hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Named-entity recognition
Named-entity recognition (NER) (also known as (named) entity identification, entity chunking, and entity extraction) is a subtask of information extraction that seeks to locate and classify named entities mentioned in unstructured text into pre-defined categories such as person names (PER), organizations (ORG), locations (LOC), geopolitical entities (GPE), vehicles (VEH), medical codes, time expressions, quantities, monetary values, percentages, etc.

Most research on NER/NEE systems has been structured as taking an unannotated block of text, such as transducing:

Jim bought 300 shares of Acme Corp. in 2006.

into an annotated block of text that highlights the names of entities:

[Jim]Person bought 300 shares of [Acme Corp.]Organization in [2006]Time.

In this example, a person name consisting of one token, a two-token company name and a temporal expression have been detected and classified.

Weak supervision
Weak supervision (also known as semi-supervised learning) is a paradigm in machine learning, the relevance and notability of which increased with the advent of large language models due to the large amount of data required to train them.  It is characterized by using a combination of a small amount of human-labeled data (exclusively used in more expensive and time-consuming supervised learning paradigm), followed by a large amount of unlabeled data (used exclusively in unsupervised learning paradigm). In other words, the desired output values are provided only for a subset of the training data. The remaining data is unlabeled or imprecisely labeled. Intuitively, it can be seen as an exam and labeled data as sample problems that the teacher solves for the class as an aid in solving another set of problems. In the transductive setting, these unsolved problems act as exam questions. In the inductive setting, they become practice problems of the sort that will make up the exam.
Twangiza-Namoya gold belt
The Twangiza-Namoya gold belt is a belt of gold deposits in the east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Artisanal working of alluvial deposits dates back to the 1920s.
More systematic exploration and exploitation took place in the colonial era and continues up to the present, although civil war and militia attacks have periodically disrupted operations and have caused several changes of ownership of the concessions.

Kamituga
Kamituga is a mining town in the Mwenga Territory, South Kivu Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is located on the east of the Bulega mining region and the western slope of the Mitumba mountain range. As of 2012, it had an estimated population of 13,995.
Hånes
Hånes is a district in the city of Kristiansand in Agder county, Norway. It has a population of about 4,000 (2014). Hånes is a part of the borough of Oddernes and it borders the districts of Søm and Randesund to south, the district of Tveit to north, the municipality of Lillesand to east, and the Topdalsfjorden to west.
 Hånes Church is located in this district.

Topdalsfjorden
Topdalsfjorden or Tofdalsfjorden is a fjord in the municipality of Kristiansand in Agder county, Norway.  The 12-kilometre (7.5 mi) long fjord runs from the village of Ålefjær south to the city centre of Kristiansand.  The river Topdalselva empties into the fjord at the eastern side just south of the Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik. The European route E18 highway crosses the fjord on the Varodd Bridge.
Night Network
Night Network, Night Time and Night Shift were names given to the overnight (usually between 12 and 6 am) schedule of the ITV network in the United Kingdom. The first ITV company began 24-hour broadcasting in 1986, with all of the companies broadcasting through the night by the end of 1988. At first, individual companies created their own services; however, before too long, many of the smaller ITV stations began simulcasting or networking services from others.

From this, numerous services began each offering their own distinct take on programmes, with regions taking one of the services on offer. As each franchise was taken over, however, the services became fewer in number. Today, all of the ITV plc regions (except ITV Channel Television and UTV for legal reasons), show teleshopping, followed by repeats of daytime programming and then Unwind with ITV (previously the ITV Nightscreen service was shown until October 2021). STV broadcasts its own strand, Teleshopping and Nightvision.

British Sign Language
British Sign Language (BSL) is a sign language used in the United Kingdom and is the first or preferred language among the deaf community in the UK. Based on the percentage of people who reported 'using British Sign Language at home' on the 2011 Scottish Census, the British Deaf Association estimates there are 151,000 BSL users in the UK, of whom 87,000 are Deaf. People who are not deaf may also use BSL, as hearing relatives of deaf people, sign language interpreters or as a result of other contact with the British Deaf community. The language makes use of space and involves movement of the hands, body, face and head.
Goniatites crenistria
Goniatites crenistria is a species of extinct cephalopods belonging to the family Goniatitidae, included in the superfamily Goniatitaceae.

These fast-moving nektonic carnivores lived in the Carboniferous from 345.3 to 326.4 Ma.

Goniatitidae
Goniatitidae is one of three families included in the ammonoid cephalopod superfamily Goniatitoidea, known from the Lower Mississippian to the Upper Permian. They have sutures that form 8 lobes and characteristically lack sculpture. The ventral lobe, as for the superfamily, is bifurcated.
Proto-Hakka
Proto-Hakka (also called Common Neo-Hakka, CNH) is the reconstructed proto-language from which all Hakka varieties descend. Like all branches of the Sinitic language family, proto-Hakka is difficult to reconstruct through the comparative method due to its multistratal lexicon.

Meixian dialect
The Meixian dialect (Chinese: 梅縣話; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Mòi-yan-fa; IPA: [moi˩ jan˥ fa˥˧]), also known as Moiyan dialect, as well as Meizhou dialect (梅州話), or Jiaying dialect and Gayin dialect, Kayin dialect is the prestige dialect of Hakka Chinese. It is named after Meixian District, Meizhou, Guangdong. Sixian dialect (in Taiwan) is very similar to Meixian dialect.
Morazán, Yoro
Morazán (Spanish pronunciation: [moɾaˈsan]) is a town, with a population of 22,240 (2023 calculation), and a municipality in the Honduran department of Yoro. This political division of 50,930 people is in the north, located between the city of Yoro and the municipality of El Negrito, north of the Pico Pijol National Park.

The town scores low on development indices within Honduras.
Like many towns of the Spanish Empire Morazan was laid out in a grid, with a central plaza.

El Negrito
15°19′N 87°42′W﻿ / ﻿15.317°N 87.700°W﻿ / 15.317; -87.700

El Negrito (Spanish pronunciation: [el neˈɣɾito]) is a town, with an urban population of 13,260 (2023), and a municipality in the department of Yoro, Honduras.
Victor F. Peretomode
Victor F. Peretomode is an academic and served as the 6th Vice Chancellor of Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria. Peretomode was appointed by Delta State governor Emmanuel Eweta Uduaghan on December 1, 2014. His tenure as the Vice Chancellor ended on December 1, 2019.

Emmanuel Uduaghan
Dr. Emmanuel Eweta Uduaghan (born 22 October 1954) is a retired Nigerian politician and medical doctor who served as Governor of Delta State from 2007 to 2015. He assumed office via an inconclusive election on 29 May 2007 and was a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). He was reelected and sworn in for a second tenure in 2011.

A medical doctor by profession, prior to becoming governor, he was the Commissioner for Health, Delta State and the Secretary to the State Government.
Stenoplesictis
Stenoplesictis is an extinct genus of enigmatic aeluroid carnivoran restricted to western Europe that lived during the Oligocene epoch. It was named by Henri Filhol in 1880 and contains the type species S. cayluxi as well as two other species, S. minor and S. crocheti. While several additional species from Asia and Africa had been assigned to it, S. muhoronii is the only species of Stenoplesictis needing a reassignment to another genus.

Species of Stenoplesictis were generally small-sized, with the smallest one, S. minor, being the size of mongooses of the genus Helogale. Stenoplesictis differs from other stenoplesictid relatives like Palaeoprionodon and Haplogale in several traits, including a flattened upper face of the skull, a narrow snout, and specific differences in the auditory region and dentition. It appeared by the Early Oligocene along with various other carnivorans including other stenoplesictids, and lasted up to the Late Oligocene.

Molar (tooth)
The molars or molar teeth are large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth. They are more developed in mammals. They are used primarily to grind food during chewing. The name molar derives from Latin, molaris dens, meaning "millstone tooth", from mola, millstone and dens, tooth. Molars show a great deal of diversity in size and shape across the mammal groups. The third molar of humans is sometimes vestigial.
Løddesøl
Løddesøl is a village in Arendal municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located along the Norwegian County Road 408 on the eastern shore of the river Nidelva. The village lies about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) south of the village of Rise, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) east of the village of Nævesdal, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) north of the village of Lindtveit, and about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) west of the town of Arendal. The village has an elementary school and preschool as well as a sawmill and some small stores.

Arendal
Arendal (Urban East Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈɑ̂ːɳɖɑːɫ] ⓘ) is a municipality in Agder county in southeastern Norway. Arendal belongs to the region of Sørlandet. The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Arendal (which is also the seat of Agder county). Some of the notable villages in Arendal include Rykene, Eydehavn, Færvik, Strengereid, Kongshavn, Kilsund, Brattekleiv, Torsbudalen, Longum, Saltrød, Staubø, Vrengen, and Kolbjørnsvik. The offices of UNEP/GRID-Arendal are also located in the city of Arendal.

The 270-square-kilometre (100 sq mi) municipality is the 273rd largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Arendal is the 24th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 45,891. The municipality's population density is 179.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (466/sq mi) and its population has increased by 5.9% over the previous 10-year period.
T. R. Prasad
Tata Ramachandra Prasad (15 July 1941 – 12 July 2022) was a bureaucrat from Andhra Pradesh, India, who worked as cabinet secretary and defence secretary in the national government.

He was of 1963 batch of Indian Administrative Service from the Andhra Pradesh cadre, was also the member of the 12th Finance Commission and director of several companies including the scam-tainted company Satyam Computer Services Ltd from which he resigned when Byrraju Ramalinga Raju admitted accounting fraud.

Ramalinga Raju
Byrraju Ramalinga Raju (born 16 September 1954) is an Indian businessman and convicted fraudster. He is the founder of Satyam Computer Services and served as its chairman and CEO from 1987 until 2009. Raju stepped down following his admission to embezzlement from the company to the tune of ₹7,136 crores (approximately US$1.5 billion), including ₹5,040 crores (approximately US$1 billion) of non-existent cash and bank balances. In 2015, he was convicted of corporate fraud, which led to the collapse of Satyam Computers. Another tech firm called Brane Enterprises with family links to Raju, where he plays an active role as a mentor, is under the scanner for sudden layoffs and unpaid wages to over 2,500 employees.
Botryosphaeran
Botryosphaeran is an exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by the ascomyceteous fungus Botryosphaeria rhodina. Characterization of the chemical structure of botryosphaeran showed this EPS to be a (1→3)(1→6)-β-D-glucan. This particular β-glucan can be produced by several strains of Botryosphaeria rhodina that include: MAMB-05, DABAC-P82, and RCYU 30101. Botryosphaeran exhibits interesting rheological properties and novel biological functions including hypoglycaemia, hypocholesterolaemia, anti-atheroslerosis and anti-cancer activity, with potential commercial applications. Three cosmetic products formulated with botryosphaeran have been developed to promote skin health and treat skin conditions for future intended commercialization purposes.

Beta-glucan
Beta-glucans, β-glucans comprise a group of β-D-glucose polysaccharides (glucans) naturally occurring in the cell walls of plants (including cereals), bacteria, algae and fungi, with significantly differing physicochemical properties dependent on source. Typically, β-glucans form a linear backbone with 1–3 β-glycosidic bonds but differ with respect to molecular mass, solubility, viscosity, branching structure, and gelation properties, with several physiological roles in these organisms and causing diverse physiological effects in any animals that consume them.

β-glucans are natural gums and are used as texturing agents in various nutraceutical and cosmetic products, and as soluble fiber supplements. At dietary intake levels of at least 3 g per day in humans, oat fiber β-glucan decreases blood levels of LDL cholesterol and so may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Jim Pewter
Jim Pewter is an American radio DJ, songwriter, producer, liner notes author, and an authority about pop, rock, surf music/surf rock, rockabilly, doo wop, oldies, and jazz. Pewter was host of the daily radio program The Jim Pewter Show, heard worldwide on Armed Forces Radio and Television Service for thirty-plus years, and his show was the first music show to be broadcast to American troops serving in Desert Storm.

American Forces Network
The American Forces Network (AFN) is a government television and radio broadcast service the United States Armed Forces provides to soldiers stationed or assigned overseas, and is headquartered at Fort Meade in Maryland. AFN comprises two subordinate overseas commands and one directorate in the continental United States. Overseas, AFN Europe is headquartered at Sembach Kaserne in Germany and consists of 15 subordinate stations in the countries of Bahrain, Belgium, Cuba, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, and Turkey. AFN Pacific is headquartered at Yokota Air Base in Japan and consists of nine stations in Diego Garcia, Japan, and South Korea. Stations under AFN Europe and AFN Pacific broadcast live local radio shows Monday through Friday, with the exception of U.S. federal holidays. Stateside, AFN's broadcast operations, which include global radio and television satellite feeds, emanate from the AFN Broadcast Center at March Air Reserve Base in Riverside, California.
Video game censorship
In video games, censorship are efforts by an authority to limit access, censor content, or regulate video games or specific video games due to the nature of their content. Some countries will do this to protect younger audiences from inappropriate content using rating systems such as the ESRB rating system. Others will do this to censor any negative outlook on a nation's government.

Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle
Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle (Entertainment Software Self-Regulation Body, abbreviated USK) is the organisation responsible for video game ratings in Germany. In Austria, it is mandatory in the state of Salzburg, while PEGI is mandatory in Vienna.
Hauenstein Brewing Company
The Hauenstein Brewing Company is a brewing company in New Ulm, Minnesota, that was founded by German immigrant John Hauenstein Sr. in 1864. Up until the company's closing in 1972 the Hauenstein Brewing Company was one of the leading distributors of beer in southern Minnesota alongside the August Schell Brewing Company. Second only to Schell's it is one of the oldest brewing companies still operational in Minnesota.

Grain Belt (beer)
Grain Belt is a brand of beer brewed in the American state of Minnesota, by the August Schell Brewing Company. The beer has been produced in a number of varieties. Grain Belt Golden was the original style introduced in 1893. The current offerings are: Grain Belt Premium, first introduced in 1947; Grain Belt Premium Light; Grain Belt Nordeast, introduced on April 7, 2010; and the newest offering, Grain Belt Lock & Dam, introduced in 2016.  It was originally produced by the Minneapolis Brewing Company which formed with the merger of four smaller brewers in 1891.  Soon after introduction, Grain Belt became the company's flagship product.  It was brewed at the original Grain Belt brewery in Minneapolis, Minnesota until 1976.  A series of other owners followed, and Schell took over the product line in 2002.
Rohan Chapman-Davies
Rohan Chapman-Davies (born 4 September 1991) is an Australian freestyle skier. He competed in the 2018 Winter Olympics.

Chapman-Davies scored a 73.96 in his first qualification run at the Olympic Games at PyeongChang in 2018. Chapman-Davies scored a 67.94 in his second qualification run at the Olympic Games at PyeongChang. He finished his debut Olympic Games in 22nd place.

Pyeongchang County
Pyeongchang (American English: /ˌpjʌŋˈtʃɑːŋ/ pyung-CHAHNG, Korean: [pʰjʌŋtɕʰaŋ]; in full, Pyeongchang-gun [pʰjʌŋtɕʰaŋɡun]) is a county in the state of Gangwon, South Korea, located in the Taebaek Mountains region. It is home to several Buddhist temples, including Woljeongsa. It is about 180 km (110 mi) east southeast of Seoul, the capital of South Korea, and connected by expressways and high-speed passenger railways. Pyeongchang's slogan, "Happy 700 Pyeongchang", is taken from its average elevation of approximately 700 metres (2,300 ft).

Pyeongchang hosted the 2018 Winter Olympics and the 2018 Winter Paralympics. It was officially rebranded as "PyeongChang" (with a capital 'C') for the purposes of the 2018 Games, in order to avoid confusion with Pyongyang in North Korea.
Kazuki Kato
Kazuki Kato (加藤 和樹, Katō Kazuki; October 7, 1984) is a Japanese actor and singer. He is best known for his role as Daisuke Kazama, also known as Kamen Rider Drake, in Kamen Rider Kabuto and Keigo Atobe in The Prince of Tennis musicals. In 2011, he formed a band called Joker and their first single debuted on December 7, 2011.

Disney Twisted-Wonderland
Disney Twisted-Wonderland (ディズニー ツイステッドワンダーランド, Dizunī Tsuisuteddo Wandārando) is a Japanese mobile game created by Aniplex and Walt Disney Japan. Yana Toboso, creator of Black Butler, is in charge of the original plan, main script, and character designs, which are inspired by Disney villains from various franchises. The game was first launched in Japan on March 18, 2020. An English localization was released on January 20, 2022, in the United States and Canada.
Hunted in Holland
Hunted in Holland is a 1961 British children's film/crime film directed by Derek Williams and starring Sean Scully, Jacques Verbrugge and Sandra Spurr. The script was written by Ian Dalrymple and Williams. It was produced by the Children's Film Foundation and shot in Eastmancolor.

Children's Film Foundation
The Children's Film Foundation (CFF) is a non-profit organisation which makes films and other media for children in the United Kingdom. Originally it made films to be shown as part of children's Saturday morning matinée cinema programming. The films typically were about 55 minutes long. Over time the organisation's role broadened and its name changed, first to the Children's Film and Television Foundation in the mid-80s and to the Children's Media Foundation in 2012.
House of King Petar I Karađorđević
The house of King Petar I Karađorđević is located in Belgrade, on the territory of the city municipality of Savski venac. When King Petar I Karađorđević after five years returned from the First World War, in 1919, the old court was destroyed in the war, so it was important to find the house in which the king was supposed to live. The merchant Đorđe Pavlović's was chosen, and in that house King Petar I spent the last two years of his life. King Petar I moved into that house on Senjak, on 24 September 1919, and lived in it until 16 August 1921. He died in this house. This house represents the immovable cultural property as a cultural monument.

Senjak
Senjak (Serbian Cyrillic: Сењак, pronounced [sêɲaːk]) is an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital city of Serbia. Located in Savski Venac, one of the three municipalities that constitute the very center of the city, it is an affluent neighborhood containing embassies, diplomatic residences, and mansions. Senjak is generally considered one of the wealthiest parts of Belgrade.
Pyrton
Pyrton /ˈpɜːrtən/ is a small village and large civil parish in Oxfordshire about 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the small town of Watlington and 5 miles (8 km) south of Thame. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 227. The toponym is from the Old English meaning "pear-tree farm".

Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society
The Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society (OAHS) has existed in one form or another since at least 1839, although with its current name only since 1972. Its annual publication, Oxoniensia, has been produced since 1936.
Kinmel Hall
Kinmel Hall is a country house within a large park near the village of St. George, close to the coastal town of Abergele, in Conwy county borough, Wales. The hall, the third building on the site, was completed in the mid-19th century for the family of a Welsh mining magnate. In 1929, the property ceased being a private residence; it has since been used as a boys' school, health spa, girls' school, wartime hospital, conference centre and hotel.

Since 2001 Kinmel Hall has remained empty after plans by several owners to renovate the building failed. In 2015 the Victorian Society placed the hall on its top ten list of at-risk Victorian and Edwardian buildings. In 2021 a campaign started to save Kinmel Hall from dereliction. The hall is a Grade I listed building and its gardens and parkland are designated on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales.

Edward Hubbard (architectural historian)
Edward Horton Hubbard (2 July 1937 – 31 May 1989) was an English architectural historian who worked with Nikolaus Pevsner in compiling volumes of the Buildings of England.  He also wrote the definitive biography of John Douglas, and played a part in the preservation of Albert Dock in Liverpool.
Tinea trinotella
Tinea trinotella is a species of tineoid moth. It belongs to the fungus moth family (Tineidae), and therein to the nominate subfamily Tineinae. It was once used as type species of a distinct genus Acedes, but this is synonymized today with Tinea, the type genus of Tineinae, Tineidae and the superfamily Tineoidea.

Tinea (moth)
Tinea is a genus of the fungus moth family, Tineidae. Therein, it belongs to the subfamily Tineinae. As evident by its name, it is the type genus of its subfamily and family. Established as one of the first subgroups of "Phalaena", it used to contain many species of Tineidae that are nowadays placed in other genera, as well as a few moths nowadays placed elsewhere.
Geositta
Geositta is a genus of passerine birds in the ovenbird family, Furnariidae. They are known as miners (not to be confused with the unrelated miners, Manorina, of Australia) due to the tunnels they dig for nesting. There are 11 species including the campo miner (Geositta poeciloptera) which was formerly classified in a genus of its own, Geobates. They inhabit open country in South America, particularly the Andean and Patagonian regions. They are ground-dwelling birds, somewhat resembling the larks and wheatears of other continents. They are mostly drab brown in coloration and often have a fairly long and slender bill.

Campo miner
The campo miner (Geositta poeciloptera) is a Vulnerable species of bird in the subfamily Sclerurinae, the leaftossers and miners, of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia and Brazil, and as a vagrant in Paraguay.