hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of debt relief
Debt relief, or debt forgiveness, has been practiced in many societies since antiquity. Periodic debt remission was institutionalised in the Ancient Near East and contributed to the stability of its societies. In ancient Greece and Rome the laws were more creditor-friendly and debt cancellation was one of the major demands of the poor, only occasionally implemented by the government. Medieval canon law contained provisions for the annulment of debts owed by borrowers in distress, which influenced modern personal bankruptcy law.

Debt relief
Debt relief or debt cancellation is the partial or total forgiveness of debt, or the slowing or stopping of debt growth, owed by individuals, corporations, or nations.

From antiquity through the 19th century, it refers to domestic debts, in particular agricultural debts and freeing of debt slaves. In World War I the United States Treasury made large loans to the Allies that were postponed, reduced and finally paid off in 1953. In the late 20th century, it came to refer primarily to Third World debt, which started exploding with the Latin American debt crisis (Mexico 1983, etc.). In the early 21st century, it is of increased applicability to individuals in developed countries, due to credit bubbles and housing bubbles.
2025 Bangladesh Premier League final
The 2025 Bangladesh Premier League final was played on 7 February 2025 at Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium in Dhaka. Fortune Barishal became the first team to qualify for the final by winning the Qualifier 1 against Chittagong Kings on 3 February 2025. They faced Chittagong Kings in the final, Chittagong having defeated Khulna Tigers in the Qualifier 2 by two wickets. Fortune Barishal defeated Chittagong by three wickets to win their second consecutive BPL title.

Chattogram Royals
Chattogram Royals (Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম রয়েলস্) is a professional franchise cricket team that competes in the Bangladesh Premier League (BPL). They represent Chattogram Division. The team plays their home matches at the Bir Shrestha Shahid Flight Lieutenant Motiur Rahman Cricket Stadium. Since the inception of the Bangladesh Premier League (BPL) in 2012, a Chattogram-based franchise has competed in every edition. The current team known as Chattogram Royals established under its present name in 2025 bears no direct continuity with the old Chattogram teams franchise.
Hoadhadu
Hoadhadu is an administrative division of Fuvahmulah, Maldives. The district shares borders with Dhadimagu, Dhiguvaandu and Maadhadu. Hoadhadu has been the smallest district in Fuvahmulah throughout history. During the late 20th century, the increase in population of the district led to pressure on land in the neighbouring areas. This led to a northern extension of the village, resulting in land from Dhadimagu and Dhiguvaandu wards being claimed to the village. Though this has resulted in a change of the believed-to-be areas in a disputed state, no formal changes have been made and area claims of different views exist.

Dhiguvaandu
Dhiguvaandu is an administrative division of Fuvahmulah, Maldives. It is one of the largest districts in Fuvahmulah located just after Dhadimago. Apart from Dhadimago, the district also share borders with Hōdhado and Mādhado.
Ichirō Ōkouchi
Ichirō Ōkouchi (大河内 一楼, Ōkouchi Ichirō; born 28 March 1968) is a Japanese screenwriter and novelist. He is a graduate of the School of Human Sciences in Waseda University.

Ōkouchi is best known for collaborating with director Gorō Taniguchi for composing the story and script of the Sunrise original production, Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion in 2006 and its sequel Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion R2 in 2008.

Gorō Taniguchi
Gorō Taniguchi (谷口 悟朗, Taniguchi Gorō; born October 18, 1966) is a Japanese anime director, writer, producer and storyboard artist, who is among Sunrise's noted directors.  He was born in Nisshin, Aichi, Japan.
Château Larcis Ducasse
Château Larcis Ducasse is a French wine estate of Bordeaux wine which has the appellation Saint-Émilion, ranked Premier Grand cru classé B in the Classification of Saint-Émilion wine. The winery is located in the Right Bank of France’s Bordeaux wine region  in the department Gironde.

Bordeaux wine
Bordeaux wine (Occitan: vin de Bordèu; French: vin de Bordeaux) is produced in the Bordeaux region of southwest France, around the city of Bordeaux, on the Garonne River. To the north of the city, the Dordogne River joins the Garonne forming the broad estuary called the Gironde; the Gironde department, with a total vineyard area of 110,800 hectares, is the second largest wine-growing area in France behind the Languedoc-Rousillon.

Average vintages produce over 700 million bottles of wine, ranging from large quantities of daily table wine to some of the world's most expensive and prestigious wines. The vast majority of wine produced in Bordeaux is red (sometimes called "claret" in Britain), with sweet white wines (most notably Sauternes), dry whites, and (in much smaller quantities) rosé and sparkling wines (Crémant de Bordeaux) collectively making up the remainder. Bordeaux wine is made by more than 5,660 producers or châteaux. There are 65 appellations of Bordeaux wine.
Frank Friday Fletcher
Frank Friday Fletcher (November 23, 1855 – November 28, 1928) was a United States Navy admiral who served in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was awarded the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions as commander of navy forces at the Battle of Veracruz, Mexico. The Fletcher-class destroyer, the most produced class of United States Navy destroyers, was named after him.  He was also the uncle of Frank Jack Fletcher, another U.S. Navy admiral who also received the Medal of Honor for actions at Veracruz, and who commanded American naval forces at the battles of Coral Sea, Midway, in the Eastern Solomons, and the Aleutian Campaign during World War II.

Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)
The Distinguished Service Medal (DSM) is a military decoration of the United States Army that is presented to soldiers who have distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious service to the government in a duty of great responsibility. The performance must be such as to merit recognition for service that is clearly exceptional. The exceptional performance of normal duty will not alone justify an award of this decoration.

The Army's Distinguished Service Medal is equivalent to the Naval Service's Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Air and Space Forces' Distinguished Service Medal, and the Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal. Prior to the creation of the Air Force's Distinguished Service Medal in 1960, United States Air Force airmen were awarded the Army's Distinguished Service Medal.
Dylan Robinson
Dylan Robinson is a xwélmexw (Stó:lō/Skwah) artist, curator and writer. He is an Associate Professor at the University of British Columbia's School of Music.

His "research focuses on the sensory politics of Indigenous activism and the arts, and questions how Indigenous rights and settler colonialism are embodied and spatialized in public space."

Robinson was the Canada Research Chair in Indigenous Arts and the co-chair of the Indigenous Advisory Council for the Canadian Music Centre.

Tony Belcourt
Anthony Belcourt OC (born May 11, 1943) is a Métis rights leader and activist in Canada. He was the first president of the Native Council of Canada (1971-1974). He is best known for his work as the founding president of the Métis Nation of Ontario in 1993 and his leadership through the Powley Case in 2003.
Usolsky District, Irkutsk Oblast
Usolsky District (Russian: Усо́льский райо́н) is an administrative district, one of the thirty-three in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Usolsky Municipal District. It is located in the southern part of the oblast and borders Bokhansky District in the north, Angarsky, Shelekhovsky, and Slyudyansky Districts in the east, the Republic of Buryatia in the south, and Cheremkhovsky District in the west. The area of the district is 6,300 square kilometers (2,400 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Belorechensky. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 50,334, with the population of Belorechensky accounting for 15.9% of that number.

Slyudyansky District
Slyudyansky District (Russian: Слюдя́нский райо́н) is an administrative district, one of the thirty-three in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Slyudyansky Municipal District. The area of the district is 6,301.11 square kilometers (2,432.87 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Slyudyanka. Population: 40,509 (2010 Census); 44,039 (2002 Census); 44,697 (1989 Soviet census).
St. Marys River, Nova Scotia
St. Marys River is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipality of the District of Saint Mary's in Guysborough County. It is named after the river of the same name.

Municipality of the District of St. Mary's
St. Mary's, officially named the Municipality of the District of St. Mary's, is a district municipality in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, Canada.

The district municipality occupies the western half of the county and its administrative seat is in the village of Sherbrooke.
The Proletariat
The Proletariat are a punk rock band from Southeastern Massachusetts, whose heyday was during the 1980s, when they were active in the early Boston hardcore scene,  sharing the bill with many of the best punk and hardcore punk acts of the time, despite their recorded output having a decidedly non-hardcore aesthetic. The Proletariat show more strongly the musical influences of early British post-punk bands such as Wire and the Gang of Four in their fractured guitar sound and Marxist-themed lyrics.

International P.E.A.C.E. Benefit Compilation
The International P.E.A.C.E. Benefit Compilation, commonly referred to as the P.E.A.C.E. compilation, retitled in 1997 as P.E.A.C.E./War, by combining the legends on its front and back cover, for its reissue on CD, is a compilation double album first released in 1984 by R Radical Records, the label run by MDC frontman Dave Dictor, in association with San Francisco Bay Area punk fanzine Maximumrocknroll.  The "P.E.A.C.E." in the album title is a backronym for "Peace, Energy, Action, Cooperation, Evolution".
Claude-François Clicquot
Claude-François Clicquot (1762 – 29 March 1801) was a French organ-builder, son of the celebrated François-Henri Clicquot.  
During and after the French Revolution he saved many organs in Paris and in the provinces.

Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas
Saint-Jacques du Haut-Pas (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒak dy o pɑ]) is a Roman Catholic parish church in Paris, France. The church is located at the corner of Rue Saint-Jacques and Rue de l'Abbé de l'Épée in the 5th arrondissement of Paris. The first church on the site, a monastery chapel, was built in 1360. The present church was completed in 1685. The church is  named for Saint-Jacques Du-Haut-Pas," (in English Saint James the Minor), a cousin of Christ and the first bishop of Jerusalem,  who was martyred in the year 60 A.D. It was registered as an historical monument on  4 June 1957.
Naval operations in Romanian-occupied Soviet waters
Between 1941 and 1944, Romania held control over much of the Ukrainian Black Sea coast East of the Crimea. This was acquired during Operation Barbarossa. The Romanian conquest of the Soviet Western Black Sea coast started in July 1941 during Operation München and ended in October that year, after the Siege of Odessa. In the aftermath of these actions, Romania (re)acquired two new sectors of coastline: the Bessarabian coast (which was controlled by Romania prior to the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina) and the Transnistrian Coast. The latter was lost in April 1944, but the former was successfully defended until August 1944.

NMS Sublocotenent Ghiculescu
NMS Sublocotenent Ghiculescu was a specialized ASW gunboat of the Romanian Navy. Initially built as a French warship in late World War I, she was purchased by Romania in 1920 and fought during World War II, sinking two submarines and one motor torpedo boat. After 1 year of Soviet service, she was returned to Romania and served as a survey vessel until 2002.
Hurricane Virgil (1992)
Hurricane Virgil was a late season hurricane of the 1992 Pacific hurricane season that struck southwestern Mexico in October 1992. Forming from a tropical wave that left Africa on September 13, it slowly developed into a tropical depression. It soon strengthened into Tropical Storm Virgil, and rapidly intensified into a hurricane on October 2. Continuing to intensify, the hurricane attained major hurricane strength, and peaked as a Category 4 hurricane off the coast of Mexico. Shortly before landfall, it weakened to a Category 2 hurricane, and it dissipated on October 5. Damage was generally minimal, though one person was reported missing.

Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán
Lázaro Cárdenas (Spanish: [ˈlasaɾo ˈkardenas] ⓘ) is a port city in Michoacán bordered to the east by Guerrero. Lázaro Cárdenas is located in the southern part of the Mexican state of Michoacán, being the southernmost municipality in Michoacán. It was formerly known as Los Llanitos, but changed its name as a tribute to Lázaro Cárdenas del Río, a Michoacán-born politician who was president of Mexico from 1934 to 1940.

The city's coordinates are 17°57′00″N 102°12′00″W﻿ / ﻿17.95000°N 102.20000°W﻿ / 17.95000; -102.20000, where the Río Balsas drains into the Pacific Ocean. In the 2005 census, the city's population was 74,884. It is served by Lázaro Cárdenas Airport. The municipality of Lázaro Cárdenas, which has an area of 1,160.24 km2 (447.97 sq mi), had a total population of 162,997 in 2005, and includes the metropolitan area of city, which includes the communities of Las Guacamayas, La Orilla, and La Mira y Guacamayas.
Coupé (carriage)
A coupé was a four-wheeled carriage with outside front seat for the driver and enclosed passenger seats for two persons. The name coupé comes from the French past participle of couper, "cut".

The coupé carriage body style originated from the berline horse-drawn carriage. The coupé version of the berline was introduced in the 18th century as a shortened ("cut") version with no rear-facing seat. Normally, a coupe had a fixed glass window in the front of the passenger compartment. The coupe was considered an ideal vehicle for women to use to go shopping or to make social visits.

Berlin (carriage)
A Berlin, or Berline, carriage is a type of enclosed four-wheeled carriage with two interior bench seats facing one-another. Initially noted for using two perch rails and having the body suspended by leather straps, called braces,: 15  the term continued in use for many carriages even after the suspension system changed to steel springs.: 16
Illán de Vacas
Illán de Vacas is a town in the province of Toledo, in Castile–La Mancha, Spain. The surface area of the municipality is 9.15 km2, and it has a total population of 2 inhabitants as of 2024, making it the least populated municipality in Spain.

Illán de Vacas belongs to the "comarca" of Torrijos. It is bordered on the north by the municipality of Los Cerralbos, on the northwest by Otero, on the east by Domingo Pérez, on the south by Cebolla and on the west by Lucillos.

The town lies at an elevation of roughly 480 m, and 59 km west of Toledo and 35 km east of Talavera de la Reina, on the railway line between Talavera and Torrijos. It is approximately 95 km southwest of Madrid.

The mayor of Illán de Vacas is Julián Renilla Bru of the Partido Popular. In the 2004 General Election in Spain, all four votes cast at Illán de Vacas went to the Partido Popular.

The municipality contains a church consecrated to the Assumption of Our Lady (Iglesia de la Asunción de Nuestra Señora).

Domingo Pérez, Toledo
Domingo Pérez is a Spanish municipality of Toledo province, in the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. Its population is 498 and its surface is 1031 km2, with a density of 38.31 people/km2. The mayor is Mr. Blas Rodríguez Gomez de las Heras, of the Partido Popular. The Partido Popular has 5 municipal councillors, the Partido Socialista Obrero has one and there is an independent.

In the 2004 Spanish General Election, the Partido Popular got 89.5% of the vote, and the Partido Socialista Obrero got 10.5%, in Domingo Pérez.
King Hing (constituency)
King Hing (Chinese: 景興), previously Tai Hing South, is one of the 31 constituencies in the Tuen Mun District.

Created for the 1994 District Board elections, the constituency returns one district councillor to the Tuen Mun District Council, with an election every four years.

King Hing loosely covers areas surrounding part of Shan King Estate and part of Tai Hang Estate in Tuen Mun with an estimated population of 14,921.

Tuen Mun
Tuen Mun (Chinese: 屯門) or Castle Peak is an area near the mouth of Tuen Mun River and Castle Peak Bay in the west of New Territories, Hong Kong. It was one of the earliest settlements in what is now Hong Kong and can be dated to the Neolithic period. In the more recent past, it was home to many Tanka fishermen who gathered at Castle Peak Bay. Tuen Mun is now a modern, mainly residential area in the north-west New Territories. As of 2025, around 540,000 residents live in Tuen Mun.
Astroblepus pholeter
Astroblepus pholeter is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Astroblepidae, the climbing catfishes. This cavefish is endemic to the Jumandi Cave in the Napo River basin in Ecuador. The fish has numerous skin denticles that can sense the flow of water. This species reaches a maximum standard length of 7 cm (2.8 in).

Cavefish
Cavefish or cave fish is a generic term for fresh and brackish water fish adapted to life in caves and other underground habitats. Related terms are subterranean fish, troglomorphic fish, troglobitic fish, stygobitic fish, phreatic fish, and hypogean fish.

There are more than 200 scientifically described species of obligate cavefish found on all continents, except Antarctica. Although widespread as a group, many species have very small ranges and are threatened.

Cavefish are members of a wide range of families and do not form a monophyletic group. Typical adaptations include reduced eyes and depigmentation.
Integral closure of an ideal
In algebra, the integral closure of an ideal I of a commutative ring R, denoted by , is the set of all elements r in R that are integral over I: there exist  such that

It is similar to the integral closure of a subring. For example, if R is a domain, an element r in R belongs to  if and only if there is a finitely generated R-module M, annihilated only by zero, such that . It follows that  is an ideal of R (in fact, the integral closure of an ideal is always an ideal; see below.) I is said to be integrally closed if .

The integral closure of an ideal appears in a theorem of Rees that characterizes an analytically unramified ring.

Irena Swanson
Irena Swanson is an American mathematician specializing in commutative algebra. She is head of the Purdue University Department of Mathematics since 2020. She was a professor of mathematics at Reed College from 2005 to 2020.
Silpa Bhirasri National Museum
Silpa Bhirasri National Museum (Thai: พิพิธภัณฑสถานแห่งชาติ ศิลป์ พีระศรี) is a modern art museum in Bangkok, Thailand. It is on the grounds of the Fine Arts Department in Phra Nakhon District. The museum consists of two parts, one displaying contemporary arts, and the other belongings of Silpa Bhirasri, the father of modern Thai art.

Phra Nakhon district
Phra Nakhon (Thai: พระนคร, pronounced [pʰráʔ ná(ʔ).kʰɔ̄ːn]) is one of the 50 districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand. It is the central district of Bangkok, including Rattanakosin Island. Neighboring districts are, from the north, clockwise: Dusit, Pom Prap Sattru Phai, Samphanthawong, and across the Chao Phraya River, Thon Buri, Bangkok Yai, Bangkok Noi, and Bang Phlat.
Vestre Jakobselv Church
Vestre Jakobselv Church (Norwegian: Vestre Jakobselv kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Vadsø Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. It is located in the village of Vestre Jakobselv. It is one of the churches for the Vadsø parish which is part of the Varanger prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland. The white, wooden church was built in a long church style in 1940. The church seats about 90 people. The building was designed by the Statens bygnignsinspektorat, a government agency now known as the Norwegian Directorate of Public Construction and Property. The church holds regularly scheduled worship services every other Sunday.

Vadsø Municipality
Vadsø (Norwegian: [ˈvɑ̂dsøː] ⓘ; Northern Sami: Čáhcesuolu; Kven: Vesisaari) is a  municipality in Finnmark County, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Vadsø, which is also the administrative centre of Finnmark county. Other settlements in Vadsø include Ekkerøy, Kiby, Krampenes, Skallelv, Valen, and Vestre Jakobselv.

The 1,258-square-kilometre (486 sq mi) municipality is the 83rd largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Vadsø is the 166th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 5,807. The municipality's population density is 4.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (12/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 6.7% over the previous 10-year period.
Steamboats of the upper Columbia and Kootenay Rivers
From 1886 to 1920, steamboats ran on the upper reaches of the Columbia and Kootenay in the Rocky Mountain Trench, in western North America.  The circumstances of the rivers in the area, and the construction of transcontinental railways across the trench from east to west made steamboat navigation possible.

Fort Steele, British Columbia
Fort Steele is a heritage site in the East Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia, Canada. This visitor attraction lies on the east shore of the Kootenay River between the mouths of the St. Mary River and Wild Horse River. The locality, on the merged section of highways 93 and 95, is by road about 17 kilometres (11 mi) northeast of Cranbrook and 230 kilometres (143 mi) southeast of Golden.
Juan Antonio Orenga
Juan Antonio Orenga Forcada (born 29 July 1966 in Castellón de la Plana) is a retired Spanish professional basketball player, and a current professional basketball coach. He is the current head coach of the Guangzhou Loong Lions of the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA).

EuroBasket 1991
The 1991 FIBA European Championship, commonly called FIBA EuroBasket 1991, was the 27th FIBA EuroBasket regional basketball championship, held by FIBA Europe. It was held in Italy between 24 and 29 June 1991. Eight national teams entered the event under the auspices of FIBA Europe, the sport's regional governing body. The Palazzo dello Sport in Rome was the hosting venue of the tournament. Yugoslavia won its fifth FIBA European title by defeating hosts Italy with an 88–73 score in the final. Yugoslavia's Toni Kukoč was voted the tournament's MVP.

This was the first EuroBasket tournament in which currently active NBA players, that had also already played in an official NBA regular season game were allowed to participate, with Vlade Divac being the only NBA player in the tournament.