hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wära
The Wära was a demurrage currency used in Germany that was introduced in 1926 as a free economy experiment. It was introduced by Hans Timm and Helmut Rödiger, who were followers of Silvio Gesell. The Wära is comparable to current models of local currencies.

Reichsmark
The Reichsmark (German: [ˈʁaɪçsˌmaʁk] ⓘ; sign: ℛ︁ℳ︁; abbreviation: RM) was the currency of Germany from 1924 until the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945, and in the American, British and French occupied zones of Germany, until 20 June 1948. The Reichsmark was then replaced by the Deutsche Mark, to become the currency of West Germany and then all of Germany after the 1990 reunification. The Reichsmark was used in the Soviet occupation zone in Germany until 23 June 1948, where it was replaced by the East German mark. The Reichsmark was subdivided into 100 Reichspfennig (Rpf or ℛ︁₰). The mark is an ancient Germanic weight measure, traditionally a half pound, later used for several coins; Reich ('realm') comes from the official name for the German state from 1871 to 1945, Deutsches Reich.
Pseudocertainty effect
In prospect theory, the pseudocertainty effect is the tendency for people to perceive an outcome as certain while it is actually uncertain in multi-stage decision making. The evaluation of the certainty of the outcome in a previous stage of decisions is disregarded when selecting an option in subsequent stages. Not to be confused with certainty effect, the pseudocertainty effect was discovered from an attempt at providing a normative use of decision theory for the certainty effect by relaxing the cancellation rule.

Decision theory
Decision theory or the theory of rational choice is a branch of probability, economics, and analytic philosophy that uses expected utility and probability to model how individuals would behave rationally under uncertainty. It differs from the cognitive and behavioral sciences in that it is mainly prescriptive and concerned with identifying optimal decisions for a rational agent, rather than describing how people actually make decisions. Despite this, the field is important to the study of real human behavior by social scientists, as it lays the foundations to mathematically model and analyze individuals in fields such as sociology, economics, criminology, cognitive science, moral philosophy and political science.
New Mexico State Road 185
State Road 185 (NM 185) is a 35.397-mile-long (56.966 km) state highway in the US state of New Mexico. NM 185's southern terminus is at U.S. Route 70 (US 70) and the northern terminus of NM 188 in Las Cruces, and the northern terminus is at NM 26 in Hatch.

U.S. Route 70 in New Mexico
U.S. Route 70 (US 70) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that travels from Globe, Arizona, east to Atlantic, North Carolina. In the U.S. state of New Mexico, US 70 extends from the Arizona state line south of Virden and ends at the Texas state line in Texico.
Herbert Crump
The Ven. John Herbert Crump (28 September 1849 – 12 June 1924) was an English Anglican clergyman who was Archdeacon of Stoke from 1905–08.

Crump was born in Rowley Regis, Staffordshire, and educated at St Edmund's School, Canterbury and Jesus College, Cambridge. He was ordained in 1879
and began his career with a curacy in Smethwick. He was then Vicar of Holy Trinity in that town from 1884 to 1892; then Rector of Stoke-on-Trent from 1892 to 1897; Vicar of Longdon from 1898 to 1905;  and Prebendary of Lichfield from 1901 to 1912.

He died in 1924, aged 74.

St Edmund's School Canterbury
St Edmund's School Canterbury is a private day and boarding school located in Canterbury, Kent, England and established in 1749. The extensive school grounds were acquired in 1855. The school currently caters for girls and boys aged 3–18, including the Choristers of Canterbury Cathedral.

The school charges full boarders up to £40,272 per annum (2021/2022) and is among the most expensive Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference (HMC) schools in the UK.

The School is currently headed by Edward O’Connor (2018 – Present)
Lucius Genucius Aventinensis
Lucius Genucius Aventinensis, was a nobleman of ancient Rome of the Genucia gens who lived in the 4th century BC. He, along with Quintus Servilius Ahala, was one of the two consuls of ancient Rome in 365 BC.

Genucius was also the consul of 362 BC again with Quintus Servilius Ahala. Genucius was killed in battle between 362 BC and 358 BC during the Roman conquest of the Hernici. He is often confused with the Lucius Genucius who was the tribune of the plebs in 342 BC.

Genucia gens
The gens Genucia was a prominent family of the Roman Republic.  It was probably of patrician origin, but most of the Genucii appearing in history were plebeian.  The first of the Genucii to hold the consulship was Titus Genucius Augurinus in 451 BC.
1901 Boston Americans season
The 1901 Boston Americans season was the first season for the professional baseball franchise that later became known as the Boston Red Sox, and the first season of play for the American League (AL). It resulted in the Americans finishing second in the AL with a record of 79 wins and 57 losses, four games behind the Chicago White Stockings. The team was managed by Jimmy Collins and played its home games at Huntington Avenue Grounds.

1901 Washington Senators season
The 1901 Washington Senators won 61 games, lost 72, and finished in sixth place in the American League in its first year as a major league team. They were managed by Jim Manning and played home games at the American League Park I.
Halomonas titanicae
Halomonas titanicae is a gram-negative, halophilic species of bacteria which was isolated in 2010 from rusticles recovered from the wreck of the RMS Titanic. It has been estimated by Henrietta Mann, one of the researchers who first isolated it, that the action of microbes like H. titanicae may bring about the total deterioration of the Titanic by 2030. While the bacteria have been identified as a potential danger to oil rigs and other man-made objects in the deep sea, they also have the potential to be used in bioremediation to accelerate the decomposition of shipwrecks on the ocean floor.

Electron acceptor
An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. Electron acceptors are oxidizing agents.

The electron accepting power of an electron acceptor is measured by its redox potential.

In the simplest case, electron acceptors are reduced by one electron.  The process can alter the structure of the acceptor substantially. When the added electron is highly delocalized, the structural consequences of the reduction can be subtle. The central C-C distance in the electron acceptor tetracyanoethylene elongates from 135 to 143 pm upon acceptance of an electron.  In the formation of some donor-acceptor complexes, less than one electron is transferred.  TTF-TCNQ is a charge transfer complex.
Caroni River (Trinidad and Tobago)
The Caroni River is the largest river in Trinidad and Tobago, running for 40 km (25 mi) from its origins in the Northern Range on the island of Trinidad, through the northern lowlands of the Caroni Plains and enters the Gulf of Paria at the Caroni Swamp.

The Caroni and its tributaries drain into one of the most densely populated parts of Trinidad, the East–West Corridor, and also provides most of its drinking water through the Caroni–Arena Dam. Point and non-point pollution is thus a major concern, as is the deforestation of its watershed on the southern slopes of the Northern Range. The banks of the Caroni River are one of the two main sites for Hindu cremations.

The River is known to have strong currents and occasionally floods during heavy rainfall, devastating crops, livestock, fields, and farms in the Caroni area.

East–West Corridor
The East–West Corridor is the built-up area of north Trinidad stretching from the capital, Port of Spain, 24 kilometres (15 mi) east to Arima.  The term was coined by economist and political philosopher Lloyd Best, after gleaning the works of a technocrat named Lynette Attwell.  The Corridor includes such towns as Laventille, Morvant, Barataria, San Juan, St. Joseph, Champs Fleurs, Curepe, St. Augustine, Valsayn, Tunapuna, Macoya, Trincity, Tacarigua, Arouca, D'Abadie, and El Dorado. For the most part it runs along the Eastern Main Road, between the Churchill–Roosevelt Highway and the foothills of the Northern Range. It is a densely populated and fairly congested strip of development along some of the best agricultural soils in the country.
Shingoshūi Wakashū
Shingoshūi Wakashū (新後拾遺和歌集; "New Later Waka Collection of Gleanings"), abbreviated as Shingoshūishū, a title which recollects the Goshūi Wakashū and the Shinshūi Wakashū, is an imperial anthology of Japanese waka poetry. It was finished somewhere around 1383 CE (and revised in 1384), eight years after the Emperor Go-Enyū first ordered it in 1375 at the request of the Ashikaga Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu. It was compiled by Fujiwara no Tametō (a member of the older conservative Nijō), and finished by Fujiwara no Tameshige (again, a Nijō partisan); its Japanese Preface is notable because it was authored by Nijō Yoshimoto, who Brower and Miner describe as "an important conservative critic and poet of the renga, or linked verses." It consists of twenty volumes containing 1,554 poems.

Goshūi Wakashū
"The language of poetry should be like brocade and the feeling deeper than the ocean." -from Michitoshi's Preface

The Goshūi Wakashū (後拾遺和歌集, Later Collection of Gleanings of Japanese Poems), sometimes abbreviated as Goshūishū, is an imperial anthology of Japanese waka compiled in 1086 at the behest of Emperor Shirakawa (who had ordered it to be started in 1075). It was compiled by the conservative Fujiwara no Michitoshi (1047-1099), who wrote its preface. It consists of twenty volumes containing 1,220 poems. It is noted for a comparatively large contingent of poems written by women.

Its name "Later Collection" comes from the fact that it succeeds the Shūi Wakashū ("Collection of Gleanings").
Alfredo Andersen
Alfred Emil Andersen, known as Alfredo (3 November 1860, Kristiansand - 9 August 1935, Curitiba) was a Norwegian-born painter, sculptor, scenographer and art professor, who spent most of his life in Brazil. He is sometimes referred to as the "Father of painting of Paraná".

Paranaguá
Paranaguá (Tupi, 'Great Round Sea') is a city in the state of Paraná in Brazil. Founded in 1648, it is Paraná's oldest city. It is known for the Port of Paranaguá, which serves as both the sea link for Curitiba, 110 kilometres (68 mi) to the west and the capital of Paraná, and as one of the largest ports of Brazil.

As of 2020, the city has an estimated population of 156,174 and a population density of 169.92 persons per km2, making it the tenth most populated city in the state of Paraná. The total area of the city is 826.674 km2 (319.18 sq mi).
Bobby Yazdani
Babak "Bobby" Yazdani (born 1963) is an Iranian-American entrepreneur and investor specializing in early-stage, private U.S.-based modern enterprise technology companies.

In 1997, he founded Saba Software, a provider of Human Capital Management (HCM) software solutions. He took the company public in 2000. Yazdani founded Signatures Capital in 2006 and co-founded investment firm Cota Capital in 2014, where he serves as a Partner.

Yazdani was ranked #1 out of 2000 angel investors in a 2014 report by CB Insights as having the most successful track record for investing in companies that received follow-on funding.

Yazdani began investing in 1989 and is an early investor in companies such as Google, Dropbox, Klout, Salesforce and Uber.

Iranian Americans
Iranian-Americans, also known as Persian Americans, are United States citizens or nationals who are of Iranian ancestry or who hold Iranian citizenship. According to the National Organization for Civil Registration, an organization of the Ministry of Interior of Iran, the United States has the greatest number of Iranians outside the country.

Most Iranian-Americans arrived in the United States after 1979 in the wake  of the Iranian Revolution and the fall of the Iranian monarchy. Over 40% of them settled in California, specifically Los Angeles, where they formed distinct ethnic enclaves, such as the Angelino community of "Tehrangeles" in Westwood, Los Angeles.

Research by the Iranian Studies Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2004 estimated the number of Iranian-Americans at 691,000, about half of whom live in  California.
League of Denial
League of Denial is a 2013 book, initially broadcast as a documentary film, about traumatic brain injury in the National Football League (NFL), particularly concussions and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). The documentary, entitled League of Denial: The NFL's Concussion Crisis, was produced by Frontline and broadcast on PBS. The book was written by ESPN reporters Mark Fainaru-Wada and Steve Fainaru. The book and film devote significant attention to the story of Mike Webster and his football-related brain injuries, and the pathologist who examined Webster's brain, Bennet Omalu. The film also looks closely at the efforts of researchers led by Ann McKee at Boston University's Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy, where the brains of a number of former NFL athletes have been examined.

Bennet Omalu
Bennet Ifeakandu Omalu (pronunciationⓘ; born September 30, 1968) is a Nigerian and American physician, forensic pathologist, and neuropathologist who was the first to discover and publish findings on chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in American football players while working at the Allegheny County coroner's office in Pittsburgh. He later became the chief medical examiner for San Joaquin County, California, and is a professor at the University of California, Davis, department of medical pathology and laboratory medicine. He is currently the president and medical director of Bennet Omalu Pathology.
Glossip v. Oklahoma
Glossip v. Oklahoma, 604 U.S. 226 (2025), is a United States Supreme Court case. The Court decided that, in light of newly disclosed evidence and the state attorney general's confession of error, Richard Glossip should receive a new trial.

Napue v. Illinois
Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264 (1959), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the knowing use of false testimony by a prosecutor in a criminal case violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, even if the testimony affects only the credibility of the witness and does not directly relate to the innocence or guilt of the defendant.
Derek Boshier
Derek Boshier (19 June 1937 – 5 September 2024) was an English artist, among the first proponents of British pop art.
 He worked in various media including painting, drawing, collage, and sculpture. In the 1970s he shifted from painting to photography, film, video, assemblage, and installations, but he returned to painting by the end of the decade. Addressing the question of what shapes his work, Boshier once stated "Most important is life itself, my sources tend to be current events, personal events, social and political situations, and a sense of place and places".  His work uses popular culture and the mixing of high and low culture to confront government, revolution, sex, technology and war with subversive dark humor.

Boshier was commissioned by David Bowie, The Clash, and Pretty Things.

Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (MFAH), is an art museum located in the Houston Museum District of Houston, Texas. The permanent collection of the museum spans more than 5,000 years of history with nearly 80,000 works from six continents. By gallery space, it is the second-largest art museum in the Americas. Following an eight-year campus redevelopment project in the 21st century, the Nancy and Rich Kinder Building opened in 2020.  In 2023, the museum received over 900,000 visitors, making it the 20th most-visited museum in the United States.
Duff, Saskatchewan
Duff (2016 population: 30) is a special service area in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Stanley No. 215 and Census Division No. 5. It is approximately 122 kilometres (76 mi) north-east of the city of Regina, 66 kilometres (41 mi) south-west of Yorkton, and 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of Melville. The community is situated along Highway 10.

Melville, Saskatchewan
Melville is a city in the east-central portion of Saskatchewan, Canada. The city is about 145 kilometres (90 mi) northeast of the provincial capital of Regina and 45 kilometres (28 mi) southwest of Yorkton. Melville is bordered by the rural municipalities of Cana No. 214 and Stanley No. 215. Its population at the 2016 census was 4,562, making it Saskatchewan's smallest city. It is also home of hockey's Melville Millionaires, who compete in the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League, and baseball's Melville Millionaires, who competed in the Western Canadian Baseball League until 2019.
Nibong Tebal
Nibong Tebal (Kedah Malay: Nibong Tebai) is a suburb of Seberang Perai in the Malaysian state of Penang. Located at the northern bank of the Kerian River within the Southern Seberang Perai District, it is the southernmost populated place of Penang. Nibong Tebal contained a population of 1,425 as of 2020.

Founded as an agricultural village, Nibong Tebal now houses light industries as well, including one of Malaysia's largest manufacturers of paper products. It also the headquarters of the Malaysian pulp and paper company, Nibong Tebal Paper Mill.

South Seberang Perai District
The South Seberang Perai District is a district in Seberang Perai within the Malaysian state of Penang. The district covers the southern third of Seberang Perai. It borders Central Seberang Perai to the north, Kedah to the east and Perak to the south. The district, along with the North and Central Seberang Perai districts, falls under the jurisdiction of the Seberang Perai City Council.
Seoul National University Bundang Hospital
Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (Korean: 분당서울대학교병원) is located in Gumi-dong, Bundang, Seongnam, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It is affiliated with Seoul National University College of Medicine and began clinical operations on May 10, 2003.

It is the largest hospital in Gyeonggi Province—the most populous province in South Korea—and plays a critical role in providing essential, emergency, and intensive care services.

As of 2024, the hospital has 1,424 licensed beds according to the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service.

In 2025, Newsweek ranked Seoul National University Bundang Hospital among the World's Best Hospitals, placing it within the global top 100 and 5th nationally in South Korea.

Bundang
Bundang (Korean: 분당) is a planned community in Bundang District, Seongnam, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It was developed to encourage affordable housing and urban decentralization. The community has a sports complex, a park and a youth center.
Jeanne Bodfish
Jeanne Stephenson Bodfish (January 7, 1920 — October 31, 2012) was an American politician who served as the 31st Comptroller of the Treasury of Tennessee from 1953 to 1955.

Bodfish was Tennessee's first and only female Comptroller of the Treasury.

Tennessee General Assembly
The Tennessee General Assembly (TNGA) is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is a part-time bicameral legislature consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Speaker of the Senate carries the additional title and office of Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee. In addition to passing a budget for state government plus other legislation, the General Assembly appoints three state officers specified by the state constitution. It is also the initiating body in any process to amend the state's constitution.
Malaysia Federal Route 35
The Permas Jaya-Pasir Gudang Highway or Johor Bahru East Coast Parkway, Federal Route 35, is a major highway in Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. It is a toll free highway and part of the Iskandar Malaysia project. This 13.4 km (8.3 mile) highway connects Bakar Batu in city centre to the town of Pasir Gudang, and passes through Bandar Baru Permas Jaya and Taman Rinting. This highway also passes through Permas Jaya Bridge and is the alternative way to Pasir Gudang besides Pasir Gudang Highway. Johor Bahru East Coast Parkway is the fourth east–west-oriented expressway in the Iskandar Malaysia area after the Pasir Gudang Highway, the Pontian–Johor Bahru Link of the Second Link Expressway and the Senai–Desaru Expressway.

Senai–Desaru Expressway
E22 Senai–Desaru Expressway (SDE; Malay: Lebuhraya Senai–Desaru), is an expressway in Johor, Malaysia. It connects Senai in central Johor to Desaru in eastern Johor. Measuring a total length of 77 km (48 mi), it is the third east–west-oriented expressway in the Iskandar Malaysia area after the Pasir Gudang Highway and the Pontian–Johor Bahru Parkway of the Second Link Expressway. With a new crossing over the Johor River, when opened on 10 June 2011, the expressway shortened travel time from Senai to Desaru from 2.5 hours to one hour.

The Kilometre Zero of the expressway is located at Senai Main Interchange at Senai.
James Wardrop
James Wardrop or Wardrope (1782–1869) was a Scottish surgeon and ophthalmologist. Surgeon to King George IV and responsible for being the first to describe a retinoblastoma and uveal melanoma. And coining the term 'keratitis'.

Enucleation of the eye
Enucleation is the removal of the eye that leaves the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact. This type of ocular surgery is indicated for a number of ocular tumors, in eyes that have sustained severe trauma, and in eyes that are otherwise blind and painful.

Self-enucleation or auto-enucleation (oedipism) and other forms of serious self-inflicted eye injury are an extremely rare form of severe self-harm that usually results from mental illnesses involving acute psychosis. The name comes from Oedipus of Greek mythology, who gouged out his own eyes.
Calculus (medicine)
A calculus (pl.: calculi), often called a stone, is a concretion of material, usually mineral salts, that forms in an organ or duct of the body. Formation of calculi is known as lithiasis (/ˌlɪˈθaɪəsɪs/). Stones can cause a number of medical conditions.

Some common principles (below) apply to stones at any location, but for specifics see the particular stone type in question.

Calculi are not to be confused with gastroliths, which are ingested rather than grown endogenously.

Uric acid
Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3. It forms ions and salts known as urates and acid urates, such as ammonium acid urate. Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotides, and it is a normal component of urine. High blood concentrations of uric acid can lead to gout and are associated with other medical conditions, including diabetes and the formation of ammonium acid urate kidney stones.
Chachkava
Chachkava (Belarusian: Чачкава, romanized: Čačkava; Russian: Чачково, romanized: Chachkovo) is an agrotown in Minsk District, Minsk Region, Belarus. It is administratively part of Harani rural council. It is located about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from the Minsk Ring Road, west of the capital Minsk. In 2010, it had a population of 1,047.

Minsk district
Minsk district (Belarusian: Мінскі раён; Russian: Минский район) is a district (raion) of Belarus in Minsk region. The administrative center is the capital Minsk, which is administratively separated from the district and region. As of 2024, it has a population of 274,990. The most populous town in the district is Zaslawye.