hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
River Esk (Ravenglass)
The River Esk, sometimes called the Cumbrian Esk, is a river in Cumbria, England. It flows for approximately 25 km (15.5 miles) from its source in the Scafells range of mountains to its estuary at Ravenglass. The valley it flows through is known as Eskdale. It is one of two Rivers Esk in Cumbria, and not to be confused with the Border Esk which flows into Cumbria from Scotland.

In his book The Origins Of English Place Names, P. H. Reaney says that the river's name is derived from the Brythonic word *Iska ("abounding in fish") and cognate with the modern Welsh word Pysg ("fishes"). This derivation applies to many similarly named rivers throughout Britain including the Axe, Exe and Usk, the names evolving local distinctions over the centuries.

The Esk is, in part, paralleled by the narrow-gauge Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway and as a consequence the railway has named one of its steam locomotives after the river.

River Esk (Solway Firth)
The River Esk (Scottish Gaelic: Easg), also known as the Border Esk, is a river that rises in the Scottish region of Dumfries and Galloway before crossing the border to the English county of Cumbria and flowing into the Solway Firth.
Miss Dominican Republic 1985
Concurso Nacional de Belleza 1985 was held on May 5, 1984. There were 24 candidates who competed for the national crown. The winner of the Miss Dominican Republic title represented the Dominican Republic at the Miss Universe 1985. The Señorita República Dominicana Mundo entered Miss World 1985. The Señorita República Dominicana Café entered Reinado Internacional del Café 1985.

Miss Universe 1985
Miss Universe 1985 was the 34th Miss Universe pageant, held at the James L. Knight Convention Center in Miami, Florida, United States, on 15 July 1985. Seventy-nine contestants competed in the pageant. At the conclusion of the event, Deborah Carthy-Deu of Puerto Rico was crowned by Yvonne Ryding of Sweden.
Operator monotone function
In linear algebra, operator monotone functions are an important type of real-valued function, fully classified by Charles Löwner in 1934. They are closely related to operator concave and operator convex functions, and are encountered in operator theory and in matrix theory, and led to the Löwner–Heinz inequality. Operator monotone functions are called in other contexts complete Bernstein function, Nevanlinna function, Pick function or class (S) function.

Operator theory
In mathematics, operator theory is the study of linear operators on function spaces, beginning with differential operators and integral operators. The operators may be presented abstractly by their characteristics, such as bounded linear operators or closed operators, and consideration may be given to nonlinear operators. The study, which depends heavily on the topology of function spaces, is a branch of functional analysis.

If a collection of operators forms an algebra over a field, then it is an operator algebra. The description of operator algebras is part of operator theory.
Singular: Act I
Singular: Act I is the third studio album by American singer Sabrina Carpenter. It was released on November 9, 2018, through Hollywood Records. Carpenter began work on the album shortly after the release of her second studio album, Evolution (2016). The dance-pop album is themed around self-empowerment and marked the first time where all songs on an album were co-written by Carpenter. In support of the album, Carpenter embarked on the Singular Tour in March 2019.

Two singles were released for the album including "Almost Love" and "Sue Me" while "Paris" and "Bad Time" were released as promotional singles. Additionally, singles "Why" and "Alien" were not on the album's tracklist but were instead included  on the Japanese edition of the album. The album received critical acclaim from music critics, and debuted at number 103 on the US Billboard 200. The album itself is the first half of a two-piece project, being supplemented by Singular: Act II (2019).

Pop Airplay
Pop Airplay (also called  Mainstream Top 40, Pop Songs, and Top 40/CHR) is a 40-song music chart published weekly by Billboard magazine that ranks the most popular songs of pop music being played on a panel of Top 40 radio stations in the United States. The rankings are based on radio airplay detections as measured by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems (Nielsen BDS), a subsidiary of the United States' leading marketing research company. Consumer researchers, Nielsen Audio (formerly Arbitron), refers to the format as contemporary hit radio (CHR).
The current number-one song on the chart is "Opalite" by Taylor Swift.
Africa Development
Africa Development (Afrique et développement) is the quarterly bilingual journal of CODESRIA published since 1976. It is a social science journal whose major focus is on issues which are central to the development of society. Its principal objective is to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas among African scholars from a variety of intellectual persuasions and various disciplines. The journal also encourages other contributors working on Africa or those undertaking comparative analysis of developing world issues.

Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa
The Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA, French: Conseil pour le développement de la recherche en sciences sociales en Afrique) is Pan-African research organisation headquartered in Dakar, Senegal. The recently outgone President is Isabel Casimiro while Godwin Murunga is the current Executive Secretary.
Heman C. Smith
Heman Conomon Smith (September 27, 1850 – April 17, 1919) was a leader in and official historian of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church, now the Community of Christ).

Apostle (Latter Day Saints)
In the Latter Day Saint movement, an apostle is a "special witness of the name of Jesus Christ who is sent to teach the principles of salvation to others." In many Latter Day Saint churches, an apostle is a priesthood office of high authority within the church hierarchy. In many churches, apostles may be members of the Quorum of the Twelve and First Presidency of the church. In most Latter Day Saint churches, modern-day apostles are considered to have the same status and authority as the Biblical apostles.

In the Latter Day Saint tradition, apostles and prophets are believed to be the foundation of the church, Jesus Christ himself being the chief cornerstone. The "Articles of Faith", written by Joseph Smith, mentions apostles:

"We believe in the same organization that existed in the Primitive Church, namely, apostles, prophets, pastors, teachers, evangelists, and so forth."
Saraswati Flumen
Saraswati Flumen is a river system (termed Flumen) of liquid methane and ethane on Saturn's moon Titan. It flows for 360 km before discharging into Ontario Lacus near Titan's south pole in a river delta on the lake's western shore. Its bankfull discharge is estimated to be 40–50,000 m3/s but its regular flow is estimated to be 	10–2,000 m3/s. Compared to Karesos Flumen and Hubur Flumen, the two other major rivers that drain into the Ontario Lacus which both originate in mountains, the Saraswati Flumen has a much flatter gradient. The Saraswati Flumen is unlike most rivers on Titan including the more well known Vid Flumina in that it has a river delta. Furthermore, its delta is double-lobed, suggesting that the river switched courses over tens to hundreds of thousands of years to build both lobes. The main lobe is around 97 km2 in area while the secondary lobe is around 50 km2. It is hypothesized to be a suspended load-dominated river.

Flumen (planetary geology)
Flumen /ˈfluːmɛn/ (plural flumina) is the Latin word for river. It is used in planetary geology to name landform features on the Saturnian moon Titan.

A flumen is a channel on Titan that may carry liquid (usually hydrocarbons, like methane and ethane). Systems of linear, channel-like features on Titan are called flumina. Examples include Vid Flumina, a river of liquid methane and ethane about 400 km long, and Elivagar Flumina, a network of river channels in the region around the Menrva Crater of Titan.
Time Waits for No Man
Time Waits for No Man is the debut solo studio album by American rapper Rasco. It was released on July 21, 1998, through Stones Throw Records. Recording sessions took place at Jam Packed Studios and at Treshold Recordings in Santa Monica, California. Production was handled by Peanut Butter Wolf, Paul Nice, Evidence, KutMasta Kurt, DJ Design, Fanatik, Joey Chavez and Protest. It features guest appearances from Defari, Dilated Peoples, DJ Vin Roc, Encore, and his Cali Agents partner Planet Asia.

Stones Throw Records
Stones Throw Records is an American independent record label based in Los Angeles, California. Under the direction of founder Peanut Butter Wolf, Stones Throw has released music ranging from hip hop to experimental psychedelic rock. LA Weekly deemed the label an "eternally evolving experiment" in celebration of its 20th anniversary.
Barnekow family
The Barnekow family is a medieval German noble family originating from Mecklenburg and Pommerania. Though the original Mecklenburg branch died out around 1600, Danish, Swedish, and German lines of the family still exist.

The family shares its name with the present-day municipality of Barnekow in Germany. The etymology of the name Barnekow has Wendish origins: "Baran" meaning ram, "ek" for the diminutive form, and "ow" referring to a place.

Tølløsegård
Tølløsegård, also known as Tølløse Castle (Danish: Tølløse Slot), is a former manor house and estate located at Tølløse, Denmark. It has since 1997 been operated as a school under the name Tølløse Slots Efterskole. The current main building was built after a fire in 1944.
Deaths in January 2002
The following is a list of notable deaths in January 2002.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

Boxing at the 1932 Summer Olympics – Flyweight
The men's flyweight event was part of the boxing programme at the 1932 Summer Olympics. The weight class was the lightest contested, and allowed boxers of up to 112 pounds (50.8 kilograms). The competition was held from Tuesday, August 9, 1932 to Saturday, August 13, 1932. Twelve boxers from twelve nations competed.
Weingut Wittmann
Weingut Wittmann is a German wine grower and producer based Westhofen, in the Wonnegau district of the wine-growing region of Rheinhessen, Germany. Weingut Wittmann is a member of the Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter (VDP) since 1998.

Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter
Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter e.V. or the Association of German Prädikat Wine Estates, is an association of more than 200 wineries in Germany that promotes binding quality standards and – since 1990 – also ecological management of its members' wineries. Many of Germany's top wine producers are members. It is commonly known by its abbreviation VDP.
Belgian Rugby Federation
The Belgian Rugby Federation is the governing body for rugby union in Belgium. The Belgian Federation of Rugby (FBRB) is responsible for organizing and developing rugby union in Belgium.

It was founded in 1931 and became affiliated with World Rugby, who were called the International Rugby Board then, in 1988. It includes the provincial districts, clubs, managers, players, coaches, educators and officials, to contribute to the practice and development of rugby in all communities in Belgium. It is an organization that brings together the LBFR (Ligue Belge Francophone de Rugby) and VRB (Vlaamse Rugby Bond). They are members of several sports organizations: a full member of World Rugby (1988), a member of the Belgian Olympic and Interfederal Committee (BOIC), founding member (1934) of Rugby Europe and honorary member of the Rugby Football Union.

Rugby Football Union
The Rugby Football Union (RFU) is the national governing body for rugby union in England. It was founded in 1871, and was the sport's international governing body prior to the formation of what is now known as World Rugby (WR) in 1886. It promotes and runs the sport, organises international matches for the England national team, and educates and trains players and officials.

The RFU is an industrial and provident society owned by over 2,000 member clubs, representing over 2.5 million registered players, and forms the largest rugby union society in the world, and one of the largest sports organisations in England. It is based at Twickenham Stadium, London.

In September 2010 the equivalent women's rugby body, the Rugby Football Union for Women (RFUW), was able to nominate a member to the RFU Council to represent women's and girls' rugby. The RFUW was integrated into the RFU in July 2012.
Manshiyat Ezzat Palette
The Manshiyat Ezzat Palette is an ornately adorned schist cosmetic palette from predynastic Egypt found at a cemetery in the eastern Delta town of Manshiyat Ezzat, Dakahlia Governorate. The gravesite is from Pharaoh Den's reign, First Dynasty of Egypt. The palette is of low to moderate bas relief. (see diagram and photo:  graphic: )

The ornamental palette contains the cosmetic eyepaint mixing circle, with the circle made up of the necks of two confronted lions; the lions are identical to the serpopard-lion motif as found on the Narmer Palette and is conjectured to refer to the uniting of Delta Egypt with Southern Egypt.

Dakahlia Governorate
Dakahlia (Egyptian Arabic: محافظة الدقهلية Muḥāfaẓah el Daqahliyah, pronounced [ed.dæʔæhˈlejjæ]) is an Egyptian governorate lying northeast of Cairo, Egypt. Its area is approximately 3,500km2. Although the capital of the governorate is Mansoura, it got its name from the ancient town of Daqahlah (Egyptian Arabic: دقهلة, from Coptic: ⲧⲕⲉϩⲗⲓ, lit. 'shrine') which is located in the modern Damietta Governorate.
Culture of the United States Marine Corps
The culture of the United States Marine Corps is widely varied but unique amongst the branches of the United States Armed Forces. Because members of the Marine Corps are drawn from across the United States (and resident aliens from other nations), it is as varied as each individual Marine but tied together with core values and traditions passed from generation to generation of Marines. As in any military organization, the official and unofficial traditions of the Marine Corps serve to reinforce camaraderie and set the service apart from others. The Corps' embracement of its rich culture and history is cited as a reason for its high esprit de corps.

Semper fidelis
Semper fidelis (Latin pronunciation: [ˈsɛmpɛr fɪˈdeːlɪs]) is a Latin phrase that means "always faithful" or "always loyal" (Fidelis or Fidelity). It is the motto of the United States Marine Corps, usually shortened to Semper Fi. It is also in use as a motto for towns, families, schools, and other military units.
Church and Wellesley
Church and Wellesley is an LGBT-oriented enclave in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.  It is roughly bounded by Gerrard Street to the south, Yonge Street to the west, Charles Street to the north, and Jarvis Street to the east, with the core commercial strip located along Church Street from Wellesley south to Alexander.  Though some LGBT-oriented establishments can be found outside this area, the general boundaries of this village have been defined by the Gay Toronto Tourism Guild.

St. James Town
St. James Town (sometimes misspelled St. Jamestown) is a neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It lies in the northeast corner of the downtown area. The neighbourhood covers the area bounded by Jarvis Street to the west, Bloor Street East to the north, Parliament Street to the east, and Wellesley Street East to the south.

St. James Town is the largest high-rise community in Canada. 
It has been identified as one of 13 economically deprived neighbourhoods within the city.
It consists of 19 high-rise buildings (14 to 32 stories). These residential towers were built in the 1960s. Officially, approximately 17,000 people live in the neighbourhood's 19 apartment towers and 4 low rise buildings, making it one of Canada's most densely populated communities.
Soured milk
Soured milk, sour milk, spontaneously soured milk, or naturally soured milk is the milk product fermented with indigenous microorganisms (chiefly mesophilic lactic acid bacteria), as opposed to cultured milk of which the production involves controlled fermentation with starter cultures. Lactic acid produced by the bacteria causes milk to coagulate and thicken, inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria and improving the product's shelf life.

Examples include amasi from southern Africa, clabber from Ireland, aludttej from Hungary,  Dickmilch (thick milk) and Herbstmilch (autumn milk) from Germany, gruševina from Yugoslavia, prostokvasha from Russia, laban rayeb from Egypt, maziwa lala from Kenya.

Amasi
Amasi (in Ndebele, Zulu and Xhosa), emasi (in Swazi), karringmelk (in Afrikaans), or mafi (in Sesotho), is a thick curdled sour fermented milk product that is sometimes compared to cottage cheese or plain yogurt but has a much stronger flavor. A staple food in pre-colonial times, it is now a popular snack in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Lesotho.
Little Flower Catholic High School for Girls
Little Flower Catholic High School for Girls is a Catholic high school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania within the Archdiocese of Philadelphia. It is named after Saint Therese de Lisieux and is located in the Hunting Park section of North Philadelphia. Little Flower publishes one of the most award-winning high school newspapers in the archdiocese, The Theresian.

Little Flower High School consists of roughly 400 girls and 0 boys. Till the late 2000s a small number of boys, around 7, attended as a part of Little Flower's ESOL Program (English for Speakers of Other Languages). The school's Alma Mater is sung by the students at a number of different events throughout the school year, including dances, proms, and assemblies.

Hunting Park, Philadelphia
Hunting Park is a neighborhood in the North Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.

In 2024, the 19140 ZIP code, which roughly consists of Hunting Park and Nicetown–Tioga, has a median home sale price of $113,900.

The Clara Barton School, Alexander K. McClure School, and Bayard Taylor School are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks baseball
The Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas, United States. The team is a member of the Southland Conference (SLC), which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I. The team plays its home games at Jaycees Field in Nacogdoches, Texas. The Lumberjacks are coached by Matt Vanderburg. The team played in the SLC from 1988 to 1995 before discontinuing baseball until its return in 2006. They left the SLC in 2021 for the Western Athletic Conference. On July 1, 2024, SFA returned to the SLC.

Nacogdoches, Texas
Nacogdoches (/ˌnækəˈdoʊtʃɪs/ ⓘ NAK-ə-DOH-chis) is a city in East Texas and the county seat of Nacogdoches County, Texas, United States. As of the 2020 census, Nacogdoches had a population of 32,147. Stephen F. Austin State University is located in Nacogdoches and specializes in forestry and agriculture. Nacogdoches is also known as "The Oldest Town in Texas". Its sister city is Natchitoches, Louisiana.
Pyeonggang station
Pyeonggang Station (Korean: 평강역; Hanja: 平江驛) is a station of the BGLRT Line of Busan Metro. The station name comes from the nearest Pyeonggang-ro. The station is located at Daejeo-dong, Gangseo District, Busan, South Korea.

Busan–Gimhae Light Rail Transit
The Busan–Gimhae Light Rail Transit is a light metro system between the cities of Busan and Gimhae in South Korea. The line has 21 stations including Daejeo and Sasang where passengers can transfer to Busan Metro Line 3 and Line 2 respectively. The line thus acts as a connecting rail between both Gimhae and Busan International Airport with two western outreaches of the Busan Metro system.
Edward Stratemeyer
Edward Stratemeyer (/ˈstrætəˌmaɪər/; (October 4, 1862 – May 10, 1930) was an American publisher, writer of children's fiction and founder of the Stratemeyer Syndicate. He is one of the most prolific writers in the world, having penned over 1,300 books and selling more than 500 million copies.

Stratemeyer created many well-known children's fiction book series, including The Rover Boys, The Bobbsey Twins, Tom Swift, The Hardy Boys, and Nancy Drew, many of which sold millions of copies and remain in publication. On his legacy, Fortune wrote: "As oil had its Rockefeller, literature had its Stratemeyer."

Dime novel
The dime novel is a form of late 19th-century and early 20th-century American popular fiction issued in series of inexpensive paperbound editions. The term dime novel has been used as a catchall term for several different but related forms, referring to story papers, five- and ten-cent weeklies, "thick book" reprints, and sometimes early pulp magazines. Dime novels are similar in form and content to British penny dreadfuls and story papers, which were produced at the same time.

The term was used as a title as late as 1940, in the short-lived pulp magazine Western Dime Novels. In the modern age, the term dime novel has been used to refer to quickly written, lurid potboilers, usually as a pejorative to describe a sensationalized but superficial literary work.
2025–26 Danish Superliga
The 2025–26 Danish Superliga (officially the 3F Superliga for sponsorship purposes) is the 36th season of the Danish Superliga. Copenhagen entered the season as the defending champions, having secured the 2024–25 title.

The schedule for the first seven matchdays was released on 6 June 2025, with the opening fixture set for 18 July between Viborg and Copenhagen. Between early December and mid-February, the league will enter into its standard winter break during which no league fixtures will be played.

2024–25 Danish Superliga
The 2024–25 Danish Superliga (officially the 3F Superliga for sponsorship purposes) was the 35th season of the Danish Superliga. Midtjylland entered the season as the defending champions, having secured the 2023–24 title on the final day. However, Midtjylland were unable to defend their title as they finished the season in second place, one point behind champions Copenhagen.

The schedule for the first seven matchdays was released on 7 June 2024, with the opening fixture set for 19 July between AGF and Midtjylland. Following the 17th round of fixtures, between 2 December and 14 February, the league entered a winter break in which no league fixtures were played.
2024–25 Dumbarton F.C. season
The 2024–25 season is Dumbarton Football Club's first back in Scottish League One, the third tier of Scottish football, having won the Scottish League Two promotion play-offs the previous season. Dumbarton are also competing in the Scottish Cup, the Scottish League Cup, and the Challenge Cup.

2024–25 Scottish Cup
The 2024–25 Scottish Cup (known as the Scottish Gas Men's Scottish Cup for sponsorship reasons) was the 140th season of Scotland's most prestigious football knockout competition.

Celtic were the defending champions after defeating Rangers in the 2024 final. They were defeated in the final by Aberdeen.