New Zealand's North Island, surrounded on most sides by the Tauranga Harbour.

It is connected to Mount Maunganui in the northeast by a land bridge, and Maungatapu in the southwest by Maungatapu Bridge. State Highway 29A runs through the suburb along this diagonal.

Ngāi Te Rangi
Ngāi Te Rangi or Ngāiterangi is a Māori iwi, based in Tauranga, New Zealand. Its rohe (tribal area) extends to Mayor Island / Tūhua and Bowentown in the north, to the Kaimai Range in the west, south of Te Puke and to Maketu in the east.

Ngāi Te Rangi is part of the Tauranga Moana iwi group, which also includes Ngāti Pūkenga and Ngāti Ranginui. The three iwi all consider Mauao (Mount Maunganui) sacred and share many things in common with one another. Collectively, the iwi are seeking compensation from the New Zealand Government for their losses from the New Zealand Wars but are yet to seek a settlement.
Vallia gens
The gens Vallia was a minor plebeian family of ancient Rome.  Hardly any members of this gens are mentioned by Roman writers, save the orator Vallius Syriacus, but a number are known from epigraphy, including Lucius Vallius Tranquillus, governor of Mauretania Tingitana under Domitian, and Gaius Vallius Maximianus, who governed the same province and several others at various points nearly a century later.

Flamen
A flamen (plural, flamines) was a specific type of priest ("sacerdos") in the ancient Roman religion and one of the oldest classes of the Roman priesthood, with origins likely predating the Republican era. These flamines, of which there were fifteen, were high-ranking members of the College of Pontiffs who administered and oversaw the various cults of the state-sponsored religion, both collectively and individually. The most important of these were the three flamines maiores ("major priests"), who each served one of the gods of the Archaic Triad: Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus. The remaining twelve flamines minores ("lesser priests") served various minor deities, of whom little is definitively known, with two of their identities even being forgotten. While these original flamines lost most of their cultural and religious significance by the dawn of the Empire, the term flamen went on to be used in reference to priests of the cults of deified Emperors (divus).
Tomislavgrad
Tomislavgrad (Cyrillic: Томиславград, pronounced [tǒmislaʋgrâːd]), also known by its former name Duvno (Cyrillic: Дувно, pronounced [dǔːʋno]), is a town and the seat of the Municipality of Tomislavgrad in Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013, it has a population of 5,587 inhabitants.

In the Roman times, it was known as Delminium. During the Middle Ages when it was part of Croatia and Bosnia, the town was known as Županjac. This name remained until 1928 when it was changed to Tomislavgrad. In 1946, communist authorities changed the name again to Duvno, and in 1990, the name was returned to Tomislavgrad.

Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina fell under Austro-Hungarian rule in 1878, when the Congress of Berlin approved the occupation of the Bosnia Vilayet, which officially remained part of the Ottoman Empire. Three decades later, in 1908, Austria-Hungary provoked the Bosnian crisis by formally annexing the occupied zone, establishing the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the joint control of Austria and Hungary.
Retrenchment (computing)
Retrenchment is a technique associated with formal methods that was introduced to address some of the perceived limitations of formal, model based refinement, for situations in which refinement might be regarded as desirable in principle, but turned out to be unusable, or nearly unusable, in practice. It was primarily developed at the School of Computer Science, University of Manchester. The most up to date perspective is in the ACM TOSEM article below.

Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester
The Department of Computer Science at the University of Manchester, England is the longest established department of Computer Science in the United Kingdom and one of the largest. It is located in the Kilburn Building on the Oxford Road and currently has over 800 students taking a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate courses and 60 full-time academic staff.
Operation Alula
Operation Alula Aba Nega (Tigrinya: ወፍሪ አሉላ አባ ነጋ), commonly shortened to Operation Alula (Tigrinya: ወፍሪ አሉላ), was a counter-offensive during the Tigray War by the Tigray Defense Forces against the Ethiopian military and its allies in Tigray. The operation was named after Ethiopian general Ras Alula Aba Nega, who was of Tigrayan descent. The offensive was launched on 11 June 2021 and recaptured vast swaths of territory across central and eastern Tigray, including the regional capital of Mekelle.

Tigrinya language
Tigrinya, sometimes romanized according to Italian spelling rules as Tigrigna, is an Ethio-Semitic language, which is a subgrouping within the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. It is primarily spoken by the Tigrinya and Tigrayan peoples, native to Eritrea and to the Tigray Region of Ethiopia, respectively. It is also spoken by the global diaspora of these regions.
Lucas–Lehmer primality test
In mathematics, the Lucas–Lehmer test (LLT) is a primality test for Mersenne numbers. The test was originally developed by Édouard Lucas in 1878 and subsequently proved by Derrick Henry Lehmer in 1930.

Quadratic residue
In number theory, an integer q is a quadratic residue modulo n if it is congruent to a perfect square modulo n; that is, if there exists an integer x such that

Otherwise, q is a  quadratic nonresidue modulo n.

Quadratic residues are used in applications ranging from acoustical engineering to cryptography and the factoring of large numbers.
Mount Hollingsworth
Mount Hollingsworth (67°15′S 50°21′E﻿ / ﻿67.250°S 50.350°E﻿ / -67.250; 50.350) is a mountain 1 nautical mile (2 km) south of Priestley Peak, close south of Amundsen Bay in Enderby Land, Antarctica. It was plotted from air photos taken from Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions aircraft in 1956, and was named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia for R.J.T. Hollingsworth, a geophysicist at Mawson Station in 1961.

Priestley Peak
Priestley Peak is a peak between Mount Pardoe and Mount Tod on the south side of Amundsen Bay in Enderby Land. It was sighted on 14 January 1930 by the British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) under Mawson, who named it for Sir Raymond Priestley, a member of the British Antarctic Expedition of 1910–13.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Priestley Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
Ryland Fletcher
Ryland Fletcher (February 18, 1799 – December 19, 1885) was an American farmer, politician, the 20th lieutenant governor of Vermont from 1854 to 1856, and then was the 24th governor of Vermont from October 10, 1856, to October 10, 1858.

Cavendish, Vermont
Cavendish is a town in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. The town was likely named after William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire. The population was 1,392 at the 2020 census. The town of Cavendish includes the unincorporated villages of Cavendish and Proctorsville.
George Martin (Nottinghamshire cricketer)
George Martin (25 July 1845 — 2 September 1900) was an English cricketer who played for Nottinghamshire. He was born and died in Nottingham.

Martin made his debut first-class appearance in 1870 for Nottinghamshire against Yorkshire, making his debut in the same Nottinghamshire team for which future Test cricketer John Selby was making his first-class debut. Martin scored 15 runs in the match.

Martin made his second and final first-class appearance for an All England XI against Yorkshire, though he was bowled out for a duck in both innings, by future England Test cricketers Allen Hill and George Ulyett respectively.

Allen Hill (cricketer)
Allen Hill (14 November 1845, Kirkheaton, Huddersfield, Yorkshire – 28 August 1910, Leyland, Lancashire) played in the first-ever cricket Test, taking the first wicket. Hill also went on to umpire in the Test match played at Lord's in 1890.
Pachinko (novel)
Pachinko is the second novel by Harlem-based author and journalist Min Jin Lee. Published in 2017, Pachinko is an epic historical fiction novel following a Korean family who immigrates to Japan. The story features an ensemble of characters who encounter racism, discrimination, stereotyping, and other aspects of the 20th-century Korean experience of Japan.

Pachinko was a 2017 finalist for the National Book Award for Fiction. Apple Inc.'s streaming service Apple TV+ produced a television adaptation of the novel, and it was released in March 2022.

Koreatown, Manhattan
Koreatown (Korean: 코리아타운; RR: Koriataun), shortened to K-Town, is a Korean enclave in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, centered on 32nd Street between Madison Avenue and the intersection with Sixth Avenue and Broadway, which is known as Greeley Square. The neighborhood in Midtown South features over 150 businesses of various types and sizes, ranging from small restaurants and beauty salons to large branches of Korean banking conglomerates. Koreatown, Manhattan, has become described as the "Korean Times Square" and has emerged as the international economic outpost for the Korean chaebol.
Swansea Pals
The Swansea Pals, later the 14th (Service) Battalion, Welsh Regiment (Swansea) ('14th Welsh') was a Welsh  infantry unit recruited from Swansea in World War I as part of 'Kitchener's Army'. It served in 38th (Welsh) Division and took part in the division's costly attack on Mametz Wood during the Battle of the Somme. The battalion continued serving on the Western Front for the rest of the war, including the Third Battle of Ypres and the final Hundred Days Offensive.

Military colours, standards and guidons
In military organizations, the practice of carrying colours, standards, flags, or guidons, both to act as a rallying point for troops and to mark the location of the commander, is thought to have originated in Ancient Egypt some 5,000 years ago. The Roman Empire also made battle standards reading SPQR a part of their vast armies. It was formalized in the armies of Europe in the High Middle Ages, with standards being emblazoned with the commander's coat of arms.
Jakam's Aq Qoyunlu campaign
Jakam's Aq Qoyunlu campaign was a military expedition launched by the Mamluk rebel commander Amir Jakam against the Aq Qoyunlu confederation during 1407. The campaign ended in Jakam's defeat and death, and his rebellion was crushed by the central Mamluk authorities.

Birecik
Birecik (from the Arabic and Syriac al-Bīrah, meaning fortress) is a municipality and district of Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey. Its area is 912 km2, and its population is 93,866 (2023). It lies on the Euphrates.

Built on a limestone cliff 400 ft. high on the left/east bank of the Euphrates, "at the upper part of a reach of that river, which runs nearly north-south, and just below a sharp bend in the stream, where it follows that course after coming from a long reach flowing more from the west".
Panic of 1847
The Panic of 1847 was a major British commercial and banking crisis, possibly triggered by the announcement in early March 1847 of government borrowing to pay for relief to combat the Great Famine in Ireland. It is also associated with the end of the 1840s railway industry boom and the failure of many non-bank lenders. The crisis was composed of two phases, one in April 1847 and one in October 1847, which was more serious and known as 'The Week of Terror'.

Bank Charter Act 1844
The Bank Charter Act 1844 (7 & 8 Vict. c. 32), sometimes referred to as the Peel Banking Act of 1844, was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, passed under the government of Robert Peel, which restricted the powers of British banks and gave exclusive note-issuing powers to the central Bank of England. It is one of the Bank of England Acts 1694 to 1892.
Gurage Zone
Gurage is a zone in the Central Ethiopia Regional State of Ethiopia. The region is home to the Gurage people. Gurage is bordered on the southeast by Hadiya and Yem Zone, on the northwest by Kebena Special Woreda, north and east by the Oromia Region, and on the southeast by Siltʼe. Its highest point is Mount Gurage. Wolkite is the largest city and administrative centre of the zone.

Kebena special woreda
Kebena Special Woreda (Amharic: ቀቤና ልዩ ወረዳ) is one of the special woredas in the Central Ethiopia Regional State of Ethiopia. The district is named after the Kebena people. Kebena is bordered to the East by Wabe river  which separates this district from Kokir Ge Kebena is bordered to the west by Abeshge to the north by the Oromia Region. Kebena was historically an independent state prior to the Abyssinian annexation of the territory in 1889.

According to 19th century French geographer Élisée Reclus, Kebena region consists of the finest tobacco.
Bana kingdom
The Bana or Vana was a dynasty based in South India, who claimed descent from king Mahabali. The dynasty takes its name from Bana, the son of Mahabali. The Banas faced opposition from several neighbouring dynasties and served some major dynasties such as the Chalukyas,Cholas and Pandyas as feudatories, sometimes after they were subjugated by them. They also served as Samantas to some dynasties. The Banas had their capital at various places at different times, including Kolar and Gudimallam. The Banas were a native Kannada ruling dynasty.

Parantaka I
Parantaka Chola I (Tamil: பராந்தக சோழன்; 873–955) was the Chola emperor from 907 until his death in 955. During his 48-year long reign, he annexed the Pandyas by defeating Rajasimhan II, and in the Deccan won the Battle of Vallala against Rashtrakutas in 911.
Gmina Sławno, Łódź Voivodeship
Gmina Sławno is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Opoczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Sławno, which lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) west of Opoczno and 64 km (40 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.

The gmina covers an area of 128.45 square kilometres (49.6 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 7,421.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Spała Landscape Park.

Opoczno
Opoczno ([ɔˈpɔt͡ʂnɔ] ⓘ) is a town in south-central Poland, seat of Opoczno County in the Łódź Voivodeship.

Founded in the Middle Ages, Opoczno is a former royal town of Poland, which used to be one of the most important urban centers of northwestern Lesser Poland. It prospered as a trade center due to its location at the intersection of important trade routes. Currently, Opoczno is an important road and rail junction; its patron saint is Saint Cecilia, and the town is famous across Poland for its folklore and ceramics manufacturing.
Spanish language in California
The Spanish language is the second-most commonly spoken language in California (after the English language), spoken by 28.18 percent (10,434,308) of the population in 2021. Californian Spanish (español californiano) is a set of varieties of Spanish spoken in California, including the historical variety known as Californio Spanish (español californio).

Spanish was first introduced to California in 1542 and has since become deeply entwined with California's cultural landscape and history. Spanish was the official administrative language in California through the Spanish and Mexican periods until 1848, when Alta California was ceded from Mexico to the United States following the U.S. Conquest of California. Early American governments in California protected the rights of Spanish speakers in the 1849 Constitution of California, but those constitutional protections were removed in 1879.

Mexican Spanish
Mexican Spanish (Spanish: español mexicano) is the variety of dialects and sociolects of the Spanish language spoken in Mexico and its bordering regions. Mexico has the world's largest number of Spanish speakers, more than double any other country. Spanish is spoken by over 99% of the population, being the mother tongue of 93.8%, and the second language of 5.4%.