hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Adverbial clause
An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb. That is, the entire clause modifies a separate element within a sentence or the sentence itself. As with all clauses, it contains a subject and predicate, though the subject as well as the (predicate) verb are omitted and implied if the clause is reduced to an adverbial phrase as discussed below.

Predicate (grammar)
The term predicate is used in two ways in linguistics and its subfields. The first defines a predicate as everything in a standard declarative sentence except the subject, and the other defines it as only the main content verb or associated predicative expression of a clause. Thus, by the first definition, the predicate of the sentence Frank likes cake is likes cake, while by the second definition, it is only the content verb likes, and Frank and cake are the arguments of this predicate. The conflict between these two definitions can lead to confusion.
Roviano
Roviano is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Rome in the Italian region of Latium, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northeast of Rome.

Roviano borders the following municipalities: Anticoli Corrado, Arsoli, Cineto Romano, Mandela, Marano Equo, Riofreddo. It is home to polygonal walls dating to the late Aequi age, or to the early Roman domination. It has also a bridge dating to the reign of Nerva, over which the via Valeria crossed the Aniene river.

Other sights include the castle, built by the abbots of Italy, the medieval borough of Rovianello (destroyed by Muzio Colonna in 1585–90), the 14th century Porta Scaramuccia ("Skirmish Gate").

Marano Equo
Marano Equo is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Rome in the Italian region of Latium, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) east of Rome. It stands on a steep slope descending to the Aniene valley with the Monti Simbruini located nearby.
Edward Enninful
Edward Kobina Enninful (born 22 February 1972) is a Ghanaian-born British editor and stylist who was editor-in-chief of British Vogue and European editorial director of Condé Nast.

He was appointed fashion director of the British fashion magazine i-D at the age of 18, a position he held for more than two decades. He was subsequently contributing fashion editor at Vogue Italia and American Vogue, as well as creative fashion director at W magazine. Enninful was appointed editor-in-chief of British Vogue in 2017 and in 2023 was promoted to the position of global advisor to the international Vogues. As of 2025 he is the founder and head of EE72 a global entertainment and media company.

Nick Knight (photographer)
Nicholas David Gordon Knight CBE (born 24 November 1958) is a British fashion photographer and founder and director of SHOWstudio.com. He is an honorary professor at University of the Arts London and was awarded an honorary Ph.D. by the same university. He has produced books of his work including retrospectives Nicknight (1994) and Nick Knight (2009). In 2016, Knight's 1992 campaign photograph for fashion brand Jil Sander was sold by Phillips auction house at the record-breaking price of HKD 2,360,000.
Copositive matrix
In mathematics, specifically linear algebra, a real symmetric matrix A is copositive if

for every nonnegative vector  (where the inequalities should be understood coordinate-wise). Some authors do not require A to be symmetric. The collection of all copositive matrices is a proper cone; it includes as a subset the collection of real positive-definite matrices.

Copositive matrices find applications in economics, operations research, and statistics.

Convex cone
In linear algebra, a cone—sometimes called a linear cone to distinguish it from other sorts of cones—is a subset of a real vector space that is closed under positive scalar multiplication; that is,  is a cone if  implies  for every positive scalar . This is a broad generalization of the standard cone in Euclidean space.

A convex cone is a cone that is also closed under addition, or, equivalently, a subset of a vector space that is closed under linear combinations with positive coefficients. It follows that convex cones are convex sets.

The definition of a convex cone makes sense in a vector space over any ordered field, although the field of real numbers is used most often.
Brunnadern
Brunnadern is a village in the municipality of Neckertal in the Wahlkreis (constituency) of Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

Brunnadern was an independent municipality until January 1, 2009, when it merged with Mogelsberg and St. Peterzell to form the municipality of Neckertal.

Toggenburg
Toggenburg (Swiss Standard German pronunciation: [ˈtɔɡn̩ˌbʊrɡ] ⓘ) is a region of Switzerland. It corresponds to the upper valley of the River Thur and that of the Necker, one of its afluents. Since 1 January 2003, Toggenburg has been a constituency (Wahlkreis) of the canton of St. Gallen (SFOS number 1727).
Dylan Neal
Dylan Jeremy Neal (born October 8, 1969) is a Canadian actor. He is known for his portrayal of the character Dylan Shaw on the soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful, Doug Witter on Dawson's Creek, and Detective Mike Celluci in the supernatural series Blood Ties. He also played Aaron Jacobs on Sabrina, the Teenage Witch.

In 2013, Neal landed the lead role opposite Andie MacDowell in the Hallmark Channel's first scripted TV series, Cedar Cove. The series premiered on July 20, 2013, and is based on the series of books by the same name, written by Debbie Macomber. 
In 2014, he sold a TV movie franchise to the newly rebranded Hallmark Movies and Mystery Channel and began writing, executive producing and starring as Henry Ross in Hallmark's original mystery series Gourmet Detective. Since 2018, Dylan has written, produced and starred in many Hallmark films.

Oakville, Ontario
Oakville is a town and lower-tier municipality and the seat of the Halton Region, Ontario, Canada. In the 2021 Canadian census the town had a population of 213,759, with an estimated 233,700 people as of 2024, making it Ontario's largest town. Oakville is part of the Greater Toronto Area, the largest urban area in Canada.
Conspiracy of silence (expression)
A conspiracy of silence, or culture of silence, describes the behavior of a group of people  that by unspoken consensus does not mention, discuss, or acknowledge a given subject. The practice may be motivated by positive interest in group solidarity or by negative impulses such as fear of political repercussion or social ostracism. Unlike a taboo subject or the use of euphemisms, a conspiracy of silence is limited to specific social and political contexts rather than to an entire culture.

Some instances of such a practice are sufficiently well-known or enduring to become known by their own specific terms, including the code of silence, the refusal of law enforcement officers to speak out against crimes committed by fellow officers, and omertà, the cultural code of organized crime in Sicily.

Compare the Streisand effect, where deliberate efforts to suppress a particular topic or information result instead in increased awareness of the subject.

Code of silence
A code of silence is a condition in effect when a person opts to withhold what is believed to be vital or important information voluntarily or involuntarily.

The code of silence is usually followed because of threat of force or danger to oneself, or being branded as a traitor or an outcast within the unit or organization, as the experience of police whistleblower Frank Serpico illustrates. Police are known to have a well-developed blue wall of silence.

A more well-known example of the code of silence is the omertà, the Sicilian Mafia code of silence.
RaceDayQuads v. FAA
RaceDayQuads, LLC v. FAA, also known as Brennan v. Dickson, was a 2022 United States court case heard in the DC Federal Court of Appeals in which the online store RaceDayQuads attempted to challenge the constitutionality and legality of the Federal Aviation Administration's recent remote ID ruling and decision to require that all unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) in US airspace to continuously transmit the location of both the drone and its operator during all operations. The suit, filed by RaceDayQuads owner and CEO Tyler Brennan, was intended to "save the drone industry", including drone racing by using "FPV drones".

The suit ultimately failed at the DC Appeals Court, which, in an opinion written by federal judge Cornelia Pillard, sided with the FAA's arguments. RaceDayQuads has yet to announce if it's appealing the motion to the Supreme Court.

Drone racing
Drone racing is a motorsport where participants operate radio-controlled aircraft (typically small  quadcopter drones) equipped with onboard digital video cameras, with the operator looking at a compact flat panel display (typically mounted to the handheld controller) or, more often, wearing a head-mounted display (also called a "FPV goggle") showing live-streamed image feed from the aircraft. Similar to full-size air racing, the goal of the sport is to complete an obstacle course as quickly as possible. Drone racing began in 2011 in Germany with a number of amateur drone controllers getting together for semi-organized races in Karlsruhe.
Speed skating at the 1936 Winter Olympics – Men's 500 metres
The 500 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1936 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Tuesday, 11 February 1936. Thirty-six speed skaters from 14 nations competed.

Speed skating at the 1936 Winter Olympics
At the 1936 Winter Olympics, four speed skating events were contested. The competitions were held on Tuesday, 11 February 1936, Wednesday, 12 February 1936, Thursday, 13 February 1936, and on Friday, 14 February 1936.
Lac à la Catin
The Lac à la Catin is a fresh body of water in the watershed of the rivière à la Catin and the Saint-Jean River. This body of water is located in the municipality of L'Anse-Saint-Jean, in the Le Fjord-du-Saguenay Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, in the province of Quebec, in Canada.

A few secondary forest roads including R0361 (south side of the lake) provide access to the Lac à la Catin watershed; these roads connect to route 381 (north-south direction) which runs along the Ha! Ha! River. These roads allow forestry and recreational tourism activities.

Forestry is the main economic activity in the sector; recreational tourism, second.

The surface of Lac à la Catin is usually frozen from the beginning of December to the end of March, however the safe circulation on the ice is generally done from mid-December to mid-March.

Cami River
The Cami river is a tributary of the Saint-Jean River, flowing in the municipality of  Lalemant, Hébertville and Rivière-Éternité, in the  Fjord-du-Saguenay, in the administrative region of Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, in the province of Quebec, in Canada. The course of the Cami river crosses the zec du Lac-au-Sable.

The Cami river valley is served along its entire length by the Lac-Desprez road, for forestry and recreational tourism activities. Some secondary forest roads serve this valley.

Forestry is the main economic activity in the sector; recreational tourism, second.

The surface of the Cami River is usually frozen from the beginning of December to the end of March, however the safe circulation on the ice is generally made from mid-December to mid-March.
Peter Talleri
Major General Peter John Talleri retired in September, 2013, after serving 34 years in the United States Marine Corps.  At retirement, Maj. Gen. Talleri was the U. S. Marine Corps senior logistics professional in the Pacific.

In 2008, Maj. Gen. Talleri was awarded the Distinguished Achievement award at Clarion University of Pennsylvania.  Other recipients include Kurt Angle (Professional Wrestler), John Calipari (Basketball Coach), Pete Vuckovich (MLB) and Reggie Wells Jr (NFL).

In 2013, Maj. Gen. Talleri was a recipient of the National Safety Council's “CEOs Who Get It” award along with David Seaton, Chairman and CEO of Fluor.

In 2022, Maj. Gen. Talleri received the Butler, PA “Hometown Football Hero Award.”  Other receipts include NFL players Terry Hanratty and brothers Rich and Ron Saul.  His hometown of Butler also honored him with “Major General Peter Talleri” day on Aug 25, 2022.

Sea Service Ribbon
A Sea Service Ribbon is an award of the United States Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. Army, and the NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps which recognizes those service members who have performed military duty while stationed on a United States Navy, Coast Guard, Army, or NOAA vessel at sea and/or members of the Navy, Marine Corps or Coast Guard who have been forward-deployed with their home unit.

Additional awards of the Sea Service Deployment Ribbon, Naval Reserve Sea Service Ribbon, Coast Guard Sea Service Ribbon, Army Sea Duty Ribbon, and NOAA Corps Sea Service Deployment Ribbon are denoted by bronze and/or silver service stars on the ribbon.
Churches of Christ
The Churches of Christ, also commonly known as the Church of Christ, is a loose association of autonomous Christian congregations located around the world. Typically, their distinguishing beliefs are the necessity of baptism for salvation and the prohibition of musical instruments in worship. Many such congregations identify themselves as being nondenominational. The Churches of Christ arose in the United States from the Restoration Movement of 19th-century Christians, who declared independence from denominations and traditional creeds. They sought "the unification of all Christians in a single body patterned after the original church described in the New Testament.": 54

Biblical hermeneutics
Biblical hermeneutics is the study of the principles of interpretation concerning the books of the Bible. It is part of the broader field of hermeneutics, which involves the study of principles of interpretation, both theory and methodology, for all nonverbal and verbal communication forms. While Jewish and Christian biblical hermeneutics have some overlap and dialogue, they have distinctly separate interpretative traditions.
Solbiate Arno
Solbiate Arno is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Varese in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 40 km northwest of Milan and about 11 km south of Varese. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 4,157 and an area of 3.0 km².

Solbiate Arno borders the following municipalities: Albizzate, Carnago, Caronno Varesino, Jerago con Orago, Oggiona con Santo Stefano.

It is served by Albizzate-Solbiate Arno railway station.

Varese
Varese (UK: /vəˈreɪzeɪ, -zi/ və-RAY-zay, -⁠zee, US: /vɑːˈreɪseɪ/ var-AY-say; Italian: [vaˈreːze] ⓘ or [vaˈreːse]; Varesino: Varés [ʋaˈreːs]; Latin: Baretium; archaic German: Väris) is a city and comune in north-western Lombardy, northern Italy, 55 km (34 mi) north-west of Milan. The population of Varese in 2018 was 80,559.

It is the capital of the Province of Varese. The hinterland or exurban part of the city is called Varesotto.
Smash It Up: The Anthology 1976–1987
Smash It Up: The Anthology 1976–1987 is a compilation album by the English punk and gothic rock band the Damned, released on 22 October 2002. It collects tracks spanning the first eleven years of the band's career, beginning with their debut single "New Rose" (1976) and continuing through their first seven studio albums—Damned Damned Damned (1977), Music for Pleasure (1977), Machine Gun Etiquette (1979), The Black Album (1980), Strawberries (1982), Phantasmagoria (1985), and Anything (1986)—along with the non-album singles "Stretcher Case Baby" (1977), "Lovely Money" (1982), and "Eloise" (1986).

The Black Album (The Damned album)
The Black Album is the fourth studio album by the English punk rock band the Damned, and the first to feature Paul Gray on bass guitar. It was released on 3 November 1980 by Chiswick as a double album, with "Curtain Call" filling the whole of side 3, and a selection of live tracks recorded at Shepperton Studios at a special concert for Damned fan club members on side 4. The album peaked at No. 29 on the UK Charts.
Tulgalı, Midyat
Tulgalı (Kurdish: Xirbê Xelîd) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Midyat, Mardin Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Mizizex tribe and had a population of 304 in 2021.

Midyat
Midyat (Syriac: ܡܕܝܕ, romanized: Mëḏyaḏ, Kurdish: Midyad, Arabic: مديات) is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,241 km2, and its population is 120,069 (2022).

The town is populated by Kurds, Mhallami and Assyrians. The old Estel neighborhood is about 80 to 85% Kurdish-populated.

Midyat was originally made up of mostly Syriac Orthodox, Catholic, and Protestant Christians. The spoken language of Midyat was until recently modern Aramaic (Surayt) and the town has throughout history been considered the capital of the Tur Abdin region, the heartland of Syriac Christianity.
MasterChef Confeitaria (season 2)
The  second season of the Brazilian competitive reality television series MasterChef Confeitaria premiered on September 9, 2025, at 10:30 p.m. (BRT) on Band.

Ana Paula Padrão, who hosted the first season, left the franchise, and her on-screen duties were jointly assumed by the judges. Bruna Thedy continued as narrator and voice-over artist, a role she had taken over in the twelfth season of  MasterChef.

Érick Jacquin, Helena Rizzo, and Diego Lozano returned as judges. Henrique Fogaça, who served as a judge in season one, did not return due to family reasons.

The grand prize consisted of R$150.000, plus R$50.000 courtesy of iFood along with specialized consultancy for the winner's future restaurant, R$100.000 from Asaas, and the MasterChef Confeitaria trophy.

Baker Leo Salles won the competition over baker Ramiro Bertassin on November 11, 2025.

MasterChef Confeitaria
MasterChef Confeitaria (English: MasterChef Confectionery) is a Brazilian cooking competition television series based on the format of the Australian series MasterChef: Dessert Masters. The series premiered on November 19, 2024, at 10:30 p.m. (BRT) on Band.

The first season was hosted by Ana Paula Padrão, who left the franchise following its conclusion. From the second season onwards, the show no longer featured a traditional host; her on-screen duties were instead jointly assumed by the judges. Actress Bruna Thedy, who had already replaced Padrão as narrator and voice-over artist in the twelfth season of  MasterChef, continued in this role for this series.

The judging panel consists of Érick Jacquin, Helena Rizzo, and newcomer Diego Lozano, who makes his debut as the franchise's only pastry chef judge. Henrique Fogaça was also part of the original lineup but did not return for the second season due to family reasons and was not replaced.
Shah Maleki
Shah Maleki (Persian: شاه ملكي, also Romanized as Shāh Malekī, Shāh Molkī, and Shāh Malakī; also known as Chāh Malakī and Shāh Mālīkī) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 483, in 101 families.

Dorudfaraman Rural District
Dorudfaraman Rural District (Persian: دهستان دورودفرامان) is in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Rahimabad. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Faraman.
Mormon abuse cases
Mormon abuse cases are cases of confirmed and alleged abuse, including child sexual abuse, by churches in the Latter Day Saint movement and its agents, referring to people in the church, regardless of whether the church was actually involved or not.

The Salt Lake Tribune
The Salt Lake Tribune is a newspaper published in the city of Salt Lake City, Utah. The Tribune is owned by The Salt Lake Tribune, Inc., a non-profit corporation. The newspaper's motto is "Utah's Independent Voice Since 1871."
Dorsal nerve of the penis
The dorsal nerve of the penis  is the deepest of three divisions of the pudendal nerve; it accompanies the internal pudendal artery along the ramus of the ischium; it then runs forward along the margin of the inferior ramus of the pubis, between the superior and inferior layers of the fascia of the urogenital diaphragm.

Piercing the inferior layer it gives a branch to the corpus cavernosum penis, and passes forward, in company with the dorsal artery of the penis, between the layers of the suspensory ligament, on to the dorsum of the penis, and ends on the glans penis.

It innervates the skin of the penis. In humans, it has 8290 ± 2553 axons, in 25–45 loosely packed nerve bundles, half of which are myelinated. The researches were conducted on volunteers that donated tissues after death, therefore some of the nerve endings could not have been counted due to the natural degeneration of tissues found in old people.

Corpus cavernosum penis
A corpus cavernosum penis (singular) (from Latin, characterised by "cavities/ hollows" of the penis, pl.: corpora cavernosa) is one of a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue, which contain most of the blood in the penis of several animals during an erection.

It is homologous to the corpus cavernosum clitoridis in the female.
Soccer records and statistics in South Africa
The top tier of football in South Africa was renamed the Premiership, under the governance of the Premier Soccer League, for the start of the 1996-97 season. The following page details the football records and statistics of the Premiership since that date.

2024–25 South African Premiership
The 2024–25 South African Premiership was the 29th consecutive season of the South African Premiership. It was known as the Betway Premiership for sponsorship reasons, after the premature end of the sponsorship from the league's previous sponsor, DSTV, and also commonly referred to as the PSL after the governing body. The season started on 14 September 2024 and the league portion concluded in May 2025.

Mamelodi Sundowns won the title for the eighth consecutive year with four games to spare, the streak starting in the 2017-18 season.

In April 2025, the PSL's Board of Governors, consisting of the 15 Premiership teams (excluding Royal AM), and 16 National First Division teams, voted to expel Royal AM from the league. The club had not played any of their fixtures since December 2024 following a preservation order by the South African Revenue Service over unpaid taxes. All of their results in the season until then were expunged from the record.
Voskehat, Aragatsotn
40°16′35″N 44°16′28″E﻿ / ﻿40.27639°N 44.27444°E﻿ / 40.27639; 44.27444

Voskehat (Armenian: Ոսկեհատ) is a village in the Ashtarak Municipality of the Aragatsotn Province of Armenia, located on the right bank of Amberd river, 7 km southwest of the provincial capital Ashtarak. It is surrounded by the villages of Agarak from the north, Voskevaz from the east and Lernamerdz from the south. It has an average elevation of 1025 meters above sea level.

Voskevaz
40°16′33″N 44°17′50″E﻿ / ﻿40.27583°N 44.29722°E﻿ / 40.27583; 44.29722

Voskevaz (Armenian: Ոսկեվազ) is a village in the Ashtarak Municipality of the Aragatsotn Province of Armenia. Not far from the center of the village is the church of Surp Hovhannes, built between the 7th and 12th centuries. The village is home to the Hayasy brewery.
Lauchhammer
Lauchhammer (German pronunciation: [ˈlaʊxˌhamɐ] ⓘ; Lower Sorbian: Łuchow, pronounced [ˈwuxɔw]) is a town in the Oberspreewald-Lausitz district, in southern Brandenburg, Germany. It is situated on the Black Elster river, approx. 17 km west of Senftenberg, and 50 km north of Dresden.

Senftenberg
Senftenberg (German, pronounced [ˈzɛnftn̩ˌbɛʁk] ⓘ) or Zły Komorow (Lower Sorbian, pronounced [ˈzwɨ ˈkɔmɔrɔw]) is a town in Lower Lusatia, Brandenburg, in eastern Germany, capital of the Oberspreewald-Lausitz district.