hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Scleromyositis
Scleromyositis, is an autoimmune disease (a disease in which the immune system attacks the body). People with scleromyositis have symptoms of both systemic scleroderma and either polymyositis or dermatomyositis, and is therefore considered an overlap syndrome. Although it is a rare disease, it is one of the more common overlap syndromes seen in scleroderma patients, together with MCTD and Antisynthetase syndrome. Autoantibodies often found in these patients are the anti-PM/Scl (anti-exosome) antibodies.

The symptoms that are seen most often are typical symptoms of the individual autoimmune diseases and include Raynaud's phenomenon, arthritis, myositis and scleroderma. Treatment of these patients is therefore strongly dependent on the exact symptoms with which a patient reports to a physician and is similar to treatment for the individual autoimmune disease, often involving either immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs.

Mixed connective tissue disease
Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is a systemic autoimmune disease that shares characteristics with at least two other systemic autoimmune diseases, including systemic sclerosis (Ssc), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM), and rheumatoid arthritis. The idea behind the "mixed" disease is that this specific autoantibody is also present in other autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis, scleroderma, etc. MCTD was characterized as an individual disease in 1972 by Sharp et al., and the term was introduced by Leroy in 1980.

Some experts consider MCTD to be the same as undifferentiated connective tissue disease, but other experts specifically reject this idea because undifferentiated connective tissue disease is not necessarily associated with serum antibodies directed against the U1-RNP. Furthermore, MCTD is associated with a more clearly defined set of signs and symptoms.
Sinhala Buddhist College, Matale
Sinhala Buddhist College, Matale (Sinhala: මාතලේ සිංහල බෞද්ධ විද්‍යාලය), or (SBC), is a semi-government Buddhist school located in Matale, Sri Lanka. The school offers kindergarten, primary and secondary education, and is a private school in Matale, Sri Lanka.

Private school (Sri Lanka)
Private schools in Sri Lanka are an alternative to the public school system (government schools). These schools are privately funded, primarily through tuition fees, donations, or endowments, and they may offer either local or international curricula. Some private schools follow Sri Lanka's national education standards, while others offer internationally recognized qualifications.

Private schools in Sri Lanka generally adapt a local curriculum or an international curriculum, with some private schools (as opposed to fully privately owned) being partially owned by the government, the latter being semi-government schools.
2019 Women's International Champions Cup
The 2019 International Champions Cup Women's Tournament was a tournament of friendly women's association football matches. It was the second edition of the Women's International Champions Cup and took place in Cary, North Carolina, United States, from August 15 to 18, 2019.

The tournament was hosted by the defending champions, the North Carolina Courage at the 10,000-seater Sahlen's Stadium. The matches were organized into two doubleheaders, with the semifinals played on August 15 and the final and third-place match on August 18. For the first time, there was a cash prize awarded to the winning team, paid for by new sponsor Budweiser. The tournament was also broadcast on ESPN.

The final, played on August 18, was a rematch between North Carolina and Lyon. Lyon won 1–0 in front of 8,208 fans.

Women's International Champions Cup
The Women's International Champions Cup (WICC) is an annual club women's soccer invitational tournament in the United States. Launched by Relevent Sports Group in 2018, it features four women's soccer teams from America and Europe competing for the championship. As FIFA currently only organizes a men's club world championship—the FIFA Club World Cup—the competition aims to be the annual decider for the best women's club soccer team in the world.
Krateraspis sselivanovi
Krateraspis sselivanovi is a species of soil centipede in the family Mecistocephalidae. This centipede is found in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. This species is notable for featuring 53 leg pairs without any intraspecific variation. This number of legs is rarely observed in the family Mecistocephalidae and may be the maximum number evidently fixed by species in the class Chilopoda.

Geophilomorpha
Geophilomorpha is an order of centipedes commonly known as soil centipedes. The name "Geophilomorpha" comes from Ancient Greek γεω- (geo-), meaning "earth", φίλος (phílos), meaning "lover", and μορφή (morphḗ), meaning "form". This group is the most diverse centipede order, with 230 genera. These centipedes are found nearly worldwide but are absent in Antarctica and most Arctic regions.
Lawrence Channel
Lawrence Channel (67°21′S 67°35′W﻿ / ﻿67.350°S 67.583°W﻿ / -67.350; -67.583) is a marine channel in Laubeuf Fjord, running north–south between Wyatt Island and Arrowsmith Peninsula, Loubet Coast, Antarctica. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1984 after Captain Stuart J. Lawrence, Master of the British Antarctic Survey ship Bransfield for some years from 1974.

Loubet Coast
Loubet Coast is the portion of the west coast of Graham Land in Antarctic Peninsula, extending 158 km between Cape Bellue to the northeast and Bourgeois Fjord to the southwest. South of Loubet Coast is Fallières Coast, north is Graham Coast.

The coast is named after Émile Loubet, President of France during the exploration of the area by the French Antarctic Expedition under Jean-Baptiste Charcot in January 1905.
Arthur Groenouw
Arthur Groenouw (27 March 1862 – 1945) was a German ophthalmologist born in Bosatz, a village near Ratibor.

He studied medicine in Breslau, and was an assistant to physiologist Rudolf Heidenhain (1834–1897) and ophthalmologist Wilhelm Uhthoff (1853–1927). In 1892 he was habilitated for ophthalmology in Breslau, and in 1899 attained the title of professor.

In 1890 Groenouw described two different types of corneal dystrophy, of which he wrote about in an article titled "Knötchenförmige Hornhauttrübungen" (noduli corneae).  At the time, he believed that the two types were variations of the same disease. Later on, his findings on corneal dystrophy were classified as two separate syndromes:

"Groenouw Type I": Granular type of corneal dystrophy. Characterized by discrete grey opacities scattered over the surface of the cornea.

"Groenouw Type II": Macular type of corneal dystrophy. Characterized by greyish white opaque granules with sharp borders, mostly in central part of cornea.

Rudolf Heidenhain
Rudolf Peter Heinrich Heidenhain (German: [ˈhaɪdn̩haɪn]; 29 January 1834 – 13 October 1897) was a German physiologist born in Marienwerder, Province of Prussia (now Kwidzyn, Poland). His son, Martin Heidenhain, was a highly regarded anatomist.
Demographics of North Macedonia
Demographic features of the population of North Macedonia include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Turks in North Macedonia
Turks in North Macedonia, also known as Turkish Macedonians and Macedonian Turks, (Macedonian: Македонски Турци, romanized: Makedonski Turci, Turkish: Makedonya Türkleri) are the ethnic Turks who constitute the third-largest ethnic group in the Republic of North Macedonia. According to the 2021 census, there were 70,961 Turks living in the country, forming a minority of some 3.86% of the population. The community forms a majority in Centar Župa and Plasnica.
DxOMark
DXOMARK is a commercial website described as "an independent benchmark that scientifically assesses smartphones, lenses and cameras". Founded in 2008, DXOMARK was originally owned by DxO Labs, a French engineering and consulting company, which is headquartered in Boulogne-Billancourt, Paris, France.  DXOMARK Image Labs was separated from DxO Labs in September 2017, and was later re-branded to DXOMARK in 2019. DXOMARK is now a wholly independent privately-owned company.

DXOMARK scores are used in many independent news publications and specialist media sites.

Raw image format
A camera raw image file is a file that contains unprocessed data straight from a digital camera. Such data can later be changed into a photo, either within a digital camera itself or by usage of external tools. Raw files are so named because they are not yet processed, and contain large amounts of potentially redundant data. Normally, the image is processed by a raw converter, in a wide-gamut internal color space where precise adjustments can be made before conversion to a viewable photos for storage, printing, or further manipulation. There are dozens of raw formats in use by different manufacturers of digital image capture equipment.
St Paul's Church, Longridge
St Paul's Church stands off Berry Lane, Longridge, Lancashire, England. It is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Blackburn. The church was built in 1886–1888, and the tower was added in 1936–37. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.

Longridge
Longridge is a market town and civil parish in the borough of Ribble Valley in Lancashire, England. It is situated 8 miles (13 km) north-east of the city of Preston, at the western end of Longridge Fell, a long ridge above the River Ribble. The nearest villages are Grimsargh, 2 miles (3 km) to the southeast, and Ribchester 4 miles (6 km) to the southeast. The parish of Longridge had a population of 7,546 recorded in the 2001 census, increasing to 7,724 at the 2011 Census.
Onryza
Onryza is a genus of grass skippers in the family Hesperiidae found in China and Indochina.The genus was formed by Edward Yerbury Watson in 1893.
The contained species are

Onryza maga (Leech, 1890) China

Onryza meiktila  (de Nicéville, 1891)

Onryza perbella  Hering, 1918 (Parasovia perbella) China

Onryza siamica  Riley & Godfrey, 1925 North Burma, North Thailand, Laos

Edward Yerbury Watson
Edward Yerbury Watson (27 July 1864 – 8 November 1897) was an English entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera most notably Hesperiidae.

Yerbury Watson was born in British India to Joanna and George Edward Watson. He joined the North Lancashire regiment as Lieutenant in 1884 later joining the Madras Staff Corps (6 Feb 1884) and rising to become Deputy Assistant Commissary General on the Indian Staff Corps. He died from a shot fired during the Tirah Campaign.

He was a Member of the Bombay Natural History Society, a Fellow of the Zoological Society of London and from 1891 of the Entomological Society of London. His India collections are conserved by the Natural History Museum, London.
Juan Pablo Schiavi
Juan Pablo Schiavi (born June 10, 1957 in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine agronomist and politician who has held a wide range of positions at the top of national and municipal government of Argentina.

Following the resignation of Raúl Jaime in 2009, Schiavi was appointed Argentina's Ministry of Transportation. He left the position after the Once Tragedy of 2012, a product of infrastructure problems that were widely believed to be the result of corruption and negligence in his ministry. He was sentenced to 8 years imprisonment for his responsibility in the accident.

In an account of Schiavi's history of political loyalties, the newspaper La Nación described him as having been, in turn, a “Grossista” (a disciple of Carlos Grosso) a “Macrista” (Mauricio Macri), a “Telermanista” (Jorge Telerman), a “Devidista” (Julio De Vido), and finally a “Cristinista” (Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner).

Carlos Grosso
Carlos Alfredo Grosso (born 1943) is an Argentine politician who was intendente (mayor) of Buenos Aires from 1989 to 1992. A member of the Justicialist Party, he was appointed by President Carlos Menem as a successor for Facundo Suárez Lastra.
Sachsenhagen (Samtgemeinde)
Sachsenhagen is a Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district of Schaumburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Its seat is in the town Sachsenhagen.

The Samtgemeinde Sachsenhagen consists of the following municipalities:

Auhagen

Hagenburg

Sachsenhagen

Wölpinghausen

52°22′59″N 9°15′00″E﻿ / ﻿52.383°N 9.250°E﻿ / 52.383; 9.250

Samtgemeinde
A Samtgemeinde (German pronunciation: ['zamtgəˌmaɪndə] ⓘ, lit. 'collective municipality'; plural: Samtgemeinden) is a type of administrative division in Lower Saxony, Germany. Samtgemeinden are local government associations of municipalities, equivalent to the Ämter in Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, and Brandenburg, and the Verbandsgemeinden in Rhineland-Palatinate.
Guy Spitaels
Guy Gustave Arthur Ghislain Spitaels (French pronunciation: [ɡi ɡystav aʁtyʁ ɡilɛ̃ spitals]; 3 September 1931 – 21 August 2012) was a Belgian politician of the Socialist Party. He was the 7th Minister-President of Wallonia from 1992 to 1994 and president of his party for thirteen years, until he was succeeded by Philippe Busquin.

Minister-President of Wallonia
The minister-president of Wallonia (French: Ministre-président de Wallonie) is the head of the Government of Wallonia, the executive power of Wallonia, one of the three regions of Belgium.

The official residence, known as the Élysette, is in Namur, along the Meuse River.

The minister-president should not be confused with the minister-president of the French Community of Belgium, which is currently led by Élisabeth Degryse.
Island History Trust
The Island History Trust was a local history institution based on the Isle of Dogs in east London, England. The Trust was created by local people, who started to collect photographs  in 1981. At that time the docks and nearly all the local factories had closed, and the transformation of the Island by Canary Wharf and other developments had not begun. Some locals felt a loss of identity as their established way of life had ended and they wished to record and preserve their local history.

Initially the focus was on collecting photographs. Many were copied and returned to their owners, and notes about them were made and indexed. Later interviews were recorded interviews with elderly Islanders, and a number of people wrote memoirs to add to the collection.

The Trust's Collections are as of 2014 managed and maintained by the London Borough of Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives in Bancroft Road, Mile End, East London, where they can be viewed during public opening hours.

London Docks
The London Docks were one of several sets of docks in the historic Port of London.

They were constructed in Wapping, downstream from the City of London between 1799 and 1815, at a cost exceeding £5½ million.

Traditionally ships had docked at wharves on the River Thames, but by the late 1700s more capacity was needed. They were the closest docks to the City of London until St Katharine Docks were built two decades later.
Nancy E. Heckman
Nancy E. Heckman is a Canadian statistician, interested in nonparametric regression, smoothing, functional data analysis, and applications of statistics in evolutionary biology. From 2008 to 2018, she served as head of the statistics department at the University of British Columbia.

Heckman earned her PhD in 1982 from the University of Michigan. Her dissertation, supervised by Michael B. Woodroofe, was Two Treatment Comparison with Random Allocation Rule.

Heckman's publications won The Canadian Journal of Statistics Best Paper Award three times, in 1998, 2001, and 2023. She is a fellow of the American Statistical Association and Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and an elected member of the International Statistical Institute. In 2024, she received an honorary membership in the Statistical Society of Canada.

Michael Woodroofe
Michael Barrett Woodroofe (March 17, 1940 – February 22, 2022) was an American probabilist and statistician.  He was a professor of statistics and of mathematics at the University of Michigan, where he was the Leonard J. Savage Professor until his retirement.  He was noted for his work in sequential analysis and nonlinear renewal theory, in central limit theory, and in nonparametric inference with shape constraints.
Dakers Island
Dakers Island (64°46′S 64°23′W﻿ / ﻿64.767°S 64.383°W﻿ / -64.767; -64.383) is an island between Hartshorne Island and McGuire Island in the eastern Joubin Islands. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Hugh B. Dakers, a cook in RV Hero on her first Antarctic voyage to Palmer Station in 1968.

Joubin Islands
The Joubin Islands are a group of small islands lying 6 kilometres (3 nmi) south-west of Cape Monaco, Anvers Island, at the south-western end of the Palmer Archipelago of Antarctica. The islands were discovered by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1903–05, under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, and named by him for Louis Joubin, the French naturalist.  They have been designated a Restricted Zone under ASMA 7 — Southwest Anvers Island and Palmer Basin — which includes the marine area extending 50 metres (55 yd) from the shorelines.
Hercules and the Hydra (Pollaiuolo)
Hercules and the Hydra is a c. 1475 tempera grassa-on-panel painting by Antonio del Pollaiuolo, forming a pair with the same artist's Hercules Slaying Antaeus. Both works are now in the Galleria degli Uffizi in Florence. It measures 17 cm (6.6 in) by 12 cm (4.7 in), small like all his surviving mythological paintings.

Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects
The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (Italian: Le vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori, e architettori) is a series of artist biographies written by 16th-century Italian painter and architect Giorgio Vasari, which is considered "perhaps the most famous, and even today the most-read work of the older literature of art", "some of the Italian Renaissance's most influential writing on art", and "the first important book on art history".

Vasari published The Lives in two editions with substantial differences between them; the first edition, two volumes, in 1550 and the second, three volumes, in 1568 (which is the one usually translated and referred to). One important change was the increased attention paid to Venetian art in the second edition, even though Vasari still was, and has ever since been, criticised for an excessive emphasis on the art of his native Florence.
Seafood boil
Seafood boil in the United States is the generic term for any number of types of social events in which shellfish, whether saltwater or freshwater, is the central element. Regional variations dictate the kinds of seafood, the accompaniments and side dishes, and the preparation techniques (boiling, steaming, baking, or raw). In some cases, a boil may be sponsored by a community organization as a fund-raiser or a mixer. In this way, seafood boils are like a fish fry, barbecue, or church potluck supper. Boils are also held by individuals for their friends and family for a weekend get-together and on the holidays of Memorial Day and Independence Day. While boils and bakes are traditionally associated with coastal regions of the United States and its afrodescendant cultures, there are exceptions.

Potluck
Potlucks are events in which attendees each bring a dish of food to be shared, including salads, mains, and desserts. Potlucks are organized among members of communities, organisations, or by individuals at their homes. Their structure departs from most other dining events, with socializing influenced by the absence of any host preparing food. Sociologist Alice Julier identifies the key themes of the potluck as abundance, uncertainty as to what will be served, and variety, which may cause consternation in cultures with opposing values around entertaining guests.

Events organized in a potluck format have existed in various cultures, but the dominant modern form emerged in North America from earlier practices wherein guests tried their luck with what a host was cooking in a pot. Over the following centuries, the potluck became a tool employed by organizations for fundraising and in the mid-20th century as a key outlet for socializing.
Coccidiosis
Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease of the intestinal tract of animals caused by coccidian protozoa. The disease spreads from one animal to another by contact with infected feces or ingestion of infected tissue. Diarrhea, which may become bloody in severe cases, is the primary symptom. Most animals infected with coccidia are asymptomatic, but young or immunocompromised animals may suffer severe symptoms and death.

While coccidia can infect a wide variety of animals, including humans, birds, and livestock, they are usually species-specific. One well-known exception is toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii.

Humans may first encounter coccidia when they acquire a dog, cat or bird that is infected. Other than T. gondii, the infectious organisms are canine and feline-specific and are not contagious to humans, unlike the zoonotic diseases.

Sulfonamide (medicine)
Sulfonamide is a functional group (a part of a molecule) that is the basis of several groups of drugs, which are called sulphonamides, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides  are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group. Some sulfonamides are also devoid of antibacterial activity, e.g., the anticonvulsant sultiame. The sulfonylureas and thiazide diuretics are newer drug groups based upon the antibacterial sulfonamides.

Allergies to sulfonamides are common. The overall incidence of adverse drug reactions to sulfa antibiotics is approximately 3%, close to penicillin; hence medications containing sulfonamides are prescribed carefully.

Sulfonamide drugs were the first broadly effective antibacterials to be used systemically, and paved the way for the antibiotic revolution in medicine.
Para greenlet
The Para greenlet (Tunchiornis rubrifrons) is a passerine bird in the family Vireonidae, the vireos. It is found in South America, where it is endemic to the rainforests of Pará in Brazil. It was split from the ochre-crowned greenlet in 2025 by AviList and the Clements Checklist. Owing to its recent separation as a species, virtually nothing distinctive is known about its natural history.

Philip Sclater
Philip Lutley Sclater FRS FRGS FZS FLS (4 November 1829 – 27 June 1913) was an English lawyer and zoologist. In zoology, he was an expert ornithologist, and identified the main zoogeographic regions of the world. He was Secretary of the Zoological Society of London for 42 years, from 1860 to 1902.
R v Gnango
Regina v Armel Gnango [2011] UKSC 59 is the leading English criminal law case on the interaction of joint enterprise, transferred malice, and exemption from criminal liability where a party to what would normally be a crime is the victim of it. The Supreme Court held, restoring Gnango's conviction for the murder of Magda Pniewska, that he was guilty of murder notwithstanding the fact that he had not fired the shot which killed Pniewska during the shoot out which led to her death, and that the fatal shot had been fired by his opponent in an attempt to kill him. The judgment of the Supreme Court has been criticised over the alleged extent to which it was designed to mollify public opinion, and in the context of debates over the nature of the doctrine of joint enterprise.

Anthony Hughes, Lord Hughes of Ombersley
Anthony Philip Gilson Hughes, Lord Hughes of Ombersley (born 11 August 1948 in St Albans, Hertfordshire) is a former English judge of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. He was previously a Lord Justice of Appeal and Vice-President of the Criminal Division from 2009, following the retirement of Lord Justice Latham, to 9 April 2013.