hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Basis theorem (computability)
In computability theory, there are a number of basis theorems. These theorems show that particular kinds of sets always must have some members that are, in terms of Turing degree, not too complicated. One family of basis theorems concern nonempty effectively closed sets (that is, nonempty  sets in the arithmetical hierarchy); these theorems are studied as part of classical computability theory. Another family of basis theorems concern nonempty lightface analytic sets (that is,  in the analytical hierarchy); these theorems are studied as part of hyperarithmetical theory.

Arithmetical hierarchy
In mathematical logic, the arithmetical hierarchy, arithmetic hierarchy or Kleene–Mostowski hierarchy (after mathematicians Stephen Cole Kleene and Andrzej Mostowski) classifies certain sets based on the complexity of formulas that define them.  Any set that receives a classification is called arithmetical.  The arithmetical hierarchy was invented independently by Kleene (1943) and Mostowski (1946).

The arithmetical hierarchy is important in computability theory, effective descriptive set theory, and the study of formal theories such as Peano arithmetic.

The Tarski–Kuratowski algorithm provides an easy way to get an upper bound on the classifications assigned to a formula and the set it defines.

The hyperarithmetical hierarchy and the analytical hierarchy extend the arithmetical hierarchy to classify additional formulas and sets.
Outline of immunology
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to immunology:

Immunology – study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.

Mannose receptor
The mannose receptor (Cluster of Differentiation 206, CD206) is a C-type lectin primarily present on the surface of macrophages, immature dendritic cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, but is also expressed on the surface of skin cells such as human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes. It is the first member of a family of endocytic receptors that includes Endo180 (CD280), M-type PLA2R, and DEC-205 (CD205).

The receptor recognises terminal mannose, N-acetylglucosamine and fucose residues on glycans attached to proteins  found on the surface of some microorganisms, playing a role in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Additional functions include clearance of glycoproteins from circulation, including sulphated glycoprotein hormones and glycoproteins released in response to pathological events. The mannose receptor recycles continuously between the plasma membrane and endosomal compartments in a clathrin-dependent manner.
Carrathool
Carrathool /ˈkærəθuːl/ is a village in the western Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia, in Carrathool Shire. In 2011 census, Carrathool had a population of 296 people. It is about 5 kilometres (3 mi) north of the Sturt Highway between Darlington Point and Hay (on the opposite side of the Murrumbidgee River to the highway). The village is situated on the plain a few kilometres north of the river, clustered around the now-disused railway station.

The place name Carrathool is derived from the local Aboriginal word meaning "Native Companion".

Hay, New South Wales
Hay is a town in the western Riverina region of south-western New South Wales, Australia. It is the administrative centre of Hay Shire local government area and the centre of a prosperous and productive agricultural district on the wide Hay Plains.

Located approximately midway between Sydney and Adelaide at the junction of the Sturt, Cobb and Mid-Western Highways, Hay is an important regional and national transport node. The town itself is built beside the Murrumbidgee River, part of the Murray–Darling river system; Australia's largest. The main business district of Hay is situated on the north bank of the river.
Arthur Raymond Brooks
Arthur Raymond Brooks (1 November 1895 – 17 July 1991) was an American World War I flying ace of the United States Army Air Service credited with shooting down multiple enemy aircraft. Among his most prominent achievements was when he single-handedly took on a squadron of German Fokker airplanes, officially downing 2 of them in one aerial battle piloting his SPAD XIII named Smith IV.  He was a pioneer in the development of radio navigational aids (NAVAIDs) used by pilots for location and navigation as well as air-to-ground communications. Brooks also participated in early endeavors to commercialize aviation as a passenger-carrying business and was one of the earliest commercial pilots involved with carrying mail (air mail) for the US Post Office Department.

Framingham, Massachusetts
Framingham (/ˈfreɪmɪŋhæm/ ⓘ) is a city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts,  United States. Incorporated in 1700, it is located in Middlesex County and the MetroWest subregion of the Greater Boston metropolitan area. The city proper covers 25 square miles (65 km2) with a population of 72,362 in 2020, making it the 14th most populous municipality in Massachusetts. Residents voted in favor of adopting a charter to transition from a representative town meeting system to a mayor–council government in April 2017, and the municipality transitioned to city status on January 1, 2018. Before it transitioned, it had been the largest town by population in Massachusetts.

The city has one of the largest Brazilian American populations in the United States, with a considerable Brazilian presence since the 1980s.
Josiah McElheny
Josiah McElheny (1966, Boston) is an artist and sculptor, primarily known for his work with glass blowing and assemblages of glass and mirrored glassed objects (see Glass art).  He is a 2006 recipient of the MacArthur Fellows Program.  He lives and works in New York City.

Cantor Arts Center
Cantor Arts Center (officially Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University, previously the Stanford University Museum of Art) is an art museum on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford, California, United States.

The museum first opened in 1894 and consists of over 130,000 sq ft (12,000 m2) of exhibition space, including sculpture gardens. The Cantor Arts Center houses the largest collection of sculptures by Auguste Rodin outside of Paris and the Soumaya Museum in Mexico City, with 199 works, most in bronze but others in different media. In 2024, the Cantor was ranked by the Washington Post as one of the five best college art museums in the U.S.
The museum is open to the public and charges no admission.
Gasoline Alley, Alberta (hamlet)
Gasoline Alley or Gasoline Alley West is a hamlet in the Canadian province of Alberta within Red Deer County. It is within the west portion of Gasoline Alley between Highway 2 and Highway 2A, 7 km (4.3 mi) south of downtown Red Deer.

Red Deer County
Red Deer County is a municipal district in central Alberta, Canada within Census Division No. 8 and surrounding the City of Red Deer. The neighbouring municipalities of Red Deer County are Clearwater County to the west, Lacombe County to the north, the County of Stettler No. 6 to the east, Kneehill County to the southeast and Mountain View County to the south. It is located approximately midway between Edmonton and Calgary, bisected by the Queen Elizabeth II Highway and bounded on the north and east by the Red Deer River.
Techno Kitten Adventure
Techno Kitten Adventure (TKA) is a side-scrolling video game developed by 21st Street Games and published by creative design studio Elite Gudz for the iOS App Store, Xbox Live Indie Games market, Android Market and Windows Phone market. In the game, players control a flying kitten that must avoid obstacles and distractions timed to hardcore music. The game was first released on Xbox Live Indie Games  on September 6, 2010 by Nick Kinkade (xMonox). The game was originally developed using Microsoft XNA and is no longer available to purchase.

Side-scrolling video game
A side-scrolling video game (alternatively side-scroller) is a video game viewed from a side-view camera angle where the screen follows the player as they move left or right. The jump from single-screen or flip-screen graphics to scrolling graphics during the golden age of arcade games was a pivotal leap in game design, comparable to the move to 3D graphics during the fifth generation.

Hardware support of smooth scrolling backgrounds is built into many arcade video games, some game consoles, and home computers. Examples include 8-bit systems like the Atari 8-bit computers and Nintendo Entertainment System, and 16-bit consoles, such as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Sega Genesis. These 16-bit consoles added multiple layers, which can be scrolled independently for a parallax scrolling effect.
2025 UCI Road World Championships – Men's under-23 time trial
The Men's under-23 time trial of the 2025 UCI Road World Championships was a cycling event that took place on 22 September 2025 in Kigali, Rwanda. It was the 32nd edition of the championship, for which Iván Romeo of Spain was the defending champion, having won in 2024.

UCI Road World Championships – Men's under-23 time trial
The UCI Road World Championships - Men's under-23 time trial is the annual world championship for road bicycle racing in the discipline of individual time trial for men aged 23 or under, organised by the world governing body, the Union Cycliste Internationale. The event was first run in 1996. In 2020 no race race was held due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Mikkel Bjerg is the most successful rider in the discipline, having won the event on three occasions.
Úrvalsdeild Men's Domestic All-First Team
The Úrvalsdeild karla Domestic All-First Team is an annual Úrvalsdeild karla honor bestowed on the best domestic players in the league following every season. It has been awarded since the 1987-88 season.

Úrvalsdeild karla (basketball)
Úrvalsdeild karla (English: Men's Premier League), also known as Bónus deild karla for sponsorship reasons, is the highest men's professional basketball competition among clubs in Iceland, where play determines the national champion. It is organized by the Icelandic Basketball Federation (Icelandic: Körfuknattleikssamband Íslands - KKÍ).
The season consists of a home-and-away schedule of 22 games, followed by an eight-team playoff round. Quarterfinals, semifinals and finals series are best-of-five. The bottom clubs are relegated, and replaced by the top team from the regular-season phase and the four-team playoff round winner of the second-level First Division (Icelandic: 1. deild karla).
Waitarere Beach
Waitārere Beach is a small settlement in the Horowhenua District of the Manawatū-Whanganui region of New Zealand's North Island.  It is located on the South Taranaki Bight, 14 kilometres northwest of Levin, and 17 kilometres southwest of Foxton, both distances being by road.

Horowhenua District
Horowhenua District is a territorial authority district on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand, administered by Horowhenua District Council. Located north of Wellington and Kāpiti, it stretches from slightly north of the town of Ōtaki in the south to just south of Himatangi in the north, and from the coast to the top of the Tararua Range. It is in the Manawatū-Whanganui local government region. The name Horowhenua is Māori for landslide.

Levin is the main town and the seat of the district council. Other towns include Foxton, Shannon and Tokomaru. The population of the district is 38,400 (June 2025).
ATP Oslo Open
The Oslo Open is a defunct men's tennis tournament that was played on the Grand Prix tennis circuit in 1974. The event was held in Oslo, Norway and played on indoor hard courts.  Jeff Borowiak won the singles title while Karl Meiler and Haroon Rahim partnered to win the doubles title.

Grand Prix tennis circuit
The ITF Grand Prix Circuit  was a professional tennis tour for male players founded in 1970 as the ILTF Grand Prix Tennis Circuit  it was administered by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and ran annually until 1989 when it and the rival WCT Circuit were replaced by a single world wide ATP Tour.

The women's tour the ILTF Women's International Grand Prix Circuit ran from 1971 to 1976. It's events were absorbed to form the Colgate International Series.
Pauline Hanson's One Nation – Queensland
One Nation – Queensland, sometimes referred to as One Nation Qld, and officially named Pauline Hanson's One Nation Queensland Division, is the Queensland branch of Pauline Hanson's One Nation. As of 2024 it holds extra-parliamentary status within the state.

Steve Dickson
Steven Lance Dickson (born 24 June 1962) is an Australian politician. He was a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly beginning in 2006, representing the electorates of Kawana (2006–2009) and Buderim (2009–2017). First elected for the Liberal Party, he joined the Liberal National Party in the 2008 merger, but switched to Pauline Hanson's One Nation in January 2017. He subsequently lost his seat to the LNP candidate at the 2017 election. Dickson served as Minister for National Parks, Recreation, Sport and Racing in the Campbell Newman government from 2012 to 2015.
Give Me Love (Ed Sheeran song)
"Give Me Love" is a song by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran. It was released as the sixth and final single from his debut studio album, + (pronounced "Plus"), on 21 November 2012. The song was written by Sheeran, Jake Gosling and Chris Leonard. The single peaked at number 18 on the UK Singles Chart. On the album, Sheeran's cover of the traditional Irish folk song "The Parting Glass" is included at the end as a hidden track. A cover of the song recorded live at the Capital FM Studios in London on 30 May 2014, is featured on the deluxe version of American singer Demi Lovato's fourth album, Demi.

The music video, directed by Emil Nava, features Australian actress Isabel Lucas.

The song was used in episodes of Cougar Town and The Vampire Diaries.

The Parting Glass
"The Parting Glass" (Roud 3004) is a Scottish traditional song, often sung at the end of a gathering of friends. It has also long been popular in Ireland, and modern versions reflect strong Irish and North American influences. It was the most popular parting song sung in Scotland before Robert Burns wrote "Auld Lang Syne".
Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung
The Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung (Great German Art Exhibition) was held a total of eight times from 1937 to 1944 in the purpose-built Haus der Deutschen Kunst in Munich. It was representative of art under Nazism.

Haus der Kunst
The Haus der Kunst (German: [ˈhaʊs deːɐ̯ ˈkʊnst], House of Art) is a museum for modern and contemporary art in Munich, Bavaria. It is located at Prinzregentenstraße 1 at the southern edge of the Englischer Garten, Munich's largest park. It was built between 1933 and 1937 at the behest of Adolf Hitler and to a monumental neo-classical design by Paul Troost as Haus der deutschen Kunst.
Jaromierzyce
Jaromierzyce [jarɔmjɛˈʐɨt͡sɛ] (German: Bocksberg) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Ustronie Morskie, within Kołobrzeg County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) south of Ustronie Morskie, 14 km (9 mi) east of Kołobrzeg, and 116 km (72 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

Ustronie Morskie
Ustronie Morskie [usˈtrɔɲɛ ˈmɔrskʲɛ] (German: Henkenhagen) is a village in Kołobrzeg County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Ustronie Morskie. It lies approximately 14 km (9 mi) north-east of Kołobrzeg and 118 km (73 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. It is located on the Slovincian Coast, within the historic region of Pomerania.

Ustronie Morskie is a popular summer tourist destination with a beach, guesthouses and restaurants. A Neo-Gothic church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross is located in Ustronie Morskie.

The village has a population of 1,800.
Kamo Aquarium
Tsuruoka Municipal Kamo Aquarium (鶴岡市立加茂水族館, Kamo Suizokukan) is an aquarium located in Tsuruoka, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. In 2005, it exceeded Monterey Bay Aquarium in California regarding the number of jellyfish display types and holds the Guinness World Records for this exhibition.

Spotted jelly
The spotted jelly (Mastigias papua), lagoon jelly, golden medusa, or Papuan jellyfish, is a species of jellyfish from the Indo-Pacific oceans. Like corals, sea anemones, and other sea jellies, it belongs to the phylum Cnidaria, which possess stinging cells called cnidocytes. Mastigias papua is one of the numerous marine animals living in symbiosis with zooxanthellae, photosynthetic algae within the animal's tissues.

A number of Mastigias populations referred to this species were isolated to various marine lakes in prehistory, and these isolated populations underwent various adaptations, such as the loss of their ability to sting.
Humphrey Cooke
Humphrey Cooke, known in Portuguese chronicles as Inofre Coque, was the first English governor of the Bombay Presidency during the rule of the Honourable East India Company.

Cooke completed negotiations for the Portuguese surrender of Bombay, begun by Sir Abraham Shipman, and assumed office as governor on 18 February 1665, after being conveyed to Bombay by three East India Company ships. According to Professor Shafaat Ahmad Khan, Cooke "took himself personally the possession and delivery of the said port and town of Bombay, walking thereupon, taking in his hand earth and stones, entering and walking upon its bastions, putting his hands to the walls thereof, and making all other like acts which in right were necessary without any impediment or contradiction."

Cooke left office on 5 November 1666, and his treaty was subsequently repudiated by King Charles II. He acquired Mahim, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala for the English from the Portuguese.

Abraham Shipman
Sir Abraham Shipman was an Englishman appointed as governor of Bombay during the period of the East India Company. He assumed the office in March 1662 and died in office in October 1664, but did not gain possession of Bombay.

On 19 March 1662, Shipman was appointed the first Governor and General of the city of Bombay, and his fleet arrived there in about September or October 1662. On being asked to hand over Bombay and Salsette to the English, the Portuguese governor contended that the island of Bombay alone had been ceded, and on the ground of some alleged irregularity in the form of the letters patent, he refused to give up even Bombay. The Viceroy of Portuguese India declined to interfere, and Shipman was prevented from landing in Bombay. He died on the island of Anjediva in North Canara in October 1664.
Penghu Airport
Penghu Airport (IATA: MZG, ICAO: RCQC), formerly Magong Airport (Chinese: 澎湖機場; pinyin: Pénghú Jīchǎng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Phênn-ôo Ki-tiû), is a domestic airport in Huxi, Penghu County, Taiwan. Handling 2,380,265 passengers in 2017, it is the fifth-busiest airport in Taiwan. The ROC Air Force's Magong Air Base is also located here.

Kaohsiung International Airport
Kaohsiung International Airport (高雄國際機場) (IATA: KHH, ICAO: RCKH) is an international airport located in Siaogang District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, also known as Siaogang Airport (小港機場). With 5.8 million passengers in 2024, it is the second busiest airport in Taiwan, after Taoyuan. The airport has a single east–west runway and two terminals: one international and one domestic.
Madhava Observatory
Madhava Observatory is an observatory set up by the University of Calicut in 2005 in association with the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), Bangalore. It is the largest observatory at the university level in India.  The 6.6-metre (22 ft) hemispherical dome has a 1.75-metre (5.7 ft) slit opening, a wheel assembly and a 14-inch Meade (Cassegrain) telescope. The observatory is used by the faculty and staff of the university for study and research purposes. The observatory has also an 18-inch NGT reflector telescope gifted by IIAP, Bangalore, a dedicated computer facility for data collection and analysis.

The observatory is named after Madhava of Sangamagrama (c. 1340 – c. 1425), who is considered one of the greatest mathematician-astronomers of the Middle Ages and was the founder of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics.

Indian Institute of Astrophysics
The Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), with its headquarters in Bengaluru, is an autonomous research institute wholly funded by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. IIA conducts research primarily in the areas of astronomy, astrophysics and related fields.

The institute has a network of laboratories and observatories in India, including Kodaikanal (the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory), Kavalur (the Vainu Bappu Observatory), Gauribidanur (the Gauribidanur Radio Observatory), Hanle (the Indian Astronomical Observatory) and Hosakote.

IIA contributed to Astrosat, India's first dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory. The Astrosat project is a collaborative effort of many different research institutions from India. The institute led the development of Ultra-Violet Imaging Telescope (UVIT).
CodeSandbox
CodeSandbox is a cloud-based online integrated development environment (IDE) focused on web application development. It supports popular web technologies such as JavaScript, TypeScript, React, Vue.js, and Node.js. CodeSandbox allows users to create, edit, and deploy web applications directly from the browser with zero setup. CodeSandbox is widely used for front-end development, rapid prototyping, sharing code snippets, and real-time collaborative coding. It provides GitHub integration, templates for common frameworks, and a cloud-based development container for full-stack projects.

Containerization (computing)
In software engineering, containerization is operating-system-level virtualization or application-level virtualization over multiple resources so that software applications can run in isolated user spaces called containers in any cloud or non-cloud environment, regardless of type or vendor. The term "container" has different meanings in different contexts, and it is important to ensure that the intended definition aligns with the audience's understanding.
M96 Group
The M96 Group (also known as the Leo I Group) is a group of galaxies in the constellation Leo.  This group contains between 8 and 24 galaxies, including three Messier objects. It also contains the Leo Ring. The group is one of many groups that lies within the Virgo Supercluster (the combined Local Group and Virgo Cluster).

Leo (constellation)
Leo /ˈliːoʊ/ is one of the constellations of the zodiac, between Cancer, the Crab, to the west and Virgo, the Maiden, to the east. It is located in the Northern celestial hemisphere. Its name is Latin for lion, and to the ancient Greeks represented the Nemean Lion killed by the mythical Greek hero Heracles as one of his twelve labors. Its old astronomical symbol is  (♌︎). One of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, Leo remains one of the 88 modern constellations today, and one of the most easily recognizable due to its many bright stars and a distinctive shape that is reminiscent of the crouching lion it depicts.