hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rayleigh–Ritz method
The Rayleigh–Ritz method is a direct numerical method of approximating eigenvalues, originated in the context of solving physical boundary value problems and named after Lord Rayleigh and Walther Ritz.

In this method, an infinite-dimensional linear operator is approximated by a finite-dimensional compression, on which we can use an eigenvalue algorithm.

It is used in all applications that involve approximating eigenvalues and eigenvectors, often under different names. In quantum mechanics, where a system of particles is described using a Hamiltonian, the Ritz method uses trial wave functions to approximate the ground state eigenfunction with the lowest energy. In the finite element method context, mathematically the same algorithm is commonly called the Ritz-Galerkin method. The Rayleigh–Ritz method or Ritz method terminology is typical in mechanical and structural engineering to approximate the eigenmodes and resonant frequencies of a structure.

Hermitian matrix
In mathematics, a Hermitian matrix (or self-adjoint matrix) is a  square matrix that is equal to its own conjugate transpose—that is, the element in the i-th row and j-th column is equal to the complex conjugate of the element in the j-th row and i-th column, for all indices i and j. In index form, or in matrix form:

Hermitian matrices can be understood as the complex extension of real symmetric matrices.

If the conjugate transpose of a matrix  is denoted by  then the Hermitian property can be written concisely as

Hermitian matrices are named after Charles Hermite, who demonstrated in 1855 that matrices of this form share a property with real symmetric matrices of always having real eigenvalues. Other, equivalent notations in common use are  although in quantum mechanics,  typically means the complex conjugate only, and not the conjugate transpose.
Cayley, Alberta
Cayley is a hamlet in southern Alberta, Canada within the Foothills County. It is also recognized as a designated place by Statistics Canada.

Cayley is approximately 73 kilometres (45 mi) south of Calgary, 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) south of High River and 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) west of Highway 2 on Range Road 290 (former designated as Highway 2A). It is located within Census Division No. 6.

Division No. 6, Alberta
Division No. 6 is a census division in Alberta, Canada. It includes the City of Calgary and surrounding areas. The majority of the division consists of Alberta's Calgary Region, while the northern portion of the division includes parts of central Alberta. The division also forms the southern segment of the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. Division No. 6 is the largest census division in Alberta according to population and also has the highest population density.
Abdominal fascia
Abdominal fascia refers to the various types of fascia found in the abdominal region. Fascia is a sheet of connective tissue that is found beneath the skin that attaches, stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and other internal organs. Everyone has fascia, as it is part of how the human body is composed. Fascia is organized by layer, and can also be classified by location or function in the body. While abdominal fascia is quite a simple part of how the human body is made up, there are other implications and involvements that abdominal fascia is a part of.

Fascia
A fascia (/ˈfæʃ(i)ə/; pl.: fasciae /ˈfæʃii/ or fascias; adjective fascial; from Latin  fascia 'band') is a generic term for macroscopic membranous bodily structures.: 42  Fasciae are classified as superficial, visceral or deep, and further designated according to their anatomical location.

The knowledge of fascial structures is essential in surgery, as they create borders for infectious processes (for example Psoas abscess) and haematoma. An increase in pressure may result in a compartment syndrome, where a prompt fasciotomy may be necessary. For this reason, profound descriptions of fascial structures are available in anatomical literature from the 19th century.
Katharine McCormick
Katharine Dexter McCormick (August 27, 1875 – December 28, 1967) was an American suffragist, philanthropist and, after her husband's death, heir to a substantial part of the McCormick family fortune. She funded most of the research necessary to develop the first birth control pill.

McCormick family
The McCormick family of Chicago and Virginia is an American family of Scottish and Scots-Irish descent that attained prominence and fortune starting with the invention of the McCormick reaper, a machine that revolutionized agriculture and established the modern grain trade by beginning the mechanization of the harvesting of grain. Through the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company and later, the International Harvester Company and other investments, the McCormicks became one of the wealthiest families in America.  The name became ubiquitous in agriculture starting in the 19th century and the press dubbed the McCormicks the "Reaper Kings". Later generations expanded into media and publishing (Tribune Company), finance (William Blair & Company), and real estate (McCormick Estates).  Various family members were well known as civic leaders. The family was originally Presbyterian.
Stephens Homestead
The Stephens Homestead is a historic farmhouse at 800 Willow Grove Road in Stephens State Park in Mount Olive Township in Morris County, New Jersey, United States. Built around 1865, the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 14, 2013, for its significance in agriculture and architecture.

Mount Olive Township, New Jersey
Mount Olive Township is a township in western Morris County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 28,886, its highest decennial census count ever and an increase of 769 (+2.7%) from the 2010 census count of 28,117, which in turn reflected an increase of 3,924 (+16.2%) from the 24,193 counted in the 2000 census.

The Township of Mount Olive was formed by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 22, 1871, from portions of Roxbury Township. Netcong was formed from portions of the township on October 23, 1894. The township was named for Benjamin Olive, a colonial-era Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey who donated land for the site of churches constructed in the area.

The township comprises the unincorporated communities of Budd Lake and Flanders. Located within the Raritan Valley region, Mount Olive is situated in western Morris County bordering both Sussex and Warren counties along the Musconetcong River.
Flag algebra
Flag algebras are an important computational tool in the field of graph theory which have a wide range of applications in homomorphism density and related topics. Roughly, they formalize the notion of adding and multiplying homomorphism densities and set up a framework to solve graph homomorphism inequalities with computers by reducing them to semidefinite programming problems. Originally introduced by Alexander Razborov in a 2007 paper, the method has since come to solve numerous difficult, previously unresolved graph theoretic questions. These include the  question regarding the region of feasible edge density, triangle density pairs and the maximum number of pentagons in triangle free graphs.

Graph homomorphism
In the mathematical field of graph theory, a graph homomorphism is a mapping between two graphs that respects their structure. More concretely, it is a function between the vertex sets of two graphs that maps adjacent vertices to adjacent vertices.

Homomorphisms generalize various notions of graph colorings and allow the expression of an important class of constraint satisfaction problems, such as certain scheduling or frequency assignment problems.
The fact that homomorphisms can be composed leads to rich algebraic structures: a preorder on graphs, a distributive lattice, and a category (one for undirected graphs and one for directed graphs).
The computational complexity of finding a homomorphism between given graphs is prohibitive in general, but a lot is known about special cases that are solvable in polynomial time. Boundaries between tractable and intractable cases have been an active area of research.
E-GMS
The e-Government Metadata Standard, e-GMS, is the UK e-Government Metadata Standard. It defines how UK public sector bodies should label content such as web pages and documents to make such information more easily managed, found and shared.

The metadata standard is an application profile of the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set and consists of mandatory, recommended and optional metadata elements such as title, date created and description.

The e-GMS formed part of the e-Government Metadata Framework (e-GMF) and eGovernment Interoperability Framework (e-GIF). The standard helps provide a basis for the adoption of XML schemas for data exchange.

Metadata standard
A metadata standard is a requirement which is intended to establish a common understanding of the meaning or semantics of the data, to ensure correct and proper use and interpretation of the data by its owners and users. To achieve this common understanding, a number of characteristics, or attributes of the data have to be defined, also known as metadata.
Thomas Barrie
Thomas Barrie (died 1538 in Newbury, Berkshire) was an English almoner who was found guilty of spreading rumours about the death of Henry VIII in 1538 and was pilloried in the market square at Newbury. It was reported that he died from shock as a result of his punishment.

Almoner
An almoner (/ˈɑːmənər, ˈæl-/) is a chaplain or church officer who originally was in charge of distributing money to the deserving poor. The title almoner has to some extent fallen out of use in English, but its equivalents in other languages are often used for many pastoral functions exercised by chaplains or pastors. The word derives from the Ancient Greek: ἐλεημοσύνη eleēmosynē (alms), via the popular Latin almosinarius.
Woogie Island
Woogie Island is a small low-lying island in the entrance to Port Lockroy, about 330 meters northwest of Goudier Island, Wiencke Island, Palmer Archipelago. It was roughly charted by Jean-Baptiste Charcot in 1904, and surveyed and originally named by Operation Tabarin in 1944.

Goudier Island
Goudier Island (64°50′S 63°30′W﻿ / ﻿64.833°S 63.500°W﻿ / -64.833; -63.500) is a small island with an appearance of bare, polished rock, lying 0.05 nautical miles (0.1 km) north of Jougla Point in the harbour of Port Lockroy, Wiencke Island, in the Palmer Archipelago. It was discovered by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1903–05, under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, and named after E. Goudier, chief engineer of the expedition ship Français.

Operation Tabarin established a research base, station A, on the island in 1944. Research continued until 1962 when operations were transferred to Station F (Faraday station) on the Argentine Islands. It was restored in 1996 and is now one of the most popular tourist attractions in Antarctica.
Adhyatma Ramayana
Adhyatma Ramayana (IAST: Adhyātma Rāmāyaṇa, lit. 'Spiritual Ramayana') is a 13th- to 15th-century Sanskrit text that allegorically interprets the story of Hindu epic Ramayana in the Advaita Vedanta framework. It is embedded in the latter portion of Brahmānda Purana, and the author is considered to be Vyasa. The Hindu tradition also attributes the text to the Bhakti movement saint Ramananda.

The text consists of 7 books, 65 chapters or 4,500 verses in the form of a dialogue between Shiva and Parvati. Adhyatma Ramayana contains the ideal characteristics of Rama and the precepts related to devotion, knowledge, dispassion, adoration and good conduct. Rama is presented as the supreme Brahman in the text, while the struggles of Sita and him are re-interpreted in an abstract spiritual form. The allegory inspired several later versions of the Ramayana story in languages like Awadhi (Ramcharitmanas by Tulsidas), Oriya, Bengali and Malayalam version by Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan.

Baij Nath Puri
Baij Nath Puri (26 January 1916 – 1996) was an Indian historian. He completed M. Lit. and D.Phil. from Oxford University. He was vice-president and member of the International Board of Editors for the history of Civilizations in Central Asia at UNESCO, and remained President of the Indian History Congress (Guwahati Session). He was also Professor and Head of the Department of Ancient Indian History and Culture at Lucknow University and later a professor emeritus.
Daniel Arzani
Daniel Arzani (Persian: دنیل ارزانی; born 4 January 1999) is a professional soccer player who plays as a winger or attacking midfielder for A-League Men club Melbourne City, on loan from Nemzeti Bajnokság I club Ferencváros. Born in Iran, he represents the Australia national team.

Macarthur FC
Macarthur Football Club, also known as Macarthur Bulls, is an Australian professional football club based in South Western Sydney, New South Wales. It competes in Australia's premier football competition, the A-League, under licence from Australian Professional Leagues (APL). On 13 December 2018, it was announced that the club would be accepted into the A-League as part of the new expansion process.
Smita Talwalkar
Smita Talwalkar (5 September 1954 – 6 August 2014) was an Indian actress, producer and director in Marathi cinema. She won two National Film Awards as producer of the films Kalat Nakalat (1989) and Tu Tithe Mee (1998).

37th National Film Awards
The 37th National Film Awards were presented by Directorate of Film Festivals, an organisation set up by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India to felicitate the best of Indian Cinema released in the year 1989. Ceremony took place in May 1990 and awards were presented by then President of India, R. Venkataraman.

Starting with 37th National Film Awards, a new award in the feature films section was introduced for Environment Conservation/Preservation as National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus) for producer and director of the film. Another new award was introduced for National Film Award for Best First Non-Feature Film of a Director, but not given for 37th National Film Awards.

Also, National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema has been promoted to Swarna Kamal (Golden Lotus) Award.
Beaverfoot Range
The Beaverfoot Range is a mountain range in the Kootenay Ranges of the Canadian Rockies, located in southeastern British Columbia. The range extends from Cedared Creek near Spillimacheen north to the Kicking Horse River.

This range includes the following mountains and peaks:

Spillimacheen
Spillimacheen is an unincorporated community near the mouth of the Spillimacheen River on the east shore of the Columbia River, in the East Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia. The locality, on BC Highway 95, is by road about 183 kilometres (114 mi) north of Cranbrook and 64 kilometres (40 mi) southeast of Golden.
2013 ITF Women's Circuit – Sanya
The 2013 ITF Women's Circuit – Sanya was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the third edition of the tournament which was part of the 2013 ITF Women's Circuit, offering a total of $50,000 in prize money. It took place in Sanya, China, on 9–15 September 2013.

ITF Women's Circuit – Sanya
The ITF Women's Circuit – Sanya was a tournament for professional tennis players played on outdoor hardcourts in Sanya, China. It was classified as a $50,000 ITF Women's Circuit event which took place from 2011 to 2013.
Kondei
The kondei (健兒; lit. 'able-bodied youth') system was an institution developed by the Japanese Imperial court in Nara during the Nara and early Heian periods for the conscription and regulation of local paramilitary or militia forces. The kondei system was divided into regional administrative divisions overseen by kondeidokoro (健兒所; lit. 'kondei office').

Heijō-kyō
Heijō-kyō (平城京; also Heizei-kyō, sometimes Nara no miyako) was the Capital of Japan during most of the Nara period, from 710 to 740 and again from 745 to 784.  The imperial palace is a listed UNESCO World Heritage Site together with other places in the city of Nara (cf. Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara).

Empress Genmei ordered the Imperial capital moved from Fujiwara-kyō to Heijō-kyō in 708, and the move to Heijō-kyō was complete in 710. Heijō-kyō was modeled after Chang'an, the capital of Tang-dynasty China, although Heijō-kyō lacked walls. In the city, merchants and traders from China, Korea, and India introduced various foreign cultures to Heijō-kyō through the Silk Road. As a result, Heijō-kyō flourished as Japan's first international and political capital, with a peak population of between 50,000 and 100,000. The overall form of the city was an irregular rectangle, and the area of the city was more than 25 km2.
Santa Margarita, Samar
Santa Margarita, officially the Municipality of Santa Margarita (Waray: Bungto han Santa Margarita; Tagalog: Bayan ng Santa Margarita), is a municipality in the province of Samar, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 26,816 people.

Formerly known as Magsohong, it is bounded to the north by the city of Calbayog and to the south by Gandara.

Gandara, Samar
Gandara, officially the Municipality of Gandara (Waray: Bungto han Gandara),  is a municipality in the province of Samar, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 35,242 people.
Atomic Spy (book)
Atomic Spy: The Dark Lives of Klaus Fuchs is a 2020 biography of Klaus Fuchs, a so-called atomic spy, by Nancy Thorndike Greenspan. The book was published by Viking Press and received several reviews. Fuchs was a physicist who is best known for passing secrets from the Manhattan Project to the Soviet Union during World War II. The book paints a sympathetic picture of Fuchs, ultimately arguing that his crime was done with good intentions, for "the betterment of mankind". Though several reviews noted their opposition to this conclusion and the sympathy the book shows to Fuchs, it has received mostly positive reviews.

Henry Hemming
Henry Hemming (born December 1979) is an English non-fiction author. In 2017 it was announced that his book, M: Maxwell Knight, MI5's Greatest Spymaster, based on the life of Maxwell Knight, would be adapted for television by Mammoth Screen with screenwriter Matt Charman attached as lead writer.

In order to write the book about Knight, Hemming reviewed declassified MI5 files, interviewed former MI5 agents as well as some of Knight's family.
Two Rivers mine
The Two Rivers mine is a large bord and pillar mine located in the north-eastern part of South Africa in Steelpoort, Limpopo. Two Rivers represents one of the largest platinum reserves in South Africa having estimated reserves of 100 million tonnes of ore grading 1.8 gr/t platinum, 1.07 gr/t palladium and minor grades of gold, rhodium, ruthenium and iridium. The mine has reserves of 5.76 million oz of platinum and 3.2 million oz of palladium and produces around 150,000 oz of platinum/year and 90,000 oz of palladium/year.

Ounce
The  ounce (/ˈaʊns/) is any of several different units of mass, weight, or volume and is derived almost unchanged from the uncia, an Ancient Roman unit of measurement.

The avoirdupois ounce (exactly 28.349523125 g) is 1⁄16 avoirdupois pound; this is the United States customary and British imperial ounce. It is primarily used in the United States.

Although the avoirdupois ounce is the mass measure used for most purposes, the 'troy ounce' of exactly 31.1034768 g is used instead for the mass of precious metals such as gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium, etc.

The term 'ounce' is also used in other contexts:

The ounce-force is a measure of force (see below).

The fluid ounce is a measure of volume.

Historically, a variety of different ounces measuring mass or volume were used in different jurisdictions by different trades and at different times in history.
Janet Brennan Croft
Janet Brennan Croft (born 1961) is an American librarian and Tolkien scholar, known for her authored and edited books and journals on J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth fantasy. She won a Mythopoeic Award in 2005.

Haworth Press
Haworth Press was a publisher of scholarly, academic and trade books, and approximately 200 peer-reviewed academic journals. It was founded in 1978 by the publishing industry executives Bill Cohen and Patrick Mcloughlin. The name was taken from the township of Haworth in England, the home of the Brontë sisters. Many of the Haworth publications cover very specialized material, ranging from mental health, occupational therapy, psychology, psychiatry, addiction studies, social work, interdisciplinary social sciences, library & information science, LGBT studies, agriculture, pharmaceutical science, health care, medicine, and other fields.
Princess Ingeborg of Denmark
Princess Ingeborg of Denmark (Ingeborg Charlotte Caroline Frederikke Louise; 2 August 1878 – 12 March 1958), was a Princess of Sweden by marriage to Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland.

Princess Ingeborg was a daughter of Frederick VIII of Denmark and Louise of Sweden, she grew up in Copenhagen as a Danish princess. In 1897, she was married to her mother's first cousin Prince Carl of Sweden, Duke of Västergötland, and spent the rest of her of life in Sweden as a member of the Swedish royal family.

Her marriage produced four children, among whom were Märtha, Crown Princess of Norway and Astrid, Queen of the Belgians.

Charles XV
Charles XV and IV (Carl Ludvig Eugen; Swedish and Norwegian officially: Karl; 3 May 1826 – 18 September 1872) was King of Sweden and King of Norway, there often referred to as Charles IV, from 8 July 1859 until his death in 1872. Charles was the third Swedish monarch from the House of Bernadotte. He was the first one to be born in Sweden, the first to grow up speaking Swedish as his first language, and the first to be raised from birth in the Lutheran faith.
Alton Blues
The Alton Blues were a minor league baseball team based in Alton, Illinois. In 1917, the Blues played as members of the Class B level Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League, hosting home games at Sportsman's Park. The league folded during the 1917 season with the Blues in last place.

Alton, Illinois
Alton (/ˈɔːltən/ AWL-tən) is a city on the Mississippi River in Madison County, Illinois, United States, about 18 miles (29 km) north of St. Louis, Missouri. The population was 25,676 at the 2020 census. It is a part of the River Bend area in the Metro-East region of the Greater St. Louis metropolitan area.

It is well known for its limestone bluffs along the river north of the city. It's the former location of an historical state penitentiary, and played a significant role preceding and during the American Civil War. It was the site of the last Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas debate in October 1858. The former state penitentiary in Alton was used during the Civil War to hold up to 12,000 Confederate prisoners of war.
Ali Murad Mound
The Ali Murad Mound is an archaeological site situated at Johi Tehsil, in Dadu District of Sindh, Pakistan. The site was explored as well as named by archaeologist N. G. Majumdar.

It is located 20 miles from Dadu towards the southwest. It is eight miles from Ghazi Shah Mound and 14 miles to the south of Johi town.

At the top of the mound, an ancient hamlet was discovered surrounded by defensive walls built with stone blocks. According to Mortimer Wheeler, the pottery of Harappan culture, terracotta figurines of bull and pig, chert flakes, a small bronze axe, beads of steatite, agate and carnelian and several terracotta of imitation cakes were found here. The fortified antique village or palace was recorded on this high mound.

Ghazi Shah Mound
The Ghazi Shah Mound is most ancient archaeological site located in Johi Tehsil of Dadu District in Sindh, Pakistan. It was explored by N. G. Majumdar and Louis Flam has also studied and surveyed this ancient site. It is among the earliest site of Indus Valley Civilization and dates back to 4000 to 6000 years.

This place is named after Syed Gaji Shah whose shrine is near this place.