hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2010 Western Equatoria gubernatorial election
The Western Equatoria gubernatorial election took place in April 2010, alongside elections for the Governorships of Sudan's other states as part of the wider Sudanese general election, to elect the Governor of Western Equatoria. In a rare upset, incumbent SPLM Governor Jemma Nunu Kumba was defeated by the Independent candidate Col. Bangasi Joseph Bakosoro.

2010 Sudanese gubernatorial elections
The Sudanese gubernatorial elections took place on 11–15 April 2010, alongside the wider Sudanese general election, to elect the Governors of the states of Sudan.

The election produced few unexpected upsets, with NCP candidates winning all Northern States, and SPLM candidates winning all of Sudan's Southern States with the notable exception of Western Equatoria; where an Independent candidate unseated the incumbent SPLM Governor.

Changes to the constitution in January 2015 meant that Governors are now appointed by the President, as opposed to being directly elected.

The only state not to hold elections was South Kordofan, where elections were delayed due to disagreement over disputes arising from the 2008 census.
Rho1 Arietis
Rho1 Arietis is a star in the northern constellation of Aries, the ram. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from ρ1 Arietis, and abbreviated Rho1 Ari or ρ1 Ari. This star has an apparent visual magnitude of 7.01, making it a challenge to see with the naked eye even under ideal dark-sky conditions. Based upon an annual parallax shift measurement of 12.53 mas, it is approximately 260 light-years (80 parsecs) distant from the Earth.

This is a white-hued A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A5 V. It has 1.7 times the mass of the Sun and 1.8 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating nearly 8 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,289 K.

A-type main-sequence star
An A-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence (core hydrogen burning) star of spectral type A. The spectral luminosity class is V. These stars have spectra defined by strong hydrogen Balmer absorption lines. They measure between 1.7 and 2.1 solar masses (M☉), have surface temperatures between 7,600 and 10,000 K, and live for about a quarter of the lifetime of the Sun. Bright and nearby examples are Altair (A7), Sirius A (A1), and Vega (A0). A-type stars do not have convective zones and thus are not expected to harbor magnetic dynamos. As a consequence, because they do not have strong stellar winds; they lack a means to generate X-ray emission.
WGUR
WGUR (95.3 FM) – branded 95.3 The Noise – is a college radio station broadcasting a variety format.  Licensed to Milledgeville, Georgia, United States, the station is owned by Georgia College & State University. Initially named WXGC "88 Rock," the station officially began airing on January 10, 1975.

Georgia College & State University
Georgia College and State University (Georgia College or GCSU) is a public liberal arts university in Milledgeville, Georgia, United States. The university enrolls approximately 7,000 students and is a member of the University System of Georgia and the Council of Public Liberal Arts Colleges. Georgia College was designated Georgia's "Public Liberal Arts University" in 1996 by the Georgia Board of Regents.
Gyeongbuk Line
The Gyeongbuk Line (Korean: 경북선) is a railway line serving North Gyeongsang Province in South Korea. The line runs from Gimcheon on the Gyeongbu Line via Sangju, Jeomchon (junction with the Mungyeong Line), and Yecheon to Yeongju on the Jungang Line.

Gyeongbu Line
The Gyeongbu line (Gyeongbuseon) is a railway line in South Korea and is considered to be the most important and one of the oldest in the country. It was constructed in 1905, connecting Seoul with Busan via Suwon, Daejeon, and Daegu. It is by far the most heavily travelled rail line in South Korea.

All types of high-speed, express, local, and freight trains provide frequent service along its entire length.
Industrialny City District, Barnaul
Industrialny City District (Russian: Индустриальный райо́н) is a district of the city of Barnaul, Altai Krai, Russia. Its area is ca. 129.9 square kilometers (50.2 sq mi). Population:  167,324 (2010 Census); 76,206 (1989 Soviet census).

Barnaul
Barnaul (Russian: Барнау́л, IPA: [bərnɐˈul] ⓘ) is the largest city and administrative centre of Altai Krai, Russia, located at the confluence of the Barnaulka and Ob rivers in the West Siberian Plain. As of the 2021 census, its population was 630,877, making it the 20th-largest city in Russia and the fourth-largest in the Siberian Federal District.

Located in the south of western Siberia on the left bank of the Ob River, Barnaul is a major transport, industrial, cultural, medical and educational hub of Siberia. Barnaul was founded by the wealthy Demidov family, who intended to develop the production of copper and silver, which continued after the factories were taken over by the Crown. Barnaul became a major centre of silver production in Russia. Barnaul was granted city status in 1771.
Dropping funnel
A dropping funnel or addition funnel is a type of laboratory glassware used to transfer liquids. It is fitted with a stopcock which allows the flow to be controlled. Dropping funnels are useful for adding reagents slowly, i.e. drop-wise. This is desirable when the quick addition of the reagent results in side reactions, or if the reaction is too vigorous.

Dropping funnels are usually constructed with a ground glass joint at the bottom, which allows the funnel to fit snugly onto a round bottom flask. This also means it need not be clamped separately.

Dropping funnels have been in use since at least the mid-1800s.

Ground glass joint
Ground glass joints are used in laboratories to quickly and easily fit leak-tight apparatus together from interchangeable commonly available parts. For example, a round bottom flask, Liebig condenser, and oil bubbler with ground glass joints may be rapidly fitted together to reflux a reaction mixture. This is a large improvement compared with older methods of custom-made glassware, which was time-consuming and expensive, or the use of less chemical resistant and heat resistant corks or rubber bungs and glass tubes as joints, which took time to prepare as well.

One of the glassware items to be joined would have an inner (or male) joint with the ground glass surface facing outward and the other would have an outer (or female) joint of a correspondingly fitting taper with the ground glass surface facing inward.  To connect the hollow inner spaces of the glassware components, ground glass joints are hollow on the inside and open at the ends, except for stoppers.
Florentino Luís
Florentino Ibrain Morris Luís (born 19 August 1999), known as Florentino (Portuguese pronunciation: [fluɾẽˈtinu]), is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Premier League club Burnley, on loan from Primeira Liga club Benfica. Born in Angola, he has represented Portugal at youth level.

Coming through Benfica's youth system, he began playing for Benfica B in 2017 and was promoted to the first-team a year later, playing a few minutes with the latter. He joined Monaco and Getafe on consecutive loans between 2020 and 2022. He returned to Benfica the following season and established himself as an integral player for the club.

Florentino is a former Portugal youth international, representing his country at various levels, being part of the under-17 team that won the 2016 European Championship, the under-19 team that won the 2018 European Championship and the under-21 team that finished as runners-up at the 2021 European Championship.

UEFA European Under-19 Championship
The UEFA European Under-19 Championship, or simply the Euro Under-19, is an annual football competition, contested by the European men's under-19 national teams of the UEFA member associations.

Spain is the most successful team in this competition, having won twelve titles. Netherlands are the current champions.
Freeman Barnardo
Freeman Frederick Thomas Barnardo (16 May 1918 – 25 October 1942) was an English first-class cricketer who was born in Bombay, British India, and educated at Eton and Magdalene College, Cambridge. He played in one first-class match for Middlesex and also one first-class match for Cambridge as a right-handed batsman in 1939. In his three innings, he had one score of 75 and two of nought.

He died on active service with the Queen's Bays 2nd Dragoon Guards during the Second World War, ten miles west of El Alamein in Egypt, aged 24. At the time of his death he held the rank of Lieutenant and rests in the care of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission at the El Alamein War Cemetery.

El Alamein
El Alamein (Arabic: العلمين, romanized: al-ʿAlamayn, lit. 'the two flags', IPA: [elʕælæˈmeːn] ⓘ) is an Egyptian city in the northern Matrouh Governorate. Located on the Mediterranean Sea, it lies 106 kilometres (66 mi) west of Alexandria and 300 kilometres (186 mi) northwest of Cairo. The town is located on the site of the ancient city Antiphrai (Greek: Ἀντίφραι). The city is divided into three main areas: El Alamein, Sidi Abdel Rahman, and Tel El Eis village.

The city's economy is mainly based on its natural resources of petroleum, which is explored by several Egyptian companies, and the tourist areas where a number of luxury hotels and tourist resorts are located, such as the tourist town of Marina.
A Kung Ngam
A Kung Ngam (Chinese: 阿公岩) is a village and an area in northeast Shau Kei Wan in the northeast of Hong Kong Island, in Hong Kong. It contains a fish terminal market, several temples and the Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence.

Shau Kei Wan
Shau Kei Wan or Shaukiwan is a neighborhood in the Eastern District of Hong Kong Island. The area is bordered by Chai Wan to the east, Mount Parker to the south, Sai Wan Ho to the west, and Victoria Harbour to the north.

Shau Kei Wan is considered as an area surrounded by A Kung Ngam Road and A Kung Ngam Village Road to the east, Yiu Hing Road and Shau Kei Wan Road to the south, Junction of Aldrich Bay Road and Shau Kei Wan Road to the west, and Oi Kan Road to the north.
Paul Dauenhauer
Paul Dauenhauer (born 1980), a chemical engineer and MacArthur Fellow, is the Lanny and Charlotte Schmidt Professor at the University of Minnesota.  He is recognized for his research in catalysis science and engineering, especially, his contributions to the understanding of the catalytic breakdown of cellulose to renewable chemicals, the invention of oleo-furan surfactants, and the development of catalytic resonance theory and programmable catalysts.

Detergent
A detergent is a product for cleaning that contains surfactants plus other components. Detergents comprise surfactants as main functional components to remove hydrophobic grease or dirt by dispersing them in water. They often further comprise water (to facilitate application), builders (to soften water), enzymes (for breaking down proteins, fats, or starches), and dyes or fragrances (to improve the user's sensory experience).

Common surfactants used in detergents are alkylbenzene sulfonates, which are soap-like compounds that are more soluble than soap in hard water, because the polar sulfonate is less likely than the polar carboxylate of soap to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water.
Plava Voda
Plava Voda (Blue Water) is a large spring, which creates approximately 350 metres long eponymous river, in Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It rises under Vlašić mountain, just below Travnik Castle, in the centre of Old Town of Travnik.

Vlašić (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Vlašić (Serbian Cyrillic: Влашић) is a mountain in the geographical center of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its highest peak is Paljenik (also called Opaljenik) with an elevation of 1,933 m. It is famous for its pastures, cattle-breeding and cheese. It is closest to the town of Travnik, which it overlooks.
Chow Yei-ching
Chow Yei-ching, GBS OBE (Chinese: 周亦卿; 1 September 1935 – 29 July 2018) was a Hong Kong businessman who was the chairman, managing director and chairman emeritus of Chevalier International Holdings, an international conglomerate, comprising property and hotel management, engineering, construction, insurance, investments, information technology, food/beverage, and car dealership businesses. The Group holds two publicly listed companies in Hong Kong – Chevalier International Holdings, Ltd. and Chevalier Pacific Holdings, Ltd. and one publicly listed company in Singapore – Chevalier Singapore Holdings, Ltd.

City University of Hong Kong
The City University of Hong Kong (CityUHK) is a public university in Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. It was founded in 1984 as the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong and formally established as the City University of Hong Kong in 1994.

The university currently has ten main schools offering courses in business, science, engineering, liberal arts and social sciences, law, and veterinary medicine, along with the Chow Yei Ching School of Graduate Studies, CityU Shenzhen Research Institute, and Hong Kong Institute for Advanced Study.
2014 Ukrainian Super Cup
The 2014 Ukrainian Super Cup became the eleventh edition of Ukrainian Super Cup, an annual football match contested by the winners of the previous season's Ukrainian Top League and Ukrainian Cup competitions.

The match was played at the Arena Lviv, Lviv, on 22 July 2014, and contested by league winner Shakhtar Donetsk and cup winner Dynamo Kyiv. Shakhtar won it 2–0.

2013–14 Ukrainian Premier League
The 2013–14 Ukrainian Premier League season was the 23rd since its establishment.

A total of sixteen teams participated in the league. Fifteen teams from last season's competition and one promoted club from the 2012–13 Ukrainian First League formed the league. The competition commenced on the 12 July 2013 when Tavriya Simferopol hosted Zorya Luhansk. Eighteen rounds were played prior to the winter recess. The competition was affected by the political turmoil that affected Ukraine during the spring session.
WestCity Waitakere
WestCity Waitakere is a major regional shopping centre located in Henderson, a suburb in Auckland, New Zealand. It is 15.9 kilometres (9.9 mi) west of the Auckland CBD, and is immediately adjacent to The Boundary.

The centre has a current catchment area of 174,340 persons, and annual turnover at the centre for 2006 was $161.10 million NZD with 8.5 million visitors per year.

In February 2017, it was announced that owner Scentre Group had sold the mall, at the time named Westfield WestCity, to the family-owned Australian business Angaet Group for $147 million AUD.

Woolworths (New Zealand supermarket chain)
Woolworths is an Australian-owned New Zealand full-service supermarket chain and subsidiary of Woolworths New Zealand, itself a subsidiary of Australia's Woolworths Group. Previously known as Countdown, the business is currently in the process of rebranding all stores as Woolworths.

Before its reintroduction, the original 'Woolworths' brand was phased-out in the late 2000s. All but one store were rebranded as Countdown by 2011, with the exception in Mount Maunganui.
Copa Catalunya Basketball
Copa Catalunya is the name given to the regional group of Catalonia in the Primera División de Baloncesto basketball championship, that is the fifth tier level in the Spanish basketball league system, after the Liga ACB, LEB Oro, LEB Plata and Liga EBA. It has been administered by the Catalan Basketball Federation since 1999 and is played under FIBA rules.

Segunda FEB
The Segunda FEB, formerly known as LEB 2 and LEB Plata, is the third basketball division of the Spanish basketball league system and the second basketball division organized by the Spanish Basketball Federation. Since 2019, three teams are promoted to Primera FEB and six teams are relegated to Tercera FEB.

From the 2024–25 season, it is named Segunda FEB.
Baytown culture
The Baytown culture was a Pre-Columbian Native American culture that existed from 300 to 700 CE in the lower Mississippi River Valley, consisting of sites in eastern Arkansas, western Tennessee, Louisiana, and western Mississippi. The Baytown Site on the White River in Monroe County, Arkansas is the type site for culture. It was a Baytown Period culture during the Late Woodland period. It was contemporaneous with the Coastal Troyville and Troyville cultures of Louisiana and Mississippi (all three had evolved from the Marksville Hopewellian peoples) and the Fourche Maline culture and was succeeded by the Plum Bayou culture. Where the Baytown peoples built dispersed settlements, the Troyville people instead continued building major earthwork centers.

Fourche Maline culture
The Fourche Maline culture (pronounced foosh-ma-lean) was a Woodland Period Native American culture that existed from 300 BCE to 800 CE, in what are now defined as southeastern Oklahoma, southwestern Arkansas, northwestern Louisiana, and northeastern Texas. They are considered to be one of the main ancestral groups of the Caddoan Mississippian culture, along with the contemporaneous Mill Creek culture of eastern Texas. This culture was named for the Fourche Maline Creek, a tributary of the Poteau River. Their modern descendants are the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma.
Juventia gens
The gens Juventia, occasionally written Jubentia, was an ancient plebeian family at Rome.  After centuries of obscurity, the gens emerges into history with the appearance of Titus Juventius, a military tribune, in the beginning of the second century BC.  The first of the Juventii to obtain the consulship was Marcus Juventius Thalna in 163 BC.  But the family is renowned less for its statesmen than for its jurists, who flourished during the second century AD.

Gens
In ancient Rome, a gens (/ɡɛns/ or /dʒɛnz/, Latin: [gẽːs]; pl.: gentes [ˈgɛnteːs]) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same nomen gentilicium and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens, sometimes identified by a distinct cognomen, was called a stirps (pl.: stirpes). The gens was an important social structure at Rome and throughout Italia during the period of the Roman Republic. Much of individuals' social standing depended on the gens to which they belonged. Certain gentes were classified as patrician, others as plebeian; some had both patrician and plebeian branches. The importance of the gens as a social structure declined considerably in imperial times, although the gentilicium continued to define the origins and dynasties of the ancient Romans, including the emperors.
150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda
Swami Vivekananda was an Indian Hindu monk. He was a key figure in the introduction of the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the western world. The 150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda (12 January 2013) was celebrated all over India and in different countries in the world. Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports of India decided to observe 2013 as the year of 150th Birth Anniversary of Swami Vivekananda. Year-long events and programs were organised by different branches of Ramakrishna Math, Ramakrishna Mission, central government and different state governments of India, education institutions, youth groups etc. Bengali film director Tutu (Utpal) Sinha made a film The Light: Swami Vivekananda as a tribute to Swami Vivekananda on his 150th birth anniversary. The movie was released on 23 August 2013.

Ramakrishna Math
Ramakrishna Math is the administrative and legal organisation of the Ramakrishna Order. It was set up by sanyasin disciples of Ramakrishna Paramhansa headed by Swami Vivekananda at Baranagar Math in Baranagar, near Calcutta (now Kolkata), in 1886. India. The headquarters of the Ramakrishna Math and its twin organisation, the Ramakrishna Mission is at Belur Math (in West Bengal, India).

Although Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission are legally and financially separate, they are closely inter-related in several other ways and are to be regarded as twin organisations. All branch centres of the Ramakrishna Math come under the administrative control of the Board of Trustees, whereas all branch centres of the Ramakrishna Mission come under the administrative control of the Governing Body of Ramakrishna Mission.
Gibson and Weldon
Gibson and Weldon was a law practice at 27 Chancery Lane in London and the name of its tutorial firm which from 1876 until 1962 prepared hundreds of thousands of future solicitors and barristers in England and Wales for their examinations. Gibson and Weldon also published the monthly journal Law Notes and a series of legal textbooks from adjacent offices at 25–26 Chancery Lane. The firm's principals were Albert Gibson (1852–1921) and Arthur William Weldon (1856–1943). After the death of Arthur Weldon the tutorial firm continued until 1962 when it was merged with the Law Society's own law school to form the College of Law (since 2013 known as the University of Law).

John Widgery, Baron Widgery
John Passmore Widgery, Baron Widgery, OBE, TD, PC (24 July 1911 – 26 July 1981) was an English judge who served as Lord Chief Justice of England from 1971 to 1980. He is principally noted for presiding over the  Widgery Tribunal on the events of Bloody Sunday.
Neubukow-Salzhaff
Neubukow-Salzhaff is an Amt in the district of Rostock, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The seat of the Amt is in Neubukow, itself is not part of the Amt.

The Amt Neubukow-Salzhaff consists of the following municipalities:

Alt Bukow

Am Salzhaff

Bastorf

Biendorf

Carinerland

Rerik

Rostock (district)
Rostock (German: Landkreis Rostock) is a district in the north of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the district Nordwestmecklenburg, the Baltic Sea, the district-free city Rostock and the districts Vorpommern-Rügen, Mecklenburgische Seenplatte and Ludwigslust-Parchim. The district seat is the town Güstrow.
Industry in Iran
According to a report by The Economist, Iran has been ranked 39th for producing $23 billion of industrial products in 2008. From 2008 to 2009 Iran has leaped to 28th place from 69th place in annual industrial production growth rate.

The government of Iran has plans for the establishment of 50–60 industrial parks by the end of the fifth Five-Year Socioeconomic Development Plan by 2015. Iranian contractors have been awarded several foreign tender contracts in different fields of construction of dams, bridges, roads, buildings, railroads, power generation, and gas, oil and petrochemical industries. As of 2011, some 66 Iranian industrial companies are carrying out projects in 27 countries. Iran has exported over $20 billion worth of technical and engineering services over 2001–2011. The availability of local raw materials, rich mineral reserves, experienced manpower have all collectively played crucial role in winning the international bids.

Ministry of Commerce (Iran)
The Ministry of Commerce of Iran was the main organ of the Government in charge of the regulation and implementation of policies applicable to domestic and foreign trade. This includes:

implementing commercial strategies and regulations,

promoting exports,

development programs,

import and export regulations,

pricing of domestic commodities,

domestic and international trade fairs and exhibitions.

The Ministry of Commerce was also in charge of managing the process of accession to the WTO.
2015 Women's EuroHockey Championship II
The 2015 Women's EuroHockey Championship II was the 6th edition of the Women's EuroHockey Championship II, a field hockey championship for women. It was held from the 19th until the 27th of July 2015 in Prague, Czech Republic.

Women's EuroHockey Championship II
The Women's EuroHockey Championship II, formerly known as the Women's EuroHockey Nations Trophy, is a competition for European national field hockey teams. It is the second level of European field hockey Championships for national teams.

The tournament has been won by seven different teams: Scotland has the most titles with three followed by Belarusand Italy with two and Azerbaijan, Belgium, France and Ireland have all won the tournament once. The most recent edition was held in Gniezno, Poland and was won by Italy.