hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of Portuguese
The Portuguese language developed in the Western Iberian Peninsula from Latin spoken by Roman soldiers and colonists starting in the 3rd century BC. Old Galician, also known as Medieval Portuguese, began to diverge from other Romance languages after the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Germanic invasions, also known as barbarian invasions, in the 5th century, and started appearing in written documents around the 9th century. By the 13th century, Old Portuguese had its own literature and began to split into two languages. However, the debate of whether Galician and Portuguese are nowadays varieties of the same language, much like American English or British English, is still present. In all aspects—phonology, morphology, lexicon and syntax—Portuguese is essentially the result of an organic evolution of Vulgar Latin with some influences from other languages, namely the native Gallaecian and Lusitanian languages spoken prior to the Roman domination.

Reforms of Portuguese orthography
The Portuguese language began to be used regularly in documents and poetry around the 12th century. Unlike neighboring Romance languages that adopted formal orthographies by the 18th century, the Portuguese language did not have a uniform spelling standard until the 20th century. The formation of the First Portuguese Republic in 1911 was motivation for the establishment of a committee led by Aniceto dos Reis Gonçalves Viana to initiate orthographic reform in Portugal and its overseas territories and colonies. Brazil would adopt an orthographic standard based on, but not identical to, the Portuguese standard a few decades later.

Further minor spelling reforms were approved in lusophone countries over the rest of the 20th century. In 1990, a further agreement was reached between the various countries, with Portugal, Brazil, and Cape Verde adopting the new standard gradually by the beginning of 2016.
Botryosphaeran
Botryosphaeran is an exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by the ascomyceteous fungus Botryosphaeria rhodina. Characterization of the chemical structure of botryosphaeran showed this EPS to be a (1→3)(1→6)-β-D-glucan. This particular β-glucan can be produced by several strains of Botryosphaeria rhodina that include: MAMB-05, DABAC-P82, and RCYU 30101. Botryosphaeran exhibits interesting rheological properties and novel biological functions including hypoglycaemia, hypocholesterolaemia, anti-atheroslerosis and anti-cancer activity, with potential commercial applications. Three cosmetic products formulated with botryosphaeran have been developed to promote skin health and treat skin conditions for future intended commercialization purposes.

Extracellular polymeric substance
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are natural polymers of high molecular weight secreted by microorganisms into their environment. EPS establish the functional and structural integrity of biofilms, and are considered the fundamental component that determines the physicochemical properties of a biofilm. EPS in the matrix of biofilms provides compositional support and protection of microbial communities from the harsh environments. Components of EPS can be of different classes of polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, lipopolysaccharides, and minerals.
Leonardo Farah Shahin
Leonardo Farah Shahin (Arabic: ليوناردو فرح شاهين; born 10 August 2003) is a footballer who plays as a forward for Swedish club IK Oddevold. Born in Sweden, he has played for the Lebanon national team.

BK Häcken
Bollklubben Häcken, more commonly known as BK Häcken or simply Häcken (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈhɛ̌kːɛn]), is a Swedish professional football club based in Gothenburg (Hisingen). It currently plays in Allsvenskan, the top tier of Swedish football. Formed on 2 August 1940, Häcken has played 23 seasons in Allsvenskan, debuting in the league in 1983.

The club is affiliated to Gothenburg Football Association and play their home games at Bravida Arena. The club colours, reflected in their crest and kit, are yellow and black.
Kreativum
Kreativum is a science center located in the city of Karlshamn, Sweden. The center was founded by Peter Enckell and opened by Carl XVI Gustaf on 28 May 1995. Karlshamn Municipality acquired the center in December 2017. The governing coalition in Karlshamn Municipality announced an intent to sell the center for cost reasons in September 2023.

Karlshamn
Karlshamn (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈkɑ̂ːɭshamn]) is a locality and the seat of Karlshamn Municipality in Blekinge County, Sweden. It had 13,576 inhabitants in 2015, out of 31,846 in the municipality.

Karlshamn received a Royal Charter and city privileges in 1664, when King Charles X Gustav, in Swedish Karl, realized the strategic location near the Baltic Sea. In 1666 the town was named  Karlshamn, meaning Karl's Port in honour of the Swedish king.
Teddy Ebersol Field
Teddy Ebersol's Red Sox Fields at Lederman Park is a series of fields along the Charles River in the city of Boston.  The Boston Red Sox foundation and the Esplanade Association in conjunction with the Hill House, an NPO, helped fund the 1.8 million-dollar renewal project.  The field reopened on September 5, 2006, to the Hill House youth soccer program.

The land includes two baseball/softball diamonds, a youth baseball diamond, a T-ball diamond, or up to five youth soccer fields, or a regulation-sized soccer field in a design that accommodates a variety of other athletic and community uses.  Before the renovations, the fields were uneven and often flooded.

The fields are named after a young Red Sox fan, Teddy Ebersol, who died in a plane crash on November 28, 2004, in Colorado. Teddy was the son of NBC Sports head Dick Ebersol and Kate & Allie actress Susan Saint James.

Charles River
The Charles River (Massachusett: Quinobequin), sometimes called the River Charles or simply the Charles, is an 80-mile-long (129 km) river in eastern Massachusetts. It flows northeast from Hopkinton to Boston along a meandering route which doubles back on itself several times and travels through 23 cities and towns before reaching the Atlantic Ocean.
2024 Cirebon regency election
The 2024 Cirebon regency election was held on 27 November 2024 as part of nationwide local elections to elect the regent of Cirebon Regency for a five-year term. The previous election was held in 2018.

National Awakening Party
The National Awakening Party (Indonesian: Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa; lit. 'Party of the Nation's Awakening', PKB), is an centrist Islam-based political party in Indonesia. It is also the party of the former Vice President of Indonesia, Ma'ruf Amin, who was elected to its Shura Council.

The party was founded in 1999 by the traditionalist strand of Muslim society in Indonesia, which overlaps with the membership of Nahdlatul Ulama. The party is described as a nationalist Muslim party, which promotes inclusive and nationalist principles and upholds Pancasila doctrine.

In 2014, the party obtained 9.04 percent of the popular vote, which is an increase from 4.95 percent in 2009 but lower than 10.57 percent in 2004. The party is currently led by Muhaimin Iskandar.
87th Fighter-Bomber Squadron
The 87th Fighter-Bomber Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit.  Its last assignment was with the 438th Fighter-Bomber Group, based at General Mitchell Field, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where it was inactivated on 16 November 1957.

The squadron was first activated in June 1943 as the 87th Troop Carrier Squadron.  After training in the United States, it served in the European Theater of Operations, earning a Distinguished Unit Citation for its action on D-Day during Operation Overlord.  After VE Day. the unit returned to the United States, where it was inactivated.

The squadron was activated in the Air Force Reserve in June 1949.  It trained in troop carrier operations at Offutt Air Force Base until March 1951, when it was called to active duty and its personnel used as fillers for other units.  It was activated again in the reserves as a fighter-bomber unit the following year.

Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star
The Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star is the first jet fighter used operationally by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) during World War II. Designed and built by Lockheed in 1943 and delivered just 143 days from the start of design, two pre-production models saw limited service in Italy just before the end of World War II but no combat. Designed with straight wings, the type saw extensive combat in Korea with the United States Air Force (USAF) as the F-80.

America's first successful turbojet-powered combat aircraft, it was soon outclassed with the appearance of the swept-wing transonic MiG-15 and was quickly replaced in the air superiority role by the transonic F-86 Sabre. The F-94 Starfire, an all-weather interceptor using the same airframe, also saw Korean War service. The closely related T-33 Shooting Star trainer remained in service with the U.S. Air Force and Navy well into the 1980s, with the last NT-33 variant not retired until April 1997.
Tokyo Eiga
Tokyo Eiga Co., Ltd. (東京映画株式会社, Tōkyō Eiga kabushiki-gaisha) was a Japanese film production company founded in 1952 as a subsidiary of Toho. Originally based in Kamiōsaki, Shinagawa, Tokyo, it relocated to Setagaya in 1962. Among the company's co-productions were Onibaba (1964), None but the Brave (1965), The Face of Another (1966), and Goyokin (1969).

On August 25, 1983, Tokyo Eiga was reorganized and absorbed into Tokyo Eiga Shinsha, which continued producing films and re-releasing Tokyo Eiga's catalog. Tokyo Eiga Shinsha later merged with Toho on September 1, 2004, and was dissolved.

Setagaya
Setagaya (世田谷区, Setagaya-ku; officially called Setagaya City or the City of Setagaya) is a special ward in the Tokyo Metropolis in Japan. It is also the name of a neighborhood and administrative district within the ward. Its official bird is the azure-winged magpie, its flower is the fringed orchid, and its tree is the Zelkova serrata.

Setagaya has the largest population and second-largest area (after Ōta) of Tokyo's special wards. As of July 1, 2023, the ward has an estimated population of 940,071, and a population density of 16,194 persons per km2 with the total area of 58.06 km2.
Oliganthes
Oliganthes is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Vernonieae within the family Asteraceae.

Species

Oliganthes anjanaribensis  Beentje & D. J. N. Hind - Madagascar

Oliganthes bathiaei (Humbert) Humbert - Madagascar

Oliganthes lanuginosa (Bojer ex DC.) Humbert - Madagascar

Oliganthes lecomtei (Humbert) Humbert - Madagascar

Oliganthes pseudocentauropsis (Humbert) Humbert - Madagascar

Oliganthes sublanata (Drake) Humbert - Madagascar

Oliganthes triflora Cass. - Madagascar; introduced into Mexico

Oliganthes tsaratananensis  Humbert - Madagascar

Oliganthes tsimihetorum  Humbert - Madagascar

formerly included

several species once considered part of Oliganthes but now regarded as more suited to other genera: Eremosis Grosvenoria Harleya Piptocoma Pollalesta

Grosvenoria
Grosvenoria is a genus of South American shrubs and small trees in the family Asteraceae. They are native to the Andes, from central Ecuador to northern Peru at elevations of 2,700 to 3,700 metres (8,900 to 12,100 ft).

Species
Piriqueta abairana
Piriqueta abairana is a shrub with orange distylous flowers in the genus Piriqueta of Turneroideae (Passifloraceae). It natively grows in Chapada Diamantina between 1,000 - 1,700 m.

It was originally described in 1999 by Maria Arbo. Morphologically it is similar to P. flammea and P. sarae, but differs in the number and length of inflorescence. It is distylous with salmon or orange flowers. It blooms between December and July.

As of 2017, P. abairana is classified as an endangered species.

Passifloraceae
The Passifloraceae are a family of flowering plants, containing about 750 species classified in around 27 genera.

They include trees, shrubs, lianas, and climbing plants, and are mostly found in tropical regions. The family takes its name from the passion flower genus (Passiflora) which includes the edible passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), as well as garden plants such as maypop and running pop.

Passiflora vines and Dryas iulia (among other heliconian butterflies) have demonstrated evidence of coevolution, in which the plants attempted to stop their destruction from larval feeding by the butterflies, while the butterflies tried to gain better survival for their eggs.

The former Cronquist system of classification placed this family in the order Violales, but under more modern classifications systems such as that proposed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, this is absorbed into the Malpighiales and the family has been expanded to include the former Malesherbiaceae and Turneraceae.
2006 Thai political party dissolution charges
Party dissolution charges were a series of events and scandals that eventually led to the dissolution of the Thai Rak Thai Party, Thailand's biggest political party, and a few small parties following a general election in April, 2006.

Thammarak Isarangkura na Ayudhaya
Thammarak Isarangkura na Ayudhaya (Thai: ธรรมรักษ์ อิศรางกูร ณ อยุธยา, romanized: Thammarak Itsarangkun na Ayutthaya) is a former Thai military officer, member of parliament, co-founder of the Thai Rak Thai Party, and former defence minister. He was forced into hiding in the 2006 Thailand coup.

Thammarak is of Chinese descent.
Faulds Brow
Faulds Brow is a small rise in the English Lake District, northwest of the village of Caldbeck in Cumbria. It is the subject of a chapter of Wainwright's book The Outlying Fells of Lakeland. but its summit, at 344 metres (1,129 ft), is only slightly raised above the surrounding land. From a major road just to the south, the summit can be reached in minutes, with minimal effort. Nevertheless, the summit has wide views to High Pike to the south, and to the Solway Firth and beyond to Scotland to the north. Wainwright's recommended route, "to make a worthwhile walk", is an anticlockwise circuit from Caldbeck, mostly on minor roads.

The fell is largely covered by heather, and there is a small abandoned quarry just to the east of the summit. Prominently seen from the summit are two broadcasting antennas to the north, which lie just outside the Lake District National Park boundary, which passes just north of Faulds Brow.

The Outlying Fells of Lakeland
The Outlying Fells of Lakeland is a 1974 book written by Alfred Wainwright dealing with hills in and around the Lake District of England. It differs from Wainwright's Pictorial Guides in that each of its 56 chapters describes a walk, sometimes taking in several summits, rather than a single fell. This has caused some confusion on the part of authors attempting to prepare a definitive list of peaks. The Outlying Fells do not form part of the 214 hills generally accepted as making up the Wainwrights, but they are included in Category 2B of the Hill Walkers' Register maintained by the Long Distance Walkers Association.
Canada Billie Jean King Cup team
The Canada women's national tennis team represents Canada in the Billie Jean King Cup (previously known as the Federation Cup and the Fed Cup) tennis competition since 1963. They are overseen by Tennis Canada, the governing body of tennis in Canada.

Canada is the reigning Billie Jean King Cup champion, winning the tournament in 2023. They also reached the semifinals in 1988, and the quarterfinals on four occasions in 1964, 1967, 1987 and 2015. They have only missed one competition since the inaugural edition in 1963.

Raluca Olaru
Ioana Raluca Olaru (born 3 March 1989) is a Romanian former professional tennis player. The winner of eleven singles and fifteen doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit, Olaru reached one WTA Tour singles final, at the 2009 Gastein Ladies, losing to Andrea Petkovic, in straight sets. She also won eleven doubles titles on WTA Tour tournaments.

Olaru was a successful junior player. She was the runner–up in both junior singles and doubles at the 2005 French Open, and captured the 2006 US Open doubles title along with Mihaela Buzărnescu. Her best professional Grand Slam result has been the third round of the 2007 French Open, when she defeated the 30th seed Julia Vakulenko, in straight sets, and lost to eventual runner–up, the seventh seed Ana Ivanovic. Olaru reached her highest singles ranking, world No. 53, on 27 July 2009, and her best doubles ranking, No. 30, on 31 January 2022.

Olaru announced her retirement from tennis in June 2024.
Driebruggen
Driebruggen is a village in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is a part of the former municipality of Reeuwijk, and lies about 6 km east of Gouda.

According to the 1615 map of Rijnland, there were indeed three bridge in Driebruggen. Driebruggen is a road village without a church which developed in the 17th century near the bridge over the Dubbele Wiericke.

Driebruggen was a separate municipality between 1964 and 1989. The name from this village means 3 bridges. It was created in a merger of Hekendorp, Lange Ruige Weide, Papekop, and Waarder.

Gouda, South Holland
Gouda (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɣʌudaː] ⓘ) is a city and municipality in the west of the Netherlands, between Rotterdam and Utrecht, in the  province of South Holland. Gouda has a population of 75,000 and is famous for its Gouda cheese, stroopwafels, many grachten, smoking pipes, and its 15th-century city hall. Its array of historic churches and other buildings makes it a very popular day-trip destination.

In the Middle Ages the Van der Goude family founded a settlement at the location of the current city and built a fortified castle alongside the banks of the Gouwe River, from which the family and the city took their names. Locals long called the settlement Ter Goude, or Tergou or Tergouw for short.
The area, originally marshland, developed over the course of two centuries. By 1225, a canal was linked to the Gouwe and its estuary became a harbour. In 1272 Floris V, Count of Holland granted the city city rights.
The Oxford Companion to Chess
The Oxford Companion to Chess is a reference book on the game of chess written by David Vincent Hooper and Kenneth Whyld. The book is written in an encyclopedia format. The book belongs to the Oxford Companions series.

Oxford Companions
Oxford Companions is a book series published by Oxford University Press, providing general knowledge within a specific area. The first book published in the series was The Oxford Companion to English Literature (1932), compiled by the retired diplomat Sir Paul Harvey.

The series has included (in alphabetical order):
TuS Metzingen
TuS Metzingen is a German women's handball team from Metzingen and Baden-Württemberg. It currently competes in the Frauen Handball-Bundesliga since 2012.

In the 2016-17 season Tus Metzingen broke the attendance record in the Bundesliga, when 6,157 spectators watched their home match against TV Nellingen.

Metzingen
Metzingen (German: [ˈmɛt͡sɪŋən] ⓘ) is a Swabian city with about 22,000 inhabitants, in Reutlingen county, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, 30 km (19 mi) south of Stuttgart. The city of Metzingen is known internationally for its outlets of all kinds of famous companies, centered around Hugo Boss who was one of the first companies that opened a store back in the 1970s. The former quarter of textile factories which was changed to a quarter of outlets is called 'Outlet City', and people from all over the world come here for a shopping experience.

In a local context, Metzingen is known for its wine. In the center of the city there is a square with the biggest ensemble of wine pressing houses worldwide. In the entire municipality 11 wine pressing houses and two ancient wooden wine presses are preserved.
1971 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles
Evonne Goolagong defeated defending champion Margaret Court in the final, 6–4, 6–1 to win the ladies' singles tennis title at the 1971 Wimbledon Championships. It was her second major singles title, completing the Channel Slam.

1971 Wimbledon Championships
The 1971 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament was held from Monday 21 June until Saturday 3 July 1971. It was the 85th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the third Grand Slam tennis event of 1971. John Newcombe and Evonne Goolagong won the singles titles.
Mogwase
Mogwase is a town in Bojanala Platinum District Municipality in the North West province of South Africa.

Mogwase is close to Sun City and the Pilanesberg National Park, two of the major tourist attractions in the North West province, though the town itself has no significant attractions. Owing to the growth of the platinum industry, Mogwase is a fast-developing town.

Sun City (South Africa)
Sun City is a luxury resort and casino, situated in the North West Province of South Africa. It is located between the Elands River and the Pilanesberg, built on the land of Bakubung Village (known as Ledig) about 140 km (90 miles) northwest of Johannesburg, near the city of Rustenburg. The complex borders the Pilanesberg National Park. It is made up of a number of themed sub-resorts with hotels on each, including the original Sun City Resort, The Cabanas, The Cascades and the Lost City (The Palace).
Anyetei Laryea
Anyetei "The Chameleon" Laryea (born 26 August 1978) is a Ghanaian professional super bantam/feather/super feather/lightweight boxer of the 1990s and 2000s who won the Ghanaian bantamweight title, West African Boxing Union bantamweight title, Ghanaian super bantamweight title, West African Boxing Union super bantamweight title, and Commonwealth super bantamweight title, and was a challenger for the African Boxing Union (ABU) bantamweight title against Friday Fatunji Felix, Commonwealth featherweight title against Nicky Cook, and World Boxing Association (WBA) Inter-Continental super bantamweight title against Gabula Vabaza, his professional fighting weight varied from 120+3⁄4 lb (54.8 kg; 8 st 8.8 lb), i.e. super bantamweight to 132 lb (60 kg; 9 st 6 lb), i.e. lightweight.

Nicky Cook
Nicky Cook (born 13 September 1979), sometimes known by his ring name Cookie, is a British retired professional boxer who competed from 1998 to 2011. He held the WBO super featherweight title from 2008 to 2009. He challenged once for the WBO featherweight title in 2007 and again for the WBO super featherweight title in 2011. At the regional level, he held the Commonwealth featherweight title from 2003 to 2005, the British featherweight title in 2005, and the EBU European featherweight title from 2004 to 2006.
Joseph Jefferson (priest)
Joseph Jefferson  was Archdeacon of Colchester from 1812 until his death on 28 December 1821.

At the time of his death he was Rector of Weeley and Vicar of Witham. His son, also called Joseph, was an Anglican clergyman.

Archdeacon of Colchester
The Archdeacon of Colchester is a senior ecclesiastical officer in the Diocese of Chelmsford – she or he has responsibilities within her archdeaconry (the Archdeaconry of Colchester) including oversight of church buildings and some supervision, discipline and pastoral care of the clergy.
Bras-Panon
Bras-Panon (French pronunciation: [bʁa panɔ̃] ⓘ) is a commune on the Indian Ocean island of Réunion, which is an overseas department and region of France. Bras-Panon borders the communes of Saint-André, Saint-Benoît and Salazie; as well as the Mât river, the Rivière des Roches and the Indian Ocean.

The commune is a large producer of vanilla, and holds the largest Agricultural Show on the island, every May.

Saint-Benoît, Réunion
Saint-Benoît (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ bənwa] ⓘ) is a commune in the French overseas department of Réunion, in the Indian Ocean. It is located on the eastern part of the island of Réunion, about 40 kilometres southeast of Saint-Denis, the capital.