hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Portrait of an African Man
The Portrait of an African Man (Dutch: Portret van een Afrikaanse man) also known as Portrait of a Moor (Dutch: Portret van een Moor)  is a painting by the Dutch Renaissance painter Jan Mostaert. Mostaert probably made the painting between c. 1525 and 1530, or slightly earlier. The exact subject of the painting has long been unclear, although numerous ideas have been put forward, including that the depicted figure is a soldier, a nobleman or Saint Maurice. The portrait is significant in that it may portray the earliest surviving portrait of a specific black man in European painting, though Saint Maurice, and Balthazar of the Three Kings or Biblical Magi, had long been usually portrayed as Africans.

Balthazar (magus)
Balthazar, also called Balthasar, Balthassar, and Bithisarea, was, according to Western Christian tradition, one of the three biblical Magi (also known as wise men or kings) along with Caspar and Melchior who visited the infant Jesus after he was born. Balthazar is traditionally referred to as the King of Arabia and gave the gift of myrrh to Jesus. In the Catholic Church, he is regarded as a saint (as are the other two Magi).
Baisha Island
Baisha Island (Chinese: 白沙島), covering an area of 13.8763 square kilometers, is the largest island in Baisha Township of Penghu County, Taiwan. The terrain of the island slopes from the south to gradually flatten in the north. It is separated from the offshore islands of Beihai and connected to Xiyu. The island produces Jiabao melons, Penghu loofahs, and Hami melons, earning it the nickname "the homeland of melons and fruits".

The northern coast of the island is covered with fine sand composed of coral fragments, which have accumulated over a long period to form a large white sandy beach, thus giving it the name Baisha ("white sand") Island. According to the population statistics of Penghu County Civil Affairs Bureau, in April 2024, the island had a population of 10,084.

Xiyu, Penghu
23°36′27.7″N 119°30′41.8″E﻿ / ﻿23.607694°N 119.511611°E﻿ / 23.607694; 119.511611

Xiyu Township (Chinese: 西嶼鄉; pinyin: Xīyǔ Xiāng; Wade–Giles: Hsi1-yü3 Hsiang1; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sai-sū-hiong; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Sî-yí-hiông) is a rural township encompassing Xiyu/Hsiyu/Si Island/Hsi Island, also known as Fisher Island, Yuweng or Pescadores Island (漁翁島; Yúwēng Dǎo), which is among the three major islands of the Penghu County (the Pescadores), Taiwan. It has a population of 8,301 and an area of 18.7148 square kilometres.

The major scenic spots include some forts and lighthouse. They were built or reconstructed in the Qing Dynasty, and were credited as National Relic Site of Taiwan.
Atriplex depressa
Atriplex depressa is a species of saltbush known by the common names brittlescale and depressed orache. It is sometimes treated as a variety of Atriplex parishii.

It is endemic to the Central Valley of California, where it grows in areas with saline and alkaline soils.

This is a small annual herb producing low-lying stems up to about 20 centimeters long. It is whitish and scaly and brittle. The scaly white leaves are oval to heart-shaped, pointed, and less than a centimeter long each. The inflorescences hold male or female flowers, which are small, hard clusters of flowers. Can be found at elevations up to 320 meters, blooms between May and October.

Atriplex
Atriplex (/ˈætrɪplɛks/) is a plant genus of about 250 species, known by the common names of saltbush and orache (/ˈɒrɪtʃ, -ətʃ/; also spelled orach). It belongs to the subfamily Chenopodioideae of the family Amaranthaceae s.l.. 
The genus is quite variable and widely distributed. It includes many desert and seashore plants and halophytes, as well as plants of moist environments. 
The generic name originated in Latin and was applied by Pliny the Elder to the edible oraches. The name saltbush derives from the fact that the plants retain salt in their leaves; they are able to grow in areas affected by soil salination.
Modern didgeridoo designs
Modern didgeridoo designs are distinct from the traditional Australian Aboriginal didgeridoo, and are innovations recognized by musicologists. Didgeridoo design innovation started in the late 20th century using non-traditional materials and non-traditional shapes. The design changes include features that are similar to more familiar musical instruments like the trombone and natural horn.

The modern didgeridoo design innovations differ from traditional authentic digeridoos because they are not made by Indigenous Australians in a traditional style and do not use eucalyptus branches hollowed by termites. Some didgeridoo design innovations, like the sliding didgeridoos, are also multi-tonal, unlike monotonal traditional didgeridoos. Like traditional didgeridoos, modern didgeridoo innovations produce a drone sound and are classified as aerophones.

Natural horn
The natural horn is a musical instrument that is the predecessor to the modern-day (French) horn (differentiated by its lack of valves). Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the natural horn evolved as a separation from the trumpet by widening of the bell and lengthening of the tubes. It consists of a mouthpiece, long coiled tubing, and a large flared bell. This instrument was used extensively until the emergence of the valved horn in the early 19th century.
Pyrgilauda
Pyrgilauda is a genus of passerine birds in the sparrow family Passeridae. They are found in the Himalayas, Tibet and western China.

The genus name was introduced by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1850. The type species was designated by Jules Verreaux in 1871 as Père David's snowfinch. The name is a portmanteau of the genera Pyrgita Cuvier 1817, "sparrow", and Alauda Linnaeus, 1758, "lark".

The genus contains four species:

These species are sometimes included in the genus Montifringilla.

Old World sparrow
Old World sparrows are groups of small passerine birds forming the family Passeridae. They are also known as true sparrows, a name which is also used for a particular genus of the family Passer. They are distinct from both the New World sparrows of the family Passerellidae and from a few other birds such as the Java sparrow of the family Estrildidae sharing their name. Many species nest on buildings and the house and Eurasian tree sparrows, in particular, inhabit cities in large numbers. They are primarily seed-eaters, though they also consume small insects. Some species scavenge for food around cities and  like pigeons or gulls, will eat small quantities of a diversity of items.
CSS Working Group
The CSS Working Group  (Cascading Style Sheets Working Group) is a working group created by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in 1997, to tackle issues that had not been addressed with CSS level 1. As of July 2025, the CSSWG had 176 members.

The working group is co-chaired by Rossen Atanassov and Alan Stearns.

World Wide Web Consortium
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web. Founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee, the consortium is made up of member organizations that maintain full-time staff working together in the development of technical standards for the World Wide Web. As of May 2025, W3C has 350 members. The organization has been led by CEO Seth Dobbs since October 2023. W3C also engages in education and outreach, develops software and serves as an open forum for discussion about the Web.
1980 Austrian Open (tennis)
The 1980 Austrian Open , also known as the 1980 Head Cup for sponsorship reasons,  was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was categorized as a two-star tournament and was part of the men's 1980 Volvo Grand Prix circuit and of the Colgate Series of the women's 1980 WTA Tour. It took place at the Tennis Stadium Kitzbühel in Kitzbühel, Austria and was held from 21 July through 27 July 1980. First-seeded Guillermo Vilas won the men's singles title and the accompanying $13,000 first-prize money while Virginia Ruzici won the women's singles event.

1980 Grand Prix (tennis)
The 1980 Volvo Grand Prix was a men's professional tennis circuit held that year. It incorporated the four grand slam tournaments, the Grand Prix tournaments. The Grand Prix circuit is a precursor to the ATP Tour.

Volvo became the new tour sponsor of the Grand Prix circuit after Colgate-Palmolive decided to end its sponsorship. Eight World Championship Tennis tournaments were incorporated into the circuit.
Naz Arıcı
Naz Arıcı (born 29 July 1982) is a Turkish figure skater who competes at adult figure skating competitions. After taking up the sport aged 29, she began competing professionally in 2015 and has won three gold medals between 2019 and 2024.

BelPa Ice Skating Facility
BelPa Ice Skating Facility (Turkish: BelPa Buz Pateni Tesisi), formerly Bahçelievler Ice Rink (Turkish: Bahçelievler Buz Pisti) or Ankara Ice Skating Palace (Turkish: G.S.İ.M. Buz Pateni Sarayı), is an indoor ice skating and ice hockey arena built 1989 in Ankara, Turkey. The site underwent major expansion and renovation between 2020 and 2024.
1998 Česká pojišťovna Cup
The 1998 Česká Pojišťovna Cup was played between 3 and 6 September 1998. The Czech Republic, Finland, Sweden and Russia played a round-robin for a total of three games per team and six games in total. All games were played in Zimní stadion Luďka Čajky in Zlín, Czech Republic. The tournament was won by Sweden. The tournament was part of 1998–99 Euro Hockey Tour.

Trinity Bank Arena Luďka Čajky
Trinity Bank Arena Luďka Čajky is an indoor sporting arena located in Zlín, Czech Republic. The capacity of the arena is 7,000 people and it was built in 1957. It is currently home to the RI Okna Berani Zlín ice hockey team.
Alan Hall
Alan Hall FRS (19 May 1952  – 3 May 2015) was a British cell biologist and a biology professor at the Sloan-Kettering Institute, where he was chair of the Cell Biology program. Hall was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1999.

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are proteins or protein domains that activate monomeric GTPases by stimulating the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to allow binding of guanosine triphosphate (GTP).  A variety of unrelated structural domains have been shown to exhibit guanine nucleotide exchange activity. Some GEFs can activate multiple GTPases while others are specific to a single GTPase.
Plavna
Plavna (Serbian Cyrillic: Плавна) is a village in Serbia. It is situated in the Bač municipality, in the South Bačka District, Vojvodina province. Its population is ethnically mixed and numbering 1,392 people (2002 census).

South Bačka District
The South Bačka District (Serbian: Јужнобачки округ, romanized: Južnobački okrug, pronounced [jûʒnobâːtʃkiː ôkruːɡ]) is one of administrative districts of Serbia. It lies in the southern part of Bačka and northern part of Syrmia. According to the 2022 census, the South Bačka District has a population of 607,178 inhabitants. The administrative center of the district is the city of Novi Sad, which is also the administrative center and the largest city of the Vojvodina.
Beaverkill Valley Inn
The Beaverkill Valley Inn, formerly known as The Bonnie View, is located off Beaverkill Road (Ulster County Route 54) north of Lew Beach, New York, United States. It is a large wooden hotel built near the end of the 19th century.

It was built as a lodge for anglers coming to fly fish for trout in the nearby Beaver Kill. It is one of the few fishing lodges remaining from that era of resort development remaining in the Catskills, and the only one along the upper Beaver Kill. In 1985 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the westernmost property in the county with that distinction.

Ulster County, New York
Ulster County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. It is situated along the Hudson River. As of the 2020 census, the population was 182,977. The county seat is Kingston. The county is named after the Irish province of Ulster. The county is part of the Hudson Valley region of the state.
Summing localization
Summing localization occurs when two or more coherent sound waves arrive within a limited time interval and only one sound sensation is perceived. If the time variations are smaller than 1 ms, the time and level variations of all sound sources contribute to the direction of the perceived sound. The resulting auditory event is called a phantom source.

Summing localization is the basis of stereophony.

Hearing
Hearing, or auditory perception, is the ability to perceive sounds through an organ, such as an ear, by detecting vibrations as periodic changes in the pressure of a surrounding medium. The academic field concerned with hearing is auditory science.

Sound may be heard through solid, liquid, or gaseous matter. It is one of the traditional five senses. Partial or total inability to hear is called hearing loss.

In humans and other vertebrates, hearing is performed primarily by the auditory system: mechanical waves, known as vibrations, are detected by the ear and transduced into nerve impulses that are perceived by the brain (primarily in the temporal lobe). Like touch, audition requires sensitivity to the movement of molecules in the world outside the organism. Both hearing and touch are types of mechanosensation.
1956 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship
The 1956 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship was the 35th staging of the All-Ireland Junior Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1912.

Cork entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Tipperary in the Munster first round.

The All-Ireland final was played on 30 September 1956 at Eltham Stadium in London, between Kilkenny and London, in what was their first meeting in a final in five years. Kilkenny won the match by 5-02 to 2-08 to claim their fourth championship title overall and a first title since 1951.

1951 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship
The 1951 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship was the 30th staging of the All-Ireland Junior Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1912.

Cork entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Tipperary in the Munster first round.

The All-Ireland final was played on 14 October 1951 at Nowlan Park in Kilkenny, between Kilkenny and London, in what was their first meeting in a final in five years. Kilkenny won the match by 3-09 to 3-05 to claim their third championship title overall and a first title since 1946.
Jonny Cruz
Jonny Cruz (born Jonathan Willie Hernández; December 1, 1982) is an American actor, scriptwriter, producer, filmmaker and musician. He has been featured as an actor in movies like Walking Tall: Lone Justice, Infiltrators and Haunting at the Beacon. He has also appeared on television series like General Hospital, Prison Break and Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23. As producer, Jonny has run films such as Small Timers, Hold, the web series Cool Wheels and plays the guitar with his musical team Power Up in Los Angeles and Hollywood, California in the United States. He is also the voice of Lúcio in the video game Overwatch and the voice of Lucas Rivera in Need for Speed Heat. His experience in filmmaking has also covered activities as producer, director, writer, editor, SFX artist, voice artist and cinematographer.

Improvisation
Improvisation or improvization (often shortened to improv) is the activity of making or doing something not planned beforehand, using whatever can be found. The origin of the word itself is in the Latin "improvisus", which literally means un-foreseen. Improvisation in the performing arts is a very spontaneous performance without specific or scripted preparation. The skills of improvisation can apply to many different faculties across all artistic, scientific, physical, cognitive, academic, and non-academic disciplines; see Applied improvisation.
George D. Edwards
George DeForest Edwards (1890 – 1974) was a 20th-century quality control expert most notable for having served as the first president of American Society for Quality Control.

Edwards' reputation in quality control had been established by his work as head of the inspection engineering department of Bell Telephone Laboratories and as Bell’s director of quality assurance, a term he coined. During World War II, he served as a consultant to the US Army Ordnance Department, and later to the War Production Board.

Edwards retired from Bell in 1955 but he remained active in ASQ, serving as chair of the Committee on Constitution and Bylaws, and later as deputy executive secretary for dues abatement.

Quality control
Quality control (QC) is a process by which entities review the quality of all factors involved in production. ISO 9000 defines quality control as "a part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements".

This approach places emphasis on three aspects (enshrined in standards such as ISO 9001):

Elements such as controls, job management, defined and well managed processes, performance and integrity criteria, and identification of records

Competence, such as knowledge, skills, experience, and qualifications

Soft elements, such as personnel, integrity, confidence, organizational culture, motivation, team spirit, and quality relationships.

Inspection is a major component of quality control, where physical product is examined visually (or the end results of a service are analyzed). Product inspectors will be provided with lists and descriptions of unacceptable product defects such as cracks or surface blemishes for example.
John Greenleaf Adams
John Greenleaf Adams (1810–1897) was co-editor with Dr. E.H. Chapin of the Universalist Hymns for Christian Devotion and alone for the Gospel Psalmist, 1861.

Born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, he married twice, including Mary Hall Barrett Adams; and had two sons and one daughter.  He was ordained in 1833 in Rumney, New Hampshire.

Although rarely used outside his denomination, best known of his hymns are

Heaven is here, its hymns of gladness

God's angels; not only on high do they sing

His papers can be found at the Andover-Harvard Theological Library, Harvard Divinity School among which include correspondence with A. C. Thomas, Thomas Thayer, Lucius Paige, Moses Ballou, W. H. Ryder, J. W. Hanson, M. Goddard.

Edwin Hubbell Chapin
Edwin Hubbell Chapin (December 29, 1814 – 1880) was an American preacher and editor of the Christian Leader. He was also a poet, responsible for the poem Burial at Sea, which was the origin of a famous folk song, Bury Me Not on the Lone Prairie.
3rd federal electoral district of Nuevo León
The 3rd federal electoral district of Nuevo León (Spanish: Distrito electoral federal 03 de Nuevo León) is one of the 300 electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of 14 such districts in the state of Nuevo León.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative session by means of the first-past-the-post system. Votes cast in the district also count towards the calculation of proportional representation ("plurinominal") deputies elected from the second region.

The current member for the district, elected in the 2024 general election, is Clara Luz Flores of the National Regeneration Movement (Morena).

Electoral regions of Mexico
The electoral regions (Spanish: circunscripciones electorales) of Mexico are geographic areas composed of various states used for the election of the 200 proportional representation legislators to the Chamber of Deputies.

The country is split into five separate regions. Each of the five regions elects 40 deputies, who are selected according to party lists in the regions. To distinguish them from those elected in the 300 single-member constituencies, they are often referred to as 
"plurinominal deputies".

In contrast, the 32 senators-at-large elected to the Senate by the principle of proportional representation are drawn from party lists covering the entire country; the electoral regions therefore play no role in Senate elections.
Migdal Oz (seminary)
Stella K. Abraham Beit Midrash for Women, commonly known as Migdal Oz (Hebrew: בית מדרש לנשים מגדל עז), is a Modern Orthodox institution of higher Torah study for women located in the Kibbutz Migdal Oz in Gush Etzion in the West Bank.

Gush Etzion
Gush Etzion (Hebrew: גּוּשׁ עֶצְיוֹן, lit. Etzion Bloc) is a cluster of Israeli settlements located in the Judaean Mountains, directly south of Jerusalem and Bethlehem in the West Bank. The core group includes four Jewish agricultural villages that were founded in 1943–1947, and  destroyed by the Arab Legion on May 13, 1948 in the 1948 Palestine war, in the Kfar Etzion massacre. The area was left outside of Israel with the 1949 armistice lines. These settlements were rebuilt after the 1967 Six-Day War, along with new communities that have expanded the area of the Etzion Bloc. As of 2011, Gush Etzion consisted of 22 settlements with a population of 70,000.

The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but Israel disagrees.
Wakhan
37°07′45″N 73°37′07″E﻿ / ﻿37.129240°N 73.618680°E﻿ / 37.129240; 73.618680
Wakhan (Dari; Pashto: واخان), also spelt as Vakhan and known as Vakhon (Tajik: Вахон}, is a rugged, mountainous part of the Pamir Mountains, Hindu Kush and Karakoram regions of Afghanistan and Tajikistan. It covers mainly the Wakhan District of Badakshan Province in northeastern Afghanistan.

Bazai Gumbad
Bazai Gumbad, also reported as Buzai Gumbad and Bozai Gumbaz (Dari: بزای گمبز, lit. 'domes of the elders'), is the site of domed tombs and nearby settlement of mostly ethnic Kyrgyz herders in the Wakhan District of Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan. It lies in the Little Pamir on the right bank of the Bazai River, near where it joins Wakhjir River to become the Wakhan River. It is part of the Wakhan National Park and patrolled by the Afghan National Police and Afghan Armed Forces.

Bazai Gumbad is connected by about 60 km (37 mi) long gravel road to Sarhad in the southwest, and about the same length road to the Wakhjir Pass (Afghanistan–China border) in the east. Widening of the road from Sarhad to Bazai Gumbad and then to the Wakhjir Pass has started in 2025. As of December 2025, around 70% of the road project has been completed. The Chaqmaqtin Lake is approximately 20 km (12 mi) to the northeast of Bazai Gumbad. Foreigners must have an Afghan visa to tour the area.
Barbary treaties
The Barbary Treaties refer to several treaties between the United States and the semi-autonomous North African regencies of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, known collectively as the Barbary Coast.

Treaty with Algiers (1795)

Treaty with Tripoli (1796)

Treaty with Tunis (1797)

Treaty with Tripoli (1805)

Treaty with Algiers (1815)

Treaty with Tunis (1824)

Treaty with Morocco (1836)

Treaty with Tunis (1824)
The Treaty with Tunis was signed on February 24, 1824 (24 Ramada II, A. H. 1239), between the United States of America and the "Barbary State" of Tunis, nominally part of the Ottoman Empire.

Ratified by the United States between January 13 and 21, 1825