hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
McDonnell v. United States
McDonnell v. United States, 579 U.S. 550 (2016), was a United States Supreme Court case concerning the appeal of former Virginia Governor Robert F. McDonnell's conviction for honest services fraud and Hobbs Act extortion. At issue on appeal was whether the definition of "official act" within the federal bribery statutes encompassed the actions for which McDonnell had been convicted and whether the jury had been properly instructed on this definition at trial.

In light of the Court's findings, U.S. District Judge T. S. Ellis III of Virginia dropped seven of 10 charges for which former Representative William J. Jefferson of New Orleans was convicted in 2012. He ordered him released from prison on October 5, 2017, pending a new sentence or action from the government.

Governor of Virginia
The governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Virginia. The governor is head of the executive branch of the government of Virginia and is the commander-in-chief of the Virginia National Guard and Virginia Defense Force.

Three signatories of the Declaration of Independence served as governor of Virginia and three governors became president of the United States: Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Tyler.

The current officeholder is Abigail Spanberger, a member of the Democratic Party who took office on January 17, 2026. She is Virginia's first female governor.
Pas de Peyrol
Pas de Peyrol (el. 1,589 m) is a mountain pass located in Auvergne, France, and is the highest road pass in the Massif Central. The pass is on the slopes of  Puy Mary (1,787 m) and is situated at the junction of three roads:

D17 to the south-west towards Aurillac, via the Col de Redondet (1,531 m), then down the valley of the River Jordanne.

D680 to the north-west towards Salers

D680 to the east, towards Dienne, down the valley of the River Santoire

Massif Central
The Massif Central (French pronunciation: [masif sɑ̃tʁal]) is a highland region in south-central France consisting of mountains and plateaus. It covers about 15% of mainland France.

Subject to volcanism that has subsided in the last 10,000 years, these central mountains are separated from the Alps by a deep north–south cleft created by the Rhône river and known in French as the sillon rhodanien (literally "Rhône furrow"). The region was a barrier to transport within France until the opening of the A75 motorway, which not only made north–south travel easier but also opened access to the massif itself.
Auraptene
Auraptene is a natural bioactive monoterpene coumarin ether. It was first isolated from members of the genus Citrus.

Auraptene has shown some effect as a chemopreventative agent against cancers of liver, skin, tongue, esophagus, and colon in rodent models.

Coumarin
Coumarin (/ˈkuːmərɪn/) or 2H-chromen-2-one is an aromatic organic chemical compound with formula C9H6O2.  Its molecule can be described as a benzene molecule with two adjacent hydrogen atoms replaced by an unsaturated lactone ring −(CH)=(CH)−(C=O)−O−, forming a second six-membered heterocycle that shares two carbons with the benzene ring. It belongs to the benzopyrone chemical class and is considered a lactone.

Coumarin is a colorless crystalline solid with a sweet odor resembling the scent of vanilla and a bitter taste. It is found in many plants, where it may serve as a chemical defense against predators. While coumarin is not an anticoagulant, its 3-alkyl-4-hydroxy derivatives, such as the fungal metabolite dicoumarol, inhibit synthesis of vitamin K, a key component in blood clotting. A related compound, the prescription drug anticoagulant warfarin, is used to inhibit formation of blood clots, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism.
Bruce's Code
Bruce's Code is a set of rules for the management and administration of temples of Tirumala and Tirupati including the servants, enacted by East India Company in 1821 AD.

These were the well-defined rules formulated as a code having 42 provisions to ease the administration of temples of Tirumala and Tirupati on the basis of customs and previous usages without interfering in the day-to-day affairs.

Carnatic Sultanate
The Carnatic Sultanate, also known as Carnatic State or Arcot State, was a kingdom in southern India between about 1690 and 1855, ruled by a Muslim nawab under the legal purview of the Nizam of Hyderabad, until their demise. They initially had their capital at Arcot in the present-day Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Their rule is an important period in the history of the Carnatic and Coromandel Coast regions, in which the Mughal Empire gave way to the rising influence of the Maratha India, and later the emergence of the British India.
2010 in arthropod paleontology
Paleontology portal

History of science portal

This list of fossil arthropods described in 2010 is a list of new taxa of trilobites, fossil insects, crustaceans, arachnids and other fossil arthropods of every kind that have been described during the year 2010. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species.

Strashilidae
Strashilidae is an extinct family of Jurassic flies from Siberia and China. They were originally believed to represent a distinct order called Nakridletia, but subsequent research determined that they were nematoceran flies related to the extant family Nymphomyiidae, and two of the species (and genera) in the group were determined to be synonyms. The family now comprises two species in the genus Strashila and one in the genus Vosila. The original hypothesis was that the insects were wingless and were probably ectoparasites of pterosaurs, mostly due to their enlarged hind legs, which were theorised as useful for grasping hair and feathers; however, additional fossils showed that both sexes had deciduous wings, and that only males had enlarged hind legs, used to grasp the females during mating, and were not parasitic, instead having an aquatic or amphibious life history, as evidenced by the adults retaining of gills, with ephemeral adults that died soon after mating,
Agate Caune
Agate Caune (Latvian pronunciation: [ɑːgɑːtɛ t͡saʊnɛ] ah-GAH-teh tsown-eh; born 7 August 2004 in Valmiera, Latvia) is a Latvian track and field athlete. A multiple national champion, she is also the Latvian national record holder over 3000 metres. She was named the Rising Star of the Year and the female U20 Track and Field Athlete of the Year in 2022.

Athletics abbreviations
The sports under the umbrella of athletics, particularly track and field, use a variety of statistics.  In order to report that information efficiently, numerous abbreviations have grown to be common in the sport. Starting in 1948 by Bert Nelson and Cordner Nelson, Track & Field News became the leader in creating and defining abbreviations in this field. These abbreviations have also been adopted by, among others: World Athletics, the world governing body; various domestic governing bodies; the Association of Track and Field Statisticians; the Association of Road Racing Statisticians; the Associated Press; and individual media outlets who receive their reports. These abbreviations also appear in Wikipedia.
Sadika
Sadika is a tributary of the river Vrbanja in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It rises on the northeastern slopes of Zastinje Mountain, at 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above sea level. The Sadika's confluence with the Vrbanja–which is the largest right tributary of the Vrbas–is below Gigovići, a village close to the Kotor Varoš-Šiprage road, at 496 metres (1,627 ft) above sea level.

Vrbas (river)
The Vrbas (Serbian Cyrillic: Врбас, pronounced [ʋr̩̂ba(ː)s]) is a major river with a length of 250 kilometres (160 mi), in western Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is a right tributary of the Sava river. The city of Banja Luka is located on the river banks.

The river is the main watercourse of Banja Luka and before Banja Luka.  With its blue-green color, it's one of the most beautiful rivers in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Suica
Suica (Japanese: スイカ, romanized: Suika) is a prepaid, rechargeable, contactless smart card and electronic money system used as a fare card on train lines and other public transport systems in Japan, launched on November 18, 2001 by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East). The card can be used across the nation as part of Japan's Nationwide Mutual Usage Service, including support on virtually any train, tramway, or bus system in the Greater Tokyo Area. The card is also widely used as electronic money for purchases at stores and kiosks, especially at convenience stores, chain restaurants, and shops within train stations.

Three years after launch, as of October 2004, over 10 million Suica had been sold. In 2018, JR East reported that Suica was used for 6.6 million daily transactions. As of October 2023, a total of 95.64 million Suica (including Mobile Suica) have been issued, and 1.63 million stores accept payment via Suica's digital currency.

Near-field communication
Near-field communication (NFC) is a set of communication protocols that enables communication between two electronic devices over a distance of 4 cm (1+1⁄2 in) or less. NFC offers a low-speed connection through a simple setup that can be used for the bootstrapping of capable wireless connections. Like other proximity card technologies, NFC is based on inductive coupling between two electromagnetic coils present on an NFC-enabled device such as a smartphone. NFC communicating in one or both directions uses a frequency of 13.56 MHz in the globally available unlicensed radio-frequency ISM band, compliant with the ISO/IEC 18000-3 air-interface standard at data rates ranging from 106 to 848 kbit/s.

The NFC Forum has helped define and promote the technology, setting standards for certifying device compliance. Secure communications are available by applying encryption algorithms, as is done for credit cards, and if they fit the criteria for being considered a personal area network.
Christopher Shaw (musician)
Christopher Alden Shaw is a folk musician specializing in the music and folklore of the Adirondack Mountains, recognized nationally as a notable practitioner of this milieu. His first album, Adirondack, a collection of traditional and original tunes, was selected for inclusion in the folk music collection of the Library of Congress. "Shaw's new songs sound like ancient ones," said Geoffrey Himes of The Washington Post. The "Ambassador of the Adirondacks" frequently collaborates with his wife, fellow singer-songwriter Bridget Ball. Capital Region Magazine called him "a walking, talking, singing National Geographic Special."

Caffè Lena
Located in Saratoga Springs, New York, Caffè Lena is one of the oldest continually running coffee houses in the United States. Founded in 1960 by William and Lena Spencer (née Nargi), it claims to be the oldest folk-oriented coffee house, in the U.S., featuring acoustic concerts and cultural events showcasing folk music, traditional music, and singer-songwriters of a wide range, including artist Bob Dylan, who performed for two consecutive nights at the cafè in 1961, a year prior to the release of his debut album.
Castagnola's
Castagnola's was a historical restaurant in San Francisco, California, in the city's Fisherman's Wharf at 286 Jefferson Street. The restaurant was famous for its crab cocktail. It was the oldest restaurant on the Wharf.

Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco
Fisherman's Wharf is a neighborhood and tourist attraction in San Francisco, located in the northern part of the city's waterfront. The Aquatic Park Historic District is often considered to be part of Fisherman's Wharf, though some neighborhood descriptions treat it as a separate area. Historically a working fishing port which also had seafood restaurants that were a draw to outsiders, the fishing docks declined during the 1960s and 1970s while tourist development became dominant.
S. A. Cosby
Shawn Andre Cosby (born August 4, 1973, in Newport News, Virginia) is an American author of "Southern noir" crime fiction. He resides in Gloucester, Virginia, on the York River. Cosby has published five crime novels: My Darkest Prayer, Blacktop Wasteland, Razorblade Tears, All the Sinners Bleed, and King of Ashes.

International Thriller Writers Awards
The International Thriller Writers Awards are awarded by International Thriller Writers at the annual Thrillerfest conferences for outstanding work in the field since 2006.

The awards are presented by International Thriller Writers (ITW), a non-profit organization founded in 2004 by authors like Gayle Lynds and David Morrell to support and promote thriller writers globally. With over 6,600 members across 52 countries, the ITW Awards recognize excellence in numerous categories, including: Best Hardcover Novel, Best Series Novel, Best First Novel, Best Young Adult Novel, Best Short Story, and Best Audiobook. The eligibility is generally limited to works first published in the English language during the previous calendar year.
Public holidays in Syria
Public holidays in Syria consist of various cultural, nationalistic, and religious holidays.

The primary national holiday in Syria is the Independence Day, celebrated on 17 April of every year, which celebrates the evacuation of the last French troops in Syria, officially ending the French Mandate for Syria.

In October 2025, President Ahmed al-Sharaa issued a presidential decree defining the country’s official holidays, removing March 8 Revolution Day, Teachers’ Day, Tishreen Liberation War Day and Martyrs' Day from the list. The decree introduces two new official holidays: the anniversary of Syrian Revolution Day on 18 March and Liberation Day on 8 December, which commemorates the fall of the Assad regime. In January 2026, President al-Sharaa issued a further decree establishing Newroz as a public holiday.

Workers covered by the provisions of the Basic Law for State Workers are entitled to a holiday with full pay.

Independence Day (Syria)
Independence Day is Syria's National Day commemorating the evacuation of the last French soldier at the end of the French mandate of Syria on 17 April 1946 after Syria's proclamation of full independence on 27 September 1941.
Pir Hadi Hassan Bux Shah Jilani
Pir Hadi Hassan Bux Shah Jilani, commonly known by the title Hadi ('The Guider'; 1846–1900), was a Sufi saint and poet from Sanghar in modern-day Pakistan who belonged to Qadiriyya Sufi order. He was born at Dargah Bhuro Bhawan Shah Jilani near Hyderabad, Sindh and lived most of his life in Duthro Sharif Sanghar Sindh after traveling through Sindh to spread Islam and Sufism. He wrote his poetry mostly in Sindhi. The annual Urs of Hadi take place in the month of Jumada al-Awwal in Duthro Sharif Sanghar.

Jumada al-Awwal
Jumāda l-Ūlā (Arabic: جُمَادَىٰ ٱلْأُولَىٰ, romanized: Jumādā al-ʾŪlā, lit. 'The first Jumada'), or Jumada I, is the fifth month of the Islamic calendar. Jumada al-Ula spans 29 or 30 days. The origin of the month's name is theorized by some as coming from the word jamād (Arabic: جماد), meaning "arid, dry, or cold", denoting the dry and parched land and hence the dry months of the pre-Islamic Arabian calendar. Jumādā (Arabic: جُمَادَىٰ) may also be related to a verb meaning "to freeze", and another account relates that water would freeze during this time of year. The secondary name Jumādā al-Ūlā may possibly mean "to take charge with, commend, entrust, commit or care during the arid or cold month". However, this explanation is rejected by some as Jumādā al-Ūlā is a lunar month that does not coincide with seasons as solar months do.

In Turkish, the name of the month is cemâziyelevvel (Ottoman Turkish: جماذی‌الاول); it was abbreviated as جا ca in Ottoman Turkish.
Beatrice of Swabia
Beatrice or Beatriz of Swabia (April/June 1198 – 11 August 1212), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was Holy Roman Empress and German Queen in 1212 as the first wife of the Welf emperor Otto IV. She was also the shortest-serving Holy Roman Empress, dying three weeks into her marriage.

House of Welf
The House of Welf (also Guelf or Guelph) is a European dynasty that has included many German and British monarchs from the 11th century to 20th century and Emperor Ivan VI of Russia in the 18th century. The originally Franconian family from the Meuse-Moselle area was closely related to the imperial family of the Carolingians.
Macropis patellata
Macropsis patellata is a solitary bee in the Melittidae family. This species is endemic to the United States with observations in Minnesota, Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland, Vermont, Michigan and Massachusetts. M. patellata is oligolectic and known to feed only on species in the primrose family such as Lysimachia ciliata. In Michigan the species has been a host for Epeoloides pilosulus.

Melittidae
Melittidae is a small bee family, with over 200 described species  in three subfamilies. The family has a limited distribution, with all described species restricted to Africa and the northern temperate zone.

Fossil melittids have been found occasionally in Eocene amber deposits, including those of Oise, France and the Baltic amber.
Timo Furuholm
Timo Furuholm (born 11 October 1987) is a Finnish politician and a former professional football forward. He is currently a member of the Parliament of Finland, for the Left Alliance. Furuholm was born in Pori, Finland where he started his senior career in local FC Jazz. He made his Veikkausliiga debut at age 15 in 2003.

Furuholm made his international debut for Finland in January 2010, at the age of 22.

Saxony-Anhalt Cup
The Saxony-Anhalt Cup (German: Landespokal Sachsen-Anhalt) is an annual football cup competition in Saxony-Anhalt. The Football Association of Saxony-Anhalt (German: Fußballverband Sachsen-Anhalts, short: FSA) is its governing body. All non-professional sides that are members of the FSA may participate. Winners of the Saxony-Anhalt Cup will start in the first round of the DFB Cup. The cup final was played in Paul Greifzu Stadium in Dessau from 1998 to 2005. Since then it has been played in Schönebeck (Elbe) in 2006, and in the newly built Stadion Magdeburg since 2007. The cup is played in a one-leg mode, with extra time and penalty shoot-out when necessary. The teams share the revenue from the respective matches, and in the cup final, the Football Association also receives a share.
The cup has been played since 1991. Record winners are 1. FC Magdeburg with 12 titles, two of which were won by the club's reserve team. It is one of the 21 regional cup competitions in Germany.
Equid gammaherpesvirus 2
Equid gammaherpesvirus 2, also called Equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2), is a virus of the family Herpesviridae, originally known as equine cytomegalovirus due to its slow replication in tissue culture.  However, complete sequencing of the EHV-2 genome has demonstrated that it is a member of the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae, in the genus Percavirus. It has an uncertain role in respiratory disease in horses, but EHV-2 has been isolated from cases exhibiting symptoms such as coughing, conjunctivitis, and swollen submaxillary and parotid lymph nodes.

Gammaherpesvirinae
Gammaherpesvirinae is a subfamily of viruses in the order Herpesvirales and in the family Herpesviridae. Viruses in Gammaherpesvirinae are distinguished by reproducing at a more variable rate than other subfamilies of Herpesviridae. Mammals serve as natural hosts. Viruses associated with disease in this subfamily include Epstein–Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus.
Druzia
Druzia is a monotypic genus of Brazilian jumping spiders containing the single species, Druzia flavostriata. It was first described by G. R. S. Ruiz & Antônio Domingos Brescovit in 2013, and is only found in Brazil.

Jumping spider
Jumping spiders are spiders in the family Salticidae, with almost 700 genera and around 7,000 described species, making it the largest family of spiders – comprising 13% of spider species. Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods — being capable of stereoptic color vision — and use sight in courtship, hunting, and navigation.

Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the anterior median pair (the two front middle eyes) being particularly large.
NGC 3666
NGC 3666 is an unbarred spiral galaxy in the constellation Leo. It was discovered by William Herschel on March 15, 1784. It is a member of the Leo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out from the right edge of the Virgo Supercluster.

Leo (constellation)
Leo /ˈliːoʊ/ is one of the constellations of the zodiac, between Cancer, the Crab, to the west and Virgo, the Maiden, to the east. It is located in the Northern celestial hemisphere. Its name is Latin for lion, and to the ancient Greeks represented the Nemean Lion killed by the mythical Greek hero Heracles as one of his twelve labors. Its old astronomical symbol is  (♌︎). One of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, Leo remains one of the 88 modern constellations today, and one of the most easily recognizable due to its many bright stars and a distinctive shape that is reminiscent of the crouching lion it depicts.
Little Haywood
Little Haywood is a village in the Borough of Stafford in the county of Staffordshire, England. The population taken at the 2011 census was under Colwich. It lies beside the A51 road. Nearby is the West Coast Main Line, the Trent and Mersey Canal and beside it, the River Trent. Little Haywood is about 4 miles (6.4 km) northwest of Rugeley and 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Stafford.

Little Haywood is cited in the Domesday Book of 1086.

Borough of Stafford
The Borough of Stafford is a local government district with borough status in Staffordshire, England. It is named after Stafford, its largest town, which is where the council is based. The borough also includes the towns of Stone and Eccleshall, as well as numerous villages and surrounding rural areas.

The neighbouring districts are Newcastle-under-Lyme, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire Moorlands, East Staffordshire, Lichfield, Cannock Chase, South Staffordshire, Telford and Wrekin, and Shropshire.
Honda S800
The S800 is a sports car from Honda. Introduced at the 1965 Tokyo Motor Show, the S800 replaced the successful Honda S600 as the company's image car. With a redline of 8,500 rpm, it is one of the highest-revving sports cars produced for street use. The S800 competed with the Austin-Healey Sprite, MG Midget, Triumph Spitfire, Datsun Fairlady, and Fiat 850 Spider.

MG Midget
The MG Midget is a small two-seater lightweight sports car produced by MG from 1961 to 1979. It revived a name that had been used on earlier models such as the MG M-type, MG D-type, MG J-type and MG T-type.