hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Artificial intelligence engineering
Artificial intelligence engineering (AI engineering) is a technical discipline that focuses on the design, development, and deployment of AI systems. AI engineering involves applying engineering principles and methodologies to create scalable, efficient, and reliable AI-based solutions. It merges aspects of data engineering and software engineering to create real-world applications in diverse domains such as healthcare, finance, autonomous systems, and industrial automation.

Adversarial machine learning
Adversarial machine learning is the study of the attacks on machine learning algorithms, and of the defenses against such attacks.

Machine learning techniques are mostly designed to work on specific problem sets, under the assumption that the training and test data are generated from the same statistical distribution (IID). However, this assumption is often dangerously violated in practical high-stake applications, where users may intentionally supply fabricated data that violates the statistical assumption.

Most common attacks in adversarial machine learning include evasion attacks, data poisoning attacks, Byzantine attacks and model extraction.
Slobozhan dialect
Slobozhan or Sloboda Ukrainian dialect (Ukrainian: Слобожанський говір) is a dialect of Ukrainian language spoken in the historical region of Sloboda Ukraine. It formed as a result of interaction between speakers of Middle Dnieprian, Eastern Polesian and Podolian dialects of Ukrainian, as well Southern Russian dialects, during the settlement of the area in the 16-17th centuries. Slobozhan dialect is classified among Southeastern Ukrainian dialects.

Podolian dialect
Podolian or Podillian dialect (Ukrainian: Подільський говір) is a dialect of Ukrainian language spoken in the historical region of Podolia (Ukrainian: Поділля, Podillia) in central-western areas of Ukraine. It is usually classified as part of Southwestern Ukrainian dialects and is the easternmost dialect in the group.
Lily Brayton
Elizabeth "Lily" Brayton (23 June 1876 – 30 April 1953) was an English actress and singer, known for her performances in Shakespeare plays and for her nearly 2,000 performances in the First World War hit musical Chu Chin Chow.

Richard II (play)
The Life and Death of King Richard the Second (1595), also Richard II, is a Shakespearean history play about the lifetime and reign of King Richard II of England (r. 1377–1399). As a dramatised period history of the English monarchy, Richard II chronicles the machinations of the noblemen of the royal court who conspire, precipitate, and realise the downfall and death of the King of England.

As the first work in the Henriad tetralogy of English history plays, the political narrative of Richard II is thematically followed throughout the stories of Henry IV, Part 1, Henry IV, Part 2, and Henry V, which also are histories of the reigns of his royal successors to the Throne of England. Although the First Folio (1623) classifies The Life and Death of Richard the Second as an English history play, the earlier Quarto edition (1597) classifies Richard II as a tragedy, under the title The Tragedie of King Richard the Second.
Causeway Bay Typhoon Shelter
Causeway Bay Typhoon Shelter is a typhoon shelter located in Causeway Bay, Hong Kong, between the Hong Kong Island entrance of Cross-Harbour Tunnel on Kellett Island and Island Eastern Corridor. It was the first typhoon shelter in Hong Kong. It is roughly 17 hectares in area.

Central–Wan Chai Bypass
The Central–Wan Chai Bypass is a four-kilometre (2.5 mi) trunk road running between Sheung Wan and Fortress Hill on Hong Kong Island. The original design consists of a 2.3 km dual three-lane tunnel running under new reclamation areas provided by the Central and Wan Chai Reclamation project, and also connections to Connaught Road West flyover and Island Eastern Corridor. It  substitutes Connaught Road Central, Harcourt Road, Gloucester Road and Victoria Park Road to be part of Route 4.

The bypass opened to traffic on 20 January 2019.
De Rotterdam
De Rotterdam is a skyscraper on the Wilhelminapier in Rotterdam, designed by the Office for Metropolitan Architecture in 1998 and developed by Edge. The complex is located between the KPN Tower and Rotterdam Cruise Terminal and was finalized at the end of 2013. On 21 November 2013, the municipality of Rotterdam, as the largest user, received the keys. The design provides space for offices, a hotel and apartments. The 45 floors amount to a total floor space area of about 160,000 m², making it the largest building in the Netherlands.

KPN Tower
KPN Tower is a 96.5-metre-tall (317 ft) office building in Rotterdam (a city in the Netherlands). It was designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano and construction began in 1998. The building was officially opened by its owner KPN on September 28, 2000. The concept and design of the motion graphic light installation is from Studio Dumbar.
2015–16 Mohun Bagan FC season
The 2015–16 Mohun Bagan FC season was the club's 9th season in I-League and 126th season since its establishment in 1889. During this season, Mohun Bagan started the I-League as the defending champions (having won it last season). The team finished 3rd in the Calcutta Football League and runners-up in the I-League. Mohun Bagan were defeated by Shandong Luneng of China in the preliminary round 2 of the AFC Champions League and were eliminated from the competition at this stage. They bowed out of the AFC Cup in the round of 16 where they were defeated by the Tampines Rovers of Singapore. They were crowned Champions of the Federation Cup after they defeated Aizawl in the final.

Aizawl FC
Aizawl Football Club is an Indian professional football club based in Aizawl, Mizoram. The club competes in the Indian Football League, the second tier of Indian football league system. Founded in 1984, Aizawl earned entry in I-League in 2015–16 season, after winning the 2015 I-League 2.

Nicknamed "the people's club", it became first club from the Northeast to win a top flight Indian football league. They also participate in Mizoram Premier League. Aizawl also went on to compete in continental stages, while the club appeared in 2017 edition of AFC Cup.
Richard Eyre (priest)
Richard Montague Stephens Eyre (16 May 1929 – 12 December 2012) was an Anglican priest.  He was the Dean of Exeter from 1981 to 1995.

Eyre was educated at Charterhouse School and Oriel College, Oxford. He was ordained as an Anglican priest in 1957  and began his ministry as a curate at St Mark's Portsea, Portsmouth. After this, he was a tutor at Chichester Theological College then a chaplain at Eastbourne College. From 1965 to 1973, he was the Vicar of Arundel and from 1975 to 1981, the Archdeacon of Chichester, before his appointment as the Dean of Exeter.

Archdeacon of Chichester
The post of Archdeacon of Chichester was created in the 12th century, although the Diocese of Sussex was founded by St Wilfrid, the exiled Bishop of York, in AD 681. The original location of the see was in Selsey. The see was 
moved to Chichester, in about 1075, by decree of the Synod of London.

The current archdeacon is Tom Carpenter, since September 2025.
La Romana International Airport
La Romana Casa De Campo International Airport (IATA: LRM, ICAO: MDLR) is an international airport located on the southeastern coast of the Dominican Republic, adjacent to the tourist town of La Romana and the Casa de Campo resort. It is located about 68 miles (109 km) from the capital, Santo Domingo, approximately 1 hour and 34 minutes by car. With 146,000 passengers as of 2023, it's the Domincan Republic's fifth busiest airport.

Casa de Campo, Dominican Republic
Casa de Campo (Spanish for "Country House") is a Ponderosa-style tropical seaside residential community in La Romana on the southeast coast of the Dominican Republic. It was developed in the 1970s by Gulf and Western Industries on 7,000 acres (28 km2) of its Central Romana sugar mill's land.
Ballistic training
Ballistic training, also known as compensatory acceleration training, uses exercises which accelerate a force through the entire range of motion. It is a form of power training which can involve throwing weights, jumping with weights, or swinging weights in order to increase explosive power. The intention in ballistic exercises is to maximise the acceleration phase of an object's movement and minimise the deceleration phase. For instance, throwing a medicine ball maximises the acceleration of the ball. This can be contrasted with a standard weight training exercise where there would be a pronounced deceleration phase at the end of the repetition i.e. at the end of a bench press exercise the barbell is decelerated and brought to a halt. Similarly, an athlete jumping whilst holding a trap bar maximises the acceleration of the weight through the process of holding it whilst they jump- where as they would decelerate it at the end of a standard trap bar deadlift.

Deadlift
The deadlift is a strength training exercise in which a weight is lifted off the ground to hip level and then returned to the floor. While traditionally done with a barbell, deadlifts can also be done with dumbbells, kettlebells, trap bars, or resistance bands. It is one of the three powerlifting movements along with the squat and bench press, as well as a quintessential lift in strongman. The all-time deadlift world record stands at 510 kg (1,124.36 lb), achieved by Iceland's Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson.

Two styles of deadlift are commonly used in competition settings: the conventional deadlift and the sumo deadlift. While both of these styles are permitted under the rules of powerlifting, only the conventional stance is permitted in strongman.
COVID-19 pandemic in Azerbaijan
The COVID-19 pandemic in Azerbaijan was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have spread to Azerbaijan when its first case was confirmed in February 2020.

Absheron District
40°27′26″N 49°44′18″E﻿ / ﻿40.457182°N 49.738348°E﻿ / 40.457182; 49.738348

Absheron District (Azerbaijani: Abşeron rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. Located in the east of the country, it belongs to the Absheron-Khizi Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Khizi, Gobustan, Baku, Hajigabul, Salyan, and the city of Sumgait. Its capital and largest city is Khyrdalan. As of 2024, the district had a population of 432,816. Although the district shares the same name as the Absheron Peninsula, the area covered by the district is not conterminous, being further west and mostly inland.
2020 Navy Midshipmen football team
The 2020 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy in the 2020 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Midshipmen were led by thirteenth-year head coach Ken Niumatalolo and played their home games at Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium. Navy competed as a member of the American Athletic Conference (AAC).

Ken Niumatalolo
Kenneth Va'a Niumatalolo (born May 8, 1965) is an American college football coach and former player who is the head coach at San José State University. He was the head coach of the United States Naval Academy from 2007 to 2022, accumulating the most wins in program history. Niumatalolo played college football at the University of Hawaii. As a quarterback, he led Hawaii to their first postseason bowl game in 1989.  Niumatalolo is the second person of Polynesian descent to be named head coach of an NCAA Division I FBS college football program and the first ethnic Samoan collegiate head coach on any level. Niumatalolo was inducted into the Polynesian Football Hall of Fame on January 23, 2014.
Ukrainian Riding Horse
The Ukrainian Riding Horse (Ukrainian: украї́нський верхови́й кінь) or Ukrainian Saddle Horse is a modern Ukrainian breed of warmblood sport horse. Breeding began in the years after the Second World War at the stud farm of Dnipropetrovsk in central Ukraine – at that time in the USSR – and later expanded to three other state stud farms. It derives from cross-breeding of Hanoverian, Thoroughbred and Trakehner stallions with local mares or with Hungarian Furioso, Gidran Arab or Nonius mares. It incorporates the last bloodlines of the extinct Orlov-Rostopchin or Russian Saddle Horse.: 115  It was bred to compete in show jumping, three-day eventing and dressage, but is also suitable as a general riding horse.: 250

Warmblood
Warmbloods are a group of middle-weight horse types and breeds primarily originating in Europe and registered with organizations that are characterized by open studbook policy, studbook selection, and the aim of breeding for equestrian sport.
2013 Bat Yam bus bombing
32°01′19″N 34°45′16″E﻿ / ﻿32.0220°N 34.7545°E﻿ / 32.0220; 34.7545

On 22 December 2013, at approximately 2:30 pm, a pressure cooker bomb exploded on a public bus in Bat Yam, Israel. All casualties were averted because a few minutes earlier, a passenger on the bus had examined the contents of an unattended bag, and saw what looked like a bomb inside, which led all passengers and the driver to exit the vehicle. The bombing shattered or blew out all windows on the bus, and significantly damaged the interior.

On 2 January 2014, the Shin Bet announced it had arrested four Palestinian Islamic Jihad operatives for the bombing, including one individual who was a Palestinian Authority police officer. The Islamic Jihad cell had reportedly been planning a larger bombing in Tel Aviv as well.

It was the first terrorist bombing in Israel since the 2012 Tel Aviv bus bombing in Tel Aviv.

Pressure cooker bomb
A pressure cooker bomb is an improvised explosive device (IED) created by inserting explosive material into a pressure cooker and attaching a blasting cap into the cover of the cooker.

Pressure cooker bombs have been used in a number of attacks in the 21st century. Among them have been the 2006 Mumbai train bombings, 2010 Stockholm bombings (failed to explode), the 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt (failed to explode), the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, the 2016 New York and New Jersey bombings and the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing.
Ukshin Kovaçica
Ukshin Nuhë Peci (1904 – 20 February 1947), known as Ukshin Kovaçica, was an Albanian nationalist and Balli Kombëtar commander in Kosovo during World War II. He was one of the most notable fighters in the region Shala e Bajgorës.

Balli Kombëtar
The Balli Kombëtar (literally National Front) was an Albanian nationalist, collaborationist, and anti-communist resistance movement during the Second World War. It was led by Ali Këlcyra and Midhat Frashëri. The movement was formed by liberal nationalists, and other sections of society in Albania who were opposed to communism.

The motto of the Balli Kombëtar was: Shqipëria Shqiptarëve, Vdekje Tradhëtarëve (Albania to the Albanians, Death to the Traitors). Eventually, the Balli Kombëtar joined the Nazi Germany-established puppet government as part of the German occupation of Albania and fought as an ally against communist guerrilla groups. The Balli Kombëtar engaged in significant acts of terror culminating in atrocities committed against Serb and Greek civilians.
Piva (Drina)
The Piva (Cyrillic: Пива, pronounced [pîʋa]) is a river in Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The river runs through Montenegro for most of its course length, and in its last three kilometres marks the border between the two countries.

Bukovica (Komarnica)
The Bukovica (Montenegrin: Буковица) is the longest river in the municipality of Šavnik, Montenegro. It rises under the Ranisava mountain, passes through the town Šavnik where it merges with a number of other rivers, including the Šavnik and the Bijela, and becomes the Pridvorica, which soon flows into the Komarnica near the village of Duži. It is 42 km long.
Chino Valley Unified School District (California)
The Chino Valley Unified School District is a school district in San Bernardino County, California, United States. It serves the cities of Chino, Chino Hills, and the southwestern portion of Ontario, though originally it served only Chino when it was founded in 1860. It now encompasses 88 square miles (230 km2) and serves about 26,000 students from grades kindergarten to 12th grade. As of the 2024-2025 school year, CVUSD comprises four high schools, five junior high schools, 20 elementary schools, one continuation school, one adult school, three K-8 schools (one of which is an optional school) & one charter school.

Ontario, California
Ontario is a city in southwestern San Bernardino County, California, United States, 35 miles (56 km) east of downtown Los Angeles and 23 miles (37 km) west of downtown San Bernardino, the county seat. Located in the western part of the Inland Empire metropolitan area, it lies just east of Los Angeles County and is part of the Greater Los Angeles Area. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 175,265.

The city is home to Ontario International Airport, which is the 8th-busiest airport in the United States by cargo carried, as of 2026. Ontario handles the mass of freight traffic between the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach and the rest of the country.

It takes its name from the Ontario Model Colony development established in 1882 by the Canadian engineer George Chaffey and his brothers, William Chaffey and Charles Chaffey. They named the settlement after their home province of Ontario, Canada's most populous province.
Gegužiai, Kėdainiai
Gegužiai (formerly Russian: Гегужи, Polish: Gieguże) is a village in Kėdainiai district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the village was uninhabited. It is located 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from Pernarava, by the Josvainiai-Ariogala road, nearby the source of the Liedas river.

It was an okolica (a property of the Marcinkevičiai, Urnėžiai, Alevsiai, Mosevičiai families) at the beginning of the 20th century.

Pernarava
Pernarava (formerly Russian: Пернараво, Polish: Pernarowo) is a small town in Kėdainiai District Municipality, Kaunas County in central Lithuania. In 2011 it had a population of 232. It is located 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from Ariogala, 26 kilometres (16 mi) from Kėdainiai. There are wooden Catholic church of Crucified Jesus (built in 1815), dispensary, school, library, monument for postwar partisans of Kęstutis military district.
Dobrljevo
Dobrljevo (pronounced [dɔbəɾˈljeːʋɔ]) is a settlement north of Izlake in the Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi in central Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Sava Statistical Region.

On Pleša Hill above the settlement, archaeological remains have been discovered of what seems to have been an Ancient Roman fort on a strategic site for controlling traffic on the major Roman throughway via nearby Atrans.

Izlake
Izlake (pronounced [iˈzlaːkɛ]; German: Islak) is a settlement in the Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi in the Central Sava Valley, central Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Sava Statistical Region.
Vassbotna
Vassbotna is a village in the southern part of Høylandet Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The village is located on an isthmus between the lakes Eidsvatnet and Grungstadvatnet, about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) southwest of the village of Høylandet and about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) northeast of the village of Skogmo (in neighboring Overhalla Municipality). Drageid Church is located in this village, and it serves the people in the southern part of Høylandet Municipality.

Skogmo
Skogmo is a village in Overhalla Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located along the Norwegian County Road 17, about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) northeast of the municipal centre, Ranemsletta. The village lies just north of the river Namsen and about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) southwest of the lake Eidsvatnet.

The 0.57-square-kilometre (140-acre) village has a population (2024) of 285 and a population density of 500 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,300/sq mi).
Megalomyrmex miri
Megalomyrmex miri is a Neotropical species of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae. Known from Costa Rica. This species is known only from the type specimens and has no biological data. It is extremely similar to M. wettereri in color, size, shape, measurements, and pilosity. It differs in having a complete foraminal carina and some transverse rugosities on the anteroventral petiolar process.

Myrmicinae
Myrmicinae is a subfamily of ants, with about 140 extant genera; their distribution is cosmopolitan. The pupae lack cocoons. Some species retain a functional sting. The petioles of Myrmicinae consist of two nodes. The nests are permanent and in soil, rotting wood, under stones, or in trees. All species of Cephalotes (within the tribe Attini) are gliding ants.
Alpha-5 beta-1
α5β1, also known as the fibronectin receptor, is an integrin that binds to matrix macromolecules and proteinases and thereby stimulates angiogenesis.  It is composed of α5 (ITGA5/CD49e) and β1 (ITGB1/CD29) subunits. It is the primary receptor for fibronectin. The interaction of VLA-5 with fibronectin plays an important role in regulating inflammatory cytokine production by human articular chondrocytes (From the Cell Migration Gateway ITGA5 ITGB1).

α5β1-integrin is transported inside the cell by the kinesin KIF1C, a kinesin-3 organelle transporter that walks along microtubules.

Integrin alpha 5
Integrin alpha-5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGA5 gene.

The product of this gene belongs to the integrin alpha chain family. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. This gene encodes the integrin alpha 5 chain. Alpha chain 5 undergoes post-translational cleavage in the extracellular domain to yield disulfide-linked light and heavy chains that join with beta 1 to form a fibronectin receptor. In addition to adhesion, integrins are known to participate in cell-surface mediated signalling.
Law of Burundi
The law of Burundi is based on the civil law system, drawing from German and French civil codes, with customary law also applying to some matters. The foundation of Burundi's legal system is the Constitution of Burundi.

The current revision of the Constitution of Burundi was adopted in a 2018 referendum which saw the reintroduction of the office of Prime Minister. The supreme authority on the interpretation of the constitution is the Constitutional Court of Burundi.

Burundian nationality law is regulated by the Constitution, and the Nationality Code of Burundi (French: Code de la nationalité burundaise)

The basic law on copyright in Burundi is Law No. 1/021 of December 30, 2005, on the Protection of Copyright and Related Rights in Burundi. Burundi has not signed the Berne Convention but it has signed the TRIPS Agreement.

Capital punishment in Burundi was abolished on 24 April 2009.

Burundian nationality law
Burundian nationality law is regulated by the Constitution of Burundi, as amended; the Nationality Code of Burundi (French: Code de la nationalité burundaise), and its revisions; and various international agreements to which the country is a signatory. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of Burundi. The legal means to acquire nationality, formal legal membership in a nation, differ from the domestic relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as citizenship. Burundian nationality is typically obtained under the principle of jus sanguinis, i.e. by birth in Burundi or abroad to parents with Burundian nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country, or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalization.