hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
County of Solander
The county of Solander is a cadastral division of Queensland which contains the towns of Ayton, Daintree, Mossman and Port Douglas.  The county is divided into civil  parishes.

It was originally the southern part of the county of Banks when the counties were named and bounded in 1901.

County of Banks, Queensland
The county of Banks is one of the counties of Queensland, Australia, that existed before 1901.  The county is divided into civil  parishes. It is located in Far North Queensland, and is named for Sir Joseph Banks, who with Captain James Cook landed in 1770 at a location within the county. Banks includes the towns of Cooktown, Lakeland and Laura.
Maß
Maß (pronounced [ˈmaːs]) or Mass (Swiss and Bavarian spelling, elsewhere used for dialectal [ˈmas]) is the German word describing the amount of beer in a regulation mug, in modern times exactly 1 liter (33.8 U.S. fl oz; 1.8 imp pt). Maß is also a common abbreviation for Maßkrug, the handled drinking vessel containing it, ubiquitous in Bavarian beer gardens and beer halls, and a staple of Oktoberfest. This vessel is often referred to as a beer mug by English speakers, and can be correctly called a beer stein only if it is made of stoneware and capable of holding a regulation Maß of beer.

Beer garden
A beer garden (German: Biergarten) is an outdoor area in which beer and food are served, typically at shared tables shaded by trees.

Beer gardens originated in Bavaria, of which Munich is the capital city, in the 19th century, and remain common in Southern Germany. They are usually attached to a brewery, beer hall, pub, or restaurant.
Kindu atrocity
The Kindu massacre, or Kindu atrocity, took place on 11 November 1961 in Kindu Port-Émpain, in the Congo-Léopoldville (the former Belgian Congo). Thirteen Italian airmen who were members of the United Nations Operation in the Congo who were sent to deal with the Congo Crisis were killed and partially eaten by locals.

The Italian aviators manned two C-119s, twin-engine transport aircraft known as Flying Boxcars, of the 46ª Aerobrigata based at Pisa Airfield.

Italian Co-belligerent Air Force
The Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force (Aviazione Cobelligerante Italiana, or ACI), or Air Force of the South (Aeronautica del Sud), was the air force of the Royalist "Badoglio government" in Southern Italy during the last years of World War II.  The ACI was formed in Southern Italy in October 1943 after the Italian Armistice in September. As by this point the Italian Kingdom had defected from the Axis and had declared war on Germany, the ACI pilots flew for the Allies.
Network Browser
Network Browser was an application that shipped with Mac OS 9 to allow users to connect to other computers on a network, access FTP servers, and connect to network printers. It was intended to replace the Chooser that shipped with previous versions.

Chooser (Mac OS)
The Chooser is an application program for Macintosh systems using the classic Mac OS. The Chooser started out as a desk accessory and became a standalone application program as of System 7. The Chooser allowed users to connect to AppleShare file servers (via AppleTalk or TCP/IP), enable or disable the network access, and select which printer to use.
Gnidrolog Live 1972
Live 1972 is the third album of the British progressive rock band, Gnidrolog. The album was recorded live in Birmingham on 10 July 1972 and released in 1999 as the band's only live album. The album's bonus track was recorded live in Aylesbury on 8 July 1972. The album introduced four Gnidrolog songs which have never been released, while re-releasing only three tracks, "I could never be a soldier", from the Lady Lake album, "Time and Space" and "In Spite of Harry's Toenail", from the In Spite of Harry's Toenail album. The album was released after the band reunited, following a 27-year breakup. This comeback saw the recording and release of one more album, Gnosis, released later in 2000.

...In Spite of Harry's Toenail
...In Spite of Harry's Toenail is the debut studio album by British progressive rock band, Gnidrolog. The album was recorded in the London De Lane Lea Studios and released in 1972. A re-issue was released in 1999 and 2012, including previously unreleased material, recorded by the band in 1969 and 1971.
Dative shift
In linguistics, dative shift refers to a pattern in which the subcategorization of a verb can take on two alternating forms, the oblique dative form or the double object construction form. In the oblique dative (OD) form, the verb takes a noun phrase (NP) and a dative prepositional phrase (PP), the second of which is not a core argument.

(1) John gave [NP a book ] [PP.DATIVE to Mary ].

In the double object construction (DOC) form the verb takes two noun phrases, both of which are core arguments, with the dative argument preceding the other argument.

(2) John gave [NP.DATIVE Mary ] [NP a book ].

Syntax
In linguistics, syntax (/ˈsɪntæks/ SIN-taks) is the study of how words and morphemes well-formed combine to form larger units such as phrases and sentences. Central concerns with syntax include word order, grammatical relations, hierarchical sentence structure (constituency), agreement, the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the relationship between form and meaning (semantics). Diverse approaches, such as generative grammar and functional grammar, offer unique perspectives on syntax, reflecting its complexity and centrality to understanding human language.
Linear trend estimation
Linear trend estimation is a statistical technique used to analyze data patterns. Data patterns, or trends, occur when the information gathered tends to increase or decrease over time or is influenced by changes in an external factor. Linear trend estimation essentially creates a straight line on a graph of data that models the general direction that the data is heading.

Errors and residuals
In statistics and optimization, errors and residuals are two closely related and easily confused measures of the deviation of an observed value of an element of a statistical sample from its "true value" (not necessarily observable). The error of an observation is the deviation of the observed value from the true value of a quantity of interest (for example, a population mean). The residual is the difference between the observed value and the estimated value of the quantity of interest (for example, a sample mean). The distinction is most important in regression analysis, where the concepts are sometimes called the regression errors and regression residuals and where they lead to the concept of studentized residuals.
In econometrics, "errors" are also called disturbances.
Caroxylon vermiculatum
Caroxylon vermiculatum, commonly known as Mediterranean saltwort, is a perennial plant in the family Amaranthaceae. It has many synonyms, including Salsola vermiculata and Nitrosalsola vermiculata. It is native to arid and semi-arid regions of the Middle East, North Africa and southern Europe where it is used as a fodder plant for livestock.

Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae (/ˌæmərænˈθeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/ AM-ər-an-THAY-see-ee, -⁠eye) is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus Amaranthus. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, making it the most species-rich lineage within its parent order, Caryophyllales.
Fjærland Tunnel
The Fjærland Tunnel (Norwegian: Fjærlandstunnelen) is a 6,397-metre (3.975 mi) long road tunnel in Vestland county, Norway. The tunnel opened on 31 May 1986 and it is part of Norwegian National Road 5. The opening ceremony was led by former US vice president Walter Mondale who has family connections to Fjærland.

The tunnel connects the village of Lunde in Sunnfjord Municipality and the village of Fjærland in Sogndal Municipality. The tunnel goes through mountains in the Jostedalsbreen National Park which lies between the two villages. The Marabreen glacier sits high above the tunnel.

The village area of Fjærland was only accessible by boat on the Fjærlandsfjorden until 1986 when this tunnel opened. Then in 1995, the Frudal Tunnel opened which continued National Road 5 from Fjærland all the way to Sogndalsfjøra.

Fjærlandsfjorden
Fjærlandsfjorden is a fjord in Sogndal Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is a fjord arm that branches off the main Sognefjorden to the north. The 25-kilometre (16 mi) long fjord begins at the village of Fjærland, flowing to the south until it joins the Sognefjorden near the village of Balestrand. The Esefjorden and Vetlefjorden are two small fjord arms that branch off the Fjærdlandsfjorden.

The fjord is about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) wide, with steep mountains on both sides of the fjord. The head of the fjord is the only habitable area around the fjord. It is a flat river valley extending north of the fjord. The inner part of the fjord where the village of Fjærland is located is only accessible by boat or via long road tunnels through the surrounding mountains. The western end of the Frudal Tunnel sits very near the shore of the fjord.
Against degradation of education
“Against Degradation of Education” was a 2010 to 2013 campaign of the Ukrainian student movements including the social activist group Vidsich and the syndicalist trade union Direct Action to prevent the adoption of President Viktor Yanukovych’s education reform in Ukraine, which was criticised as reducing the civil liberties of students and allowing for endemic corruption to take root. After June 2013, it shifted to a campaign in support of "EIE protection". It was later subsumed into the Euromaidan movement, which installed a new government that passed new education reform supported by the Vidsich in 2014.

University of Lviv
The Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (named after Ivan Franko, Ukrainian: Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка, romanized: Lvivskyi natsionalnyi universytet imeni Ivana Franka) is a state-sponsored university in Lviv, Ukraine. Since 1940 the university is named after Ukrainian poet Ivan Franko.

The university is the oldest institution of higher learning in continuous operation in present-day Ukraine, dating from 1661 when John II Casimir, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, granted it its first royal charter. Over the centuries, it has undergone various transformations, suspensions, and name changes that have reflected the geopolitical complexities of this part of Europe. The present institution can be dated to 1940.
Santa Caterina Albanese
Santa Caterina Albanese (Arbëreshë Albanian: Picilia) is an Arbëreshë village and comune in the province of Cosenza in the Calabria region of southern Italy.

The town is bordered by Fagnano Castello, Malvito, Roggiano Gravina and San Marco Argentano.

Malvito
Malvito (Calabrian: Marivitu) is a town and comune in the province of Cosenza in the Calabria region of southern Italy.

Its name derives from the Latin word for mallow, malvetum. 
Its population was severely reduced in the 1950s and 1960s due to mass migration to USA, Australia, Argentina and Canada.
1995 Intercontinental Cup
The 1995 Intercontinental Cup was an association football match played on 28 November 1995 between Ajax, winners of the 1994–95 UEFA Champions League, and Grêmio, winners of the 1995 Copa Libertadores. The match was played at the National Stadium in Tokyo. It was Ajax's second appearance into the competition, after the victory in 1972; moreover, Ajax declined to play in 1971 and 1973, being replaced by Panathinaikos and Juventus respectively. It was Grêmio's second appearance as well, after the victory in 1983.

Danny Blind was named as man of the match.

1973 Intercontinental Cup
The 1973 Intercontinental Cup was an association football match played on 28 November 1973, between Juventus, runners-up of the 1972–73 European Cup, and Independiente, winners of the 1973 Copa Libertadores. The match was played at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome. It was Juventus' first appearance in the competition and Independiente's fourth appearance after the defeats against Internazionale in 1964 and 1965 and against Ajax in 1972. Despite initially refusing to participate in the competition, Juventus replaced Ajax as the representative UEFA team in the competition after Ajax, as the European champions declined to contest a possible meeting in South America officially for financial reasons. The Cup was played in a single match instead of a two-legged final, as happened in the previous and following years until 1979.
Wood branding
Branding is an easy and economical way to permanently mark anything that burns (wood, leather, plastic, rubber, cork, food, soap, wax, etc). This is done by either a fire-heated tool or an electrically-heated tool, which is pressed onto the object, leaving behind a mark with the shape of the impressed tool.

The act or art of marking/engraving wood by branding with a heated tool is associated with pyrogravure.

The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration warns that, “Breathing these particles may cause allergic respiratory symptoms, mucosal and non-allergic respiratory symptoms, and cancer.”

Pyrography
Pyrography or pyrogravure is the free handed art of decorating wood or other materials with burn marks resulting from the controlled application of a heated object such as a poker. It is also known as pokerwork or wood burning.

The term means "writing with fire", from the Greek pyr (fire) and graphos (writing). It can be practiced using specialized modern pyrography tools, or using a metal implement heated in a fire, or even sunlight concentrated with a magnifying lens.  "Pyrography dates from the 17th century and reached its highest standard in the 19th century. In its crude form it is pokerwork."

Pyrography is also popular among gourd crafters and artists, where designs are burned onto the exterior of a dried hard-shell gourd.
Bocholtz
Bocholtz (Dutch: [ˈbɔxɔlts]; Ripuarian: Bóches [ˈbʊχəs]) is a town in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Simpelveld, and lies about 7 km southwest of Kerkrade. Until 1982, it was a separate municipality.

Kerkrade
Kerkrade (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈkɛrkˌraːdə] ⓘ; Ripuarian: Kirchroa; Limburgish: Kirkraoj; German: Kerkrade or Kirchrath) is a town and a municipality in the southeast of Limburg, the southernmost province of the Netherlands. It forms part of the Parkstad Limburg agglomeration.

Kerkrade is the western half of a divided city; until 1795 the city was part of the Austrian Netherlands and from 1795 to 1815 it was part of the French Empire. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna created the current Dutch-German border and divided the town into the Dutch Kerkrade and the Prussian (German) Herzogenrath. This means that the eastern end of Kerkrade marks the international border.

The two towns, including outlying suburban settlements, have a population approaching 100,000, of which nearly 47,000 are in Kerkrade.
Bad Attitude (professional wrestling)
In professional wrestling, Bad Attitude has been used as a name for two tag teams. The first was a short-lived tag team of Bobby Eaton and Steve Keirn in World Championship Wrestling in 1994. The second was the team of David Young and Rick Michaels which wrestled in the independent circuit from 1999 to 2001.

Heavenly Bodies (1990s tag team)
The Heavenly Bodies is a professional wrestling tag team famous for having worked in Smoky Mountain Wrestling, the World Wrestling Federation, and various independent promotions. Over the years, there have been multiple variations of the team, which has at different times included "Doctor" Tom Prichard, "Sweet" Stan Lane, "Beautiful" Bobby Eaton, and "Gigolo" Jimmy Del Ray, and was led by heel manager James E. Cornette.
Graphium sarpedon
Graphium sarpedon, the common bluebottle is a species of swallowtail butterfly that is found in East, South and Southeast Asia. There are approximately sixteen subspecies with differing geographical distributions.

Lauraceae
Lauraceae, or the laurels, is a plant family that includes the true laurel and its closest relatives. This family comprises about 2850 known species in about 45 genera worldwide. They are dicotyledons, and occur mainly in warm temperate and tropical regions, especially Southeast Asia and South America. Many are aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs, but some, such as Sassafras, are deciduous, or include both deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs, especially in tropical and temperate climates. The genus Cassytha is unique in the Lauraceae in that its members are parasitic vines. Many species within the laurel family are highly toxic; however, some, such as the avocado (Persea americana), are edible and widely consumed. Members of the laurel family have played a significant role in the spice trade, particularly genera like Cinnamomum, which produce aromatic oils used extensively in cooking, perfumery, and traditional medicine.
North Zone cricket team
The North Zone cricket team is a first-class cricket team that represents northern India in the Duleep Trophy and Deodhar Trophy. It is a composite team of players from seven first-class Indian teams from northern India competing in the Ranji Trophy: Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and Services. North Zone has the strongest track record of all the zones in the Duleep Trophy, as they have won the Trophy 17 times, with the next best team, West Zone having won 16 times. They hold the record for the most consecutive titles, five, from 1990/91 through to 1994/95.

Himachal Pradesh cricket team
The Himachal Pradesh cricket team is an Indian cricket team based in Himachal Pradesh. It has competed in the Ranji Trophy since the 1985–86 season. They have won their first domestic trophy, by winning the 2021–22 edition of Vijay Hazare Trophy.
Patricio Castillo (folk musician)
Patricio Castillo (born 1946, Cautín, Chile) is a Chilean musician and former member of the Chilean folk music group Quilapayún. He is well known for his collaborations with the Chilean singer-songwriter, Víctor Jara.

Quilapayún
Quilapayún (Spanish pronunciation: [kilapaˈʝun]) are a folk music group from Chile and among the longest lasting and most influential ambassadors of the Nueva Canción Chilena movement and genre. Formed during the mid-1960s, the group became inseparable with the revolution that occurred in the popular music of the country under the Popular Unity Government of Salvador Allende.

Since its formation and during its forty-year history – both in Chile and during its lengthy period of exile in France – the group has seen modifications to its personnel lineup and the subject and content of its work. Controversy regarding irreconcilable differences with the current and former group directors led to the division into two distinctive Quilapayún ensembles; one in Chile (Quilapayún-Histórico) and one in France (Quilapayún-France).
Başak, Kızıltepe
Başak (Kurdish: Sinara) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kızıltepe, Mardin Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Xalecan tribe and had a population of 978 in 2021.

Kızıltepe
Kızıltepe (Turkish pronunciation: [kɯˈzɯɫtepe]; Kurdish: Qoser; Ottoman Turkish: تال ارمين, romanized: Tell Armen, lit. 'Armenian hill') is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,236 km2, and its population is 267,151 (2022). It is mainly populated by Kurds of the Kîkan Kurdish tribe. Kızıltepe is situated in Mardin Province within the broader Kurdish-majority region of southeastern Turkey. Demographic research has identified the Mardin region as having a predominantly Kurdish-speaking population, with Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) as the principal spoken language. Kızıltepe is predominantly inhabited by Kurds and is situated within Mardin Province, which demographic studies have consistently identified as a Kurdish-majority province with high concentrations of Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) speakers.
HMS Standard (1782)
HMS Standard was a 64-gun Royal Navy third-rate ship of the line, launched on 8 October 1782 at Deptford. She was the last of the 15 Intrepid-class vessels, which were built to a design by John Williams.

Intrepid-class ship of the line
The Intrepid-class ships of the line were a class of fifteen 64-gun third rates, designed for the Royal Navy by Sir John Williams.  His design, approved on 18 December 1765, was slightly smaller than Sir Thomas Slade's contemporary Worcester-class design of the same year, against which it was evaluated competitively. Following the prototype, four more ships were ordered in 1767–69, and a further ten between 1771 and 1779.
Anna Hotchkis
Anna Mary Hotchkis RSA (30 May 1885 – 14 October 1984) was a Scottish artist, writer and lecturer on art. She exhibited in London, Beijing, Hong Kong and at exhibitions in Scotland. She was a member of and exhibited with the Royal Scottish Academy 1915-1968.

Yenching University
Yenching University (Chinese: 燕京大學; pinyin: Yānjīng Dàxué) was a private research university in Beijing, China, from 1919 to 1952.

The university was formed out of the merger of four Christian colleges between 1915 and 1920. The term "Yenching" comes from an alternative name for old Beijing, derived from its status as capital of the state of Yan, one of the seven Warring States that existed until the 3rd century BC.
Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Hampshire County is a historical and judicial county located in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. As of the 2020 census, the population was 162,308. Its most populous municipality is Amherst (due to seasonal student population; the largest year-round is Northampton, which is also its traditional county seat), and its largest town in terms of landmass is Belchertown. The county is named after the county Hampshire, in England. Hampshire County is part of the Springfield, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Together with Hampden County, Hampshire County municipalities belong to the Pioneer Valley Planning Commission.

Five College Consortium
The Five College Consortium (often referred to as simply the Five Colleges) comprises four liberal arts colleges  and one university in the Connecticut River Pioneer Valley of Western Massachusetts: Amherst College, Hampshire College, Mount Holyoke College, Smith College, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst, totaling approximately 38,000 students. They are geographically close to one another and are linked by frequent bus service that operates between the campuses during the school year. The service is free for the students of the colleges.

The consortium was formally established in 1965, but its roots lay in cooperative efforts between the oldest four members of the consortium dating back to 1914.
Freedom and constraint topologies
Freedom and constraint topologies (a.k.a., freedom, actuation, and constraint topologies; or simply FACT)  is a mechanical design framework developed by Dr. Jonathan B. Hopkins. The framework offers a library of vector spaces with visual representations to guide the analysis and synthesis of flexible systems. Flexible systems are devices, mechanisms, or structures that deform to achieve desired motion such as compliant mechanisms, flexures, soft robots, and mechanical metamaterials.

Conceptual framework
A conceptual framework is an analytical tool with several variations and contexts. It can be applied in different categories of work where an overall picture is needed. It is used to make conceptual distinctions and organize ideas. Strong conceptual frameworks capture something real and do this in a way that is easy to remember and apply.