hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lichtenberg figure
A Lichtenberg figure (German: Lichtenberg-Figur), or Lichtenberg dust figure, is a branching electric discharge that sometimes appears on the surface or in the interior of insulating materials. Lichtenberg figures are often associated with the progressive deterioration of high-voltage components and equipment. The  study of planar Lichtenberg figures along insulating surfaces and 3D electrical trees within insulating materials often provides engineers with valuable insights for improving the long-term reliability of high-voltage equipment. Lichtenberg figures are now known to occur on or within solids, liquids, and gases during electrical breakdown.

Lichtenberg figures are natural phenomena that exhibit fractal properties.

Static electricity
Static electricity is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material. The charge remains until it can move away as an electric current or by electrical discharge. The word "static" is used to differentiate it from current electricity, where an electric charge flows through an electrical conductor.

A static electric charge can be created whenever two surfaces contact and/or slide against each other and then separate. The effects of static electricity are familiar to most people because they can feel, hear, and even see sparks if the excess charge is neutralized when brought close to an electrical conductor (for example, a path to ground), or a region with an excess charge of the opposite polarity (positive or negative). The familiar phenomenon of a static shock – more specifically, an electrostatic discharge – is caused by the neutralization of a charge.
Maine statistical areas
The U.S. State of Maine currently has five statistical areas that have been delineated by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). On July 21, 2023, the OMB delineated one combined statistical area, three metropolitan statistical areas, and one micropolitan statistical area in Maine. As of 2023, the largest of these is the Portland-Lewiston-South Portland, ME CSA, comprising the region around Maine's largest city of Portland.

Core-based statistical area
A core-based statistical area (CBSA) is a U.S. geographic area defined by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). It contains a large population nucleus, or urban area, and adjacent communities that have a high degree of integration with that nucleus.

On July 15, 2015, the OMB released new standards based on the 2010 census. These standards are used to replace the definitions of metropolitan areas from the 2010 United States census data.
Allwork tractors
Allwork tractors were manufactured by the Electric Wheel Company of Quincy, Illinois.  
Electric Wheel Co. was acquired by the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company. The All Work II Model F was a lightweight tractor with a big surplus of power for general farming and orchard work. This tractor was fueled by kerosene.

Tractor
A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery such as that used in agriculture, mining or construction.  Most commonly, the term is used to describe a farm vehicle that provides the power and traction to mechanize agricultural tasks, especially (and originally) tillage, and now many more. Agricultural implements may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanised.
Interstate 66 (Kansas–Kentucky)
Interstate 66 (I-66) is a canceled Interstate Highway designated in the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991 as the East–West TransAmerica Corridor and High Priority Corridor 3.

Federal Highway Administration
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is a division of the United States Department of Transportation that specializes in highway transportation.  The agency's major activities are grouped into two programs, the Federal-aid Highway Program and the Federal Lands Highway Program. Its role had previously been performed by the Office of Road Inquiry, Office of Public Roads and the Bureau of Public Roads.
Carter, Arkansas
Carter (1960–2018) was an unincorporated community in Washington County, Arkansas, United States. It is located on Arkansas Highway 74 between Arnett and Sulphur City. At times it was also known as Carter's Store, Carter Store, and Hicks. A post office, for all these names at different times existed from 1875 to 1953. The community has the name of John C. Carter, first postmaster.

Arnett, Arkansas
Arnett is an unincorporated community in White River Township, Washington County, Arkansas, United States. It is located on Arkansas Highway 74.

A post office called Arnett was established in 1883, and remained in operation until 1951. The community has the name of its first postmaster, Luke Arnett.
Suspension railway
A suspension railway is a form of elevated monorail in which the vehicle is suspended from a fixed track (as opposed to a cable used in aerial tramways), which is built above streets, waterways, or existing railway track.

Shonan Monorail
The Shonan Monorail is a suspended, SAFEGE-type monorail in the cities of Kamakura and Fujisawa in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the Shonan Monorail Co., Ltd. which is a subsidiary of Michinori Holdings. The line opened on 7 March 1970, the first suspended monorail in Japan. Trains run on a 6.6-kilometre (4.1 mi) line called the Enoshima Line. It is a mostly single-track railway with passing loops at most stations. The line is used by locals commuting to jobs in Tokyo or Yokohama and by tourists visiting the resort area of Enoshima.
Powertraveller
Powertraveller International Ltd specialises in the design, development and manufacture of portable power products for charging digital electronic devices such as mobile phones, MP3 players and Laptops.  The company, based in Alton, Hampshire, United Kingdom, also developed a range of charging tips.

Alton, Hampshire
Alton (/ˈɔːltən/ AWL-tən) is a market town and civil parish in East Hampshire, England, near the source of the northern branch of the River Wey. It had a population of 19,425 at the 2021 census.

Alton was recorded in the Domesday Survey of 1086 as Aoltone. During the Saxon period Alton was known as Aweltun. The Battle of Alton occurred in the town during the English Civil War. It also has connections with Sweet Fanny Adams and Jane Austen.
Argentina–Uruguay bid for the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup
The joint Argentina–Uruguay bid for the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup was the Argentine Basketball Federation and Uruguayan Basketball Federation's unsuccessful joint bid for the right to host the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup.

The campaign was led by Argentina, where most of the proposed venues were situated. The bid was one of the two finalist bids, along with the joint Philippines–Japan–Indonesia winning bid.

Uruguayan Basketball Federation
The Uruguayan Basketball Federation (Spanish: Federación Uruguaya de Basketball, FUBB) is the governing body of basketball in Uruguay. It was founded in 1915, and is in charge of the senior Uruguayan national basketball team and the Liga Uruguaya de Básquetbol (LUB).
Annie Award for Outstanding Achievement for Animated Effects in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production
The Annie Award for Animated Effects in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production is an Annie Award given annually to the best animated effects in television or broadcast productions. It was first presented at the 46th Annie Awards.

Annie Awards
The Annie Awards are accolades which the Los Angeles branch of the International Animated Film Association, ASIFA-Hollywood, has presented each year since 1972 to recognize excellence in animation shown in American cinema and television. Originally designed to celebrate lifetime or career contributions to animation, the award has been given to individual works since 1992, becoming the biggest awards ceremony in the United States for the animation industry.

Membership in ASIFA-Hollywood is divided into three main categories: General Member (for professionals), Patron (for enthusiasts of animation), and Student Member. Members in each category pay a fee to belong to the branch. Selected professional members of the branch are permitted to vote to decide the awards.

The 48th and 49th Annie Awards ceremonies were held virtually on April 16, 2021, and March 12, 2022, respectively, due to the then ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Chick Kam Choo v. Exxon Corp.
Chick Kam Choo v. Exxon Corp., 486 U.S. 140 (1988), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that a federal court's dismissal of a civil action on the ground that it should be heard in a foreign court, under the doctrine of forum non conveniens, does not preclude the plaintiff from filing the same action in a state court that applies different forum non conveniens rules.

Wrongful death claim
Wrongful death is a type of legal claim or cause of action against a person who can be held liable for a death. The claim is brought in a civil action, usually by close relatives, as authorized by statute. In wrongful death cases, survivors are compensated for the harm and losses they have suffered after losing a loved one.
Connor O'Toole
Connor Neil Kazuki O'Toole is an Australian professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Hurstville Zagreb in NPL NSW League One.

O'Toole has represented the Australian under-20 national team on several occasions.

2016 AFF U-19 Youth Championship
The 2016 AFF U-19 Youth Championship was the 14th edition of the AFF U-19 Youth Championship, organised by the ASEAN Football Federation, and known for sponsorship reasons as the AFF Vietcombank U19 Championship. It was hosted by Vietnam for the sixth time after the 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2014 editions. It was played from 11 to 24 September 2016.  Eleven out of the twelve member associations of the ASEAN Football Federation took part in the tournament featuring two groups of five and six teams.
Rough Rock
This page is about a sandstone in northern England. For the census-designated place in Arizona see Rough Rock, Arizona

The Rough Rock is a widespread unit of coarse sandstone which is a prominent landscape-forming feature in the Peak District and Pennines of northern England. It is assigned by geologists to the Yeadonian sub-stage of the Namurian stage of the Carboniferous period.

It is the most extensive of all of the sandstones of the Millstone Grit Group occurring throughout the Peak District, South and West Pennines and extending northwards into the central and northern Pennines.

It originated as a sheet of deltaic deposits spread across most of the Pennine Basin associated with major rivers flowing from the north and northeast.

Pennine Basin
The Pennine Basin is a sedimentary basin which was active during the Carboniferous Period  and which reached from the Southern Uplands of Scotland in the north to the former Wales-London-Brabant Massif in the English Midlands to the south.  Sediments deposited within the basin are now exposed at the surface throughout the Pennines but are also present beneath the surface over a much wider area of northern England and indeed into northeast Wales and just across the border into Scotland.

The basin was complex and consisted, at different times, of a variety of sub-basins separated by blocks across which typically sedimentation continued but resulted in much thinner rock sequences. The term, the 'Pennine Block-and-basin Province' is frequently used in literature to describe the situation which prevailed particularly during the lower Carboniferous.
Yixian Formation
The Yixian Formation (simplified Chinese: 义县组; traditional Chinese: 義縣組; pinyin: Yìxiàn zǔ; formerly transcribed as Yihsien Formation or Yixiang Formation) is a geological formation in Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China, that spans the Barremian stage of the Early Cretaceous. It is known for its exquisitely preserved fossils, and is mainly composed of basalts interspersed with siliciclastic sediments.

Limnic eruption
A limnic eruption, also known as a lake overturn, is an extremely rare type of natural hazard in which dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) suddenly erupts from deep lake waters, forming a gas cloud capable of asphyxiating wildlife, livestock, and humans. Scientists believe earthquakes, volcanic activity, and other explosive events can serve as triggers for limnic eruptions as the rising CO2 ejects water from the lake. Lakes in which such activity occurs are referred to as limnically active lakes or exploding lakes. Some features of limnically active lakes include:

CO2-saturated incoming water

A cool lake bottom indicating an absence of direct volcanic heat with lake waters

An upper and lower thermal layer with differing CO2 saturations

Proximity to areas with volcanic activity

Investigations of the Lake Monoun and Lake Nyos casualties led scientists to classify limnic eruptions as a distinct type of hazard event, even though they can be indirectly linked to volcanic eruptions.
Liberty Fund
Liberty Fund, Inc. is an American nonprofit foundation headquartered in Carmel, Indiana, that promotes the libertarian views of its founder, Pierre F. Goodrich, through publishing, conferences, and educational resources. The operating mandate of the Liberty Fund was set forth in an unpublished memo written by Goodrich "to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals".

The Theory of Moral Sentiments
The Theory of Moral Sentiments is a 1759 book by Adam Smith. It provided the ethical, philosophical, economic, and methodological underpinnings to Smith's later works, including The Wealth of Nations (1776), Essays on Philosophical Subjects (1795), and Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue, and Arms (1763) (first published in 1896).
Mount Sugartop
Mount Sugartop (54°22′S 36°38′W﻿ / ﻿54.367°S 36.633°W﻿ / -54.367; -36.633) is a prominent, partly snow-covered mountain, 2,325 m, standing 5 miles (8 km) northwest of Mount Paget in the Allardyce Range of South Georgia. The name "Sugarloaf Peak" has appeared on maps for this feature for many years, but the South Georgia Survey, following its 1951-52 surveying expedition, reported that the name Mount Sugartop is well established locally for this mountain. This latter name is approved on the basis of local usage.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Mount Sugartop". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Allardyce Range
54°25′S 36°32′W﻿ / ﻿54.417°S 36.533°W﻿ / -54.417; -36.533

The Allardyce Range (Spanish: Cordillera de San Telmo) is a mountain range rising south of Cumberland Bay and dominating the central part of South Georgia, a British Overseas Territories. It extends for 50 km (31 mi) from Mount Globus in the northwest to Mount Brooker in the southeast, with peaks of 2,000 to 2,935 m (6,562 to 9,629 ft) and including Mount Paget (2,935 m or 9,629 ft) the highest peak of the range and also the highest point in the UK territory. Other peaks of the range include Mount Roots.

Although not shown on the charts of South Georgia by Cook in 1775 or Bellingshausen in 1819, peaks of this range were doubtless seen by those explorers. The range was named c. 1915 after Sir William Lamond Allardyce (1861–1930), Governor of the Falkland Islands and Dependencies, 1904–14.
Autoinflation
Autoinflation is a minimally invasive procedure to treat serous non-infectious otitis media, in which a nasal balloon is inserted into the nasopharynx, followed by the application of pressure to the sinus cavities by forcibly contracting the diaphragm against the closed nasal passageways. It can also be performed by manually pinching the nasal passages and closing the back of the pharynx, followed by forceful contraction of the diaphragm.

It may provide short-term relief of symptoms in cases of otitis media with effusion (colloquially known as glue ear). However, it is not recommended as a long-term treatment of otitis media with effusion due to the variable effectiveness of the treatment in studies, as well as a lack of high-quality evidence to suggest that the long-term benefits of using autoinflation in glue ear outweigh the inconveniences of regularly performing the procedure and the risk of pain.

Paranasal sinuses
Paranasal sinuses are a group of four paired air-filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity. The maxillary sinuses are located under the eyes; the frontal sinuses are above the eyes; the ethmoidal sinuses (or ethmoid cells) are between the eyes, and the sphenoidal sinuses are behind the eyes. The sinuses are named according to the bones composing them, namely the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid bones. The evolutionary function of the sinuses is still partly debated.
New Zealand General Service Medal 2002 (Solomon Islands)
The New Zealand General Service Medal 2002 (Solomon Islands) (NZGSM 2002 (Sol)) was a New Zealand campaign medal for service in the Solomon Islands. The medal was awarded for service during Operation Purple Haze 1 and 2, Operation Zephyr, and the International Peace Monitoring Team from 2000 to 2002 and with the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI) from 2003 to 2013.

It has also been recently issued to those members of the No.3 Squadron RWTU, who deployed to the Solomon Islands in support of the security mission for the Pacific Games 2023.

Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands
The Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI), also known as Operation Helpem Fren, Operation Anode and Operation Rata (by New Zealand), began in 2003 in response to a request for international aid by the Governor-General of Solomon Islands. Helpem Fren means "help a friend" in Solomon Islands Pidgin. The mission officially ended on 30 June 2017.
WQRV
WQRV (100.3 FM "100.3 The River") is a commercial radio station licensed to Meridianville, Alabama, and serving the Huntsville metropolitan area.  It broadcasts a classic hits radio format and is owned by iHeartMedia.  The studios are on Peoples Road near Interstate 565 in Madison, Alabama.  On weekdays, WQRV carries two nationally syndicated programs:  The Rick Burgess Show from WZZK-FM Birmingham in morning drive time and The Martha Quinn Show from Premiere Networks in middays.

WQRV has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 8,500 watts.  The transmitter tower is off NW Juniper Drive in Huntsville.  WQRV broadcasts using HD Radio technology.  The HD2 subchannel has a Top 40 (CHR) format as "106.5 KISS-FM".  That feeds an FM translator at 106.5 MHz.  The HD3 subchannel plays alternative rock as "ALT HSV".

KISS-FM (brand)
KISS-FM is the brand name of a Top 40 music format heard on FM radio stations in many cities in the United States and overseas. iHeartMedia claims ownership of the KISS-FM brand in the United States and operates most KISS-FM formatted stations there, though not KISS-FM in San Antonio, Texas, or KISS-FM America on TuneIn.
Α-D2PV
α-D2PV  (DPPE) is a substituted cathinone derivative which has been sold as a designer drug. It was invented in the 1950s, and first identified by forensic laboratories as a designer drug in 2020, though anecdotal reports suggest it may have emerged earlier than this. It is similar in structure to the potent designer stimulant drug alpha-PVP but with the propyl side chain replaced by a phenyl ring, and while it is less potent than alpha-PVP itself, Alpha-D2PV is still a reasonably potent stimulant and has been known to cause poisoning when misrepresented as less potent drugs such as MDMA. While it is also similar in structure to the dissociative drug diphenidine, Alpha-D2PV appears to produce only stimulant effects.

In terms of the synthesis, it is made in a one-step Voight reaction between benzoin and pyrrolidine.

Pyrrolidine
Pyrrolidine, also known as tetrahydropyrrole, is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CH2)4NH.  It is a cyclic secondary amine, also classified as a saturated heterocycle.  It is a colourless liquid that is miscible with water and most organic solvents. It has a characteristic odor that has been described as "ammoniacal, fishy, shellfish-like". In addition to pyrrolidine itself, many substituted pyrrolidines are known.
Alford, Lincolnshire
Alford is a market town and civil parish in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England, at the foot of the Lincolnshire Wolds, which form an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The population was recorded as 3,459 in the 2011 Census and estimated at 3,830 in 2021. It lies between the towns of Mablethorpe, Louth, Spilsby, and Skegness and acts as a local retail centre.

Boston, Lincolnshire
Boston is a market town and inland port in the borough of the same name in the county of Lincolnshire, England. It lies to the south-east of Lincoln, east of Nottingham and north-east of Peterborough. The town had a population of 45,339 at the 2021 census, while the borough had an estimated population of 66,900 at the ONS mid-2015 estimates. The Haven in Boston flows about 5 miles away to the Lincolnshire coast at The Wash, a bay between Lincolnshire and Norfolk.

Boston's most notable landmark is St Botolph's Church, colloquially referred to as 'The Stump', the largest parish church in England, which is visible from miles away across the flat lands of Lincolnshire. Residents of Boston are known as Bostonians. Emigrants from Boston named several other settlements around the world after the town—most notably Boston, Massachusetts, then an English colony and now part of the United States.
Merritt Clark
Merritt Clark (February 11, 1803 – May 5, 1898) was an American businessperson and politician from Vermont.

Clark was born in Middletown, Vermont. He graduated from Middlebury College in 1823. Clark served as postmaster in Middletown and Poultney, Vermont and was involved in the mercantile business. A member of the Democratic Party, he was elected to the Vermont House of Representatives in 1832–33, 1839, and 1865–66, and to the Vermont Senate in 1863-64 and 1868–69, as well as the 1870 Vermont Constitutional Convention. He was the first president of the Rutland and Washington Railroad.

In 1870, he was a member of the Vermont Board of Education, which published a report critical of the state's normal schools (teacher training institutions).

Vermont Senate
The Vermont Senate is the upper house of the Vermont General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Vermont. The senate consists of 30 members elected from multi-member districts. Each senator represents at least 20,300 citizens. Senators are elected to two-year terms and there is no limit to the number of terms a senator may serve.

As in other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the U.S. Senate, the Vermont Senate has special functions, such as confirming or rejecting gubernatorial appointments to executive departments, the state cabinet, commissions, boards, and (for the first six-year term) the state's judiciary.

The Vermont Senate meets at the Vermont State House in the state capital of Montpelier.
Rispebjerg
Rispebjerg is an archaeological site on the Danish island of Bornholm. Located 7 km west of Snogebæk on the road to Pedersker, it contains both the remains of a Neolithic sun temple and Iron Age earthworks.

Snogebæk
Snogebæk is a fishing village and tourist resort in the south-east of the Danish island of Bornholm some 5 km south of Nexø with a population of 682 (1 January 2025). It shares a fine sandy beach with neighbouring Balka.