hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gamma ray cross section
A gamma ray cross section is a measure of the probability that a gamma ray interacts with matter. The total cross section of gamma ray interactions is composed of several independent processes: photoelectric effect, Compton (incoherent) scattering, electron–positron pair production in the nucleus field and electron–positron pair production in the electron field (triplet production). The cross section for single process listed above is a part of the total gamma ray cross section.

Other effects, like the photonuclear absorption, Thomson or Rayleigh (coherent) scattering can be omitted because of their nonsignificant contribution in the gamma ray range of energies.

The detailed equations for cross sections (barn/atom) of all mentioned effects connected with gamma ray interaction with matter are listed below.

Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)
In physics, absorption of electromagnetic radiation is how matter (typically electrons bound in atoms) takes up a photon's energy—and so transforms electromagnetic energy into internal energy of the absorber (for example, thermal energy).

A notable effect of the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is attenuation of the radiation; attenuation is the gradual reduction of the intensity of light waves as they propagate through a medium.

Although the absorption of waves does not usually depend on their intensity (linear absorption), in certain conditions (optics) the medium's transparency changes by a factor that varies as a function of wave intensity, and saturable absorption (or nonlinear absorption) occurs.
2018 Città di Caltanissetta
The 2018 Città di Caltanissetta was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the 20th edition of the tournament which was a part of the 2018 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Caltanissetta, Italy between 11 and 17 June 2018.

Città di Caltanissetta
The Città di Caltanissetta was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It was part of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour. It was held annually in Caltanissetta, Italy, since 1999 (as a Satellite from 1999 to 2004, as a Futures from 2005 to 2008, and as a Challenger from 2009 until 2018).
Kodemmachō Station
Kodemmachō Station (小伝馬町駅, Kodenmachō-eki) is a subway station on the Hibiya Line (operated by Tokyo Metro). It is located in the Kodenmachō neighborhood of Nihonbashi, Chūō, Tokyo, Japan. Its number is H-15.

Hibiya Line
The Hibiya Line (日比谷線, Hibiya-sen) is a subway line in Tokyo, Japan, owned and operated by Tokyo Metro. The line was named after the Hibiya area in Chiyoda's Yurakucho district, under which it passes. On maps, diagrams and signboards, the line is shown using the color silver, and its stations are given numbers using the letter "H".
Communauté d'agglomération Nîmes Métropole
Communauté d'agglomération Nîmes Métropole is the communauté d'agglomération, an intercommunal structure, centred on the city of Nîmes. It is located in the Gard department, in the Occitanie region, southern France. It was created in January 2002. Its area is 790.9 km2. Its population was 257,987 in 2014, of which 149,633 in Nîmes proper.

Nîmes
Nîmes is the prefecture of the Gard department in the Occitanie region of Southern France. Located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Cévennes mountain range, the estimated population of the commune of Nîmes stood at 148,561 in 2019.

Dubbed the most Roman city outside Italy, Nîmes has a rich history dating back to the Roman Empire when the city's population was estimated at approximately 50,000–60,000. Since several famous monuments and ancient Roman buildings are located in Nîmes, including the Arena of Nîmes and the Maison carrée, the city is often referred to as the "French Rome."
Dividend payout ratio
The dividend payout ratio is the fraction of net income a firm pays to its stockholders in dividends:

The part of earnings not paid to investors is left for investment to provide for future earnings growth. Investors seeking high current income and limited capital growth prefer companies with a high dividend payout ratio. However, investors seeking capital growth may prefer a lower payout ratio because capital gains are taxed at a lower rate. High growth firms in early life generally have low or zero payout ratios. As they mature, they tend to return more of the earnings back to investors. The dividend payout ratio is calculated as DPS/EPS.

According to Financial Accounting by Walter T. Harrison, the calculation for the payout ratio is as follows:

Payout Ratio = (Dividends - Preferred Stock Dividends)/Net Income

The dividend yield is given by earnings yield times the dividend payout ratio:

Conversely, the P/E ratio is the Price/Dividend ratio times the DPR.

Price–earnings ratio
The price–earnings ratio, also known as P/E ratio, P/E, or PER, is the ratio of a company's share price to the company's earnings per share. The ratio is used for valuing companies and to find out whether they are overvalued or undervalued.

As an example, if share A is trading at $24 and the earnings per share for the most recent 12-month period is $3, then share A has a P/E ratio of ⁠$24/$3/year⁠ = 8 years. Put another way, the purchaser of the share is expecting 8 years to recoup the share price. Companies with losses (negative earnings) or no profit have an undefined P/E ratio (usually shown as "not applicable" or "N/A"); sometimes, however, a negative P/E ratio may be shown. There is a general consensus among most investors that a P/E ratio of around 10 to 20 is "fairly priced" but this is sector and business dependent.
2017–18 Real Madrid CF season
The 2017–18 season was Real Madrid Club de Fútbol's 114th season in existence and the club's 87th consecutive season in the top flight of Spanish football. It covered a period from 1 July 2017 to 30 June 2018.

Despite finishing a distant third in the league that season, Real Madrid won four trophies out of six possible, including an unprecedented third consecutive Champions League title, which made them the first team to achieve the feat since Bayern Munich in 1976 and the first ever to do it twice. This was also Madrid's fourth European Cup in five years, and their 13th overall. The three-peat winning manager Zinedine Zidane resigned shortly after the season concluded; he would return by the end of next season. Additionally, this was notably considered being Cristiano Ronaldo's final time staying with Los Merengues after 9 years spent winning 16 trophies altogether.

This season was the first since 2006–07 without Pepe, who departed to Turkish club Besiktas.

2018–19 Real Madrid CF season
The 2018–19 season was Real Madrid Club de Fútbol's 115th season in existence and the club's 88th consecutive season in the top flight of Spanish football. It covered a period from 1 July 2018 to 30 June 2019. The season is widely described as one of the worst campaigns in the club's modern history. It was also the first season since 2008–09 without the club's record goalscorer Cristiano Ronaldo, who departed for Juventus in the summer of 2018, having won 15 trophies altogether since his debut.
New York State Route 350
New York State Route 350 (NY 350) is a north–south state highway in western Wayne County, New York, in the United States. It extends for 11.40 miles (18.35 km) from an intersection with NY 31 and NY 31F in the village of Macedon to a junction with NY 104 in the town of Ontario. NY 350 serves as the eastern terminus for three routes: the aforementioned NY 31F, NY 286, and NY 441, all of which originate in the Rochester area. Aside from the village of Macedon at its south end and the hamlet of Ontario Center at its north terminus, NY 350 serves mostly rural areas dominated by farmland. NY 350 was assigned c. 1932 to the portion of its routing south of Cator Corners, the north junction with NY 31F. It was extended northward to its current terminus in the 1940s.

Monroe County, New York
Monroe County is a county in the U.S. state of New York, located along Lake Ontario's southern shore. As of 2022, the population was 752,035, according to Census Bureau estimates. Its county seat and largest city is Rochester. The county is named after James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States. Monroe County is part of the upstate Rochester, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is part of the Finger Lakes region of the state.
Einsteinium(III) oxide
Einsteinium(III) oxide is an oxide of the synthetic actinide einsteinium which has the molecular formula Es2O3. It is a colourless solid.

Three modifications are known. The body-centered cubic form has lattice parameter a = 1076.6 ± 0.6 pm; this allows the ionic radius of the Es3+ ion to be calculated as 92.8 pm. The other two forms are monoclinic and hexagonal: the hexagonal form has the lanthanum(III) oxide structure.

Einsteinium(III) oxide can be obtained by annealing einsteinium(III) nitrate in sub-microgram quantities.

Lanthanum oxide
Lanthanum(III) oxide, also known as lanthana, chemical formula La2O3, is an inorganic compound containing the rare-earth element lanthanum and oxygen. It is used in some ferroelectric materials, as a component of optical materials, and is a feedstock for certain catalysts, among other uses.
Michael Niavarani
Michael Niavarani (born April 29, 1968 in Vienna, Austria) is an Austrian-Persian stand-up comedian in the tradition of Austrian cabaret, an author, and a TV and movie actor. Niavarani, whose comedic work often draws on his inter-cultural upbringing, is a central figure of the Austrian cabaret scene. Since 1992, he has been director of the Kabarett Simpl, a Viennese cabaret that opened in 1912. In 2010, Niavarani won the Austrian Kabarett Award. 
He is also a three-time winner of the Romy award.

Kabarett
Kabarett (German pronunciation: [kabaˈʁɛt]; from French cabaret = tavern) is satirical revue, a form of cabaret which was developed in France by Rodolphe Salis in 1881 as the cabaret artistique. It was named Le Chat Noir and was centered on political events and satire. It later inspired creation of Kabarett venues in Germany from 1901, with the creation of Berlin's Überbrettl venue and in Austria with the creation of the Jung-Wiener Theater zum lieben Augustin housed in the Theater an der Wien. By the Weimar era in the mid-1920s it was characterized by political satire and gallows humor. It shared the characteristic atmosphere of intimacy with the French cabaret from which it was imported, but the gallows humor was a distinct German aspect.
Feit–Thompson conjecture
In mathematics, the Feit–Thompson conjecture is a  conjecture in number theory, suggested by  Walter Feit and John G. Thompson (1962). The conjecture states that there are no distinct prime numbers p and q such that

divides .

If the conjecture were true, it would greatly simplify the final chapter of the proof (Feit & Thompson 1963) of the Feit–Thompson theorem that every finite group of odd order is solvable.  A stronger conjecture that the two numbers are always coprime was disproved  by Stephens (1971) with the counterexample p = 17 and q = 3313 with common factor 2pq + 1 = 112643.

It is known that the conjecture is true for q = 2 (Stephens 1971) and q = 3 (Le 2012).

Informal probability arguments suggest that the "expected" number of counterexamples to the Feit–Thompson conjecture is very close to 0, suggesting that the Feit–Thompson conjecture is likely to be true.

Conjecture
In mathematics, a conjecture is a proposition that is proffered on a tentative basis without proof. Some conjectures, such as the Riemann hypothesis or Fermat's conjecture (now a theorem, proven in 1995 by Andrew Wiles), have shaped much of mathematical history as new areas of mathematics are developed in order to prove them.
2016 ATP World Tour Finals
The 2016 ATP World Tour Finals (also known as the 2016 Barclays ATP World Tour Finals for sponsorship reasons) was a men's tennis year-end tournament that was played at the O2 Arena in London, United Kingdom, from 13 to 20 November 2016. It was the season-ending event for the best singles players and doubles teams on the 2016 ATP World Tour.

The O2 Arena
The O2 Arena, commonly known as the O2, is a multi-purpose indoor arena in the centre of The O2 entertainment district on the Greenwich Peninsula in southeast London, England. It opened in its present form in 2007. It has the third-highest seating capacity of any indoor venue in the United Kingdom, behind Co-op Live and Manchester Arena, and in 2008 was the world's busiest music arena.

The arena and broader complex were built within the former Millennium Dome, a large dome-shaped building intended for an exhibition celebrating the turn of the third millennium. As of 2022, it is the ninth-largest building in the world by volume with a diameter of 365 metres (399 yards) and a height of 52 metres (57 yards). It is named after its primary sponsor, the telecommunications company O2, a subsidiary of Virgin Media O2. The nearest tube station is North Greenwich on the Jubilee line.
Central station (CTA Purple Line)
Central is a Purple Line station of the Chicago Transit Authority 'L' system.  Located at 1024 Central Street in Evanston, Illinois (directional coordinates 2600 north, 1000 west), the elevated platform sits above Central Street, half a block west of Ridge Avenue. The station itself, a Beaux-Arts structure designed by noted transit architect Arthur Gerber, is on the south side of Central Street and is entered at street level, with an auxiliary exit on the north side of the street.

Chicago Transit Authority bus services
Chicago Transit Authority bus services are provided throughout Chicago, Illinois and the surrounding suburbs, operated by the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA). As of January 2025, the CTA has 1,966 buses that operate 127 routes. In 2024, the CTA bus system had a ridership of 181,733,800, or about 594,700 per weekday as of the third quarter of 2025.
KIQS
KIQS (1560 AM) is a daytime only radio station licensed to Willows, California, United States. The station is owned by Independence Rock Media Group. Previous owner Thomas F. Huth died in the summer of 2020. This station is rebroadcast on translator K252FN 98.3 FM and their format is Regional Mexican. Althought it is a Daytime Only radio station, the translator K252FN is authorized to broadcast 24/7

Willows, California
Willows is a city in and the county seat of Glenn County, California, located in the Sacramento Valley region of Northern California. The city is home to regional government offices, including the California Highway Patrol, the California Department of Motor Vehicles, the United States Bureau of Reclamation and the main offices of the Mendocino National Forest, which comprises about one million acres (404,686 ha) of Federal land located mostly in mountainous terrain west of Willows. The population was 6,293 at the 2020 census.
2017 Super Coppa Sammarinese
The 2017 Super Coppa Sammarinese was played on 20 September 2017, at Campo di Fiorentino in Fiorentino, San Marino.
This was the 6th Super Coppa Sammarinese and was played by Tre Penne, winners of the 2016–17 Coppa Titano, and La Fiorita, winners of the 2016–17 Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio. Tre Penne won 4–0 to win their third Super Coppa Sammarinese.

Super Coppa Sammarinese
The Super Coppa Sammarinese (English: San Marino Super Cup) is an annual association football match in San Marino between the winners of the Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio and the Coppa Titano. The fixture is recognised as a Super cup.

The competition was first contested in the 2012/13 season after the tournament replaced the Trofeo Federale as the super cup of San Marino.
Ira P. Swift
Ira Platt Swift (8 February 1898 – 29 July 1987) was a United States Army major general. During World War II, he served as assistant commander of the 82nd Airborne Division from December 1944 to May 1945. During the Korean War, Swift served as commanding general of the 25th Infantry Division from July 1951 to July 1952.

14th Cavalry Regiment
The 14th Cavalry Regiment is a cavalry regiment of the United States Army. It has two squadrons that provide reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition for Stryker brigade combat teams. Constituted in 1901, it has served in conflicts from the Philippine–American War to the Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.
Chemakum people
The Chemakum, also spelled Chimakum and Chimacum, Native American people (known to themselves as Aqokúlo and sometimes called the Port Townsend Indians), were a group of Native Americans who lived in the northeastern portion of the Olympic Peninsula in Washington state, between Hood Canal and Discovery Bay until their virtual extinction in 1902.   Their primary settlements were on Port Townsend Bay, on the Quimper Peninsula, and Port Ludlow Bay to the south.

Today, Chimakum people are enrolled in three federally recognized tribes: the Skokomish, Jamestown S'Klallam, and Port Gamble S'Klallam tribes, although lineage is not traceable at present.

Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe of Washington
The Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe is a federally recognized tribe of S'Klallam or Klallam Native Americans. They are on the northern Olympic Peninsula of Washington state in the northwestern United States.
Horaglanis populi
Horaglanis populi is a species of airbreathing catfish endemic to India, mainly in wells and underground water channels around Pathanamthitta District, Kerala. It lacks pigmentation and eyes, like other cavefish, Like other species of similar catfishes found in Kerala, it is also obtained from wells dug through laterite. Horaglanis populi has an elongated body that comes with a round cross-section anteriorly which also comes with a large head that excludes eyes. The head has a wide mouth a truncated snout and four pairs of barbels which are two mandibular pairs, one nasal pair, and one maxillary pair.

Cavefish
Cavefish or cave fish is a generic term for fresh and brackish water fish adapted to life in caves and other underground habitats. Related terms are subterranean fish, troglomorphic fish, troglobitic fish, stygobitic fish, phreatic fish, and hypogean fish.

There are more than 200 scientifically described species of obligate cavefish found on all continents, except Antarctica. Although widespread as a group, many species have very small ranges and are threatened.

Cavefish are members of a wide range of families and do not form a monophyletic group. Typical adaptations include reduced eyes and depigmentation.
South Oak Cliff High School
South Oak Cliff High School (colloquially referred to as SOC, pronounced "sock") is a public secondary school located in the Oak Cliff area of Dallas, Texas, United States. South Oak Cliff High School enrolls students in grades 9-12 and is a part of the Dallas Independent School District (DISD).

The school serves the area of Dallas known as "South Oak Cliff" (generally east of Interstate 35E and south of Illinois Avenue, though the area was never technically part of Oak Cliff). The school also previously had some students who lived in the former Wilmer-Hutchins ISD boundaries. DISD began to take in WHISD-zoned students during the 2005–2006 school year, and at that time the entire Wilmer-Hutchins High School senior class attended South Oak Cliff.

In 2015, the school was rated "Improvement Required" by the Texas Education Agency.

Prairie View A&M University
Prairie View A&M University (PVAMU or PV) is a public historically black (HBCU) land-grant university in Prairie View, Texas, United States. Founded in 1876, it is the oldest public HBCU in Texas  and the second oldest public institution of higher learning in the state. It offers baccalaureate degrees in 50 academic majors, 37 master's degrees and four doctoral degree programs through eight colleges and the School of Architecture. PVAMU is the largest HBCU in the state of Texas and the third largest HBCU in the United States.  PVAMU is a member of the Texas A&M University System and Thurgood Marshall College Fund.

Prairie View A&M fields 18 intercollegiate sports team, commonly known by their Prairie View A&M Panthers nickname. Prairie View A&M competes in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I and the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC).  Prairie View A&M is the only charter member remaining in the conference.
Handel (warning system)
Handel was the code-name for the United Kingdom's national attack warning system in the Cold War that was in place between 1962 and 1992. It consisted of two injection sites (RAF High Wycombe and the Royal Observer Corps Group 21 bunker in Goosnargh, Lancashire) linked to a series of two hundred and fifty-two carrier control points installed in major police stations; in turn, the control points were linked to several thousand receiver units installed at "warning points" in various police, fire, and coastguard stations, government buildings, hospitals, industrial centres, and Royal Observer Corps posts, with sufficiently remote areas having the units installed in post offices, public houses, churches, or even private dwellings.

A Handel warning console can be seen at the Imperial War Museum in London among their Cold War exhibits, alongside the warning apparatus used by Kent Police (which was located at Maidstone police station to activate the sirens).

RAF High Wycombe
Royal Air Force High Wycombe or more simply RAF High Wycombe is a Royal Air Force station, situated in the village of Walters Ash, near High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire, England. It houses Headquarters Air Command, and was originally designed to house RAF Bomber Command in the late 1930s. The station is also the headquarters of the European Air Group and the United Kingdom Space Command.

The location of the station was originally suggested by Wing Commander Alan Oakeshott when the Air Ministry was seeking a new, secure, site for Bomber Command away from London. Wing Commander Oakeshott was killed in combat in 1942 and is commemorated on the Naphill War Memorial and in the name of the station's welfare centre, opened in 2011.

The motto of RAF High Wycombe in Latin is 'Non Sibi', which translates as 'not for ourselves'.
Atlantic Coast Line 4-4-2
Atlantic Coast Line 4-4-2 were express passenger tender locomotives built by Baldwin Locomotive Works (at that time known as Burnham, Williams & Co), initially for the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad as classes I/I-2 and I-3.  They were the first design in the world to exploit the larger boiler and firebox possible with a 4-4-2 design compared to the classic 4-4-0.

Atlantic Coast Line Railroad
The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (reporting mark ACL) was a United States Class I railroad formed in 1900, though predecessor railroads had used the ACL brand since 1871. In 1967, it merged with long-time rival Seaboard Air Line Railroad to form the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad. Much of the original ACL network has been part of CSX Transportation since 1986.

The Atlantic Coast Line served the Southeast, with a concentration of lines in Florida. Numerous named passenger trains were operated by the railroad for Florida-bound tourists, with the Atlantic Coast Line contributing significantly to Florida's economic development in the first half of the 20th century.

At the end of 1925, ACL operated 4,924 miles of road, not including its flock of subsidiaries; after some merging, mileage at the end of 1960 was 5,570 not including A&WP, CN&L, East Carolina, Georgia, Rockingham, and V&CS. In 1960, ACL reported 10,623 million net ton-miles of revenue freight and 490 million passenger-miles.