hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Macromonomer
In polymer chemistry, a macromonomer (or macromer) is a macromolecule with one end-group that enables it to act as a reactive monomer and undergo further polymerization. Macromonomers will contribute a single repeat unit to a chain of the completed macromolecule.

Several macromonomers have been successfully synthesized utilizing various methods such as controlled radical polymerization (CRP) and copper-catalyzed "click" coupling.

Due to the larger size of macromonomers (as opposed to the size of regular monomers), synthetic challenges are brought about, giving reason for the analysis of polymerization mechanisms. Recent studies have shown that macromonomer polymerization kinetics and mechanisms can be significantly affected by the topological effect.

Macromonomers are also used in controlled graft copolymerization.

Macromolecule
A macromolecule is a "molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass." Polymers are physical examples of macromolecules. Common macromolecules are biopolymers (nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates), polyolefins (polyethylene) and polyamides (nylon).
Vikentije Ljuština
Vikentije Ljuština (Medak, Lika, 6 February 1761 – Vršac, 18 April 1805) was a Serbian writer, philologist, educator and archimandrite.

His real name was Vasilije Ljuština, born in the Lika region on 6 February 1761 to Serbian parents. In the monastery of Gomirje (Gorski Kotar) he became a monk. He was a priest in the Serbian Orthodox Church in Trieste from 1781 until 1789, and thereafter in Sopron until 1795. In 1796, he went to Serbia to the Mesić Monastery, where he, as archimandrite led the monastery until he died.

In Vienna in 1794 Ljuština printed in Cyrillic in Slavoserbian a 506-page Italian grammar for the use of Illyrian youth (radi upotreblenia illyriceskije junosti). While he was the archimandrite of the Mesić monastery, he wrote a historical monograph covering the period from 1225 to 1797.

In 1790 he founded a gymnasium in Vršac.

Slavonic-Serbian
Slavonic-Serbian (славяносербскій, slavjanoserbskij), also known as Slavo-Serbian or Slaveno-Serbian (славено-сербскiй, slaveno-serbskij; Serbian: славеносрпски, slavenosrpski), was a literary language used by the Serbs in the Habsburg Empire, mostly in what is now Vojvodina, from the mid-18th century to the first decades of the 19th century, falling into obscurity by the 1870s. It was a linguistic blend of Church Slavonic of the Russian recension, vernacular Serbian (Shtokavian dialect), and Church Slavonic of the Serbian recension, with varying sources and differing attempts at standardisation.
Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights provides the right to freedom of expression and information. A fundamental aspect of this right is the freedom to hold opinions and receive and impart information and ideas, even if the receiver of such information does not share the same opinions or views as the provider.

Spycatcher
Spycatcher: The Candid Autobiography of a Senior Intelligence Officer (1987) is a memoir written by Peter Wright, former MI5 officer and assistant director, and co-author Paul Greengrass. Wright drew on his experiences and research into the history of the British intelligence community. Published first in Australia, the book was banned in England (but not Scotland) due to its allegations about government policy and incidents. These efforts ensured the book's notoriety, and it earned considerable profit for Wright.

In 2021 and 2023, the Cabinet Office was still blocking or redacting freedom of information requests for files on the Spycatcher affair despite the rule that documents should be released after 30 years. Information belonging to the security services is absolutely exempted from the Freedom of Information Act.
Top Chef Masters season 1
The first season of the American reality competition show Top Chef Masters was broadcast on Bravo. It is a spin-off of Bravo's hit show Top Chef. In the first season, 24 world-renowned chefs competed against each other in weekly challenges. The program took place in Los Angeles. In the season finale that premiered on August 19, 2009, Rick Bayless was crowned Top Chef Master.

Top Chef Masters
Top Chef Masters is an American reality competition series that aired on the cable television network Bravo between June 10, 2009 and September 25, 2013. A spinoff of Bravo's hit show Top Chef, the show was produced by Magical Elves and mostly filmed in Los Angeles. Professional chefs competed to win $100,000, an amount won by Rick Bayless, Marcus Samuelsson, Floyd Cardoz, Chris Cosentino, and Douglas Keane. A combination of Stone, James Oseland, Gael Greene, Jay Rayner, Gail Simmons, Ruth Reichl, Krista Simmons, Francis Lam, and Lesley Suter judged each series, while Kelly Choi hosted the first two series and Curtis Stone hosted the final three.
Alseroxylon
Alseroxylon (Rautensin, Rauwiloid) is a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor that has been investigated in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris and as a sedative in psychosis.  It was at one time approved for use in the United States, but has since been discontinued.

Alseroxylon is a purified fat-soluble extract of the root of Rauvolfia serpentina, containing reserpine and other nonadrenolytic amorphous alkaloids.

Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
A norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI, NERI) or noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor or adrenergic reuptake inhibitor (ARI), is a type of drug that acts as a reuptake inhibitor for the neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) by blocking the action of the norepinephrine transporter (NET). This in turn leads to increased extracellular concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine and therefore can increase adrenergic neurotransmission.
Generosity
Generosity (also called largesse) is the virtue of being liberal in giving, often as gifts. Generosity is regarded as a virtue by various world religions and philosophies and is often celebrated in cultural and religious ceremonies.

Scientific investigation into generosity has examined the effect of a number of scenarios and games on individuals' generosity, potential links with neurochemicals such as oxytocin, and generosity's relationship with similar feelings such as empathy.

Virtue
A virtue (Latin: virtus) is a trait of excellence, including traits that may be moral, social, or intellectual. The cultivation and refinement of virtue is held to be the "good of humanity" and thus is valued as an end purpose of life or a foundational principle of being. In human practical ethics, a virtue is a disposition to choose actions that succeed in showing high moral standards: doing what is said to be right and avoiding what is wrong in a given field of endeavour, even when doing so may be unnecessary from a utilitarian perspective. When someone takes pleasure in doing what is right, even when it is difficult or initially unpleasant, they can establish virtue as a habit. Such a person is said to be virtuous through having cultivated such a disposition. The opposite of virtue is vice.

Other examples of this notion include the concept of merit in Asian traditions as well as De (Chinese 德).
La Belle Hélène de Constantinople
La Belle Hélène de Constantinople (or L'Ystoire de Helayne) is a Middle French chanson de geste of the 14th century combining features of epic, romance and hagiography. It exists in both verse and prose versions.

Martin of Tours
Martin of Tours (Latin: Martinus Turonensis; 316/336 – 8 November 397) was the third bishop of Tours. He is the patron saint of many communities and organizations across Europe, including France's Third Republic. A native of Pannonia (present-day Hungary), he converted to Christianity at a young age. He served in the Roman cavalry in Gaul, but left military service prior to 361, when he became a disciple of Hilary of Poitiers, establishing the monastery at Ligugé. He was consecrated as Bishop of Caesarodunum (Tours) in 371. As bishop, he was active in the suppression of the remnants of Gallo-Roman religion.

The contemporary hagiographer Sulpicius Severus wrote a Life of St. Martin. He is best known for the account of his using his sword to cut his cloak in two, to give half to a beggar clad only in rags in winter. His shrine in Tours became an often-frequented stop for pilgrims on the road to Santiago de Compostela in Spain.
Loitz
Loitz (German pronunciation: [ˈløːts]) is a town in the Vorpommern-Greifswald district, in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It is situated on the river Peene, 10 km northeast of Demmin, and 22 km southwest of Greifswald.

Vorpommern-Greifswald
Vorpommern-Greifswald is a district in the east of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the districts of Mecklenburgische Seenplatte and Vorpommern-Rügen, the Baltic Sea, Poland (West Pomeranian Voivodeship) and the state of Brandenburg. The district seat is the University and Hanseatic City of Greifswald. A lake called Berliner See is found in the district.
Kia Ray
The Kia Ray (Korean: 기아 레이) is a city car manufactured by Kia exclusively for the South Korean domestic market. Based on the Kia Picanto/Morning, it was specifically developed in compliance with the "light car" (Korean: 경차, romanized: Gyeongcha) category that offers tax incentives for cars with exterior dimensions below 3,600 mm (141.7 in) in length and below 1,600 mm (63.0 in) in width. This is a Korean-only vehicle.

A-segment
The A-segment is the first category in the passenger car classification system defined by the European Commission. It is used for city cars, the smallest category of passenger cars defined.

A-segment sales represented approximately 4.2% of the European market in 2024. It is approximately equivalent to the kei car class in Japan.
Al Murar
Al Murar (Arabic: المرر), commonly called Freej Al Murar (Arabic: فريج المرر), is a locality in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Al Murar is located in eastern Dubai in Deira and is bordered by the Deira Corniche in the north, Naif in the south, Ayil Nasir to the west and Al Baraha to the east.

Routes D 92 (Al Khaleej Road) and D 82 (Naif Road) form the northern and southern peripheries around the localities.  Al Murar is a residential community in the heart of the Deira central business district.

Al Baraha
Al Baraha (Arabic: البراحة) is a locality in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). The community is residential and borders the Deira Corniche on the north and Al Muteena on the south.  Routes D 92 (Al Khaleej Road) and D 82 (Al Rasheed Road) form the northern and southern peripheries of Al Baraha.

The residential section of Al Baraha consists of local lanes that are numbered even, if they run east–west, or odd, if they run north–south.  Even-numbered streets run from 2nd Street through 24th Street, while odd-numbered streets run from 1st Street through 29th Street.  The Deira Corniche lies to the northern periphery of Al Baraha and is a commercial and tourist centre.  Additionally, Al Baraha Hospital, Dubai Hospital and Belhoul Speciality Hospital are located in Al Baraha.
Moja štikla
"Moja štikla" (Croatian pronunciation: [mǒja ʃtǐkla], transl. "My High Heel") was the Croatian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006, performed in Croatian by Severina. The song was chosen to represent Croatia after winning Dora 2006, Croatia's national final.

Turbo-folk
Turbo-folk (Serbian Cyrillic: турбо-фолк) is a subgenre of contemporary South Slavic pop music that initially developed in Serbia during the 1990s as a fusion of techno and folk. The term "turbo-folk" was coined by Montenegrin singer Rambo Amadeus, who jokingly used it to describe an aggressive, satirical style of music. While primarily associated with Serbia, this style is also popular in other former Yugoslav nations. A widely cited 2011 article from Vice described turbo-folk as "Musik für Idioten" ("music for idiots").
Nia Jax
Savelina Fanene (born May 29, 1984) is an Australian-American professional wrestler. She is signed to WWE where she performs on the SmackDown brand under the ring name Nia Jax (/ˈnaɪə/ NYE-yə). She is one-half of the current WWE Women's Tag Team Champions with Lash Legend as "The Irresistible Forces" in their first reign as a team. Individually, it is Jax's third reign.

Fanene signed to WWE in early 2014 and was first assigned to the developmental brand NXT. She debuted in May 2015 under the ring name Zada, which was changed to Nia Jax in August that year. As part of the 2016 WWE Draft, she was promoted to the main roster. Fanene was released from her WWE contract in November 2021, but after a brief appearance at the Royal Rumble in January 2023, she re-signed with the company, making her return in September.

WWE Evolution
WWE Evolution is a periodic women's professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It is the company's only PPV and livestreaming event to consist solely of women's matches. The inaugural event was held in October 2018, and after years of rumors and speculation, a second event was held in July 2025. In addition to wrestlers from the promotion's Raw, SmackDown, and NXT brand divisions, the inaugural event also saw involvement of wrestlers from the now-defunct NXT UK brand and also hosted the finals of the 2018 Mae Young Classic.
The Launching of Modern American Science, 1846–1876
The Launching of Modern American Science, 1846–1876 is a 1987 nonfiction book by American historian Robert V. Bruce, published by Knopf. The book is a social history chronicling a three-decade period in American science. It won the 1988 Pulitzer Prize for History.

Alfred A. Knopf
Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. (/knɒpf/) is an American publishing house that was founded by Blanche Knopf and Alfred A. Knopf Sr. in 1915. Blanche and Alfred traveled abroad regularly and were known for publishing European, Asian, and Latin American writers in addition to leading American literary trends. It was acquired by Random House in 1960, and is now part of the Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group division of Penguin Random House which is owned by the German conglomerate Bertelsmann.

The Knopf publishing house is associated with the borzoi logo in its colophon, which was designed by co-founder Blanche Knopf in 1925.
Cache poisoning
Cache poisoning refers to a computer security vulnerability where invalid entries can be placed into a cache, which are then assumed to be valid when later used.  Two common varieties are DNS cache poisoning and ARP cache poisoning. Web cache poisoning involves the poisoning of web caches (which has led to security issues in programming languages, including all Python versions at the time in 2021, and expedited security updates). Attacks on other, more specific, caches also exist.

Web cache
A web cache (or HTTP cache) is a system for optimizing the World Wide Web. It is implemented both client-side and server-side. The caching of multimedia and other files can result in less overall delay when browsing the Web.
Diplomorium
Diplomorium is a genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae containing the single species Diplomorium longipenne. The genus is known only from females and workers from South Africa, males remain unknown. Little is known about their biology, except that they nest under stones. They have been found nesting at the same location as Messor capensis, however, it is not known whether this was coincidence or if the species have a relation with each other.

Myrmicinae
Myrmicinae is a subfamily of ants, with about 140 extant genera; their distribution is cosmopolitan. The pupae lack cocoons. Some species retain a functional sting. The petioles of Myrmicinae consist of two nodes. The nests are permanent and in soil, rotting wood, under stones, or in trees. All species of Cephalotes (within the tribe Attini) are gliding ants.
Davy Crockett Explorer Canoes
Davy Crockett Explorer Canoes is a free-floating canoe experience at several Disney theme parks. The oldest of the rides is located at the Disneyland park in Anaheim, California. Boarding from the park's Bayou Country section, up to twenty visitors paddle a canoe around the Rivers of America, accompanied by two guides. This is the only Disneyland attraction that is powered by park visitors.

The attraction originally opened as Indian War Canoes on July 4, 1956 as part of Frontierland’s Indian Village expansion. It also operates under the name of Beaver Brother's Explorer Canoes at Tokyo Disneyland and operated at the Magic Kingdom in Walt Disney World and at Disneyland Park in Disneyland Paris. At Shanghai Disneyland, the ride is simply named Explorer Canoes.

Disneyland Park (Paris)
Disneyland Park, originally Euro Disneyland Park, is a theme park found at Disneyland Paris in Marne-la-Vallée, France. The park opened on 12 April 1992, as the first of the two parks built at the resort. Designed and built by Walt Disney Imagineering, its layout is similar to Disneyland Park in California and Magic Kingdom Park at Walt Disney World in Florida. Spanning 56.656 ha (140 acres)—the second largest Disney park based on the original, after Shanghai Disneyland—it is dedicated to fairy tales and Disney characters.

The park is represented by Le Château de la Belle au Bois Dormant (Sleeping Beauty Castle), a replica of the fairy tale castle seen in Disney's 1959 animated film Sleeping Beauty. In 2024 the park hosted 10.2 million visitors, making it the tenth-most visited theme park in the world and the most-visited theme park in Europe.
Trophic species
Trophic species are a scientific grouping of organisms according to their shared trophic (feeding) positions in a food web or food chain. Trophic species have identical prey and a shared set of predators in the food web. This means that members of a trophic species share many of the same kinds of ecological functions. The idea of trophic species was first devised by Frederic Briand and Joel Cohen in 1984 when investigating scaling laws applying to food webs. The category may include species of plants, animals, a combination of plants and animals, and biological stages of an organism. When assigning groups in a trophic manner, relationships are linear in scale, which allowed the same authors to predict the proportion of different trophic links in food webs. Furthermore grouping similar species according to feeding habit rather than genetics results in a ratio of predator to prey that is generally 1:1 in food webs.

Trophic level
The trophic level of an organism is the position it occupies in a food web.  Within a food web, a food chain is a succession of organisms that eat other organisms and may, in turn, be eaten themselves. The trophic level of an organism is the number of steps it is from the start of the chain. A food web starts at trophic level 1 with primary producers such as plants, can move to herbivores at level 2, carnivores at level 3 or higher, and typically finish with apex predators at level 4 or 5.  The path along the chain can form either a one-way flow or a part of a wider food "web".  Ecological communities with higher biodiversity form more complex trophic paths.

The word trophic derives from the Greek τροφή (trophē) referring to food or nourishment.
Robert Bell (speaker)
Sir Robert Bell SL (died 1577) of Beaupré Hall, Norfolk, was a Speaker of the House of Commons (1572–1576), who served during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.

He was legal counsel (1560) and recorder (1561) for King's Lynn, legal counsel for Great Yarmouth (1562–1563), and justice of the peace of the quorum for Norfolk (1564).  He became a bencher in the Middle Temple in 1565 and was elected Autumn Reader that same year and Lent Reader in 1571.

In 1576 Bell was appointed Commissioner of Grain, Musters by 1576 and in 1577 he was knighted and appointed Serjeant-at-Law and Chief Baron of the Exchequer.

William Camden
William Camden (2 May 1551 – 9 November 1623) was an English antiquarian, historian, topographer, and herald, best known as author of Britannia, the first chorographical survey of the islands of Great Britain and Ireland that relates landscape, geography, antiquarianism, and history, and the Annales, the first detailed historical account of the reign of Elizabeth I.
Melsen
Melsen is a village in the province of East Flanders, Belgium, and is a part of the municipality of Merelbeke. It covers an area of roughly 3 square kilometers. Its terrain is largely made up of one great hill. The northern and southern slopes of the hill, which are fairly steep for the surrounding area (about 20 meters), form the natural boundaries with the bordering villages of Vurste and Schelderode. The eastern slopes of the hill evolve into agricultural land and farther east into the forest of Makkegem. The western slope descends into a marsh that is connected to the Schelde (Scheldt) river.

Most of the land used to be for agricultural purposes, or covered with forests and marshes, but now most of the western and northern part of the village is almost fully covered by a network of streets and houses. Only some fields on the borders of the village remain.

Gavere
Gavere (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɣaːvərə] ⓘ) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders. The municipality comprises the towns of Asper, Baaigem, Dikkelvenne, Gavere, Semmerzake and Vurste. In 2021, Gavere had a total population of 13,007. The total area is 31.35 km2.
Kalpowar
Kalpowar is a town in the North Burnett Region and a locality split between the North Burnett Region and the Bundaberg Region, in Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, the locality of Kalpowar had a population of 53 people.

North Burnett Region
The North Burnett Region is a local government area in Queensland, Australia in the northern catchment of the Burnett River. Established in 2008, it was preceded by several previous local government areas with histories extending back to the early 1900s.

It has an estimated operating budget of A$32  million.

In the 2021 census, the North Burnett Region had a population of 10,068 people.
William A. Nelden House
The William A. Nelden House is a historic house in northeastern Salt Lake City, Utah, that is located within the University Neighborhood Historic District, but is individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

University Neighborhood Historic District (Salt Lake City)
The University Neighborhood Historic District is a 180 acres (73 ha) historic district near the University of Utah campus in northeastern Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.
Destination Earth (European Union)
Destination Earth also known as DestinE, is an initiative from the European Commission of Ursula von der Leyen. It aims to create a digital simulation of Earth with a digital twin that will be used to better understand the effects of climate change and environmental disasters and to permit policymakers more effectively respond to these issues.

Von der Leyen Commission I
The first von der Leyen Commission was the European Commission in office from 1 December 2019 to 30 November 2024. It consisted of one commissioner from each of the member states of the European Union – including Ursula von der Leyen, its president, who is from Germany.

The commission was scheduled to take office on 1 November 2019; however, the French, Hungarian and Romanian commissioner-candidates lost their confirmation votes by the European Parliament in early October 2019, so new commissioners had to be selected from those three member states by the President-elect and subsequently confirmed by the Parliament. This process took place in November 2019 and the Commission eventually took office in its entirety on 1 December 2019.