hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
JD–MBA
A JD–MBA is a dual degree program in which a student concurrently earns Juris Doctor and Master of Business Administration degrees from a university's graduate law school and business school. JD–MBA programs are commonly offered in the United States and Canada. They integrate legal and business training through a structured cross-credit system that allows certain approved courses to count toward the requirements for both degrees. This enables students to complete both the three-year JD program and the two-year MBA program in four years, instead of the five years the degrees would take if done consecutively.

Dual degree
Joint degrees are academic qualifications awarded through integrated study programmes jointly designed, coordinated, and delivered by two or more higher education institutions. These institutions may be located within the same country or across different national education systems. Depending on the structure of the programme and the applicable legal frameworks, graduates may receive a single joint qualification, two separate qualifications (commonly referred to as a double degree or dual degree), or multiple national diplomas awarded for a single coordinated course of study.

Joint degrees differ from standard national qualifications in that they are based on shared curricula, coordinated quality assurance procedures, and mutual recognition of academic work across participating institutions. They are often used as instruments of academic cooperation and internationalisation in higher education.
Palaemon pugio
Palaemon pugio, commonly known as daggerblade grass shrimp, is a small, transparent species of shrimp with yellow coloring and brownish spots. It can be found in estuarine and tidal marsh habitats throughout the western Atlantic Ocean and  Gulf of Mexico. Palaemon pugio has a smooth carapace and abdomen, as well as three pairs of legs. The second pair is the strongest, while the third pair lacks chelae (claws). It reaches a length of around 5 cm (2.0 in), and has a life span of around one year. Like most grass shrimp, it is a forager and feeds on a variety of items, including microalgae. They themselves are consumed by killifish and other small foraging fish.

Palaemon (crustacean)
Palaemon is a genus of caridean shrimp in the family Palaemonidae.

Some species, including Palaemon macrodactylus and Palaemon orientis, can inhabit fish ponds where they compete with fish for food and can therefore be considered pests.
Fencing at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's épée
The men's épée was one of eight fencing events on the fencing at the 1992 Summer Olympics programme. It was the twenty-first appearance of the event. The competition was held on 1 August 1992. 70 fencers from 30 nations competed. Each nation was limited to three fencers. The event was won by Éric Srecki of France, the nation's fifth victory in the event (second-most behind Italy's six). France also took bronze, with Jean-Michel Henry winning the bronze medal match. France's podium streak in the event extended to four Games. Pavel Kolobkov of the Unified Team took silver.

Fencing at the 1992 Summer Olympics
At the 1992 Summer Olympics, eight fencing events were contested. Men competed in both individual and team events for each of the three weapon types (épée, foil and sabre), but women competed only in foil events.
HD 95370
HD 95370 is a single star in the southern constellation of Vela. With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.37, it can be viewed with the naked eye. The distance to this star can be determined from its annual parallax shift of 16.2 mas, yielding a value of 201 light years. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −3.5 km/s.

According to Houk (1978), this is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A3 V. However, Levato (1972) listed a class of A3 IV, which may suggest it is instead a more evolved subgiant star. It is 548 million years years old with a high projected rotational velocity of 115 km/s, giving it an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is 5% larger than the polar radius. HD 95370 has double the mass of the Sun and 2.6 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 55 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,696 K.

Vela (constellation)
Vela is a constellation in the southern sky, which contains the Vela Supercluster. Its name is Latin for the sails of a ship, and it was originally part of a larger constellation, the ship Argo Navis, which was later divided into three parts, the others being Carina and Puppis. With an apparent magnitude of 1.8, its brightest star is the hot blue multiple star Gamma Velorum, one component of which is the closest and brightest Wolf-Rayet star in the sky. Delta and Kappa Velorum, together with Epsilon and Iota Carinae, form the asterism known as the False Cross. 1.95-magnitude Delta is actually a triple or quintuple star system.
Geology of Orkney
The geology of the Orkney islands in northern Scotland is dominated by the Devonian Old Red Sandstone (ORS). In the southwestern part of Mainland, this sequence can be seen to rest unconformably on a Moinian type metamorphic basement.

Moinian
The Moinian or just the Moine, formerly the Moine Supergroup, is a sequence of Neoproterozoic metasediments that outcrop in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland between the Moine Thrust Belt to the northwest and the Great Glen Fault to the southeast and one part of the Grampian Highlands to the southeast of the fault. It takes its name from A' Mhòine, a peat bog in northern Sutherland.
Biogno
Biogno is a village and former municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

It was first recorded in 1022 as Biogno.

Biogno municipality had 232 inhabitants in 1850. The number increased to 369 in 1900. In 1925 the municipality was split in two new municipalities Breganzona and Bioggio. The village Biogno was located in Breganzona, except for Mulini which was moved to Bioggio.

Breganzona
Breganzona is a quarter of the city of Lugano, Switzerland. Breganzona was formerly a municipality of its own, having been incorporated into Lugano in 2004. It was first recorded in 984 as Brianzona.
The municipality had 232 inhabitants in 1850, which increased to 369 in 1900, 883 in 1950, 4,654 in 1990 and 4,782 in 2000.
2017 Kremlin Cup
The 2017 Kremlin  Cup (also known as the 2017 VTB Kremlin Cup for sponsorship reasons) was a tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 28th edition of the Kremlin Cup for the men and the 22nd edition for the women. The tournament was part of the ATP World Tour 250 Series of the 2017 ATP World Tour, and of the Premier Series of the 2017 WTA Tour. It was held at the Olympic Stadium in Moscow, Russia, from 16 October through 22 October 2017.

2017 ATP World Tour
The 2017 ATP World Tour was the global elite men's professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2017 tennis season. The 2017 ATP World Tour calendar comprised the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP World Tour Masters 1000, the ATP Finals, the ATP World Tour 500 series, the ATP World Tour 250 series and the Davis Cup (organized by the ITF). Also included in the 2017 calendar are the Hopman Cup and the Next Gen ATP Finals, which do not distribute ranking points.
Kelly Hall Tarn
Kelly Hall Tarn is a pool in Cumbria, England, to the west of Coniston Water. It is located about one km south-south-east of the village of Torver, on Torver Back Common.
Its name is said to be derived from a nearby building that has since disappeared. The location offers excellent views of the Old Man of Coniston.

In autumn

In winter

Coniston Water
Coniston Water is a lake in the Lake District in North West England. It is the third largest by volume, after Windermere and Ullswater, and the fifth-largest by area. The lake has a length of 8.7 kilometres (5+3⁄8 mi), a maximum width of 730 metres (800 yd), and a maximum depth of 56.1 m (184 ft 1 in). Its outflow is the River Crake, which drains into Morecambe Bay via the estuary of the River Leven. The lake is in the unitary authority of Westmorland and Furness, the historic county of Lancashire, and the ceremonial county of Cumbria.
Neon color spreading
Neon color spreading (also referred to as neon-like color spreading) is an optical illusion in the category of transparency effects, characterized by fluid borders between the edges of a colored object and the background in the presence of black lines. The illusion was first documented in 1971 and was eventually rediscovered in 1975 by Van Tuijl.

"Neon" references a neon tube and the bright colors that appear within one. "Color spreading" references how the colors seem to spread out from the center of the colored portion of the object.

Neon color spreading is similar to the watercolor illusion, though the two effects are produced in different ways.

Illusory contour
An illusory contour or subjective contour is a visual illusion that evokes the perception of an edge without a luminance or color change across that edge. Illusory brightness and depth ordering often accompany illusory contours. Friedrich Schumann is often credited with the discovery of illusory contours around the beginning of the 20th century, but they are present in art dating to the Middle Ages. Gaetano Kanizsa’s 1976 Scientific American paper marked the resurgence of interest in illusory contours for vision scientists.
University Students' African Revolutionary Front
The University Students' African Revolutionary Front (USARF) was a political student group formed in 1967 at the University of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania. The group, which engaged in study and activism and held regular meetings on Sundays, featured many students who would go on to become influential politicians. USARF was composed of students from Kenya, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and elsewhere in Africa. President of Uganda, Yoweri Museveni was elected its chairman for the whole time he was at university. John Garang, another former USARF member, was the vice-president of Sudan at the time of his death in July 2005. The group identified closely with African liberation movements, especially FRELIMO in Mozambique.

University of Dar es Salaam
The University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM; Swahili: Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam) is a public university located in Ubungo District, in the Dar es Salaam Region of Tanzania. It was established in 1961 as an affiliate college of the University of London and became an affiliate of the University of East Africa (UEA) in 1963, shortly after Tanganyika gained its independence from the United Kingdom. In 1970, UEA split into three independent universities: Makerere University in Uganda, the University of Nairobi in Kenya, and the current University of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania.
Samit Gohel
Samit Gohel (born 13 September 1990) is an Indian first-class cricketer who plays for Tripura.

In the quarter-final match of the 2016–17 Ranji Trophy against Odisha, Gohel scored 359 not out, the highest total for someone carrying their bat in first-class cricket. His innings was the highest individual score in first-class cricket during the 2010s, and is the highest by an Indian in first-class cricket since M. V. Sridhar's knock of 366 in 1994.

He made his List A debut for Gujarat in the 2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 28 February 2017. He made his Twenty20 debut on 4 November 2021, for Tripura in the 2021–22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy.

M. V. Sridhar
Maturi Venkat Sridhar (2 August 1966 – 30 October 2017) was an Indian first-class cricketer. He represented Hyderabad between 1988/89 and 1999/00, making 6701 runs at 48.91 with 21 hundreds. His highest score of 366 was the cornerstone for Hyderabad when they posted the record breaking total of 944/6 (declared) against Andhra in the 1993–94 Ranji Trophy; Noel David and Vivek Jaisimha scored double centuries. While Sridhar was batting, 850 runs were scored - the most runs added during a batsman's innings in first-class history. He was the secretary of MVSR Engineering College in Hyderabad.
Scutiger (frog)
Scutiger is a genus of toads in the family Megophryidae. Common name lazy toads has been coined for them. They occur in China, Burma, Nepal, and northern India in high-altitude habitats. Most are endemic to China.

Scutiger spinosus
Scutiger spinosus is a species of toad in the family Megophryidae. It is found in Medog County, Tibet (China) and in Tawang district, Arunachal Pradesh (India). Prior to its description in 2016, it was confused with Scutiger nyingchiensis. Common name spiny lazy toad has been coined for it.
Gmina Krasocin
Gmina Krasocin is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Włoszczowa County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Krasocin, which lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) east of Włoszczowa and 36 km (22 mi) west of the regional capital Kielce.

The gmina covers an area of 193.89 square kilometres (74.9 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 10,751.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Przedbórz Landscape Park.

Włoszczowa County
Włoszczowa County (Polish: powiat włoszczowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, south-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Włoszczowa, which lies 46 kilometres (29 mi) west of the regional capital Kielce.

The county covers an area of 906.38 square kilometres (350.0 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 45,137, out of which the population of Włoszczowa is 9,985, and the rural population is 35,152.
9th Fighter Brigade
The 9th Fighter Brigade (9th BDE, Chinese: 第9航空旅; pinyin: Dì 9 hángkōng lǚ), sometimes called the 9th Air Brigade is a fighter brigade of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) based at Wuhu Air Base in Wuhu, Anhui province. Called "the elite of all elite divisions in the PLAAF," the unit flies the Chengdu J-20 stealth fighter as the premier fighter aviation unit in the Eastern Theater Command Air Force. Until 2017, the 9th Brigade was known as the 1st Flying Brigade of the 9th Regiment of the 3rd Fighter Air Division, at which time the division was abolished and the surviving 7th, 8th, and 9th regiments beneath it were reorganized into independent fighter brigades. Also known as the Wang Hai Brigade, the unit and its ancestors were each the first PLAAF unit to operationally employ the Chengdu J-7, Sukhoi Su-27, Sukhoi Su-30MKK, and Chengdu J-20. The brigade's MUCD is not publicly known.

8th Fighter Brigade
The 8th Fighter Brigade (Chinese: 空军航空兵第八旅; pinyin: Kōngjūn Hángkōngbīng Dì Bā Lǚ) is a fighter aircraft unit of the People's Liberation Army Air Force. Previously the 8th Fighter Regiment of the 3rd Air Division, the unit serves as part of the Eastern Theater Command Air Force, responsible for conflict in the East China Sea and Taiwan Strait.
Caecilii Metelli family tree
The Caecilii Metelli were one of the most important families of the late Roman Republic.  They rose to prominence in the beginning of the third century, with the consulship of Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter in 284 BC.  It was however Quintus Caecilius Metellus, consul in 143, who greatly improved the prestige of the family, notably thanks to his victory during the Fourth Macedonian War, for which he received the agnomen Macedonicus.  His descendants and those of his younger brother Lucius received an astonishing number of magistracies during the last century of the Republic.

Pauly encyclopedias
The Pauly encyclopedias or the Pauly-Wissowa family of encyclopedias, are a set of related encyclopedias on Greco-Roman topics and scholarship. The first of these, Pauly's Real-Encyclopädie der Classischen Alterthumswissenschaft in Alphabetischer Ordnung or Ur-Pauly (1839–1852), was begun by compiler August Pauly. Other encyclopedias in the set include Pauly–Wissowa (1890–1978), Little Pauly (1964–1975), and The New Pauly (1996–2012).
Bhamba Kalan
Bhamba Kalan is a town and Union Council of Kasur District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is part of Kasur Tehsil and is located at 31°11'21N 74°12'8E with an altitude of 203 metres (669 feet).

Kasur District
Kasur District is a district within the Lahore Division of Punjab, Pakistan. It was established on 1 July 1976; prior to its creation, the area comprised two tehsils (Kasur Tehsil and Chunian Tehsil) of Lahore District. According to the 2023 Pakistani census Kasur District had a population of 4,081,568 (4.8 million).

The district capital is Kasur city, the birth city of the Sufi poet Bulleh Shah, who is well known in that region as well as in the whole of Pakistan. The total area of the district is 3,995 square kilometres.

There is a DHQ hospital in Kasur city which has been recently named as Bulleh Shah Hospital. There is a THQ Hospital in each of its tehsils. Apart from main hospitals, there are 12 rural health centers and 82 basic health units in Kasur district.
Wrekin terrane
The Wrekin terrane is one of five inferred fault bounded terranes that make up the basement rocks of the southern United Kingdom. The other notable geological terranes in the region are the Charnwood terrane, Fenland terrane, Cymru terrane and the Monian Composite terrane. The Wrekin terrane is bounded to the west by the Welsh Borderland fault system and to the east by the Malvern lineament. The geological terrane to the west is the Cymru Terrane and to the east is Charnwood Terrane. The majority of rocks in the area are associated with the outcrops that are evident at the faulted boundaries.

Terrane
In geology, a terrane (/təˈreɪn, ˈtɛreɪn/; in full, a tectonostratigraphic terrane) is a crust fragment formed on a tectonic plate (or broken off from it) and accreted or "sutured" to crust lying on another plate. The crustal block or fragment preserves its distinctive geologic history, which is different from the surrounding areas—hence the term "exotic" terrane. The suture zone between a terrane and the crust it attaches to is usually identifiable as a fault. A sedimentary deposit that buries the contact of the terrane with adjacent rock is called an overlap formation. An igneous intrusion that has intruded and obscured the contact of a terrane with adjacent rock is called a stitching pluton.

There is also an older usage of the term terrane, which described a series of related rock formations or an area with a preponderance of a particular rock or rock group.
California Carnivores
California Carnivores is a plant nursery in Sebastopol, California in the United States. Specializing in the cultivation of carnivorous plants, CC is home to one of the largest collections of imported carnivorous plants in North America, and possibly the world, with more than 1,000 types of imported plant and dozen of varieties for sale in the retail section of the nursery.

Sebastopol, California
Sebastopol (/sɪˈbæstəpoʊl, -puːl/ sib-AST-ə-pohl, -⁠pool) is a city in Sonoma County, California, with a recorded population of 7,521, per the 2020 U.S. census.

Sebastopol was once primarily a plum- and apple-growing region. The creation of The Barlow, a $32 million mall on a floodplain in Sebastopol, has converted old agricultural warehouses into a marketplace for dining, tasting rooms, and art, and has made Sebastopol a Wine Country destination.

Horticulturist Luther Burbank had gardens in this region. The city hosts an annual Apple Blossom Festival in April, Gravenstein Apple Fair in August, and is home to the Sebastopol Documentary Film Festival.
G393/394 Beijing–Harbin through train
The G393/394 Beijing–Harbin through train (Chinese: G393/394次北京南到哈尔滨西高速动车组列车) is a Chinese railway running between the capital Beijing to Harbin, capital of Heilongjiang express passenger trains by the Harbin Railway Bureau, Harbin passenger segment responsible for passenger transport task, Harbin originating on the Beijing train. CRH380BG Type Passenger trains running along the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway, Tianjin–Qinhuangdao High-Speed Railway, Qinhuangdao–Shenyang High-Speed Railway and Harbin–Dalian High-Speed Railway across Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing and other provinces and cities, the entire 1335 km. Beijing South railway station to Harbin West railway station running 7 hours and 7 minutes, use trips for G393; Harbin West railway station to Beijing South railway station to run 7 hours and 36 minutes, use trips for G394.

China Railway Harbin Group
China Railway Harbin Group, officially abbreviated as CR Harbin or CR-Harbin, formerly, Harbin Railway Administration is a subsidiary company under the jurisdiction of the corporatized China Railway (formerly the Ministry of Railway). The railway administration was reorganized as a company in November 2017.

It supervises the railway network within Heilongjiang, and eastern Inner Mongolia.
1939 Duquesne Dukes football team
The 1939 Duquesne Dukes football team was an American football team that represented Duquesne University as an independent the 1939 college football season. In their first year under head coach Aldo Donelli, the Dukes compiled an 8–0–1 record, shut out five of nine opponents, outscored all opponents by a total of 152 to 43, and were ranked No. 10 in the final AP poll and No. 32 in the final Litkenhous Ratings.

For the second time in four years, the Dukes upset cross-town rivals Pittsburgh, this time as the Panthers were the number one team in the AP poll.

Tackle Carl Nery won third-team honors on the 1939 All-America team and second-team honors on the All-Eastern team. Other key players included halfback/fullback George Gonda.

The team played its home games at Forbes Field (five games) and Pitt Stadium (two games) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

1939 Pittsburgh Panthers football team
The 1939 Pittsburgh Panthers football team represented the University of Pittsburgh as an independent the 1939 college football season. Led by first-year head coach Charley Bowser, the Panthers compiled a record of 5–4.

Pittsburgh was not ranked in the final AP poll, but it was ranked at No. 24 in the 1939 Williamson System ratings, and at No. 35 in the final Litkenhous Ratings for 1939.

The team played home games at Pitt Stadium in Pittsburgh.
2019 Faroe Islands Cup
The 2019 Faroe Islands Cup was the 65th edition of Faroe Islands domestic football cup. It started on 30 March and ended with the final on 21 September. B36 Tórshavn were the defending champions, having won their sixth cup title the previous year, but lost to KÍ in the quarterfinals. As the winner of the competition, HB qualified to the preliminary round of the 2020–21 UEFA Europa League.

Only the first teams of the participating clubs were allowed to enter the competition.

2018 Faroe Islands Cup
The 2018 Faroe Islands Cup was the 64th edition of Faroe Islands domestic football cup. The competition started on 25 April and ended with the final on 25 August. NSÍ were the defending champions, having won their third cup title the previous year, but were upset in the first round by eventual semifinalists AB, becoming the first defending champion since 1992 to be knocked out in the first stage.

B36 won the cup for the 6th time and qualified for the Preliminary round of the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League.

Only the first teams of Faroese football clubs were allowed to participate. Teams from all divisions entered the competition in the first round. MB withdrew the competition. As a result, one team would advance directly to the quarterfinals.