hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Apple and unions
Apple workers around the globe have been involved in organizing since the 1990s. Apple unions are made up of retail, corporate, and outsourced workers. Apple employees have joined trade unions and or formed works councils in Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.

The majority of industrial labor disputes (including union recognition) involving Apple occur indirectly through its suppliers and contractors, notably Foxconn plants in China, and, to a lesser extent, in Brazil and India.

In 2021, Apple Together, a solidarity union, sought to bring together the company's global worker organizations. In the 2020s, a surge in new organizing took place in Australia, United Kingdom and the United States.

Apple supply chain
As of 2021, Apple uses components from 43 countries. The majority of assembling is done by Taiwanese original design manufacturer firms Foxconn, Pegatron, Wistron and Compal Electronics with factories mostly located inside China, but also Brazil, and India.

Apple's decision to outsource its manufacturing has received significant criticism, due to allegations of poor working conditions, long work hours, and other labor rights violations. In response, Apple launched its Supplier Responsibility program, which aimed to improve Apple's oversight of supplier partners and enforce its ethics policies. It has also attempted to introduce greater diversification into its supply chain by sourcing products from other countries.

Several product leaks have come from Apple's supply chain rather than its corporate offices, leading Apple to reinforce its secrecy measures.
Tablas Creek Vineyard
Tablas Creek Vineyard is a California wine estate producing various Rhône-style blends and varietal wine. The winery is located in the Adelaida district west of Paso Robles in the Santa Lucia Mountains, within the Paso Robles AVA. It is an exemplar of the GSM blend (Southern Rhône), and has been influential in popularizing it in California.

In 2020, Tablas Creek Vineyard became the first certified regenerative organic winery in the United States after being certified organic in 2003.

Paso Robles, California
Paso Robles (/ˌpæsə ˈroʊbəlz/ PASS-ə ROH-bəlz), officially El Paso de Robles (Spanish for The Pass of Oaks), is a city in San Luis Obispo County, California, United States. Located on the Salinas River about 30 mi (48 km) north of San Luis Obispo, the city is known for its hot springs, abundance of wineries, production of olive oil, almond orchards, and playing host to the California Mid-State Fair. At the 2020 census, the population was 31,490.
Whisper (app)
Whisper was a free proprietary mobile app. It was a form of anonymous social media, allowing users to post and share photo and video messages anonymously, although this claim has been challenged with privacy concerns over Whisper's handling of user data. The postings, called "whispers", consist of text superimposed over an image, and the background imagery is either automatically retrieved from Whisper's search engine or uploaded by the user.

Tor (network)
Tor is a free overlay network for enabling anonymous communication. It is built on free and open-source software run by over seven thousand volunteer-operated relays worldwide, as well as by millions of users who route their internet traffic via random paths through these relays. This technique is called onion routing.

Using Tor makes it more difficult to trace a user's internet activity by preventing any single point on the internet (other than the user's device) from being able to view both where traffic originated from and where it is ultimately going to at the same time. This conceals a user's location and usage from anyone performing network surveillance or traffic analysis from any such point, protecting the user's freedom and ability to communicate confidentially.
Ta'um
Ta'um (Arabic: طَعُوم, romanized: Ṭaʿūm, also spelled Tu'um or Taoum) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Idlib Governorate, located northeast of Idlib. Nearby localities include Binnish to the southwest, al-Fu'ah to the west, Zardana to the north, Taftanaz to the northeast, Talhiyeh to the east and Afes to the southeast. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Ta'um had a population of 3,054 in the 2004 census.

Afs, Idlib
Afs (Arabic: آفس); also spelled Afes, is a Syrian village located in Saraqib Nahiyah in Idlib District, Idlib. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Afs had a population of 6,338 in the 2004 census.
Parsytec
Isra Vision Parsytec AG, a subsidiary of Isra Vision, was originally founded in 1985 as Parsytec (parallel system technology) in Aachen, Germany.

Parsytec gained recognition in the late 1980s and early 1990s as a manufacturer of transputer-based parallel systems. Its product lineup ranged from single transputer plug-in boards for IBM PCs to large, massively parallel systems with thousands of transputers (or processors), such as the Parsytec GC. Some sources describe the latter as ultracomputer-sized, scalable multicomputers (smC).

As part of ISRA VISION AG, the company now focuses on the machine vision and industrial image processing sectors. ISRA Parsytec products are primarily used for quality and surface inspection, particularly in the metal and paper industries.

Floating point operations per second
Floating point operations per second (FLOPS, flops or flop/s) is a measure of computer performance in computing, useful in fields of scientific computations that require floating-point calculations.

For such cases, it is a more accurate measure than instructions per second.
Bucculatrix gossypii
Bucculatrix gossypii is a moth of the family Bucculatricidae. It is found in Queensland, Australia. The species was described in 1926 by Alfred Jefferis Turner.

The larvae are considered a minor pest, since they feed on the foliage of Gossypium hirsutum. They initially mine the leaves of their host plant. Later, they eat holes in the leaves.

Alfred Jefferis Turner
Alfred Jefferis Turner (3 October 1861 in Canton – 29 December 1947 in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia) was a pediatrician and amateur entomologist. He was the son of missionary Frederick Storrs-Turner. He introduced the use of diphtheria antitoxin to Australia in 1895, and resided in Dauphin Terrace, Highgate Hill, Brisbane.

The Jefferis Turner Centre for mothercraft was opened in 1952 as part of the Queensland Government's Maternal and Child Welfare program. In 1986, its role was changed to provide short-term respite care for intellectually disabled children. It is located in the heritage building Fairy Knoll in Ipswich.
Álvaro III of Kongo
Álvaro III Nimi a Mpanzu, also known as Álvaro III Mbiki a Mpanzu, ruled as king or manikongo of the Kingdom of Kongo from August 1615 to 4 May 1622. Prior to becoming king, he had served as Duke of Mbamba. Like his predecessor, Bernardo II he was a son of King Álvaro II. King Álvaro III was the fourth ruler from the royal house of Kwilu established by King Álvaro I. In 1622, Álvaro III died while his son, Álvaro, was too young to become king. The nobles elected the Duke of Mbamba to the post of mwenekongo, ushering the short dynasty of the House of Nsundi.

Bernardo II of Kongo
Bernardo II Nimi a Nkanga was a manikongo of the Kingdom of Kongo who ruled from 12 August 1614 until August 1615. He was the son of King Álvaro II.
Like the last two kings of Kongo, Bernardo II belonged to the Kwilu kanda or royal House of Kwilu.
Jack Cust
John Joseph Cust III (born January 7, 1979) is an American former professional baseball designated hitter and outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Arizona Diamondbacks, Colorado Rockies, Baltimore Orioles, San Diego Padres, Oakland Athletics, and Seattle Mariners.

Designated hitter
The designated hitter (DH) is a baseball player who bats in place of the pitcher. Unlike other players in a team's lineup, they generally only play as an offensive player and usually do not play defense as a fielder or a pitcher during a game. Due to their specialized offensive-only role, the designated hitter is generally expected to produce above average offensive stats and production compared to other players who play defense.

In Major League Baseball, the position is authorized by Rule 5.11 of the Official Baseball Rules. It was adopted by the American League in 1973 and by the National League in 2022, making it universal in MLB. Within that time frame, nearly all amateur, collegiate, and professional leagues worldwide adopted the designated hitter or some variant, a major exception being Nippon Professional Baseball's Central League, which plans to adopt it in 2027.
Seebe, Alberta
Seebe /ˈsiːbiː/ is a former hamlet and ghost town in Alberta, Canada, within the Municipal District of Bighorn No. 8. It is a former Calgary Power Company Ltd. employee townsite that was closed on August 31, 2004.

The name Seebe comes from the Cree word for river.

Municipal District of Bighorn No. 8
The Municipal District of Bighorn No. 8 is a municipal district (MD) situated in Census Division No. 15 of Alberta, Canada. It is located between Calgary and Banff National Park, north of Kananaskis Improvement District. Highway 1 (the Trans-Canada Highway) passes through the municipal district.

It was created as a municipal district on January 1, 1988 from the former Improvement District No. 8. The Town of Canmore lies adjacent to the municipal district to the southwest.
St. Joseph's Minor Basilica Church
St. Joseph's Minor Basilica Church is a Roman Catholic Church building in Elmina, in the Central Region of Ghana.  Established in 1880, it was the first Roman Catholic church to have been established in Ghana. It was founded by [Fathers Maru] and [Marat], the first Dutch Catholic priests to minister to the Ghanaians. Their busts are fixed on either side of the front door.

Elmina
Elmina (Fante: Edina) is a town and the capital of the Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem District on the south coast of Ghana in the Central Region.: 1  It is situated on a bay on the Atlantic Ocean, 12.2 km (7.6 mi) west of Cape Coast. Elmina was the first European settlement in West Africa and it has a population of 33,576 people, as of 2013. The current Municipality chief of Elmina is Solomon Ebo Appiah.

When the Portuguese, after first coming in contact with the Gold Coast, struck an agreement with the King of Elmina to build the  São Jorge da Mina Castle in the 1470s, the settlement grew to become an important centre of commerce and trade in the region. Nowadays, Elmina shows strong influences from Europe in its culture and people.
2019 WTA Shenzhen Open
The 2019 Shenzhen Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the seventh edition of the Shenzhen Open, and part of the WTA International tournaments of the 2019 WTA Tour. It took place at the Shenzhen Longgang Sports Center in Shenzhen, China, from 31 December 2018 until 5 January 2019. First-seeded Aryna Sabalenka won the singles title.

WTA Shenzhen Open
The Shenzhen Open (also known as the Shenzhen Gemdale Open for sponsorship purposes) was a professional women's tennis tournament. It was played on outdoor hardcourts of the Shenzhen Longgang Tennis Center, which has 32 outdoor and indoor courts and a 4,000-seat stadium. The tournament made its debut on the WTA Tour in 2013 in Shenzhen, and took place during the first week of the year, as a warm-up event two weeks prior to the Australian Open.

Li Na is the singles title leader, tied with Simona Halep, with two titles, and the only player to successfully defend her title in 2014, defeating Peng Shuai in an All-Chinese final.
Ugali
Ugali, also known as posho, nsima, papa, pap, mogobe, sadza, isitshwala, akume, amawe, ewokple, akple, and other names, is a type of corn meal made from maize or corn or mahindi flour in several African countries: Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Lesotho, Eswatini, Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Botswana and South Africa, and in West Africa by the Ewes of Togo, Ghana, Benin, Nigeria and Ivory Coast. It is cooked in boiling water or milk until it reaches a stiff or firm dough-like consistency. In 2017, the dish was added to the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, one of a few foods on the list.

Soured milk
Soured milk, sour milk, spontaneously soured milk, or naturally soured milk is the milk product fermented with indigenous microorganisms (chiefly mesophilic lactic acid bacteria), as opposed to cultured milk of which the production involves controlled fermentation with starter cultures. Lactic acid produced by the bacteria causes milk to coagulate and thicken, inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria and improving the product's shelf life.

Examples include amasi from southern Africa, clabber from Ireland, aludttej from Hungary,  Dickmilch (thick milk) and Herbstmilch (autumn milk) from Germany, gruševina from Yugoslavia, prostokvasha from Russia, laban rayeb from Egypt, maziwa lala from Kenya.
Schwandorf–Furth im Wald railway
The Schwandorf–Furth im Wald railway is a 67 km long mainline railway in the German state of Bavaria. It runs from Schwandorf via Cham to Furth im Wald. It is part of a long-distance connection between Germany and the Czech Republic.

DB Regio
DB Regio AG (German pronunciation: [deːbeː ˈʁeɡi̯o]) is a subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn which operates regional and commuter train services in Germany. It is a 100% subsidiary of the Deutsche Bahn Group and therefore part of the DB Regio business segment, which also includes DB Regionnetz Verkehrs GmbH and other independent subsidiaries headquartered in Frankfurt am Main.

The company as a mainly nationwide operational company is responsible for all regional transport activities (rail and bus) of the DB Group in Germany. This includes traffic in neighboring countries. DB Regio serves 310 lines with 22,800 trains and 295,000 stops every day, serving about ten million customers.
Icera
Icera Inc. was a British multinational fabless semiconductor company headquartered in Bristol, United Kingdom. It developed soft modem chipsets for the mobile devices market, including mobile broadband datacards, USB sticks, and embedded modems for smartphones, laptops, netbooks, tablets, e-books and other mobile broadband devices.

Icera had research and development sites in China, France, the United Kingdom and the United States and customer engineering and sales offices in China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, the United States and Europe.

On 9 May 2011 it was announced that Nvidia Corporation had agreed to acquire Icera for US$367 million in cash from its venture capital owners, which included Accel Partners, Amadeus Capital Partners, Atlas Venture, Balderton Capital and DFJ Esprit.

On 5 May 2015 Nvidia Corporation announced that the Icera subsidiary would wind down its operations.

Fabless manufacturing
Fabless manufacturing is the design and sale of hardware devices and semiconductor chips while outsourcing their fabrication (or fab) to a specialized manufacturer called a semiconductor foundry. These foundries are typically, but not exclusively, located in mainland China and Taiwan. Fabless companies can benefit from lower capital costs while concentrating their research and development resources on the end market. Some fabless companies and pure play foundries (like TSMC) may offer integrated-circuit design services to third parties.
H5N1 vaccine clinical trials
H5N1 clinical trials are clinical trials concerning H5N1 vaccines, which are intended to provide immunization to influenza A virus subtype H5N1. They are intended to discover pharmacological effects and identify any adverse reactions the vaccines may achieve in humans.

H5N1 vaccine
A H5N1 vaccine is an influenza vaccine intended to provide immunization to influenza A virus subtype H5N1.

Vaccination of poultry against the avian H5N1 influenza epizootic is widespread in certain countries. Some vaccines also exist for use in humans. As of July 2024, these include Aflunov, Audenz, Celldemic, and Incellipan.

The hemagglutinin protein is the main viral antigen of influenza A viruses, including the H5N1 subtype. Vaccination can induce antibodies that block the functions of the H5 hemagglutinin and neutralize virus infectivity.

The influenza virus is highly variable - the H5N1 virus infecting cattle in the USA is different from the viruses that showed up in poultry in 1997. However licensed vaccines can be updated in a process similar to that used for updating seasonal influenza vaccines.
Interstate 820
Interstate 820 (I-820) is an auxiliary route of I-20 in Fort Worth, Texas, of approximately 35.173 miles (56.605 km) around the city and some of its suburbs. Exit numbers begin at its interchange with I-20 in southwest Fort Worth and continue in a clockwise direction around the city until it ends at its interchange with I-20 in southeast Fort Worth. A portion of I-820 in the northeast quadrant is cosigned with State Highway 121 (SH 121) as well as SH 183.

The northwest segment of the loop is officially designated as the Jim Wright Freeway after former U.S. House Speaker Jim Wright. The name, however, is not commonly used; the colloquial reference by the general public is "Loop 820", or simply just 820. Additionally, the area of the highway is given based on its direction from Downtown Fort Worth; for example, "North Loop 820" or "East Loop 820" respectively specify the areas to the north or east of downtown. These colloquial designations do not refer to the direction of traffic flow.

U.S. Route 377
U.S. Route 377 (US 377) is a 478-mile-long (769 km) north–south United States highway. Originally formed as a short spur to connect Denton and Fort Worth, Texas, it has since been extended northward into Oklahoma and southward to Del Rio, Texas, near the U.S. border with Mexico.
Black Oak, Washington County, Arkansas
Black Oak is a community in White River Township, Washington County, Arkansas, United States. It is located between Greenland and Elkins and lies six miles southeast of Fayetteville.

The community lies along the west bank of the Middle Fork of the White River. The community of Sulphur City lies on the east bank of the river approximately 1.5 miles to the southeast.

Fayetteville, Arkansas
Fayetteville (/ˈfeɪətvɪl/ FAY-ət-vil) is a city in Washington County, Arkansas, United States, and its county seat. The population was 93,949 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 103,134 in 2024, making it the second-most populous city in Arkansas and the most populous city in Northwest Arkansas. Fayetteville is on the outskirts of the Boston Mountains, within the Ozarks. It is included in the three-county Northwest Arkansas metropolitan area, with 546,725 residents in 2020.

Fayetteville was named after Fayetteville, Tennessee, from which many settlers had come, and was incorporated on November 3, 1836. It is home to the University of Arkansas, the state's flagship university.  When classes are in session, thousands of students on campus change up the pace of the city. Thousands of Arkansas Razorbacks alumni and fans travel to Fayetteville to attend football, basketball, and baseball games.
University of Illinois Global Campus
The University of Illinois Global Campus was an online university education experiment created by the University of Illinois system. It was established in March 2007, with the goal to allow students who can't accustom to standard colleges the chance to get a University of Illinois education. The trustees of the university voted to phase out the project in early 2009.

Educational technology
Educational technology (commonly abbreviated as edutech or edtech) refers to the use of computer hardware, software, and educational theory and practice to facilitate learning and teaching. When referred to with its abbreviation, "EdTech", it often refers to the industry of companies that create educational technology. Scholars such as Tanner Mirrlees and Shahid Alvi (2019) have described the edtech industry as consisting largely of privately owned companies involved in producing and distributing educational technologies for commercial purposes.

In addition to the practical educational experience, educational technology is based on theoretical knowledge from various disciplines such as communication, education, psychology, sociology, artificial intelligence, and computer science. It encompasses several domains, including learning theory, computer-based training, online learning, and mobile learning (m-learning).
United Kingdom of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia
The United Kingdom of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia was the name given to the reconquest project proposed in 1846 by the former president of Ecuador, Juan José Flores, who was exiled in France after being dispossessed of power.

The project planned to obtain the three main territories of the Spanish Empire in the Viceroyalty of Peru – The Province of Quito (Republic of Ecuador), Viceroyalty of Peru (Peruvian Republic) and the region of Upper Peru (Republic of Bolivia).

Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies
Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies (Italian: Maria Cristina Ferdinanda di Borbone, Principessa delle Due Sicilie, Spanish: María Cristina de Borbón, Princesa de las Dos Sicilias; 27 April 1806 – 22 August 1878) was the Queen of Spain from 1829 to 1833 and Queen regent of the kingdom from 1833, when her daughter became queen at age two, to 1840. By virtue of her short marriage to King Ferdinand VII of Spain, she became a central character in Spanish history for nearly 50 years, thanks to introducing a bicameral model of government based on the Bourbon Restoration in France: the Spanish Royal Statute of 1834.
House Party (1999)
House Party (1999) was the fourth and final House Party professional wrestling supercard event produced by Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). The event took place on January 16, 1999 in the ECW Arena in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

The event marked the return of tag team The Public Enemy to ECW after a three-year absence, having departed the company at the 1996 event.

Excerpts from House Party aired on episodes #300 and #301 of the syndicated television show ECW Hardcore TV on January 22 and 29, 1999.

Powerbomb
A powerbomb is a professional wrestling throw in which an opponent is lifted (usually so that they are sitting on the wrestler's shoulders) and then slammed back-first down to the mat. The standard powerbomb sees an opponent first placed in a standing headscissors position (bent forward with their head placed between the attacking wrestler's thighs). The opponent is then lifted on the wrestler's shoulders and slammed down back-first to the mat. A prawn hold is commonly used for a pinning powerbomb.

Powerbombs are sometimes used in mixed martial arts competitions, when a fighter attempts to slam another fighter who has him trapped in a triangle choke. In professional wrestling, it is also sometimes used by a bigger wrestler as a counter to an attempted hurricanrana by a smaller wrestler. While it was associated with super-heavyweight wrestlers, the move was invented by Lou Thesz.