hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
David Bloom (musician)
David M. Bloom is an American guitarist, flautist, composer/arranger/producer, educator, author, and director. Bloom founded the Bloom School of Jazz in Chicago where he continues to teach. Notable musicians who have attended the Bloom School include Alex Wurman,  Graham Maby, Steve Rodby, Jon Weber, Cliff Colnot, Rob Parton, Mark Colby, and Rob Mazurek, with workshops from John Scofield and Mike Stern. Bloom authors jazz instruction books under his own Bloom School of Jazz Publishing which is distributed by Hal Leonard. Along with composing, arranging, writing, and directing The Bloom School of Jazz, Bloom directs documentary films about essential human values. Bloom's father was the late educational psychologist Benjamin Bloom, who made major contributions to the classification of educational objectives and to the theory of mastery-learning. David Bloom's own applications of mastery-learning have made him one of the most sought after teachers in Jazz today.

John Scofield
John Scofield (born December 26, 1951) is an American guitarist and composer. His music blends jazz, jazz fusion, funk, blues, soul and rock. He first came to mainstream attention as part of the band of Miles Davis.

He has been nominated for nine Grammy awards and won three.  He was also awarded the French Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.

He has toured and recorded with jazz saxophonists Eddie Harris, Dave Liebman, Joe Henderson, and Joe Lovano; keyboardists George Duke, Joey DeFrancesco, Herbie Hancock, Larry Goldings, and Robert Glasper; fellow guitarists Pat Metheny, John Abercrombie, Pat Martino, and Bill Frisell; bassists Marc Johnson and Jaco Pastorius; and drummers Jack DeJohnette, Billy Cobham, and Dennis Chambers. Outside the world of jazz, he has collaborated with Phil Lesh, Mavis Staples, John Mayer, Medeski Martin & Wood, and Gov't Mule.
Running Creek (Ontario)
Running Creek is a stream in the municipality of Chatham-Kent in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. It is a left distributary of the Chenail Ecarté (The Snye), is a tributary of the North Sydenham River, and is part of the Great Lakes Basin.

The creek begins at the Chenail Ecarté (The Snye) at an elevation of 175 metres (574 ft), and flows east to its mouth at the North Sydenham River, at an elevation of 175 metres (574 ft), on the north side of the community of Wallaceburg. The North Sydenham River flows via the Sydenham River, Lake St. Clair and the Detroit River to Lake Erie.

Sydenham River (Lake St. Clair)
The Sydenham River is a river in Chatham-Kent, Lambton County and Middlesex County in southwestern Ontario, Canada, flowing southwest from its source west of London, Ontario and emptying into Lake Saint Clair.  The length of the river is 165 kilometres (103 mi) and it drains a watershed of approximately 2,700 square kilometres (1,000 mi2), making it one of the largest river flowing into the St.Clair on the Canadian side. The river flows through the towns of Strathroy and Wallaceburg. It was named after Lord Sydenham, governor of Canada from 1839 to 1841.

Unusual concretions, composed of calcite, can be found near this river. These are known as "kettles" because they resemble the bottom of a large kettle.

The river has been identified as a key biodiversity area.
2016–17 Idaho Vandals women's basketball team
The 2016–17 Idaho Vandals women's basketball team represented the University of Idaho during the 2016–17 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Vandals, led by ninth-year head coach Jon Newlee, played their home games at the Cowan Spectrum with early-season games at Memorial Gym, both located in Moscow, Idaho, and were members of the Big Sky Conference. They finished the season 19–15, 11–7 in Big Sky play, to finish in fifth place. They advanced to the quarterfinals of the Big Sky women's tournament, where they lost to Eastern Washington. They were invited to the Women's Basketball Invitational, where they defeated Utah State in the first round and Eastern Washington in the quarterfinals before losing in the semifinals to Rice.

2016–17 Eastern Washington Eagles women's basketball team
The 2016–17 Eastern Washington Eagles Women's basketball team represented Eastern Washington University during the 2016–17 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Eagles, led by 16th year head coach Wendy Schuller, played their home games at Reese Court as members of the Big Sky Conference. They finished the season 19–14, 12–6 in Big Sky play to finish in fourth place. They advanced to the semifinals of the Big Sky women's tournament where they lost to Montana State. They were invited to the Women's Basketball Invitational where they defeated Texas State in the first round before losing in the quarterfinals to Big Sky member Idaho.
Gastrodiscoides
Gastrodiscoides is genus of zoonotic trematode under the class Trematoda. It has only one species, Gastrodiscoides hominis. It is a parasite of a variety of vertebrates, including humans. The first definitive specimen was described from a human subject in 1876. It is prevalent in Bangladesh, India, Burma, China, Kazakhstan, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Volga Delta of Russia, with isolated cases from Africa, such as Nigeria. It is especially notable in the Assam, Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh states of India.

It is also known as the colonic fluke, particularly when infecting other animals. Its natural habitat is the colon of pigs, and has also been found in rhesus monkeys, orang-utans, fish, field rats and Napu mouse-deer. In humans the habitat is on the wall of the caecum. Humans are considered an accidental host, as the parasite can survive without humans. It causes a helminthic disease called gastrodiscoidiasis.

Reproductive system
The reproductive system of an organism, also known as the genital system, is the biological system made up of all the anatomical organs involved in sexual reproduction.  Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are also important accessories to the reproductive system. Unlike most organ systems, the sexes of differentiated species often have significant differences. These differences allow for a combination of genetic material between two individuals, which allows for the possibility of greater genetic fitness of the offspring.
XXIII de Marzo Group
The XXIII de Marzo Group (Spanish: Agrupación XXIII de Marzo) was one of the Blackshirt units sent to Spain during the Spanish Civil War to make up the "Corpo Truppe Volontarie" (Corps of Volunteer Troops), or CTV. This unit was attached to the 2nd CCNN Division "Fiamme Nere" during the Battle of Guadalajara in March 1937. Following  defeat there, it was sent to 
Vizcaya in April 1937 with the Flechas Negras Mixed Brigade and 11 Groups of CTV Corps Artillery.

2nd CC.NN. Division "Fiamme Nere"
2nd CC.NN. Division "Fiamme Nere" ("Black Flames"), was one of the three Blackshirts Divisions sent to Spain during the Spanish Civil War to make up the "Corpo Truppe Volontarie" (Corps of Volunteer Troops), or CTV. Was strengthened after the end of the War in the North for the Aragon Offensive in 1938 with Division XXIII di Marzo and renamed XXIII Marzo Division "Fiamme Nere".
The Mirror (UNC newspaper)
The Mirror is the student-operated newspaper of the University of Northern Colorado. It is published every Monday during the fall and spring semesters, and breaks news online at www.uncmirror.com. Typically it is not published during school breaks (spring break, winter break, national holidays, etc.) and the paper is distributed to over 85 locations throughout the campus in academic buildings, residence halls and apartment buildings. Some local businesses also receive copies. The publication is funded by student fees as well as advertising for local businesses. The newspaper operates out of its own building on 16th Street, one-half block from campus, and employs an average of 80 students a year.

University of Northern Colorado
The University of Northern Colorado (UNCO or  UNC) is a public university in Greeley, Colorado, United States. It was founded in 1889 as the State Normal School of Colorado and took on its current name in 1970. Approximately 10,000 students are enrolled in six colleges. Extended campus locations are in Loveland, Denver/Aurora, and Colorado Springs. The university has a long history in teacher education. UNCO's 19 athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Big Sky Conference.
Cuci, Mureș
Cuci (Hungarian: Kutyfalva, Hungarian pronunciation: [kucfɒlvɒ]) is a commune in Mureș County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Cuci, Dătășeni (Marosdátos), După Deal (Hegymegett), Orosia (Marosoroszi), and Petrilaca (Oláhpéterlaka).

The commune lies on the Transylvanian Plateau, on the banks of the Mureș River. It is located the western part of the county, 9 km (5.6 mi) from the town of Luduș and 40 km (25 mi) from the county seat, Târgu Mureș.

Luduș
Luduș  (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈluduʃ]; Hungarian: Marosludas or Ludas; Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈmɒroʃludɒʃ], German: Ludasch) is a town in Transylvania, Romania in Mureș County, 44 km (27 mi) south-west from the county's capital, Târgu Mureș.

Six villages are administered by the town: Avrămești (Eckentelep), Cioarga (Csorga), Ciurgău (Csorgó), Fundătura (Mezőalbisitelep or Belsőtelep), Gheja (Marosgezse), and Roșiori (Andrássytelep).
Total survey error
In survey sampling, Total Survey Error includes all forms of survey error including sampling variability, interviewer effects, frame errors, response bias, and non-response bias. Total Survey Error is discussed in detail in many sources including Salant and Dillman.

Participation bias
Participation bias or non-response bias is a phenomenon in which the results of studies, polls, etc. become non-representative because the participants disproportionately possess certain traits which affect the outcome. These traits mean the sample is systematically different from the target population, potentially resulting in biased estimates.

For instance, a study found that those who refused to answer a survey on AIDS tended to be "older, attend church more often, are less likely to believe in the confidentiality of surveys, and have lower sexual self disclosure." It may occur due to several factors as outlined in Deming (1990).

Non-response bias can be a problem in longitudinal research due to attrition during the study.
2006 PGA of Argentina Tour
The 2006 PGA of Argentina Tour was a season of golf tournaments on the PGA of Argentina Tour, the official professional golf tour of Argentina. The season ran from the end of January to the beginning of December, and consisted of nineteen tournaments.

Disputes within the PGA of Argentina escalated during the year, leading eventually to the formation of the TPG Tour in 2007. As a result, the 2006 season was the last time the tour ran a full series of events that included all the major opens in Argentina.

The Order of Merit was won by Andrés Romero, ahead of Rafael Echenique in second, and Ángel Cabrera in third.

Five events were co-sanctioned by the Tour de las Americas, the highest level tour in Latin America, with the Argentine Open also being co-sanctioned by the Challenge Tour.

TPG Tour
The TPG Tour (Tour de Profesionales de Golf) is the principal professional golf tour in Argentina. The tour was formed in 2007, following disputes within the PGA of Argentina, who had operated the main professional tour in the country in previous years.

The tour operated exclusively in Argentina in its inaugural season, but this changed in 2008 with the inclusion of the Carlos Franco Invitational, held in Paraguay. There were seventeen events in 2007 and sixteen in 2008, including the flagship Argentine Open and Argentine Masters, as well as the major regional opens, the South Open, Center Open, North Open and Coast Open.

The TPG Tour developed a close relationship with the higher level Tour de las Américas, with several events being co-sanctioned, which resulted in increased prize funds and stronger fields. Through the Tour de las Américas, some events were also co-sanctioned by the Challenge Tour and the Canadian Tour.
Brasil F.C.
Brasil Fútbol Club is a Salvadoran football club based in Canton El Brazo,  San Miguel Department, El Salvador.

The club currently plays in the Tercera Division de Fútbol Salvadoreño after purchasing a spot.

San Miguel Department (El Salvador)
San Miguel (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈsam miˈɣel]) is a department in the eastern part of El Salvador. The capital is San Miguel. The department is 2,077 km2 in area and has a population of 447,625.

Before the Spanish conquest of El Salvador, the territory that now consists of the departments of San Miguel, La Unión and Morazán was the Lenca kingdom of Chaparrastique (Place of Beautiful Orchids).

San Miguel was first known as San Miguel de la Frontera. The city was founded by Luis de Moscoso on May 8, 1530, where it is now Santa Elena. On July 11, 1812, the city was given the title of "Noble y Leal Ciudad" (noble and loyal city). It was made a department on June 12, 1824.

It is the location of Ciudad Barrios, the birthplace of  Archbishop Óscar Romero.
Kingsland Rovers
Kingsland Rovers was a rugby league club in Auckland. They competed from 1920 to 1928 under the name Kingsland Rovers for 9 seasons before amalgamating with Grafton Athletic in 1929 to become Kingsland Athletic, before the club was 'forced' to join with Marist Old Boys in 1931.

City Newton Dragons
The City Newton Dragons are a defunct New Zealand rugby league club that was based at Victoria Park, Auckland. The club was created in 1948 by a merger of two original clubs, the City Rovers and Newton Rangers. Both the Rovers and the Rangers participated in the inaugural Auckland Rugby League competition in 1910. In 2004, the club was absorbed by the Ponsonby Ponies, who play a match in the City Newton colours annually to keep the heritage of the club alive.
John Lavarack
Lieutenant General Sir John Dudley Lavarack, KCMG, KCVO, KBE, CB, DSO (19 December 1885 – 4 December 1957) was an Australian Army officer who was the first Australian-born Governor of Queensland, serving from 1 October 1946 to 4 December 1957.

Lieutenant general (Australia)
Lieutenant general (abbreviated LTGEN and pronounced 'lef-tenant general') is the second-highest active rank of the Australian Army. It was created as a direct equivalent of the British military rank of lieutenant general, and is considered a three-star rank.

The rank of lieutenant general is held by the Chief of Army. The rank is also held when an army officer is the Vice Chief of the Defence Force, the Chief of Joint Operations, or the Chief of Joint Capabilities. The Chief of Capability Development Group, disestablished in 2016, also carried three-star rank.

Lieutenant general is a higher rank than major general, but lower than general. Lieutenant general is the equivalent of vice admiral in the Royal Australian Navy and air marshal in the Royal Australian Air Force. The insignia for a lieutenant general is the Crown of St Edward above a crossed sword and baton.
2023 MPBL All-Star Game
The 2023 MPBL All-Star Game was an exhibition game played on September 16, 2023, during the 2023 season of the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League (MPBL). It was the fourth edition of the MPBL All-Star Game, which took place at the Bataan People's Center in Balanga, Bataan, the home arena of the Bataan Risers.

The North Division won against the South Division for the first time with a score of 99–91. Justine Baltazar was declared the All-Star Game MVP.

Makati Super Crunch
The Makati Super Crunch was a Filipino professional basketball team based in Makati. The team last competed in the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League (MPBL) from 2018 to 2023 and played its home games at Makati Coliseum.

The team began play in the 2018–19 season as the Makati Skyscrapers and has since gone under multiple names. In the 2023 season, the team was acquired owned and sponsored by sports betting platform and former MPBL title sponsor OKBet and were renamed the Makati OKBet Kings.

The team also competed in Filbasket as the AFP–FSD Makati Cavaliers, and in the Chooks-to-Go Pilipinas 3x3.
1904 Yale Bulldogs football team
The 1904 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1904 college football season. The Bulldogs finished with a 10–1 record under first-year head coach Charles D. Rafferty.  The team outscored its opponents by a combined 220 to 20 score with the only loss being by an 11–6 score to Army.

Four Yale players (quarterback Foster Rockwell, end Tom Shevlin, tackle James Hogan, and guard Ralph Kinney) were consensus picks for the 1904 College Football All-America Team.

Foster Rockwell
Foster Haven Rockwell (August 15, 1880 – January 26, 1942) was an All-American football player and hotelier.  A native of Vermont, Rockwell played football at Yale University and was selected as the quarterback on the 1902 College Football All-America Team and was a member of Skull and Bones.: 116   He later served the head football coach at Yale in 1906, leading the team to a national championship.  He also coached football at the United States Naval Academy.  In 1911, Rockwell moved to Arizona where he owned and operated the Hotel Adams in Phoenix for more than 20 years.  He was also the founder of the Arizona Hotel Association.  Rockwell died in Phoenix at age 61 in 1942.
Valea Mare, Dâmbovița
Valea Mare is a commune in Dâmbovița County, Muntenia, Romania with a population of 2,091 people as of 2021. It is composed of seven villages: Fețeni, Gârleni, Livezile, Saru, Stratonești, Valea Caselor, and Valea Mare.

The commune is situated in the Wallachian Plain, at an altitude of 218 m (715 ft). It is located in the western part of Dâmbovița County, 29 km (18 mi) southwest of the county seat, Târgoviște, on the border with Argeș County. National road DN7 passes through the southern part of Valea Mare, connecting it to Pitești, 34 km (21 mi) to the northwest, and to Bucharest, 85 km (53 mi) to the southeast.

Târgoviște
Târgoviște (Romanian pronunciation: [tɨrˈɡoviʃte], alternatively spelled Tîrgoviște) is a city and county seat in Dâmbovița County, Romania. It is situated 80 kilometres (50 miles) north-west of Bucharest, on the right bank of the Ialomița River.

Târgoviște was one of the most important cities in the history of Wallachia, as it was its capital from 1418 to 1659. At the 2021 census, the city had a population of 66,965 people, making it the 27th largest in the country.
Bagh Ku
Bagh Ku (Persian: باغ كو, also Romanized as Bāgh Kū; also known as Bāgh Kūh) is a village in Taheri Rural District, in the Central District of Kangan County, Bushehr Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 109, in 23 families.

Taheri Rural District
Taheri Rural District (Persian: دهستان طاهرئ) is in Siraf District of Kangan County, Bushehr province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Parak. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Taheri, now the city of Bandar Siraf.
Catalan Braille
Catalan Braille is the braille alphabet of the Catalan language.

It is very close to French Braille: it uses the 26 letters of the basic braille alphabet, plus several additional letters for ç and what are, in print, vowel letters with diacritics; these differ from their French values only in the need to accommodate the Catalan acute accent: ú, ó, í for what are in French Braille ù, œ, ì :

Print digraphs are written as digraphs in braille as well.

International uniformity of braille alphabets
The goal of braille uniformity is to unify the braille alphabets of the world as much as possible, so that literacy in one braille alphabet readily transfers to another. Unification was first achieved by a convention of the International Congress on Work for the Blind in 1878, where it was decided to replace the mutually incompatible national conventions of the time with the French values of the basic Latin alphabet, both for languages that use Latin-based alphabets and, through their Latin equivalents, for languages that use other scripts. However, the unification did not address letters beyond these 26, leaving French and German Braille partially incompatible and as braille spread to new languages with new needs, national conventions again became disparate. A second round of unification was undertaken under the auspices of UNESCO in 1951, setting the foundation for international braille usage today.
Second quantization
Second quantization, also referred to as occupation number representation, is a formalism used to describe and analyze quantum many-body systems. In quantum field theory, it is known as canonical quantization, in which the fields (typically as the wave functions of matter) are thought of as field operators, in a manner similar to how the physical quantities (position, momentum, etc.) are thought of as operators in first quantization. The key ideas of this method were introduced in 1927 by Paul Dirac, and were later developed, most notably, by Pascual Jordan and Vladimir Fock.
In this approach, the quantum many-body states are represented in the Fock state basis, which are constructed by filling up each single-particle state with a certain number of identical particles. The second quantization formalism introduces the creation and annihilation operators to construct and handle the Fock states, providing useful tools to the study of the quantum many-body theory.

Permanent (mathematics)
In linear algebra, the permanent of a square matrix is a function of the matrix similar to the determinant. The permanent, as well as the determinant, is a polynomial in the entries of the matrix. Both are special cases of a more general function of a matrix called the immanant.
Tarleton, Tasmania
Tarleton is a rural and residential locality in the local government area (LGA) of Latrobe in the North-west and west LGA region of Tasmania. The locality is about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) west of the town of Latrobe. The 2016 census has a population of 380 for the state suburb of Tarleton.

Latrobe, Tasmania
Latrobe is a town in north-western Tasmania, Australia on the Mersey River.  It is 8 km south-east of Devonport on the Bass Highway.  It is the main centre of the Latrobe Council. At the 2006 census, Latrobe had a population of 2,843. By the 2016 census, this had increased to 4,169.
The locality is in the Latrobe Council area, but with a mere 0.1% in the Kentish Council LGA.
Treaty of Georgievsk
The Treaty of Georgievsk (Russian: Георгиевский трактат, romanized: Georgievskiy traktat; Georgian: გეორგიევსკის ტრაქტატი, romanized: georgievsk'is t'rakt'at'i) was a bilateral treaty concluded between the Russian Empire and the east Georgian kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti on July 24, 1783. The treaty established eastern Georgia as a protectorate of Russia, which guaranteed its territorial integrity and the continuation of its reigning Bagrationi dynasty in return for prerogatives in the conduct of Georgian foreign affairs. By this, eastern Georgia abjured any form of dependence on Persia (who had been its suzerain for centuries) or another power, and every new Georgian monarch of Kartli-Kakheti would require the confirmation and investiture of the Russian tsar.

Vassal
A vassal or liege subject is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch, in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe and elsewhere. While the subordinate party is called a vassal, the dominant party is called a suzerain. The rights and obligations of a vassal are called vassalage, while the rights and obligations of a suzerain are called suzerainty.
The obligations of a vassal often included military support by knights in exchange for certain privileges, usually including land held as a tenant or fief.

In contrast, fealty (fidelitas) is sworn, unconditional loyalty to a monarch.