hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Valles Caldera
The Valles Caldera (or Jemez Caldera) is a 13.7-mile-wide (22.0 km) volcanic caldera in the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico. Hot springs, streams, fumaroles, natural gas seeps, and volcanic domes dot the caldera landscape. The highest point in the caldera is Redondo Peak, an 11,254-foot (3,430 m) resurgent lava dome located entirely within the caldera and surrounded by moat-like flows of rhyolitic solidified lavas. Located within the caldera are several grass valleys, or valles, the largest of which is Valle Grande (locally  /ˈvaɪ.eɪ ˈɡrɑːndeɪ/ VY-ay GRAHN-day), the only one accessible by a paved road. In 1975, Valles Caldera was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service with much of the caldera being within the Valles Caldera National Preserve, a unit of the National Park System. The area has a varied history involving cultural significance, economic resources, scientific studies, and complex geological setting.

Hydrothermal circulation
Hydrothermal circulation in its most general sense is the circulation of hot water (Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, water, and θέρμη, heat ). Hydrothermal circulation occurs most often in the vicinity of sources of heat within the Earth's crust. In general, this occurs near volcanic activity, but can occur in the shallow to mid crust along deeply penetrating fault irregularities or in the deep crust related to the intrusion of granite, or as the result of orogeny or metamorphism. Hydrothermal circulation often results in hydrothermal mineral deposits.
Henry Wilhelm
Henry G. Wilhelm is an American researcher and author known for his studies of the archival properties of photographic printing processes. In 1981, he received a Guggenheim Fellowship in Photographic Studies  to continue his work studying photographic processes.

He is the co-author, along with Carol Brower Wilhelm, of the 1993 book The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs: Traditional and Digital Color Prints, Color Negatives, Slides, and Motion Pictures. They are the founders of company Wilhelm Imaging Research.

Photographic printing
Photographic printing is the process of producing a final image on paper for viewing, using chemically sensitized paper. The paper is exposed to a photographic negative, a positive transparency (or slide), or a digital image file projected using an enlarger or digital exposure unit such as a LightJet or Minilab printer. Alternatively, the negative or transparency may be placed atop the paper and directly exposed, creating a contact print. Digital photographs are commonly printed on plain paper, for example by a color printer, but this is not considered "photographic printing".

Following exposure, the paper is processed to reveal and make permanent the latent image.
Baldwin of Rieti
Baldwin was a Benedictine abbot and a follower of St. Bernard of Clairvaux. Baldwin, an Italian by birth, entered the Clairvaux Monastery in France. Later in life Baldwin was assigned to Italy as abbot of San Pastore, near Rieti. There he remained until his death in 1140. He is patron saint of Rieti.

Rieti
Rieti (Italian: [ˈrjɛːti]; Latin: Reate, Sabino: Riete) is a town and comune in Lazio, central Italy, with a population of 47,700. It is the administrative seat of the province of Rieti and see of the diocese of Rieti, as well as the modern capital of the Sabina region.

The town centre stands on a small hilltop, commanding from the southern edge the wide Rieti valley, at the bottom of the Sabine hills and of monti Reatini, including mount Terminillo. The plain was once a large lake, drained by the ancient Romans, and is now the fertile basin of the Velino River. Only the small Ripasottile and Lungo lakes remain of the larger original.
Republic of Liège
The Republic of Liège (French: République liégeoise) was a short-lived state centred on the town of Liège in modern-day Belgium. The republic was created in August 1789 after the Liège Revolution led to the destruction of the earlier ecclesiastical state which controlled the territory, the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. It coexisted with the even more short-lived revolutionary state, the United States of Belgium, created by the Brabant Revolution of 1789, to the north. By 1791, the forces of the republic had been defeated by Prussian and Austrian forces and the Prince-Bishopric was restored.

César-Constantin-François de Hoensbroeck
César-Constantin-François de Hoensbroeck or Hoensbroech (28 August 1724 – 3 June 1792) was a German ecclesiastic of the Van Hoensbroeck family, most notable as prince-bishop of Liège from 1784 to 1792, in which post he was nicknamed the "red executioner" (bourreau roux).
2002 Taça de Portugal final
The 2002 Taça de Portugal final was the final match of the 2001–02 Taça de Portugal, the 62nd season of the Taça de Portugal, the premier Portuguese football cup competition organized by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF). The match was played on 12 May 2002 at the Estádio Nacional in Oeiras, and opposed third division side Leixões and Sporting CP. Sporting CP defeated Leixões 1–0 to claim their thirteenth Taça de Portugal.

As Sporting CP claimed both league and cup double in the same season, cup runners-up Leixões faced their cup final opponents in the 2002 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira at the Estádio do Bonfim in Setúbal.

Estádio Nacional
The Estádio Nacional (English: National Stadium), also known as Centro Desportivo Nacional do Jamor (English: Jamor National Sports Centre), is a football stadium. It is located in the civil parish of Algés, Linda-a-Velha e Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, in the municipality of Oeiras, in the southwestern part of Lisbon District.

The Portugal national team played 46 matches at the stadium from 1945 to 1987, then played additional friendlies in 1999, 2003, 2014 and 2024. The venue was used by B-SAD from 2018 to 2022 and by Casa Pia A.C. in 2022–23, both as a temporary home ground in the Primeira Liga.

The stadium hosted the first ever UEFA club game on 4 September 1955 between Primeira Divisão's third-placed team, Sporting CP, and the Yugoslav champions, Serbian side Partizan Belgrade. It ended as a 3–3 draw and was the first game to be played of the first edition of the European Cup.
9th Legislature of the Third Portuguese Republic
The 9th Legislature of the Third Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: IX Legislatura da Terceira República Portuguesa) ran from 5 April 2002 to 9 March 2005. The composition of the Assembly of the Republic, the legislative body of Portugal, was determined by the results of the 2002 legislative election, held on 17 March 2002.

President Jorge Sampaio dissolved Parliament and dismissed the government, then led by Pedro Santana Lopes, following a lack of trust in the government's capacity to govern. The Assembly was officially dissolved on 22 December 2004 and an election called for 20 February 2005.

Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)
The Assembly of the Republic (Portuguese: Assembleia da República, pronounced [ɐsẽˈblɐjɐ ðɐ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ]), commonly referred to as simply Parliament (Portuguese: Parlamento), is the unicameral parliament of Portugal. According to the Constitution of Portugal, the parliament "is the representative assembly of all Portuguese citizens". The constitution names the assembly as one of the country's sovereignty bodies.

It meets in São Bento Palace, the historical site of an old Benedictine monastery. The palace has been the seat of the Portuguese parliaments since 1834 (Cortes until 1910, Congress from 1911 to 1926 and National Assembly from 1933 to 1974).
Bear Valley Buttes
Bear Valley Buttes is a geologic feature that overlooks Bear Valley in Colusa County, California. The Buttes are approximately 1.5 miles long and its highest peak stands at 2,166 ft (660 m) above sea level. The Buttes are composed of the upturned marine sediments of the Great Valley Sequence that once formerly made up the floor of the Central Valley.

Colusa County, California
Colusa County (/kəˈluːsə/ ⓘ) is a county located in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 21,839. The county seat is Colusa. It is in the northern Sacramento Valley, northwest of the state capital, Sacramento.
Manchinha case
The Manchinha case, also known as the Carrefour dog case, refers to the killing of a stray dog named Manchinha. On 28 November 2018, she was killed by a Carrefour employee near a store where she had been living in Osasco, Greater São Paulo, Brazil. The case generated national and international backlash against the French corporation and led to the passing of a law that increased the penalty for the mistreatment of animals by the Brazilian Congress.

Osasco
Osasco (Portuguese pronunciation: [oˈzasku]) is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil, located in the Greater São Paulo area and ranking fifth in population among São Paulo municipalities. According to the IBGE 2015, Osasco currently has the ninth highest gross domestic product in Brazil, and the second largest in the state of São Paulo. The population is 699,944 (2020 est.) in an area of 64.95 km2 (25.08 sq mi). It is among the world's more densely populated cities, similar in density to Tokyo and New York City.  It is considered the major urban centre of the western portion of Greater São Paulo. It was a district of the city of São Paulo until February 19, 1962, when Osasco became a municipality of its own. The city motto is Urbs labor, a Latin phrase that means "City work."
Valeriu Gafencu
Valeriu Gafencu (24 January 1921 – 18 February 1952) was a member of the Iron Guard who was active during the Legionnaires' rebellion. Arrested by the state authorities in 1941, he died 11 years later at Târgu Ocna Prison.

He was declared "Saint of the Prisons" by theologian Nicolae Steinhardt for his "exemplary Christian conduct and devotion to those in suffering", and the Romanian Orthodox Church was reportedly considering his canonization in 2013.

Nicolae Steinhardt
Nicolae Steinhardt (Romanian pronunciation: [nikoˈla.e ˈʃtajnhart]; born Nicu-Aurelian Steinhardt; July 29, 1912 – March 30, 1989) was a Romanian writer, Orthodox monk and lawyer. His main book, Jurnalul Fericirii, is regarded as a major text of 20th-century Romanian literature and a prime example of Eastern European anti-Communist literature.
Amos Amerson
Amos Amerson (born January 30, 1935) is an American military personnel, 
educator, and former politician from Georgia. Amerson was a Republican member of Georgia House of Representatives from 2001 to 2013. He served the 9th District.

University of North Georgia
The University of North Georgia (UNG) is a public university with multiple campuses in Georgia, United States. It is part of the University System of Georgia. The university was established on January 8, 2013, through a merger of North Georgia College & State University (founded 1873) and Gainesville State College (founded 1964). Campus locations include Dahlonega, Oakwood (Gainesville Campus), Watkinsville (Oconee Campus), Blue Ridge, and Cumming.

With nearly 20,000 enrolled students, UNG is the sixth-largest public university in the state of Georgia. There are five colleges that offer over one hundred bachelor's and associate degrees, as well as thirteen master's degrees and one doctoral degree. Over 600 students are involved in the university's ROTC program in any given year. It is one of six senior military colleges in the United States, and is designated as "The Military College of Georgia".
Mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration
Mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN) is a genetic neurodegenerative disease that causes dystonia, parkinsonism, and iron accumulation in the brain. It is caused by mutations to the gene C19orf12, which has unknown function. This was originally discovered as an autosomal recessive disorder, caused by individuals having two mutations to the gene C19orf12, but autosomal dominant disease caused by a single mutation in the same gene has also been rarely described. Due to the common features of neurodegeneration, brain iron accumulation, and movement disorder it is classified as a neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) disorder and another name for the condition is neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation 4 (NBIA4).

Parkinsonism
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by tremor, bradykinesia (slowed movements), rigidity, and postural instability.

Both hypokinetic features (bradykinesia and akinesia) and hyperkinetic features (cogwheel rigidity and tremors at rest) are displayed in parkinsonism. These are the four motor signs that are found in Parkinson's disease (PD) – after which Parkinsonism is named – and in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), and many other conditions.

This set of signs occurs in a wide range of conditions and may have many causes, including neurodegenerative conditions, drugs, toxins, metabolic diseases, and neurological conditions other than Parkinson's disease.
Porites
Porites is a genus of stony coral; they are small polyp stony (SPS) corals. (Also referred to as finger coral or hump coral) They are characterised by a finger-like morphology. Members of this genus have widely spaced calices, a well-developed wall reticulum and are bilaterally symmetrical. Porites, particularly Porites lutea, often form microatolls. Corals of the genus Porites also often serve as hosts for Christmas tree worms (Spirobranchus giganteus).

Porites lutea
Porites lutea is a species of stony coral in the family Poritidae. It is found growing in very shallow water on reefs in the Indo-Pacific region. It sometimes forms "microatolls" in the intertidal zone and these massive structures have been used to study trends in sea levels and sea water temperature.
Kutubdia Beach
Kutubdia Sea Beach is a beach located on Kutubdia Island in Cox's Bazar District, Bangladesh. The beach is about 23 kilometers long. As it is not very popular among tourists, the area usually remains quiet and calm. Besides the sea beach, notable sites include the lighthouse, the shrine of Kutub Auliya, Kutubdia Channel, and the wind power station, which is the largest in Bangladesh.

Kutubdia Upazila
Kutubdia (Bengali: কুতুবদিয়া) is an upazila of Cox's Bazar District in the Division of Chittagong, Bangladesh. The upazila consists of an island in the Bay of Bengal, off the coast near Chakaria, Cox's Bazar. It was found in approximately 14th century.
2019 Jerusalem Volvo Open
The 2019 Jerusalem Volvo Open was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the first edition of the tournament which was part of the 2019 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Jerusalem, between 20 and 26 May 2019.

2019 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour in 2019 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2019 ATP Challenger Tour calendar had 158 tournaments scheduled, with prize money ranging from $54,160 up to $162,480. It was the 42nd edition of challenger tournaments cycle, and 11th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Stapfochloa
Stapfochloa is a genus of grasses. It is also in the subfamily Chloridoideae, and the Cynodonteae tribe.

Its native range is from Texas (USA) and Mexico, to tropical and subtropical South America (within the countries of Argentina, the Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, the Leeward Islands, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, Venezuela and the Windward Islands) and also tropical Africa (within Burkina, Cameroon, Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda).

The genus name of Stapfochloa is in honour of Otto Stapf (1857–1933), an Austrian born botanist and taxonomist. 
It was first described and published in Willdenowia Vol.34 on page 131 in 2004.

Chloridoideae
Chloridoideae is one of the largest subfamilies of grasses, with roughly 150 genera and 1,600 species, mainly found in arid tropical or subtropical grasslands. Within the PACMAD clade, their sister group is the Danthonioideae. The subfamily includes widespread weeds such as Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), goosegrass (Eleusine indica) or finger grass (Chloris), but also millet species grown in some tropical regions, namely finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and teff (Eragrostis tef).

With the exception of some species in Ellisochloa and Eleusine indica, most of the subfamily's species use the C4 photosynthetic pathway. The first evolutionary transition from C3 to C4 photosynthesis in the grasses probably occurred in this subfamily, around 32 to 25 million years ago in the Oligocene.
Nine castles of the Knuckle
The nine castles of the Knuckle are a group of ancient castles found in Aberdeenshire in the Buchan area of Scotland. The term was used by historian William Douglas Simpson, who described the promontory between the Moray Firth and the North Sea as "the north-eastern knuckle of Scotland". From west to east, the castles are Dundarg, Pitsligo, Pitullie, Kinnaird, Wine Tower, Cairnbulg, Inverallochy, Lonmay and Rattray. Although Simpson coined the term, he did not draw any connections between the sites, other than their location.

Buchan
Buchan /ˈbʌxən/ is a coastal district in the north-east of Scotland, bounded by the Ythan and Deveron rivers. It was one of the original provinces of the Kingdom of Alba. It is now one of the six committee areas of Aberdeenshire.
2017 BWF World Championships
The 2017 BWF World Championships of badminton were held from 21 to 27 August at the Emirates Arena in Glasgow, Scotland.

The venue can hold 6,000 spectators. When Glasgow hosted the event in 1997 it was held at the Scotstoun Centre.

Commonwealth Arena and Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome
The Commonwealth Arena and Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome, known for sponsorship reasons as the Emirates Arena, is an indoor arena and velodrome in Dalmarnock, Glasgow, Scotland. Built for the 2014 Commonwealth Games, these venues hosted the badminton and track cycling events. Situated opposite Celtic Park in the East End of Glasgow, the complex is also the headquarters of Scottish Cycling.
Willy Caballero
Wilfredo Daniel Caballero Lazcano (born 28 September 1981) is an Argentine professional football coach and former goalkeeper.

He spent most of his career in Spain, representing Elche and Málaga and competing in La Liga with the latter club. In the summer of 2014 he signed for Manchester City, helping them win the 2016 League Cup. In 2017, he joined Chelsea where he was a backup keeper for four seasons.

Caballero made his senior debut for Argentina in 2018. He represented the nation at the 2018 World Cup, and was also a non-playing member of the squads that won a gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

2015–16 Football League Cup
The 2015–16 Football League Cup (known as the Capital One Cup for sponsorship purposes) was the 56th season of the Football League Cup. It began on 11 August 2015 and concluded on 28 February 2016. It was a knock-out competition for the top 92 football clubs played in English football league system.

Chelsea were the defending champions, having beaten Tottenham Hotspur 2–0 in the previous season's final. However, they were eliminated in the fourth round by Stoke City on penalties.

Manchester City won the final on 28 February, defeating Liverpool 3–1 in a penalty shoot-out after the match had finished 1–1 after extra time.

This was the final season in which the tournament was known as the Football League Cup, as it was renamed the EFL Cup in 2016 after the Football League was rebranded as the English Football League (EFL).
German Red Cross Decoration
The German Red Cross Decoration (German: Ehrenzeichen des Deutschen Roten Kreuzes) is a decoration founded in 1922, replaced by the Social Welfare Decoration in 1939 and re-founded in its present form on 8 May 1953.  It is awarded by the German Red Cross.

German Red Cross
The German Red Cross (GRC) (German: Deutsches Rotes Kreuz [ˈdɔʏtʃəs ˈʁoːtəs ˈkʁɔʏts] ⓘ; DRK) is the national Red Cross Society in Germany.

With 4 million members, it is the third largest Red Cross society in the world. The German Red Cross offers a wide range of services within and outside Germany. GRC provides 52 hospitals, elderly care (over 500 nursing homes and a mobile nursing care network covering the entire country), care for children and youth (i.e., 1,300 kindergartens, a full range of social services for children). GRC also provides 75% of the blood supply and 60% of the emergency medical services in Germany, as well as first aid training. GRC headquarters provides international humanitarian aid (disaster management and development assistance) to over 50 countries across the world.
2023 Sailing World Championships – RS Venture Connect
The RS Venture Connect competition at the 2023 Sailing World Championships was the open two-person technical para event and was held in The Hague, the Netherlands, 11–16 August 2023. The entries were limited to 18 boats. The competitors participated in a series that was planned to 10 races. The last race was planned for 16 August.

2023 Sailing World Championships
The 2023 Sailing World Championships were held in The Hague, the Netherlands, from 8 to 20 August 2023. It was the sixth edition of the Sailing World Championships and the world championships for all disciplines at the next Olympics, and for four para sailing classes. It took place on the waters off Scheveningen and offered the chance to qualify for the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, France, whose sailing competition were held in Marseille. Para sailing was held on Braassemermeer. Approximately 1,400 sailors were expected.

The venue hosted the 2022 Youth Sailing World Championships.
Black Orchid (album)
Black Orchid is an album by jazz group The Three Sounds featuring performances recorded in 1962 and released on the Blue Note label. The 1998 limited CD reissue features another seven unissued tracks recorded at different sessions. It was also issued in Japan in 2015, on SHM-CD, featuring different bonus tracks recorded at the same sessions.

Eden ahbez
George Alexander Aberle (April 15, 1908 – March 4, 1995), known as eden ahbez, was an American songwriter and recording artist of the 1940s to 1960s, whose lifestyle in California was influential in the hippie movement.  He was known to friends simply as ahbe.

Ahbez composed the song "Nature Boy", which became a No. 1 hit for eight weeks in 1948 for Nat "King" Cole. Living a bucolic life from at least the 1940s, he traveled in sandals and wore shoulder-length hair and beard, and white robes. He camped out below the first L in the Hollywood Sign above Los Angeles and studied Asian  mysticism. He slept outdoors with his family and ate vegetables, fruit, and nuts. He claimed to live on $3 per week.
Canon de 370 modèle 75/79 Glissement
The Canon de 370 modèle 75/79 Glissement was a French Railway gun designed during World War I but produced too late to see action during the war.  The six guns built were held in reserve between the wars and were not mobilized by France during World War II.

Railway gun
A railway gun, also called a railroad gun, is a large artillery piece, often surplus naval artillery, mounted on, transported by, and fired from a specially designed railway wagon. Many countries have built railway guns, but the best-known are the large Krupp-built pieces used by Germany in World War I and World War II. Smaller guns were often part of an armoured train.  They were only able to be moved where there were good tracks, which could be destroyed by artillery bombardment or airstrike. Railway guns were phased out after World War II.
Peter Felix Richards
Peter Felix Richards (1808–1868) was a pioneering Scottish merchant in Shanghai in the era following the Treaty of Nanjing. He founded the Richards Hotel and Restaurant, the first foreign hotel in China, and the forerunner to the Astor House Hotel.

Wusong
Wusong, formerly romanized as Woosung, is a subdistrict of Baoshan in northern Shanghai. Prior to the city's expansion, it was a separate port town located 14 miles (23 km) down the Huangpu River from Shanghai's urban core.