hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Institute for International Economic Studies
The Institute for International Economic Studies (IIES) is a Swedish research institute at Stockholm University, founded in the early 1960s. The main objective is to produce outstanding research for publication in leading international journals. The faculty at IIES consists of 18 full time researchers and publishes on around 4 papers in the top five economics journals each year.

Scholars from the IIES have received a number of international awards, such as the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences and the Yrjö Jahnsson Award. Among many other honors, two IIES scholars have been elected Presidents of the European Economic Association, one elected President of the Econometric Society, three elected Foreign Honorary Members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and six elected members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. A number of IIES scholars hold positions on the Editorial boards of top international journals.

Stockholm University
Stockholm University (SU) (Swedish: Stockholms universitet) is a public research university in Stockholm, Sweden, founded as a college in 1878, with university status since 1960. With over 33,000 students at four different faculties: law, humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences, it is one of the largest universities in Scandinavia.

Stockholm University was granted university status in 1960, making it the fourth oldest Swedish university. As with other public universities in Sweden, Stockholm University's mission includes teaching and research anchored in society at large.
Truecasing
Truecasing, also called capitalization recovery, capitalization correction, or case restoration, is the problem in natural language processing (NLP) of determining the proper capitalization of words where such information is unavailable.  This commonly comes up due to the standard practice (in English and many other languages) of automatically capitalizing the first word of a sentence.  It can also arise in badly cased or noncased text (for example, all-lowercase or all-uppercase text messages).

Truecasing is only necessary for orthographies that have casing. This includes most languages written in the Latin, Greek, Cyrillic and Armenian scripts.

Named-entity recognition
Named-entity recognition (NER) (also known as (named) entity identification, entity chunking, and entity extraction) is a subtask of information extraction that seeks to locate and classify named entities mentioned in unstructured text into pre-defined categories such as person names (PER), organizations (ORG), locations (LOC), geopolitical entities (GPE), vehicles (VEH), medical codes, time expressions, quantities, monetary values, percentages, etc.

Most research on NER/NEE systems has been structured as taking an unannotated block of text, such as transducing:

Jim bought 300 shares of Acme Corp. in 2006.

into an annotated block of text that highlights the names of entities:

[Jim]Person bought 300 shares of [Acme Corp.]Organization in [2006]Time.

In this example, a person name consisting of one token, a two-token company name and a temporal expression have been detected and classified.
Billawar Assembly constituency
Billawar Assembly constituency is one of the 90 constituencies in the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir a north state of India. Billawar is also part of Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency.

Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency
Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency is one of the six Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituencies in Jammu and Kashmir in northern India. The constituency covers 20,230 square kilometres of mountainous Himalayan terrain, and is comparable to the size of Israel. It is composed of the districts of Kishtwar, Ramban, Kathua, Doda, and Udhampur. Udhampur constituency's population is over 2,400,000, and exceeds the population of New Mexico. The seat from 1967 to 1980 was held by Karan Singh, the former crown prince of Jammu and Kashmir. It is currently represented by Union minister Jitendra Singh since 2014 from the Bharatiya Janata Party.
Adrenergic release inhibitor
Adrenergic release inhibitors are a class of drugs which inhibit the release of epinephrine (adrenaline) and/or norepinephrine (noradrenaline) from adrenergic nerve terminals and are used as antihypertensives. Examples of these agents include bethanidine, bretylium, debrisoquine, guanisoquin(7-bromo Debrisoquine), guanadrel, guanazodine, guancydine, guanethidine, guanoclor, and guanoxan. Most agents of this class are guanidinium compounds and have little capacity to cross the blood–brain barrier.

Guanoxan
Guanoxan is a sympatholytic drug that was marketed as Envacar by Pfizer in the UK to treat high blood pressure. It was not widely used and was eventually withdrawn from the market due to liver toxicity.
Arostropsis
Arostropsis is an extinct genus of broad-nosed weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae known from an Upper Eocene fossil found in Europe.  The genus contains a single described species, Arostropsis groehni.

Entiminae
The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as Entimus, Otiorhynchus, Phyllobius, Sitona, and Pachyrrhynchus. In comparison with their stunning diversity, only a few of these weevils are notorious pests of major economic importance. Entimines are commonly encountered in the field, including urban environments, and abundant in entomological collections.
Rapid City Rush
The Rapid City Rush are a professional ice hockey team in the ECHL based in Rapid City, South Dakota, and play their home games at The Monument. The Rush are currently a minor affiliate of the Calgary Flames NHL franchise.

Tucson Roadrunners
The Tucson Roadrunners are a professional ice hockey team based in Tucson, Arizona. They are the American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate of the National Hockey League's (NHL) Utah Mammoth. They play their home games at the Tucson Convention Center.

In April 2016, the Arizona Coyotes announced they would relocate their AHL affiliate, the Springfield Falcons, to Tucson ahead of the 2016–17 season. Following the 2023–24 season, the Coyotes were deactivated by the NHL, and their operations were transferred to a new team in Utah. Owner Alex Meruelo was given a five-year window to reactivate the Coyotes if a new arena was secured, but he abandoned the plan after a land auction was canceled. The Roadrunners announced they would remain in Tucson as the AHL affiliate for the Mammoth, with Meruelo retaining his ownership of the Roadrunners.
Hud (prophet)
Hūd (Arabic: هود‎), sometimes called Eber, is believed in Islam to have been a messenger sent to ancient Arabia before Muhammad. Hud is repeatedly mentioned in the Quran  whose eleventh chapter is also named after him (although a small portion of it is actually about him).

Hadhramaut Governorate
Hadhramaut Governorate (Arabic: محافظة حضرموت, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat Ḥaḍramawt) is a governorate of Yemen. Lying within the large historical region of Hadhramaut, it is the country's largest governorate. The capital of Hadhramaut is the city of Mukalla. Other cities in Hadhramaut include the historical towns of Shibam, Sena, Seiyun, Tarim, and Ash Shihr.

The Socotra Archipelago was transferred from the Aden Governorate to the Hadhramaut Governorate in 2004. It was subsequently separated to create Socotra Governorate in December 2013.
Neptune (collection)
Neptune is the twenty-seventh collection by British designer Alexander McQueen, released for the Spring/Summer 2006 season of his eponymous fashion house. It took inspiration from classical Greek clothing, 1980s fashion, and the work of artists influential in that decade. The runway show was staged during Paris Fashion Week on 7 October 2005 at the industrial warehouse of the Imprimerie Nationale. Two main phases were presented, with 56 looks total: the first phase comprised monochrome black clothing, while the second featured a white, green, and gold palette. The collection's clothing and runway show both lacked McQueen's signature theatricality, and critical reception at launch and in retrospect was negative. Items from Neptune appeared in the 2022 exhibition Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse.

Dana Thomas
Dana Thomas (born February 3, 1964) is an American fashion and culture journalist and author based in Paris. Her books include  Deluxe: How Luxury Lost Its Luster, Gods and Kings: The Rise and Fall of Alexander McQueen and John Galliano and Fashionopolis: The Price of Fast Fashion and the Future of Clothes. She also wrote the script for Salvatore Ferragamo: The Shoemaker of Dreams, a feature-length documentary directed by award-winning Italian filmmaker Luca Guadagnino. It had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on September 5, 2020. She hosts The Green Dream podcast on all things sustainable.
The Brutal Telling
The Brutal Telling is a novel written by Louise Penny, the fifth novel in the Chief Inspector Armand Gamache series set in Quebec.  It was published by Minotaur Books, an imprint of St. Martin's Press owned by Macmillan Publishers.  The book was published on 22 September 2009. It won to the Anthony Award for Best Novel in 2010.

Chief Inspector Armand Gamache
Chief Inspector Armand Gamache is the main character in a series of mystery novels written by Canadian author Louise Penny. The series is set around the life of Chief Inspector Armand Gamache of Sûreté du Québec, the provincial police force for Quebec. Books in the series have been nominated for, and have received, numerous awards.

The first book in the series, Still Life, was released in 2006 and won the New Blood Dagger award, Arthur Ellis Award, the Dilys Award, 2007 Anthony Award, and the Barry Award. All subsequent novels in the series have won major crime-writing awards in three countries. Many have also made the New York Times Best-Seller List, debuting as high as #1.
Arcanoceras
Arcanoceras is a genus belonging to the Eogonioloboceratidae family. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Eogonioloboceratidae
Eogonioloboceratidae is one of nine families of the Pericycloidea superfamily. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
Water End Swallow Holes
Water End Swallow Holes is a biological site of Special Scientific Interest in Hertfordshire, south-east England. Located in Welham Green and under the planning authority of Welwyn Hatfield District Council, it has an area of 11.3 hectares (28 acres).

The site covers more than fifteen swallet holes, the only ones in chalk which are a permanent feature of the landscape. Next to the holes is a swamp area of willow carr which is biologically important, and in deep water there is reed sweet-grass. The site also has areas of woodland and grassland. From the sinkholes the waters become the River Colne.

There is access to the site from Station Road.

Welwyn Hatfield
Welwyn Hatfield is a local government district with borough status in the county of Hertfordshire, England. Its council is based in Welwyn Garden City. The borough borders Hertsmere, St Albans, North Hertfordshire, East Hertfordshire, Broxbourne, and the London Borough of Enfield.

The borough includes the two towns of Welwyn Garden City and Hatfield, along with numerous smaller settlements from Woolmer Green in the north to Cuffley in the south. The borough has six railway stations on the Great Northern Railway; five being on the main line and one on the Hertford loop line. The Digswell Viaduct is a local landmark. The A1 road passes through the borough.

Much of the borough lies within the Metropolitan Green Belt which surrounds London. Welwyn Garden City is notable as being one of only two Garden Cities in the country, and is uniquely both a Garden City and a designated New Town. The University of Hertfordshire has its main campus at Hatfield.
Spatsizi Plateau
The Spatsizi Plateau is a plateau in the upper basin of the Stikine River in north-central British Columbia, Canada.  Most of the plateau, which is a sub-plateau of the Stikine Plateau, is enshrined in either Spatsizi Plateau Wilderness Provincial Park or Spatsizi Headwaters Provincial Park.  It is flanked on the south and southwest by the Skeena Mountains, on the southeast by the Omineca Mountains, on the northeast by the Stikine Ranges of the Cassiar Mountains, and on the west by the Klastline Plateau (another subplateau of the Stikine Plateau).

Spatsizi Plateau Wilderness Provincial Park
Spatsizi Plateau Wilderness Provincial Park is located in the northern portion of British Columbia, Canada, approximately 698, 659 hectares and encompasses the Spatsizi River and Gladys Lake Ecological Reserve. The park is a designated protected area that is intended for the conservation and research on caribou, grizzly bears, fish, and other wildlife species populations. Before the provincial park's establishment in 1975, the area was a historical hunting ground for local Indigenous communities like the Tahltan First Nations. It is the second largest provincial park in British Columbia.
Giorgi Latso
Giorgi Latso (born Giorgi Latsabidze, Georgian: გიორგი ლაცაბიძე, IPA: [ɡioɾɡi latsabidze]; 15 April 1978) is a Georgian-American concert pianist, film composer, arranger, adjudicator, improviser and Doctor of Musical Arts. Latso has won several international piano competitions and awards. He is best known for his interpretations of Chopin and Debussy. He is a founder & CEO of Amadeus International Foundation. His concerts have been broadcast on radio and television in Europe, Asia, and the Americas.

Preludes (Chopin)
Frédéric Chopin wrote a number of preludes for piano solo. His collection of 24 Preludes, Op. 28, covers all major and minor keys. In addition, Chopin wrote three other preludes: a prelude in C♯ minor, Op. 45; a piece in A♭ major from 1834; and an unfinished piece in E♭ minor. These are sometimes referred to as Nos. 25, 26, and 27, respectively.
Kansas City Times
The Kansas City Times was a morning newspaper in Kansas City, Missouri, published from 1867 to 1990. The morning Kansas City Times, under ownership of the afternoon Kansas City Star, won two Pulitzer Prizes and was bigger than its parent when it was renamed Kansas City Star.

Capital Cities/ABC
Capital Cities/ABC Inc. was an American media company. It was founded in 1985 when Capital Cities Communications purchased the much larger American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. They were eventually acquired by Disney and re-branded themselves as Disney–ABC Television Group (now Disney General Entertainment Content) in 1996.
Economy of Ashanti
The economy of the Ashanti Region in southern Ghana is largely self-sufficient, being driven by its service sector as well as by natural resources. The region is also known for its production of manganese, bauxite and agricultural commodities such as cocoa and yam, with the region having low levels of taxation and without much need for foreign direct investment. The Ashanti Region spans an area of 24,389 km2, and according to the 2000 census, the region had a population of 3,612,950, most of whom (94.2%) were ethnic Akans, of whom 82.9% were ethnic Ashanti. The capital of the region is Kumasi, which with a population of 2,069,350 as of 2013 represents a high level of urbanisation within the state.

Industrial agriculture
Industrial agriculture is a form of modern farming that refers to the industrialized production of crops and animals and animal products like eggs or milk. The methods of industrial agriculture include innovation in agricultural machinery and farming methods, genetic technology, techniques for achieving economies of scale in production, the creation of new markets for consumption, the application of patent protection to genetic information, and global trade. These methods are widespread in developed nations and increasingly prevalent worldwide. Most of the meat, dairy, eggs, fruits and vegetables available in supermarkets are produced in this way.
Mount Gambier railway station
Mount Gambier railway station was the terminus of the Mount Gambier railway line and the junction for the Beachport and Mount Gambier-Heywood railway lines in the South Australian city of Mount Gambier. It was last used in 2006, and has since been transformed into a public community space.

Mount Gambier–Heywood railway line
Mount Gambier–Heywood railway line is a 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) line located in Australia which operated from 27 November 1917 to 11 April 1995 between Mount Gambier in the state of South Australia and Heywood in the state of Victoria.  It is one of two railway lines built by both state governments following an agreement in 1912 to connect to each other's railway networks. There has been calls for standardisation over the past two decades from Heywood to Wolseley since the Melbourne to Adelaide line was converted in 1995.
ISO standards for trailer connectors
A number of ISO standards cover trailer connectors, the electrical connectors between vehicles and the trailers they tow that provide a means of control for the trailers. These are listed below, with notes on significant deviations from them that can cause problems.

Automotive lighting
Automotive lighting is functional exterior lighting in vehicles. A motor vehicle has lighting and signaling devices mounted to or integrated into its front, rear, sides, and, in some cases, top. Various devices have the dual function of illuminating the road ahead for the driver, and making the vehicle visible to others, with indications to them of turning, slowing or stopping, etc., with lights also indicating the size of some large vehicles.

Many emergency vehicles have distinctive lighting equipment to warn drivers of their presence.
Vibrio cholerae ToxT activated RNAs
In molecular biology, Vibrio cholerae ToxT activated RNAs are small RNAs which are produced by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. They are regulated by the transcriptional activator ToxT and may play a role in V. cholerae virulence. Two ToxT activated RNAs have been described: TarA (ToxT activated RNA A) and TarB (ToxT activated RNA B).

Bacterial small RNA
Bacterial small RNAs are small RNAs produced by bacteria; they are 50- to 500-nucleotide non-coding RNA molecules, highly structured and containing several stem-loops. Numerous sRNAs have been identified using both computational analysis and laboratory-based techniques such as Northern blotting, microarrays and RNA-Seq in a number of bacterial species including Escherichia coli, the model pathogen Salmonella, the nitrogen-fixing alphaproteobacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti, marine cyanobacteria, Francisella tularensis (the causative agent of tularaemia), Streptococcus pyogenes, the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, and the plant pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae. Bacterial sRNAs affect how genes are expressed within bacterial cells via interaction with mRNA or protein, and thus can affect a variety of bacterial functions like metabolism, virulence, environmental stress response, and structure.
Nur zu Besuch: Unplugged im Wiener Burgtheater
Nur zu Besuch: Unplugged im Wiener Burgtheater or Nur zu Besuch: Die Toten Hosen unplugged im Wiener Burgtheater (Only visiting: Unplugged at the Vienna Burgtheater) is a MTV Unplugged album by the German punk band Die Toten Hosen.

Eisgekühlter Bommerlunder
"Eisgekühlter Bommerlunder" (Bommerlunder On The Rocks) is a German drinking song by the group Die Toten Hosen. The song is repeated over and over, each time the song is sung quicker and a pitch higher, until performers can not sing anymore.

Bommerlunder is a brand of schnapps, popular in Northern Germany.
2015 Burkinabè general election
General elections were held in Burkina Faso on 29 November 2015. They were the first national elections in the country since the 2014 Burkinabé uprising and the departure of President Blaise Compaoré, who had ruled Burkina Faso for 27 years. Compaoré's party, the Congress for Democracy and Progress, was banned from presenting a presidential candidate in the presidential elections but was still able to participate in the parliamentary election.

The presidential election was won by Roch Marc Christian Kaboré of the People's Movement for Progress, who received 53% of the vote in the first round, avoiding the need for a second round. Kaboré took office on 29 December, becoming only the second civilian president since the country gained independence from France in 1960 and the first civilian to hold the post in 49 years.

Bobo-Dioulasso
11°11′N 4°17′W﻿ / ﻿11.183°N 4.283°W﻿ / 11.183; -4.283
Bobo-Dioulasso (Dyula: Bɔbɔjulaso N'Ko script: ߓߐ߬ߓߐߖߎ߬ߟߊ߬ߛߏ߫, Mossi: Sɩa) is a city in Burkina Faso with a population of 1,129,000 (as of 2023); it is the second-largest city in the country, after Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso's capital. The name means "home of the Bobo-Dioula".

The local Bobo-speaking population (related to the Mande) refers to the city simply as Sia. There are two distinct dialects of Jula spoken, based on the origins of different groups of speakers. The city is situated in the southwest of the country, in the Houet Province, some 350 km (220 mi) from Ouagadougou. Bobo-Dioulasso is significant both economically (agricultural trade, textile industry) and culturally, as it is a major center of culture and music.
Bride of the Century
Bride of the Century (Korean: 백년의 신부; RR: Baengnyeonui sinbu), also known as Hundred Year Bride, is a 2014 South Korean television series starring Lee Hong-gi and Yang Jin-sung. It aired on cable channel TV Chosun from February 22 to April 12, 2014 for 16 episodes. The fantasy/romance drama revolves around a family curse that causes the first wife of the first born son to die.

Chaebol
A chaebol (Korean: 재벌 [tɕɛbɔɭ] ⓘ) is a type of large industrial South Korean conglomerate run and controlled by an individual or family. A chaebol often consists of multiple diversified affiliates, controlled by a person or group. Several dozen large South Korean family-controlled corporate groups fall under this definition. The term first appeared in English text in 1972.

Chaebol have also played a significant role in South Korean politics. In 1988, a member of a chaebol family, Chung Mong-joon, president of Hyundai Heavy Industries, successfully ran for the National Assembly of South Korea. Other business leaders were also chosen to be members of the National Assembly through proportional representation. Hyundai has made efforts in the thawing of North Korean relations, despite some controversy. Many South Korean family-run chaebol have been criticised for low dividend payouts and other governance practices that favor controlling shareholders at the expense of ordinary investors.
Southern Girls
"Southern Girls" is a song written by Rick Nielsen and Tom Petersson that was first released by Cheap Trick on their 1977 album In Color, produced by Tom Werman.  It was also released as a single.  It has been covered by a number of artists, including Bangs, Everclear and Gilby Clarke.

Hook (music)
A hook is a musical idea, often a short riff, passage, or phrase, that is used in popular music to make a song appealing and to "catch the ear of the listener." The term generally applies to popular music, especially rock, urban, dance, and pop. In these genres, the hook is often found in, or consists of, the chorus. A hook can be either melodic or rhythmic, and often incorporates the main motif for a piece of music.