hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wealth maximization
Wealth maximization is a normative principle in welfare economics that seeks to maximize the total “economic surplus” in society by summing individuals’ willingness to pay for desired goods, services, or states of affairs. Although it originated in theoretical economics—most notably through the work on Kaldor–Hicks efficiency—it later became a central concept in law and economics, particularly under the influence of Richard Posner. Proponents argue that many legal doctrines appear to promote efficient resource allocation when measured by this willingness-to-pay standard, while critics contend it can neglect distributive fairness, rights, or moral values that do not reduce neatly to monetary terms.

Economic surplus
In mainstream economics, economic surplus, also known as total welfare or total social welfare or Marshallian surplus (after Alfred Marshall), is either of two related quantities:

Consumer surplus, or consumers' surplus, is the monetary gain obtained by consumers because they are able to purchase a product for a price that is less than the highest price that they would be willing to pay.

Producer surplus, or producers' surplus, is the amount that producers benefit by selling at a market price that is higher than the least that they would be willing to sell for; this is roughly equal to profit (since producers are not normally willing to sell at a loss and are normally indifferent to selling at a break-even price).

The sum of consumer and producer surplus is sometimes known as social surplus or total surplus; a decrease in that total from inefficiencies is called deadweight loss.
Night Work Conventions
Night Work Conventions are International Labour Organization Convention conventions regulating the rights  of night workers. They were specifically aimed at young persons, women or people in specific types of employment (industrial, non-industrial or bakeries) and conceived between 1919 and 1948. A more general instrument (not addressing young people however) was signed in 1990.

Shift work
Shift work is an employment practice designed to keep a service or production line operational at all times. The practice typically sees the day divided into shifts, set periods of time during which different groups of workers perform their duties. The term "shift work" includes both long-term night shifts and work schedules in which employees change or rotate shifts.

In medicine and epidemiology, shift work is considered a risk factor for some health problems in some individuals, as disruption to circadian rhythms may increase the probability of developing cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, diabetes, altered body composition and obesity, among other conditions.
Svitanok, Rozdilna Raion, Odesa Oblast
Svitanok (Ukrainian: Світанок; formerly known as Andriievo-Ivanove) is a village in Rozdilna Raion of Odesa Oblast (province) of southern Ukraine. It is part of Rozdilna urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

Rozdilna urban hromada
Rozdilna urban hromada (Ukrainian: Роздільнянська міська громада) is a hromada in Rozdilna Raion of Odesa Oblast in southwestern Ukraine. Population: 32,856 (2022 estimate)

The hromada consists of a city of Rozdilna and 50 villages:
Mixed waste (radioactive/hazardous)
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, mixed waste (MW) is a waste type defined as follows; "MW contains both hazardous waste (as defined by RCRA and its amendments) and radioactive waste (as defined by AEA and its amendments). It is jointly regulated by NRC or NRC's Agreement States and EPA or EPA's RCRA Authorized States. The fundamental and most comprehensive statutory definition is found in the Federal Facilities Compliance Act (FFCA) where Section 1004(41) was added to RCRA: "The term 'mixed waste' means waste that contains both hazardous waste and source, special nuclear, or byproduct material subject to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954."

Mixed waste is much more expensive to manage and dispose of than waste that is solely radioactive.  Waste generators can avoid higher charge back costs by eliminating or minimizing the volume of mixed waste generated.

Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste is waste that must be handled properly to avoid damaging human health or the environment. Waste can be hazardous because it is toxic, reacts violently with other chemicals, or is corrosive, among other traits. As of 2022, humanity produces 300–500 million metric tons of hazardous waste annually. Some common examples are electronics, batteries, and paints. An important aspect of managing hazardous waste is safe disposal. Hazardous waste can be stored in hazardous waste landfills, burned, or recycled into something new. Managing hazardous waste is important to achieve worldwide sustainability. Hazardous waste is regulated on national scale by national governments as well as on an international scale by the United Nations (UN) and international treaties. A controlled waste is subject to legislative control in its handling or its disposal.
April 15 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
April 14 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - April 16

All fixed commemorations below are observed on April 28 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For April 15th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on April 2.

April 2 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
April 1 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - April 3

All fixed commemorations below are observed on April 15 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For April 2nd, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on March 20.
Huggler Peak
Huggler Peak (79°7′S 84°41′W﻿ / ﻿79.117°S 84.683°W﻿ / -79.117; -84.683) is a sharp snow-covered peak, 1,580 metres (5,180 ft) high, in the northern part of Anderson Massif, in the Heritage Range of the Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos from 1961 to 1966, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for John Q. Huggler, a U.S. Navy Reserve storekeeper who assisted in various construction projects at McMurdo Station during U.S. Navy Operation Deep Freeze in 1966.

Anderson Massif
The Anderson Massif is a prominent ice-covered massif about 10 nautical miles (20 km) across and rising to a height of 2,190 metres (7,190 ft), located at the junction of Splettstoesser Glacier and Minnesota Glacier in the Heritage Range of the Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica. It was named by the  Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for John J. Anderson, a geologist who was field leader of the University of Minnesota Ellsworth Mountains Party, 1961–62.
George Edward Bond
George Edward Bond was a British architect and surveyor based in Chatham, Kent, active during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was responsible for the design of numerous residential, civic, and religious buildings throughout Medway and Kent, often working closely with local builder Charles Edward Skinner.

Medway
Medway is a unitary authority area with borough status in the ceremonial county of Kent in South East England. It was formed in 1998 by merging the boroughs of Rochester-upon-Medway and Gillingham, and is administered by Medway Council, which is independent from Kent County Council. The borough had a population of 278,016 in 2019.  The borough contains the towns of Chatham, Gillingham, Rainham, Rochester and Strood, which are collectively known as the Medway Towns.

Medway is one of the boroughs included in the Thames Gateway development scheme. It is also the home of Universities at Medway, a tri-partite collaboration of the University of Greenwich, the University of Kent and Canterbury Christ Church University on a single campus in Chatham, together with the Medway School of Arts.
Viresh Borkar
Viresh Mukesh Borkar (born 29 June 1993) is an Indian politician, activist, and businessman who has served as a member of the Goa Legislative Assembly, representing the St. Andre constituency since 2022. He is an executive member of the Revolutionary Goans Party (RGP), of which he was a founding member during its time as a non-governmental organization while serving as its president.

Goans
Goans (Romi Konkani: Goenkar, Portuguese: Goeses) is the demonym used to describe the people native to Goa, India, formerly part of Portuguese India (Estado Português da Índia). They form an ethno-linguistic group resulting from the assimilation of Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Indo-Portuguese, Austro-Asiatic ethnic and/or linguistic ancestries. They speak different dialects of the Konkani language, collectively known as Goan Konkani. "Goanese", although sometimes used, is an incorrect term for Goans.
2006 U.S. Figure Skating Championships
The 2006 U.S. Figure Skating Championships took place between January 7 and 15, 2006 at the Savvis Center in St. Louis, Missouri. Skaters competed in four disciplines – men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing – across three levels: senior, junior, and novice. Medals were awarded in four colors: gold (first), silver (second), bronze (third), and pewter (fourth).

The event was used to determine the U.S. teams for the 2006 Winter Olympics, the 2006 World Championships, the 2006 Four Continents Championships, and the 2006 World Junior Championships.

2006 World Figure Skating Championships
The 2006 World Figure Skating Championships was a senior international figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union. It was held at the Pengrowth Saddledome in Calgary, Canada from March 19 to 26, 2006.
Tamar (daughter of David IV)
Tamar (Georgian: თამარი) (died after 1161) was a daughter of David IV, King of Georgia, and Queen consort of Shirvan as the wife of Shirvanshah Manuchihr III, whom she married c. 1112. She became a nun at the monastery of Tigva in Georgia in widowhood.

Ziya Bunyadov
Ziya Musa oglu Bunyadov (Azerbaijani: Ziya Musa oğlu Bünyadov, sometimes spelled in English as Zia Buniatov or Bunyatov; 21 December 1921 in Astara – 21 February 1997) was an Azerbaijani historian, academician, and Vice-President of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan. As a historian, he also headed the Institute of History of the Azerbaijani Academy of Sciences for many years. Bunyadov was a World War II veteran and Hero of the Soviet Union, which was the highest distinction in the Soviet Union.
Timeline of art
This page indexes the individual year in art pages; see also art periods. This list is exclusively for the visual arts; for music, see Timeline of musical events.

Prehistoric – 1000s – 1010s – 1020s – 1030s – 1040s – 1050s – 1060s – 1070s – 1080s – 1090s – 1100s – 1110s – 1120s – 1130s – 1140s – 1150s – 1160s – 1170s – 1180s – 1190s – 1200s – 1210s – 1220s – 1230s – 1240s – 1250s – 1260s – 1270s – 1280s – 1290s – 1300s – 1310s – 1320s – 1330s – 1340s – 1350s – 1360s – 1370s – 1380s – 1390s – 1400s – 1410s – 1420s – 1430s – 1440s – 1450s – 1460s – 1470s – 1480s – 1490s – 1500s – 1510s – 1520s – 1530s – 1540s – 1550s – 1560s – 1570s – 1580s – 1590s – 1600s – 1610s – 1620s – 1630s – 1640s – 1650s – 1660s – 1670s – 1680s – 1690s – 1700s – 1710s – 1720s – 1730s – 1740s – 1750s – 1760s – 1770s – 1780s – 1790s – 1800s – 1810s – 1820s – 1830s – 1840s – 1850s – 1860s – 1870s – 1880s – 1890s – 1900s – 1910s – 1920s – 1930s – 1940s – 1950s – 1960s – 1970s – 1980s – 1990s – 2000s – 2010s – 2020s

6th millennium BC
The 6th millennium BC spanned the years 6000 BC to 5001 BC (c. 8 ka to c. 7 ka). It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological analysis. The only exceptions are the felling dates for some construction timbers from Neolithic wells in Central Europe.

This millennium is reckoned to mark the end of the global deglaciation, which had followed the Last Glacial Maximum and caused sea levels to rise by some 60 m (200 ft) over a period of about 5,000 years.
Thor Reiersen Lilleholt
Thor Reirsen Lilleholt (3 March 1770  –12  May 1822) was a Norwegian farmer and district sheriff who served as a representative at the Norwegian Constitutional Assembly.

Thor Reirsen Lilleholt was born on the Lilleholt farm in Holt parish in Aust-Agder, Norway. From 1803 to 1817, he served as sheriff in Holt, and from 1803 to 1812, he also held the position in the neighboring parish of Dypvåg. In 1793, he married Asborg Undersdtr (1770–1812), with whom he had five children.

He represented Nedenæs amt (now Aust-Agder) at the Norwegian Constituent Assembly in 1814, alongside Jacob Aall and Hans Jacob Grøgaard. 
At the Assembly, he supported the union party (unionspartiet).

Jacob Aall
Jacob Aall (27 July 1773 – 4 August 1844) was a Norwegian politician, historian, landowner and government economist.

He was born the son of Nicolai Benjamin Aall (1739-1798), who was a merchant in Porsgrunn, Norway and owner of Ulefos Manor. He was also the nephew of merchant Jacob Aall (1754-1826).
Poggio Moiano
Poggio Moiano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rieti in the Italian region of Latium, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northeast of Rome and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Rieti.

Poggio Moiano borders the following municipalities: Colle di Tora, Frasso Sabino, Monteleone Sabino, Poggio Nativo, Pozzaglia Sabina, Rocca Sinibalda, Scandriglia, Torricella in Sabina.

Scandriglia
Scandriglia is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rieti in the Italian region of Latium, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of Rome and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of Rieti.

In the frazione of Ponticelli Sabino, is located the Franciscan convent and sanctuary of Santa Maria delle Grazie, built originally in the 15th century. On a mountainside overlooking the town is the former convent and church of the Capuchin order, San Nicola.
Squire (character)
Squire is the name of three superheroes appearing in media published by DC Comics. Percival Sheldrake debuted as the Squire in Young All-Stars #21 (January 1988), and was created by Roy Thomas and Michael Bair. Cyril Sheldrake debuted as the Squire in Batman #62 (December 1950), and was created by Bill Finger and Dick Sprang. Beryl Hutchinson debuted as the Squire in JLA #26 (February 1999), and was created by Grant Morrison and Howard Porter. The fourth Squire, Amina Eluko, debuted in the limited series Batman: The Detective and was created by Tom Taylor and Andy Kubert.

International Ultramarine Corps
The International Ultramarine Corps, formerly the Ultramarine Corps, is a fictional team of superheroes published by DC Comics. They first appeared in DC One Million #2 (November 1998), and were created by Grant Morrison and Howard Porter.
TWR 70-000 series
The Tokyo Waterfront Area Rapid Transit 70-000 series (東京臨海高速鉄道70-000形) is a DC commuter electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated in the Tokyo area of Japan by the Tokyo Waterfront Area Rapid Transit. The train was built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries and first entered revenue service in 1996. Its design is based on the 209 series.

Tennōzu Isle Station
Tennōzu Isle Station (Japanese: 天王洲アイル駅, Hepburn: Tennōzu Airu-eki) are a pair of stations in Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan, operated by Tokyo Monorail and Tokyo Waterfront Area Rapid Transit (TWR). They are connected by a walkway about 100 metres (330 ft) long.
A Moment of Romance II
A Moment of Romance II is a 1993 Hong Kong action romance film directed by Benny Chan and starring Aaron Kwok and Jacklyn Wu. It is the second installment of the A Moment of Romance trilogy, featuring a new storyline. The film is followed by a final installment, A Moment of Romance III (1996), with producer Johnnie To taking the helm as director and features the return of Andy Lau, the star of the first installment.

A Moment of Romance III
A Moment of Romance III is a 1996 Hong Kong romance film directed by Johnnie To starring Andy Lau. Although the third in the series of "A Moment of Romance" films, it shares nothing in terms of characters, plot and setting with the first two films.
Northline, Houston
Northline is a community district located in North Houston, Texas near I-45. It is east of Acres Homes and South of Aldine. The area is mostly a Hispanic Community. The main roads are Airline Drive and Little York Road. Northline Mall used to be located in the area.

Acres Homes, Houston
Acres Homes is a neighborhood located in northwest Houston, Texas. The 9-square-mile (23 km2) mile area is loosely bounded by the city limits and West Gulf Bank Road to the north; Pinemont Drive to the south; North Shepherd Drive to the east; and Alabonson Drive to the west. Historically, it has been predominantly African American. Unincorporated for decades, it was annexed to Houston in 1967.
Amos Betungura
Amos Betungura was an Anglican bishop in Uganda.

Betungura was educated at Uganda Christian University and ordained deacon in 1957 and priest in 1960. He was consecrated Bishop of Ankole on 6 December 1970. He died in 2008.

Mbarara
Mbarara City is a city in the Western Region of Uganda and the second largest city in Uganda after Kampala. The city is divided into 6 boroughs of Kakoba Division, Kamukuzi Division, Nyamitanga Division, Biharwe Division, Kakiika Division, Nyakayojo Division. It is the main commercial centre of most of south western districts of Uganda and the site of the district headquarters. In May 2019, the Uganda's cabinet granted Mbarara a city status, which started on 1 July 2020. The name of the municipality came from a colonial mispronunciation of Emburara (Hyperemia rufa), a tall grass that previously covered the whole area.
Puncheon Islets
Puncheon Islets is a small island, comprising two rocks which are joined at low tide, with an area of less than a hectare, in south-eastern Australia.  It is part of Tasmania’s Vansittart Island Group, lying in eastern Bass Strait between Flinders and Cape Barren Islands in the Furneaux Group.  It is close to Puncheon Island.

Cape Barren Island
Cape Barren Island, officially truwana / Cape Barren Island, is a 478-square-kilometre (185 sq mi) island in Bass Strait, off the north-east coast of Tasmania, Australia. It is the second-largest island of the Furneaux Group, with the larger Flinders Island to the north, and the smaller Clarke Island to the south. The highest point on the island is Mount Munro at 715 metres (2,346 ft). The name of the island derives from the cape on the south-eastern point of the island, which was named "Cape Barren"  by Tobias Furneaux in March 1773. Australia's only native goose, the Cape Barren goose, was first documented by European explorers on the island. The number of permanent residents is variously estimated around 65-80 (2021/2025), most of whom live in a settlement called "The Corner".
Yakari, A Spectacular Journey
Yakari, A Spectacular Journey is a 2020 French-Belgian-German animated film directed by Xavier Giacometti. It was distributed by BAC Films.

The film is an adaptation of Yakari, the Belgian comic book series, originally written by Job and illustrated by Derib, both from Switzerland.

Derib
Derib (born Claude de Ribaupierre on 8 August 1944 in La Tour-de-Peilz, Switzerland) is a Swiss francophone comics creator. He is best known for creating the comics Les Aventures d'Attila, Buddy Longway and Yakari.
Woody Lake 184D
Woody Lake 184D is an Indian reserve of the Peter Ballantyne Cree Nation in Saskatchewan. It is about 97 kilometres (60 mi) north-west of Flin Flon, and on the southern portion of the eastern shore of Wood Lake.

Flin Flon
Flin Flon (pop. 5,185 in 2016 census; 4,982 in Manitoba and 203 in Saskatchewan) is a mining city, located on a correction line on the border of the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, with the majority of the city located within Manitoba. Residents thus travel southwest into Saskatchewan, and northeast into Manitoba. The city is incorporated in, and is jointly administered by, both provinces.
Trifoliate orange
The trifoliate orange, Citrus trifoliata  (syn. Poncirus trifoliata), is a member of the family Rutaceae. Whether the trifoliate oranges should be considered to belong to their own genus, Poncirus, or be included in the genus Citrus is debated. The species is unusual among citrus for having deciduous, compound leaves and pubescent (downy) fruit.

It is native to northern China and Korea, and is also known as the Japanese bitter-orange (karatachi), hardy orange or Chinese bitter orange.

The plant is a fairly cold-hardy citrus (USDA zone 6) and will tolerate moderate frost and snow, making a large shrub or small tree 4–8 m (13–26 ft) tall. Because of its relative hardiness, citrus grafted onto Citrus trifoliata are usually hardier than when grown on their own roots.

Cold-hardy citrus
Cold-hardy citrus is citrus with increased frost tolerance and which may be cultivated far beyond traditional citrus growing regions. Citrus species and citrus hybrids typically described as cold-hardy generally display an ability to withstand wintertime temperatures below −5 to −10 °C (23 to 14 °F). Cold-hardy citrus may be generally accepted 'true' species (e.g. Satsuma mandarin, kumquat) or hybrids (e.g. citrange) involving various other citrus species.  All citrus fruits are technically edible, though some have bitter flavors often regarded as unpleasant, and this variability is also seen in cold-hardy citrus fruits. Those listed as "inedible fresh" or "semi-edible" can (like all citrus) be cooked to make marmalade.
Japan Indie Awards
The Japan Indie Awards (Japanese: 日本インディー大賞, Hepburn: Nihon Indī Taishō) were Japanese professional wrestling, or puroresu, awards that were handed out annually between 2007 and 2023 by the program Indie no Oshigoto, broadcast on the Fighting TV Samurai TV channel. Unlike the more widely publicized and recognized Tokyo Sports Puroresu Awards that are awarded to all Japanese promotions, the Japan Indie Awards focused on the independent circuit and the smaller promotions.

The awards were voted by fans who could vote online on the Samurai TV website. The winners were announced before the start of the New Year's Pro-Wrestling event in Korakuen Hall.

Puroresu
Puroresu is a Japanese term referring to professional wrestling in Japan and abroad. It is a loanword that stems from the Japanese pronunciation of "professional wrestling", which is abbreviated in Japanese to puro and resu.

Puroresu grew out of American professional wrestling but has become a separate entity based on Japanese culture that is distinct in its psychology, presentation, and function. It is treated much more like a legitimate competition, with fewer theatrics, and storylines are often focused on a wrestler's "fighting spirit" and perseverance. Professional wrestling in Japan led to the development of shoot wrestling and has been closely related to mixed martial arts, starting with Shooto and Pancrase, organizations which predate the UFC, and has influenced subsequent promotions such as Fighting Network Rings and Pride Fighting Championships. There is more overlap between professional wrestling and mixed martial arts in Japan than any other country.