hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Africa and the Victorians
Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism is a 1961 book by Ronald Robinson and John Andrew Gallagher, with contributions from Robinson's wife, Alice Denny. The book argues that British involvement in the Scramble for Africa occurred largely to secure its empire, specifically routes to India and was a strategic decision. It was well received upon publication and is considered an influential work.

First Boer War
The First Boer War (Afrikaans: Eerste Vryheidsoorlog, lit. 'First Freedom War'),  was fought from 16 December 1880 until 23 March 1881 between the United Kingdom  and Boers of the Transvaal (as the South African Republic was known while under British administration). The war resulted in a Boer victory and eventual independence of the South African Republic. The war is also known as the First Anglo–Boer War, the Transvaal War or the Transvaal Rebellion.
2nd East Riding Artillery Volunteers
The 2nd East Riding Artillery Volunteers was a part-time unit of Britain's Royal Artillery based at Hull and along the Humber Estuary. Its successor units provided field artillery on the Western Front during World War I and air defence artillery during and after World War II. Latterly it formed part of the Humber Artillery based at Hull.

Second Battle of Ypres
The Second Battle of Ypres was fought from 22 April – 25 May 1915, during the First World War, for control of the tactically valuable high ground to the east and the south of the Flemish town of Ypres, in western Belgium. The First Battle of Ypres had been fought the previous autumn. The Second Battle of Ypres was the occasion of the first mass use by Germany of poison gas on the Western Front.
Ashes to Ashes (Kluger book)
Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris, written by Richard Kluger and published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1996, won the 1997 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction. It is a detailed account of the American tobacco industry, focusing particularly on the Philip Morris tobacco company.

The book took Kluger seven years to research and write.

Alfred A. Knopf
Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. (/knɒpf/) is an American publishing house that was founded by Blanche Knopf and Alfred A. Knopf Sr. in 1915. Blanche and Alfred traveled abroad regularly and were known for publishing European, Asian, and Latin American writers in addition to leading American literary trends. It was acquired by Random House in 1960, and is now part of the Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group division of Penguin Random House which is owned by the German conglomerate Bertelsmann.

The Knopf publishing house is associated with the borzoi logo in its colophon, which was designed by co-founder Blanche Knopf in 1925.
2024 NSW Open
The 2024 Perpetual NSW Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the fourth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2024 ATP Challenger Tour and the tenth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2024 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It took place in Sydney, Australia between 28 October and 3 November 2024.

2024 ATP Challenger Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour in 2024 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2024 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 207 tournaments with prize money ranging from $41,000 up to $225,500. It was the 47th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 16th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Tataki gobo
Tataki gobo (たたき牛蒡, means "pounded burdock" in Japanese) is a type of nimono (simmered) dish in Japanese cuisine. It is usually served as a condiment for rice or a side for sake. The burdock is simmered until parboiled, pounded and shredded into smaller pieces. It is seasoned with sesame seed paste, dashi, soy sauce, vinegar, and sugar. It is refrigerated for at least 24 hours in the dressing, similar to a pickle.

Dashi
Dashi (出汁, だし) is a family of stocks used in Japanese cuisine. Dashi forms the base for miso soup, clear broth soup, noodle broth soup, and many simmering liquids to accentuate the savory flavor known as umami. Dashi is also mixed into the flour base of some grilled foods like okonomiyaki and takoyaki.
Oliver W. Dillard
Oliver Williams Dillard Sr. (September 28, 1926 – June 16, 2015) was a United States Army major general, the fifth black officer in the U.S. Army to attain flag rank.

He was a member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame and Officer Candidate School Hall of Fame, at Fort Huachuca, Arizona and Fort Benning, Georgia respectively.

General Dillard became the first black graduate of the National War College in 1965. He also served as the first black general officer in the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, the last J2 (senior Intelligence officer) for the U.S. Military Assistance Command – Vietnam, the first U.S. Army Forces Command Deputy Chief of Staff, Intelligence, and the first black Deputy Chief of Staff, Intelligence for the U.S. Army Europe. Dillard retired from the U.S. Army in 1980, after a career spanning 34 years.

24th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 24th Infantry Regiment is a unit of the United States Army, active from 1869 until 1951, and since 1995. Before its original dissolution in 1951, it was primarily made up of African American soldiers.
Westville, Lincolnshire
Westville is a hamlet in the civil parish of Frithville and Westville, in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated 7 miles (11 km) north from Boston. Westville lies in the fen country close to the village of Frithville.

Westville consists of Westville Farm and a couple of houses including the original Farmhouse, (Home Farm). Home Farm's barn was sold off and has now been converted into a barn conversion.

Westville was created a township after the draining of the West Fen in 1812, in 1866 Westville became a separate civil parish, on 1 April 2005 the parish was abolished and merged with Frithville to form "Frithville and Westville". In 1971 the parish had a population of 55.

John Rennie directed the building of an early-19th-century bridge over the Twenty Foot Drain at Westville; it is Grade II listed.

East Lindsey
East Lindsey is a local government district in Lincolnshire, England. Its council is based in Horncastle and the largest town is Skegness. Other towns include Alford, Burgh le Marsh, Coningsby, Louth, Mablethorpe, Spilsby, Sutton on Sea, Wainfleet All Saints, Wragby and Woodhall Spa. The district also covers a large rural area, including many smaller settlements.

The district lies on the east coast, bordering the North Sea. The north-west of the district includes part of the Lincolnshire Wolds, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The neighbouring districts are Boston, North Kesteven, West Lindsey and North East Lincolnshire.
Pierson Prioleau
Pierson Olin Prioleau [PEER-sun PRAY-low] (born August 6, 1977) is an American former professional football player who was a safety in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the San Francisco 49ers in the fourth round of the 1999 NFL draft.  He played college football for the Virginia Tech Hokies and is currently on the coaching staff. He received a degree from Virginia Tech in interdisciplinary studies, graduating on May 14, 2011. Pierson served as the director of player development - defense under Justin Fuente at Virginia Tech from 2019 to 2021. Upon the hiring of Brent Pry as the new head coach for the Hokies, Pierson was promoted to an on-field position as the safeties coach, replacing fellow Hokie Justin Hamilton.

Prioleau has also played for the Buffalo Bills, Washington Redskins, Jacksonville Jaguars, and  New Orleans Saints.

Justin Fuente
Justin James Fuente (born July 30, 1976) is an American college football coach. He was the head football coach at Virginia Tech from 2016 to 2021 and was the 2016 ACC Coach of the Year. Fuente was also the head football coach at the University of Memphis from 2012 to 2015. Prior, he was an assistant at Texas Christian University from 2007 to 2011 and at Illinois State University from 2001 to 2006. Fuente attended the University of Oklahoma before transferring to Murray State University after his redshirt sophomore season. He played quarterback for both schools. Fuente played a single season with the Oklahoma Wranglers of the Arena Football League.

Fuente has coached quarterbacks as an assistant or head coach including three-time Pro Bowler Andy Dalton, first-round draft pick Paxton Lynch, and arena football quarterback Jerod Evans.
1930–31 Birmingham F.C. season
The 1930–31 Football League season was Birmingham Football Club's 35th in the Football League and their 18th in the First Division. They finished in 19th position in the 22-team division, five points clear of the relegation places. They also competed in the 1930–31 FA Cup, entering at the third round proper and reaching the final for the first time in the club's history. They lost 2–1 to Second Division club West Bromwich Albion.

Twenty-seven players made at least one appearance in nationally organised competition, and there were eleven different goalscorers. Forward Ernie Curtis played in 47 of the 49 matches over the season, and, for the 10th successive year, Joe Bradford was leading scorer, with 22 goals in all competitions, of which 14 came in the league. George Briggs scored more league goals, with 15.

The 9–1 defeat away to Sheffield Wednesday on 13 December equalled the club record for widest margin of defeat.

George Briggs (footballer)
George Richard Briggs (3 May 1903 – 1972) was an English professional footballer who played in the Football League as a forward or outside right for Birmingham and Plymouth Argyle.

Formerly a coal-miner, Briggs joined First Division Birmingham from Midland League Denaby United in December 1923. In 1924–25, his first full season at the club, he was joint top scorer. He was used in all forward positions before settling as an outside-right, the position in which he played in the 1931 FA Cup Final defeat. In all he made 324 appearances for Birmingham and scored 107 goals, which ranks him fourth in the club's all-time top scorers table. In 1933 he moved to Plymouth Argyle, where he spent three seasons.

He was twice called up as reserve to the England team, in 1926 and 1928, but never played.

He died in his native Yorkshire.
2024 Rally Hungary
The 2024 Rally Hungary was a motor racing event for rally cars held over three days from 12 to 14 April 2024. It was the first round of the 2024 European Rally Championship. The event was based in Veszprém, and was contested over thirteen stages, covering a total competitive distance of 192.43 km (119.57 mi).

Mads Østberg and Patrik Barth were defending rally winners. Norbert Maior and Francesca Maior were defending rally winners in ERC-4 and Junior ERC.

Simone Tempestini and Sergiu Itu won the rally overall. Filip Kohn and Tom Woodburn won in the ERC-3 category, and Max McRae and Cameron Fair won in the ERC-4 and Junior ERC categories.

2024 European Rally Championship
The 2024 European Rally Championship was the 72nd season of the FIA European Rally Championship, the European continental championship series in rallying. The season was also the eleventh following the merge between the European Rally Championship and the Intercontinental Rally Challenge.

Hayden Paddon won the championship for the second year in a row, driving a Hyundai i20 N Rally2 prepared by BRC Racing Team. BRC Racing Team also won the constructors' championship.
Miss Universe Ecuador 2025
Miss Universe Ecuador 2025 was the second edition of Miss Universe Ecuador pageant under CNB Ecuador. Also, the winner will be the 13th Reina del Concurso Nacional de Belleza Ecuador. Held at the Palacio de Cristal, Guayaquil, Guayas, Ecuador, on July 26, 2025.

Mara Topić of Guayaquil crowned Nadia Mejia of the Ecuadorian Community in the United States. Mejia will represent Ecuador at Miss Universe 2025. Additionally, Samantha Quenedit from Quito won as the Ecuadorian representative to Miss Grand International 2025 on July 18, 2025, during the preliminary competition held in Cuenca.

Concurso Nacional de Belleza Ecuador
Concurso Nacional de Belleza Ecuador is a national beauty pageant held annually in Ecuador. Initially, the contest was named Miss World Ecuador in 2013 until 2020 when it was renamed Consurso Nacional de Belleza Ecuador. The winner is called Reina del Concurso Nacional de Belleza Ecuador, and she and her runner-ups can be the Ecuadorian representatives at Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss Supranational or Miss Grand International in the year she has been chosen.
Niu Sale
Niusumelie Sale (born November 17, 1969) is an American former professional football player who played three seasons in the Arena Football League (AFL) with the Sacramento Attack/Miami Hooters and Massachusetts Marauders. He played college football at El Camino College and the University of Missouri. He was a two-time first-team All-American while at El Camino College and a two-time All-Arena selection while in the AFL. While with the Attack/Hooters, Sale was a member of an informal group of Polynesian players on the team called "The Committee".

Two-way player
In sports that require a player to play on offense and defense (such as basketball and ice hockey), a two-way player refers to a player who excels at both. In sports where a player typically specializes on offense or defense (like American football), or on pitching or batting (like baseball), it refers to a player who chooses to do both.
Rigveda 1.32
Hymn 1.32 of the Rigveda is a poem praising the deity Indra for his victory over the serpent Vritra. While this story is often referred to in the Rigveda, hymn 1.32 is the only detailed description of it. The poem describes in 15 stanzas how Indra smashes Vritra with his mace, thereby liberating the waters. The hymn is rich in similes and has long been valued for its beauty. The linguistic and metrical traits of the poem suggest it was composed relatively late in the Rigveda period. Preserved in mandala 1 of the Rigveda, the hymn is attributed to Hiraṇyastūpa Āṅgirasa, a rishi of the Angiras clan.

Vritra
Vritra (Sanskrit: वृत्र, lit. 'enveloper', IAST: Vṛtrá, Sanskrit pronunciation: [ʋr̩.ˈtrɐ]) is a danava in Hinduism. He serves as the personification of drought, and is an adversary of the king of the devas, Indra. As a danava, he belongs to the race of the asuras. Vritra is also known in the Vedas as Ahi (Sanskrit: अहि, lit. 'snake' IAST: ahi Sanskrit pronunciation: [ɐ.hi]). He appears as a human-like serpent blocking the course of the Rigvedic rivers, and is slain by Indra with his newly forged vajra.
ALR Piranha
The ALR Piranha was an aircraft project undertaken by the Swiss Air Force's Swiss Working Group for Aerospace (ALR) to develop a lightweight multi-role combat aircraft with canard wings. The ALR is the Aerospace Project Development Group of the Swiss Air Force. The project was managed by Georges Bridel, an engineer at the ETH Zurich (the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology).

SNECMA Turbomeca Larzac
The SNECMA Turbomeca Larzac is a military turbofan manufactured by GRTS (Groupement Turbomeca-SNECMA), a consortium between the two French companies, SNECMA and Turbomeca. Its main application was on the Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet.
Glenfinlas (poem)
“Glenfinlas; or, Lord Ronald's Coronach” by Walter Scott, written in 1798 and first published in 1800, was, as Scott remembered it, his first original poem as opposed to translations from the German.  A short narrative of 264 lines, it tells a supernatural story based on a Highland legend.  Though highly appreciated by many 19th century readers and critics it is now overshadowed by his later and longer poems.

Translations and Imitations from German Ballads by Sir Walter Scott
Throughout Walter Scott's literary career, he imitated and translated poems from German sources. The resulting collection was gradually expanded over successive editions of Scott's poetry until it included seven items, which are introduced below.

Each ballad is a narrative poem retelling a popular German fairy-tale: including poignantly dramatic and tragic themes.
38 Virginis
38 Virginis is an F-type main sequence star in the constellation of Virgo. With an apparent magnitude of 6.135, it is very close to the average threshold for naked eye visibility, and can only be viewed from sufficiently dark skies, far from light pollution. It is around 109.1 light years distant from the Earth.

Virgo (constellation)
Virgo is one of the constellations of the zodiac. The name means "maiden" in Latin and its traditional astrological symbol is . Between Leo to the west and Libra to the east, lying in the south, it is the second-largest constellation in the sky (after Hydra) and the largest constellation in the zodiac. The ecliptic intersects the celestial equator within this constellation and Pisces. Underlying these technical two definitions, the sun passes directly overhead of the equator, within this constellation, at the September equinox. Virgo can be easily found through its brightest star, Spica, (in Latin "grain headed").
Laura Borràs
Laura Borràs i Castanyer (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈlawɾə βuˈras]; born 5 October 1970) is a Spanish philologist, academic and politician from Catalonia who was the President of the Parliament of Catalonia between 2021 and 2022, when she was suspended as member of the Parliament of Catalonia under allegations of corruption.

Born in 1970 in Spain  in the city of Barcelona, Borràs studied Catalan philology at the University of Barcelona (UB) before becoming an academic. She taught at UB and the Open University of Catalonia. Between 2013 and 2018 she was director of the Institució de les Lletres Catalanes.

Borràs was a member of Parliament of Catalonia from January 2018 to May 2019 for the pro-independence Together for Catalonia electoral alliance. Between June 2018 and March 2019 she was the Minister of Culture of Catalonia. She was a member of the Congress of Deputies between May 2019 and March 2021.

President of the Government of Catalonia
The president of the Government of Catalonia (Catalan: President de la Generalitat de Catalunya, IPA: [pɾəziˈðen də lə ʒənəɾəliˈtad də kətəˈluɲə]) is head of government of Catalonia, leading the executive branch of the Generalitat de Catalunya, the Catalan government.

It is one of the bodies that the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia stipulates as part of the Generalitat de Catalunya, others being the Parliament, the Govern or Executive Council, the Council for Statutory Guarantees, and the Catalan Ombudsman (Síndic de Greuges).

The current president is Salvador Illa of the Socialists' Party of Catalonia, who won a plurality in the 2024 Catalan regional election and formed the first unionist government in Catalonia since 2010.
Ponte Sublicio
Ponte Sublicio, also known as Ponte Aventino or Ponte Marmoreo, is a bridge linking Piazza dell'Emporio to Piazza di Porta Portese in Rome (Italy), in the Rioni Ripa, Trastevere and Testaccio and in the Quartiere Portuense.

The most ancient bridge in Rome crossed river Tiber just downstream of the Tiber Island, in correspondence with the former ford that, during the protohistoric age, was a required stop along the north-south way, at the feet of the Aventine Hill. Its building has been ascribed to King Ancus Marcius (642 - 617 BC) by Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Tiber Island
The Tiber Island (Italian: Isola Tiberina, Latin: Insula Tiberina) is the only river island in the part of the Tiber which runs through Rome. Tiber Island is located in the southern bend of the Tiber.

The island is boat-shaped, approximately 270 metres (890 feet) long and 67 metres (220 feet) wide, and has been connected with bridges to both sides of the river since antiquity. Being a seat of the ancient temple of Asclepius and later a hospital, the island is associated with medicine and healing. The Fatebenefratelli Hospital founded in the 16th century, and the basilica church of San Bartolomeo all'Isola dating from the 10th century, are located on the island.
1986 Individual Speedway World Championship
The 1986 Individual Speedway World Championship was the 41st edition of the official World Championship to determine the world champion rider.

Hans Nielsen finally won his first world title after finishing in second place during the two previous Championships. He lost his first ride to arch rival and defending champion Erik Gundersen but then won his next four rides to be crowned the champion. Fellow Dane Jan O. Pedersen took silver and England's Kelvin Tatum took the bronze while Gundersen faded into tenth place.

It was the fourth final to be held at the Silesian Stadium in Poland.

Kumla Motorstadion
The Kumla Motorstadion, formerly the Glottra Skog Arena for sponsorship reasons and also referred to as Sannaheds is a 15,000-capacity motorcycle speedway stadium, south of Kumla in Sweden.

The Arena is the home venue of the speedway team called Indianerna who race in the Eliserien, which is the highest league in Swedish speedway.

The primary 500c track measures 375 metres in circumference, while a smaller 80cc track is 175 metres.

The stadium called the (Kumla Motorstadion) at the time, was built in 1946 and attracted 23,000 to the first meeting on 16 June 1946. The venue also staged ice racing speedway. The track staged the 1953 Continental Speedway Final which formed part of the 1953 Individual Speedway World Championship and then hosted international meetings.

The venue also staged the 1992 Speedway World Team Cup final.
Mystic River Railroad Bridge
The Mystic River Railroad Bridge is a railroad bridge carrying Amtrak's Northeast Corridor over the Mystic River in Mystic, Connecticut, between the towns of Groton and Stonington.

There have been three bridges at this location. The first bridge was a single-tracked, wooden drawbridge in 1819, which was replaced with a steel swing bridge in 1875.

The current bridge was built in 1984, and is a truss-style swing bridge, providing 13 feet (4.0 m) of vertical clearance when closed.

The two tracks running over the bridge are owned by Amtrak, are part of its Northeast Corridor route, and are used to operate its Northeast Regional and Acela Express services. There is a proposal, however, to extend Shore Line East Commuter Rail Service from its current terminus in New London to Mystic, which would require crossing this bridge.

The bridge is the easternmost drawbridge on the Amtrak-owned Northeast Corridor in Connecticut.

Mystic, Connecticut
Mystic is a village and census-designated place (CDP) in Groton and Stonington, Connecticut.

Mystic was a significant Connecticut seaport with more than 600 ships built over 135 years starting in 1784. Mystic Seaport, located in the village, is the largest maritime museum in the United States and has preserved a number of sailing ships, such as the whaling ship Charles W. Morgan. The village is located on the Mystic River which flows into Fishers Island Sound. The Mystic River Bascule Bridge crosses the river in the center of the village.  The name "Mystic" is derived from the Pequot term "missi-tuk" describing a large river whose waters are driven into waves by tides or wind. The population was 4,348 at the 2020 census.