hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cancelled-to-order
A cancelled to order (also called and abbreviated CTO) postage stamp, philatelic symbol , is a stamp the issuing postal service has cancelled (marked as used), but has not traveled through the post, but instead gets handed back to a stamp collector or dealer. They can come from withdrawn stocks of stamps cancelled in sheets and sold as remainders or from new sheets for sale at reduced rates to the stamp trade. Postal services of various countries do this in response to collector demand, or to preclude stamps issued for the collector market being used on mail. Some of the history of CTOs is from stamps being given to collectors on an approval basis, in person or through mailings; the first CTOs began in the late 19th century.

Stamp dealer
A stamp dealer is a company or individual engaged in the trade of stamps and philatelic products. This includes those who sell postage stamps for everyday use as well as revenue stamps for use on court documents. Stamp dealers who sell to stamp collectors and philatelists are of many kinds and their businesses range from small home operations to large international companies.
Apostol Sokolov
Apostol Sokolov (Bulgarian: Апостол Соколов; 23 October 1917 – 12 June 1987), nicknamed Potso, was a Bulgarian football goalkeeper. On club level, he played for Levski Sofia, Prince Kiril Sofia and Spartak Sofia. Playing 15 times for Bulgaria during the 1940s and 1950s, Sokolov represented them at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

Sokolov was considered one of the Eastern Europe's best goalkeepers during his career. He is regarded as the first goalkeeper who began to leave the goal line like modern keepers and even Lev Yashin said Sokolov was his inspiration. He had good reflexes and sense of positioning but above all he's remembered for his innovative style of play.

His son Georgi Sokolov was one of the most talented Bulgarian footballers who played as a winger or forward for Levski Sofia and Bulgaria.

Bulgarian Cup
The Bulgarian Cup (Bulgarian: Купа на България, romanized: Kupa na Bŭlgariya) is a Bulgarian annual football competition. It is the country's main cup competition and all officially registered Bulgarian football teams take part in it.

The tournament's format is single-elimination, with all matches being one-legged, except the semi-finals. The competition's winner gets the right to take part in the UEFA Europa League. If the winner has already secured a place through the Bulgarian A Professional Football Group, the team that has come fourth in the championship substitutes it.

The competition has been dominated by Sofia-based clubs. They have won together a total number of 65 titles. The three most successful clubs are Levski Sofia (26 cups), CSKA Sofia (21 cups) and Slavia Sofia (8 cups). The current cup holders are Ludogorets Razgrad, who beat CSKA Sofia 1–0 in the 2025 final.
Tantalum(V) ethoxide
Tantalum(V) ethoxide is a metalorganic compound with formula Ta2(OC2H5)10, often abbreviated as Ta2(OEt)10. It is a colorless solid that dissolves in some organic solvents but hydrolyzes readily. It is used to prepare films of tantalum(V) oxide.

Optical coating
An optical coating is one or more thin layers of material deposited on an optical component such as a lens, prism or mirror, which alters the way in which the optic reflects and transmits light. These coatings have become a key technology in the field of optics. One type of optical coating is an anti-reflection coating, which reduces unwanted reflections from surfaces, and is commonly used on spectacle and camera lenses. Another type is the high-reflective (HR) coating, which can be used to produce mirrors that reflect greater than 99.99% of the light that falls on them. More complex optical coatings exhibit high reflection over some range of wavelengths, and anti-reflection over another range, allowing the production of dichroic thin-film filters.
Hollesley
Hollesley listenⓘ is a village and civil parish in the East Suffolk district of Suffolk east of Ipswich in eastern England. Located on the Bawdsey peninsula five miles south-east of Woodbridge, in 2005 it had a population of 1,400 increasing to 1,581 at the 2011 Census.

Hollesley Bay Prison is located nearby. The Irish writer Brendan Behan, arrested for I.R.A. activities in 1939, was sent there, subsequently describing his experiences in Borstal Boy. Since 2002 the prison has been repeatedly criticised for the apparently large number of escapes, which has led to the nickname "Holiday Bay".

The church of All Saints is thought to date from the 11th century. The tower and church bell date from the 15th century. The stained glass is by the Welsh artist Meg Lawrence.

Hollesley Bay is a nearby coastal feature.

Woodbridge, Suffolk
Woodbridge is a port town and civil parish in the East Suffolk district of Suffolk, England. It is 8 miles (13 km) up the River Deben from the sea. It lies 7 miles (11 km) north-east of Ipswich and around 74 miles (119 km) north-east of London. In 2011 it had a population of 7,749.

The town is close to some major archaeological sites of the Anglo-Saxon period, including the Sutton Hoo burial ship. It is well known for its boating harbour and tide mill next to the River Deben, in the Suffolk & Essex Coast & Heaths National Landscape. Several festivals are held. As a "gem in Suffolk's crown" (according to The Suffolk Coast tourist site) it has been named the best place to live in the East of England.
1995 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 20
The 1995 Tour de France was the 82nd edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Saint-Brieuc with a prologue individual time trial on 1 July and Stage 11 occurred on 13 July with a hilly stage from Le Bourg-d'Oisans. The race finished on the Champs-Élysées in Paris on 23 July.

1995 Tour de France
The 1995 Tour de France was the 82nd Tour de France, taking place from 1 to 23 July. It was Miguel Induráin's fifth and final victory in the Tour. On the fifteenth stage Italian rider Fabio Casartelli died after an accident on the Col de Portet d'Aspet.

The points classification was won by Laurent Jalabert, while Richard Virenque won the mountains classification. Marco Pantani won the young rider classification, and ONCE won the team classification.

Lance Armstrong's best finish in the Tour de France became his 36th-place finish in this 1995 Tour de France, after his results from 1 August 1998 onward, including his seven Tour victories, were stripped on 24 August 2012 for blood doping.
Cambridge University Boat Club
The Cambridge University Boat Club (CUBC) is the rowing club of the University of Cambridge, England. The club was founded in 1828 and has been located at the Goldie Boathouse on the River Cam, Cambridge since 1882. Nowadays, training primarily takes place on the River Great Ouse at Ely.

The prime constitutional aim of CUBC is to beat Oxford University Boat Club in the annual Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race and Lightweight Boat Races. CUBC's Openweight Men's squad currently lead Oxford in the series by 87 races to 81, with 1 dead heat in The Boat Race 1877, while the Openweight Women's squad lead Oxford by 48 races to 30.  The Lightweight Men's squad lead Oxford by 31 races to 19, and the Lightweight Women's squad lead Oxford by 24 races to 17.

The Boat Race 1877
The 34th Boat Race took place on 24 March 1877.    The Boat Race is an annual side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames.  The race ended in a dead heat, the only time the event has ended in such a fashion.  Despite the formal declaration of a tie, Oxford believed that they were the victors.  The controversy surrounding the result led to significant changes to the way in which the race was conducted including the introduction of finishing posts and former Blues as umpires.
2011 RBC Bank Women's Challenger – Singles
The 2011 RBC Bank Women's Challenger was a tennis tournament in Raleigh, North Carolina.
Johanna Konta was the defending champion but chose not to participate.

Petra Rampre defeated Camila Giorgi in the final 6–3, 6–2.

2011 RBC Bank Women's Challenger
The 2011 RBC Bank Women's Challenger is a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It is part of the 2011 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place in Raleigh, North Carolina, United States in 9 and 15 May 2011.
Battle of Nicopolis
The Battle of Nicopolis took place on 25 September 1396 and resulted in the rout of an allied Crusader army, assisted by the Venetian navy, at the hands of an Ottoman force, raising the siege of the Danubian fortress of Nicopolis and leading to the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire. It is often referred to as the Crusade of Nicopolis, as it was one of the last big Crusades of the Middle Ages, together with the Crusade of Varna in 1443–1444. By their victory at Nicopolis, the Turks discouraged the formation of European coalitions against them. They maintained their pressure on Constantinople, tightened their control over the Balkans, and became a greater threat to Central Europe.

Isabella of Valois
Isabella of Valois (9 November 1389 – 13 September 1409) was Queen of England as the wife of Richard II, King of England, between 1396 and 1399, and Duchess of Orléans as the wife of Charles I, Duke of Orléans, from 1406 until her death in 1409. She had been born a princess of France as the daughter of King Charles VI and Isabeau of Bavaria.
Target lesion
In dermatology, a target lesion or bull's-eye lesion, named for its resemblance to the bull's-eye of a shooting target, is a rash with central clearing. It occurs in several diseases, as follows:

Target lesions are the typical lesions of erythema multiforme, in which a vesicle is surrounded by an often hemorrhagic maculopapule. Erythema multiforme is often self-limited, of acute onset, resolves in three to six weeks, and has a cyclical pattern. Its lesions are multiform (polymorphous) and include macules, papules, vesicles, and bullae.

Target lesions are also typical of Lyme disease. In the context of Lyme disease, the target lesion is synonymous with erythema migrans (erythema chronicum migrans), although not everyone who gets Lyme disease will have a target-shaped rash, and some will have no rash at all.

Rash
A rash is a change of the skin that affects its color, appearance, or texture.

A rash may be localized in one part of the body, or affect all the skin. Rashes may cause the skin to change color, itch, become warm, bumpy, chapped, dry, cracked or blistered, swell, and may be painful.
The causes, and therefore treatments for rashes, vary widely. Diagnosis must take into account such things as the appearance of the rash, other symptoms, what the patient may have been exposed to, occupation, and occurrence in family members. The diagnosis may confirm any number of conditions.
The presence of a rash may aid diagnosis; associated signs and symptoms are diagnostic of certain diseases. For example, the rash in measles is an erythematous, morbilliform, maculopapular rash that begins a few days after the fever starts. It classically starts at the head, and spreads downwards.
1993 Alamo Bowl
The 1993 Alamo Bowl was the inaugural edition of the college football bowl game and featured the California Golden Bears of the Pacific-10 Conference and the Iowa Hawkeyes of the Big Ten Conference.

Part of the 1993–94 bowl schedule, it was played on New Year's Eve at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas. Held on Friday night, it was televised by ESPN and kicked off shortly after 8:30 p.m. CST. Favored California won in a rout, 37–3.

Alamo Bowl
The Alamo Bowl is a college football post-season bowl game featuring NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) teams, played annually since 1993 in the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas. Traditionally, the Alamo Bowl has been played in late December, although it has been contested in early January three times. The bowl has had tie-ins with several athletic conferences, most recently the Big 12 Conference and Pac-12 Conference. Since 2007, the game has been sponsored by Valero Energy Corporation and is officially known as the Valero Alamo Bowl.
Berlin, Missouri
Berlin is an unincorporated community in Gentry County, Missouri, in the United States. It is situated 4.5 miles north of Fairport and 9 mile east of King City. The GNIS classifies it as a populated place.

A post office called Berlin was established in 1874 and remained in operation until 1906. In 1877 the population was about 20. Currently there are a few houses and a church localized around a highway intersection. A cemetery remains in Berlin about a half-mile south of where the hamlet is.

Fairport, Missouri
Fairport is an unincorporated community in northeastern DeKalb County, Missouri, United States. The community is part of the St. Joseph, MO–KS Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Fairport is located at the intersection of Missouri Routes A and E approximately nine miles north of Maysville.

A post office called Fairport was established in 1869, and remained in operation until 1965. The community was named for the fair surroundings of the original town site.
Calomys cerqueirai
Calomys cerqueirai is a species of rodent in the genus Calomys from southeastern Brazil. Distinct from other Calomys in its karyotype and characters of the fur, it is known only from two places in Minas Gerais. The karyotype was first described in 1996 and the species was formally named in 2010.

Vesper mouse
Vesper mice are rodents belonging to the genus Calomys. They are widely distributed in South America. Some species are notable as the vectors of Argentinian hemorrhagic fever and Bolivian hemorrhagic fever.

The genus was originally named Hesperomys, but was changed to Calomys in 1962.
Toki (train)
The Toki (とき) is a high-speed Shinkansen train service operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) on the Joetsu Shinkansen in Japan.

The name is taken from the Japanese name of the crested ibis, for which Niigata is famous.

Ueno Station
Ueno Station (上野駅, Ueno-eki) is a major railway station in Tokyo's Taitō ward. It is the station used to reach the Ueno district and Ueno Park—which contains Tokyo National Museum, The National Museum of Western Art, Ueno Zoo, Tokyo University of the Arts and other famous cultural facilities. A major commuter hub, it is also the traditional terminus for long-distance trains from northern Japan, although with the extension of the Shinkansen lines to Tokyo Station this role has diminished in recent years. A similar extension of conventional lines extended Takasaki Line, Utsunomiya Line and Jōban Line services to Tokyo Station via the Ueno-Tokyo Line in March 2015, using existing little-used tracks and a new viaduct; the Ueno-Tokyo Line connects these lines with the Tōkaidō Main Line, allowing through services to Shinagawa, Yokohama, Odawara and Atami stations.

Ueno Station is close to Keisei Ueno Station, the Tokyo terminus of the Keisei Main Line to Narita Airport Station.
Reading Southern railway station
Reading Southern railway station served the town of Reading, in Berkshire, England, between 1855 and 1970. It was sited to the south of Reading General station on the Great Western Main Line. The station was opened in 1855 by the South Eastern Railway's route from Redhill, connecting Reading with south coast towns such as Brighton and Dover. It also became the terminus of the outer suburban Waterloo to Reading line from London Waterloo. The station closed to passengers in 1965, when services were diverted to the former Great Western station, and the site was later cleared.

Tonbridge railway station
Tonbridge railway station is on the South Eastern Main Line in England, serving the town of Tonbridge, Kent. It is 29 miles 46 chains (47.6 km) from London Charing Cross via Sevenoaks. Trains calling at the station are operated by Southeastern and Southern.

Tonbridge forms a junction between the South Eastern Main Line, the Hastings Line and the Redhill–Tonbridge line. There are four platforms. Platform 4 is a terminating platform.

There are extensive yards and storage sidings on both the east and west sides of the station.
Boarding (transport)
Boarding is the entry of passengers onto a vehicle, usually in public transportation. Boarding starts with entering the vehicle and ends with the seating of each passenger and closing the doors.  The term is used in road, rail, water and air transport (for example, passengers board a coach).

Jet bridge
A jet bridge is an enclosed connector which most commonly extends from an airport terminal gate to an airplane, and in some instances from a port to a boat or ship, allowing passengers to board and disembark without heading outside and being exposed to harsh weather. Depending on building design, sill heights, fueling positions, and operational requirements, a jet bridge may be fixed or movable, swinging radially, or extending in length. The jetway was invented by Frank Der Yuen.

Similar devices are used for astronauts to enter spacecraft, which are installed at the appropriate height of the launch tower.
Kruså
Kruså (Danish pronunciation: [kʰʁuˈsɔˀ]; German: Krusau) is a Danish border town and border crossing with a population of 1,486 (1 January 2025), 6 kilometers north of Flensburg, situated on the European route E45. It is located in Aabenraa Municipality (prior to the Municipality Reform of 2007 in Bov municipality).

On 9 April 1940, at 4:15 am German troops crossed the border here, starting the invasion of Denmark.

Until the opening of the motorway border crossing at Frøslev Kruså was the most important crossing over land to Germany.

Aabenraa Municipality
Aabenraa Municipality (Danish: Aabenraa Kommune, German: Kommune Apenrade) is a kommune in the Region of Southern Denmark in southwestern Denmark. The municipality has an area of 940.7 km2 and a total population of 58,621 (2025). Its largest town and the site of its municipal council is the city of Aabenraa. The mayor of the municipality is Jan Riber Jakobsen, representing the Conservative People's Party.

The island of Barsø is located in the northeast corner of the municipality in the Little Belt. Major communities include Lundsbjerg near the capital, Aabenraa; Søgård to the south, Felsted to the east, and Løjt Kirkeby to the north. Løjt Kirkeby is connected by ferry service from the island of Barsø.
Fordon Vistula Gorge
The Fordon Vistula Gorge, also known as the Vistula Valley Gorge or Fordon Gate, is a microregion in northern Poland, located in the northeastern part of Bydgoszcz, bordering the gminas of Osielsko, Dobrcz, and Dąbrowa Chełmińska. It forms the southern edge of the Lower Vistula Valley.

In the work Środowisko przyrodnicze Bydgoszczy (Natural Environment of Bydgoszcz), the Fordon Vistula Gorge is defined as a physical-geographical microregion within the mesoregion of the Fordon Valley. Broadly, it encompasses the so-called gate of the gorge section of the lower Vistula, where the river, after flowing through the Toruń-Eberswalde Urstromtal, sharply changes direction, cutting into the South Baltic Lake Lands and heading directly toward the Baltic Sea.

Outwash plain
An outwash plain, also called a sandur (plural: sandurs), sandr or sandar, is a plain formed of glaciofluvial deposits due to meltwater outwash at the terminus of a glacier. As it flows, the glacier grinds the underlying rock surface and carries the debris along. The meltwater at the snout of the glacier deposits its load of sediment over the outwash plain, with larger boulders being deposited near the terminal moraine, and smaller particles travelling further before being deposited. Sandurs are common in Iceland where geothermal activity accelerates the melting of ice flows and the deposition of sediment by meltwater.
Araneites
Araneites is a genus belonging to the Sporadoceratinae subfamily of the Prionoceratidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.

Sporadoceratinae
Sporadoceratinae is one of two subfamilies of the Sporadoceratidae family, a member of the Goniatitida order. It is an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
Elliptic curve point multiplication
Elliptic curve scalar multiplication is the operation of successively adding a point along an elliptic curve to itself repeatedly.  It is used in elliptic curve cryptography (ECC).
The literature presents this operation as scalar multiplication, as written in Hessian form of an elliptic curve. A widespread name for this operation is also elliptic curve point multiplication, but this can convey the wrong impression of being a multiplication between two points.

Montgomery curve
In mathematics, the Montgomery curve is a form of elliptic curve introduced by Peter L. Montgomery in 1987, different from the usual Weierstrass form. It is used for certain computations, and in particular in different cryptography applications.
7×33mm Sako
The 7×33mm Sako cartridge was created in Finland in 1942 as a small game cartridge for animals such as the Capercaillie and Black Grouse. It is based on a 9×19mm Parabellum case that has been lengthened and necked down to accept a 7.21 mm (0.284 in) bullet. The cartridge overall length is 44.30 mm (1.744 in), with a case length of 33.30 mm (1.311 in) and a base diameter of 10 mm (0.39 in). The bottleneck bends at 26.50 mm (1.043 in) (diameter 9.50 mm (0.374 in)) and straightens at 29.12 mm (1.146 in) (diameter 7.80 mm (0.307 in)). The Bertram company of Australia makes brass for it. Sako offers two loadings: a 78 gr (5.1 g) FMJ, and a 78 gr soft nose.

Rifles chambered in this caliber include the Sako Models L42 and L46.

9×19mm Parabellum
The 9×19mm Parabellum (also known as 9mm Parabellum, 9mm Luger, 9mm NATO or simply 9mm) is a rimless, centerfire, tapered firearms cartridge.

Originally designed by Austrian firearm designer Georg Luger in 1901, it is widely considered the most popular handgun and submachine gun cartridge due to its low cost, adequate stopping power and extensive availability.

Since the cartridge was designed for the Luger semi-automatic pistol, it has been given the designation of 9mm Luger by the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) and the Commission internationale permanente pour l'épreuve des armes à feu portatives (CIP).

A 2007 US survey concluded that "about 60 percent of the firearms in use by police are 9mm [Parabellum]" and credited 9×19mm Parabellum pistol sales with making semiautomatic pistols more popular than revolvers.
2022–23 French Basketball Cup
The 2022–23 French Basketball Cup season (French: 2022–23 Coupe de France de Basket) was the 46th season of the domestic cup competition of French basketball.The previous winner of the cup was Élan Béarnais. The competition started on 20 September 2022 and ended 22 April 2023. AS Monaco won the competition.

French Basketball Cup
The French Basketball Cup, or French Federation Basketball Cup, (French: Coupe de France de Basket) is the annual national basketball federation cup competition of France. It is organized by the French Basketball Federation. It is also known as the Trophée Robert Busnel (Robert Busnel Trophy), named after the late basketball player Robert Busnel, who died in 1991.

A total of 54 amateur and professional teams from France, participate in the cup competition.