hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
SS Empire Bowman
Empire Bowman was a 7,030 GRT cargo ship built in 1942 for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). Completed in May 1942, she served until 30 March 1943 when she was torpedoed and sunk by U-404. One of her crew was awarded an Albert Medal for his actions in the sinking.

German submarine U-404
German submarine U-404 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II.

She was laid down at the Danziger Werft in the city of the same name on 4 June 1940 as yard number 105, launched a year later on 4 June 1941 and was commissioned  on 6 August 1941, with Kapitänleutnant Otto von Bülow in command.

The boat commenced her career with the 6th U-boat Flotilla, a training organization on 6 August 1941, before moving on to operations on 1 October 1941. U-404 carried out seven combat patrols, sinking 14 merchantmen and one warship for a total of over 71,450 gross register tons (GRT) and 1,120 tons during the Second World War. She also damaged two other ships. The submarine was a member of 13 wolfpacks and was visually identifiable by the particular paint scheme consisting of a prow of a Viking longboat painted in red paint on either side of the conning tower.

For his numerous successes, von Bülow received the Knight's Cross.
Giuseppe Moretti
Giuseppe Moretti (3 February 1857 – February 1935) was an Italian émigré sculptor who became known in the United States for his public monuments in bronze and marble. Notable among his works is Vulcan in Birmingham, Alabama, which is the largest cast iron statue in the world. On a personal level, Moretti was "known for his eclectic personality and for always wearing a green tie," but professionally, is claimed to be "the first man to use aluminum in art." Moretti enjoyed some celebrity in his lifetime, and was a friend of famed Italian tenor Enrico Caruso. It is even reported that the singer repeatedly praised Moretti's voice.

Enrico Caruso
Enrico Caruso (25 February 1873 – 2 August 1921) was an Italian operatic tenor, who sang to great acclaim at the major opera houses of Europe and the Americas, appearing in a wide variety of roles that ranged from the lyric to the dramatic. Generally recognized as the first international recording star, Caruso made around 250 commercially released recordings from 1902 to 1920.
Austrian border barrier
Austrian border barriers are border barriers and migration management facilities constructed by Austria between November 2015 and January 2016 on its border with Slovenia and in 2016 on its border with Italy, as a response to European migrant crisis. They are located on internal European Union borders, since Austria, Italy, and Slovenia are members of the EU and the free travel Schengen Area with a common visa policy. The barrier on the Slovenian border is several kilometres long, located near the busiest border crossing, Spielfeld-Šentilj, and includes police facilities for screening and processing migrants. Another migration management facility with barriers located on Austria's Italian border near Brenner, South Tyrol was constructed in 2016.

In February 2016, Austria initiated an agreement with Slovenia and other Balkan countries to stop the flow of migrants from Greece to Central Europe.

Austria–Slovenia border
The Austrian–Slovenian border is a 330-kilometre (210 mi) land border between the Republic of Austria and the Republic of Slovenia.

Until 1991, it was the border between Austria and Yugoslavia; when Slovenia gained independence in 1991, it became the Austrian–Slovenian border.
2010 FC Sibir Novosibirsk season
The 2010 FC Sibir Novosibirsk season was the clubs first, and only, season in the Russian Premier League, the highest tier of football in Russia. They finished the season in 16th position and were relegated back to the Russian First Division after one season. Sibir were also defeated by Spartak Moscow in the 2010–11 Russian Cup at the Round of 16 stage, and by PSV Eindhoven in the Play-off round of the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League.

2010–11 Russian Cup
The 2010–11 Russian Cup was the nineteenth season of the Russian football knockout tournament since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The competition started on 14 April 2010, and ended with the final on 22 May 2011 at Shinnik Stadium in Yaroslavl, won by CSKA Moscow 2–1 over Alania Vladikavkaz. Uniquely, Alania's goal in the final was their only goal in the competition—they did not score in regulation or in extra time in any of their previous matches, winning all of those contests in penalty shootouts.
Weitkamp Observatory
Weitkamp Observatory is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by Otterbein University.  Donated in 1955 by Alfred Henry Weitkamp in memory of Mary Geeding Weitkamp, it is located in Westerville,  Ohio (USA).

Otterbein University
Otterbein University is a private university in Westerville, Ohio, United States. The university was founded in 1847 by the Church of the United Brethren in Christ and named for United Brethren founder, Philip William Otterbein. It has been associated since 1968 with the United Methodist Church.

It is primarily an undergraduate institution with approximately 2,100 undergraduate and 240 graduate students on campus.  The school's mascot is Cardy the Cardinal and the school is a member of the Ohio Athletic Conference in NCAA Division III athletics.
1952 SCCA National Sports Car Championship
The 1952 SCCA National Sports Car Championship was the second season of the Sports Car Club of America's National Sports Car Championship. It began March 8, 1952 and ended October 26, 1952 after eleven rounds. Sherwood Johnston won the championship.

SCCA National Sports Car Championship
The SCCA National Sports Car Championship was a sports car racing series organized by the Sports Car Club of America from 1951 until 1964.  It was the first post-World War II sports car series organized in the United States.  An amateur championship, it was eventually replaced by the professional United States Road Racing Championship and the amateur American Road Race of Champions, which continues to this day as the SCCA National Championship Runoffs.
Quinto Vercellese
Quinto Vercellese is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Turin and about 8 kilometres (5 mi) northwest of Vercelli. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 438 and an area of 11.1 square kilometres (4.3 sq mi).

Quinto Vercellese borders the following municipalities: Caresanablot, Collobiano, Olcenengo, and Oldenico.

Oldenico
Oldenico is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northeast of Turin and about 10 kilometres (6 mi) northwest of Vercelli.
Liesbeek (House of Assembly of South Africa constituency)
Liesbeek was a constituency in the Cape Province of South Africa, which existed from 1910 to 1929. Named for the Liesbeek River, the seat covered various areas on what was then the eastern edge of Cape Town. Throughout its existence it elected one member to the House of Assembly and one to the Cape Provincial Council.

Cape Province
The Province of the Cape of Good Hope (Afrikaans: Provinsie Kaap die Goeie Hoop), commonly referred to as "the Cape Province" (Afrikaans: Kaapprovinsie) and colloquially as "The Cape" (Afrikaans: Die Kaap), was a province in the Union of South Africa and subsequently the Republic of South Africa. It encompassed the old Cape Colony, as well as Walvis Bay, and had Cape Town as its capital. In 1994, the Cape Province was divided into the new Eastern Cape, Northern Cape and Western Cape provinces, along with part of the North West.
The Succession to Muhammad
The Succession to Muhammad is a book by Wilferd Madelung published by the Cambridge University Press in 1997. Madelung investigates the events after the death of Muhammad, where there was a battle to see who would control the Muslim community. This struggle resulted in the difference between Sunnite and Shi'ite Islam over authority (spiritual and temporal).

Ingrid Mattson
Ingrid Mattson (born August 24, 1963) is a Canadian activist and scholar. A professor of Islamic studies, she is currently the London and Windsor Community Chair in Islamic Studies at Huron University College at the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario, Canada.  Mattson is a former president of the Islamic Society of North America (ISNA) and was described as "Perhaps the most noticed figure among American Muslim women" in a 2010 New York Times article.
Teleset
Sony Pictures Television – Latin America & U.S. Hispanic, doing business as Teleset, is a television production company based in Bogotá, Colombia. It produced Metástasis, the Spanish-language remake of Breaking Bad.

Teleset's portfolio contains popular telenovelas such as La Baby Sister, The Useless One, Love in Custody and Three Miracles. Working hand in hand with Sony Pictures Television through its International Production division, Teleset has been a pioneer in the TV series genre with programs such as Rosario Tijeras, La prepago, Metástasis, Niñas mal, Popland, Lady, La sellera derosas, La Reina del Flow, El Mariachi and En la mouth of the wolf, among others. In the entertainment part, Teleset has produced Colombian versions of formats such as ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?, Robinson Expedition, El Factor X, Popstars and Colombia has talent, among others.

Metástasis
Metástasis is a Colombian telenovela series, a Spanish language remake of the American crime drama Breaking Bad that transposes the events of the original from the United States to Colombia. It follows the storyline for all five seasons of Breaking Bad, with alterations to its pacing, visual style, and subplot elements.

All five series were shown between June 8 and September 18, 2014; for a total of 62 episodes. It has been broadcast in Chile, Venezuela, Peru, the United States, Costa Rica and Mexico, among other countries, by Fox Latin America.
Norifumi Yamamoto
Norifumi Yamamoto (山本 徳郁, Yamamoto Norifumi; March 15, 1977 – September 18, 2018) was a Japanese mixed martial artist and kickboxer who competed in the bantamweight division of the UFC. He quickly gained popularity in the Shooto organization due to his aggressive, well-rounded style and controversial persona. He moved on to K-1 Hero's, where he became the K-1 Hero's 2005 Middleweight Grand Prix Tournament Champion in December, 2005 after defeating Genki Sudo via a controversial TKO due to punches.

Though by most measures he was a natural bantamweight, many of Yamamoto's most significant bouts came in the lightweight division as it was the lightest division in Hero's. Later in his career, Yamamoto competed in the Ultimate Fighting Championship in the bantamweight division, although he did not perform well there, going winless in his four fights with the promotion.

Lightweight (MMA)
The lightweight division in mixed martial arts contains different weight classes:

The UFC's lightweight division, which groups competitors within 146 to 155 lb (66 to 70 kg)

The Shooto lightweight division, which limits competitors to 145 lb (65.8 kg)

The ONE Championship's lightweight division, with an upper limit at 77.1 kg (170.0 lb)

The Road FC's lightweight division, with an upper limit at 154 lb (70 kg)
Movement for the Liberation of the Congo
The Movement for the Liberation of the Congo (French: Mouvement de Libération du Congo, or MLC) is a political party in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Formerly a rebel group operating in the Democratic Republic of Congo that fought the government throughout the Second Congo War, it subsequently took part in the transitional government and is one of the main opposition parties.

Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
4°19′56″S 15°18′11″E﻿ / ﻿4.3322°S 15.3031°E﻿ / -4.3322; 15.3031

The Senate (French: Sénat) is the upper house of the Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The senate was established in 1960, abolished in 1967 and re-established in 2003.

During the transition period in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2003 - 2006), the Senate, aside from its legislative role, also had the task of drafting the country's new constitution. This task came to fruition with the adoption of the draft in Parliament in May 2005, and its approval by the Congolese people, in a successful democratic referendum on 18 and 19 December 2005.

The current president of the Senate is Sama Lukonde, elected in 12 August 2024. The secretary general is Jean Mukuala Bateke. The most recent Senate was sworn in on January 28, 2019.
Glossary of astronomy
This glossary of astronomy is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to astronomy and cosmology, their sub-disciplines, and related fields. Astronomy is concerned with the study of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth. The field of astronomy features an extensive vocabulary and a significant amount of sophisticated terminology.

Nuclear star cluster
A nuclear star cluster (NSC) or compact stellar nucleus (sometimes called young stellar nucleus) is a star cluster with high density and high luminosity near the center of mass of most galaxies.

NSCs are the central massive objects of fainter, low-mass galaxies where supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are not present or are of negligible mass. In the most massive galaxies, NSCs are entirely absent. Some galaxies, including the Milky Way, are known to contain both a NSC and a SMBH of comparable mass.
2025 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group C
Group C of the 2025 Africa Cup of Nations qualification was one of twelve groups that decided the teams which qualified for the 2025 Africa Cup of Nations final tournament in Morocco. The group consisted of four teams: Egypt, Cape Verde, Mauritania and Botswana.

The teams played against each other in a home-and-away round-robin format between September and November 2024.

Egypt and Botswana, the group winners and runners-up respectively, qualified for the 2025 Africa Cup of Nations.

2025 Africa Cup of Nations qualification
The 2025 Africa Cup of Nations qualification matches were organised by the Confederation of African Football (CAF) to decide the participating teams of the 2025 Africa Cup of Nations in Morocco, the 35th edition of the international men's football championship of Africa. The qualification began with the preliminary round, which ran from 20 to 26 March 2024, and concluded with the group stage, which was played in September, October and November, all in 2024. A total of 24 teams qualified to play in the final tournament, including automatically-qualified hosts Morocco.
30th Naval Surface Ships Division (Ukraine)
The 30th Surface Ships Division formerly known as 1st Naval Surface Ship Brigade is a NATO certified division of the Ukrainian Navy. It is a combat active unit and is amongst one of the most highly active units amongst the Ukrainian Navy. It's flagship Hetman Sahaidachny was also the flagship of Ukrainian Navy. It was established in 1993 and is currently based at the Western Naval Base.

Ukrainian corvette Vinnytsia
Vinnytsia (U206) was an anti-submarine corvette of the Ukrainian Navy. Prior to joining the Ukrainian Navy she was a former KGB Border Guard patrol ship named Dnepr. In March 2014, she was seized by Russian soldiers and de facto came under control of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. The ship was returned to the Ukrainian Navy from Crimea on 19 April 2014.
Eich, Rhineland-Palatinate
Eich (German pronunciation: [aɪç] ⓘ) is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

Alzey-Worms
Alzey-Worms (German pronunciation: [ˈaltsaɪˈvɔʁms]) is a district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the district Groß-Gerau (Hesse), the city of Worms and the districts of Bad Dürkheim, Donnersbergkreis, Bad Kreuznach and Mainz-Bingen.
The Spectrum Building
The Spectrum Building (formerly the Renault Distribution Centre) is a high tech building in Swindon, England, commissioned by the French car company Renault for their UK operations. Designed by the British architect Norman Foster of Foster Associates, it opened in 1982.

Renault moved out in 2001, and since then it has been known as The Spectrum Building. It was listed Grade II* by English Heritage in 2013.

In 2025, the building was converted into an arsenal factory operated by the Portuguese military-industrial corporation Tekever for the production of unmanned aerial vehicles.

Norman Foster
Norman Robert Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank (born 1 June 1935), is an English architect. Closely associated with the development of high-tech architecture, Lord Foster is recognised as a key figure in British modernist architecture. His firm, Foster + Partners, first founded in 1967 as Foster Associates, is the largest in the United Kingdom, and operates internationally. He also serves as president of the Norman Foster Foundation, established to "promote interdisciplinary thinking and research to help new generations of architects, designers and urbanists anticipate the future". The foundation, which opened in June 2017, is based in Madrid and operates globally. Foster received the Pritzker Prize in 2000.
F. L. Woodward
Frank Lee Woodward (13 April 1871 – 27 May 1952) was an English educationist, Pali scholar, author and theosophist. Woodward studied and researched on Theravada Buddhism and wrote numerous work based on them. He is admired among the Pali scholars for compiling the vast concordance of Pali canon by translating eighteen of the forty-two volumes of the Pali texts into English. He also served as the principal of Buddhist school Mahinda College, Galle in Ceylon for 16 years from 1903 to 1919. Woodward lived his latter stage of life in Rowella, Tasmania, mainly spending his time on studies and translation work.

Pali Text Society
The Pali Text Society is a text publication society founded in 1881 by Thomas William Rhys Davids "to foster and promote the study of Pāli texts." Pāli is the language in which the texts of the Theravada school of Buddhism are preserved. The Pāli texts are the oldest collection of Buddhist scriptures preserved in the language in which they were written down. The society first compiled, edited, and published Latin script versions of a large corpus of Pāli literature, including the Pāli Canon, as well as commentarial, exegetical texts, and histories. It publishes translations of many Pāli texts. It also publishes ancillary works including dictionaries, concordances, books for students of Pāli and the Journal of the Pali Text Society.
Morton Mandel
Morton Leon Mandel (September 19, 1921 – October 16, 2019) was an American business magnate, entrepreneur, and philanthropist. Along with his two brothers, Jack and Joe, he founded the Premier Automotive Supply Company in 1940, which later became one of the world's leading industrial parts and electronic components distributors. His philanthropic activities in Cleveland, and in Jewish and Israeli institutions, were via the Mandel Foundation.

Mandel received a bachelor's degree and eleven honorary doctorates.

Jewish Community Center
A Jewish Community Center or Centre (JCC) is a general recreational, social, and fraternal organization serving the Jewish community in a number of cities. JCCs promote Jewish culture and heritage through holiday celebrations, Israel-related programming, and other Jewish education. However, they are open to everyone in the community.

JCC Association of North America is the continental umbrella organization for the Jewish Community Center movement, which includes nearly 150 JCCs, YM–YWHAs, and camp sites in the U.S. and Canada.
TiVo Inc. v. EchoStar Corp.
TiVo Inc. v. EchoStar Corp. is a  case stretching from 2004 to 2011, which took place in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas and the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. TiVo Inc. sued EchoStar Corp.  claiming patent infringement of a DVR technology. The issues addressed during litigation included patent infringement, wording of injunctions, infringing product redesign, contempt of court orders, and contempt sanctions. Ultimately, the court held that EchoStar Corp. had indeed infringed TiVo Inc's patent and was in contempt of court for noncompliance of an injunction. The parties reached a settlement wherein EchoStar Corp. paid TiVo Inc. a licensing fee. Further, the court replaced the established contempt test with a single step test. The simplified test makes it more difficult for patent holders to prove contempt as a result of repeat infringement.

En banc
In law, an en banc (/ˌɑːn ˈbɑːŋk/; alternatively in banc, in banco or in bank; French: [ɑ̃ bɑ̃]) session is when all the judges of a court sit to hear a case, not just one judge or a smaller panel of judges.
For courts like the United States Courts of Appeals, in which each case is normally heard by a three-judge panel instead of the entire court, an en banc review is usually used for only very complex or important cases or when the court believes there is an especially significant issue at stake. En banc is a French phrase meaning "in bench." Convening an en banc court may enhance a court’s legitimacy by ensuring the quality and consistency of its case law and by signalling broad collective ownership of outcomes by all the court’s judges.
Centre for the Study of World Christianity
The Centre for the Study of World Christianity (CSWC) is a research centre based in New College, the School of Divinity at the University of Edinburgh. It was founded in the University of Aberdeen by Andrew F. Walls as the Centre for the Study of Christianity in the Non-Western World in 1982, but later moved by Walls to the University of Edinburgh in 1986. Its current name was adopted in 2009.  The centre is currently directed by Alexander Chow and Emma Wild-Wood.

Kwame Bediako
Kwame Bediako (July 7, 1945 – June 10, 2008), also known as Manasseh Kwame Dakwa Bediako, was a Ghanaian Christian theologian and Rector for the Akrofi-Christaller Institute for Theology, Mission and Culture in Akropong, Akuapim North, Ghana.
Goeppertia picturata
Goeppertia picturata is a species of plant now classified as belonging to the genus Goeppertia in the family Marantaceae. It is native to northwest Brazil. and has been introduced to Colombia, Peru, the Leeward Islands, and the Windward Islands.

It grows as a 35–40 cm (14–16 in) clump-forming evergreen perennial. The leaves are dark green above, purple below, marked heavily with silver along the veins and midriff. It is tender, with a minimum temperature of 16 °C (61 °F) required, and in temperate areas is cultivated indoors as a houseplant.

The Goeppertia picturata cultivar 'Argentea', with silver leaves edged in green, has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Houseplant
A houseplant, also known as a pot plant, potted plant, or indoor plant, is an ornamental plant cultivated indoors for aesthetic or practical purposes. These plants are commonly found in homes, offices, and various indoor spaces, where they contribute to the ambiance by adding natural beauty and improving air quality. Most houseplants are tropical or semi-tropical species, as they thrive in the warm, humid conditions often found indoors. Many of them are epiphytes (plants that grow on other plants), succulents (which store water in their leaves), or cacti, which are particularly well-suited to indoor environments due to their low maintenance requirements.