hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Great Debasement
The Great Debasement (1544–1551) was a currency debasement policy introduced in 1544 England under the order of Henry VIII which saw the amount of precious metal in gold and silver coins reduced and in some cases replaced entirely with cheaper base metals such as copper. Overspending by Henry VIII to pay for his lavish lifestyle and to fund foreign wars with France and Scotland are cited as reasons for the policy's introduction. The main aim of the policy was to increase revenue for the Crown at the cost of taxpayers through savings in currency production with less bullion being required to mint new coins. During debasement gold standards dropped from the previous standard of 23 karat  to as low as 20 karat while silver was reduced from 92.5% sterling silver to just 25%. Revoked in 1551 by Edward VI, the policy's economic effects continued for many years until 1560 when all debased currency was removed from circulation.

Gresham's law
In economics, Gresham's law is a monetary principle stating that "bad money drives out good". For example, if there are two coins in circulation containing metal of different value, which are accepted by law as having similar face value, the more valuable coin based on the inherent value of its component metals will gradually disappear from circulation.

The law was named in 1857 by economist Henry Dunning Macleod after Sir Thomas Gresham (1519–1579), an English financier during the Tudor dynasty. Gresham had urged Queen Elizabeth to restore confidence in the then-debased English currency.

The concept was thoroughly defined in Renaissance Europe by Nicolaus Copernicus and known centuries earlier in classical Antiquity, the Near East and China.
Glenledi
Glenledi, also known as Bull Creek, is a small coastal farming and holiday settlement to the east of Milton, New Zealand, in the Otago region of New Zealand's South Island. It lies at the north end of Chrystall's Beach, six kilometres northeast along the coast from Toko Mouth. The small Glenledi Stream enters the Pacific Ocean at Bull Creek, passing through a reef-protected cove surrounded by native bush.

Glenledi is a corruption of the early settler name "Glen Lady", first applied to the area by a daughter of the Reverend Mr Dewes. The name Bull Creek probably from that of early whaler Robert O'Neill, whose strength earned him the nickname "John Bull". The area's Māori name, Moanariri (meaning "angry sea") is still occasionally encountered.

Milton, New Zealand
Milton, formerly known as Tokomairiro or Tokomairaro, is a town of over 2,000 people, located on State Highway 1, 50 kilometres to the south of Dunedin in Otago, New Zealand. It lies on the floodplain of the Tokomairaro River (until 2016 called the Tokomairiro), one branch of which loops past the north and south ends of the town. This river gives its name to many local features, notably the town's only secondary school, Tokomairiro High School.

Founded as a milling town in the 1850s, there has long been dispute as to the naming of the settlement. The town's streets are named for prominent British poets, and it is possible that the town's original intended name of Milltown became shortened by association with the poet of the same name. It is equally possible, however, that the name Milton inspired the choice of poets' names for the streets.
Broadway West Sports Ground
Broadway West Sports Ground is a multi-use sports complex in Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne, England. It is located in the Parklands ward.

It is home to sports teams that are under the Gosforth Sports Association banner; Gosforth Rugby Football Club, Newcastle City Cricket Club, Tyne Tees Tigers and Newcastle Nighthawks Baseball Club. The site is located near the Wansbeck Road Metro station.

Gosforth Rugby Football Club moved to the site after previously being tenants at Bullocksteads Sports Ground and Druid Park.

The sports ground and adjacent Kingston Park Road playing fields are also used for community groups and events. It also hosts the Newcastle Roundtable Fireworks Display annually around Guy Fawkes Night. Red House Farm J.F.C. play at the adjacent Kingston Park Road playing fields after moving from Broadway West in 2003 to build their own club house.

Gosforth Sports Association took a 30-year lease on the site and clubhouse in September 2015 from Newcastle City Council.

Bullocksteads Sports Ground
Bullocksteads Sports Ground is a rugby and football facility in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. It is situated next to the Kingston Park stadium.

It is the former home of Gosforth RFC. It has 13 grass pitches. Northumbria University and Premiership Rugby team, the Newcastle Falcons, planned to turn it into a Rugby Development Centre.
The sports ground was sold to Newcastle City Council in 2017.
Alabama Crimson Tide golf
The Alabama Crimson Tide golf teams represent the University of Alabama located in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I and the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The Crimson Tide currently has two of the best teams in the country with the men and women consistently ranked inside the top 5 by Golfweek.

NCAA Division I women's golf championship
The NCAA Division I Women's Golf Championship, played in the month of May, is the annual competition in women's collegiate golf for individuals and teams from universities in Division I. Golf was one of twelve women's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981-82 school year. From its inception through 2014, it was a stroke play team competition with an additional individual award. Beginning in 2015, after 72 holes of stroke play, the top eight teams play in single-elimination match play to determine the team champion.

Many individual winners have gone on to have successful careers on the LPGA Tour, including 1991 champion Annika Sörenstam and 1999 champion Grace Park.

The Division I competition started in 1982. A combined Division II and Division III championship was held from 1996 to 1999, splitting into separate championships starting in 2000.
Bibliography of Nazi Germany
This is a list of books about Nazi Germany, the state that existed in Germany during the period from 1933 to 1945, when its government was controlled by Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP; Nazi Party). It also includes some important works on the development of Nazi imperial ideology, totalitarianism, German society during the era, the formation of anti-Semitic racial policies, the post-war ramifications of Nazism, along with various conceptual interpretations of the Third Reich.

Jürgen Förster
Jürgen Förster (born 1940) is a German historian who specialises in the history of Nazi Germany and World War II. He is a professor of history at the University of Freiburg, the position he has held since 2005. Förster is a contributor to the seminal work Germany and the Second World War from the Military History Research Office (MGFA).
Zooman and the Sign
Zooman and the Sign is an Obie Award-winning play by Charles Fuller.  Set in Philadelphia in 1979, the play focuses on the murder of a 12-year-old African American girl in front of many local witnesses who refuse to reveal the killer despite the family's attempts for justice.  It was first produced on December 7, 1980 Off-Broadway by the Negro Ensemble Company directed by Douglas Turner Ward and starring notable actors such as Giancarlo Esposito and Carol Lynn Maillard.  The production earned Fuller an Obie Award for playwriting.

In 2009 the play was revived Off-Broadway by the Signature Theatre Company directed by Stephen McKinley Henderson featuring Amari Cheatom, Rosalyn Coleman, and Ron Canada.  The text of the play is available through Samuel French.

In 1995, the play was adapted for television by Fuller himself, with Khalil Kain in the title role.

Obie Award
The Obie Awards or Off-Broadway Theater Awards are annual awards given since 1956 by The Village Voice newspaper to theater artists and groups involved in off-Broadway and off-off-Broadway productions in New York City. Starting just after the 2014 ceremony, the American Theatre Wing became the joint presenter and administrative manager of the Obie Awards. The Obie Awards are considered off-Broadway's highest honor, similar to the Tony Awards for Broadway productions.
Chenali-ye Bala
Chenali-ye Bala (Persian: چنالي بالا, also Romanized as Chenālī-ye Bālā) is a village in Surak Rural District, Lirdaf District, Jask County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 112, in 26 families.

Surak Rural District
Surak Rural District (Persian: دهستان سورك) is in Lirdaf District of Jask County, Hormozgan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Sedij. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Lirdaf, now a city.
Takeichi Harada
Takeichi Harada (原田 武一, Harada Takeichi; 16 May 1899 – 12 June 1978) was an amateur tennis player from Japan who competed in the 1920s and 1930s, including the 1924 Summer Olympics.

Harada was also ranked World No. 10 by Myers and the U.S. No. 3 in 1925. He was ranked World No. 7 in 1926 by A. Wallis Myers of The Daily Telegraph.

In 1923 he won the All-Japan Championships singles title. Harada moved to the United States to continue his studies at the Harvard University. In 1926 he won the Jamaican International Championships. In 1929 he won the All-Japan Championships singles and doubles.

He was coached by Harry Cowles.

Japan Open (tennis)
The Japan Open, currently sponsored by the Kinoshita Group, is a men's tennis tournament held in Ariake Tennis Forest Park with its center court Ariake Coliseum, located in Koto, Tokyo. It has been held since 1972. In 2018, the venue switched to the Musashino Forest Sports Plaza as the Ariake Coliseum was renovated for the tennis events at the 2020 Summer Olympics. The championship includes men's singles and doubles competitions.
Razack Peeroo
Abdool Razack Mahomed Ameen Peeroo GOSK (born 16 April 1945) served as Speaker of the National Assembly of Mauritius from July 2012 until December 2014.

He was educated at King's College London and is a member of Lincoln's Inn. He previously served as Attorney-General and Minister of Labour, Human Rights and Corporate Affairs from 1995 to 2000.

Speaker of the National Assembly of Mauritius
The Speaker of the National Assembly is the presiding officer in the National Assembly of Mauritius. The speaker is elected by the members of the National Assembly and does not have to be a member of the National Assembly.

The position has existed since the Legislative Council, as it was known at the time in the 1950s, decided to choose a separate presiding officer for the Council (the Colonial Governor served as the presiding officer before). Sir Robert Stanley was chosen as the first speaker of the Legislative Council in 1957. Stanley was followed by Sir Harilal Vaghjee, who became the first Mauritian to hold the speakership in 1960. Vaghjee remains the longest-serving holder of the office.

Since the opening of the 8th National Assembly on 29 November 2024, Shirin Aumeeruddy-Cziffra is the incumbent speaker of the National Assembly. She is the second female speaker and the first female Muslim woman  to serve within the role. Aumeeruddy-Cziffra was elected unanimously by the house.
1784 English cricket season
The 1784 English cricket season was significant for the appearance in important matches of the White Conduit Club, although the surviving references this year are merely around two "great matches" played on White Conduit Fields. Details of nine matches are known.

Although not directly connected with cricket, it was in 1784 that the India Act was passed, creating a department of the British government to exercise political, military and financial control over the Indian affairs of the East India Company. During the next half century British control was extended over most of the sub-continent, and cricket spread throughout the country as a consequence of that.

White Conduit Fields
White Conduit Fields in Islington was an early venue for cricket and several major matches are known to have been played there in the 18th century. It was the original home of the White Conduit Club, forerunner of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). Later it was used by The Islington Albion Cricket Club, who played their last game at the ground in 1834. Maps from the time show that the cricket field was a few hundred metres north of the White Conduit House, in the land surrounding the modern Richmond Crescent, and paintings suggest it was also possibly on the adjacent field to the south at the modern Barnard Park.
Prolasius
Prolasius is a genus of ants in the subfamily Formicinae.  Of the genus' 19 species, 18 are known from Australia (one of which is also found in Papua New Guinea) and one from New Zealand. They nest in soil under rocks or logs, sometimes in trees.

Formicinae
The Formicinae are a subfamily within the Formicidae family containing ants of moderate evolutionary development.

Formicines retain some primitive features, such as the presence of cocoons around pupae, the presence of ocelli in workers, and little tendency toward reduction of palp or antennal segmentation in most species, except subterranean groups. Extreme modification of mandibles is rare, except in the genera Myrmoteras and Polyergus. However, some members show considerable evolutionary advancement in behaviors such as slave-making and symbiosis with root-feeding hemipterans. Finally, all formicines have very reduced stings and enlarged venom reservoirs, with the venom gland, specialized (uniquely among ants) for the production of formic acid.

All members of the Formicinae "have a one-segmented petiole in the form of a vertical scale".
Hindmarsh Brewery
The Hindmarsh Brewery was a brewery founded c.1844 in Hindmarsh, in the then colony of South Australia, by E. J. F. "Fred" Crawford. Crawford lost possession of the business in 1859, then re-established it on a different site before becoming bankrupt. It was then taken over by Henry Haussen and George Catchlove, and was successfully operated by them and their successors until 1927.

Koroit
Koroit /kəˈrɔɪt/ is a small rural town in western Victoria, Australia a few kilometres north of the Princes Highway, 18 kilometres (11 mi) north-west of Warrnambool and 272 kilometres (169 mi) west of Melbourne.  It is in the Shire of Moyne local government area located amidst rolling green pastures on the north rim of Tower Hill. At the 2021 census, Koroit had a population of 2,184. The town borrows its name from the Koroitch Gundidj people who occupied the area prior to European colonisation.
Etten, Netherlands
Etten is a village in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is located in the municipality of Oude IJsselstreek, 7 km southeast of Doetinchem.

Etten was a separate municipality until 1818, when it was merged with Gendringen.

Doetinchem
Doetinchem (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdutɪŋxəm] ⓘ; Low Saxon: Deutekem) is a city and municipality in the east of the Netherlands. It is situated along the Oude IJssel (Old IJssel) river in a part of the province of Gelderland called the Achterhoek. The municipality had a population of 58,270 in 2021 and consists of an area of 79.66 km2 (30.76 sq mi) of which 0.61 km2 (0.24 sq mi) is water. This makes Doetinchem the largest town (by population) in the Achterhoek.

On 1 January 2005, a municipal restructuring merged the neighbouring municipality of Wehl as well as the Zelhelmse Broek area with Doetinchem.
Riigikogu electoral district no. 12
Electoral district no. 12 (Estonian: Valimisringkond nr 12) is one of the 12 multi-member electoral districts of the Riigikogu, the national legislature of Estonia. The district was established in 1992 when the Riigikogu was re-established following Estonia's independence from the Soviet Union. It was renamed electoral district no. 11 in 1995 following the re-organisation of electoral districts but reverted to electoral district no. 12 in 2003. It is conterminous with the county of Pärnu. The district currently elects seven of the 101 members of the Riigikogu using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 parliamentary election it had 66,852 registered electors.

Kadri Simson
Kadri Simson (née Must, born 22 January 1977) is an Estonian politician, formerly from the Centre Party, who served as the European Commissioner for Energy in the von der Leyen Commission between 2019 and 2024.
Gmina Brok
Gmina Brok is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Brok, which lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south of Ostrów Mazowiecka and 79 km (49 mi) north-east of Warsaw.

The gmina covers an area of 110.21 square kilometres (42.6 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 2,843, of which the population of Brok is 1,859, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 984.

Ostrów County, Masovian Voivodeship
Ostrów County (Polish: powiat ostrowski) is a county in Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland. Its seat is located in the town of Ostrów Mazowiecka, with the only other town of the county being Brok. The county was established on 1 January 1999, and historically existed from 1919 to 1939 in the Białystok Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic, and in 1939, in the Warsaw Voivodeship.

The county covers an area of 1,218.06 square kilometres (470.3 sq mi). As of 2019, its total population is 72,558, out of which the population of Ostrów Mazowiecka is 22,489, that of Brok is 1,941, and the rural population is 48,128.
Plasmodium basilisci
Plasmodium basilisci is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Carinamoeba.

Like all Plasmodium species P. basilisci has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

Apicomplexan life cycle
Apicomplexans, a group of intracellular parasites, have life cycle stages that allow them to survive the wide variety of environments they are exposed to during their complex life cycle. Each stage in the life cycle of an apicomplexan organism is typified by a cellular variety with a distinct morphology and biochemistry.

Not all apicomplexa develop all the following cellular varieties and division methods. This presentation is intended as an outline of a hypothetical generalised apicomplexan organism.
Hattfjelldal (village)
Hattfjelldal (Norwegian) or Aarborte (Southern Sami) is the administrative centre of Hattfjelldal Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The village is located along the river Vefsna, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) west of the border with Sweden. The large lake Røsvatnet lies about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of the village. The Norwegian National Road 73 runs through the village.  The village of Svenskvollen lies about 25 kilometres (16 mi) to the south in the Susendalen valley. The village of Varntresk lies about 30 kilometres (19 mi) to the north.

The 0.86-square-kilometre (210-acre) village has a population (2024) of 542 and a population density of 630 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,600/sq mi).

Hattfjelldal Church and Hattfjelldal Airport are both located in the village. The headquarters for the company Arbor-Trading AS has been located in this village since 1957. The Southern Sami cultural centre, Sijti Jarnge, is located in the village as well.

Røsvatnet
Røsvatnet (Norwegian) or Reevhtse (Southern Sami) is a lake and reservoir in Hattfjelldal Municipality and Hemnes Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It has been the site of human occupation since the Stone Age. Its area of 219 square kilometres (85 sq mi) makes it the second largest lake in Norway by surface area. Without the dam which has regulated the lake since 1957, it would be 190 square kilometres (73 sq mi) and the third largest lake in Norway. Its depth is 240 metres (790 ft), its volume is estimated at 15 cubic kilometres (3.6 cu mi), and its surface elevation is 374 metres (1,227 ft) above sea level.
Matt Mullins
Matt Mullins is an American actor and martial artist. At the age of 16, in 2000, he won his first World Kickboxing Association title in Dublin, Ireland. This would be his first of five championships in the next three years.

Michael Chaturantabut
Michael Chaturantabut (born April 30, 1975) is a Thai American actor, martial artist and stuntman, best known for his role as Chad Lee, the Blue Ranger in Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue. He was born in Rayong Province, Thailand.
Michael Nakazawa
Masatsugu Nakazawa (中澤 公胤, Nakazawa Masatsugu; born October 8, 1975), better known by the ring name Michael Nakazawa (中澤マイケル, Nakazawa Maikeru), is a Japanese professional wrestler and judoka signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW).

DDT Extreme Championship
The DDT Extreme Championship (Japanese: DDT EXTREME王座, Hepburn: Dī Dī Tī Ekusutorīmu Ōza) is a singles title in the Japanese professional wrestling promotion DDT Pro-Wrestling. The title was established in 2006 and it is mostly defended in stipulation matches, with the defending champion being given the right to choose the stipulation. The title has also been defended at events held by Union Pro Wrestling, one of DDT's former sub-brands.

The current champion is To-y who is in his first reign.
Ellerbe Becket
Ellerbe Becket was an independent Minneapolis, Minnesota-based architectural, engineering, interior design and construction firm until 2009, when it was acquired by AECOM.

The firm currently employs 475 people in seven locations and three countries, and has designed buildings in all of the 50 states and in 20 countries.

Rochester, Minnesota
Rochester is a city in Olmsted County, Minnesota, United States. It is the county seat. It is located along rolling bluffs on the Zumbro River's south fork in Southeast Minnesota. The population was 121,395 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 123,624 in 2024, making it the third-most populous city in Minnesota. The Rochester metropolitan area has an estimated 230,000 residents. The city is the home and birthplace of Mayo Clinic.

Rochester first developed as a stagecoach stop between Dubuque, Iowa, and Saint Paul, Minnesota. With the creation of the Mayo Clinic in 1864, Rochester became a national center for healthcare, as well as a hub for regional agriculture.  For higher education needs the University of Minnesota Rochester, Rochester Community and Technical College, and Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine are located in the city.
Mary Josephine Walters
Mary Josephine Walters (1837–1883), also known as Josephine Walters or M.J. Walters, was part of the 19th century American landscape painting movement known as the Hudson River School. She studied under Asher Durand and specialized in oil and watercolor painting. Though there is not much information about her life, her paintings exhibited much of the immense detail and precision that her mentor’s work did. Much of Walter's painting was done in the Adirondack and Catskill Mountains, though most of her currently known works are of the Hudson River.

Hudson River School
The  Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by Romanticism. Early on, the paintings typically depicted the Hudson River Valley and the surrounding area, including the Catskill, Adirondack, and White Mountains.

Works by second-generation artists expanded to include other locales in New England, the Maritimes, the Western United States, and South America.
Simon Martirosyan
Simon Martirosyan (Armenian: Սիմոն Մարտիրոսյան; born 17 February 1997) is an Armenian weightlifter, Olympian, two-time world champion, and two-time European champion competing in the 105 kg category until 2018 and 109 kg starting in 2018 after the International Weightlifting Federation reorganized the categories.

World record progression men's weightlifting
This is the list of world records progression in men's weightlifting. Records are maintained in each weight class for the snatch lift, clean and jerk lift, and the total for both lifts.

The International Weightlifting Federation restructured its weight classes in 1993, 1998, 2018 and 2025, nullifying earlier records.