hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chaplin Peak
Chaplin Peak (78°42′03″S 85°27′31″W﻿ / ﻿78.70083°S 85.45861°W﻿ / -78.70083; -85.45861) is the peak rising to 1978 m on the west side of Bender Glacier, 5 mi southwest of Mount Craddock and 1.3 miles north of Gilbert Spur in the Sentinel Range of Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica. Surmounting Nimitz Glacier to the west.

The peak was named by US-ACAN in 2006 after Stephen Neville Chaplin, geologist and member of the Omega Foundation High Antarctic GPS Expedition 2005-06 that conducted GPS surveys of peaks in the area, including this peak. US mapping in 1961, updated in 1988.

Ellsworth Mountains
The Ellsworth Mountains are the highest mountain ranges in Antarctica, forming a 350 km (217 mi) long and 48 km (30 mi) wide chain of mountains in a north to south configuration on the western margin of the Ronne Ice Shelf in Marie Byrd Land. They are bisected by Minnesota Glacier to form the Sentinel Range to the north and the Heritage Range to the south. The former is by far the higher and more spectacular with Mount Vinson (4,892 meters (16,050 ft)) constituting the highest point on the continent. The mountains are located within the Chilean Antarctic territorial claim but outside of the Argentinian and British ones.
Bom Jesus do Amparo
Bom Jesus do Amparo is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Minas Gerais. The city is part of the mesoregion Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte and the microregion of Itabira. As of 2020, the estimated population was 6,133.

Itabira
Itabira is a Brazilian municipality and a major city in the state of Minas Gerais. The city belongs to the Belo Horizonte metropolitan area mesoregion and to the Itabira microregion.

It is currently the twenty-fourth largest city in the state in terms of population, with 120,904 inhabitants, according to a 2020 IBGE survey. It is known as the "Capital of Poetry", by virtue of being the birthplace of poet Carlos Drummond de Andrade, is part of the Circuit of the Gold and of Estrada Real.
Quad City Raiders
The Quad City Raiders were a professional American football team based in the Quad Cities region, which includes Rock Island, Illinois and neighboring Davenport, Iowa. In 1965, the Raiders joined the Professional Football League of America (PFLA) as the Rock Island Raiders became charter members. The Quad City Raiders remained in the PFLA until its merger with the Continental Football League in 1968, with the franchise evolving to become the Las Vegas Cowboys.

Rock Island, Illinois
Rock Island is a city in Rock Island County, Illinois, United States, and its county seat. The population was 37,108 at the 2020 census. Located at the confluence of the Rock and Mississippi rivers, it is one of the Quad Cities along with neighboring Moline and East Moline in Illinois and the cities of Davenport and Bettendorf in Iowa. The Quad Cities metropolitan area had a population of 384,324 in 2020.

The city is home to Rock Island Arsenal, the largest government-owned weapons manufacturing arsenal in the United States, which employs 6,000 people. The original Rock Island, from which the city name is derived, is now called Arsenal Island.
Subaqueous volcano
A subaqueous volcano is a volcano formed from the eruption or flow of magma that occurs under water (as opposed to a subaerial volcanic eruption). Subaqueous volcanic eruptions are significantly more abundant than subaerial eruptions and are estimated to be responsible for 85% of global volcanism by volume.

Subaqueous volcanoes can be classified into three types:

Submarine volcanoes (comprising shallow-sea and deep-sea sub-types)

Subglacial volcanoes

Lacustrine volcanoes

Deep-sea submarine volcanoes form underwater mountains called seamounts. Many thousands of volcanic seamounts are scattered across the floors of the oceans. Other subaqueous volcanoes can be in the form of gently sloping tuff cones, although they can have steeper slopes, such as White Horse Bluff in the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field of east-central British Columbia, Canada.

Submarine volcano
Water vapor cloud

Water

Stratum

Lava flow

Magma conduit

Magma chamber

Dike

Pillow lava

Submarine volcanoes are underwater vents or fissures in the Earth's surface from which magma can erupt. Many submarine volcanoes are located near areas of tectonic plate formation, known as mid-ocean ridges. The volcanoes at mid-ocean ridges alone are estimated to account for 75% of the magma output on Earth. Although most submarine volcanoes are located in the depths of seas and oceans, some also exist in shallow water, and these can discharge material into the atmosphere during an eruption. The total number of submarine volcanoes is estimated to be over one million (most are now extinct) of which some 75,000 rise more than 1 kilometre (0.62 miles) above the seabed. Only 119 submarine volcanoes in Earth's oceans and seas are known to have erupted during the last 11,700 years.

Hydrothermal vents, sites of abundant biological activity, are commonly found near submarine volcanoes.
Kom el-Hisn
Kom el-Hisn (Arabic: كوم الحصن Kawm el-Ḥiṣn) is a Nile Delta settlement dating back to the Old Kingdom of Egypt with parts dating to the Middle Kingdom. Its location in the 3rd nome of Lower Egypt, or "House of the Lord of Ships (pr nb jmu)", focus on the goddess Hathor, as well as  faunal and textual evidence suggests it played a role in transporting cattle between regions. Whether or not it was a self-sufficient town or built solely to support the temple is currently unknown.

The site's main findings include the Tomb of Khesuwer, a large necropolis, and a temple dedicated to Sekhmet-Hathor. Inscriptions designating Hathor as the "Mistress of Imu", among other similar inscriptions, and the location of Kom el-Hisn have given evidence to the site being the former nome capital Yamu, or Imu. Much of the information on this site from previous excavations is lost or remains unpublished.

Lower Egypt
Lower Egypt (Arabic: مصر السفلى Miṣr as-Suflā) is the northernmost region of Egypt, which consists of the fertile Nile Delta between Upper Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile River split into seven branches of the delta in Lower Egypt. Lower Egypt was divided into nomes and began to advance as a civilization after 3600 BC. Today, it contains two major channels that flow through the delta of the Nile River – Mahmoudiyah Canal (ancient Agathos Daimon) and Muways Canal (Arabic: بحر موَيس, "waterway of Moses").
Allegheny Airlines Flight 485
Allegheny Airlines Flight 485 was a regularly scheduled domestic passenger flight between Washington, D.C. and Newport News, Virginia, United States, with three stop-overs, two in Connecticut and a third in Pennsylvania. On June 7, 1971, the Allegheny Airlines Convair CV-580 operating the flight crashed on approach to Tweed New Haven Regional Airport, New Haven County, Connecticut.

The accident was notable in that all but one person survived the initial impact, however 28 people died in the subsequent fire, after failing to open the emergency exit. Only the first officer and 2 passengers survived. Poor visibility in the cabin, a lack of emergency lighting, unclear emergency door instructions, and a lack of additional crew personnel to assist in evacuation were all cited as factors in the high death toll.

Instrument flight rules
In aviation, instrument flight rules (IFR) is one of two sets of regulations governing all aspects of civil aviation aircraft operations; the other is visual flight rules (VFR).

The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Instrument Flying Handbook defines IFR as: "Rules and regulations established by the FAA to govern flight under conditions in which flight by outside visual reference is not safe. IFR flight depends upon flying by reference to instruments in the flight deck, and navigation is accomplished by reference to electronic signals." It is also a term used by pilots and controllers to indicate the type of flight plan an aircraft is flying, such as an IFR or VFR flight plan.
The Quebe Sisters
The Quebe Sisters are an American swing revival band based in Dallas, Texas, who perform a mix of progressive western swing, jazz-influenced swing, country, Texas-style fiddling, and western music. The band consists of sisters Grace, Sophia, and Hulda Quebe, all of whom play the fiddle and sing, with supporting musicians accompanying on guitar, upright bass, or other instruments.

Swing revival
The swing revival, also called retro swing and neo-swing, was a renewed interest in swing music and Lindy Hop dance, beginning around 1989 and reaching a peak in the 1990s. The music was generally rooted in the big bands of the swing era of the 1930s and 1940s, but it was also greatly influenced by rockabilly, boogie-woogie, the jump blues of artists such as Louis Prima and Louis Jordan, and the theatrics of Cab Calloway. Many neo-swing bands practiced contemporary fusions of swing, jazz, and jump blues with rock, punk rock, ska, and ska punk music or had roots in punk, ska, ska punk, and alternative rock music.
Marine navigation
Marine navigation is the art and science of steering a ship from a starting point (sailing) to a destination, efficiently and responsibly. It is an art because of the skill that the navigator must have to avoid the dangers of navigation, and it is a science because it is based on physical, mathematical, oceanographic, cartographic, astronomical, and other knowledge.

Marine navigation can be surface or submarine.

Ship
A ship  is a large watercraft designed for travel across the surface of a body of water, carrying cargo or passengers, or in support of specialized tasks such as warfare, oceanography and fishing. Ships are generally distinguished from boats, based on size, shape, load capacity and purpose. Ships have supported exploration, trade, warfare, migration, colonization, and science. Ship transport is responsible for the largest portion of world commerce.

The word ship has meant, depending on era and context, either simply a large vessel or specifically a full-rigged ship with three or more masts, each of which is square rigged.

The earliest historical evidence of boats is found in Egypt during the 4th millennium BC. In 2024, ships had a global cargo capacity of 2.4 billion tons, with the three largest classes being ships carrying dry bulk (43%), oil tankers (28%) and container ships (14%).
Laar, Maasbree
Laar is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is located in the municipality of Peel en Maas, 2 km southwest of the town of Maasbree itself.

Laar is not a statistical entity, and the postal authorities have placed it under Maasbree. Laar has no place name signs, and consists of about 10 houses.

Peel en Maas
Peel en Maas (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈpeːl ɛ ˈmaːs]; Limburgish: Pieël en Maas) is a municipality in the southeastern Netherlands, established on 1 January 2010. It is situated in the province of Limburg. The municipality is formed by the towns of Panningen, Helden, Kessel, Kessel-Eik, Maasbree, Baarlo, Beringe, Egchel, Grashoek, Koningslust, and Meijel. It has a population of more than 40,000 people from various backgrounds. The municipality has several facilities such as a high school, public library, swimming pool, and a well-connected public bus transport system.

Each town has its own characteristics. The municipality's official slogan is: "beleef de ruimte!" (experience the space!).
Beni Lar
Beni Lar (born 12 August 1967) is a politician of the People's Democratic Party from Plateau State, Nigeria. She was a member of the Nigeria House of Representatives from Langtang North, Langtang South federal Constituency of Plateau State. She was first elected to the house in 2007 and in 2019, she was re-elected to a fourth term in the house.

Langtang South
Langtang South is a Local Government Area in Plateau State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Mabudi.

It has an area of 838 km2 and a population of 106,305 at the 2006 census.

The postal code of the area is 941.

Langtang North and Langtang South are represented in the House of Representatives by  Vincent Venman Bulus. Hon Nanfa Nbin was sworn in as the Executive Chairman of Langtang South on 10 October 2024].
The Local Government has a Chief Magistrate Court located in Mabudi and 3 Area Courts located in Sabon Gida, Dadin Kowa and Magama.
Roccavaldina
Roccavaldina (Sicilian: Roccavaddina) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Messina in the Italian region Sicily, located about 180 kilometres (110 mi) east of Palermo and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) west of Messina.

Roccavaldina borders the following municipalities: Monforte San Giorgio, Rometta, Spadafora, Torregrotta, Valdina, Venetico.

Monforte San Giorgio
Monforte San Giorgio (Sicilian: Munforti)  is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Messina in the Italian region Sicily, located about 180 kilometres (110 mi) east of Palermo and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) west of Messina.

It is home to the remains of a  castle built by the local Orthodox monks to resist the Arab attacks. Later it was used by the Normans and the royal houses of Hohenstaufen and Anjou.
Watter (band)
Watter is an American experimental music ensemble from Louisville, Kentucky.

Watter member Zak Riles is a member of Grails, and Britt Walford formerly drummed in the band Slint. Their debut, This World, features appearances from Rachel Grimes of Rachel's, Todd Cook of The For Carnation and The Shipping News, and Tony Levin of King Crimson.

Grails (band)
Grails is an American instrumental experimental rock band formed in 1999. Based in Portland, Oregon, the group have released seven studio albums, on labels including Southern and Temporary Residence, and have toured across North America and Europe.
Supreme Military Command of the Interior and Islands
The Supreme Military Command of the Interior and Islands (Greek: Ανώτατη Στρατιωτική Διοίκηση Εσωτερικού και Νήσων, ΑΣΔΕΝ; Anótati Stratiotikí Deíkisi Esoterikoú ke Níson, ASDEN), more commonly known as ASDEN, is a Corps-sized formation of the Hellenic Army responsible for the defence of the Aegean Islands.

5th Airmobile Brigade (Greece)
The 5th Airmobile Brigade "5th Cretan Division" (Greek: 5η Αερομεταφερόμενη Ταξιαρχία Πεζικού «V Μεραρχία Κρητών»), formerly the 5th Infantry Division (V Μεραρχία Πεζικού) and commonly referred to simply as the Cretan Division (Μεραρχία Κρητών), is an air assault brigade of the Hellenic Army responsible for the defense of the southern Aegean sea.
Adin Vrabac
Adin Vrabac (born 27 January 1994) is a Bosnian professional basketball player for Club Ourense Baloncesto of the Primera FEB. He is a 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) tall small forward. He is also a member of the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team.

CB Canarias
Club Cantera Base 1939 Canarias S.A.D., commonly known as CB Canarias and known as La Laguna Tenerife for sponsorship reasons, is a professional basketball team that is based in La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. Domestically, the team plays in the top-level league in Spain, the Liga ACB and in European-wide competitions, the team plays in FIBA's Champions League (BCL). Their home arena is the Santiago Martín.

Canarias became a prominent club on the domestic scene during the 2010s, after securing promotion to the Liga ACB in 2014. Under the FIBA system, Canarias won two BCL championships (in 2017 and 2023) as well as three Intercontinental Cups (2017, 2020, 2023).
Dufferin—Caledon
Dufferin—Caledon is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 2004.

It was created in 2003 from parts of Dufferin—Peel—Wellington—Grey riding.

This riding gained a fraction of territory from Vaughan during the 2012 electoral redistribution.

After David Tilson's resignation, in March 2019 the Dufferin—Caledon nomination for the Conservative Party in the 2019 election was won by Harzadan Singh Khattra, amid accusations within the party of vote tampering, membership reimbursement, and payments to foreign students to attend, despite their ineligibility within party rules.

Following the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, the riding will lose all of Caledon south of King Street and west of The Gore Road to Brampton North—Caledon. These changes will come into effect following the call of the 2025 Canadian federal election.

Caledon, Ontario
Caledon (/ˈkælədən/; 2021 population 76,581) is a town in the Regional Municipality of Peel in the Greater Toronto Area of Ontario, Canada. The name comes from a shortened form of Caledonia, the Roman name for what is now Scotland. Caledon is primarily rural with a number of hamlets and small villages, but also contains the larger community of Bolton (population 26,795) in its southeastern quadrant, adjacent to York Region. Some spillover urbanization also occurs in the south bordering the City of Brampton.

Caledon is the northernmost of three municipalities of Peel Region. The town is northwest of Brampton. According to Statistics Canada the land area is 688 km2 (266 sq mi) and, according to the city the area is 696.04 km2 (268.74 sq mi), which makes Caledon the largest municipality by area in the Greater Toronto Area.
Dilip Kumar Patnaik
Air Marshal Dilip Kumar Patnaik, AVSM, VM is a retired officer in the Indian Air Force. He served as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOC-in-C), Eastern Air Command. He took over the office on 3 October 2021, succeeding of Air Marshal Amit Dev and superannuated on 30 September 2022. He was succeeded by Air Marshal Sujeet Pushpakar Dharkar.

Vayu Sena Medal
The Vayu Sena Medal (lit. 'Air Force Medal') is a military decoration, usually awarded in peacetime for a job well done in the Indian Air Force. However, it has been granted during times of conflict for acts of gallantry in the face of enemy, though not in the same numbers as the Vir Chakra.

Posthumous awards may be made and a bar is authorized for subsequent awards of the Vayu Sena Medal.

The VM was established on 17 June 1960 by the President of India and awards have been made from 1961 onwards. Awards over the past decade or more have been classified into two categories. One is Vayu Sena Medal (Gallantry) and the other for Vayu Sena Medal (Devotion to Duty).
Dieterle stain
The Dieterle stain is a way of marking tissue for microscopic examination. The key reagent of Dieterle stain is silver nitrate. It can stain microbes like Treponema pallidum in grey or black and background in yellow.

It is used to find the organisms that cause cat-scratch disease (Bartonella henselae) and syphilis (Treponema pallidum) and sensitive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Silver nitrate
Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with chemical formula AgNO3. It is a versatile precursor to many other silver compounds, such as those used in photography. It is far less sensitive to light than the halides. It was once called lunar caustic because silver was called luna by ancient alchemists who associated silver with the moon. In solid silver nitrate, the silver ions are three-coordinated in a trigonal planar arrangement.
Throstle frame
The throstle frame was a spinning machine for cotton, wool, and other fibers, differing from a mule in having a continuous action, the processes of drawing, twisting, and winding being carried on simultaneously. It derived its name from the "singing or humming which it occasioned," throstle being a dialect name for the song thrush.

Spinning (textiles)
Spinning is a twisting technique to form yarn from fibers. The fiber intended is drawn out, twisted, and wound onto a bobbin. A few popular fibers that are spun into yarn other than cotton, which is the most popular, are viscose (the most common form of rayon), animal fibers such as wool, and synthetic polyester. Originally done by hand using a spindle whorl, starting in the 500s AD the spinning wheel became the predominant spinning tool across Asia and Europe. The spinning jenny and spinning mule, invented in the late 1700s, made mechanical spinning far more efficient than spinning by hand, and especially made cotton manufacturing one of the most important industries of the Industrial Revolution.
2012 New Year Honours
The New Year Honours 2012 were announced on 31 December 2011 in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, Belize, Saint Christopher and Nevis, the Solomon Islands, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and the Cook Islands, to celebrate the year passed and mark the beginning of 2012.

The recipients of honours are displayed as they were styled before their new honour and arranged by the country (in order of independence) whose ministers advised The Queen on the appointments, then by honour with grades i.e. Knight/Dame Grand Cross, Knight/Dame Commander etc. and then divisions i.e. Civil, Diplomatic and Military as appropriate.

The Duke of Edinburgh's Award
The Duke of Edinburgh's Award (commonly abbreviated DofE) is a youth awards programme founded in the United Kingdom in 1956 by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, which has since expanded to 144 nations. The awards recognise adolescents and young adults for completing a series of self-improvement exercises modelled on Kurt Hahn's solutions to his "Six Declines of Modern Youth".
Gmina Grodzisko Dolne
Gmina Grodzisko Dolne is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Leżajsk County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Grodzisko Dolne, which lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south of Leżajsk and 36 km (22 mi) north-east of the regional capital Rzeszów.

The gmina covers an area of 78.42 square kilometres (30.3 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 8,169 (8,099 in 2011).

Leżajsk
Leżajsk (Polish: [ˈlɛʐajsk]; Yiddish: ליזשענסק-Lizhensk; Ukrainian: Лежа́йськ, romanized: Lezháysʹk), officially the Free Royal City of Leżajsk (Polish: Wolne Królewskie Miasto Leżajsk), is a town in southeastern Poland with 13,871 inhabitants. Since 1999, it has been situated in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship and is the capital of Leżajsk County.

Leżajsk is famed for its Bernadine basilica and monastery, built by the architect Antonio Pellacini. The basilica contains a highly regarded pipe organ from the second half of the 17th century and organ recitals take place there. It stands as one of Poland's official national Historic Monuments (Pomnik historii), as designated April 20, 2005, and tracked by the National Heritage Board of Poland. Leżajsk is also home of the Leżajsk brewery. The town is crossed by a forest creek ‘Jagoda’.
Phi Herculis
Phi Herculis (φ Her) is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Hercules. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 15.99 mas as seen from Earth, it is located around 204 light years from the Sun. With a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.24, it is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye.

This is a single-lined spectroscopic binary star system with an orbital period of 564.8 days and an eccentricity of 0.526. The primary, component A, is a B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B9VspHgMn. It is a chemically peculiar star of the type called a mercury-manganese star. The star is tentatively catalogued as an Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum variable, with brightness variations of just 0.01 magnitudes.

The secondary, component B, was first separated via interferometry in 2004. It is an A-type main sequence star of class A8V.  The magnitude difference between the two components is 2.64.

Mercury–manganese star
A mercury–manganese star (also HgMn star) is a type of chemically peculiar star with a prominent spectral line at 398.4 nm, due to absorption from ionized mercury.  These stars are of spectral type B8, B9, or A0, corresponding to surface temperatures between about 10,000 and 15,000 K, with two distinctive characteristics:

An atmospheric excess of elements like phosphorus, manganese, gallium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, platinum and mercury.

A lack of a strong dipole magnetic field.

Their rotation is relatively slow, and as a consequence their atmosphere is relatively calm.  It is thought, but has not been proven, that some types of atoms sink under the force of gravity, while others are lifted towards the exterior of the star by radiation pressure, making a heterogeneous atmosphere.