hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
South Slavic languages
The South Slavic languages are one of three branches of the Slavic languages. There are approximately 30 million speakers, mainly in the Balkans. These are separated geographically from speakers of the other two Slavic branches (West and East) by a belt of Austrian German, Hungarian and Romanian speakers.

Pluricentric language
A pluricentric language or polycentric language is a language with several codified standard forms, often corresponding to different countries. Many examples of such languages can be found worldwide among the most-spoken languages, including but not limited to Chinese in the People's Republic of China, Taiwan and Singapore; English in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, India, Singapore, and elsewhere; and French in France, Canada, many African countries, and elsewhere.

The converse case is a monocentric language, which has only one formally standardized version. Examples include Japanese and Russian.
In some cases, the different standards of a pluricentric language may be elaborated to appear as separate languages, e.g. Malaysian and Indonesian, Hindi and Urdu, while Serbo-Croatian is in an earlier stage of that process.
Fresnel zone antenna
Fresnel zone antennas are antennas that focus the signal by using the phase shifting property of the antenna surface or its shape.
There are several types of Fresnel zone antennas, namely, Fresnel zone plate, offset Fresnel zone plate antennas, phase correcting reflective array or "Reflectarray" antennas and 3 Dimensional Fresnel antennas. They are a class of diffractive antennas and have been used from radio frequencies to X-rays.

Fresnel zone
A Fresnel zone (English: /freɪˈnɛl/ fray-NEL), named after physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, is one of a series of confocal prolate ellipsoidal regions of space between and around a transmitter and a receiver. The size of the calculated Fresnel zone at any particular distance from the transmitter and receiver predicts whether obstructions or discontinuities along the path will cause significant interference.
Modern pentathlon at the 2011 Pan American Games – Men's
The men's Individual competition of the modern pentathlon events at the 2011 Pan American Games was held on October 16 at the Hipica Club. The defending Pan American Games champion is Eli Bremer of the United States. While the Pan American Championship, champion is William Brady also of the United States.

The top placing athlete from North America and South America along with the two other athletes not already qualified were awarded spots to compete at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Great Britain. The two spots were assigned to the two best placed not already qualified irrespective of region.

Modern pentathlon at the 2011 Pan American Games
Modern pentathlon competitions at the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara was held from October 15 to October 16 at the Hipica Club. The sport became the first sport to be completed out of the 36 sports on the program.
Garcinia livingstonei
Garcinia livingstonei (African mangosteen, lowveld mangosteen, Livingstone's garcinia or imbe) is a species of Garcinia, native to a broad area of tropical Africa, from Côte d'Ivoire east to Somalia, and south to South Africa.

It is an evergreen small tree, growing to 6–18 m tall. The leaves are borne in opposite pairs or whorls of 3–4, each leaf blue-green, oval, 6–11 cm long and 3–5.5 cm broad. The flowers are produced in clusters on the stems. The fruit is a small, bright, orange, thin-skinned berry 1–4 cm diameter, with one single large seed; the small yield of edible fruit is pleasantly sweet, yet acidic, but also containing a latex that some people find unpleasant.

Garcinia
Garcinia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Clusiaceae native to the Sundaland bioregion of Asia, America, Australia, tropical and southern Africa, and Polynesia. The number of species is disputed; Plants of the World Online (POWO) recognise up to 400. Commonly, the plants in this genus are called saptrees, mangosteens (which may also refer specifically to Garcinia mangostana), or garcinias, and is one of several plants known as by the name "monkey fruit". The genus is named after French botanist Laurent Garcin (1683–1751).

Trees of many species from this genus tend to grow deep in forested areas where other plants grow nearby.: 10  They are threatened by habitat destruction, and at least one species, G. cadelliana, from South Andaman Island, is almost or even completely extinct already.
Přemyslid Crucifix
The Přemyslid Crucifix is a polychromed wooden cross from Jihlava dating from the first half of the 14th century. It is on display at the Picture Gallery of Strahov Monastery in Prague. In 2010, it was declared a national cultural monument by the Czech government.

Cultural monument (Czech Republic)
The cultural monuments of the Czech Republic (Czech: kulturní památka) are protected properties (both real and movable properties) designated by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic. Cultural monuments that constitute the most important part of the Czech cultural heritage may be declared national cultural monuments (Czech: národní kulturní památka) by a regulation of the Government of the Czech Republic. The government may also proclaim a territory, whose character and environment are determined by a group of immovable cultural monuments or archaeological finds, as a whole, as a monument reservation. The Ministry of Culture may proclaim a territory of a settlement with a smaller number of cultural monuments, a historical environment or part of a landscape area that displays significant cultural values as a monument zone.

As of 2019, there are 14 Czech cultural monuments on the World Heritage List.
Danko Šipka
Danko Šipka (Serbian Cyrillic: Данко Шипка, Serbian pronunciation: [dâːŋko ʃîpka]; born 1962) is a Serbian American linguist and professor of Slavic languages and applied linguistics at Arizona State University.

Slavic studies
Slavic (American English) or Slavonic (British English) studies, also known as Slavistics, is the academic field of area studies concerned with Slavic peoples, languages, history, and culture. Originally, a Slavist or Slavicist was primarily a linguist or philologist researching Slavistics. Increasingly, historians, social scientists, and other humanists who study Slavic cultures and societies have been included in this rubric.

In the United States, Slavic studies is dominated by Russian studies. Ewa Thompson, a professor of Slavic studies at Rice University, described the situation of non-Russian Slavic studies as "invisible and mute".
1992 Tamaki by-election
The Tamaki by-election 1992 was a by-election held in the Tāmaki electorate during the 43rd New Zealand Parliament, on 15 February 1992. It was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP Sir Robert Muldoon and was won by Clem Simich with a majority of 1,252. The by-election was also notable as the first contested by the recently formed Alliance Party, and for their success in coming second ahead of the Labour Party.

NewLabour Party
The NewLabour Party was a centre-left to left-wing political party in New Zealand that existed from 1989 to 2000. It was founded by Jim Anderton, a member of parliament (MP) and former president of the New Zealand Labour Party, on 1 May 1989.

NewLabour was established by a number of Labour Party members who left the party in reaction to Rogernomics, the economic policies implemented by the Labour Party's Minister of Finance, Roger Douglas, which saw the traditionally left-leaning Labour Party swing heavily to the new right on issues of state intervention, regulation, and taxation. Anderton, who had been among the most vocal critics of Douglas, was joined by a number of other members of the Labour Party, such as Matt Robson, Laila Harré and Phil Amos, and a number of left-wing activists, such as Bruce Jesson. Anderton was the party's only MP before it joined the Alliance.
Flitto
Flitto (Korean: 플리토) is a crowdsourcing translation platform where users can request or provide translations. Users are also able to read various online content in their native languages.

The service supports text, image, and voice translations, and 1:1 translation in 25 different languages.

Flitto's current user estimate is 5+ million and is being used in 170 countries, with about 300K translations submitted daily.

Techstars
Techstars is a global startup accelerator and venture capital firm founded in 2006 and headquartered in New York City. The accelerator provides capital, mentorship, and other support for early-stage entrepreneurs.
Squash at the 2023 Pan American Games – Mixed doubles
The men's doubles competition of the squash events at the 2023 Pan American Games was held from November 2 to November 3 at the Racquet Sports Center (Centro de Entrenamiento del Tenis y Deportes de Raqueta) in Santiago, Chile.

Squash at the 2023 Pan American Games
Squash competitions at the 2023 Pan American Games in Santiago, Chile were held at the Centro de Entrenamiento del Tenis y Deportes de Raqueta from October 31 to November 5.

Seven medal events were contested, a singles, doubles and team event for each gender along with a mixed doubles event.
Ernest Higa
Ernest Higa (October 15, 1952–) is an entrepreneur who founded the Domino's Pizza franchise in Japan.

Higa was born on October 15, 1952, in Honolulu, Hawaii. He is of Okinawan descent. His father is Yetsuo Higa and his sister is Merle Aiko Okawara. He graduated from Columbia University.

Higa founded the first Japanese Domino's Pizza branch in 1985.  He is a member of Keizai Dōyukai, a major Japanese business group. In December 2011 he helped Wendy's return to Japan.

Domino's
Domino's IP Holder LLC is an American multinational pizza restaurant chain founded in 1960. The corporation is Delaware-domiciled and headquartered at the Domino's Farms office park in Ann Arbor Township, near Ann Arbor, Michigan. As of 2018, Domino's had approximately 15,000 stores, with 5,649 in the United States, 1,500 in India, and 1,249 in the United Kingdom. Domino's has stores in more than 83 countries and 5,701 cities worldwide.
Bliss-Leavitt Mark 2 torpedo
The Bliss-Leavitt Mark 2 torpedo was a Bliss-Leavitt torpedo adopted by the United States Navy for use in an anti-surface ship role after the E. W. Bliss Company of Brooklyn, New York, which had been building Whitehead torpedoes for the US Navy, began designing and manufacturing their own torpedoes in 1904. It was the first American-built torpedo to feature counter-rotating turbines, each driving a propeller. This design eliminated the unbalanced torque that contributed to the tendency of its predecessor (the Bliss-Leavitt Mark 1 torpedo) to roll.

Whitehead torpedo
The Whitehead torpedo was the first self-propelled or "locomotive" torpedo ever developed.  It was perfected in 1866 by British engineer Robert Whitehead from a rough design conceived by Giovanni Luppis of the Austro-Hungarian Navy in Fiume. It was driven by a three-cylinder compressed-air engine invented, designed, and made by Peter Brotherhood. Many naval services procured the Whitehead torpedo during the 1870s, including the US Navy. This early torpedo proved itself in combat during the Russo-Turkish War when, on 16 January 1878, the Ottoman ship Intibah was sunk by Russian torpedo boats carrying Whiteheads, though this story has been disputed in one book.

The term "torpedo" comes from the torpedo fish, which is a type of ray that delivers an electric shock to stun its prey.
Betty Osceola
Betty Osceola (born August 8, 1967) is an American environmental activist, educator, and airboat captain. A member of the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida and the Panther Clan, she is known for her advocacy to protect the Everglades, which she identifies as her ancestral homeland.

Osceola has led numerous public prayer walks and environmental awareness campaigns across South Florida, often focusing on threats to Indigenous land, water quality, and climate justice. She has been recognized as a Miccosukee tribal judge and serves on the Miccosukee Everglades Advisory Committee.

Born and raised in the Everglades, she learned about traditional hunting and fishing from her father. Today, she continues to share her knowledge of the region as the operator of Buffalo Tiger Airboat Tours on Tamiami Trail (U.S. Route 41) in Miami, Florida.

Big Cypress National Preserve
Big Cypress National Preserve is a United States national preserve located in South Florida, about 45 miles (72 km) west of Miami on the Atlantic coastal plain. The 720,000-acre (2,900 km2) Big Cypress, along with Big Thicket National Preserve in Texas, became the first national preserves in the United States National Park System when they were established on October 11, 1974.  Florida film producer Elam Stoltzfus has featured the preserve and its photographers Niki and Clyde Butcher in several PBS and other documentaries, beginning with the half-hour "Visions of Florida: the Photographic Art of Clyde Butcher" produced in 1990.

Big Cypress borders the wet freshwater marl prairies of Everglades National Park to the south, and other state and federally protected cypress country in the west, with water from the Big Cypress flowing south and west into the coastal Ten Thousand Islands region of Everglades National Park.
Government Gazette (Botswana)
Botswana Government Gazette is the official publication of the Government of Botswana and publishes laws, ordinances and other regulations. The government gazette is printed by the Government Printing and Publishing Services.

Government gazette
A government gazette (also known as an official gazette, official journal, official newspaper, official monitor or official bulletin) is a periodical publication that has been authorised to publish public or legal notices. It is usually established by statute or official action, and publication of notices within it, whether by the government or a private party, is usually considered sufficient to comply with legal requirements for public notice.
Gazettes are published either in print, electronically or both.
Bibliography of Kiss
This is a bibliography of the American rock group Kiss. Throughout their career they released numerous books and printed works celebrating their career of around four decades. Apart from the official Kiss books, there have been countless unofficial biographies and pictorials. Listed are all official printed works from the Kiss catalogue and the official biographies and autobiographies of various members of the group.

Kiss Army
The Kiss Army is the official fan club for the American rock band Kiss, as well as the unofficial name used to refer to Kiss fans in general. It was started unofficially in 1975 by Bill Starkey and Jay Evans.

The membership form displayed for the first time what became known as the official Kiss Army logo, which was designed by Dennis Woloch and Vincent DiGerlando of Howard Marks Inc., the advertising agency working with Bill Aucoin and Kiss at that time.

According to Bruce Vilanch, the president of the Kiss fan club was Ringo Starr's son when Kiss starred in "The Paul Lynde Halloween Special", in 1976.
Syro-Malankara Catholic Archeparchy of Tiruvalla
The Syro-Malankara Catholic Archeparchy of Tiruvalla is an archeparchy of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church in Tiruvalla, in Kerala, India. Metropolitan Archbishop Aboon Mor Thomas Koorilos currently presides.  The seat of the eparchy is at St. John's Syro-Malankara Catholic Cathedral in
Tiruvalla, a circular edifice designed by a British architect.

Thiruvalla
Thiruvalla, (Malayalam: [t̪iɾuʋɐlːɐ]) also spelled Tiruvalla, is a municipality in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala, India. The town is spread over an area of 27.15 km2 (10.48 sq mi) and has a population of 52,883 people, down from 56,837 in 2001. It is also the Headquarters Of Thiruvalla Revenue Division. It lies on the northern banks of the Manimala River, in a land-locked region surrounded by irrigating canals and rivers. It is the largest town in the district, and is a major financial, educational, healthcare, cultural, and commercial centre in central Travancore. It is also called The Healthcare City & Banking Capital Of Kerala. Thiruvalla Taluk has a land area Of 154 km2 (59 sq mi).
Wola Flaszczyna
Wola Flaszczyna [ˈvɔla flaʂˈt͡ʂɨna] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zadzim, within Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) north-east of Zadzim, 14 km (9 mi) south-west of Poddębice, and 42 km (26 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

Zadzim
Zadzim [ˈzad͡ʑim] is a village in Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Zadzim. It lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) south-west of Poddębice and 43 km (27 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.
Newton, Hampton Court
Newton is a linear settlement hamlet and civil parish in the county of Herefordshire, England, and is 10 miles (16 km) north from the city and county town of Hereford. The closest large town is the market town of Leominster, 3 miles (5 km) to the north. A Cadbury's confectionery factory is within the parish.

Hereford
Hereford (/ˈhɛrɪfərd/ ⓘ HERR-if-ərd) is a cathedral city and the county town of the ceremonial county of Herefordshire, England. It is on the banks of the River Wye and lies 16 miles (26 km) east of the border with Wales, 23 miles (37 km) north-west of Gloucester and 24 miles (39 km) south-west of Worcester. With a population of 61,900 in 2024, it is the largest settlement in Herefordshire.

An early town charter from 1189, granted by Richard I of England, describes it as "Hereford in Wales". Hereford has been recognised as a city since time immemorial, with the status being reconfirmed in October 2000. Hereford has been a civil parish since 2000.

Products from Hereford include cider, beer, leather goods, nickel alloys, poultry, chemicals and sausage rolls, as well as the Hereford breed of cattle.
North Zealand
North Zealand, also North Sealand (Danish: Nordsjælland), refers to the northeastern part of the Danish island of Zealand. The area has three royal castles and offers resorts with beaches, as well as lakes and forests. In addition to Kronborg Castle, three of the North Zealand forest areas used for royal par force hunting are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The Danish tourist authorities have recently introduced the term Danish Riviera to cover the area in view of its increasing importance for tourism.

Tisvilde
Tisvilde is a small town, with a population of 1,369 (1 January 2025), located on the north coast of the island Zealand (Sjælland) in Denmark 60 km (37 mi) in Gribskov Municipality, northeast of Hillerød.

Tisvildeleje is the coastal part of Tisvilde. "Leje" roughly translates as "plain" and used to be a fishermen's village. Now all of the fishermen's houses are used as "quintessential" summer residences. The southeast of Tisvilde is referred to as Tibirke.

Tisvilde, alongside Hornbæk further to the east, has the highest prices of summer houses in Denmark. A 175 sqn summer house was sold for DKK22 mio. (about $3.3 million) in 2017.
Une espérance nouvelle pour le Liban
Une espérance nouvelle pour le Liban (English: A New Hope for Lebanon) is a post-synodal apostolic exhortation of Pope John Paul II, signed on 10 May 1997 in Harissa-Daraoun, Lebanon. It came as the result of a synod of Lebanese Catholic bishops in Rome in November–December 1995.

Apostolic exhortation
An apostolic exhortation is a magisterial document written by the pope.  Some experts regard it as third in importance among papal documents, after apostolic constitutions and encyclicals. Exhortations generally encourage a particular virtue or activity. Apostolic exhortations are frequently issued following a Synod of Bishops, in which case they are known as post-synodal apostolic exhortations. They do not define Church doctrine and are not considered legislative.
Altenstadt, Swabia
Altenstadt (German pronunciation: [ˈaltn̩ʃtat]) is a municipality in the district of Neu-Ulm in Bavaria in Germany.

The municipality is located in middle Swabia in the valley of the Iller, about 30 km south of Ulm and 25 km north of Memmingen.

Neu-Ulm (district)
Neu-Ulm is a Landkreis (district) in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the districts of Günzburg and Unterallgäu and the state of Baden-Württemberg (districts Biberach and Alb-Donau, city of Ulm).

The district was established in 1972 by merging the former districts of Neu-Ulm and Illertissen with the previously district-free city of Neu-Ulm.

The district includes the eastern metropolitan area of the city of Ulm. The Danube and its tributary, the Iller, form the western border of the district.
Shawn Weller
Shawn Weller (born July 8, 1986) is an American professional ice hockey forward who most recently played for the Adirondack Thunder of the ECHL. He attended Clarkson University and graduated from South Glens Falls. Weller was drafted in the third round, 77th overall by the Ottawa Senators in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft

Adirondack Thunder
The Adirondack Thunder are a professional ice hockey team in the ECHL that began play in the 2015–16 season. The team is based in Glens Falls, New York, and affiliated with the NHL's New Jersey Devils and AHL's Utica Comets. The Thunder play their home games at the Harding Mazzotti Arena.

The Thunder replaced the AHL's Adirondack Flames after they were relocated to Stockton, California, to become the Stockton Heat.
Superperfect number
In number theory, a superperfect number is a positive integer n that satisfies

where σ is the sum-of-divisors function. Superperfect numbers are not a generalization of perfect numbers but have a common generalization. The term was coined by D. Suryanarayana (1969).

The first few superperfect numbers are:

2, 4, 16, 64, 4096, 65536, 262144, 1073741824, ... (sequence A019279 in the OEIS).

To illustrate: it can be seen that 16 is a superperfect number as σ(16) = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 = 31, and σ(31) = 1 + 31 = 32, thus σ(σ(16)) = 32 = 2 × 16.

If n is an even superperfect number, then n must be a power of 2, 2k, such that 2k+1 − 1 is a Mersenne prime.

It is not known whether there are any odd superperfect numbers. An odd superperfect number n would have to be a square number such that either n or σ(n) is divisible by at least three distinct primes. There are no odd superperfect numbers below 7×1024.

Power of two
A power of two is a number of the form 2n where n is an integer, that is, the result of exponentiation with number two as the base and integer n as the exponent. In the fast-growing hierarchy, 2n is exactly equal to . In the Hardy hierarchy, 2n is exactly equal to .

Powers of two with non-negative exponents are integers: 20 = 1, 21 = 2, and 2n is two multiplied by itself n times. The first ten powers of 2 for non-negative values of n are:

1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, ... (sequence A000079 in the OEIS)

By comparison, powers of two with negative exponents are fractions: for positive integer n, 2−n is one half multiplied by itself n times. Thus the first few negative powers of 2 are ⁠1/2⁠, ⁠1/4⁠, ⁠1/8⁠, ⁠1/16⁠, etc. Sometimes these are called inverse powers of two because each is the multiplicative inverse of a positive power of two.
Puerto Rico men's national softball team
The Puerto Rico men's national softball team is the men's national softball team of Puerto Rico.  The team competed at the 1996 ISF Men's World Championship in Midland, Michigan where they finished with 5 wins and 5 losses.  The team competed at the 2009 ISF Men's World Championship in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan where they finished twelfth.

Men's Softball World Cup
The Men's Softball World Cup, known through 2015 as the ISF Men's World Championship, is a softball tournament for the best national men's teams in the world. From 1966 to 2013 it was held every four years, first by the International Softball Federation (ISF) and from 2019 an onward it is held every two years by the World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC), the 16 best teams in the world compete.