hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Human Engineering Laboratory
The Human Engineering Laboratory (HEL) was a research institution under the U.S. Army Materiel Command that specialized in human performance research, human factors engineering, robotics, and human-in-the-loop technology. Located at Aberdeen Proving Ground, HEL acted as the Army’s lead laboratory for human factors and ergonomics research from 1951 to 1992. Researchers at HEL investigated methods to maximize combat effectiveness, improve weapons and equipment designs, and reduce operation costs and errors. In 1992, HEL was disestablished, and its mission, personnel, and facilities were incorporated into the newly created U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL).

PGM-19 Jupiter
The PGM-19 Jupiter was the first nuclear armed, medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) of the United States Air Force (USAF). It was a liquid-propellant rocket using RP-1 fuel and LOX oxidizer, with a single Rocketdyne LR79-NA (model S-3D) rocket engine producing 150,000 lbf (670 kN) of thrust. It was armed with the 1.44 Mt (6.0 PJ) W49 nuclear warhead. The prime contractor was the Chrysler Corporation.

The Jupiter was originally designed by the US Army, which was looking for a highly accurate missile designed to strike enemy states such as China and the Soviet Union. The US Navy also expressed an interest in the design as an SLBM but left the collaboration to work on their solid-fuel Polaris. Jupiter retained the short, squat shape intended to fit in submarines.
Swimming at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle
The men's 400 metre freestyle was a swimming event held as part of the swimming at the 1924 Summer Olympics programme. It was the fourth appearance of the event, which was established in 1908. The competition was held from Wednesday July 16, 1924 to Friday July 18, 1924.

Swimming at the 1924 Summer Olympics
At the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, eleven swimming events were contested, six for men and five for women. The competitions were held from Sunday July 13, 1924, to Sunday July 20, 1924.

There were 169 participants from 23 countries competing.  The United States team, coached by Bill Bachrach, won 19 of the 33 medals, and 9 of the 11 gold medals.
26th Space Aggressor Squadron
The 26th Space Aggressor Squadron is a unit of the United States Air Force located at Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado. It is part of the 926th Group and is the reserve associate of the 527th Space Aggressor Squadron. It was founded in 1914 as part of the New York National Guard and served in both world wars. It was reactivated as part of the Air Force Space Command in 2003. Its current mission is to train military personnel on how to deal with Global Positioning System and satellite communications outages and other threats.

18th Strategic Aerospace Division
The 18th Strategic Aerospace Division is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with the Fifteenth Air Force at Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington, where it was inactivated on 2 July 1968.
Wilson Mountain Reservation
Wilson Mountain Reservation is a public recreation area and protected woodland park in Dedham, Massachusetts, managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation. It features hiking trails, open space and a summit view of the Boston skyline, and is an important wildlife preserve. At 215 acres (87 ha), it is the largest remaining open space in Dedham. The reservation is part of the Metropolitan Park System of Greater Boston.

In 2008, an agreement was reached between DCR and The Trustees of Reservations to "work jointly to increase stewardship of the property". However, the 2017 DCR Resource Management Plan for Wilson Mountain called for DCR and The Trustees "to clarify status of the 2008 Memorandum of Agreement and, if appropriate, develop a work plan for future stewardship activities."

Department of Conservation and Recreation
The Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR) is a state agency of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States, situated in the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. It is best known for its parks and parkways. The DCR's mission is "To protect, promote and enhance our common wealth of natural, cultural and recreational resources for the well-being of all."  The agency is the largest landowner in Massachusetts.
King's Royal Rifle Corps
The King's Royal Rifle Corps was an infantry rifle regiment of the British Army that was originally raised in British North America as the Royal American Regiment during the phase of the Seven Years' War in North America known in the United States as 'The French and Indian War.' Subsequently numbered the 60th Regiment of Foot, the regiment served for more than 200 years throughout the British Empire. In 1958, the regiment joined the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry and the Rifle Brigade in the Green Jackets Brigade and in 1966 the three regiments were formally amalgamated to become the Royal Green Jackets. The KRRC became the 2nd Battalion, Royal Green Jackets. On the disbandment of the 1st Battalion, Royal Green Jackets in 1992, the RGJ's KRRC battalion was redesignated as the 1st Battalion, Royal Green Jackets, eventually becoming 2nd Battalion, The Rifles in 2007.

The Rifles
The Rifles is an infantry regiment of the British Army. Formed in 2007, it consists of four Regular battalions and three Reserve battalions. Each Regular battalion was formerly an individual battalion of one of the two large regiments of the Light Division (with the exception of the 1st Battalion, which is an amalgamation of two individual regiments). The regiment was involved in the later stages of the Iraq War and in the War in Afghanistan.
Gallaudet D-1
The Gallaudet D-1 was a prototype American biplane observation aircraft built by the Gallaudet Aircraft Company during World War I for the United States Navy. Completed in mid-1916, its manufacturer's flight testing was delayed by damage suffered during the tests, shortages of qualified pilots and the weather; the D-1 could not conduct its service flight testing until early 1917. The Navy found the aircraft only suitable for limited duties and operated it for several months before returning it to the factory later that year to have its deficiencies remedied. This was done, but the D-1 was never reassembled for unknown reasons and it was scrapped after the war.

Bracing (aeronautics)
In aeronautics, bracing comprises structural members which stiffen the functional airframe to give it rigidity and strength under load. Bracing may be applied both internally and externally, and may take the form of struts, which act in compression or tension as the need arises, and/or wires, which act only in tension.

In general, bracing allows a stronger, lighter structure than one which is unbraced, but external bracing adds drag which slows down the aircraft and raises considerably more design issues than internal bracing. Another disadvantage of bracing wires is that they require routine checking and adjustment, or rigging, even when located internally.

During the early years of aviation, bracing was a universal feature of aeroplanes, including monoplanes and biplanes, which were then equally common. Bracing in the form of lift struts remains in use for some light commercial designs where a high wing and light weight are more important than ultimate performance.
Raphael Holinshed
Raphael Holinshed (/ˈhɒlɪnʃɛd/; c. 1525 – before 24 April 1582) was an English chronicler, who was most famous for his work on The Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande, commonly known as Holinshed's Chronicles. It was the "first complete printed history of England composed as a continuous narrative". The Holinshed Chronicles was a major influence on many Renaissance writers, such as Shakespeare, Spenser, Daniel and Marlowe.

Edmund Spenser
Edmund Spenser (/ˈspɛnsər/; c. 1552 – 13 January 1599 O.S.) was an English poet best known for The Faerie Queene, an epic poem and fantastical allegory celebrating the Tudor dynasty and Elizabeth I. He is recognized as one of the premier craftsmen of nascent Modern English verse, and he is considered one of the great poets in the English language.
Superior Court of Justice of Nuevo León
The Superior Court of Justice of Nuevo León (Spanish: Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Nuevo León) is the judicial branch of government of Nuevo León.

Ministers of the Court are elected by the state congress from a list presented by the governor.

The Superior Court meets in Monterrey in the Superior Court of Justice Building.

Congress of Nuevo León
The Honorable Congress of the State of Nuevo León (Spanish: Honorable Congreso del Estado de Nuevo León) is the unicameral legislature of the government of the Mexican state of Nuevo León. Each three-year legislative term consists of 42 deputies, with 26 elected through relative majority and 16 through proportional representation.

The current legislative term, known as the LXXVII Legislature, started in 2024 and concludes in 2027 following the local elections.
Cozy fantasy
Cozy fantasy is a subgenre of fantasy fiction characterized by its focus on comforting, low-stakes narratives set in fantasy worlds. It emphasizes themes of community, friendship, healing, and everyday life, often eschewing violence, war, and other serious conflict typical of high fantasy.

High fantasy
High fantasy, or epic fantasy, is a subgenre of fantasy defined by the epic nature of its setting or by the epic stature of its characters, themes, or plot. High fantasy is usually set in an alternative, fictional ("secondary") world, rather than the "real" or "primary" world. This secondary world is usually internally consistent, but its rules differ from those of the primary world. By contrast, low fantasy is characterized by being set on Earth, the primary or real world, or a rational and familiar fictional world with the inclusion of magical elements.
Sulopenem/probenecid
Sulopenem/probenecid, sold under the brand name Orlynvah, is a fixed-dose combination medication used for the treatment of urinary tract infections. It contains sulopenem, a penem antibacterial, as the prodrug sulopenem etzadroxil; and probenecid, a renal tubular transport inhibitor.

The most common side effects include diarrhea, nausea, vaginal yeast infection, headache, and vomiting.

The combination was approved for medical use in the United States in October 2024.

Sulopenem
Sulopenem (CP-70,429) is a thiopenem antibiotic derivative from the penem family, which unlike most related drugs is orally active. It was developed in Japan in the 1990s, and has been approved to treat uncomplicated urinary tract infections in combination with probenecid (brand name Orlynvah). It has reached Phase III clinical trials on several occasions and continues to be the subject of ongoing research into potential applications, especially in the treatment of multiple drug resistant urinary tract infections.

In October 2024, the US Food and Drug Administration approved sulopenem etzadroxil with probenecid combination for the treatment of urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Proteus mirabilis in adult women with limited alternative oral antibiotic options.
Volunteer Force
The Volunteer Force was a citizen army of part-time rifle, artillery and engineer corps, created as a popular movement throughout the British Empire in 1859. Originally highly autonomous, the units of volunteers became increasingly integrated with the British Army after the Childers Reforms in 1881, before forming part of the Territorial Force in 1908. Most of the regiments of the present Army Reserves  Infantry, Artillery, Engineers and Signals units are directly descended from Volunteer Force units.

Lord-lieutenant
A lord-lieutenant (UK: /lɛfˈtɛnənt/ lef-TEN-ənt) is the British monarch's personal representative in each lieutenancy area of the United Kingdom. Historically, each lieutenant was responsible for organising the county's militia. In 1871, the lieutenant's responsibility over the local militia was removed. However, it was not until 1921 that they formally lost the right to call upon able-bodied men to fight when needed.

Lord-lieutenant is now an honorary titular position usually awarded to a notable person in the county, and despite the title of the office, may be either male or female, peer or not.
Tharattu
Tharattu (transl. Lullaby) is a 1981 Indian Malayalam film, directed by Balachandra Menon and produced by AM Sherif and SM Sheryff. The film stars Srividya, Nedumudi Venu, Balachandra Menon and Shanthi Krishna in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Raveendran.

Balachandra Menon
Balachandra Menon (born 11 January 1954) is an Indian actor, director and script writer. He made a number of films in the 1980s and 1990s. He has directed 40 films and has acted in over 100.

He won two National Film Awards including the National Film Award for Best Actor for his performance as station master Ismail the 1998 film Samaantharangal, which was also directed by him. He has also worked as a distributor, editor, composer, singer and producer in the Malayalam film industry. He has found space in the Limca Book of Records for the maximum number of films directed, scripted and acted in. Menon has introduced many actors into the Malayalam Cinema Industry. Actors who made their debut in his films include Shobana in April 18, Parvathy in Vivahithare Ithile, Maniyanpilla Raju in Maniyan Pilla Adhava Maniyan Pilla, Karthika in Manicheppu Thurannappol, Annie in Ammayane Sathyam, and Nandini in April 19.
Cochemiea dioica
Cochemiea dioica, also called the strawberry cactus, California fishhook cactus, strawberry pincushion or fishhook cactus, is a cactus species of the genus Cochemiea. Its common name in Spanish is biznaga llavina.

Cochemiea
Cochemiea is a genus of cactus. The group was previously synonymized with Mammillaria, until molecular phylogenetic studies determined that—when broadly circumscribed—Mammillaria is not monophyletic; thus, Cochemiea has been accepted as a distinct genus.
Winona State Warriors
The Winona State Warriors are the athletic teams of Winona State University, located in Winona, Minnesota.  They compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association, Division II for all sports except for women's gymnastics, which competes in the National Collegiate Gymnastics Association.

There are 14 teams (9 women's, 5 men's) representing Winona State University on the varsity level.  All varsity sports compete in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference, with the exception of the women's gymnastics team which competes in the Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference.

Mineral Water Bowl
The Mineral Water Bowl was an annual American NCAA Division II college football bowl game held in Excelsior Springs, Missouri at Tiger Stadium. Throughout its long history (1948 to 2019), the game was sponsored by the Quarterback Club, a civic organization in Excelsior Springs. At the time of its demise, it was one of four Division II sanctioned bowl games, along with the Live United Texarkana Bowl, the Heritage Bowl, and the America's Crossroads Bowl.
Konongo people
The Konongo are a Bantu ethno-linguistic group based in the Mpanda District of Katavi Region in western Tanzania. In 1987 the Konongo population was estimated to number 51,000 .

The Konongo of Tanzania, who inhabit western Tanzania, consist of 138,000 individuals. They are predominantly known for practicing traditional African religion and speaking the Konongo language.

They are classified by the International Mission Board as unreached by the gospel.

Bantu peoples of South Africa
Bantu speaking people of South Africa are the majority, ethno-linguistic people of South Africa. They are indigenous southern Africans from Southern Bantu-speaking peoples; whose earliest presence through surviving evidence, in the now "South Africa", is noted between 350 BCE and 300 CE from either the speculated prehistoric migrations called Bantu expansion (5000 BCE to 500 CE), or due to localized back and forth seasonal migratory culture(s) based on shifting cultivation. They are referred to in various census as African, Black, or Native South African.
Central Northern Railway
The Central Northern Railway (Spanish: Ferrocarril Central Norte, FCCN) was the first 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) (metre gauge) railway built by the Argentine State Railway. Its aim was to extend the existing British-owned Central Argentine 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge railway from Córdoba to Tucuman and metre gauge was chosen for economic reasons.

Catamarca Province
Catamarca (Spanish pronunciation: [kataˈmaɾka]) is a province of Argentina, located in the northwest of the country. The province had a population of 429,556 as per the 2022 census [INDEC], and covers an area of 102,602 km2. Its literacy rate is 95.5%. Neighbouring provinces are (clockwise, from the north): Salta, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Córdoba, and La Rioja. To the west it borders the country of Chile.

The capital is San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, usually shortened to Catamarca. Other important cities include Andalgalá, Tinogasta, and Belén.
Messerschmitt Bf 109 variants
Due to the Messerschmitt Bf 109's versatility and time in service with the German and foreign air forces, numerous variants were produced in Germany to serve for over eight years with the Luftwaffe. Additional variants were produced abroad totalling in 34,852 Bf 109s built.

"The 109 was a dream, the non plus ultra. Of course, everyone wanted to fly it as soon as possible."

Luftwaffe radio equipment of World War II
During World War II, the German Luftwaffe relied on an increasingly diverse array of electronic communications, IFF and RDF equipment as avionics in its aircraft and also on the ground. Most of this equipment received the generic prefix FuG for Funkgerät, meaning "radio equipment". Most of the aircraft-mounted Radar equipment also used the FuG prefix. This article is a list and a description of the radio, IFF and RDF equipment.
Flattop Island
Flattop Island is an island in the San Juan Islands of the U.S. state of Washington.

The name was given by Charles Wilkes during the Wilkes Expedition of 1838–1842, describing the island's terrain. During World War II, the island was used for practice bombing, using sacks of flour.

San Juan Islands
The San Juan Islands are part of an archipelago in the Pacific Northwest of the United States between the U.S. state of Washington and Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The San Juan Islands are part of Washington state, and form the core of San Juan County.

In the archipelago, four islands are accessible to vehicular and foot traffic via the Washington State Ferries system.
Model Collection
The Model Collection is a collection of 1945–1946 local provisional stamps of Germany issued following the allied occupation, unused and on covers that forms part of the British Library Philatelic Collections. It was formed by Dr Walther Model von Thunen and donated to the British Museum in 1956.

British Library Philatelic Collections
The British Library Philatelic Collections is the national philatelic collection of the United Kingdom with over 8 million items from around the world. It was established in 1891 as part of the British Museum Library, later to become the British Library, with the collection of Thomas Tapling. In addition to bequests and continuing donations, the library received consistent deposits by the Crown Agency and has become a primary research collection for British Empire and international history. The collections contain a wide range of artefacts in addition to postage stamps, from newspaper stamps to a press used to print the first British postage stamps.
Jacques Copeau
Jacques Copeau (French: [kɔpo]; 4 February 1879 – 20  October 1949) was a French theatre director, producer, actor, and dramatist. Before he founded the Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier in Paris, he wrote theatre reviews for several Parisian journals, worked at the Georges Petit Gallery where he organized exhibits of artists' works and helped found the Nouvelle Revue Française in 1909, along with writer friends, such as André Gide and Jean Schlumberger.

Twentieth century French theatre is marked by Copeau's outlook. According to Albert Camus, "in the history of the French theatre, there are two periods:  before Copeau and after Copeau."

Jules Romains
Jules Romains (born Louis Henri Jean Farigoule; 26 August 1885 – 14 August 1972) was a French poet and writer and the founder of the Unanimism literary movement. His works include the play Knock ou le Triomphe de la médecine, and a cycle of works called Les Hommes de bonne volonté (Men of Good Will). Sinclair Lewis called him one of the six best novelists in the world.

He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature sixteen times.
Art Nouveau glass
Art Nouveau glass is fine glass art in the Art Nouveau style. Typically the forms are undulating, sinuous and colorful art, usually inspired by natural forms. Pieces are generally larger than drinking glasses, and decorative rather than practical, other than for use as vases and lighting fittings; there is little tableware. Prominently makers, from the 1890s onwards, are in France René Lalique, Emile Gallé and the Daum brothers, the American Louis Comfort Tiffany, Christopher Dresser in Scotland and England, and Friedrich Zitzman, Karl Koepping and Max Ritter von Spaun in Germany. Art Nouveau glass included decorative objects, vases, lamps, and stained glass windows. It was usually made by hand, and was usually colored with metal oxides while in a molten state in a furnace.

Glass casting
Glass casting is the process in which glass objects are cast by directing molten glass into a mould where it solidifies. The technique has been used since the 15th century BCE in both Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Modern cast glass is formed by a variety of processes such as kiln casting or casting into sand, graphite or metal moulds.
Thongtsuo
Thongtsuo village is located in Thuonoknyu circle of Noklak district in Nagaland, India. It is situated 17 km away from sub-district headquarter Thonoknyu (tehsildar office) and 79 km away from district headquarter Tuensang.

Thongtsuo has a total population of 239 peoples, out of which male population is 131 while female population is 108. Literacy rate of Thongtsuo village is 65.69% out of which 68.70% males and 62.04% females are literate. There are about 48 houses in thongtsou village. According to the 2011 census, the location code of the village code is 268026.

Tuensang is nearest town to Thongtsuo for all major economic activities, which is approximately 79 km away.

Thuonoknyu
Thuonoknyu is a rural village under Noklak District of Nagaland State, India. The word Thuonoknyu is a combination of three words of Khiamniungan dialect i.e. 'Thuo' means last 'nok' means village 'nyu' means large. Presently there is a historical stone called 'Sangkongthong Long' at Thonoknyu Village. The language most widely spoken is Patsho Khiamniungan, that of the Patsho people there.
Michner Plating site
The Michner Plating Co.–Mechanic Street Site, as dubbed by the EPA, is a 140,000 square foot industrial complex that sits upstream to the Grand River in Jackson, Michigan. on the corner of N. Mechanic Street and W. Trail Street.

Heat treating
Heat treating (or heat treatment) is a group of industrial, thermal and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical properties of a material. The most common application is metallurgical. Heat treatments are also used in the manufacture of many other materials, such as glass. Heat treatment involves the use of heating or chilling, normally to extreme temperatures, to achieve the desired result, such as the softening or hardening of a material. Heat treatment techniques include annealing, case hardening, precipitation strengthening, tempering, carburizing, normalizing and quenching. Although the term heat treatment applies only to processes where the heating and cooling are done for the specific purpose of altering properties intentionally, heating and cooling often occur incidentally during other manufacturing processes, such as hot forming or welding.