hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
By the Grace of God
By the Grace of God (Latin: Dei Gratia, abbreviated D.G.) is a formulaic phrase used especially in Christian monarchies as an introductory part of the full style of a monarch. In England and later the United Kingdom, the phrase was formally added to the royal style in 1521 and continues to be used. It is also used by bishops. For example, on UK coinage, the abbreviation DG appears today.

Royal and noble styles
Styles represent the fashion by which monarchs and noblemen are properly addressed. Throughout history, many different styles were used, with little standardization. This page will detail the various styles used by royalty and nobility in Europe, in the final form arrived at in the nineteenth century.
Khallet al-Haddad
Khallet al-Haddad is a Palestinian village located 5.5 km (3.4 mi) south of Bethlehem. The village is in the Bethlehem Governorate in the southern West Bank. It is bordered to the east by the town of Teqoa, to the north by the town of Jannatah, to the west by the village of Al-Ma'sara, and to the south by the lands of the town of Teqoa. The area of the village is about 1,742 dunums, including 1,678 arable lands and 24 residential areas.

There is one mosque in the village, which is the Mosque of the Pious. It contains a site called Sada Bishr, and the Al-Sawafeer Canal for collecting water, which existed from the time of the Romans. The village contains a basic school consisting of nine grades (1–9), and this school was named after the village.

Jannatah
Jannatah (Arabic: جناتة) is a Palestinian town in the central West Bank 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) south of Bethlehem in the Bethlehem Governorate. Nearby villages include Hindaza in the north and Tuqu' to the south. It is situated 570 meters (1,870 ft) above sea level. The total land area is 11,901 dunams of which 319 constitute built-up area and 277 have been confiscated by the Israeli government for settlements and a military base. Much of the remainder is used for arable land.
Odziena Manor
Odziena Manor (Latvian: Odzienas muižas pils; German: Schloss Odensee) is a manor house built in Neo-Gothic style around 1860 in Vietalva Parish, Aizkraukle Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia.

Aizkraukle Municipality
Aizkraukle Municipality (Latvian: Aizkraukles novads) is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. Its center is the town of Aizkraukle. The municipality was first formed in 2001 by merging Aizkraukle and Aizkraukle Parish. The population in 2020 was 8,024.

As a part of the 2021 Latvian administrative reform, the municipalities of Aizkraukle, Jaunjelgava, Koknese, Nereta, Pļaviņas and Skrīveri were merged into a new Aizkraukle Municipality. The new municipality encompasses nearly all of the area of the former Aizkraukle district, with the omission of Kurmene Parish and Valle Parish. It borders Lithuania and is partially located both in Vidzeme and Selonia.
John Louis (speedway rider)
John Charles Louis (14 June 1941 – April 2024) was an English international motorcycle speedway rider. He was the father of Great Britain International Chris Louis. He earned 54 international caps for the England national speedway team and four caps for the Great Britain team. He later managed the England national team from 1994 to 1998.

1974 Individual Speedway World Championship
The 1974 Individual Speedway World Championship was the 29th edition of the official World Championship to determine the world champion rider.

Sweden's own Anders Michanek scored a 15-point maximum to claim his only Individual world title in front of a capacity crowd at the Ullevi stadium in Gothenburg. Four time champion Ivan Mauger finished second on 11 points after winning a run-off with Swede Sören Sjösten who also scored 11. With the defending champion Jerzy Szczakiel not qualifying after finishing last in the 2nd Continental Semi-final, the only other World Champion in the field was Denmark's Ole Olsen who suffered a horror night, finishing second in his first ride before falling in his second and not being able to contest the rest of the meeting.
Pharen I of Armenia
Pharen I of Armenia (Armenian: Փառեն Ա. Աշտիշատցի) was the 17th Catholicos-Patriarch  of the Armenian Apostolic Church.

He started his reign of Catholicoi after the death of Daniel I of Armenia, in which, he succeeded him in c. 348. He reigned for 5 years until his death on c. 352 and was succeeded by  St. Nerses I the Great.

Nerses I
There was also a Caucasian Albanian Catholicos Nerses I, who ruled in 689–706, and a Patriarch Nerses I of Constantinople, who ruled in 1704.

Nerses I the Great (Armenian: Ներսէս Ա Մեծ, romanized: Nersēs A Mets; died c. 373), also known as Nerses the Parthian (Ներսէս Պարթև, Nersēs Part’ev), was an Armenian Catholicos (or Patriarch) who lived in the fourth century.
Forgery and Counterforgery
Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics is a 2012 scholarly monograph by American New Testament historian Bart D. Ehrman. Published by Oxford University Press, the volume surveys first- through fourth-century Christian writings that claim false authorship and evaluates how contemporaries received them.

Ehrman applies textual criticism and related historical analysis to define literary forgery in Greco-Roman contexts and to trace how pseudepigraphal texts functioned within early Christian debates. Reviewers described the study as an expansive and rigorous examination of literary deceit in Christian polemics.

Christian apologetics
Christian apologetics (Ancient Greek: ἀπολογία, "verbal defense, speech in defense") is a branch of Christian theology that defends Christianity.

Christian apologetics have taken many forms over the centuries, starting with Paul the Apostle in the early church and Patristic writers such as Origen, Augustine of Hippo, Justin Martyr and Tertullian, then continuing with writers such as Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham and Anselm of Canterbury during Scholasticism.

Blaise Pascal was an active Christian apologist during the 17th century. In the modern period, Christianity was defended through the efforts of many authors such as John Henry Newman, G. K. Chesterton and C. S. Lewis, as well as G. E. M. Anscombe.
Husnabad Assembly constituency
Husnabad Assembly constituency is a constituency of Telangana Legislative Assembly, India. It is one of 13 constituencies in Siddipet district. It is part of Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency.

Vodithela Sathish Kumar of Telangana Rashtra Samithi won the seat for the first time in the 2014 Assembly election.

Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency
Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency  is one of the 17 Lok Sabha (Lower House of the Parliament) constituencies in Telangana state in southern India.

Bandi Sanjay of Bharatiya Janata Party is currently representing the constituency.
Ching-Te (crater)
Ching-Te is a small lunar impact crater located in a mountainous area to the east of the Mare Serenitatis. It is a circular, bowl-shaped formation with no distinguishing features.

To the south-southeast is the crater Fabbroni, and to the northeast is Littrow. North of Ching-Te is the Rimae Littrow rille system as well as the crater Clerke.  Between Ching-Te and Mons Argaeus to the southwest lies the tiny crater Stella, with a bright ray system.

In the Taurus–Littrow valley about 20 kilometers to the east is the landing site of the Apollo 17 expedition.

The name of the crater was proposed by Dr. Farouk El-Baz and approved by the IAU in 1976.

Clerke (crater)
Clerke is a tiny lunar impact crater named after Irish astronomer Agnes Mary Clerke, who played a role in bringing astronomy and astrophysics to the public in Victorian England. It is located near the eastern edge of Mare Serenitatis in the midst of a rille system named the Rimae Littrow after the crater Littrow to the east. It is roughly circular and cup-shaped, with a relatively high albedo. In a valley to the southeast is the landing site of the Apollo 17 mission. Clerke was previously designated Littrow B.
John Burke (North Dakota politician)
John Burke (February 25, 1859 – May 14, 1937) was an American lawyer, jurist, and political leader from North Dakota who served as the tenth governor of North Dakota from 1907 to 1913, and later served as the 24th treasurer of the United States under President Woodrow Wilson from 1913 to 1921. Following his term as treasurer, he subsequently served intermittently as Chief Justice of the North Dakota Supreme Court first from 1929 to 1931, then from 1935 until his death in 1937.

Dakota Territory
The Territory of Dakota was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 2, 1861, until November 2, 1889, when the final extent of the reduced territory was split and admitted to the Union as the states of North and South Dakota.
Admiralty in the 18th century
The Glorious Revolution of 1688 rearranged the political map of Europe and led to a series of wars with France that lasted well over a century. This was the classic age of sail; while the ships themselves evolved in only minor ways, technique and tactics were honed to a high degree, and the battles of the Napoleonic Wars entailed feats that would have been impossible for the fleets of the 17th century. Because of parliamentary opposition, James II fled the country. The landing of William III and the Glorious Revolution itself was a gigantic effort involving 100 warships and 400 transports carrying 11,000 infantry and 4,000 horses. It was not opposed by the English or Scottish fleets.

Permanent Secretary to the Admiralty
The Permanent Secretary of the Admiralty was the permanent secretary at the Admiralty, the department of state in Great Britain and subsequently the United Kingdom responsible for the administration of the Royal Navy. He was head of the Admiralty Secretariat, later known as the Department of the Permanent Secretary.  Although he was not a Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty, he was as a member of the Board, and did attend all meetings. The post existed from 1702 to 1964.
Buffel-class monitor
The Buffel-class monitors were a pair of ironclad monitors built for the Royal Netherlands Navy in the 1860s. They had uneventful careers and were stricken from the Navy List in the late 1890s. Guinea was scrapped in 1897, but Buffel was hulked and converted into an accommodation ship in 1896. She was captured by the Germans during World War II, but survived the war. She became a museum ship in 1979.

HNLMS Buffel
HNLMS Buffel is a 19th-century ironclad ram ship. She was one of the main attractions of the Maritime Museum Rotterdam, also known as the Prince Hendrik Museum, named after its founder, Prince Henry (Hendrik) "The Navigator", who had a naval career and established the basis of the museum back in 1874. In October 2013 the ship moved to Hellevoetsluis and is again open for public.
Aspergillus bertholletius
Aspergillus bertholletius is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Flavi section. The species was first described in 2012. It has been isolated from Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa).

Aspergillus
Aspergillus (/ˌæspərˈdʒɪləs/) is a genus consisting of several hundred mold species found in various climates worldwide.

Aspergillus was first catalogued in 1729 by the Italian priest and biologist Pier Antonio Micheli. Viewing the fungi under a microscope, Micheli was reminded of the shape of an aspergillum (holy water sprinkler), from Latin spargere (to sprinkle), and named the genus accordingly. Aspergillum is an asexual spore-forming structure common to all Aspergillus species; around one-third of species are also known to have a sexual stage. While some species of Aspergillus are known to cause fungal infections, others are of commercial importance.
Alternaria alternata
Alternaria alternata is a fungus causing leaf spots, rots, and blights on many plant parts, and other diseases. It is an opportunistic pathogen on over 380 host species of plant.

It can also cause upper respiratory tract infections and asthma in humans with compromised immunity.

Leaf spot
A leaf spot is a limited, discoloured, diseased area of a leaf that is caused by fungal, bacterial or viral plant diseases, or by injuries from nematodes, insects, environmental factors, toxicity or herbicides. These discoloured spots or lesions often have a centre of necrosis (cell death). Symptoms can overlap across causal agents, however differing signs and symptoms of certain pathogens can lead to the diagnosis of the type of leaf spot disease. Prolonged wet and humid conditions promote leaf spot disease and most pathogens are spread by wind, splashing rain or irrigation that carry the disease to other leaves.
John Jermyn (field hockey)
John Jermyn (born 30 March 1982) is a former Ireland men's field hockey international. Between 2002 and 2018 Jermyn made 179 appearances and scored 93 goals for Ireland. He represented Ireland at the 2007 and 2011 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championships and at the 2016 Summer Olympics. In 2012, Jermyn set the new record as career top goal scorer for Ireland, eventually increasing the record to 93 goals by the end of his career with the national team; his record was not broken until 2018.

2009 Men's EuroHockey Nations Trophy
The 2009 Men's EuroHockey Nations Trophy was the 3rd edition of the Men's EuroHockey Nations Trophy, the second level of the European field hockey championships organized by the European Hockey Federation. It was held from 1 to 8 August 2009 in Wrexham, Wales.

The tournament also served as a qualifier for the 2011 EuroHockey Championship, with the finalists Ireland and Russia qualifying. Ireland won their second EuroHockey Nations Trophy title by defeating Russia 2–1 in the final and the hosts Wales won the bronze medal by defeating the Czech Republic 5–2.
Vacuum polarization
In quantum field theory, and specifically quantum electrodynamics, vacuum polarization describes a process in which a background electromagnetic field produces virtual electron–positron pairs that change the distribution of charges and currents that generated the original electromagnetic field.  It is also sometimes referred to as the self-energy of the gauge boson (photon). It is analogous to the electric polarization of dielectric materials, but in vacuum without the need of a medium.

The effects of vacuum polarization have been routinely observed experimentally since then as very well-understood background effects. Vacuum polarization, referred to below as the one loop contribution, occurs with leptons (electron–positron pairs) or quarks.

Positron
The positron or antielectron is the particle with an electric charge of +1e, a spin of 1/2 ħ (the same as the electron), and the same mass as an electron. It is the antiparticle (antimatter counterpart) of the electron. When a positron collides with an electron, annihilation occurs. If this collision occurs at low energies, it results in the production of two or more photons.

Positrons can be created by positron emission radioactive decay (through weak interactions), or by pair production from a sufficiently energetic photon which is interacting with an atom in a material.
If You're Happy and You Know It
"If You're Happy and You Know It" is a popular traditional American repetitive children's song, folksong, and drinking song. The song has been noted for its similarities to "Molodejnaya", a song appearing in the 1938 Soviet musical film Volga-Volga.

Repetitive song
Repetitive songs contain a large proportion of repeated words or phrases. Simple repetitive songs are common in many cultures as widely spread as the Caribbean, Southern India and Finland. The best-known examples are probably children's songs. Other repetitive songs are found, for instance, in African-American culture from the days of slavery.
Mark 29 torpedo
The Mark 29 torpedo was a submarine-launched, acoustic torpedo designed by Westinghouse Electric in 1945 for the United States Navy. It used the same acoustic system as the Mark 28 torpedo but was faster, operated at various depths, had an external depth setter, and could run as either a straight or a homing torpedo. The Mod 1 variant had two speeds, a remote-setting variable enabler and an anti-circular run device.

In April 1945, the Mark 29 program was discontinued.

Mark 28 torpedo
The Mark 28 torpedo was a submarine-launched, acoustic homing torpedo designed by Westinghouse Electric in 1944 for the United States Navy. The torpedo used all-electric controls. Service use of the Mark 28 ended after the introduction of the Mark 37 torpedo.
17035 Velichko
17035 Velichko (provisional designation 1999 FC10) is a Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4.5 kilometers in diameter.

It was discovered on 22 March 1999, by LONEOS program at Lowell's Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona, United States. The asteroid was named after Ukrainian astronomer Fedor Velichko.

Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search
Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search (LONEOS) was a project designed to discover asteroids and comets that orbit near the Earth. The project, funded by NASA, was directed by astronomer Ted Bowell of Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. The LONEOS project began in 1993 and ran until the end of February 2008.
Kunigami Seiin
Kunigami Ueekata Seiin (国頭 親方 正胤; ? – 1537), also known by his Chinese style name Ba Shiryō (馬 思良), was a bureaucrat of the Ryukyu Kingdom.

Kunigami Seiin was the second son of Okuma Kanjaa (奥間カンジャー), a blacksmith who lived in Okuma, Kunigami. Kanamaru fled to Okuma and hid in the mountain. Okuma Kanjaa found him and saved him from starving to death.

Later, Kanamaru ascended the throne and changed his name to King Shō En. As a reward for saving his life, Shō En elevated Kunigami Seiin to the peerage, gave Seiin Kunigami magiri (modern Kunigami, Okinawa) as the hereditary fief.

Kunigami Seiin served as Sanshikan during King Shō Shin and Shō Sei's reign. He was the grandfather of Kunigami Seikaku. Later, Seiin was regarded as the first head of Kunigami Udun (国頭御殿) posthumously.

Ueekata
Ueekata (親方), in the Okinawan language, was the highest rank in the yukatchu aristocracy of the former Ryukyu Kingdom (modern-day Okinawa, Japan), though it was still below the aji nobility. Members of the Council of Three (三司官, Sanshikan), a very high-ranking governmental body, were chosen from among the ueekata.

Ueekata rank was generally obtained as the last step in a progression from shii (子) rank to satonushi (里之子), then to peekumi (親雲上), and finally to ueekata. As with other Ryukyuan aristocratic titles, a member would often be referred to by their title, along with an associated placename. For example, royal government official Tei Dō (1549-1611) is equally well known by the title Jana Ueekata, or "ueekata of Jana," Jana (謝名) being an area (specifically, an azana) within what is today the city of Ginowan, Okinawa.

Holders of ueekata rank wore purple hachimachi headbands, the color being a symbol of rank.
Talysson de Valmir
Talysson Barbosa Costa, better known as Talysson de Valmir (born 12 August 1991), is a Brazilian politician serving as mayor of Areia Branca since 2025. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Sergipe in 2019 and 2022. He is the brother of Ícaro de Valmir.

Ícaro de Valmir
Ícaro Barbosa Costa, better known as Ícaro de Valmir (born 10 April 2001), is a Brazilian politician serving as a member of the Chamber of Deputies since 2023. He is the youngest member of the Chamber.
Elston
Elston is a village and civil parish in the Newark and Sherwood district, in Nottinghamshire, England, to the south-west of Newark, 0.5 mi (800 m) from the A46 Fosse Way. The population of the civil parish taken at the 2011 census was 631, increasing to 697 at the 2021 census. It lies between the rivers Trent and Devon, with the village "set amongst trees and farmland less than a mile from the A46.... Newark is five miles to the north, with... Lincoln and Nottingham some 18 miles north and south-west respectively."

Newark and Sherwood
Newark and Sherwood is a local government district in Nottinghamshire, England. It is the largest district by area in the county. The council is based in Newark-on-Trent, the area's largest town. The district also includes the towns of Southwell and Ollerton along with a large rural area containing many villages. Much of the district lies within the ancient Sherwood Forest and there are also extensive forestry plantations in the area.

The neighbouring districts are Rushcliffe, Gedling, Ashfield, Mansfield, Bassetlaw, West Lindsey, North Kesteven, South Kesteven and Melton. In 2021 it had a population of 123,383.
Holyoke Heritage State Park
Holyoke Heritage State Park is history-oriented state park located in the city of Holyoke, Massachusetts. The park opened in 1986 on the site of the William Skinner Silk Mill which was lost to fire in 1980. The park is managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation.

Department of Conservation and Recreation
The Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR) is a state agency of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States, situated in the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. It is best known for its parks and parkways. The DCR's mission is "To protect, promote and enhance our common wealth of natural, cultural and recreational resources for the well-being of all."  The agency is the largest landowner in Massachusetts.
Jewish dairy restaurant
A Jewish or Kosher dairy restaurant, dairy lunchroom, dairy deli, or in Yiddish milchig restaurant, is a type of kosher restaurant that does not serve meat under Jewish dietary laws, meaning eggs, dairy, and fish are permitted. Under this understanding of meat, the restaurants are thought of as and are nominally vegetarian. These restaurants are typically luncheonettes or diners that serve Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine, particularly American Jewish cuisine and the cuisine of New York City.

Descending from European "milk pavilions" and "dairy cafes," dairy restaurants were widespread in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States, patronized by health- and cost-conscious customers, particularly immigrant families. They were important to the Jewish diaspora prior to their decline and modernization.

American Jewish cuisine
American Jewish cuisine comprises the food, cooking, and dining customs associated with American Jews. It was heavily influenced by the cuisine of Jewish immigrants who came to the United States from Eastern Europe around the turn of the 20th century. It was further developed in unique ways by the immigrants and their descendants, especially in New York City and other large metropolitan areas of the northeastern U.S.
Johnathan Cyprien
Johnathan Ken Cyprien (born July 29, 1990) is an American former professional football player who was a safety in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the FIU Panthers and was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the second round of the 2013 NFL draft. Cyprien also played for the Tennessee Titans, Philadelphia Eagles, Atlanta Falcons, and San Francisco 49ers.

Gus Bradley
Paul Casey "Gus" Bradley (born July 5, 1966) is an American professional football coach who is the defensive coordinator for the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League (NFL). He came to prominence as the defensive coordinator for the Seattle Seahawks from 2009 to 2012, where he was the original playcaller of the team's Legion of Boom secondary. Bradley later served as the head coach of the Jacksonville Jaguars from 2013 to 2016. After his Jaguars tenure, Bradley was the defensive coordinator for the Los Angeles Chargers, Las Vegas Raiders, and Indianapolis Colts while also serving as the assistant head coach for the San Francisco 49ers.