hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jewish community in Casablanca
In the 20th century, Casablanca became the center of Jewish life in Morocco and home to the largest Jewish community in the Maghreb, with more than 80 synagogues and many Jewish social, cultural, and charitable organizations. In the 21st century, it is the largest Jewish community in the Arab world.

The Jewish community in Casablanca traditionally lived in the city's mellah, though class stratification in the Jewish community intensified during French colonial rule (formally 1912–1956, though occupied since 1907), and the mellah increasingly became the home of Casablanca's Jewish lower classes as the wealthy moved into apartments and villas beyond its walls.

Although the city's Jewish population decreased through the 1960s and 1970s, the percentage of Moroccan Jews living in Casablanca in relation to the rest of Morocco steadily increased as the majority of the country's Jewish population emigrated, especially through programs such as Cadima and Operation Yachin.

Alliance Israélite Universelle
The Alliance israélite universelle (AIU; Hebrew: כל ישראל חברים; transl. "Universal Israelite Alliance") is a Paris-based international Jewish organization founded in 1860 with the purpose of safeguarding human rights for Jews around the world. It promotes the ideals of Jewish self-defense and self-sufficiency through education and professional development. The organization is noted for establishing French-language schools for Jewish children throughout the Mediterranean, Iran, and the former Ottoman Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

The motto of the organization is the Jewish rabbinic injunction kol yisrael arevim ze laze (כל ישראל ערבים זה לזה), translated into French as tous les israélites sont solidaires les uns des autres (transl. "all Jews are responsible for one another").
Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan
Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam (Arabic: عَبْدِ الْعَزِيز بْنِ مَرْوَان بْنِ الْحَكَم, romanized: ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam; died 12 May 705) was the Umayyad governor and de facto viceroy of Egypt between 685 and his death. He was appointed by his father, Caliph Marwan I (r. 684–685). Abd al-Aziz's reign was marked by stability and prosperity, partly due to his close relations and reliance on the Arab military settlers of Fustat. Under his direction and supervision, an army led by Musa ibn Nusayr completed the Muslim conquest of North Africa. He was removed from the line of succession to the caliphal throne and, in any case, died before his brother, Caliph Abd al-Malik (r. 685–705). However, one of Abd al-Aziz's sons, Umar, would become caliph in 717.

Hugh N. Kennedy
Hugh Nigel Kennedy (born 22 October 1947) is a British medievalist and academic. He specialises in the history of the early Islamic Middle East, Muslim Iberia and the Crusades. From 1997 to 2007, he was Professor of Middle Eastern History at the University of St Andrews. Since 2007, he has been Professor of Arabic at SOAS, University of London.
2021 Tour of Britain
The 2021 Tour of Britain was an eight-stage men's professional road cycling stage race. It was the seventeenth running of the modern version of the Tour of Britain and the 80th British tour in total. The race started on 5 September in Penzance, Cornwall, and finished on 12 September in Aberdeen, Scotland.

The 2.Pro-category race was initially scheduled to be a part of the inaugural edition of the UCI ProSeries, but after the 2020 edition was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it made its UCI ProSeries debut in 2021, while also still being a part of the 2021 UCI Europe Tour.

2021 UCI ProSeries
The 2021 UCI ProSeries is the second season of the UCI ProSeries, the second tier road cycling tour, below the UCI World Tour, but above the various regional UCI Continental Circuits.

The 2021 season initially consisted of 55 events of which 28 were one-day races (1.Pro) and 27 were stage races (2.Pro). There were 47 events in Europe, 5 in Asia, 2 in the United States and 1 in Argentina.

During January 2021, five races were cancelled and three were postponed, leaving 47 races in the 2021 UCI ProSeries season. Two races were added to the calendar (the Dwars door het Hageland and Eurométropole Tour), bringing the number of races scheduled to 49 in early February.
2001 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season
The 2001 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season was the franchise's 26th season in the National Football League (NFL) and the sixth and final under head coach Tony Dungy.

The season began with the team trying to improve on a 10–6 season. Quarterback Shaun King was benched, and Brad Johnson was brought in from free agency. Johnson broke Tampa Bay team records for passing yards (3,406), completions (340), and attempts (540). However, the team stumbled out of the gate, and started the season with a 3–4 record. The team rallied in the second half of the season, winning six of nine. They finished the season 9–7 and clinched a playoff spot for the fourth time in five seasons.

In the Wild Card playoffs Tampa Bay lost 31–9, to the Philadelphia Eagles. It was the second year in a row that Tampa Bay was routed in the wild card round by Philadelphia, not able to score a single touchdown either time. Two days later, Dungy was fired by the Buccaneers. Following the season, Randall McDaniel retired.

Brad Johnson (American football)
James Bradley Johnson (born September 13, 1968) is an American former professional football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 17 seasons with the Minnesota Vikings, Washington Redskins, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Dallas Cowboys. He is best known for his time with the Buccaneers, whom he led to a win in Super Bowl XXXVII.

Johnson played college football for the Florida State Seminoles and was selected in the ninth round of the 1992 NFL draft. He is also notable for being the first player in the NFL to complete a touchdown pass to himself, doing so in a 1997 game against the Carolina Panthers. He remained the only player to do so until Marcus Mariota repeated the feat in a 2018 postseason game.
Triatoma gerstaeckeri
Triatoma gerstaeckeri is an assassin bug in the genus Triatoma (kissing bugs). It is an important vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease.  The range of T. gerstaeckeri is from the south-western United States (New Mexico, Texas) to north-eastern Mexico. T. gerstaeckeri goes through three stages during its paurometabolous life cycle: egg, nymphal instars and adult.

Reduviidae
The Reduviidae is a large cosmopolitan family of the suborder Heteroptera of the order Hemiptera (true bugs). Among the Hemiptera and together with the Nabidae almost all species are terrestrial ambush predators; most other predatory Hemiptera are aquatic. The main examples of non-predatory Reduviidae are some blood-sucking ectoparasites in the subfamily Triatominae, with a few species from South America noted for their ability to transmit Chagas disease. Though spectacular exceptions are known, most members of the family are fairly easily recognizable: they have a relatively narrow neck, sturdy build, and formidable curved proboscis (sometimes called a rostrum). Large specimens should be handled with caution, if at all, because they sometimes defend themselves with a very painful stab from the proboscis.
Schney station
Schney station is a railway station in the Schney district of the town of Lichtenfels, located in the Lichtenfels district in Upper Franconia, Germany. The station is on the Eisenach–Lichtenfels line of Deutsche Bahn.

Eisenach–Lichtenfels railway
The Eisenach–Lichtenfels railway (or Werrabahn, 'Werra Railway') is a single-tracked main line with a standard gauge of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) in Thuringia and Bavaria in southern and central Germany, that runs mostly along the river Werra. It runs from Eisenach via Meiningen to Eisfeld and, formerly, continued to Coburg and Lichtenfels. It was opened in 1858 and is one of the oldest railways in Germany. The railway company that built it, the Werra Eisenbahngesellschaft with its headquarters in Meiningen was also often called the Werrabahn. The company also ran various lines branching off the Werra Railway.
Fausto Pirandello
Fausto Calogero Pirandello (17 June 1899 – 30 November 1975) was an Italian painter belonging to the modern movement of the Scuola romana (Roman School). He was the son of Nobel laureate Luigi Pirandello.

Luigi Pirandello
Luigi Pirandello (/pɪrənˈdɛloʊ/; Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art". Pirandello's works include novels, hundreds of short stories, and about 40 plays, some of which are written in Sicilian. Pirandello's tragic farces are often seen as forerunners of the Theatre of the Absurd.
Silecroft
The village of Silecroft in Cumbria, England, is in the parish of Whicham. It is situated between the towns of Millom and Bootle, and also neighbours the towns/villages of Haverigg, Kirksanton and Whitbeck.

The village is located just within the Lake District National Park.

Travelling by road, Silecroft is 3.7 miles (6.0 km) to the north of Millom, 23.7 miles (38.1 km) to the north of Barrow in Furness,  and 29.2 miles (47.0 km) to the south of Whitehaven.

Bootle, Cumbria
Bootle (oo as in boot) is a village and civil parish in the Cumberland district in Cumbria, England. The parish had a population of 745 in the 2001 census, decreasing slightly to 742 at the 2011 census. Historically in Cumberland, the village is in the Lake District National Park, and is close to the Irish Sea coast. Near to Bootle is the Eskmeals Firing Range, which was a large employer but in the mid to late 1990s reduced the workforce. Also within the parish is Hycemoor, a hamlet situated 1.2 miles (1.9 km) north-west of Bootle, where Bootle railway station is located.
Leigh-on-Mendip
Leigh-on-Mendip or Leigh upon Mendip (on Ordnance Survey maps) is a small village on the Mendip Hills in Somerset, England. It lies roughly equidistant from Frome, Radstock and Shepton Mallet at about 5 miles (8 km) from each town.

The village has several sporting clubs, including cricket, shortmat bowls and table tennis. There is a First School. The village is served by The Bell public house, allotments, a busy Memorial Hall and outdoor play and exercise equipment. Local charity Friends of Leigh Church fundraises for repairs to the Grade I-listed Church of St Giles.

Shepton Mallet
Shepton Mallet is a market town and civil parish in Somerset, England, some 16 miles (26 kilometres) southwest of Bath, 18 miles (29 kilometres) south of Bristol and 5 miles (8.0 kilometres) east of Wells. It had an estimated population of 10,810 in 2019. Mendip District Council was based there. The Mendip Hills lie to the north and the River Sheppey runs through the town, as does the route of the Fosse Way, the main Roman road between north-east and south-west England. There is evidence of Roman settlement. Its listed buildings include a medieval parish church. Shepton Mallet Prison was England's oldest, but closed in March 2013. The medieval wool trade gave way to trades such as brewing in the 18th century. It remains noted for cider production. It is the closest town to the Glastonbury Festival and nearby the Royal Bath and West of England Society showground.
South Carolina Highway 363
South Carolina Highway 363 (SC 363) is a 13.270-mile-long (21.356 km) state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina. The highway is designated on an east–west direction, from U.S. Route 321 (US 321) in Luray to SC 63 just outside Varnville.

U.S. Route 321
U.S. Route 321 (US 321) is a spur of U.S. Route 21.  It runs for 516.9 miles (831.9 km) from Hardeeville, South Carolina to Lenoir City, Tennessee; with both serving as southern termini. It reaches its northernmost point at Elizabethton, Tennessee, just northeast of Johnson City. Because of its unusual "north–south–north" routing, U.S. Route 321 intersects both Interstate 40 and U.S. Route 70 three separate times. The highway serves different roles in each state:  An alternate route to interstates in South Carolina, a major highway in North Carolina, and a scenic route in Tennessee.
WarGames (2018)
WarGames (2018) was a professional wrestling supercard event produced by Major League Wrestling (MLW), which took place on September 6, 2018 at the War Memorial Auditorium in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The event was taped and aired as a special episode of MLW's television program, Fusion, on September 14 on beIN Sports. It was the second and final MLW WarGames event; the event would be succeeded by MLW War Chamber in 2019.

Fifteen matches were contested at the event with one match airing at the WarGames special, the namesake WarGames match, in which Team Strickland (Barrington Hughes, John Hennigan, Kotto Brazil, Shane Strickland and Tommy Dreamer) defeated The Ravagers (Abyss, Jimmy Havoc, Sami Callihan and The Death Machines (Leon Scott and Sawyer Fulton)). Twelve matches were taped for future episodes of Fusion and two non-televised matches took place.

MLW WarGames
WarGames was a reoccurring professional wrestling supercard event produced by Major League Wrestling (MLW) named after the WarGames match, which headlined each event.

Both events have been held during September. The inaugural event in 2003 was a supercard, while the other was a television taping for MLW Fusion in 2018. The 2018 WarGames match aired on the September 14, 2018 episode of Fusion on beIN Sports.

The event was replaced by War Chamber in 2019, after WWE acquired the rights from MLW.
Anne Anderson (researcher)
Anne Barbara Michie Anderson (10 February 1937 – 11 February 1983) was a Scottish reproductive physiologist, researcher, lecturer, and author. Her major contributions were for her research in reproductive physiology. In the last decade of her life, she broadened this to encompass more about women's health generally, including doing clinical trials and working with people focusing in on what would become evidence-based medicine.

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) is a professional association based in London, United Kingdom. Its members, including people with and without medical degrees, work in the field of obstetrics and gynaecology, that is, pregnancy, childbirth, and female sexual and reproductive health. The college has over 16,000 members in over 100 countries with nearly 50% of those residing outside the British Isles. Catherine, Princess of Wales became the RCOG's patron in 2018.

The college's primary object is given as "The encouragement of the study and the advancement of the science and practice of obstetrics and gynaecology", although its governing documents impose no specific restrictions on its operation. Its present offices are based in London Bridge. Previously, the offices were located near Regent's Park in Central London.
Luigi Mastrangelo
Luigi Mastrangelo (born 17 August 1975) is an Italian men's volleyball player, a member of Italy men's national volleyball team 1999-2012. Mastrangelo with national team winner silver and bronze medalist of the Olympic Games, multiple winner of the European Championship and World League. He was the star of the Italian team in their course.

Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
The Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Italian: Ordine al merito della Repubblica Italiana) is the most senior Italian order of merit. It was established in 1951 by the second president of the Italian Republic, Luigi Einaudi.

The highest-ranking honour of the Republic, it is awarded for "merit acquired by the nation" in the fields of science, literature, arts, economy, public service, and social, philanthropic and humanitarian activities and for long and conspicuous service in civilian and military careers.

The order effectively replaced national orders such as the Civil Order of Savoy (1831), the Order of the Crown of Italy (1868), the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (1572) and the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (1362).
2023 Tanahun–1 by-election
The 2023 Tanahun–1 by-election was held in the Tanahun 1 constituency of Nepal on 23 April 2023. The by-election was held as the result of the vacation of the seat by the sitting member, Ram Chandra Poudel, who was elected president on 9 March 2023. It was held alongside by-elections in Chitwan 2 and Bara 2.

Rastriya Swatantra Party's Swarnim Wagle, who had left the Nepali Congress a few weeks prior to the by-election citing differences with the party leadership, won the by-election securing over 54 percent of the votes cast.

Tanahun 1 (constituency)
Tanahun 1 is one of two parliamentary constituencies of Tanahun District in Nepal. This constituency came into existence on the Constituency Delimitation Commission (CDC) report submitted on 31 August 2017.
4th Uttarakhand Assembly
The 2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election were the fourth Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) election of the state. Elections were held on 15 February 2017 when Bharatiya Janata Party emerged as the single largest party with 57 seats in the 70-seat legislature and formed the government. The Indian National Congress with 11 seats served as the official opposition.

After discussions it was announced that Trivendra Singh Rawat would be Chief Minister.

Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly
The Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly, also known as the Uttarakhand Vidhan Sabha (formerly the Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly), is a unicameral governing and law making body of Uttarakhand, one of the 28 states of India. It is seated at Dehradun, the winter capital, and Gairsain, the summer capital of Uttarakhand. The total strength of the assembly is 71 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA).

As of March 2022, Pushkar Singh Dhami is the current Chief Minister of Uttarakhand and Leader of the House in the 5th Vidhan Sabha. The Speaker of the Assembly is Ritu Khanduri Bhushan. Gurmit Singh is the current Governor of Uttarakhand.
History of lesbianism
Lesbianism is sexual and romantic desire or relationships between women. Women have typically been underrepresented in history as both writers and subjects, and lesbianism has been correspondingly under-recorded. Since the 1970s, efforts have been made to gather together and preserve lesbian history.

Sodomy
Sodomy (/ˈsɒdəmi/), also called buggery in British English, principally refers to either anal sex (but occasionally also oral sex) between people, or any sexual activity between a human and another animal (bestiality). It may also mean any non-procreative sexual activity (including manual sex). Originally the term sodomy, which is derived from the story of Sodom and Gomorrah in the Book of Genesis, was commonly restricted to homosexual anal sex. Sodomy laws in many countries criminalized the behavior. In the Western world, many of these laws have been overturned or are routinely not enforced. A person who practices sodomy is sometimes referred to as a sodomite, a pejorative term.
Robert J. T. Joy
Robert J. T. Joy (April 5, 1929 – April 30, 2019) was an American physician and career Army Medical Corps officer who was an internationally recognized scholar in the field of the history of medicine. He was also a key leader in U.S. Department of Defense Medical Research and Development. He served as one of the key founding staff members of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, where he served as the first commandant of students, chair of the department of military medicine, and, after he retired from military service, first professor and chair of the section of medical history at the university.

United States Army Medical Department Center and School
The U.S. Army Medical Center of Excellence (MEDCoE) is located at Fort Sam Houston, Joint Base San Antonio, Texas. MEDCoE comprises the Academy of Health Sciences (AHS), the 32d Medical Brigade, and the AMEDD Noncommissioned Officers Academy (NCOA). MEDCoE enables effective and efficient integration and synchronization of Army Medical Department (AMEDD) Doctrine, Organization, Training, Material, Leadership, Personnel and Facility, and Policy (DOTMLPF-P) development to ensure the latest solutions to any perceived or predicted Army Medicine gaps are documented and incorporated into doctrine and instruction.

Although its institutional lineage dates back to 1920, the present "CoE" was established by permanent order of the Department of the Army in 2018 after realignment from the U.S. Army Medical Command (MEDCOM) to the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC), with operational control by the U.S. Army Combined Arms Center (CAC).
Harvard University School of Mining and Practical Geology
The Harvard University School of Mining and Practical Geology was founded at Harvard University in 1865 on a $50,000 endowment provided by philanthropist Samuel Hooper. The endowment also established the Sturgis Hooper Professorship of Geology. Closely affiliated with Lawrence Scientific School, the mining school operated for ten years with low enrollment then closed in 1875.

Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
The Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) is the engineering school of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University.

It offers degrees in engineering and applied sciences to graduate students admitted directly to SEAS, and to undergraduates admitted first to Harvard College. Previously the Lawrence Scientific School and then the Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, the school assumed its current structure in 2007. The school was renamed after John Paulson in June 2015 following his US$400 million gift.

SEAS is housed in Harvard's Science and Engineering Complex (SEC) in the Allston neighborhood of Boston directly across the Charles River from Harvard's main campus in Cambridge and adjacent to the Harvard Business School and Harvard Innovation Labs. The SEC was named "one of the healthiest lab buildings" with its LEED Platinum and Living Building Challenge Petal Certification.
Union of Coppersmiths of Germany
The Union of Coppersmiths of Germany (German: Verband der Kupferschmiede Deutschlands) was a trade union representing coppersmiths in Germany.

The union was established on 1 July 1886, by 760 workers.  In 1919, it was a founding affiliate of the General German Trade Union Confederation.  It spread across Germany and Danzig, and by the start of the 1930s, it had 98 districts, grouped in 9 regions.  However, it remained small, with 7,024 members in 1928.  Leaders of the union were Julius Saupe, Max Hecht, and then Otto Jahrmarkt.  Internationally, it was part of the International Metalworkers' Federation.

In 1933, the union was banned by the Nazis.  After World War II, coppersmiths were represented by the IG Metall union.

International Metalworkers' Federation
The International Metalworkers' Federation (IMF) was a global union federation of metalworkers' trade unions, founded in Zürich, Switzerland in August 1893. As of 2009, the IMF had more than 200 member organisations in 100 countries, representing a combined membership of 25 million workers.