hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Reformation in Zürich
The Reformation in Zürich was promoted initially by Huldrych Zwingli, who gained the support of the magistrates of the city of Zürich and the princess abbess Katharina von Zimmern of the Fraumünster Abbey, and the population of the city of Zürich and agriculture-oriented population of the present Canton of Zürich in the early 1520s. It led to significant changes in civil life and state matters in Zürich and spread to several other cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy, and thus initiated the Reformation in Switzerland.

Canton of Zurich
The canton of Zurich is an administrative unit (canton) of Switzerland, situated in the northeastern part of the country. With a population of 1,553,423 (as of 31 December 2020), it is the most populous canton of Switzerland. Zurich is the de facto capital of the canton, but is not specifically mentioned in the constitution. The official language is German. The local Swiss German dialect, called Züritüütsch, is commonly spoken.

The canton has the highest Human Development Index score (0.993) out of 1,790 subnational regions as of 2022. It is also a global financial center and has the fourth-highest GRP in Switzerland behind Basel-Stadt, Zug and Geneva by GDP per capita.
Zone 72, Qatar
Zone 72 is a zone in the municipality of Al-Shahaniya in the state of Qatar. The main district recorded in the 2015 population census was Al Utouriya.

Other districts which fall within its administrative boundaries are Lehsain, Qaryat Al Refaiq, Ras Abrouq, Umm Al Daah Khawzan, Umm Al Qahab Al Jadeeda, Umm Al Qahab Al Qadeema, Umm Leghab West, Wadi Laswaq, and Zekreet.

Al-Shahaniya
Al Shahaniya (Arabic: الشحانية, romanized: Ash Shīḩānīyah) is a municipality (3299 km2) in Qatar, with its municipal seat being a city of the same name (39 km2). Formerly in the municipality of Al Rayyan, but now an independent municipality, the municipal seat was delimited in 1988 by Law No. 22. In 2014, the cabinet ratified a draft amending provisions to the 1988 law that formalized Al Shahaniya as Qatar's eighth municipality.
Carraízo Dam
Carraízo Dam is a concrete gravity dam located in the municipality of Trujillo Alto, Puerto Rico within the flow of the Río Grande de Loíza. Its construction was completed in 1953. Carraízo Dam impounds Loíza Lake which serves as Puerto Rico's main water reservoir.

Gravity dam
A gravity dam is a dam constructed from concrete or stone masonry and designed to hold back water by using only the weight of the material and its resistance against the foundation. Gravity dams are designed so that each section of the dam is stable and independent of any other dam section. (In contrast, sections of an arch dam are not independently stable, and instead rely on transmitting force through neighboring sections to the abutments, often anchored into canyon walls.)
Clicquot Club Company
The Clicquot Club Company (pronounced "Klee-ko"), also known as Clicquot Club Beverages, was one of the largest national beverage companies. It sold Ginger ale and several varieties of soda. After over 80 years of operation, the company was bought by Cott Beverage Corporation in 1969 and eventually dissolved.

Ginger ale
Ginger ale is a carbonated soft drink (not an ale) flavoured with ginger. It is consumed on its own or used as a mixer, often with spirit-based drinks. There are two main types of ginger ale. The golden style is credited to the Irish doctor Thomas Joseph Cantrell. The dry style (also called the pale style), a paler drink with a much milder ginger flavour, was created by Canadian John McLaughlin.
Trochantha
Trochantha is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Celastraceae.

Its native range is Western Central Tropical Africa to Tanzania and Angola.

Species:

Trochantha graciliflora (Welw. ex Oliv.) R.H.Archer

Trochantha preussii (Loes.) R.H.Archer

Celastraceae
The Celastraceae, also known as the staff-vine or bittersweet family, are a family of 98 genera and 1,350 species of herbs, vines, shrubs and small trees, belonging to the order Celastrales. The great majority of the genera are tropical, with only Celastrus (the staff vines), Euonymus (the spindles) and Maytenus widespread in temperate climates, and Parnassia (bog-stars) found in alpine and arctic climates.

Of the 98 currently recognized genera of the family Celastraceae, 19 are native to Madagascar and these include at least 57 currently recognized species. Six of these 19 genera (Brexiella, Evonymopsis, Hartogiopsis, Polycardia, Ptelidium, and Salvadoropsis) are endemic to Madagascar.
Ivan Vyshnegradsky
Ivan Alekseyevich Vyshnegradsky (Russian: Ива́н Алексе́евич Вышнегра́дский; 1 January 1832 – 6 April 1895) was a Russian financial adviser, priest and scientist who specialized in mechanics. He served as the Russian finance minister from 1887 to 1892.

Ministry of Finance (Russia)
The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation (Russian: Министерство финансов Российской Федерации), also known as MinFin (Минфин России), is a ministry of the Government of Russia responsible for financial policy and general management in the field of finance.

The Ministry of Finance was formed from the Ministry of Finance of the USSR in 1992 and claims descent from the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Empire first established in 1780. It is headquartered at Ilinka Street 9 in Tverskoy District, Moscow.

Anton Siluanov has served as the Minister of Finance since September 2011.
The Dream of Ossian
The Dream of Ossian (French: Le Songe d'Ossian) is an 1813 painting by the French artist Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. The work depicts the legendary poet Ossian sleeping while he dreams of relatives, warriors and deities, which appear above him on the canvas. Ingres was influenced by his contemporaries' Ossianic works, including James Macpherson's purported translations of Ossian's poems, François Gérard's 1801 painting Ossian Evoking Phantoms, and Jean-François Le Sueur's 1803 opera Ossian, ou Les bardes.

The painting was intended for the French emperor Napoleon's bedroom in the Quirinal Palace in Rome, but was reacquired by Ingres in 1835. Unfinished compositional adjustments were made to the painting, and the work was bequeathed to the Musée Ingres upon the artist's death in 1867. Though subsequent criticism described the work as "grisaille" and "bizarre", others viewed the painting as characteristic of Neoclassicism or Romanticism.

Robert Rosenblum
Robert Rosenblum (July 24, 1927 – December 6, 2006) was an American art historian and curator known for his influential and often irreverent scholarship on European and American art of the mid-eighteenth to 20th centuries.
Bessville, Missouri
Bessville is an unincorporated community in the southern part of Crooked Creek Township in eastern Bollinger County, Missouri, United States. The community lies on the east bank of Crooked Creek and at the end of Missouri Route OO. It is located approximately seven miles northwest of Marble Hill and 5.5 miles southeast of Marquand in adjacent Madison County.

The community was established as a stop on the Belmont branch of the Iron Mountain Railroad. It was laid out soon after the railroad was built in 1869. The community was named for Sam Bess, who ran the first store, and Levi Bess, who was the community's first postmaster. The first post office in the area operated between 1856–1864, and then again between 1871-1955 after the construction of the railroad.

Crooked Creek Township, Bollinger County, Missouri
Crooked Creek Township is one of eight townships in Bollinger County, Missouri, USA. As of the 2000 U.S. census, its population was 1,182. As of the 2010 U.S. census, the population had increased to 1,234. Crooked Creek Township covers an area of 84.74 square miles (219.5 km2).

Crooked Creek Township was established in 1872, and named after a creek of the same name noted for its irregular course.
Catafalque
A catafalque is a raised bier, box, or similar platform, often movable, that is used to support the casket, coffin, or body of a dead person during a Christian funeral or memorial service. Following a Roman Catholic Requiem Mass, a catafalque may be used to stand in place of the body at the absolution of the dead or used during Masses of the Dead and All Souls' Day.

Christian burial
A Christian burial is the burial of a deceased person with specifically Christian rites; typically, in consecrated ground. Until recent times Christians generally objected to cremation and practiced inhumation almost exclusively. Today this opposition has largely vanished among Protestants and Catholics alike, and this is rapidly becoming more common, although Eastern Orthodox Churches still mostly forbid cremation.
Zinc compounds
Zinc compounds are chemical compounds containing the element zinc which is a member of the group 12 of the periodic table. The oxidation state of zinc in most compounds is the group oxidation state of +2. Zinc may be classified as a post-transition main group element with zinc(II).  Zinc compounds are noteworthy for their nondescript appearance and behavior: they are generally colorless (unlike compounds of other elements with oxidation number +2, which are colored), do not readily engage in redox reactions, and generally adopt symmetrical structures.

Stability constants of complexes
In coordination chemistry, a stability constant (also called formation constant or binding constant) is an equilibrium constant for the formation of a complex in solution. It is a measure of the strength of the interaction between the reagents that come together to form the complex. There are two main kinds of complex: compounds formed by the interaction of a metal ion with a ligand and supramolecular complexes, such as host–guest complexes and complexes of anions. The stability constant(s) provide(s) the information required to calculate the concentration(s) of the complex(es) in solution. There are many areas of application in chemistry, biology and medicine.
Heckscher Park (Huntington, New York)
Heckscher Park is a local park and national historic district in Huntington, Suffolk County, New York. It is bounded by Madison Street, Sabbath Day Path, Main Street, and Prime Avenue. The park is roughly triangular-shaped with a large pond on northwest corner, and contains the Heckscher Museum of Art established by industrialist August Heckscher, as well as the Chapin Rainbow Theater. It hosts annual art festivals, tulip festivals, concerts, renaissance fairs, and the Huntington Summer Arts Festival. Heckscher Park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

Huntington (CDP), New York
Huntington is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) located within the Town of Huntington in Suffolk County, on the North Shore of Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 19,645 at the time of the 2020 census. The hamlet serves as the Town Seat of the Town of Huntington.

The hamlet's central business district, known locally as Huntington Village, is old and well developed, but it is not incorporated and does not have a village form of government.
Thiago Augusto
Thiago Augusto Fernandes (born 20 May 1990) is a professional footballer who plays as a striker for Bahraini Premier League club Al-Riffa. Born in Brazil, Augusto represents the Bahrain national football team internationally.

Malaysia Cup
The Malaysia Cup (Malay: Piala Malaysia), formerly known as Malaya Cup, is an annual football tournament in Malaysia, held at the end of the calendar year. The cup was first held in 1921. Despite its prestige and popularity as the country's oldest cup tournament, it does not guarantee a place in a continental competition, which is allocated to the Malaysia FA Cup winners. The competition was previously managed by the Football Association of Malaysia, before it was transferred to the Football Malaysia LLP (now known as the Malaysian Football League) in the 2016 season.

In the 2016 edition, the competition structure changed and only the top eleven teams of the Malaysia Super League and the top five teams of the Malaysia Premier League qualified for the cup.

The current title holder is Johor Darul Ta'zim, who won its fifth title in the 2024–25 edition.
Gabriel Jorge
Gabriel Jorge Sosa (26 June 1916 – 28 November 2014) was a Spanish footballer who played as a forward for Espanyol and the Spanish national team in the 1940s. He is the sixth-highest goal scorer in Espanyol's history with 81 goals, including two goals in the 1940 Spanish Cup final against Real Madrid in a 3–2 extra-time victory.

Catalan football championship
The Catalan football championship (Campionat de Catalunya) was a football competition in Catalonia and the first football league in Spain before La Liga was established in 1929.

In December 1900, Alfons Macaya, the president of Hispania AC, offered a trophy (the Copa Macaya) to be contested by several football teams from Spain. The league was played between 1901 and 1940 and was cancelled in Francoist Spain after the Spanish Civil War.
Sinanglanan
APO MACOTE is a rural barangay in the Basakan District of Malaybalay, Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 3,262 people. It is bordered to the north by San Martin, to the east by Miglamin and Jasaan of the Municipality of Cabanglasan, to the south by Apo Macote, and to the west by Santo Niño.

It was a sitio of Linabo until 1951, where it was converted into a barangay along with San Martin.

Apo Macote
Apo Macote is a rural barangay in the Basakan District of Malaybalay City, in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. It is the southernmost barangay of Malaybalay. According to the 2015 census, Apo Macote has a population of 4,903 people.
David Paton (ophthalmologist)
David Paton (August 16, 1930 – April 3, 2025) was an American ophthalmologist best known as founder in 1970 of Project Orbis (now named Orbis International, Inc.) and thereafter as its first medical director helping to develop (1970–1982) and then deploy its teaching aircraft for ophthalmologists worldwide, especially in the developing nations. Paton resigned from Orbis in 1987 and focused on other aspects of academic ophthalmology, but in 2011 he returned in a voluntary capacity to assist in fund raising for a new annual appointment, the David Paton Orbis Fellowship in Global Ophthalmology. David Paton died on April 3, 2025. He was 94 years old.

Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (JHUSOM) is the medical school of Johns Hopkins University, a private research university in Baltimore, Maryland. Established in 1893 following the construction of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Hopkins became a model for modern medical education. The school is recognized as a major center of biomedical research and is consistently ranked as one of the top medical schools in the United States.

The School of Medicine is located in Baltimore, where it shares a campus in East Baltimore with the School of Nursing, Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Johns Hopkins Hospital, the school's primary teaching hospital. As part of the larger Johns Hopkins Medicine health system, the school is also affiliated with numerous regional hospitals and medical centers including the Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Johns Hopkins Howard County Medical Center, Suburban Hospital in Montgomery County, Sibley Memorial Hospital in Washington, D.C.
Anthurium marmoratum
Anthurium marmoratum is a species of plant in the genus Anthurium native to western Colombia and Ecuador. It is a member of the section Cardiolonchium, or the velvet-leaved Anthuriums, along with A. papillilaminum, A. regale, A. crystallinum, and others. It is one of many species used by curanderos in South America to treat snakebite.

Anthurium
Anthurium (/ænˈθjuːriəm/; Schott, 1829) is a genus of about 1,000 species of flowering plants, the largest genus of the arum family, Araceae. General common names include anthurium, tailflower, flamingo flower, pigtail plant, and laceleaf.

The genus is native to the Americas, where it is distributed from northern Mexico to northern Argentina and parts of the Caribbean.
Horatio Berney-Ficklin
Major-General Horatio Pettus Mackintosh Berney-Ficklin, CB, MC (13 June 1892 – 17 February 1961) was a British Army officer who served in both the First and Second World Wars. During the latter, he commanded for just over three years – from July 1940 until August 1943 – the 5th Infantry Division (nicknamed "The Globe Trotters"), the most widely travelled division of the British Army during the Second World War.

Brigadier (United Kingdom)
Brigadier (Brig) is a senior rank in the British Army and the Royal Marines. Brigadier is the superior rank to colonel and subordinate to major-general. It corresponds to the rank of brigadier general in many other nations, although it is not considered to be a general officer rank in the United Kingdom.

The rank has a NATO rank code of OF-6, placing it equivalent to the Royal Navy commodore and the Royal Air Force air commodore ranks and the brigadier general (1-star general) rank of the United States military and numerous other NATO nations.
Tikøb
Tikøb is a small town and parish located 8 km west of Helsingør and six km north of Fredensborg, between Lake Esrum to the southwest and Gurre Lake to the east. in Helsingør Municipality, some 40 km north of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Gurre, Denmark
Gurre is a village located five kilometres west of Helsingør and 42 kilometres north of central Copenhagen, Denmark. It is located on the east side of Gurre Lake and is almost surrounded by woodland. As of 1 January 2025, its population was 410. It is most known for the ruin of Gurre Castle.
2005 New Zealand election funding controversy
The 2005 New Zealand election funding controversy occurred in the aftermath of the 2005 New Zealand general election.

Under New Zealand's political system, parties may only spend, during the 90 days before the election, up to a certain amount on campaigning (excluding broadcasting).  They must raise that money from their own sources. Other funds are available through the Parliamentary Service to Members of Parliament for "parliamentary purposes", which may include advertising but not "electioneering material". Following the 2005 election, there was widespread debate as most parties had breached either election or parliamentary spending rules in some respect.

Nicky Hager
Nicolas Alfred Hager ONZM (born 1958) is a New Zealand investigative journalist. He has produced seven books since 1996, covering topics such as intelligence networks, environmental issues and politics. He is one of two New Zealand members of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists.
De Burgh
de Burgh (English: /dəˈbɜːr/ də-BUR, French: [dəbuʁ]; Irish: de Búrca; Latin: Burgo, de Burgo) is an Anglo-Norman surname deriving from the ancient Anglo-Norman and Hiberno-Norman noble dynasty, the House of Burgh. In Ireland, the descendants of William de Burgh (c.1160–1206) had the surname de Burgh which was gaelicised in Irish as de Búrca and over the centuries became Búrc then Burke and Bourke.

Notable people with this name include:

Hubert de Burgh-Canning, 2nd Marquess of Clanricarde
Hubert George de Burgh-Canning, 2nd Marquess of Clanricarde (English: /dəˈbɜːr ... klænˈrɪkɑːrd/ də-BUR ... klan-RIK-ard; 30 November 1832 – 12 April 1916), styled Lord Hubert de Burgh until 1862, Lord Hubert de Burgh-Canning until 1867, and Viscount Bourke until 1874, was an Anglo-Irish ascendancy nobleman, millionaire, and politician who was the grandson of British Prime Minister George Canning.
Genotyping
Genotyping is the process of determining differences in the genetic make-up (genotype) of an individual by examining the individual's DNA sequence using biological assays and comparing it to another individual's sequence or a reference sequence. It reveals the alleles an individual has inherited from their parents. Traditionally genotyping is the use of DNA sequences to define biological populations by use of molecular tools. It does not usually involve defining the genes of an individual.

Sexual differentiation
Sexual differentiation is the process of development of the sex differences between males and females from an undifferentiated zygote. Sex differentiation is usually distinct from sex determination; sex determination is the designation of the development stage towards either male or female, while sex differentiation is the pathway towards the development of the phenotype.

In many species, testicular or ovarian differentiation begins with the appearance of Sertoli cells in males and granulosa cells in females.

As embryos develop into mature adults, sex differences develop at many levels, including chromosomes, gonads, hormones, and anatomy. Beginning with determining sex by genetic and/or environmental factors, humans and other organisms proceed towards different differentiation pathways as they grow and develop.
Ghilianella beckeri
Ghilianella beckeri is a species of assassin bug in the subfamily Emesinae found in Brazil. The species was described in 2009 and was found in the collection of the late professor Johann Becker (1932–2004).

Emesinae
The Emesinae, or thread-legged bugs, are a subfamily of the Reduviidae (i.e., assassin bugs). They are conspicuously different from the other reduviids by their very slender body form. They are stalking, predatory insects that can be collected on palm fronds, cliffs, spider webbing, or near lights at night (many can be collected by blacklight). They walk on their mid and hind legs; the front pair is raptorial. Some groups specialize on spiders. Very little is known about emesines except that many species are found in the tropics. Pedro Wygodzinsky wrote the most recent revision of this group.
Buru language
Buru or Buruese (Buru: li fuk Buru) is a Malayo-Polynesian language of the Central Maluku branch. In 1991 it was spoken by approximately 45,000 Buru people who live on the Indonesian island of Buru (Indonesian: Pulau Buru). It is also preserved in the Buru communities on Ambon and some other Maluku Islands, as well as in the Indonesian capital Jakarta and in the Netherlands.

The most detailed study of Buru language was conducted in the 1980s by Australian missionaries and ethnographers Charles E. Grimes and Barbara Dix Grimes.

Deixis
In linguistics, deixis (/ˈdaɪksɪs, ˈdeɪksɪs/) is the use of words or phrases to refer to a particular time (e.g. then), place (e.g. here), or person (e.g. you) relative to the context of the utterance. Deixis exists in all known natural languages and is closely related to anaphora, with a sometimes unclear distinction between the two. In linguistic anthropology, deixis is seen as the same as, or a subclass of, indexicality.

The term's origin is Ancient Greek: δεῖξις, romanized: deixis, lit. 'display, demonstration, or reference'. To this, Chrysippus (c. 279 – c. 206 BCE) added the specialized meaning point of reference, which is the sense in which the term is used in contemporary linguistics.
Nahhunte
Nahhunte was the Elamite sun god. While the evidence for the existence of temples dedicated to him and regular offerings is sparse, he is commonly attested in theophoric names, including these of members of Elamite royal families.

Solar deity
A solar deity or sun deity is a deity who represents the Sun or an aspect thereof. Such deities are usually associated with power and strength. Solar deities and Sun worship can be found throughout most of recorded history in various forms. The English word sun derives from Proto-Germanic *sunnǭ. The Sun is sometimes referred to by its Latin name Sol or by its Greek name Helios.