hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rolf Yngvar Berg
Rolf Yngvar Berg (2 December 1925 – 25 August 2018) was a Norwegian botanist.

He was born in Oslo. He took the dr.philos. degree 1962 on the work Studies in Liliaceae, tribe Parideae. He was a curator at the Botanical Museum of Oslo from 1956 to 1962, professor of botany at the University of California, Davis from 1962 to 1965 and at the University of Oslo from 1965 to 1994. He has been a corresponding fellow of the American Botanical Society from 2003, and a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. He died at the age of 92.

Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (Norwegian: Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi, DNVA) is a learned society based in Oslo, Norway. Its purpose is to support the advancement of science and scholarship in Norway.
Mujahideen Brigades
Mujahideen Brigades (Arabic: كتائب المجاهدين, romanized: Kataeb al-Mujahideen) is an armed wing of the Palestinian Mujahideen Movement (Arabic: حركة المجاهدين الفلسطينية, romanized: Harakat al-Mujāhidīn al-Filastīnīa). The brigades operate in the Occupied Palestinian territories of the Gaza Strip and The West Bank, including Jenin.

The Mujahideen Brigades operate independently of Hamas but collaborates closely with militants from Palestinian Islamic Jihad's armed wing, Saraya Al Quds.

Khan Yunis
31°20′40″N 34°18′11″E﻿ / ﻿31.34444°N 34.30306°E﻿ / 31.34444; 34.30306

Khan Yunis (Arabic: خان يونس, lit. 'khan (caravanserai) [of] Yunis'), also spelled Khan Younis or Khan Yunus, is a city in the southern Gaza Strip, Palestine, and serves as the capital of the Khan Yunis Governorate. It has been largely destroyed during the Gaza war.

Before the 14th century, Khan Yunis was a village known as "Salqah". A vast caravanserai, today known as Barquq Castle, was constructed there by the emir Yunis al-Nawruzi in 1387–88, an official of the Mamluk Empire to protect caravans, pilgrims, and travellers.

According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Khan Yunis had a population of 205,125 in 2017. Khan Yunis, which lies only four kilometres (2+1⁄2 miles) east of the Mediterranean Sea, has a semi-arid climate with temperature of 30 °C maximum in summer and 10 °C minimum in winter, with an annual rainfall of approximately 260 mm (10.2 in).
Deep Creek North Wilderness
Deep Creek Wilderness is a 4,262-acre (17.2 km2) wilderness area in the US state of Utah.  It was designated March 30, 2009, as part of the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009.  Together with the Deep Creek Wilderness to the south it encompasses and protects much of Deep Creek, a tributary of the Wild & Scenic Virgin River, as well as 7,546-acre (30.5 km2) of the surrounding land.

Virgin River
The Virgin River is a tributary of the Colorado River in the U.S. states of Utah, Nevada, and Arizona. The river is about 162 miles (261 km) long. It was designated Utah's first wild and scenic river in 2009, during the centennial celebration of Zion National Park.
1994 Men's Hockey Asia Cup
The 1994 Men's Hockey Asia Cup was the fourth edition of the Men's Hockey Asia Cup, the quadrennial international men's field hockey championship of Asia organized by the Asian Hockey Federation. It was held from 5 to 14 November 1994, in Hiroshima, Japan.

South Korea won their first Asia Cup hockey title defeating India 1–0 with captain Park Sin-heung scoring the winner for them when he scored off a penalty stroke in the 56th minute. Pakistan defeated Malaysia 5–2, to claim the third position.

Men's Hockey Asia Cup
The Men's Hockey Asia Cup is a men's international field hockey tournament organized by the Asian Hockey Federation. The winning team becomes the champion of Asia and qualifies for the FIH Hockey World Cup.

India are the defending champions, having won the 2025 edition.

The next edition is scheduled to take place in 2029. South Korea have won the most titles with five. India are the next with four titles won and Pakistan have won the tournament three times.

The hosts together with the six highest-ranked teams from the previous edition directly qualify for the tournament. They are joined by the top team from the Men's AHF Cup or the top two teams, if the host is already qualified.
Izmaylova's House
Izmaylova's House (also Izmaylovs' House or Timofeevs' House) is a historically significant building in Pushkin, Saint Petersburg, built between 1836 and 1839. The building is located on 27 Oranzherejnaya Street, facing Cathedral Square (aka Sobornaya Square).

Table of Ranks
The Table of Ranks (Russian: Табель о рангах, romanized: Tabel' o rangakh) was a formal list of positions and ranks in the military, government, and court of Imperial Russia. Peter the Great introduced the system in 1722 while engaged in a struggle with the existing hereditary nobility, or boyars. The Table of Ranks was formally abolished on 11 November 1917 by the newly established Bolshevik government. During the Vladimir Putin  presidency, a similar formalized structure has been reintroduced into many governmental departments, combined with formal uniforms and insignia: Local Government, Diplomatic Service, Prosecution Service, Investigative Committee.
Rasnik Peak
Rasnik Peak (Bulgarian: връх Расник, romanized: vrah Rasnik, IPA: [ˈvrɤx rɐsˈnik]) is the sharp, partly ice-covered peak rising to 1066 m at the southwest extremity of Chiren Heights on Velingrad Peninsula, Graham Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica.  It has steep and partly ice-free northwest and southeast slopes, and surmounts Hugi Glacier and its tributary Caulfield Glacier to the south, and Holtedahl Bay to the west.

The peak is named after the settlement of Rasnik in Western Bulgaria.

Graham Coast
Graham Coast is the portion of the west coast of Graham Land in Antarctic Peninsula, extending 172 km between Cape Bellue to the southwest and Cape Renard to the northeast.

The coast is named after Sir James Graham, First Lord of the Admiralty during the early exploration of the area by John Biscoe.
2015 World Championships in Athletics – Men's shot put
The men's shot put at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Beijing National Stadium on 23 August.

As the best thrower in a decade, Joe Kovacs looked to be the favorite, though David Storl was the two-time defending champion.  With his first throw Kovacs took the lead at 21.23.  Storl raised the lead to 21.46 on his second throw.  But the surprise leader at the end of the third round was O'Dayne Richards equalling his Jamaican National Record from the Pan American Games at 21.69.  In the fourth round, Tomas Walsh threw his Continental Record 21.58 to take the second position.  A few throws later, Kovacs moved into second place with his 21.67 fourth throw.  The medals were settled in the fifth round when Kovacs threw the 21.93 winner, followed immediately by Storl throwing his 21.74 silver medal winner.

Athletics at the 2015 Pan American Games – Men's shot put
The men's shot put competition of the athletics events at the 2015 Pan American Games took place on July 21 at the CIBC Pan Am and Parapan Am Athletics Stadium. The defending Pan American Games champion is Dylan Armstrong of Canada.
Frank J. Lausche State Office Building
The Frank J. Lausche State Office Building is a 1979-erected 204-foot-tall, 15-story high-rise in downtown Cleveland on the corner of West Superior and Prospect Avenue on the city's Tower City Center complex.  It sits in front of the 2002-built Carl B. Stokes United States Courthouse. The building's majority of tenants (over 1300) work for the State of Ohio.  The structure cost the state US$26 million to build in 1977–1979 (about $125 million now).  In front of the building sits sculptor Tony Smith's Last.

The uniquely shaped structure is seven-sided, which closely resembles the dimensions of the land it is built on.  No more land was allotted to the project because the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority owned the air rights. The building was designed architect  Robert P. Madison.

Tower City Center
Tower City Center is a large mixed-use facility in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, in its Public Square. The facility is composed of a number of interconnected office buildings, including Terminal Tower, the Landmark Office Towers, a shopping center, Jack Cleveland Casino, Hotel Cleveland, Chase Financial Plaza, and Tower City station, the main hub of Cleveland's RTA Rapid Transit lines.

The structure was built in 1929 as Cleveland Union Terminal. On March 17, 1976, the complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
2017–18 Ukrainian First League
The 2017–18 Ukrainian First League was the 27th since its establishment. The competition commenced on 14 July 2017 when Zhemchuzhyna Odesa hosted MFC Mykolaiv. After the completion of Round 22 on 18 November 2017, the competition entered a winter break and resumed the spring session on 18 March 2018 and complete the competition on 19 May 2018.

FC Balkany Zorya
FC Balkany Zorya (Ukrainian: ФК Балкани Зоря, romanized: FK Balkany Zorya) is a professional Ukrainian football team that is based in the village of Zorya, Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion in the region of Budjak, Odesa Oblast.
Buddhism and Jainism
Buddhism and Jainism are Eastern religions that developed in the Indian subcontinent. The Buddha and Mahavira are generally accepted as contemporaries. Jainism and Buddhism share many features, terminology, and ethical principles, but emphasize them differently. Both are śramaṇa ascetic traditions that posit it is possible to attain liberation from the cycle of rebirths and deaths (samsara) through spiritual and ethical disciplines. They differ in some core doctrines, such as those on asceticism, Middle Way versus Anekantavada, and self versus non-self (jiva, atta, anatta).

Śrāvaka
Śrāvaka (Sanskrit) or sāvaka (Pali) means "hearer" or, more generally, "disciple". This term is used in Buddhism and Jainism. In Jainism, a śrāvaka is any lay Jain so the term śrāvaka has been used for the Jain community itself (for example see Sarak and Sarawagi). Śrāvakācāras are the lay conduct outlined within the treaties by Śvetāmbara or Digambara mendicants. "In parallel to the prescriptive texts, Jain religious teachers have written a number of stories to illustrate vows in practice and produced a rich répertoire of characters."

In Buddhism, the term is sometimes reserved for distinguished disciples of the Buddha.
Ludwig Heimrath Sr.
Ludwig Heimrath, also called Ludwig Heimrath Sr. (August 11, 1934 – March 19, 2021) was a German-born Canadian racing driver. He won the Trans-Am Series championship in 1977, becoming the first person born outside the United States to win the championship since Horst Kwech in 1966.

Horst Kwech
Horst Kwech (28 November 1937 – 28 December 2019) was an Australian race car driver, race car constructor, engineer and inventor known primarily for his several wins in the early Trans-Am Series races of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s.

Although born in Vienna, Austria, Kwech considered himself to be an Australian, proudly displaying the Aussie flag, the word "Australia" and other symbols such as a kangaroo on his race cars and drivers helmet throughout his career. Despite not having lived in Australia since his move to the United States in 1961, and being relatively unknown "Down Under", Kwech still travelled with an Australian passport, although more recently he became a US citizen following the Australian Government's decision to allow dual citizenship.
The Loop (shopping center)
The Loop, formerly Methuen Mall, is a shopping mall in Methuen, Massachusetts, United States. It was built in 1973 as an enclosed shopping mall on a 60-acre (240,000 m2) site and initially included Howlands and Sears as its anchor stores, as well as 70 other retailers. In 1977, Howlands was replaced by Jordan Marsh, while Filene's Basement was added in the 1980s. Methuen Mall suffered a significant loss in tenancy after both Sears and Filene's Basement moved to The Mall at Rockingham Park across the state line in Salem, New Hampshire. It remained in operation until 1997 and was demolished in early 1999, undergoing redevelopment soon afterward into a strip mall known as The Loop. Major tenants of The Loop are The Home Depot, Marshalls, and AMC Theatres.

Methuen, Massachusetts
Methuen (/məˈθuːən/) is a 23-square-mile (60 km2) city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 53,059 at the 2020 census. Methuen lies along the northwestern edge of Essex County, just east of Middlesex County and just south of Rockingham County, New Hampshire.  The city is bordered by Haverhill to the northeast, North Andover to the southeast, Lawrence and Andover to the south, Dracut (Middlesex County) to the west, Pelham, New Hampshire (Hillsborough County) to the northwest, and Salem, New Hampshire (Rockingham County) to the north.  Methuen is located 17 miles (27 km) southwest from Newburyport, 30 miles (48 km) north-northwest of Boston and 25 miles (40 km) south-southeast of Manchester, New Hampshire. The city is a part of the Merrimack Valley and its ZIP Code is 01844.
Cape Charles Air Force Station
Cape Charles Air Force Station is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station.  It is located 3.6 miles (5.8 km) south of Townsend, Virginia.  It was closed in 1981. From 1941 to 1948 it was Fort John Custis of the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps. Since 1984 the site has been in the Eastern Shore of Virginia National Wildlife Refuge. For this article's purposes the term "Fort John Custis" includes the nearby Fisherman Island.

Fire control tower
A fire control tower is a structure located near the coastline, used to detect and locate enemy vessels offshore, direct fire upon them from coastal batteries, or adjust the aim of guns by spotting shell splashes. Fire control towers came into general use in coastal defence systems in the late 19th century, as rapid development significantly increased the range of both naval guns and coastal artillery. This made fire control more complex. These towers were used in a number of countries' coastal defence systems through 1945, much later in a few cases such as Sweden. The Atlantic Wall in German-occupied Europe during World War II included fire control towers.

The U.S. Coast Artillery fire control system included many fire control towers. These were introduced in the U.S. with the Endicott Program, and were used between about 1900 and the end of WWII.
Binibining Pilipinas 2005
Binibining Pilipinas 2005 was the 42nd edition of Binibining Pilipinas. It took place  at the Smart Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines on March 19, 2005.

At the end of the event, Maricar Balagtas crowned Gionna Cabrera as Binibining Pilipinas-Universe 2004. Maria Karla Bautista crowned Carlene Aguilar as Bb. Pilipinas-World 2005, while Margaret-Ann Bayot crowned Precious Lara Quigaman as Binibining Pilipinas-International 2005. Wendy Valdez was named First Runner-Up and was crowned by Michelle Reyes as Binibining Pilipinas Tourism 2005, while Melanie Ediza was named Second Runner-Up.

Binibining Pilipinas
Binibining Pilipinas (abbreviated as Bb. Pilipinas or BBP; transl. Miss Philippines) is the oldest active national beauty pageant in the Philippines. Founded in 1964, it currently selects Filipina representatives to compete in one of the Big Four international beauty pageants—Miss International, as well as representatives to other international pageants, such as The Miss Globe.
Potenza SC
Potenza Sport Club S.r.l. was an Italian football club, based in Potenza, Basilicata. The club was re-founded in 2004 as A.S. Calcio Potenza, (legal suffix S.r.l. was added circa 2005) after the merger of the old A.S.C. Potenza (founded in 1983) and F.C. Potenza (founded in 1994 and previously known as Potenza S.C.), and changed its name to Potenza S.C. in 2006. The club was expelled from 2009–10 Lega Pro Prima Divisione in mid-season.

Società a responsabilità limitata
Società a responsabilità limitata (S.r.l. or Srl) is a type of legal corporate entity in San Marino and Italy, which literally means (but is not entirely equal to) 'limited liability company'. It has a similar form to società sportiva dilettantistica a responsabilità limitata (S.s.d a r.l.) for amateur sports-related companies and their corresponding regulations: article 90 of the Italian Law No.289 of 2002.

Differing from società per azioni (S.p.A.), S.r.l. may not issue shares that have par value, but only the quota (Italian: quote) or units of the share capital. Moreover, the articles of association of S.r.l. allowed different allocations of profits and assets, which was more comparable to a limited partnership. A fourth form of corporate entity, società cooperativa a responsabilità limitata (S.c.r.l. or S.c. a r.l.), was seen in the cooperatives of Italy.
Tiago Mendes
Tiago Cardoso Mendes OIH (Portuguese pronunciation: [tiˈaɣu kɐɾˈðozu ˈmẽdɨʃ]; born 2 May 1981), known simply as Tiago, is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

He played in five of Europe's major leagues, Portugal, England, France, Italy and Spain. He notably spent eight seasons with Atlético Madrid, winning five major titles including the 2013–14 La Liga and the 2012 Europa League.

A Portugal international on 66 occasions, Tiago represented the nation in two World Cups and Euro 2004. He later worked briefly as a manager.

2011–12 UEFA Europa League
The 2011–12 UEFA Europa League was the third season of the UEFA Europa League, Europe's secondary club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 41st edition overall including its predecessor, the UEFA Cup. It began on 30 June 2011 with the first legs of the first qualifying round, and ended on 9 May 2012 with the final held at Arena Națională in Bucharest, Romania. As part of a trial that started in the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League, two extra officials – one on each goal line – were used in all matches of the competition from the group stage.

Atlético Madrid won the title, defeating Athletic Bilbao 3–0 in an all-Spanish final. Porto were the defending champions, but they were beaten by Manchester City in the Round of 32.
Domestic policy of the second Trump administration
This article encompasses the domestic policy of Donald Trump as the 47th president of the United States.

Prospective policies for Trump's second presidency were proposed in Agenda 47, a collection of his formal policy plans.

Shared decision-making in medicine
Shared decision-making in medicine (SDM) is a process in which both the patient and physician contribute to the medical decision-making process  and  agree  on  treatment  decisions. Health care providers explain treatments and alternatives to patients and help them choose the treatment option that best aligns with their preferences as well as their unique cultural and personal beliefs. SDM has also been described as a method of care.

In contrast to SDM, the traditional biomedical care system placed physicians in a position of authority with patients playing a passive role in care.  Physicians instructed patients about what to do, and patients rarely took part in the treatment decision.
Differential-linear attack
Introduced by Martin Hellman and Susan K. Langford in 1994, the differential-linear attack is a mix of both linear cryptanalysis and differential cryptanalysis.

The attack utilises a differential characteristic over part of the cipher with a probability of 1 (for a few rounds—this probability would be much lower for the whole cipher). The rounds immediately following the differential characteristic have a linear approximation defined, and we expect that for each chosen plaintext pair, the probability of the linear approximation holding for one chosen plaintext but not the other will be lower for the correct key. Hellman and Langford have shown that this attack can recover 10 key bits of an 8-round DES with only 512 chosen plaintexts and an 80% chance of success.

The attack was generalised by Eli Biham et al. to use differential characteristics with probability less than 1. Besides DES, it has been applied to FEAL, IDEA, Serpent, Camellia, and even the stream cipher Phelix.

Differential cryptanalysis
Differential cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers, but also to stream ciphers and cryptographic hash functions. In the broadest sense, it is the study of how differences in information input can affect the resultant difference at the output. In the case of a block cipher, it refers to a set of techniques for tracing differences through the network of transformation, discovering where the cipher exhibits non-random behavior, and exploiting such properties to recover the secret key (cryptography key).
William F. Russell (Florida politician)
William F. Russell (c. 1805 – after 1875) was an American politician. He was a settler in Florida, soldier, and member of the Florida House of Representatives, serving as Speaker of the House in 1854. Russell was born in North Carolina. He became a major, and was put in charge of the Indian River Settlement in St. Lucia County, which broke up following an attack by Seminole Indians in July 1849. Russell was shot in the arm during the attack. Russell's brother-in-law John Barker was killed. The rest of his family escaped to New Smyrna.

He served as county commissioner for St. Lucie County from 1847 to 1852 and 1853 until Brevard County was broken off from St. Lucie in 1855.

In 1854, Russell was elected to the Florida House of Representatives and served as Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives.

Russell introduced the legislation creating Brevard County; naming it after his friend Theodorus W. Brevard in 1855.

Theodorus W. Brevard
Theodorus Washington Brevard (September 24, 1804 – 1877) was a Florida settler who served as Florida Comptroller for nearly ten years from April 3, 1851, to November 27, 1854, and from January 24, 1855, to December 14, 1860. He is the namesake of Brevard County, Florida.  He was born in North Carolina in 1804.

He was the son of Alexander Brevard (b. 1755), an officer in the Continental Army, and Rebecca Davidson. He married Caroline Elizabeth Mays and was the father of Theodore W. Brevard, Jr.

He settled in Tallahassee, Florida in 1847.
Trams in Asia
Trams in Asia were well established at the start of the 20th century, but started to decline in use in the 1930s. By the 1960s, the majority of systems had been closed down. Extensive legacy tramways still exist in Japan. Recently, more modern systems have been built in China.

Tokyo Toden
The Tokyo Toden (東京都電, Tōkyō Toden) or simply Toden, is the tram network of Tokyo, Japan. Of all its former routes, only one, the Tokyo Sakura Tram, remains in service. The Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation operates the Toden. The formal legal name is Tokyo-to Densha. Its nickname, "Toden," distinguished it from the "Kokuden" (the Japanese National Railways electrified lines).

The network had a track gauge of 1,372 mm (4 ft 6 in), except for the former Seibu Railway lines which were 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in). Today the Toden has 30 stops, running from Minowabashi Station to Waseda Station.
2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Women's 100 metre freestyle
The women's 100 metre freestyle competition at the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 19 at the William Woollett Jr. Aquatics Center.  The last champion was Natalie Coughlin of US.

This race consisted of two lengths of the pool, both lengths being in freestyle.

2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Women's 100 metre freestyle
The women's 100 metre freestyle competition at the 2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 18 at the Saanich Commonwealth Place.  The last champion was Natalie Coughlin of US.

This race consisted of two lengths of the pool, both lengths being in freestyle.