hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Welsh republicanism
Welsh republicanism (Welsh: Gweriniaetholdeb Gymreig) or republicanism in Wales (Welsh: Gweriniaetholdeb yng Nghymru) is the political ideology that advocates for Wales to be governed by a republican system, as opposed to the monarchy of the United Kingdom.

Typically, this ideology is suggested as an element of forming an independent Wales, but can also be considered as part of reforming the political system of the United Kingdom, which could include introducing an elected official as head of state. It is not synonymous with Welsh independence, but one possible form of government, as Wales before English rule had native monarchies, and most of the prominent independence organisations do not explicitly support republicanism. While the Wales Green Party supports a republic and would support independence in a referendum.

Republic (pressure group)
Republic is a British republican pressure group advocating the replacement of the monarchy of the United Kingdom with a de jure parliamentary republic. It is a member organisation of  the Alliance of European Republican Movements and is the largest organisation solely campaigning for a republican constitution for Britain. Republic states that its mission is: "the replacement of hereditary monarchy with a democratic republican constitution". As of 2023, Carol Lever is the current chair of Republic, and Graham Smith is the chief executive.
River Cam
The River Cam (/ˈkæm/) is the main river flowing through Cambridge in eastern England. After leaving Cambridge, it flows north and east before joining the River Great Ouse to the south of Ely, at Pope's Corner. The total distance from Cambridge to the sea is about 40 mi (64 km) and is navigable for punts, small boats, and rowing craft. The Great Ouse also connects to England's canal system via the Middle Level Navigations and the River Nene. In total, the Cam runs for around 69 kilometres (43 mi) from its furthest source (near Widdington in Essex) to its confluence with the Great Ouse.

River Nene
The River Nene (/ˈnɛn/ or /ˈniːn/) flows through the counties of Northamptonshire, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and Lincolnshire in eastern England, into The Wash in the North Sea. It flows largely northeast from its sources in Arbury Hill in Northamptonshire to its mouth at Lutton Marsh. The Nene and its tributaries drain an area of about 2,270 square kilometres (880 sq mi), with a population of 750,000.

The Nene's main tributaries include the River Ise, Wootton Brook, Willow Brook, and Harper's Brook. At 105 miles (169 km) long, it is the tenth-longest river in the United Kingdom, and is tidal for 45 kilometres (28 mi) up to Dog-in-a-Doublet sluice, near Peterborough.

The river forms the boundary between Cambridgeshire and Norfolk, and is navigable for 88 miles (142 km), from Northampton to The Wash.
2021 Montana train derailment
On September 25, 2021, at 3:56 p.m. Mountain Daylight Time, Amtrak passenger train 7/27, the westbound Empire Builder, carrying 149 passengers and 16 crew members, derailed west of the town of Joplin, Montana, United States. The train consisted of two locomotives and ten cars, eight of which derailed.

Three people were killed, and 49 others were injured, with 15 of them being hospitalized.

National Transportation Safety Board
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is an independent U.S. government investigative agency responsible for civil transportation accident investigation. In this role, the NTSB investigates and reports on aviation accidents and incidents, certain types of highway crashes, ship and marine accidents, pipeline incidents, bridge failures, and railroad accidents. The NTSB is also in charge of investigating cases of hazardous materials releases that occur during transportation. The agency is based in Washington, D.C. It has three regional offices, located in Anchorage, Alaska; Aurora, Colorado; and Federal Way, Washington. The agency also operated a national training center at its Ashburn facility.
Chongok station
Ch'ŏn'gok station is a railway halt in greater Tanch'ŏn city, South Hamgyŏng province, North Korea, on the Kŭmgol Line of the Korean State Railway. It was opened on 30 March 1943 along with the rest of the Yŏhaejin–Tongam section of the line.

Tongam station
Tongam station is a railway station in Tongam-dong, greater Tanch'ŏn city, South Hamgyŏng province, North Korea, on the Kŭmgol Line of the Korean State Railway. It was opened on 30 March 1943 along with the rest of the Yŏhaejin–Tongam section of the line.
Giovanni Garbini
Giovanni Garbini (8 October 1931 – 2 January 2017) was an Italian Orientalist and Semitist. His biblical studies revealed historical omissions and helped scholars to interpret the biblical narrative in the larger context of the history of the ancient Near East. He worked as a university lecturer in the Istituto Universitario Orientale in Naples, at the Scuola Normale in Pisa and finally in Sapienza in Rome until his retirement. He was a member of the Lincean Academy since 1990, and a member of the Leone Caetani foundation for Islamic studies.

Leone Caetani
Leone Caetani (September 12, 1869 – December 25, 1935), Duke of Sermoneta (also known as Prince Caetani), was an Italian scholar, politician, and historian of the Middle East.

Caetani is considered a pioneer in the application of the historical method to sources of the early Islamic traditions, which he subjected to minute historical and psychological analysis.

He was the father of Italian-Canadian visual artist Sveva Caetani.
Hypergonadotropic hypergonadism
Hypergonadotropic hypergonadism is an endocrine situation and subtype of hypergonadism in which both gonadotropin levels and gonadal function, such as sex hormone production, are abnormally high. It can be associated with hyperandrogenism and hyperestrogenism and with gonadal cysts and tumors. It can be caused by medications such as gonadotropins, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, nonsteroidal antiandrogens, and selective estrogen receptor modulators, as well as conditions like human chorionic gonadotropin-secreting tumors, complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, and estrogen insensitivity syndrome.

Sex hormone
Sex hormones, also known as sex steroids,  gonadocorticoids and gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate steroid hormone receptors. The sex hormones include the androgens, estrogens, and progestogens. Their effects are mediated by slow genomic mechanisms through nuclear receptors as well as by fast nongenomic mechanisms through membrane-associated receptors and signaling cascades. Certain polypeptide hormones including the luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone – each associated with the gonadotropin axis – are usually not regarded as sex hormones, although they play major sex-related roles.
68th New York State Legislature
The 68th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 7 to May 14, 1845, during the first year of Silas Wright's governorship, in Albany.

Warren County, New York
Warren County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 65,737. The county seat is Queensbury. The county was established in 1813 and is named in honor of General Joseph Warren, an American Revolutionary War hero of the Battle of Bunker Hill. The county is part of the Capital District region of the state.
Ibn Gharsiya
Abū ‘Āmir Ibn Gharsīyah al-Bashkunsī (Arabic: أبو عامر بن غرسية البشكنسي) (died 1084), popularly known as Ibn Gharsiya or Ibn García, was a Muwallad poet and katib (writer) in the Taifa court in Denia.

Ibn Gharsiya is known as a proponent for the shu'ubiyya polemical thought in Al-Andalus, arguing in his Risala for the relative superiority of Byzantine and Persian culture over the culture of Arabs. Some scholars have interpreted the Risālah as a work by a freed slave arguing for the inclusion of his ṣaqālibah freedmen rulers of Dénia in the dominant Arabic-Muslim culture of al-Andalus.

Taifa of Dénia
The taifa of Dénia (Arabic: طائفة دانية) was an Islamic kingdom in medieval Spain, ruling over part of the Valencian coast and Ibiza. With Dénia as its capital, the taifa included the Balearic Islands and parts of the Spanish mainland. It was founded in 1010 by the Slavic Muslim warlord Mujāhid al-ʿĀmirī.
Apple drops
Apple drops are a type of hard boiled sweet and are a variety of pick 'n' mix or penny sweet. Ingredients can vary slightly depending on company and brand, but typically they are made using sugar, glucose syrup, citric acid, E330, natural flavour (often apple juice concentrate), and natural colours E100 and E141.

Apple drops were mainly popular in the United Kingdom and Ireland during the 1980s and 1990s, with demand for them sharply dropping after that time. The sweets are now usually found only in smaller independent shops or from larger retailers at an increased price.

Hard candy
A hard candy (American English), or boiled sweet (British English), is a sugar candy prepared from one or more sugar-based syrups that is heated to a temperature of 160 °C (320 °F) to make candy.  Among the many hard candy varieties are stick candy such as the candy cane, lollipops, rock, aniseed twists, and bêtises de Cambrai.

Most hard candy is nearly 100% sugar by weight, with a tiny amount of other ingredients for color or flavor, and negligible water content in the final product. Recipes for hard candy may use syrups of sucrose, glucose, fructose or other sugars.  Sugar-free versions have also been created.
Hopalong Cassidy River Trail
The Hopalong Cassidy River Trail is a 0.5 mi; (0.8 km) flat trail on the bank of the Vermilion River in Streator, Illinois. The trail is mostly gravel, with a section of cement next to the Bridge St. Bridge on the north and south side of the road. The trail is part of the local flood control system. It is named after the Hopalong Cassidy western series of books written by author Clarence E. Mulford, whose childhood house sits next to the trail on the south side of the road. 
The trail is lined with a forest of mulberry, oak and maple trees.

Streator, Illinois
Streator /ˈstriːtər/ is a city in LaSalle and Livingston counties in the U.S. state of Illinois. The city is situated on the Vermilion River approximately 81 miles (130 km) southwest of Chicago in the prairie and farm land of north-central Illinois.  As of the 2020 census, the population of Streator was 12,500.
Homunculus Nebula
The Homunculus Nebula is a bipolar emission and reflection nebula surrounding the massive star system Eta Carinae, about 7,500 light-years (2,300 parsecs) from Earth.  The nebula is embedded within the much larger Carina Nebula, a large star-forming H II region. From the Latin homunculus meaning Little Man, the nebula consists of gas which was ejected from Eta Carinae during the Great Eruption, which occurred ~7,500 years before it was observed on Earth, from 1838 to 1845. It also contains dust which absorbs much of the light from the extremely luminous central stellar system and re-radiates it as infra-red (IR).  It is the brightest object in the sky at mid-IR wavelengths.

Within the Homunculus is a smaller Little Homunculus, and within that a shell of shocked material from stellar winds that has been called Baby Homunculus.

Emission nebula
An emission nebula is a nebula formed of ionized gases that emit light of various wavelengths. The most common source of ionization is high-energy ultraviolet photons emitted from a nearby hot star. Among the several different types of emission nebulae are H II regions, in which star formation is taking place and young, massive stars are the source of the ionizing photons; and planetary nebulae, in which a dying star has thrown off its outer layers, with the exposed hot core then ionizing them.
Ronnie Radke
Ronald Joseph Radke (/ˈrædki/; born December 15, 1983) is an American singer, rapper, and songwriter who is the frontman of rock band Falling in Reverse and former frontman of post-hardcore band Escape the Fate. He rose to popularity with Escape the Fate, but was kicked out in 2008 after being sentenced to prison for violating probation. While in prison, Radke started a new band called From Behind These Walls, which later changed its name to Falling in Reverse. The band began recording upon his release from prison in December 2010.

As a solo musician, Radke released a rap mixtape, Watch Me, in 2014, which included collaborations with Deuce, b.LaY, Tyler Carter, Sy Ari da Kid, Jacoby Shaddix, Danny Worsnop, Andy Biersack, and Craig Mabbitt.

Radke's vocal style incorporates rapping, screaming and clean vocals.

Danny Worsnop
Danny Robert Worsnop (born 4 September 1990) is an English singer most prominently known as the lead vocalist of rock bands Asking Alexandria and We Are Harlot. He has worked with several artists including I See Stars, Papa Roach, With One Last Breath, Breathe Carolina, Memphis May Fire, The Word Alive, All That Remains, The Funeral Portrait and Testarossa, providing guest vocals on several songs.

Worsnop also maintains a solo music career. He released his debut solo full-length country-inspired studio album, The Long Road Home, in 2017. He released his second studio album, Shades of Blue, in 2019 through Sumerian Records, followed by the two standalone singles "Another You" and "Happy".

Worsnop performs both screaming and clean vocals. Jake Richardson of Loudwire described him as "a metalcore vocalist more in the guise of a classic rock frontman."
Impartial culture
Impartial culture (IC), or the culture of indifference, is a probabilistic model used in social choice theory for analyzing ranked voting method rules.

The model is understood to be unrealistic, and not a good representation of real-world voting behavior, however, it is useful for mathematical comparisons of voting methods under reproducible, worst-case scenarios.

The model assumes that each voter provides a complete strict ranking of all the candidates (with no equal rankings or blanks), which is drawn from a set of all possible rankings.  For  candidates, there are  possible strict rankings (permutations).

There are three variations of the model that use different subsets of the full set of possible rankings, so that different election permutations are drawn with different probabilities:

Statistical model
A statistical model is a mathematical model that embodies a set of statistical assumptions concerning the generation of sample data (and similar data from a larger population). A statistical model represents, often in considerably idealized form, the data-generating process. When referring specifically to probabilities, the corresponding term is probabilistic model. All statistical hypothesis tests and all statistical estimators are derived via statistical models. More generally, statistical models are part of the foundation of statistical inference. A statistical model is usually specified as a mathematical relationship between one or more random variables and other non-random variables.  As such, a statistical model is "a formal representation of a theory" (Herman Adèr quoting Kenneth Bollen).
Once films
Once Films is a St. Louis, Missouri-based commercial video production company that creates documentary-style short films, brand films and commercial video content. They are noted for the Emmy and Addy award winning short documentary film series The Spotlight Series. Spotlight is a collection of personal storytelling vignettes featuring craftsmen, artists, and entrepreneurs.

Video production
Video production is the process of producing video content. It is the equivalent of filmmaking, but with video recorded either as analog signals on videotape, digitally in video tape or as computer files stored on optical discs, hard drives, SSDs, magnetic tape or memory cards instead of film stock. There are three main stages of video production, pre-production, production and post-production.
Oxford World's Classics
Oxford World's Classics is an imprint of Oxford University Press. First established in 1901 by Grant Richards and purchased by OUP in 1906, this imprint publishes primarily dramatic and classic literature for students and the general public. Its competitors include Penguin Classics, Everyman's Library, and the Modern Library. Most titles include critical apparatus – usually, an introduction, bibliography, chronology, and explanatory notes – as is the case with Penguin Classics.

Modern Library
The Modern Library is an American book publishing imprint and formerly the parent company of Random House. Founded in 1917 by Albert Boni and Horace Liveright as an imprint of their publishing company Boni & Liveright, Modern Library became an independent publishing company in 1925 when Boni & Liveright sold it to Bennett Cerf and Donald Klopfer. Random House began in 1927 as a subsidiary of the Modern Library and eventually overtook its parent company, with Modern Library becoming an imprint of Random House.
Interim ministry (British Columbia)
The Interim ministry of British Columbia was the combined Cabinet that governed British Columbia from August 17 to November 13, 1871. British Columbia had initially joined Canada as a province on July 20, 1871, but continued to be governed by the previous colonial government until the interim ministry could be set up. The ministry was established to govern the province until the first British Columbia general election could be held in October and November 1871. Following the election, the members of the first parliament of British Columbia elected John Foster McCreight to be the first premier of British Columbia.

Premier of British Columbia
The premier of British Columbia is the first minister and head of government for the Canadian province of British Columbia. Until the early 1970s, the title prime minister of British Columbia was often used. The word premier is derived from the French word of the same spelling, meaning "first"; and ultimately from the Latin word primarius, meaning "primary".
Japanese landing craft carrier Tamatsu Maru
Tamatsu Maru (玉津丸) was a World War II Japanese "Type A" landing craft depot ship completed in January 1944 and remembered for the heavy loss of life when sunk by USS Spadefish on 19 August 1944. Between 4,406 and 4,755 Japanese soldiers and seamen drowned.

Landing craft carrier
Landing craft carriers or landing craft depot ships were an innovative type of amphibious warfare ship developed by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II, capable of deploying multiple landing craft for ground invasions. Their official designation was "Army Special Purpose Ship" (陸軍特殊船, Rikugun tokushu-sen). The prototype was developed in secrecy under the pseudonyms Ryūjō Maru and Fusō Maru using features later adopted by other navies for dock landing ships and amphibious transport docks. Additional ships were built after combat experience validated the concept, but most were completed after the Japanese invasions of the early war, and used primarily as troopships during later operations. Today's amphibious assault ships bear a strong similarity to this concept.
Discovery and development of non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are antiretroviral drugs used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). NNRTIs inhibit reverse transcriptase (RT), an enzyme that controls the replication of the genetic material of HIV. RT is one of the most popular targets in the field of antiretroviral drug development.

Discovery and development of NNRTIs began in the late 1980s  and in the end of 2009 four NNRTI had been approved by regulatory authorities and several others were undergoing clinical development. Drug resistance develops quickly if NNRTIs are administered as monotherapy and therefore NNRTIs are always given as part of combination therapy, the highly active antiretroviral therapy  (HAART).

Drug development
Drug development is the process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery. It includes preclinical research on microorganisms and animals, filing for regulatory status, such as via the United States Food and Drug Administration for an investigational new drug to initiate clinical trials on humans, and may include the step of obtaining regulatory approval with a new drug application to market the drug. The entire process—from concept through preclinical testing in the laboratory to clinical trial development, including Phase I–III trials—to approved vaccine or drug typically takes more than a decade.
Swensson Farm Museum
The Swensson Farm Museum is a historic farmstead located in Chippewa County, Minnesota, six miles (10 km) east of Montevideo. Established by Norwegian immigrants Olof and Ingeborg Swensson in the 1880s, the farmstead today serves as open-air museum operated by the Chippewa County Historical Society showcasing pioneer life and Swedish-American heritage.

Montevideo, Minnesota
Montevideo (/ˌmɒntəˈvɪdioʊ/ MON-tə-VID-ee-oh) is a city in and the county seat of Chippewa County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 5,398 at the 2020 census.

The area around Montevideo was populated by Native Americans and fur traders during the first half of the 19th century. After the Dakota War of 1862, the US government opened the area to homesteaders. Railroads were built, and settlers followed, including Civil War veterans, Norwegians, Germans, Swedes, Dutch, and Irish. Montevideo was incorporated in 1879.
Rulík
Rulík (feminine: Rulíková) is a Czech surname, meaning 'belladona'. Notable people with the surname include:

Adam Rulík, Czech ice hockey player

Jan Rulík (1744–1812), Czech Renaissance writer, composer and singer

Radim Rulík, Czech ice hockey coach

Czech name
Czech names are composed of a given name and a family name (surname). Czechs typically get one given name – additional names may be chosen by themselves upon baptism but they generally use one. With marriage, the bride typically adopts the bridegroom's surname.
2017 Nunavut general election
The 2017 Nunavut general election was held on October 30, 2017 to return the members of the 5th Nunavut Legislature. The fifth general election held since the creation of the territory in 1999, it was the first election held under Nunavut's new fixed election dates law, which requires elections to be held no more than four years after the prior election.

Unlike most federal or provincial elections in Canada, elections to the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut are conducted on a non-partisan consensus government model, in which all candidates run as independents rather than being nominated by political parties. The premier and executive council are then selected internally by the MLAs at the first special sitting of the legislature.

Joe Savikataaq
Joe Savikataaq (Inuktitut: ᔫ ᓴᕕᑲᑖᖅ; born c. 1960) is a Canadian politician who served as the fifth premier of Nunavut from 2018 to 2021. He was elected premier on June 14, 2018, by the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut, after his predecessor Paul Quassa lost a no-confidence vote.