hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Evolution of languages
The evolution of languages or history of language includes the evolution, divergence and development of languages throughout time, as reconstructed based on glottochronology, comparative linguistics, written records and other historical linguistics techniques. The origin of language is a hotly contested topic, with some languages tentatively traced back to the Paleolithic. However, archaeological and written records only extend the history of language into ancient times and the Neolithic.

The distribution of languages has changed substantially over time. Major regional languages like Elamite, Sogdian, Koine Greek, or Nahuatl in ancient, post-classical and early modern times have been overtaken by others due to changing balance of power, conflict and migration. The relative status of languages has also changed, as with the decline in prominence of French and German relative to English in the late 20th century.

Tuu languages
The Tuu languages, or Taa–ǃKwi (Taa–ǃUi, ǃUi–Taa, Kwi) languages, are a language family consisting of two language clusters spoken in Botswana, South Africa and Namibia. The relationship between the two clusters is not doubted, but is distant. The name Tuu comes from a word common to both branches of the family for "person".
Common Attack Pattern Enumeration and Classification
The Common Attack Pattern Enumeration and Classification (CAPEC) is a catalog of known cyber security attack patterns to be used by cyber security professionals to prevent attacks.

Originally released in 2007 by the United States Department of Homeland Security, the project began as an initiative of the Office of Cybersecurity and Communication, and it is now supported by Mitre Corporation and governed under a board of corporate representatives.

Mitre Corporation
The Mitre Corporation (stylized as The MITRE Corporation and MITRE) is an American not-for-profit organization with dual headquarters in Bedford, Massachusetts, and McLean, Virginia. It manages federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) supporting various U.S. government agencies in the aviation, defense, healthcare, homeland security, and cybersecurity fields, among others.

MITRE formed in 1958 as a military think tank, spun out from the radar and computer research at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Over the years, MITRE's field of study had greatly diversified. In the 1990s, with the winding down of the Cold War, private companies complained that MITRE had an unfair advantage competing for civilian contracts; in 1996 this led to the civilian projects being spun off to a new company, Mitretek. Mitretek was renamed Noblis in 2007.
Peter Leaver
Peter Lawrence Oppenheim Leaver KC (born 28 November 1944) was Chief Executive of the Premier League from 1997 to 1999.

He was educated at Aldenham School and Trinity College Dublin. He was a  deputy High Court judge from 1994 to 2017, and was Chairman of the London Court of International Arbitration from 2008 to 2012.

He is the father of the publishing executive Marcus Leaver.

Aldenham School
Aldenham School is a co-educational private boarding and day school for pupils aged eleven to eighteen, located between Elstree and the village of Aldenham in Hertfordshire, England. There is also a preparatory school for pupils from the ages of five to eleven. It was founded in the late sixteenth century by Richard Platt.
Ulva australis
Ulva australis, the southern sea lettuce, is a species of bright green coloured seaweed in the family Ulvaceae that can be found in waters around Australia and was first described by Swedish botanist Johan Erhard Areschoug. It is an edible green algae, although sometimes designated as a seaweed. General characteristics of Ulva australis include a smooth surface, distromatic blades, lobed fronds, and thallus color from dark green to light grass green. It can be either free floating or attached by a single holdfast. Its cells appear to be irregularly arranged, have rounded edges, and have shapes such as rectilinear, square, and pentagonal.

It has been researched for a number of scientific properties in distinct fields such as environmental protection, medicine, and pharmacology.
Ulva rigida has sometimes been confused with this species.

Ulvaceae
Ulvaceae (/əlˈveɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/) is a widely distributed family of thin green algae characterized by a flat or a hollow tubular thallus, reproducing via conjugation of planogametes or zoospores, and classified within the orders Ulotrichales or, more commonly, Ulvales.
Domestic policy of Vladimir Putin
The domestic policy of Vladimir Putin concerns the internal Russian policies of Vladimir Putin during his tenure as President of Russia, as well as the effects of Putinism and the Putin legislative program within Russia. He previously served as president from 2000 to 2008, and has held the position since 2012.

Anatoly Serdyukov
Anatoly Eduardovich Serdyukov (Russian: Анатолий Эдуардович Сердюков; born 8 January 1962) is a Russian politician and businessman. He was Russia's Minister of Defense from 15 February 2007 to 6 November 2012, and made several major reforms in the Russian military. He has worked as an Industrial Director for Rostec, a state corporation, since October 2015.
Francis Maude
Francis Anthony Aylmer Maude, Baron Maude of Horsham, PC (born 4 July 1953) is a British Conservative Party politician who served as Minister for the Cabinet Office and Paymaster General from 2010 to 2015. He also served in several posts while the Conservatives were in opposition, notably as Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer, Shadow Foreign Secretary and Chairman of the Conservative Party. Maude was Member of Parliament (MP) for North Warwickshire from 1983 to 1992 and then for Horsham from 1997 to 2015.

After the 2015 general election, he was appointed a life peer and served as Minister of State for Trade and Investment until the following year. In recent years, he has held a number of business roles along with co-founding Francis Maude Associates (FMA).

Minister of State
Minister of state is a designation for a government minister, with varying meanings in different jurisdictions. In a number of European countries, the title is given as an honorific conferring a higher rank, often bestowed upon senior ministers. Conversely, in the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries, "minister of state" is a junior rank, subordinate to a minister of higher rank. Finally, in other countries such as Australia, Brazil and Japan, all government ministers hold the title of "minister of state".
Schnackenburg
Schnackenburg (German pronunciation: [ˈʃnakn̩bʊʁk] ⓘ) is a town in the Lüchow-Dannenberg district, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the left bank of the Elbe. It is part of the Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") Gartow. Lying at the easternmost projection of Lower Saxony, the town is bordered on all sides except the west by territory that was formerly East Germany. It is the least densely populated town ("Stadt") in what was West Germany, although there are nine towns in what was formerly East Germany that are less densely populated (mostly in Brandenburg).

Gartow
Gartow is a municipality in the district Lüchow-Dannenberg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated in the easternmost tip of Lower Saxony, not far from the river Elbe, approx. 30 km northeast of Salzwedel, and 20 km west of Wittenberge. Gartow is also the seat of the Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") Gartow.
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy class O-5
The Chicago Burlington and Quincy O-5 was a class of 36 4-8-4 "Northern" type steam locomotives built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1930 and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q) between 1936 and 1940 and operated by the CB&Q until the late 1950s.

The locomotives saw service pulling both freight and passenger trains and four have been preserved, all of which are on display.

4-8-4
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-8-4 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles and four trailing wheels on two axles. The type was first used by the Northern Pacific Railway, and initially named the Northern Pacific, but railfans and railroad employees have shortened the name since its introduction. It is most commonly known as a Northern, among various names.
1975 Greek presidential election
An indirect election for the position of President of the Hellenic Republic was held by the Hellenic Parliament on 19 June 1975.

Following the restoration of democracy in Greece, the distinguished jurist Michail Stasinopoulos was elected as the first, but provisional, President of the Third Hellenic Republic on 18 December 1974. With the entry into force of a new constitution in 1975 and the finalization of the new political framework, elections were held for the first regular President of the Republic. The ruling conservative New Democracy, which had 215 MPs, supported conservative politician Konstantinos Tsatsos, while the second-largest party, Centre Union – New Forces, proposed another conservative politician and former Prime Minister of Greece, Panagiotis Kanellopoulos. In the ballot held on 19 June, Tsatsos was comfortably elected with 210 votes out of 295 MPs present, with Kanellopoulos receiving 65 votes and the 20 MPs of PASOK and United Left dropping blank votes.

Constitution of Greece
The Constitution of Greece (Greek: Σύνταγμα της Ελλάδας, romanized: Syntagma tis Elladas) was created by the Fifth Revisionary Hellenic Parliament in 1974, after the fall of the Greek junta and the start of the Third Hellenic Republic. It came into force on 11 June 1975 (adopted two days prior) and has been amended in 1986, 2001, 2008 and 2019.

The constitutional history of Greece goes back to the Greek War of Independence (1821–1832), during which the first three Greek constitutions were adopted by the revolutionary national assemblies. Syntagma Square (Plateia Syntagmatos) in Athens is named after the first constitution adopted in the modern Greek State.
Sifrei Kodesh
Sifrei Kodesh (Hebrew: ספרי קודש, lit. 'Holy books'), commonly referred to as sefarim (Hebrew: ספרים, lit. 'books'), or in its singular form, sefer, are books of Jewish religious literature and are viewed by religious Jews as sacred. These are generally works of Torah literature, i.e. Tanakh and all works that expound on it, including the Mishnah, Midrash (Halakha, Aggadah), Talmud, and all works of Musar, Hasidism, Kabbalah, or machshavah ("Jewish Thought"). Historically, sifrei kodesh were generally written in Hebrew with some in Judeo-Aramaic or Arabic, although in recent years, thousands of titles in other languages, most notably English, were published. An alternative spelling for 'sefarim' is seforim.

Asher ben Jehiel
Asher ben Jehiel (Hebrew: אשר בן יחיאל, or Asher ben Yechiel, sometimes Asheri) (1250 or 1259 – 1327) was an eminent rabbi and Talmudist best known for his abstract of Talmudic law. He is often referred to as Rabbenu Asher, “our Rabbi Asher” or by the Hebrew acronym for this title, the Rosh (רא"ש‎). His yahrzeit is on 9 Cheshvan.
Ennis High School
Ennis High School is a public high school located in the city of Ennis, Texas, in Ellis County, United States and classified as a 5A school by the UIL.  It is a part of the Ennis Independent School District located in southeast Ellis County.   
In 2015, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency.

Ellis County, Texas
Ellis County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of 2020, its population was estimated to be 192,455. The county seat is Waxahachie. The county was founded in 1849 and organized the next year. It is named for Richard Ellis, president of the convention that produced the Texas Declaration of Independence. Ellis County is included in the Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan statistical area.
Kambo Station
Kambo Station (Norwegian: Kambo stasjon) is located at the village of Kambo in Moss, Norway on the Østfold Line. The station is served by commuter trains L21 between Stabekk via Oslo to Moss with half hour or hourly headway by Vy.

Moss, Norway
Moss is a coastal town and a municipality in Østfold county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Moss. The city of Moss was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt) and City in 1720. The rural municipality of Jeløy was merged with the city on 1 July 1943.  The former municipality of Rygge was merged into it on 1 January 2020.

Its administrative district covers areas east of the town, such as the island of Dillingøy in the lake Vansjø. Parts of the town are located on the peninsula of Jeløy. The city of Moss has 30,723 inhabitants (2012).
1999 Johan Cruyff Shield
The fourth edition of the Johan Cruyff Shield (Dutch: Johan Cruijff Schaal) was held on 8 August 1999 between 1998–99 Eredivisie champions Feyenoord and 1998–99 KNVB Cup winners Ajax. Feyenoord won the match 3–2.

Johan Cruyff Shield
The Johan Cruyff Shield (Dutch: Johan Cruijff Schaal, pronounced [ˌjoːɦɑŋ ˈkrœyf ˌsxaːl]) is a football trophy in the Netherlands named after Dutch footballer Johan Cruyff, also often referred to as the Dutch Super Cup. The winner is decided in one match only, played by the winner of the national football league, Eredivisie, and the winner of the national KNVB Cup. In the event of a team winning both the Eredivisie and the KNVB Cup, the Johan Cruyff Shield will be contested between that team and the runner up in the national league.
Prickly pears in South Africa
In South Africa, many species of Opuntia are considered highly invasive including O. aurantiaca, O. elata, O. engelmannii, O. ficus-indica, O. humifusa, O. leucotricha, O. microdasys, O. monacantha, O. pubescens, O. robusta, O. salmiana, O. spinulifera, O. stricta and O. tomentosa. These species are classified as Category 1 invaders, and targeted for national eradication; most activities with regards to the species are prohibited (such as importing, propagating, introducing, translocating or trading).

Opuntia ficus-indica (known as the prickly pear) is a plant that has been part of the landscape of South Africa for over 250 years.

Opuntia ficus-indica
Opuntia ficus-indica, the Indian fig opuntia, fig opuntia, or prickly pear, is a species of cactus that has long been a domesticated crop plant grown in agricultural economies throughout arid and semiarid parts of the world. O. ficus-indica is the most widespread and most commercially important cactus. It is grown primarily as a fruit crop, and also for the vegetable nopales and other uses. Cacti are good crops for dry areas because they efficiently convert water into biomass. O. ficus-indica is the most widespread of the long-domesticated cactuses. Opuntia species hybridize easily, but the wild origin of O. ficus-indica is likely to have been in central Mexico, where its closest genetic relatives are found.
Neoclásico Isabelino
Neoclasico Isabelino is an architectural style that applies to houses and other buildings in Puerto Rico. These include a number of buildings in Ponce that are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places:

Albergue Caritativo Tricoche

Antiguo Cuartel Militar Español de Ponce

Antiguo Hospital Militar Español de Ponce

Casa Alcaldía de Ponce-City Hall

Manuel V. Domenech, an architect from Isabela, Puerto Rico, was one of the architects who designed in this style, having designed, among others, the Puerto Rico Courthouse for the Ponce judicial district.

Ponce City Hall
The Ponce City Hall (Spanish: Casa Alcaldía de Ponce) is a historic city hall in Ponce, Puerto Rico. It is located it the center of the city, on Calle Degetau, across from Plaza Degetau in the Ponce Historic Zone. The building serves as the seat of the executive branch of government of the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce, including the office of the mayor of Ponce. Built in 1840, it is the oldest colonial building in the city. The building was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1986 as Casa Alcaldía de Ponce-City Hall.
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
The IEEE Annals of the History of Computing is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the IEEE Computer Society. It covers the history of computing, computer science, and computer hardware. It was founded in 1979 by the American Federation of Information Processing Societies.

The journal publishes scholarly articles, interviews, "think pieces", and memoirs by computer pioneers, and news and events in the field. It was established in July 1979 as Annals of the History of Computing, with Bernard Galler as editor-in-chief. The journal became an IEEE publication in 1992, and was retitled to IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. The 2020 impact factor was 0.741. The current editor in chief is Troy Astarte at Swansea University in Wales.

History of computer science
The history of computer science began long before the modern discipline of computer science, usually appearing in forms like mathematics or physics. Developments in previous centuries alluded to the discipline that we now know as computer science. This progression, from mechanical inventions and mathematical theories towards modern computer concepts and machines, led to the development of a major academic field, massive technological advancement across the Western world, and the basis of massive worldwide trade and culture.
NGC 4065 Group
The NGC 4065 Group is a group of galaxies located about 330 Mly (100 Mpc) in the constellation Coma Berenices. The group's brightest member is NGC 4065 and located in the Coma Supercluster.

The group is dominated by mostly elliptical galaxies with only 15 to 31 percent of the members being spiral galaxies.

Galaxy group
A galaxy group or group of galaxies (GrG) is an aggregation of galaxies comprising about 50 or fewer gravitationally bound members, each at least as luminous as the Milky Way (about 1010 times the luminosity of the Sun); collections of galaxies larger than groups that are first-order clustering are called galaxy clusters. The groups and clusters of galaxies can themselves be clustered, into superclusters of galaxies.

The Milky Way galaxy is part of a group of galaxies called the Local Group.
Avro Vulcan XL426
Avro Vulcan XL426 is one of three remaining taxiable Avro Vulcan strategic bombers, the other two being XH558 and XM655. It has been owned and maintained by the Southend-on-Sea-based registered charity the Vulcan Restoration Trust since 1993 and carries out regular taxi runs at London Southend Airport. It served with the Royal Air Force from 1962 to 1986.

No. 50 Squadron RAF
No. 50 Squadron was a squadron of the Royal Air Force. It was formed during the First World War as a home defence fighter squadron, and operated as a bomber squadron during the Second World War and the Cold War. It disbanded for the last time in 1984.
Miss Mundo Dominicana 2004
The Miss Mundo Dominicana 2004 pageant was held on October 10, 2004. That year, only 20 candidates competed for the national crown. The chosen winner, Claudia Cruz, represented the Dominican Republic at the Miss World 2004. The delegates used their introduction dresses to introduce themselves. After that, they each showcased their provincial costumes, participated in the swimsuit segment and modeled evening gowns. The judges averaged the points and selected a delegate who performed best from their region, awarding them a sash representing their region. The Top 6 candidates were then questioned. Three candidates who answered exceptionally well  received votes from the audience and the judges combined, determining the winner based on the highest vote. The winner would go on to Miss World and become the First Runner Up. In this edition, there were three candidates for each Dominican Regions.

Miss World 2004
Miss World 2004, the 54th edition of the Miss World pageant, was held on 4 December 2004 at the Crown of Beauty Theatre in Sanya, China. The 2004 pageant marks the second straight year that Sanya played host of the pageant. Rosanna Davison of Ireland crowned her successor María Julia Mantilla of Peru. 107 contestants from all over the world competed for the crown marking at that time, the biggest turnout in the pageant's 54-year history. That record was held until Miss World 2008 where 109 nations sent representatives.
All Walks Beyond the Catwalk
All Walks Beyond The Catwalk is an initiative founded by Caryn Franklin, Debra Bourne and Erin O’Connor in 2009 to challenge what it considers the fashion industry's dependence on unachievable and limited body and beauty ideals. It has contributed to a variety of parliamentary campaigns, and has presented its education program at 33 colleges and universities.

Beat (charity)
Beat is the UK's leading charity supporting those affected by eating disorders and campaigning on their behalf. Founded in 1989 as the Eating Disorders Association, it celebrated its 30th anniversary in 2019.

The charity is dedicated to helping people with anorexia nervosa, bulimia, binge eating disorder, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, and other specified feeding or eating disorder, and providing information to the public about these conditions.
Reichle Mesa
Reichle Mesa (68°9′S 65°3′W﻿ / ﻿68.150°S 65.050°W﻿ / -68.150; -65.050) is an ice-covered tableland, 3 nautical miles (6 km) in extent and rising to 1,160 m, between Stubbs Pass and Getman Ice Piedmont on Joerg Peninsula, Bowman Coast. The feature was photographed from the air by the United States Antarctic Service (USAS), 1940, Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE), 1947, and U.S. Navy, 1966, and was surveyed by Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS), 1946–48. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) in 1977 after Richard A. Reichle, United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) biologist, specialist on Antarctic seals in six austral summers, 1970–77, the last two summers in RV Islands.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Reichle Mesa". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Stubbs Pass
Stubbs Pass (68°11′S 65°12′W﻿ / ﻿68.183°S 65.200°W﻿ / -68.183; -65.200) is a north–south pass through the middle of Joerg Peninsula on the east side of Graham Land.

The pass was photographed from aircraft by the United States Antarctic Service (USAS), 1939–41, and the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE), 1947–48. It was traveled by R.L. Freeman of Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1947–48. Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for Guy M. Stubbs, British Antarctic Survey (BAS) geologist at Stonington Island, 1963–65.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Stubbs Pass". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
Mexico Trilogy
The Mexico Trilogy (also known as the Desperado Trilogy on some released DVD products) is a series of American/Mexican contemporary western action films written and directed by Robert Rodriguez. The series' plot tells the continuing story of El Mariachi, a man who painfully lives alone after seeing all of his loved ones die. El Mariachi was portrayed by actors Carlos Gallardo and Antonio Banderas. The films were originally released in theatres from 1993 to 2003, and later on home video as a collection in 2010.

Rebel Without a Crew
Rebel Without a Crew (subtitle: Or How a 23-Year-Old Filmmaker with $7,000 Became a Hollywood Player) is a 1995 non-fiction book by Robert Rodriguez. The book chronicles the origin, production and eventual success of Rodriguez's debut feature, a 1992 crime thriller called El Mariachi.

Later editions of the book also feature one of Rodriguez's tutorials on low-budget filmmaking (Ten Minute Film School) and the screenplay to El Mariachi.