hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Formative assessment
Formative assessment, formative evaluation, formative feedback, or assessment for learning, including diagnostic testing, is a range of formal and informal assessment procedures conducted by teachers during the learning process in order to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment. The goal of a formative assessment is to monitor student learning to provide ongoing feedback that can help students identify their strengths and weaknesses and target areas that need work. It also helps faculty recognize where students are struggling and address problems immediately. It typically involves qualitative feedback (rather than scores) for both student and teacher that focuses on the details of content and performance.  It is commonly contrasted with summative assessment, which seeks to monitor educational outcomes, often for purposes of external accountability.

Mathematical model
A mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete  system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in many fields, including applied mathematics, natural sciences, social sciences and engineering. In particular, the field of operations research studies the use of mathematical modelling and related tools to solve problems in business or military operations. A model may help to characterize a system by studying the effects of different components, which may be used to make predictions about behavior or solve specific problems.
Daniel Sepulveda
Daniel Wade Sepulveda (born January 12, 1984) is an American former professional football player who was a punter for five seasons in the National Football League (NFL), all with the Pittsburgh Steelers. He played college football for the Baylor Bears, where he won twice the Ray Guy Award and earned All-American honors. He was selected by the Steelers in the fourth round of the 2007 NFL draft.

Punter (gridiron football)
A punter in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts (kicks) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage. This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football. Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations, when they throw or run the football to get a first down instead of punting.
Battle between Mieszko I and Wichmann
The Battle between Mieszko I and Wichmann was the decisive last battle of Polish–Veletian War, fought on 21 or 22 September 967, between Duchy of Poland led by Mieszko I, with aid of the Duchy of Bohemia against the Confederacy of the Veleti led by Wichmann the Younger, with aid of Wolinians. The exact location of the battle remains unknown, though, some historians assume that it happened near Santok. The battle had ended with decisive Polish victory, leading to the end of the war. Veleti and Wolinians had received devastatingly heavy casualties, while the self-proclaimed leader of the army, Wichmann the Younger had died shortly after battle.

Veleti
The Veleti, also known as Veletians, Wilzi, Wielzians, and Wiltzes, were a group of medieval Lechitic tribes within the territory of Western Pomerania, related to Polabian Slavs. They had formed together the Confederation of the Veleti, also known as the Union of the Veleti, a loose monarchic confederation of the tribes. Said state existed between the 6th and 10th centuries, after which, it was succeeded by the Lutician Federation.
Rhododendron fulgens
Rhododendron fulgens (猩红杜鹃) is a rhododendron species native to Bhutan, northeast India, Nepal, Sikkim, southern Tibet, and northern Myanmar, where it grows at elevations of 3700–4500 meters. It is a shrub that grows to 1.5–4 m in height, with leathery leaves that are oblong-ovate to obovate, 6–11 by 4.5–7 cm in size. Flowers are red.

Rhododendron
Rhododendron (/ˌroʊdəˈdɛndrən/; pl.: rhododendra), from Ancient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon), meaning "rose", and δένδρον (déndron), meaning "tree", is a very large genus of about 1,024 species of woody plants in the heath family (Ericaceae). They can be either evergreen or deciduous. Most species are native to eastern Asia and the Himalayan region, but smaller numbers occur elsewhere in Asia, and in North America, Europe and Australia.

It is the national flower of Nepal, the state flower of Washington and West Virginia in the United States, the state flower of Nagaland and Himachal Pradesh in India, the provincial flower of Jeju Province in South Korea, the provincial flower of Jiangxi in China and the state tree of Sikkim and Uttarakhand in India. Most species have brightly coloured flowers which bloom from late winter through to early summer.

Azaleas make up two subgenera of Rhododendron. They are distinguished from "true" rhododendrons by having only five anthers per flower.
Eishalle Herti
Eishalle Herti was an indoor sporting arena located in Zug, Switzerland.  The capacity of the arena was 6,780 and has been built in 1967. It was the home arena of the EV Zug ice hockey team.

In May 2010, it was demolished and replaced by the newly built Bossard Arena.

47°10′33″N 8°30′29″E﻿ / ﻿47.175833°N 8.508056°E﻿ / 47.175833; 8.508056

EV Zug
EV Zug is a professional men's ice hockey team from Zug, Switzerland. The team competes in the National League (NL), the highest league in Switzerland. It plays its home games in the 7,800-seat OYM Hall.
Kung fu shoe
The kung fu shoe, also known as a "tai chi shoe" or as a "martial arts slipper", is a type and style of cloth slip-on shoe that is traditionally made in China, and was originally worn while practicing kung fu and other martial arts, and also while performing tai chi.

Variants of this shoe are now mass-produced for general-purpose wear, and there are several slightly different styles. These shoes are inexpensive and are available worldwide.

One common kind is cheaply produced and is typically black, with minimal lining; it has a low-sided cloth upper, and a pale brown hard plastic sole. One variant is made as a lace-up shoe rather than a slip-on shoe. A version of the shoe for girls and women has a buckle strap and resembles the Mary Jane shoe. Some varieties of the kung fu shoe have reinforced cotton soles instead of plastic ones, and some have rubber soles.

Slip-on shoe
Slip-ons are typically low, lace-less shoes. The style which is most commonly seen, known as a loafer, slippers, or penny loafers in American culture, has a moccasin construction. One of the first designs was introduced in London by Wildsmith Shoes, called the Wildsmith Loafer. They began as casual shoes, but have increased in popularity to the point of being worn in America with business suits. Another design was introduced as the Aurlandskoen (lit. 'the Aurland Shoe') in Norway (early 20th century).

A less casual, earlier type of slip-on is made with side goring (sometimes called a dress loafer). Made in the same shape as lace-up Oxfords, but lacking the laces, these shoes have elasticated inserts on the side which allow the shoe to be easily removed but remain snug when worn. This cut has its greatest popularity in Britain.
Banaidja
Banaidja is a monotypic genus of South Pacific cribellate araneomorph spiders in the family Dictynidae containing the single species, Banaidja bifasciata. It was first described by Pekka T. Lehtinen in 1967, and has only been found in Samoa. The type species was transferred from Dictyna in 1929, retaining the original species name.

Dictynidae
Dictynidae is a family of cribellate, hackled band-producing spiders first described by Octavius Pickard-Cambridge in 1871. Most build irregular webs on or near the ground, creating a tangle of silken fibers among several branches or stems of one plant.

Several genera were transferred to the family Argyronetidae in 2025.
Countess of Suffolk
Countess of Suffolk is the title given to the wife of the Earl of Suffolk. Women who have held the title include:

Katherine de Stafford (c.1376–1419)

Catherine Howard, Countess of Suffolk (1564–1638)

Barbara Howard, Countess of Suffolk (1622–1680)

Henrietta Howard, Countess of Suffolk (died 1715)

Henrietta Howard, Countess of Suffolk (1689–1767)

Sarah Howard, Countess of Suffolk (died 1776)

Julia Howard, Countess of Suffolk and Berkshire (1737–1819)

Margaret Howard, Countess of Suffolk  (1879–1968)

Julia Howard, Countess of Suffolk and Berkshire
Julia Howard, Countess of Suffolk and Berkshire (1737 – 19 October 1819), formerly Julia Gaskarth, was the wife of General John Howard, 15th Earl of Suffolk and 8th Earl of Berkshire.

Julia was the daughter of John Gaskarth of Hutton Hall, Penrith, Cumberland.

She married the future earl on 2 July 1774. He inherited the earldom of Suffolk, along with the earldom of Berkshire, in 1783, on the death of a distant cousin, Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Suffolk, who had no sons.

The couple had five children:

Charles Nevinson Howard, Viscount Andover (1775-1800), who married Elizabeth Coke, daughter of Thomas Coke, but had no children. Charles was killed in a shooting accident, leaving his younger brother Thomas as heir.

Thomas Howard, 16th Earl of Suffolk (1776–1851)

Hon. John Howard (1777-1787)

William Philip Howard (1779-1780)

Lady Catherine Howard (1779-1850), who married Rev. George Bisset, vicar of Malmesbury Abbey, and had no children
Bellatrix
Bellatrix is the third-brightest star and a candidate binary star in the constellation of Orion, positioned 5° west of the red supergiant Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis). It has the Bayer designation γ Orionis, which is Latinized to Gamma Orionis. With a slightly variable magnitude of around 1.6, it is typically the 25th-brightest star in the night sky. It is the closest major star in Orion at only 244.6 light-years from the Solar System.

Bayer designation
A Bayer designation is a stellar designation in which a specific star is identified by a Greek or Latin letter followed by the genitive form of its parent constellation's Latin name. The original list of Bayer designations contained 1564 stars. The brighter stars were assigned their first systematic names by the German astronomer Johann Bayer in 1603, in his star atlas Uranometria. Bayer catalogued only a few stars too far south to be seen from Germany, but later astronomers (including Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille and Benjamin Apthorp Gould) supplemented Bayer's catalog with entries for southern constellations.
City of Frankston
The City of Frankston (officially known as Frankston City Council) is a local government area (LGA) in Victoria, Australia in the southern suburbs of Melbourne. It has an area of 130 square kilometres, and in August 2021, the City of Frankston recorded a population of 139,281.

Despite its similar area and name, the City of Frankston is a different entity to the former City of Frankston which existed from 1966 until 1994, which was a continuation of the former Shire of Frankston and was abolished under state government reforms. This is similar to the situation for the Shire of South Gippsland and Shire of Glenelg, but is unlike the City of Melbourne, City of Knox, City of Whittlesea and City of Melton, whose administrations stayed intact through the amalgamations of the early 1990s.

City of Knox
The City of Knox is a local government area in Victoria, Australia in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne. It is headquartered in the suburb of Wantirna South. It has an area of 114 square kilometres (44.0 sq mi) and recorded a population of 159,103 at the 2021 census.  This municipality is one of only a handful that survived the widespread municipal amalgamations that occurred in Victoria in the early 1990s.
Chittenden-9 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012
The Chittenden-9 Representative District is a two-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont.  It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 United States census.  The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010.  A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 United States census.

The Chittenden-9 District consists of the part of Chittenden County town of Milton not included in Grand Isle-Chittenden-1-1

As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The two member Chittenden-9 District had a population of 8,183 in that same census, 0.8% above the state average.

Milton, Vermont
Milton is a town in Chittenden County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 10,723. According to local legend, the town was named after the English poet John Milton, but the name most likely originated from William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam, who held the title Viscount Milton and was a supporter of independence for the colonies during the American Revolution.

Milton has a municipal building, school system, library, police force, fire department, rescue squad, several churches, as well as civic and social organizations. The Town website can be found here: https://www.miltonvt.gov/
Nerita polita
Nerita polita is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Neritidae, commonly known as polished nerite or kupe'e in Hawaiian. It is a marine snail that has the ability to provide significant resources such as proteins, vitamins, minerals.

Neritidae
Neritidae, common name the nerites, is a family of small to medium-sized saltwater and freshwater snails which have a gill and a distinctive operculum.
The family Neritidae includes marine genera such as Nerita, marine and freshwater genera such as Neritina, and freshwater and brackish water genera such as Theodoxus.

The common name "nerite" as well as the family name Neritidae and the genus name Nerita, are derived from the name of Nerites, who was a sea god in Greek mythology.
Band of the Ceremonial Guard
The Band of the Ceremonial Guard (La Musique de la Garde de cérémonie) is an ad hoc military band that is attached to the Canadian Forces Ceremonial Guard in Ottawa. All members of the band are fully trained members of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) and consist of personnel principally from two Foot Guard regiments (the Governor General's Foot Guards from Ottawa and the Canadian Grenadier Guards from Montreal). Since 2007, the band has been composed of a pan–Canadian Force that is inclusive to musicians from the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army and Royal Canadian Air Force. The band forms a separate company within the CG and relies on the Headquarters Company for administration and support personnel. In full composition, the band is active from April to August.

Guard mounting
Guard mounting, changing the guard, or the changing of the guard, is a formal ceremony in which sentries performing ceremonial guard duties at important institutions are relieved by a new batch of sentries. The ceremonies are often elaborate and precisely choreographed. They originated with peacetime and battlefield military drills introduced to enhance unit cohesion and effectiveness in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
Nichelino
Nichelino (Piedmontese: Ël Niclin) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont, located about 8 kilometres (5 miles) southwest of Turin.

Nichelino borders the following municipalities: Turin, Orbassano, Beinasco, Moncalieri, Candiolo, and Vinovo.

Candiolo
Candiolo is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 14 kilometres (9 mi) southwest of Turin. It is seat of the Istituto per la Ricerca e Cura del Cancro (IRCC, "Institute for Research and Cure of Cancer").
Melodi Grand Prix Junior 2009
The Melodi Grand Prix Junior 2009 was Norway's eighth national Melodi Grand Prix Junior for young singers aged 8 to 15. It was held in Oslo Spektrum, Oslo, Norway and broadcast live Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) in September 2009.

There were 540 submissions out of which 10 were chosen for the finals, a mix of solo singers, but also two bands, and two hip-hop contributions. The competition was won by Jørgen Dahl Moe with his song "Din egen vei" and the runner up was Mystery with their song "Rock e sunt". Both went on to represent Norway in MGP Nordic 2009.

The album Melodi Grand Prix Junior 2009 containing the songs of the finals reached No. 1 on the VG-lista Norwegian Albums Chart on week 38 of 2005 staying at the top of the charts for 1 week.

Melodi Grand Prix Junior
Melodi Grand Prix Junior, also spelled as MGPjr, is a Norwegian television song competition for aspiring singers between the ages of 8 and 15 that was held annually between 2002 and 2022. The competing songs are written by the participants themselves and are sung primarily in Norwegian, and on several occasions, there were songs in Northern Sami, another language of Norway.

Many past winners went on to become stars, such as 2002's Nicolay Ramm, 2005's Malin Reitan, 2007's Celine Helgemo, 2009's Jørgen Dahl Moe, 2012's Marcus & Martinus, 2014's Mathea-Mari Glittenberg, and 2017's Oselie Henden.
Trevoa
Trevoa is a genus of actinorhizal plants; these dicotyledon flora are trees or small shrubs. The genus was first proposed by Miers in 1825, but was not fully described until 1830 by Sir William Jackson Hooker. Genus members are notable for their ability to fix nitrogen. Species of this genus are generally found in the near coastal forests and arid shrubland of South America. Some species are localized in the mountains of central Chile; for example, the species Trevoa trinervis occurs in the La Campana National Park and other proximate areas of central Chile.

Along with some related plants in the family Rhamnaceae, they fix nitrogen via root nodules which contain Frankia bacteria. Other nitrogen-fixing genera in this family include Ceanothus, Colletia, Discaria, Kentrothamnus, and Retanilla.

Discaria
Discaria is a genus of 6 species of flowering plants in the family Rhamnaceae, native to temperate regions of the Southern Hemisphere, in Australia, New Zealand and South America.

They are deciduous thorny shrubs or small trees growing to 2–5 m tall. They are also non-legume nitrogen fixers.

Many of the world's Discaria species qualify as xerophytes in the true sense of the term, and the Australian species are no exception. They frequently occur on porous or well-drained sites and on soils of low fertility. Some species can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere with the help of symbiotic bacteria (Frankia) that form nodules in their roots.
Idomacromia
Idomacromia is a genus of dragonflies in the family Synthemistidae, which is earlier treated as a subfamily of Corduliidae. According to World Odonata List, this genera is best considered incertae sedis.

It contains the following species:

Corduliidae
Corduliidae, also knowns as the emeralds, emerald dragonflies, or green-eyed skimmers, is a family of dragonflies. These dragonflies are usually black or dark brown with areas of metallic green or yellow, and most of them have large, emerald-green eyes. The larvae are black, hairy-looking, and usually semiaquatic. This family include species called "baskettails", "emeralds", "sundragons", "shadowdragons", and "boghaunters". They are not uncommon and are found nearly worldwide, but some individual species are quite rare. Hine's emerald dragonfly (Somatochlora hineana), for example, is an endangered species in the United States.

Corduliidae are known to occasionally take quantities of their eggs at the tip of their stomach, before then sticking their eggs in mud or water using a sprout-like appendage that extends from their abdomens.
Novorossiysk Fuel Oil Terminal
Novorossiysk Fuel Oil Terminal is an oil terminal located in Novorossiysk, Russia. It is jointly owned by Gunvor and Novorossiysk Commercial Sea Port. The terminal in Novorossiysk was commissioned in 2012. The terminal has a capacity of 119,000 cubic metres (4,200,000 cu ft) and a throughput of 5 million tons a year. The terminal in Tuapse consists of three oil handling sites with the total storage capacity of 198,600 cubic metres (7,010,000 cu ft), including 37,000 cubic metres (1,300,000 cu ft) of the own tanks. In the port of Nakhodka, Primorsky Region, it leases tanks of 67,000 cubic metres (2,400,000 cu ft). The company's bunkering facilities in Primorsk Port of Leningrad Oblast have a total capacity of 219,000 cubic metres (7,700,000 cu ft).

Novorossiysk Commercial Sea Port
JSC Novorossiysk Commercial Sea Port (NCSP Group) (Новороссийский морской торговый порт) is the third largest port operator in Europe and Russia's largest commercial sea port operator. The company is headquartered in the city of Novorossiysk on the Black Sea coast. The company operates the Port of Novorossiysk and the Baltic ports of Primorsk and Baltiysk. In 2017, the company oversaw a cargo turnover of 143.5 million tons. The company handled about 18% of total cargo turnover in Russia in 2017.
Profibus
Profibus (usually styled as PROFIBUS, as a portmanteau for Process Field Bus) is a standard for fieldbus communication in automation technology and was first promoted in 1989 by BMBF (German department of education and research) and then used by Siemens. It should not be confused with the Profinet standard for Industrial Ethernet. Profibus is openly published as type 3 of IEC 61158/61784-1.

Bus network
A bus network is a network topology in which nodes are directly connected to a common half-duplex link called a bus.

A host on a bus network is called a station. In a bus network, every station will receive all network traffic, and the traffic generated by each station has equal transmission priority. A bus network forms a single network segment and collision domain. In order for nodes to share the bus, they use a medium access control technology such as carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA) or a bus master.
Jones reductor
A Jones reductor is a device used to reduce aqueous solutions of metal ions. The active component is a zinc amalgam. Jones reductors have been used for preparing solutions of titanium(III), vanadium(II), chromium(II), molybdenum(III), niobium(III), europium(II), and uranium(III).

Europium
Europium is a chemical element; it has symbol Eu and atomic number 63. It is a silvery-white metal of the lanthanide series that reacts readily with air to form a dark oxide coating. Europium is the most chemically reactive, least dense, and softest of the lanthanides. It is soft enough to be cut with a knife. Europium was discovered in 1896, provisionally designated as Σ; in 1901, it was named after the continent of Europe. Europium usually assumes the oxidation state +3, like other members of the lanthanide series, but compounds having oxidation state +2 are also common. All europium compounds with oxidation state +2 are slightly reducing. Europium has no significant biological role but is relatively non-toxic compared to other heavy metals. Most applications of europium exploit the phosphorescence of europium compounds. Europium is one of the rarest of the rare-earth elements on Earth.
Hwasong-12B
The Hwasong-12B (Korean: 《화성-12나》형; lit. 'Mars Type 12B') is a North Korean single-stage, liquid-fueled hypersonic, intermediate-range ballistic missile. Unveiled in July 2023 during a military exhibition, Hwasong-12B is the second North Korean ballistic missile capable of carrying hypersonic glide vehicle (HGV) after Hwasong-8, as well as the third hypersonic missile of North Korea.

Hwasong-12
The Hwasong-12 (Korean: 《화성-12》형; lit. Mars Type 12) is a mobile intermediate-range ballistic missile developed by North Korea. The Hwasong-12 was first revealed to the international community in a military parade on 15 April 2017 celebrating the Day of the Sun which is the birth anniversary of North Korea's founding president, Kim Il Sung, although the first test took place on 4 April 2017. The first successful test-fire of Hwasong-12 occurred on 14 May 2017.