hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Alternative semantics
Alternative semantics (or Hamblin semantics) is a framework in formal semantics and logic. In alternative semantics, expressions denote alternative sets, understood as sets of objects of the same semantic type. For instance, while the word "Lena" might denote Lena herself in a classical semantics, it would denote the singleton set containing Lena in alternative semantics. The framework was introduced by Charles Leonard Hamblin in 1973 as a way of extending Montague grammar to provide an analysis for questions. In this framework, a question denotes the set of its possible answers. Thus, if  and  are propositions, then  is the denotation of the question whether  or  is true. Since the 1970s, it has been extended and adapted to analyze phenomena including focus, scope, disjunction, NPIs, presupposition, and implicature.

Polarity item
In grammar and linguistics, a polarity item is a lexical item that is associated with affirmation or negation. An  affirmation is a positive polarity item, abbreviated PPI or AFF. A negation is a negative polarity item, abbreviated NPI or NEG.

The linguistic environment in which a polarity item appears is a licensing context. In the simplest case, an affirmative statement provides a licensing context for a PPI, while negation provides a licensing context for an NPI. However, there are many complications, and not all polarity items of a particular type have the same licensing contexts.
Marin Honda
Marin Honda (本田 真凜, Honda Marin; born August 21, 2001) is a retired Japanese figure skater. She is the 2016 World Junior champion, the 2017 World Junior silver medalist, the 2015–16 Junior Grand Prix Final bronze medalist, and the 2016–17 Japanese Junior National bronze medalist. She is the former junior world record holder for the free program.

2015–16 Japan Figure Skating Championships
The 2015–16 Japan Figure Skating Championships was held on December 24–27, 2015 at the Makomanai Sekisui Heim Ice Arena in Sapporo. It was the 84th edition of the event. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.
Borgundøya
Borgundøya or Borgundo is an island in Kvinnherad Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The 11.4-square-kilometre (4.4 sq mi) island lies in the Hardangerfjorden, immediately south of the island of Fjelbergøya. The island has about 55 residents (in 2024), with about four larger village areas spread out around the island. The island is dominated by the 462-metre (1,516 ft) tall mountain Borgundnuten.

Borgundøya is only accessible by sea, either using ferries or personal boats. There are regular ferry routes from Borgundøya-Fjelbergøya-Halsnøya-Utbjoa, connecting several islands to the mainland at Utbjoa in Vindafjord Municipality.

Hardangerfjord
The Hardangerfjord (English: Hardanger Fjord) is the fifth longest fjord in the world and the second longest fjord in Norway. It is located in the Hardanger region of Vestland county in western Norway. The fjord stretches 180 kilometres (110 mi) from the Atlantic Ocean into the mountainous interior of Norway along the Hardangervidda plateau. The innermost point of the fjord reaches the town of Odda.
FreePBX
FreePBX is a web-based open-source graphical user interface (GUI) that manages Asterisk, a voice over IP (VoIP) and telephony server.

FreePBX is licensed under the GNU General Public License version 3, with commercial modules available under their own licenses.

FreePBX is a component of the now discontinued FreePBX Distro, released by the FreePBX project, which was a maintained Linux system derived from the source code of the CentOS distribution with all components needed, including Asterisk, pre-installed and released as a turnkey distribution.

FreePBX is included in other open source distributions such as AsteriskNOW, Elastix and RasPBX. PBXact is a commercially supported offering from Sangoma that is based on FreePBX.

FreePBX is maintained by a community of developers and contributors using the GitHub platform. The slogan for FreePBX is "Let Freedom Ring". The mascot for FreePBX, as seen in the logo, is Tango the frog.

Digium
Digium, Inc. is a communications technology company based in Huntsville, Alabama, and since 2018, a subsidiary of Sangoma Technologies Corporation. The company makes VoIP business phone systems, IP phones, and hardware products. It was founded in 1999 by Mark Spencer.

Digium offers both business-to-consumer and business-to-business communications products.
Pulau Tekukor
Pulau Tekukor is a small island in the Singapore Strait, located off the southern coast of Singapore Island, and is included in the Southern Islands planning area. The island, with an area of approximately 0.6 hectares (1.5 acres), has a relatively high diversity of plant life, with approximately 110 vascular plant species being identified. At least 22 of these are threatened at the national level. Pulau Tekukor is also home to populations and mature individuals of several locally rare plant species.

Singapore (island)
Singapore is the main constituent island of the sovereign island country and city-state of the Republic of Singapore. It is located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, between the Straits of Malacca and the South China Sea. The Singapore Strait lies to the south, while the Johor Strait lies to the north.

The island forms the bulk of the country in terms of area, population, and prominence since areas situated on the country's smaller islands consist of military or industrial areas, except for Sentosa and Ubin Islands. As of the mid-2020s, Singapore's population stood over six million, and the mainland has a land area of approximately 730 square kilometres (280 sq mi).
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Servers
A Redundant Array of Inexpensive Servers (RAIS) or Redundant Array of Independent Nodes (RAIN) is the use of multiple servers to maintain service if one server fails. This is similar in concept to how RAID turns a cluster of ordinary disks into a single block device.  RAIS was designed to provide the benefits of a symmetric multiprocessor system (SMP) at the entry cost of computer clusters.

The term may imply some kind of load balancing between the servers.

Load balancing (computing)
In computing, load balancing is the process of distributing a set of tasks over a set of resources (computing units) with the aim of making their overall processing more efficient. Load balancing can optimize response time and avoid unevenly overloading some compute nodes while other compute nodes are left idle.

Load balancing is the subject of research in the field of parallel computers. Two main approaches exist: static algorithms, which do not take into account the state of the different machines, and dynamic algorithms, which are usually more general and more efficient but require exchanges of information between the different computing units, at the risk of a loss of efficiency.
Dan Neidle
Dan Neidle (born 1973) is a British tax lawyer, investigative journalist and commentator, who researches and writes on issues of tax law and tax policy.

Neidle worked as a tax lawyer at international law firm Clifford Chance for 23 years, becoming its UK head of tax in 2020.  After retiring, he created Tax Policy Associates, a non-profit which advises policymakers and journalists on tax policy.

For his work, Neidle won the "Investigation of the Year" award in the British Journalism Awards 2023.

HM Revenue and Customs
His Majesty's Revenue and Customs (commonly HM Revenue and Customs) is a  department of the UK government responsible for the collection of taxes, the payment of some forms of state support, the administration of other regulatory regimes including the national minimum wage and the issuance of national insurance numbers.

HMRC was formed by the merger of the Inland Revenue and HM Customs and Excise, which took effect on 18 April 2005. The department's logo is the Tudor Crown enclosed within a circle.
Chowbari
Chowbari is a village of Kamarkhanda Upazila of Sirajganj District in the Division of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. It stands on the river Hura-shagar. Many of the villagers are service-holders and have migrated to towns for that. There are a number of educational institutions here.

Sirajganj District
Sirajganj District (Bengali: সিরাজগঞ্জ জেলা) is a district in North Bengal, Bangladesh, it is located in Rajshahi Division. It is the 25th largest district by area and 9th largest district by population in Bangladesh. It is known as the gateway to North Bengal.

Its administrative headquarter is Sirajganj. It is famous for its hand-loom cottage industries. In 1885, Sirajganj emerged as a thana. Formerly under Mymensingh District in Dacca Division, it was transferred to Pabna District on 15 February 1866. It was upgraded to become a subdivision of Pabna in 1885. In 1984, it was upgraded to a district.
Muaūpoko
Muaūpoko is a Māori iwi on the Kāpiti Coast of New Zealand.

Muaūpoko are descended from the ancestor Tara, whose name has been given to many New Zealand landmarks, most notably Te Whanganui-a-Tara (Wellington). His people were known as Ngāi Tara, although more recently they took the name Muaūpoko, meaning the people living at the head (ūpoko) of the fish of Māui (that is, the southernmost end of the North Island.)

Muaūpoko's traditional area is in the Horowhenua/Kāpiti Coast/Wellington region. In the early nineteenth century Ngāi Tara were a large iwi occupying the area between the Tararua Ranges in the east and the Tasman Sea in the west, from Sinclair Head in the south to the Rangitīkei River in the north. Some hapū had even settled in Queen Charlotte Sound in the 17th century.

Hapū
In Māori and New Zealand English, a hapū ("subtribe", or "clan") functions as "the basic political unit within Māori society".  A Māori person can belong to or have links to many hapū. Historically, each hapū had its own chief and normally operated independently of its iwi (tribe).
Osvaldo Nardiello
Ángel Osvaldo Nardiello (Rosario, Santa Fe, 31 August 1936 – 26 May 2020) was an Argentine footballer that played as right winger.

He played in eleven matches for the Argentina national football team from 1959 to 1962. He was also part of Argentina's squad for the 1959 South American Championship that took place in Argentina.

1962 Argentine Primera División
The 1962 Argentine Primera División was the 71st season of top-flight football in Argentina. The season began on March 25 and ended on December 12.

Boca Juniors won its 14th championship, with Ferro C. Oeste and Quilmes being relegated to Primera B by the average system.
Kissin' George
Kissin' George (foaled 1963 in California) was an American thoroughbred racehorse, considered one of America's premier sprint horses of the late 1960s. Kissin' George was out of a Head Play mare called Nothead. He was sired by Slamruler, a grandson of Nearco through his son, Nasrullah.

Kissin' George was active for two time periods, 1966-1969 and 1973-74. Although he lost to Dr. Fager on two occasions when stretching beyond his preferred six furlong distance, he was a dominant force at sprint race distances.

Head Play
Head Play (April 2, 1930 – December 11, 1954) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 1933 Preakness Stakes, the second leg of the U.S. Triple Crown series of races and as the horse on the losing end of the "Fighting Finish" of the 1933 Kentucky Derby.
2021 National Amateur Cup
The 2021 National Amateur Cup was the 97th edition of the National Amateur Cup, a knockout cup competition open to amateur teams affiliated with the United States Adult Soccer Association (USASA). This is the third edition of the tournament to award its champion a spot in the U.S. Open Cup.

Lansdowne Yonkers FC won their second National Amateur Cup title, defeating Cal FC 2–1 in the final.

National Amateur Cup
The National Amateur Cup, also known as the USASA Amateur Cup, is an American knockout soccer competition open to all amateur teams affiliated with the United States Soccer Federation through United States Adult Soccer Association (USASA). The National Amateur Cup began in 1923 in response to the number of teams applying to play in the National Challenge Cup. The winner of the men's National Amateur Cup tournament is awarded the Fritz Marth Cup and an entry into the U.S. Open Cup.
Grevillea 'Fire Sprite'
Grevillea 'Fire Sprite'  is a grevillea cultivar. It is a cross between G. longistyla and G. venusta. First developed in 1996, it was registered with the Australian Cultivar Registration Authority (ACRA) in 2007. It has a shrubby habit, reaching 3 m (10 ft) high and 5 m (15 ft) wide.

Original developer Merv Hodge has been impressed by its long flowering period, its reliability, and its ability to attract birds to the garden. He reports brown honeyeaters, scarlet honeyeaters and eastern spinebills as visitors. It has remained popular after release.

Grevillea
Grevillea (/ɡrɪˈvɪliə/), commonly known as spider flowers, is a genus of about 360 species of evergreen flowering plants in the family Proteaceae. Plants in the genus Grevillea are shrubs, rarely trees, with the leaves arranged alternately along the branches, the flowers zygomorphic, arranged in racemes at the ends of branchlets, and the fruit a follicle that splits down one side only, releasing one or two seeds.
Gorf
Gorf is a 1981 fixed shooter video game developed by Dave Nutting Associates and published by Midway Manufacturing for arcades. It features five distinct levels, the first of which is based on Space Invaders and another on Galaxian. The game makes use of synthesized speech for the Gorfian robot which taunts the player, powered by a speech chip. Gorf allows the player to buy two additional lives per quarter before starting the game, for a maximum of seven lives.

The home ports omit the Galaxians stage because Japanese developer Namco (now Bandai Namco Entertainment) owns the rights to the Galaxian franchise.

Computer Entertainer
Computer Entertainer, also known as The Video Game Update, was an American video game newsletter. Based out of Los Angeles, California and edited by Celeste Dolan, it was published monthly between 1982 and 1990, and one of the few publications to survive the 1983 video game crash in North America. It regularly featured news and reviews of computer and home console software, sales charts, coverage of the annual Consumer Electronics Show, interviews with developers in the video game industry, and release dates. Since its discontinuation, it is currently owned by the Video Game History Foundation.
Kinship Part 2 (TV series)
Kinship Part 2 (Simplified Chinese: 手足第二部, 手足續集) is a Singaporean Chinese long running drama which was televised on Singapore's free-to-air channel, MediaCorp TV Channel 8 every Monday to Friday at 19:00. It made its debut on 17 December 2007. The drama is the second of two parts.

This drama series consists of a cast which aims to appeal to both younger and older audience. As such, the producers have cited this drama as a highly anticipated drama, comparable to the likes of Holland V, Double Happiness and Portrait of Home. This drama is the longest running drama (with 40 episodes) being produced by MediaCorp in 2007.

Holland V (TV series)
Holland V (Chinese: 荷兰村) is a 2003 Singaporean drama series produced by MediaCorp. It stars Chen Liping, Xie Shaoguang, Patricia Mok, Cynthia Koh, Jeanette Aw, Vivian Lai, Pierre Png, Xiang Yun and Mark Lee as the casts of the series. The series revolves around the Mo family operating a Nasi Lemak restaurant in Holland Village (or Holland V, also the title name for this drama).

Originally intended to be 115 episodes long, the series was extended to 125 episodes after strong viewership. This drama was also well received in the Star Awards 2003 ceremony as it became one of the two dramas to have won every one of four major acting categories (the other was The Dream Makers II in Star Awards 2016).
2018 Taiwan Football Premier League
The 2018 season of the Taiwan Football Premier League (TFPL) is the second season of top-flight association football competition in Taiwan under its current format. The Taiwan Football Premier League includes eight teams. The season began in April 2018. Tatung FC finished at the top of the table, with that result, Tatung FC won the League and  earned an automatic berth in the 2018 AFC Cup. However, Hang Yuen was granted the AFC Cup berth after the champions declined the AFC invitation in order to focus on next season.

Tainan City F.C.
Tainan City Football Club (for sponsorship reasons currently known as Taiwan Steel and Tainan City TSG; Chinese: 台灣鋼鐵足球隊) is a Taiwanese professional football club based in Tainan City, which currently competes in the Taiwan Football Premier League.

Tainan City has won a record 5 league titles in the club history. In 2024, they become the first club in the league to win a record five consecutive league titles.
TVR Griffith 200
The TVR Griffith 200 (or Griffith Series 200) was a lightweight fibreglass-body sports car. In the United States, the make was Griffith and the model was Griffith Series 200, whilst the United Kingdom the make was TVR and the model was Griffith 200.

Sports car
A sports car is a type of automobile that is designed with an emphasis on dynamic performance, such as handling, acceleration, top speed, the thrill of driving, and racing capability. Sports cars originated in Europe in the early 1910s and are currently produced by many manufacturers around the world.
(Ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase)-lysine N-methyltransferase
In enzymology, a [ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase]-lysine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.127) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

S-adenosyl-L-methionine + [ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase]-lysine  S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + [ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase]-N6-methyl-L-lysine

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-lysine, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-N6-methyl-L-lysine.

RuBisCO
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, commonly known by the abbreviations RuBisCo, rubisco, RuBPCase, or RuBPco, is an enzyme (EC 4.1.1.39) involved in the light-independent (or "dark") part of photosynthesis, including the carbon fixation by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is converted by plants and other photosynthetic organisms to energy-rich molecules such as glucose. It emerged approximately four billion years ago in primordial metabolism prior to the presence of oxygen on Earth.  It is probably the most abundant enzyme on Earth. In chemical terms, it catalyzes the carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (also known as RuBP).
Euthal
The village Euthal is a borough (viertel) in the district of Einsiedeln in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland
It is located at an altitude of 895 meters above sea level in the valley of the Sihlsee.
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Euthal is the southernmost village on the Sihlsee. The name refers to the meadows ("auen") along the formerly swampy valley floor of the Sihl and the plump side valley on the eastern side of the Sihl Valley. The rivers Sihl, Minster and Eubach merge into Sihlsee in Euthal.

The county line south of Euthal forms the valley dialect boundary between the Einsiedler and Ybriger dialect and is the border to district Schwyz.

The village has its own modern school.

Schwyz
Schwyz (German pronunciation: [ʃviːts] ⓘ; French: Schwytz [ʃvits]; Italian: Svitto) is a town and the capital of the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland.

The Federal Charter of 1291 or Bundesbrief, the charter that eventually led to the foundation of Switzerland, can be seen at the Bundesbriefmuseum.

The official language of Schwyz is (the Swiss variety of) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.
Tagabo Hills
The Tagabo Hills is a volcanic field in the region of Darfur in Sudan.  It lies north of the Marrah Mountains and southwest of the larger Meidob Volcanic Field.  The Tagabo Hills are also known as the Kutum Volcanic Field, after the town of Kutum, or the Berti Hills after the Berti people.  It contains well-preserved features, such as scoria cones, thought to be of the late Pleistocene or even as recent as the Holocene. However, a 1997 analysis ascribed the rocks only to the Paleogene/Neogene periods.

Marrah Mountains
The Marrah Mountains or Marra Mountains (Fur, Fugo Marra; Arabic: جبل مرة, Jebel Marra) are a range of volcanic peaks in a massif that rises up to 3,012 metres (9,882 ft). They are the highest mountains in Sudan.
2025 Mallorca Championships – Doubles
Santiago González and Austin Krajicek defeated defending champion Robert Galloway and his partner Yuki Bhambri in the final, 6–1, 1–6, [15–13] to win the doubles tennis title at the 2025 Mallorca Championships.

Julian Cash and Galloway were the reigning champions, but Cash chose to compete in Eastbourne instead.

2025 Eastbourne Open – Men's doubles
Julian Cash and Lloyd Glasspool defeated Ariel Behar and Joran Vliegen in the final, 6–4, 7–6(7–5) to win the doubles tennis title at the 2025 Eastbourne Open. They became just the third all-British pairing to win the title and the first since 2018.

Neal Skupski and Michael Venus were the defending champions, but Venus did not participate this year. Skupski partnered Joe Salisbury, but lost in the semifinals to Cash and Glasspool.
Chartism in Wales
Chartism originated in Wales in Carmarthen under the influence of Hugh Williams, a solicitor and radical reformer. Williams claimed he "got up the first radical meeting in south Wales" in the autumn of 1836 when he founded Carmarthen Working Men's Association. This followed on from the foundation the previous year of the London Working Men's Association by William Lovett and Henry Hetherington, Hetherington was a friend of Hugh Williams and is likely to have influenced his activities in south Wales. The People's Charter, embodying six points, was published in May 1838, with an address by Lovett and Hetherington. It became the focus of widespread meetings in support of its objectives throughout Britain. The People's Charter was later published in Welsh increasing the movement's appeal in Welsh-speaking areas. Chartism in Wales reached its climax in November 1839 with the Newport Rising and subsequent treason trial of Chartist leaders.

London Working Men's Association
The London Working Men's Association was an organisation established in London in 1836. It was one of the foundations of Chartism, advocating for universal male suffrage, equally-populated electoral districts, the abolition of property qualifications for MPs, annual Parliaments, the payment of MPs, and the establishment of secret ballot voting. The founders were William Lovett, Francis Place and Henry Hetherington. They appealed to skilled workers rather than the mass of unskilled factory labourers. They were associated with Owenite socialism and the movement for general education.
British League Knockout Cup 1965
The British League Knockout Cup 1965 was the 27th edition of the Knockout Cup. It was the first time that it was called the British League Knockout Cup following a reorganisation of speedway in the United Kingdom. West Ham Hammers won the cup and therefore secured the league and cup double.

British League Knockout Cup
The British League Knockout Cup was a speedway Knockout Cup competition in the United Kingdom governed by the Speedway Control Board (SCB) in conjunction with the British Speedway Promoters' Association (BSPA), that was staged between 1965 and 1994. The teams from the top division of league racing, the British League, took part. A similar competition was held for clubs in leagues that succeeded the British League, including the Elite League Knockout Cup and the Premier League Knockout Cup.