hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Apertura and Clausura in Argentine football
The Apertura and Clausura system was a single round-robin tournament format used for the Argentine Primera División championships. Introduced in 1990–91, it lasted until the 2012–13 season when it was replaced by the "Inicial and Final", a similar tournament.

1990–91 in Argentine football
The 1990–91 season saw the introduction of the Apertura and Clausura system in Argentina. Newell's Old Boys won the Apertura 1990 and Boca Juniors won the Clausura 1991. The two teams faced each other in a playoff to decide the overall champions, which was won by Newell's. There was a great deal of controversy over this as Boca Juniors had won the Clausura without losing a game, but losing the playoff had cost them their first official championship since 1981. In subsequent seasons the winners of both the Apertura and Clausura have been officially recognised as champions.
La Mirada Mall
La Mirada Mall was a 72-acre (29 ha) regional shopping mall at the southeast corner of La Mirada Boulevard (originally named Luitwieler Avenue) and Rosecrans Avenue in La Mirada, California, United States, in southeast Los Angeles County, in a region known as the Gateway Cities. It is now the site of the La Mirada Theater Center, a strip mall.

La Mirada, California
La Mirada is a city in southeast Los Angeles County, California United States, and is one of the Gateway Cities, on the border with Orange County. The population was 48,008 at the 2020 census. The La Mirada Theatre for the Performing Arts and the Splash! La Mirada Regional Aquatics Center are two of its major attractions. It is the home of Biola University, an evangelical Christian institution of higher education.
Garnet Rickard
Garnet Baker Rickard CM (1916 – June 23, 1994) was a Canadian politician who served as the first mayor of the Town of Newcastle from 1974 to 1985. Garnet was well known for his endeavours in agriculture and would later become a leader in the field, being active in societies and education.

Newcastle, Ontario
Newcastle is a community in the municipality of Clarington in Durham Region, Ontario, Canada. The community inherits the former name of the present-day municipality which it belongs to.

Newcastle is located about 80 km east of Toronto, and about 18 km east of Oshawa and Bowmanville on Highway 401. It is also the southern terminus of Highway 35 and Highway 115. It has been named one of the best small towns in Ontario, by Comfort Life, a website for retirement living in Canada.
Outline of canoeing and kayaking
Canoeing – recreational boating activity or paddle sport in which you kneel or sit facing forward in an open or closed-decked canoe, and propel yourself with a single-bladed paddle, under your own power.

Kayaking – use of a kayak for moving across water. It is distinguished from canoeing by the sitting position of the paddler and the number of blades on the paddle. A kayak is a boat where the paddler faces forward, legs in front, using a double-bladed paddle. Most kayaks have closed decks.

Creeking
Creeking (sometimes called steep creeking or treetop boating or creekboating) is a branch of canoeing and kayaking that involves descending very steep low-volume whitewater. It is usually performed in specialized canoes and kayaks specifically designed to withstand the extreme whitewater environment in which the activity occurs. In addition, the canoes and kayaks give the paddler improved performance and maneuverability needed to avoid river obstacles.
SPL notation
SPL (Sentence Plan Language) is an abstract notation representing the semantics of a sentence in natural language. In a classical Natural Language Generation (NLG) workflow, an initial text plan (hierarchically or sequentially organized factoids, often modelled in accordance with Rhetorical Structure Theory) is transformed by a sentence planner (generator) component to a sequence of sentence plans modelled in a Sentence Plan Language. A surface generator can be used to transform the SPL notation into natural language sentences.

Probably the most widely used SPL language used today (2022) is AMR (Abstract Meaning Representation, see there for further references), but is owes parts of its popularity to its application to NLP problems other than NLG, e.g., machine translation and semantic parsing.

Rhetorical structure theory
Rhetorical structure theory (RST) is a theory of text organization that describes relations that hold between parts of text. It was originally developed by William Mann, Sandra Thompson, Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen and others at the University of Southern California's Information Sciences Institute (ISI) and defined in a 1988 paper. The theory was developed as part of studies of computer-based text generation. Natural language researchers later began using RST in text summarization and other applications. It explains coherence by postulating a hierarchical, connected structure of texts.  In 2000, Daniel Marcu, also of ISI, demonstrated that practical discourse parsing and text summarization also could be achieved using RST.
Abercromby baronets
The Abercromby Baronetcy, of Birkenbog in the County of Banff, is a title that was created in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia on 20 February 1636 for Alexander Abercromby, who subsequently represented Banffshire in the Scottish Parliament. His eldest son, the second baronet, also represented Banffshire in parliament. The fourth baronet was sheriff of Nairnshire and Elginshire. The fifth baronet represented Banffshire in the British Parliament. The seventh baronet was vice-lord-lieutenant of Banffshire and a deputy lieutenant of Aberdeenshire and Banffshire. The eighth baronet was Lord-Lieutenant of Banffshire. The ninth baronet was vice-lord-lieutenant and a deputy lieutenant of Banffshire. The title became extinct on the death of the tenth Baronet in 2003.

Alexander Abercromby, third son of the first baronet, was the grandfather of Sir Ralph Abercromby, whose wife was created Baroness Abercromby in his honour, of Sir Robert Abercromby, and of Alexander Abercromby, Lord Abercromby.

Ralph Abercromby
Lieutenant-General Sir Ralph Abercromby, KB (7 October 1734 – 28 March 1801) was a British Army officer, politician and colonial administrator who served as the governor of Trinidad in 1797. Rising to the rank of lieutenant general in the British army, he was commander-in-chief, Ireland, and was noted for his military service during the French Revolutionary Wars, which included defeating the French invasion of Egypt and Syria.
I figli di nessuno (1974 film)
I figli di nessuno (internationally released as Nobody's Children) is an Italian drama film directed by Bruno Gaburro and released in 1974. The film is part of the genre of Italian melodramatic films known as "tearjerker movies" or "lacrima movies". It is the remake of Raffaello Matarazzo's I Figli di nessuno.

Nobody's Children (1951 film)
Nobody's Children (Italian: I figli di nessuno) is a 1951 French-Italian melodrama film directed by Raffaello Matarazzo and starring Amedeo Nazzari, Yvonne Sanson and Françoise Rosay. It is one of a series of melodramas co-starring Nazzari and Sanson, which were very popular at the box office. The owner of a marble quarry falls in love with the daughter with one of his employees, and they have a baby together. However his mother attempts to sabotage the relationship with tragic consequences.

It was followed by the 1955 sequel The White Angel.
Mutdapilly fossil locality
The Mutdapilly fossil locality is a fossil site in the geological formation Walloon Coal Measures of Queensland, Australia. It contains fossilized impressions of flora dating back to the Middle Jurassic.

Walloon Coal Measures
The Walloon Coal Measures are a Late Jurassic geologic subgroup in Queensland, Australia. Deposited within the Surat Basin, it is considered Oxfordian to early Tithonian in age based on lead-uranium dating of tuffites within the unit.
End-systolic volume
End-systolic volume (ESV) is the volume of blood in a ventricle at the end of contraction, or systole, and the beginning of filling, or diastole.

ESV is the lowest volume of blood in the ventricle at any point in the cardiac cycle.
The main factors that affect the end-systolic volume are afterload and the contractility of the heart.

Cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle is the performance of the human heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next. It consists of two periods: one during which the heart muscle relaxes and refills with blood, called diastole, following a period of robust contraction and pumping of blood, called systole. After emptying, the heart relaxes and expands to receive another influx of blood returning from the lungs and other systems of the body, before again contracting.

Assuming a healthy heart and a typical rate of 70 to 75 beats per minute, each cardiac cycle, or heartbeat, takes about 0.8 second to complete the cycle. Duration of the cardiac cycle is inversely proportional to the heart rate.
Battle of the Harpasus
The Battle of the Harpasus was fought in 229 BC between the Pergamese and Seleucid armies on the banks of the Harpasus River, a tributary of the Maeander River in Caria. The battle on the Harpasus was the last battle of the war between King Attalus I of Pergamon and the Seleucid prince Antiochus Hierax over dominion of western Anatolia. Attalus won a decisive victory and Hierax started a failed campaign in Mesopotamia that would lead to his defeat and later death at Egypt.

Caria
Caria (/ˈkɛəriə/; from Greek: Καρία, Karia; Turkish: Karya) was a region of western Anatolia extending along the coast from mid-Ionia (Mycale) south to Lycia and east to Phrygia. The Carians were described by Herodotus as being Anatolian mainlanders and they called themselves Caria because of the name of their king. He reports the Carians themselves maintained that they were Anatolian mainlanders intensely engaged in seafaring and were akin to the Mysians and the Lydians. The Carians spoke Carian, a native Anatolian language closely related to Luwian. Also closely associated with the Carians were the Leleges, which could be an earlier name for Carians.
Gilmer Park, Indiana
Gilmer Park is an unincorporated community in Centre Township, St. Joseph County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.

The community is a subdivision of the nearby CDP of Gulivoire Park, and is part of the South Bend–Mishawaka IN-MI, Metropolitan Statistical Area.

South Bend–Mishawaka metropolitan area
The South Bend–Mishawaka Metropolitan Statistical Area, sometimes referred to as Michiana, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of two counties – one in northern Indiana (St. Joseph) and one in southwest Michigan (Cass), anchored by the cities of South Bend and Mishawaka in Indiana. As of the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 319,224 (though a July 1, 2019 estimate placed the population at 318,192).
Derbies in the League of Ireland
There are many derbies in the League of Ireland and, while more teams historically compete in the First Division, the majority have been played in the Premier Division, the top flight of Irish football.

Waterford F.C.
Waterford Football Club formerly Waterford United Football Club is an Irish association football club based in Waterford who play in the League of Ireland Premier Division. The club was founded and elected to the league in 1930. Originally the club was based at the greyhound stadium known as Kilcohan Park, but moved to the Waterford Regional Sports Centre in the 1993–94 season. In 2018 the club and its players became fully professional.
Saint Michael Church, Bilche-Zolote
Saint Michael Church (Ukrainian: Церква святого архистратига Михаїла) is an Orthodox parish church (OCU) in Bilche-Zolote of the Bilche-Zolote rural hromada, Chortkiv Raion, Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine, and an architectural monument of local importance.

Bilche-Zolote rural hromada
Bilche-Zolote rural territorial hromada (Ukrainian: Більче-Золотецька територіальна громада, romanized: Bilche-Zolotetska silska terytorialna hromada) is a hromada in Ukraine, in Chortkiv Raion of Ternopil Oblast. The administrative center is the village of Bilche-Zolote. Its population is 3,918 (2022 estimate)
Jinshazhou
Jinshazhou (Chinese: 金沙洲) is an island between Guangzhou and Foshan in Guangdong, China. It covers the total area of about 27 square kilometres. Touted as the metropolis of Guangzhou and Foshan, Jinshazhou is located in northwest Guangzhou, with Baisha River on its east, and Lishui (Chinese: 里水), Zhoucun (Chinese: 洲村), Baishacun (Chinese: 白沙村) of Nanhai District, Foshan on its north, west and south.

The island is administrated by both Baiyun District of Guangzhou and Huangqi (Chinese: 黄歧) and Lishui of Nanhai District, Foshan. Its western part which belongs to Guangzhou occupies about 1/3 of its total area (i.e. about 9 square kilometres). This part has been one of the large-scale development zones in Guangzhou.

Foshan
Foshan (UK: /foʊˈʃæn/, US also /-ˈʃɑːn/; Chinese: 佛山) or Fatshan (also Fatsan, Jyutping: Fat6saan1) is a prefecture-level city in central Guangdong Province, China. The entire prefecture covers 3,848 km2 (1,486 sq mi) and had a population of 9,498,863 as of the 2020 census. The city is part of the western side of the Pearl River Delta megalopolis, a conurbation housing 86,100,000 inhabitants, making it the biggest urban area of the world.

Foshan is regarded as the home of Cantonese opera, a genre of Chinese opera; Nanquan, a martial art; and lion dancing.
Kriol Star
Kriol Star is a Cape Verdean professional basketball team based in Praia. They compete in the Capeverdean Basketball League (CBL) and the Basketball Africa League (BAL), as the first Cape Verdean team in league history, having advanced through the qualifiers.

The home games of the team are usually played at the 7,000-seater arena Gimnodesportivo Vavá Duarte.

Gimnodesportivo Vavá Duarte
Gimnodesportivo (or Gimno Desportivo or Pavilhão Desportivo) Vavá Duarte (older spelling: Vává Duarte) is a multi-purpose stadium in Praia, Cape Verde south of the city center's plateau in the subdivision of Gamboa (or Chã das Areias) just south of Várzea and is located on Avenida de Cuba, a road connecting the south of the city and the north and the southwest of the island.  It is currently used for basketball, volleyball and futsal matches. The arena are operated by the Santiago South Regional Basketball Association (ARBS, Associação Regional do Basquete(bol) de Santiago Sul) for basketball, the Santiago South Regional Volleyball Association (ARVSS, Associação Regional de Volei de Santiago Sul) for volleyball and probably the Santiago Regional Futsal Association for futsal (ARFtS, Associação Regional de Futsal de Santiago).  These associations are also headquartered in the arena and around it.
2008 New York Democratic presidential primary
The 2008 New York Democratic presidential primary took place on February 5, 2008, also known as Super Tuesday. Polls indicated that New York Senator Hillary Clinton was leading rival Senator Barack Obama by double digits in the weeks before the contest, and she ended up winning with roughly 57% of the vote. Clinton won every county in her home state except Tompkins County, home to the college town of Ithaca, which strongly supported Obama.

Super Tuesday, 2008
Super Tuesday 2008, Super Duper Tuesday, Mega Tuesday, Giga Tuesday, Tsunami Tuesday, and The Tuesday of Destiny are names for February 5, 2008, the day on which the largest simultaneous number of state U.S. presidential primary elections in the history of U.S. primaries were held. Twenty-four states and American Samoa held either caucuses or primary elections for one or both parties on this date. Furthermore, the week-long Democrats Abroad Global Primary began on this day.

The large number of states that held elections on February 5 could have shortened the period between the first caucus in Iowa, on January 3, 2008, and the de facto selection of a party's nominee to just a few weeks. Super Tuesday 2008 saw 52% of the Democratic and 41% of the Republican delegates awarded by early February 2008. By comparison, only about 1% of nominating convention delegates had been selected by that point in the 2000 election cycle.  It was held approximately one month before Super Tuesday II.
Howell's House, Grosmont
Howell's House, Grosmont, Monmouthshire is an early 17th century house. Previously known as The Shop, it served as a village stores from the mid-19th century in the 1980s. Now a private residence, it is a Grade II* listed building.

Cyril Fox
Sir Cyril Fred Fox FSA FBA MRIA (16 December 1882 – 15 January 1967) was an English archaeologist and museum director.

Fox became keeper of archaeology at the National Museum of Wales, and subsequently served as director from 1926 to 1948. Many of his most notable achievements were collaborative. With his second wife, Aileen Fox, he surveyed and excavated several prehistoric monuments in Wales. With Iorwerth Peate, he established the Welsh Folk Museum at St Fagans, and with Lord Raglan, he authored a definitive history of vernacular architecture, Monmouthshire Houses.
The Young Lovers (1954 film)
The Young Lovers (U.S. Chance Meeting) is a 1954 British Cold War romantic drama film directed by Anthony Asquith and starring Odile Versois and David Knight. The film was produced by Anthony Havelock-Allan, with cinematography from Jack Asher and screenplay by George Tabori and Robin Estridge. It was shot at Pinewood Studios with sets designed by the art directors John Box and John Howell. At the 1955 British Film Academy Awards, The Young Lovers picked up the prizes for Best Screenplay and Most Promising Newcomer to Film (David Kossoff).

Pinewood Studios
Pinewood Studios is a British film and television studio located in the village Iver Heath, England, 18 miles (29 km) west of central London.

Opened in 1936, the studio has been the base for many productions from major films to television programmes, commercials, and pop promos, including the James Bond and Carry On film franchises.
National Technical Research Organisation
The National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO) is a technical intelligence agency of India. It was set up in 2004. The agency reports to the National Security Advisor and to the Prime Minister's Office. NTRO also comprises the National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre and the National Institute of Cryptology Research and Development.

NTRO has the same "norms of conduct" as the Intelligence Bureau (IB) and the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW).

Signals intelligence
Signals intelligence (SIGINT) is the act and field of intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether communications between people (communications intelligence—abbreviated to COMINT) or from electronic signals not directly used in communication (electronic intelligence—abbreviated to ELINT). As classified and sensitive information is usually encrypted, signals intelligence may necessarily involve cryptanalysis (to decipher the messages). Traffic analysis—the study of who is signaling to whom and in what quantity—is also used to integrate information, and it may complement cryptanalysis.
Besenzone
Besenzone (Piacentino: Bsinson [bziŋˈsoŋ]) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Piacenza in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 120 kilometres (75 mi) northwest of Bologna and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Piacenza.

Besenzone borders the following municipalities: Alseno, Busseto, Cortemaggiore, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Villanova sull'Arda.

Busseto
Busseto (Bussetano: Büsé; Parmigiano: Busèjj) is a comune in the province of Parma, in Emilia-Romagna in Northern Italy with about 6,763 inhabitants. Its history is quite well documented back to the 10th century, and for almost five hundred years it was the capital of Stato Pallavicino, which eventually became part of the Duchy of Parma.  The town is about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of Cremona in Lombardy.
Izumiya
Izumiya (イズミヤ) is a Japanese supermarket chain operated by Izumiya Co., Ltd (イズミヤ株式会社, Izumiya Kabushiki-gaisha). The company was acquired by H2O Retailing in 2014, making it a wholly owned subsidiary, to raise its profile in the Kansai region.

It operates the Qanat department stores as well as separate Izumiya grocery stores mainly in Kansai region.  It also issues the Izumiya Club Cards, the Izumiya credit cards (VISA/MasterCard/JCB) and the Izumiya ETC cards.

The first Izumiya department store vested abroad opened in November 2011 in Suzhou, Jiangsu province, China.

H2O Retailing
H2O Retailing Corporation (エイチ・ツー・オー リテイリング株式会社, Eichi Tsū Ō Riteiringu Kabushikigaisha) is a stock holding company which is a member company of Hankyu Hanshin Toho Group. This article covers about Hankyu Hanshin Department Stores, Inc. (株式会社阪急阪神百貨店, Kabushikigaisha Hankyū Hanshin Hyakkaten) a subsidiary which owns 2 department store chains: Hankyu Department Store and Hanshin Department Store.
Babacar Ba
Babacar Ba  (June 14, 1930 – December 13, 2006) was a Senegalese  politician from Kaolack. He served as Minister of Finance and Economy from 1971 to 1978, when Ousmane Seck took office. Ba was named Foreign Minister of Senegal. He stepped down as from the foreign ministry later that same year, and was succeeded by Moustapha Niasse.

Moustapha Niasse
Moustapha Niasse (born 4 November 1939) is a Senegalese politician and diplomat who served as the President of the National Assembly of Senegal from 2012 to 2022. He served in the government of Senegal as Foreign Minister from 1978 to 1984 and again from 1993 to 1998. He was Prime Minister of Senegal for a few weeks in 1983, and he held that position again from 2000 to 2001.
Glossary of group theory
A group is a set together with an associative operation that admits an identity element and such that there exists an inverse for every element.

Throughout this glossary, we use e to denote the identity element of a group.

Subgroup series
In mathematics, specifically group theory, a subgroup series of a group  is a chain of subgroups:

where  is the trivial subgroup. Subgroup series can simplify the study of a group to the study of simpler subgroups and their relations, and several subgroup series can be invariantly defined and are important invariants of groups.  A subgroup series is used in the subgroup method.

Subgroup series are a special example of the use of filtrations in abstract algebra.
Highland Park High School (New Jersey)
Highland Park High School (HPHS) is a four-year comprehensive public high school that serves students in ninth through twelfth grades from the borough of Highland Park, in Middlesex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, as the lone secondary school of the Highland Park Public Schools system.

The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools since 1940.

As of the 2024–25 school year, the school had an enrollment of 493 students and 42.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.7:1. There were 172 students (34.9% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 28 (5.7% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

Dunellen High School
Dunellen High School (DHS) is a four-year comprehensive public high school that serves students in ninth through twelfth grades from Dunellen in Middlesex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as the lone secondary school of the Dunellen Public Schools.

As of the 2024–25 school year, the school had an enrollment of 409 students and 36.1 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.3:1. There were 177 students (43.3% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 23 (5.6% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.