hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Compact linear Fresnel reflector
A compact linear Fresnel reflector (CLFR) – also referred to as a concentrating linear Fresnel reflector – is a specific type of linear Fresnel reflector (LFR) technology.  It is named for its similarity to a Fresnel lens, in which many small, thin lens fragments are combined to simulate a much thicker simple lens. These mirrors are capable of concentrating the sun's energy to approximately 30 times its normal intensity.

Linear Fresnel reflectors use long, thin segments of mirrors to focus sunlight onto a fixed absorber located at a common focal point of the reflectors. This concentrated energy is transferred through the absorber into some thermal fluid (this is typically oil capable of maintaining a liquid state at very high temperatures). The fluid then goes through a heat exchanger to power a steam generator. As opposed to traditional LFRs, the CLFR utilizes multiple absorbers within the vicinity of the mirrors.

Novatec Solar
Novatec Solar is a German provider of solar boilers using linear Fresnel collector technology based in Karlsruhe. Novatec Solar specialises in turnkey solutions, including the manufacture, supply, and assembly of solar fields.
Constand Viljoen
General Constand Laubscher Viljoen SSA SD SOE SM MMM (28 October 1933 – 3 April 2020) was a South African Army officer and politician. He co-founded the Afrikaner Volksfront (Afrikaner People's Front) and later founded the Freedom Front (which in turn merged into the Freedom Front Plus before the 2004 election).

South African Defence Force
The South African Defence Force (SADF) (Afrikaans: Suid-Afrikaanse Weermag) comprised the armed forces of South Africa from 1957 until 1994. Shortly before the state reconstituted itself as a republic in 1961, the former Union Defence Force was officially succeeded by the SADF, which was established by the Defence Act (No. 44) of 1957. The SADF, in turn, was superseded by the South African National Defence Force in 1994.
Qom rug
Qom rugs (or Qum, Ghom, Ghum) are made in the Qom Province of Iran, around 100 km south of Tehran. Although rug weaving in Qom was not a major industry until the past 100 years, the luxurious silk and wool rugs of Qom are known for their high quality and are regarded among the most expensive in the world. Persian Qum rugs are often considered as investment, because their value is constantly increasing.

Tree of life and medallion motifs feature heavily in rugs knotted in Qom. Shades are similar to most popular colors of Persian rugs - blue, red and ivory. Qom Rugs are typically smaller than other types of Persian rugs. They are often placed on walls.

Qom province
Qom Province (Persian: استان قم) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran with 11,237 km², covering 0.89% of the total area of the country. Its capital is the city of Qom.

The province is in the central part of the country and was formed from part of Tehran province in 1995. The province was designated as part of Region 1 following the division of Iranian provinces into 5 regions which took place on June 22, 2014, for the purposes of coordination and development.
ALQST
ALQST or Al Qst (Arabic: منظمة القسط) is a human rights organisation that documents and promotes human rights in Saudi Arabia, with a team in Saudi Arabia that researches cases and a team in London that publishes reports and news.

Saudi anti male-guardianship campaign
The Saudi anti male-guardianship campaign is an ongoing campaign by Saudi women against the requirement under the law to obtain permission from their male guardian for activities such as getting a job, travelling internationally or getting married. Wajeha al-Huwaider deliberately tried to travel internationally without male guardianship permission in 2009 and encouraged other women to do likewise. Women activists wrote a letter to the Saudi Minister of Labor and brought media attention to the issue in 2011. A 14,000-signature petition was given to royal authorities by Aziza al-Yousef in 2016 following a Human Rights Watch report on male guardianship. A crackdown against the activists took place in mid-May 2018, with 13 arrests as of 22 May 2018. Several of the women remained in prison as of December 2018. Some of the women activists were tortured, some of them in the supervision of Saud al-Qahtani, a close advisor of Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman.
2008 UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Women's points race
The Women's Points Race was one of the 8 women's events at the 2008 UCI Track Cycling World Championships, held in Manchester, United Kingdom.

22 Cyclists from 22 countries participated in the contest. Because of the number of entries, there were no qualification rounds for this discipline. Consequently, the event was run direct to the final.

2008 UCI Track Cycling World Championships
The 2008 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. They took place at the Manchester Velodrome in Manchester, United Kingdom from 26 to 30 March 2008. Eighteen events were scheduled: the women's team pursuit being the only addition from the 2007 championships.

As in 2007, the domination of the Great Britain team was clear. Breaking three world records en route, they won eleven medals in total. Indeed, half of the eighteen gold medals on offer were won by the British team.
Toyonaga Station
Toyonaga Station (豊永駅, Toyonaga-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the town of Ōtoyo, Nagaoka District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Shikoku and has the station number "D29".

Tadotsu Station
Tadotsu Station (多度津駅, Tadotsu-eki) is a junction passenger railway station located in the town of  Tadotsu, Nakatado District, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Shikoku. The station is also a freight depot for the Japan Freight Railway Company (JR Freight).
AST (publisher)
AST (Russian: АСТ) is one of the largest book publishing companies in Russia, headed by Oleg Bartenev (Олег Бартенев). It owns a bookstores chain "Bukva" (Russian: Буква, lit. A Letter).

Among AST partners are publishing companies Astrel, Zebra E, Molodaya Gvardiya, CenterCom, bookstores Moscow and Biblio Globus and online shops, such as Ozon.ru. It also owns comic book and manga publisher Comics Factory.

Molodaya Gvardiya (publisher)
Molodaya Gvardiya (Russian: Молодая гвардия, lit. Young Guard) is an open joint-stock Russian publishing house, one of the oldest publishers in Russia, having been founded in 1922 during the Soviet era. From 1938 until 1992, it was responsible for publishing the magazine Vokrug Sveta (Russian: Вокруг света, literally: "Around the World").
Kilmore, Skye
Kilmore (Gaelic: A' Chille Mhór) is a small township on the east coast of the Sleat peninsula of the Isle of Skye, in the Scottish council area of Highland. It lies on the A851 road and is 1⁄4 mile (400 metres) southwest of Ferindonald.

Bun-sgoil Shlèite and Sleat Medical Centre are located at the southern end of Kilmore, and the Gaelic college Sabhal Mòr Ostaig is 1⁄2 mile (800 metres) southwest.

Ferindonald
Ferindonald or Ferrindonald (Scottish Gaelic: Fearann Dòmhnaill) is a crofting township, located on the east coast of the Sleat peninsula, lying on the A851 road, in the Isle of Skye, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland.

Ferindonald is located 1⁄4 mile (400 metres) southwest of Saasaig and 1+1⁄2 miles (2.5 kilometres) of Teangue.
EasyTag
EasyTag (stylised as EasyTAG) is a free and open-source graphical tag editor that is part of the GNOME project.  EasyTag runs on Linux and Microsoft Windows, and there was an attempt to bring EasyTAG to OS X circa 2014. It is written in C and relies on GTK+ and id3lib for graphics and ID3 tag handling respectively. As of version 2.1.1, EasyTag also uses the tag manipulation library provided by the MAD project, for support of ID3v2.4.

EasyTag is free and open-source software subject to the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 or any later version.

GNOME
GNOME (/ɡəˈnoʊm, ˈnoʊm/) is a free and open-source desktop environment for Linux and other Unix-like operating systems. It is distributed as the default desktop environment of many major Linux distributions, including Debian, Fedora Linux, Ubuntu, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and SUSE Linux Enterprise, and is the default in Oracle Solaris, a Unix operating system.

GNOME is developed by the GNOME Project, which is composed of both volunteers and paid contributors, the largest corporate contributor being Red Hat. It is an international project that aims to develop frameworks for software development, to program end-user applications based on these frameworks, and to coordinate efforts for the internationalization, localization, and accessibility of that software.

In 2023 and 2024, GNOME received €1,000,000 from Germany's Sovereign Tech Fund.
Sankt Annæ Plads
Sankt Annæ Plads (English: St. Ann's Square) is a public square which marks the border between the Nyhavn area and Frederiksstaden neighborhoods of central Copenhagen, Denmark. It is a long narrow rectangle which extends inland from the waterfront, at a point just north of the Royal Danish Playhouse at the base of the Kvæsthus Pier, now known as Ofelia Plads, until it meets Bredgade. A major renovation of the square was completed in 2016.The Garrison Church is located on the south side of the square. Amaliegade, one of the two axes on which Frederiksstaden is centered, extends from the square.

The square has a central garden complex along its length with an equestrian statue of Christian X of Denmark facing Bredgade.

Ofelia Plads
Ofelia Plads is a public space situated on the Kvæsthus Pier next to the Royal Danish Playhouse on the harbourfront in Copenhagen, Denmark. It is owned by the Ministry of Culture and Jeudan and is used as an open-air venue by the Royal Danish Theatre. It was completed in 2016 to design by Lundgaard & Tranberg and is located on top of an underground parking facility with room for 500 cars.
The Waste Lands (album)
The Waste Lands is the eighth studio album by British heavy metal band Venom. It is the last with bassist/singer Tony "Demolition Man" Dolan and also the last before the reunion of the classic Venom line-up from their first four albums, Welcome to Hell, Black Metal, At War with Satan and Possessed. Like the previous album, Temples of Ice, the album was originally supposed to be produced by ex-Child's Play producer Howard Benson, however he was once again unavailable so the band decided to stay with Kevin Ridley. The working title for this album was Kissing the Beast, but the band changed it when they got the album cover from Tari József (Aurea Aetas).

At War with Satan
At War with Satan is the third album by the British heavy metal band Venom, released in April 1984. It is a concept album that tells the story of a war between Heaven and Hell which the latter side wins. It was touted as Venom's crossover into mainstream music, but failed to do so. Shortly after it went on sale, the HMV retailer withdrew the album from its shelves because of its anti-Christian content.
High Altitude Observatory
The High Altitude Observatory (HAO) is a laboratory of the US National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). HAO operates the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory on Hawaii and a research institute in Boulder, Colorado.

Its staff conduct research and provide support and facilities for the solar-terrestrial physics research community. Topics covered include solar physics, the heliosphere, and the effects of space weather on Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere, and upper atmosphere.

HAO was originally founded in 1940 as a branch of the Harvard College Observatory, was transferred to the University of Colorado in the late 1940s, before becoming part of NCAR when the latter was founded in 1960.

Magnetosphere
In astronomy and planetary science, a magnetosphere is a region of space surrounding an astronomical object, such as a planet or other object, in which charged particles are affected by that object's magnetic field. It is created by a celestial body with an active interior dynamo.

In the space environment close to a planetary body with a dipole magnetic field such as Earth, the field lines resemble a simple magnetic dipole. Farther out, field lines can be significantly distorted by the flow of electrically conducting plasma, as emitted from the Sun (i.e., the solar wind) or a nearby star. Planets having active magnetospheres, like the Earth, are capable of mitigating or blocking the effects of solar radiation or cosmic radiation. Interactions of particles and atmospheres with magnetospheres are studied under the specialized scientific subjects of plasma physics, space physics, and aeronomy.
Gmina Gaworzyce
Gmina Gaworzyce is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Polkowice County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the village of Gaworzyce, which lies approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) north-west of Polkowice, and 98 kilometres (61 mi) north-west of the regional capital Wrocław.

The gmina covers an area of 76.99 square kilometres (29.7 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 3,997.

Polkowice County
Polkowice County (Polish: powiat polkowicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, south-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. The county covers an area of 779.9 square kilometres (301.1 sq mi). Its administrative seat is the town of Polkowice, and it also contains the towns of Chocianów and Przemków.

As of 2019 the total population of the county is 62,948, out of which the population of Polkowice is 22,480, that of Chocianów is 7,892, that of Przemków is 6,107, and the rural population is 26,469.
Military Order of Saint James of the Sword
The Military Order of Saint James of the Sword (Portuguese: Ordem Militar de Sant'Iago da Espada), formerly known as the Ancient, Most Noble and Enlightened Military Order of Saint James of the Sword, of the Scientific, Literary and Artistic Merit (Antiga, Nobilíssima e Esclarecida Ordem Militar de Sant'Iago da Espada, do Mérito Científico, Literário e Artístico), is one of the four former ancient Portuguese military orders. It was formerly established in 1175 and secularized in 1789.

John II of Portugal
John II (Portuguese: João II; [ʒuˈɐ̃w]; 3 May 1455 – 25 October 1495), called the Perfect Prince (Portuguese: o Príncipe Perfeito), was King of Portugal from 1481 until his death in 1495, and also for a brief time in 1477. He is known for reestablishing the power of the Portuguese monarchy, reinvigorating the economy of Portugal, and renewing the Portuguese exploration of Africa and Asia.
Waseca, Saskatchewan
Waseca (2016 population: 149) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Eldon No. 471 and Census Division No. 17. Waseca is located on Highway 16, the Yellowhead Highway, in the west central part of Saskatchewan. Waseca is located east of Lashburn and west of Maidstone.

Maidstone, Saskatchewan
Maidstone is a town in west central Saskatchewan, Canada about 57 km (35 miles) east of Lloydminster and 84 km (52 miles) west of North Battleford at the junction of Highway 16 and Highway 21. The community was named after Maidstone, Kent, England.

It is mentioned in Joni Mitchell's "Song For Sharon" from her Hejira album and is one of the places in western Canada in which she lived as a young child. The song's seventh verse begins: "When we were kids in Maidstone, Sharon/I went to every wedding in that little town/To see the tears and the kisses/And the pretty lady in the white lace wedding gown..."
Kevork Hovnanian
Kevork S. Hovnanian (1923 – September 24, 2009) was an Armenian-American businessman and home builder, who founded Hovnanian Enterprises in 1959. He remained the president and chief executive officer of Hovnanian Enterprises until his retirement in 1997. Despite some financial difficulties due to the 2008-2009 recession and financial crisis, Hovnanian Enterprises was the sixth largest American homebuilder and the largest homebuilder in New Jersey, as of September 2009.

Townhouse
A townhouse, townhome, town house, or town home is a type of terraced housing. A modern townhouse is often one with multiple floors on a small footprint. In older British usage, the term originally referred to any type of city residence (normally in London) of someone whose main or largest residence was a country house.
Oyten
Oyten (German pronunciation: [ˈɔʏtn̩]; Low German: Eiten) is a municipality in the district of Verden, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated approximately 20 km northwest of Verden, and 15 km east of Bremen.

Oyten belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, established in 1180. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown – interrupted by a Danish occupation (1712–1715) – and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. In 1807 the ephemeric Kingdom of Westphalia annexed the Duchy, before France annexed it in 1810. In 1813 the Duchy was restored to the Electorate of Hanover, which – after its upgrade to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814 – incorporated the Duchy in a real union and the Ducal territory, including Oyten, became part of the new Stade Region, established in 1823.

Verden, Aller
Verden an der Aller (German: [ˈfeːɐ̯dn̩ ʔan dɐ ˈʔalɐ] ⓘ; Northern Low Saxon: Veern), also called Verden (Aller) or simply Verden, is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, on the river Aller. It is the district town of the district of Verden in Lower Saxony and an independent municipality (de:Selbständige Gemeinde). The town is located in the middle Weser region on the Aller river immediately before it flows into the Weser. As a center of horse breeding and equestrian sports, it bears the nickname "equestrian town". The suffix "Aller" was introduced at a time when the name "Verden" was also common for the French town of Verdun in the German-speaking area. The town name comes from "ford" or "ferry". The town was conveniently located at a ford through the Aller river, near an important trade route.

Verden is famous for a massacre of Saxons in 782, committed on the orders of Charlemagne (the Massacre of Verden), for its cathedral, and for its horse-breeding.
Sisualik, Alaska
Sisualik (from Iñupiaq, meaning "place that has beluga whales" from sisuaq "beluga whale") is a former Iñupiaq village and summer camp in the Northwest Arctic Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. It is located by the Chukchi Sea shore on the Sheshalik Spit, 14 mi. northwest of Kotzebue.

The name of this village was recorded as "Sesualik" by Captain Frederick William Beechey in 1831. In the 1880 Census conducted by Ivan Petroff Sheshalik was listed as "Sheshalegamute" with a population of 100. Captain Calvin L. Hooper (1881, p. 44) published the name as "She-shore-lik," and U.S. Navy lieutenant George M. Stoney, in his manuscript map dated 1883, wrote it as "She-sur-are-lick." Maximum elevation 3 m.

Chukchi Sea
The Chukchi Sea (Russian: Чуко́тское мо́ре, romanized: Chukótskoye móre, IPA: [tɕʊˈkotskəjə ˈmorʲe]), sometimes referred to as the Chuuk Sea, Chukotsk Sea or the Sea of Chukotsk, is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. It is bounded on the west by the Long Strait, off Wrangel Island, and in the east by Point Barrow, Alaska, beyond which lies the Beaufort Sea. The Bering Strait forms its southernmost limit and connects it to the Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The principal port on the Chukchi Sea is Uelen in Russia. The International Date Line crosses the Chukchi Sea from northwest to southeast. It is displaced eastwards to avoid Wrangel Island as well as the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug on the Russian mainland.
GNRI Class S
The Great Northern Railway (Ireland) class S was a class of five 4-4-0 steam locomotive that the Great Northern Railway introduced in 1913 to haul Belfast – Dublin express passenger trains. They were followed two years later by the three similar class S2 locomotives.

All were built by Beyer, Peacock & Company at its Gorton Foundry, Manchester.

4-4-0
4-4-0, in the Whyte notation, denotes a steam locomotive with a wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles (usually in a leading bogie), four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles, and no trailing wheels.

First built in the 1830s, locomotives with this wheel arrangement were known as "standard" or "Eight-Wheeler" type. In the first half of the 19th century, almost every major railroad in North America owned and operated locomotives of this type, and many rebuilt their 4-2-0 and 2-4-0 locomotives as 4-4-0s.

In April 1872, Railroad Gazette used "American" as the name of the type. The type subsequently also became popular in the United Kingdom, where large numbers were produced.

The vast majority of 4-4-0 locomotives had tenders, though some tank locomotives (designated 4-4-0T) were built.
Ain Hussain
Ain Hussain (Arabic: عين حسين) is one of Yanbu Al-Nakhil (Arabic: ينبع النخل) villages, located in Yanbu, Al Madinah Region, Saudi Arabia.

The village is southwest of Medina, and north of Yanbu Al-Nakhil village.

Yanbu
Yanbu (Arabic: ينبع, romanized: Yanbuʿ, lit. 'Spring'), colloquially sometimes referred to as Yambu (Arabic: يمبع, romanized: Yambuʿ), is a city and governorate in the Medina Province of western Saudi Arabia, located on the Red Sea coast. It is a major port and industrial center, known for its oil refineries and the Yanbu Industrial City. Yanbu is home to the province's only two ports, the Yanbu Commercial Port and the King Fahd Industrial Port, and is the second most populated city in the province after Medina.
Sciotoville, Ohio
Sciotoville is a neighborhood in the city of Portsmouth in Scioto County, Ohio. It is located at the intersection of U.S. 52 and State Route 335 between the village of New Boston and Wheelersburg in Scioto County along the northern bank of the Ohio River.  It has its own post office, but shares the ZIP code of 45662 with the city of Portsmouth.

Scioto County, Ohio
Scioto County is a county along the Ohio River in the south-central part of the U.S. state of Ohio. At the 2020 census, the population was 74,008. Its county seat is Portsmouth. The county was founded on March 24, 1804, from Adams County and is named for a Native American word referring to deer or deer-hunting. Scioto County comprises the Portsmouth, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is at the confluence of the Scioto and Ohio rivers.
Buraja, New South Wales
Buraja (/ˈbʌrədʒə/ BURR-ə-jə) is a town community in the central-south part of the Riverina. It is about 92 kilometres (57 mi) east of Berrigan on the Riverina Highway.

The Aboriginal name Buraja means ‘a swamp with young trees growing.’ When people settled in the Buraja district in the 1860s there were two parishes – Lowes and Buraja. The name Lowes (Lowesdale) was taken from one of the owners of ‘Buraja Station,’ a local farm.

The small town of Burrajaa or Burryjaa or Burryja, was spelt in a variety of ways in various newspapers between 1900 and 1950, with the most recent spelling of the town being settled as – "Buraja".

Coreen & District Football League
The Coreen & District Football League was an Australian rules football competition in the Coreen district of the Riverina in New South Wales, initially formed in 1909. The netball competition commenced in 1972 in line with the football fixture. The league was disbanded at the end of the 2007 season after 99 years of competition.