hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lirima
Lirima (in Aymara: lirima,  'where the fox drinks water') is a Chilean town. It is a town that is located approximately 138 km east of Huara, in the Tarapacá Region, Chile. It is located in the Commune of Pica. It is a town founded by a group of Aymara families. It is famous for its spun wool fabrics dyed with the traditional processes of the inhabitants themselves. It is located in Pampa Columtucsa, at the foot of Cerro Lirima and several kilometers from Laguna Quantija and Apacheta de Irpa or Cancosa Border Crossing.

Aymara people
The Aymara or Aimara (Aymara: aymara, listenⓘ) people are an Indigenous people in the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America. Approximately 2.3 million Aymara live in northwest Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru.

The Aymara have lived in the region for over 7,250 years. By the late 15th century or early 16th century, they became a subject people of the Inca Empire and later of the Spanish Empire in the 16th century. Following the Spanish American wars of independence (1810–1825), the Aymara became subjects to the new nations of Bolivia and Peru. After the War of the Pacific (1879–1883), Chile annexed territory inhabited by the Aymara population.
1957 in Malaya
This article lists important figures and events in Malayan public affairs during the year 1957, together with births and deaths of significant Malayans. Malaya became independent from British colonial rule on 31 August 1957.

Federation of Malaya
Malaya, officially the Federation of Malaya, was a country in Southeast Asia from 1948 to 1963. It succeeded the Malayan Union and, before that, British Malaya. It comprised eleven states – nine Malay states and two of the Straits Settlements, Penang and Malacca. It was established on 1 February 1948.

Initially a self-governing colony of the United Kingdom, Malaya became fully sovereign on 31 August 1957, and on 16 September 1963, Malaya was superseded by Malaysia when it united with Singapore, North Borneo (Sabah) and Sarawak. Singapore was expelled on 9 August 1965, leaving the original states of Malaya along with Sarawak and Sabah – now collectively known as East Malaysia – to form modern-day Malaysia, while the former Federation of Malaya is now referred to as Peninsular Malaysia or West Malaysia.
Nebraska Cornhuskers football honors and awards
This is a list of Nebraska Cornhuskers football honors and awards. Nebraska players have won twenty-nine major awards, including three Heisman Trophies, and the school's nine Outland Trophy winners are the most of any program.

Grant Wistrom
Grant Alden Wistrom (born July 3, 1976) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive end in the National Football League (NFL) for nine seasons.  Wistrom played college football for the Nebraska Cornhuskers and was a two-time All-American. He was selected in the first round of the 1998 NFL draft, and played in the NFL for the St. Louis Rams and Seattle Seahawks.
Yvonne Chapman (politician)
Yvonne Ann Chapman (20 January 1940 – 27 October 2024) was an Australian politician with the National Party. She was a Queensland Member of Parliament from 1983 until 1989 where she was for a time Minister for Family Services in the Bjelke-Petersen Government and Minister for Transport and Ethnic Affairs in the Cooper Government, and Mayor of the Shire of Pine Rivers (1994–2008).

City of Moreton Bay
The City of Moreton Bay, known until July 2023 as the Moreton Bay Region, is a local government area in the north of Greater Brisbane in South East Queensland, Australia. Established in 2008, it replaced three established local government areas, the City of Redcliffe and the Shires of Pine Rivers and Caboolture.

With an estimated operating budget of A$391 million and a 2018 population of 459,585, Moreton Bay is the third most populous local government area in Australia behind the City of Brisbane and City of Gold Coast, both of which are also amalgamated entities.

In the 2021 census, the City of Moreton Bay had a population of 476,340 people.
Lepidobatrachus
Lepidobatrachus is a genus of ceratophryidid frogs. They are commonly known as Paraguay horned frogs or Budgett's frogs (in honor of John Samuel Budgett, who described the genus), although the latter technically describes a specific species, Lepidobatrachus laevis.

Lepidobatrachus laevis
Lepidobatrachus laevis, widely known as Budgett's frog, is a species of frog in the family Ceratophryidae, discovered by John Samuel Budgett. It is often kept as a pet. It has acquired a number of popular nicknames, including hippo frog, Freddy Krueger frog, and escuerzo de agua.
Vladimir Governorate
Vladimir Governorate (Russian: Владимирская губерния, romanized: Vladimirskaya guberniya) was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Russian Empire, the Russian Republic and the Russian SFSR, which existed in 1796–1929.

Governorate (Russia)
A governorate (Russian: губе́рния, romanized: gubérniya, pre-1918 spelling: губе́рнія, IPA: [ɡʊˈbʲernʲɪjə] ⓘ) was a major and principal administrative subdivision of the Russian Empire. After the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, governorates remained as subdivisions in the Byelorussian, Russian and Ukrainian Soviet republics, and in the Soviet Union from its formation in 1922 until 1929. The term is also translated as government or province. A governorate was headed by a governor (губернатор, gubernator), a word borrowed from Latin gubernator, in turn from Greek kyvernítis (Greek: κυβερνήτης).

Selected governorates were united under an assigned governor-general such as the Grand Duchy of Finland, Congress Poland, Russian Turkestan and others. There were also military governors such as Kronstadt, Vladivostok and others. Aside from governorates, other types of divisions were oblasts (region) and okrugs (district).
Brezovica pri Trebelnem
Brezovica pri Trebelnem (pronounced [ˈbɾéːzɔʋitsa pɾi tɾɛˈbéːu̯nɛm]) is a small settlement in the Municipality of Mokronog-Trebelno in southeastern Slovenia. It lies in the hills south of Mokronog. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

Mokronog
Mokronog (pronounced [mɔˈkɾòːnɔk]; German: Nassenfuß) is a settlement in the Municipality of Mokronog-Trebelno in southeastern Slovenia. It is also the administrative centre of the municipality. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
Bibliography of books critical of Judaism
This is a bibliography of literature treating the topic of criticism of Judaism as a religion, sorted by alphabetical order of titles.

Books that criticise the religion of Judaism can be categorised in several groups, such as:

Books that criticise the Torah / Hebrew Bible and other Jewish scriptures, or a Jewish fundamentalist interpretation and application of them;

Books that criticise the Jewish religion as a whole;

Books that criticise all religions (especially the Abrahamic religions), including Judaism in particular; and

Books that criticise social separatism of Jewish minority communities, and argue for (voluntary or involuntary) Jewish assimilation (religiously, linguistically, socially, or culturally).

Books that are critical of Judaism can be written by non-Jews (Gentiles) or by Jews themselves, such as Jewish secularists, Jewish atheists and Jewish assimilationists.

Israel Shahak
Dr. Israel Shahak (Hebrew: ישראל שחק; born Israel Himmelstaub, 28 April 1933 – 2 July 2001) was an Israeli professor of organic chemistry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, a Holocaust survivor, an intellectual of liberal political bent, and a civil-rights advocate and activist on behalf of both Jews and Gentiles (non-Jews). For twenty years, he headed the Israeli League for Human and Civil Rights (1970–90) and was a public critic of the policies of the governments of Israel. As a public intellectual, Shahak's works about Judaism proved controversial, especially the book Jewish History, Jewish Religion: The Weight of Three Thousand Years (1994).
Marudu Bay
Marudu Bay (Malay: Teluk Marudu) is a large bay on the north coast of the island of Borneo. It is located in the state of Sabah, Malaysia and opens to the Sulu Sea. Administratively, it is a part of Kudat Division. Kota Marudu District is on the south side of the bay, Kudat District on the west and Pitas District on the east side.

Sulu Sea
The Sulu Sea (Filipino: Dagat Sulu; Tausug: Dagat sin Sūg; Malay: Laut Sulu; Spanish: Mar de Joló) is a body of water in the southwestern area of the Philippines, separated from the South China Sea in the northwest by Palawan and from the Celebes Sea in the southeast by the Sulu Archipelago. Borneo is found to the southwest and Visayas to the northeast.

The Sulu Sea contains a number of islands. The Cuyo Islands and the Cagayan Islands are part of the province of Palawan whereas Mapun and the Turtle Islands are part of the province of Tawi-Tawi. Sulu Sea is also where the Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park, one of the World Heritage Sites is located.

Panay Gulf is an extension of the Sulu Sea.  Straits out of the Sulu Sea include the Iloilo Strait, the Guimaras Strait, and the Basilan Strait.
Fas ligand
Fas ligand (FasL, also known as CD95L or Apo-1L) is a type-II transmembrane protein in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. It binds to the Fas receptor (CD95) to induce apoptosis, and also activates non-apoptotic pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK. FasL exists in membrane-bound and soluble forms, and is primarily expressed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. It plays a critical role in immune regulation, immune privilege, cancer, autoimmunity, and transplantation. The expression and function of FasL are tightly regulated to maintain immune homeostasis.

Caspase 8
Caspase-8 is a caspase protein, encoded by the CASP8 gene. It most likely acts upon caspase-3.
CASP8 orthologs have been identified in numerous mammals for which complete genome data are available. These unique orthologs are also present in birds.
Capture of Brielle
The Capture of Brielle by the Watergeuzen, on 1 April 1572 marked a turning point in the uprising of the Low Countries against Spain in the Eighty Years' War. Militarily the success was minor as the port of Brielle was undefended, but it provided the first foothold on land for the rebels at a time when the rebellion was all but crushed, and it offered the sign for a new revolt throughout the Netherlands which led to the formation of the Dutch Republic.

Seventeen Provinces
The Seventeen Provinces (Dutch: Zeventien Provinciën, French: Dix-Sept Provinces, Spanish: Diecisiete Provincias) was a term used to describe the Spanish Netherlands before the Dutch Revolt, when they were at their largest extent. They covered most of the Low Countries, i.e., what is now the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and most of the French departments of Nord (French Flanders and French Hainaut) and Pas-de-Calais (Artois).

The Seventeen Provinces arose from the Burgundian Netherlands, a number of fiefs held by the House of Valois-Burgundy and inherited by the House of Habsburg in 1482, and held by Habsburg Spain from 1556. Starting in 1512, the Provinces formed the major part of the Burgundian Circle. In 1581, many of these provinces seceded to form what would eventually become the Dutch Republic.
Słomków Suchy
Słomków Suchy [ˈswɔmkuf ˈsuxɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wróblew, within Sieradz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) west of Wróblew, 13 km (8 mi) west of Sieradz, and 65 km (40 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

Wróblew, Sieradz County
Wróblew [ˈvrublɛf] is a village in Sieradz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Wróblew. It lies approximately 10 km (6 mi) west of Sieradz and 62 km (39 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.
Ebrahimabad, Gorgan
Ebrahimabad (Persian: ابراهيم آباد) is a village in Anjirab Rural District of the Central District in Gorgan County, Golestan province, Iran. The village is located just northwest of Gorgan's city limits, and next to the Tehran-Shomal railway.

Gorgan
Gorgan (Persian: گرگان; [ɡoɾˈɡɒːn] ⓘ) is a city in the Central District of Gorgan County, Golestan province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district. It lies approximately 400 km (250 mi) to the northeast of the national capital Tehran, and some 30 km (19 mi) away from the Caspian Sea.
History of Sofia
The history of Sofia, Bulgaria's capital and largest city, spans thousands of years from Antiquity to modern times, during which the city has been a commercial, industrial, cultural and economic centre in its region and the Balkans.

Saint Sophia Church, Sofia
The Saint Sofia Church (Bulgarian: църква „Света София“, romanized: tsarkva "Sveta Sofia, lit. 'Church of Holy Wisdom') is a Bulgarian Orthodox church, located in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. Built as a church in the fourth century CE, the building was converted to a mosque in the 16th century and was restored as a basilica during the 19th and 20th centuries. It is one of the oldest churches in Sofia. In 1329 CE, the town of Serdica was renamed as Sofia, after the church.
2008 Masters France
The 2008 Masters France was a non-ATP affiliated exhibition tennis tournament. It was the first edition of the event held in Toulouse, France from December 18 through December 21, 2008. Only a men's singles tournament was held.

The tournament was open to the top eight French players who had performed best at ATP Tour events held in France during 2008 (at Metz, Lyon, Marseille and the Masters Series event in Paris). Some players had to pull out and were replaced by the next best French player (see the Masters France article.

Masters France
The Masters France (sponsored by BNP Paribas) was a professional tennis exhibition round-robin singles-only tournament, played on indoor hard courts, specifically Plexicushion. It was held in December at the Palais des Sports de Toulouse in Toulouse, France, in 2008 and 2009. The eight players qualified for the event were the top seven French players, based on their performance in the four Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) tournaments held in France, the Marseille Open 13, the Metz Open de Moselle, the Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon, and the Paris BNP Paribas Masters, and an eighth French player receiving a wild card.
Thomas Cheyney (priest)
Thomas Cheney or Cheyney (1694 – 27 January 1760) was a priest of Church of England, who served as Dean of Lincoln from 1744 to 1748 and Dean of Winchester from 25 March 1748 to 1760. He was the only son of another Thomas Cheyney, prebendary of Wells Cathedral and master at Winchester College. Thomas junior was educated at Winchester College and New College, Oxford Winchester College's archives contain several letters to him.

Dean of Winchester
The Dean of Winchester is the head of the Chapter of Winchester Cathedral in the city of Winchester, England, in the Diocese of Winchester. Appointment is by the Crown. The first incumbent was the last Prior, William Kingsmill, From March 2025 the vice-dean of the cathedral, The Reverend Canon Dr Roland Riem, has served as interim dean of Winchester Cathedral. Reverend Canon Christopher Palmer will be installed as new dean 15 March 2026.
2011 President's Cup (tennis)
The 2011 President's Cup was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the fifth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2011 ATP Challenger Tour and the third edition for the 2011 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place in Astana, Kazakhstan between 25 and 31 July 2011.

2011 ITF Women's Circuit
The 2011 ITF Women's Circuit is the 2011 edition of the second-tier tour for women's professional tennis. It is organised by the International Tennis Federation and is a tier below the WTA Tour. The ITF Women's Circuit includes tournaments with prize money ranging from $10,000 up to $100,000.
Witan
The witan (lit. 'wise men') was the king's council in the Anglo-Saxon government of England from before the 7th century until the 11th century. It comprised important noblemen, including ealdormen, thegns, and bishops. Meetings of the witan were sometimes called the witenagemot.

Its primary function was to advise the king on legislation, judicial cases, land transfers, and other matters of national importance. The witan may have elected new kings from among members of the ruling dynasty. After the Norman Conquest in 1066, these roles were performed by a similar council known as the curia regis.

Before the 20th century, many historians considered the witan to be a proto-parliament, an institution both democratic and representative, and in substance an ancestor of the Parliament of England. Later historical interpretation, however, has emphasised the witan's ad hoc and essentially royal nature.

Dorothy Whitelock
Dorothy Whitelock, CBE, FSA, FRHistS, FBA (11 November 1901 – 14 August 1982) was an English historian. From 1957 to 1969, she was the Elrington and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon at the University of Cambridge. Her best-known work is English Historical Documents, vol. I: c. 500-1042, which she edited. It is a compilation of translated sources, with introductions.

Her other works include The Beginnings of English Society (1952), After Bede (1960), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle – A Revised Translation (1961), The Audience of Beowulf (1951), and Genuine Asser (1967), in which she argued against V. H. Galbraith's assertion that Asser's Life of King Alfred was a forgery by Leofric.
Miss Jenny
Miss Jenny (fl. 1781) was a spy on the side of British loyalists during the American Revolutionary War.

Miss Jenny, a French-speaking woman whose real-life identity was never confirmed, infiltrated the French troops who fought on the American side and reported the movements of French and American troops to the British headquarters in New York City. She was reportedly in her late teens or early twenties in 1781.

Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War
During the American Revolutionary War, the Continental Army and British Army conducted espionage operations against one another to collect military intelligence to inform military operations. In addition, both sides conducted political action, covert action, counterintelligence, deception, and propaganda operations as part of their overall strategies.

American intelligence was monitored and sanctioned by the Continental Congress to provide military intelligence to the Continental Army to aid them in fighting the British during the American Revolutionary War. Congress created a Secret Committee for domestic intelligence, a Committee of Secret Correspondence for foreign intelligence, and a committee on spies, for tracking spies within the Patriot movement.

British espionage efforts were overseen by the British Army and focused primarily on gathering military intelligence to support military operations.
Rhizoglossum
Rhizoglossum is a genus of fern in the family Ophioglossaceae. Its only species is Rhizoglossum bergianum, native to the Cape Provinces of South Africa. The species was first described, as Ophioglossum bergianum, by Carl Presl in 1825, and transferred by Diederich von Schlechtendal to his new genus Rhizoglossum in 1845. Some sources retain the species in Ophioglossum.

Ophioglossaceae
Ophioglossaceae, from Ancient Greek ὄφις (óphis), meaning "snake", and γλῶσσα (glôssa), meaning "tongue", also known as the adder's-tongue family, is a small family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is the only family in the order Ophioglossales, which together with the Psilotales is placed in the subclass Ophioglossidae. The Ophioglossidae are one of the groups traditionally known as eusporangiate ferns. Members of the family differ from other ferns in a number of ways. Many have only a single fleshy leaf at a time. Their gametophytes are subterranean and rely on fungi for energy.
Mango (airline)
Mango Airlines SOC Ltd, trading as Mango, was a South African low-cost airline based at O. R. Tambo International Airport, and a subsidiary of South African Airways. Since July 2021, the airline had been grounded, as funding for its business rescue was subject to a dispute. However in August 2022, its license was suspended altogether.

On 6 of June 2025, Mango announced its comeback via their flymango website that those who have unflown tickets can visit their portal and claim them. This comes after a potential investor promised to join hands with Mango owners SAA.

O. R. Tambo International Airport
O. R. Tambo International Airport (IATA: JNB, ICAO: FAOR) is an international airport serving the twin cities of Johannesburg and the main capital of South Africa, Pretoria. It is situated in Kempton Park, Gauteng. It serves as the primary airport for domestic and international travel for South Africa and since 2020, it is Africa's second busiest airport, with a capacity to handle up to 28 million passengers annually. The airport serves as the hub for South African Airways. The airport handled over 21 million passengers in 2017.

The airport was originally known as Jan Smuts International Airport, after the former South African Prime Minister. It was renamed Johannesburg International Airport in 1994, and  subsequently on 27 October 2006 the airport was renamed after anti-apartheid politician Oliver Tambo (1917–1993). Its ICAO code was changed from FAJS to FAOR on 10 January 2013.
Josefina Villamil Tinajero
Josefina Villamil Tinajero is a Mexican-American educator and author. Her work and writing are focused on bilingual literacy, and improving student outcomes in higher education. Tinajero has served as president of the National Association for Bilingual Education (NABE) and has worked as a professor of bilingual education at the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP). Tinajero later became the dean of the College of Education at UTEP. According to El Diario de El Paso, she is an expert in bilingual education. She is also a member of the El Paso Women's Hall of Fame.

Bilingual education
In bilingual education, students are taught in two (or more) languages. It is distinct from learning a second language as a subject because both languages are used for instruction in different content areas like math, science, and history. The time spent in each language depends on the model. For example, some models focus on providing education in both languages throughout a student's entire education while others gradually transition to education in only one language. The ultimate goal of bilingual education is fluency and literacy in both languages through a variety of strategies such as translanguaging and recasting.
Pat Haden
Patrick Capper Haden (born January 23, 1953) is an American former professional football player and college administrator. He was the athletic director at the University of Southern California (USC) in Los Angeles from August 2010 to June 2016. He played quarterback for the USC Trojans before playing professionally in the National Football League (NFL) for the Los Angeles Rams from 1976 through 1981. He also played in the World Football League (WFL) for the Southern California Sun in 1975.

Haden is a Rhodes Scholar, was a practicing attorney from 1982 to 1987, and was a partner at Riordan, Lewis & Haden, a private equity firm, from 1987 to 2010. He is also known for his work as a former sportscaster, beginning with CBS Sports in 1982, and ending his career in that field as a color commentator for NBC Sports' Notre Dame football coverage.

NFL on CBS
The NFL on CBS is an American television sports presentation show broadcast by CBS. It first aired from September 30, 1956 to January 23, 1994. The show returned on September 6, 1998. The branding is used for the presentation of the National Football League (NFL). From 2014 to 2017, CBS also broadcast Thursday Night Football games during the first half of the NFL season, through a production partnership with NFL Network.