hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Contributory copyright infringement
Contributory copyright infringement is a way of imposing secondary liability for infringement of a copyright. It is a means by which a person may be held liable for copyright infringement even though they did not directly engage in the infringing activity. It is one of the two forms of secondary liability apart from vicarious liability. Contributory infringement is understood to be a form of infringement in which a person is not directly violating a copyright but induces or authorizes another person to directly infringe the copyright.

This doctrine is a development of general tort law and is an extension of the principle in tort law that in addition to the tortfeasor, anyone who contributed to the tort should also be held liable.

Knowledge (legal construct)
In law, knowledge is one of the degrees of mens rea that constitute part of a crime. For example, in English law, the offence of knowingly being a passenger in a vehicle taken without consent (TWOC) requires that the prosecution prove not only that the defendant was a passenger in a vehicle and that it was taken by the driver without consent, but also that the defendant knew that it was taken without consent.

The mens rea of knowledge refers to knowledge about certain facts rather than "of the law is". It is "a positive belief that a state of affairs exists".

Knowledge can be actual, constructive, or imputed.
1995–96 Kent Football League
The 1995–96 Kent Football League season (known as the Winstonlead Kent League for sponsorship reasons) was the 30th in the history of the Kent Football League, a football competition in England.

The League structure comprised two divisions: Division One and Division Two with the latter known as the Reserves Section (reserves teams were not permitted in Division One). Additionally there were two league cup competitions: the Challenge Cup for the Division One clubs and another for the teams in Division Two.

Thamesmead Town F.C.
Thamesmead Town Football Club was a football club originally based in Thamesmead in south-east London before moving to Dartford in 2017. They joined the Kent League in 1991 and reached the 5th round of the FA Vase in the 1995–96 season. In the 2007–08 season, they were champions of the Kent League Premier Division and were promoted to the Isthmian League Division One North for the 2008–09 season. In the 2012–13 season, they won the Division One North play-offs and were promoted to the Isthmian League Premier Division for the first time in their history, but were relegated back after finishing 22nd the following season. The club announced it was folding in October 2018 and subsequently closed down.
Troy Schwarze
Troy Schwarze (born 23 December 1981) is a former Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League.

He was recruited as the number 53 draft pick (traded by Carlton for Matthew Lappin and number 58, Ian Prendergast), in the 1998 AFL draft from Dingley. At the time Schwarze was the youngest player on an AFL list at 17 years of age.

Ian Prendergast
Ian Prendergast (born 2 September 1980) is an Australian rules footballer who played senior professional football with the Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League, and formally served as the club's Chief Commercial Officer and General Counsel. He currently is a co-owner of Sports Advisory Partners Australia (SAPA).
Carlos E. Carrillo Velasquez
Carlos E. Carrillo Velasquez (born 1890) was a Peruvian educator, prison administrator, and bibliophile. Carrillo Velasquez amassed one of the largest, most comprehensive book collections on the history of late 19th and early 20th century Peruvian publishing.

Bookworm
A bookworm or bibliophile is an individual who loves and frequently reads or collects books. Bibliophilia or bibliophilism is the love of books.

Bibliophiles may have large, specialized book collections. They may highly value old editions, autographed copies, or illustrated versions. Bibliophilia is distinct from bibliomania, a compulsive obsession to collect books which can affect interpersonal relationships or health. The term "bibliophile" has been in use since 1820 and has been associated with historical figures like Lord Spencer and J.P. Morgan, who were known for their extensive book collections.
Xiaode Dong station
Xiaode Dong station (simplified Chinese: 孝德东站; traditional Chinese: 孝德東站; pinyin: Xiàodé Dōng Zhàn; Cantonese Yale: Háaudāk Dūng Jaahm) is a station on Line 3 of Foshan Metro, located in Foshan's Nanhai District. It opened on 23 August 2024.

Nanhai, Foshan
Nanhai District (simplified Chinese: 南海区; traditional Chinese: 南海區) or Namhoi (from Cantonese, Jyutping: naam4 hoi2), is a district of Foshan, Guangdong, China. Its government is the first to have developed e-government informatization at the county level in China.
Footreading
Footreading, also known as "solestry" (coined from sole, on the analogy of palmistry), is a method of divination by means of the foot. It involves the observation and interpretation of foot structure, skin (e.g., texture, blemishes, pigmentation) and toe nails, which are believed to reflect a person's emotions or character.

The reading of feet as a measure of character grew in popularity in the Victorian era in part due to the popularity of the novel Trilby, which featured a character notable for having beautiful feet.

Foot
The foot (pl.: feet) is an anatomical structure found in many vertebrates. It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows locomotion. In many animals with feet, the foot is an organ at the terminal part of the leg made up of one or more segments or bones, generally including claws and/or nails.
Cala Morell Settlement
The settlement of Cala Morell is a Menorcan pre-talayotic archaeological site which is located in Ciutadella de Menorca. It is situated on a 35-meter-high coastal headland which closes the northeast side of Cala Morell's bay. This promontory is protected by a dry-stone wall, which is found in the area where the promontory connects to solid ground. It shares many features with another site which is located some kilometers away from it: Es Castellet des Pop Mosquer.

It is one of the 32 Menorcan prehistoric sites that compose the series for the Talayotic Menorca nomination to become World Heritage by UNESCO.

Talaiotic culture
The Talaiotic culture or Talaiotic period is the name used to describe the society that existed on the Gymnesian Islands (the easternmost Balearic Islands) during the Iron Age.  Its origins date from the end of the second millennium BC, when the inaccurately named Pre-Talaiotic Culture underwent a crisis and evolved into the Talaiotic Culture.  Its name is derived from the talaiots, which are the most abundant and emblematic structures from the prehistoric period of the Balearic Islands.
State Advertising Agency (Azerbaijan)
The State Advertising Agency of the Azerbaijan (SDA) (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Reklam Agentliyi - ADRA) is an Azerbaijani government agency that controls the placement of advertisements in open spaces and production and distribution of advertising placed on advertising carriers in the Republic of Azerbaijan. The operations and organization of the agency is carried out in accordance with the decisions of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

The agency's remit is to ensure that the advertising environment is maintained, improved, and the protection of legal and technical requirements for the content of the ads and advertising carriers.

President of Azerbaijan
The president of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikasının Prezidenti) is the head of state of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The Constitution states that the president is the embodiment of executive power, commander-in-chief, "representative of Azerbaijan in home and foreign policies", and "shall have the right of immunity [from prosecution]." The president rules through his executive office, the Presidential Administration, consisting of a group of secretaries and departmental ministers. Additionally, there is a Cabinet of Ministers regarding economic and social policy and a Security Council regarding foreign, military, and judicial matters.

The primary workplace is the presidential building (also known as the presidential apparatus) on Istiglaliyyat Street in Baku. Ilham Aliyev, son of the former president, Heydar, was elected the 4th and current president on 31 October 2003 after his father's resignation due to his deteriorating health.
Manuel Moreno Sánchez
Manuel Moreno Sánchez (11 July 1908 – 25 April 1993) was a Mexican politician. Originally affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) (at first under its earlier name, the Party of the Mexican Revolution), he broke with them and founded his own short-lived Social Democratic Party (PSD). He ran – unsuccessfully – as the PSD's candidate in the 1982 presidential election.

Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas
Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano (Spanish pronunciation: [kwawˈtemok ˈkaɾðenas]; born 1 May 1934) is a Mexican politician and civil engineer. A prominent social-democrat and the son of 51st president of Mexico Lázaro Cárdenas, he is a former Head of Government of Mexico City and a founder of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). He ran for the presidency of Mexico three times, and his loss in the 1988 Mexican general election to Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) candidate Carlos Salinas de Gortari had long been considered the result of electoral fraud perpetrated by the ruling PRI, later acknowledged by Miguel de la Madrid, the incumbent president at the time of the election. He previously served as a Senator, having been elected in 1976 to represent the state of Michoacán and also as the Governor of Michoacán from 1980 to 1986.
Winfield Township, New Jersey
Winfield Township (also called Winfield Park) is a township in Union County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 1,423, its lowest decennial census and a decrease of 48 (−3.3%) from the 2010 census count of 1,471, which in turn reflected a decline of 43 (−2.8%) from the 1,514 counted in the 2000 census. The township is the sixth-smallest municipality in the state. Winfield and Linden share the same ZIP Code.

Winfield Township was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on August 6, 1941, from portions of Clark and Linden, passing over the Governor's veto.

Kearny, New Jersey
Kearny (/ˈkɑːrni/ KAR-nee) is a town in the western part of Hudson County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, and a suburb of Newark. As of the 2020 United States census, the town's population was 41,999, an increase of 1,315 (+3.2%) from the 2010 census count of 40,684, which in turn reflected an increase of 171 (+0.4%) from the 40,513 counted in the 2000 census.

Kearny is named after Civil War general Philip Kearny. It began as a township formed by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 8, 1867, from portions of Harrison Township. Portions of the township were taken on July 3, 1895, to form East Newark. Kearny was incorporated as a town on January 19, 1899, based on the results of a referendum held two days earlier. The Arlington section of town was named for Arlington Station on the Erie Railroad at the Arlington Mill plant, owned by Arlington Mills of Lawrence, Massachusetts.
Fitzmaurice Point
Fitzmaurice Point is a point on the northwest side of Cabinet Inlet, Foyn Coast, Antarctica, between Attlee Glacier and Bevin Glacier. It was photographed from the air by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition and surveyed from the ground by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in December 1947. It was named in 1985 by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) after Sir Gerald G. Fitzmaurice, Legal Advisor at the Foreign Office, 1953–60 (Second Legal Advisor, 1945–53), who served some of the Cabinet Ministers commemorated in this area. Fitzmaurice was chairman of the UK-APC, 1952–60.

Attlee Glacier
Attlee Glacier (66°13′S 63°46′W﻿ / ﻿66.217°S 63.767°W﻿ / -66.217; -63.767) is a glacier 8 miles (13 km) long, which flows east-southeast from the plateau escarpment on the east side of Graham Land to the head of Cabinet Inlet to the north of Bevin Glacier.
Embassy of Belgium, London
The Embassy of Belgium in London is Belgium's diplomatic mission to the United Kingdom. It is located at 17 Grosvenor Crescent, having moved from its historical location in Eaton Square in 2006. In the mid 19th century, the embassy was at 3 Grosvenor Square.

The government of Flanders also maintains a representative office at 1a Cavendish Square, Marylebone, and the Belgian Ambassador's Residence is located on Upper Belgrave Street, Belgravia.

The embassy building was designed by George Basevi in the 1860s. It is Grade II listed.

As of 18 May 2020, Bruno van der Pluijm is the ambassador, replacing Rudolf Huygelen

Belgravia
Belgravia (/bɛlˈɡreɪviə/) is a district in Central London, covering parts of the areas of the City of Westminster and the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.

Belgravia was known as the 'Five Fields' during the Tudor Period, and became a dangerous place due to highwaymen and robberies. It was developed in the early 19th century by Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster under the direction of Thomas Cubitt, focusing on numerous grand terraces centred on Belgrave Square and Eaton Square. Much of Belgravia, known as the Grosvenor Estate, is still owned by a family property company, the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor Group, although owing to the Leasehold Reform Act 1967, the estate has been forced to sell many freeholds to its former tenants.

The part of Belgravia that lies in the City of Westminster is a district of Westminster.
Libungan River
The Libungan River is a river on Mindanao island in the Philippines. It springs on the slopes of Mount Piapayungan and flows south through the town of Alamada, Cotabato. At the town of Libungan, Cotabato, the river turns south-west and forms the boundary between the provinces of Cotabato and Maguindanao del Norte until it drains into the Rio Grande de Mindanao at the Libungan Marsh.

Tributaries include the Alamada River.

The name comes from the term Limbungan, meaning "cheater", which referred to the frequent changes in the river's course that would damage the crops and thereby cheat the farmers out of their harvest.

Rio Grande de Mindanao
The Rio Grande de Mindanao, also known as the Mindanao River, is the second-largest river system in the Philippines. Located on the southern island of Mindanao, with a total drainage area of 23,169 km2 (8,946 sq mi), draining the majority of the central and eastern portion of the island, and a total length of approximately 373 km (232 mi). It is an important transportation artery, used mainly in transporting agricultural products and, formerly, timber.

Its headwaters are in the mountains of Impasugong, Bukidnon, south of Gingoog in Misamis Oriental, where it is called the Pulangi River. Joining the Kabacan River, it becomes the Mindanao River. Flowing out of the mountains, it forms the center of a broad, fertile plain in the southcentral portion of the island. Before its mouth in Illana Bay, it splits into two parallel sections, the Cotabato and Tamontaka, separated by a 180 m (590 ft) hill.

Population centers along the river include Cotabato City, Datu Piang and Midsayap.
Elias III of Jerusalem
Elias III was the Patriarch of Jerusalem from about 879 to 907.

According to the annals of Eutychius of Alexandria, he was a descendant of the family of Mansur ibn Sarjun, the grandfather of John of Damascus.

There is evidence that he sent a circular letter to European rulers asking for financial help in restoring the churches in his diocese. One of them was received by the Carolingian Emperor Charles the Fat in 881, and another was probably sent to king Alfred the Great. According to Asser, Elias corresponded with Alfred and sent him gifts, and a medical text in Old English contains information about remedies for Alfred's ailments sent to him by Elias.

According to Eutychius, he was appointed in the tenth regnal year of the Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tamid (r. 870–892), and remained in office until his death, a period of 22 years.

Eutychius of Alexandria
Eutychius of Alexandria (Arabic: Sa'id ibn Batriq or Bitriq; 10 September 877 – 12 May 940) was the Melkite Patriarch of Alexandria. He is known for being one of the first Christian Egyptian writers to use the Arabic language. His writings include the chronicle Nazm al-Jawhar ("Row of Jewels"), also known by its Latin title Eutychii Annales ("The Annals of Eutychius").
2006 British Columbia Scott Tournament of Hearts
The 2006 British Columbia Scott Tournament of Hearts, the provincial women's curling championship for British Columbia, was held January 25 to 29 at the Williams Lake Curling Club in Williams Lake, British Columbia.  The winning Kelly Scott rink represented British Columbia at the 2006 Scott Tournament of Hearts in London, Ontario, where they finished first in the round robin with a 9–2 record and went on to win the national title.

BC Women's Curling Championship
The BC Women's Curling Championship, formerly the British Columbia Scotties Tournament of Hearts is the championship of women's curling in the Canadian province of British Columbia. The tournament is run by Curl BC, the provincial curling association. The winning team represents British Columbia at the Scotties Tournament of Hearts.
Centre for Investigative Journalism Award
The Centre for Investigative Journalism Award (1986–1990) was given for excellence in investigative journalism by Canadian journalists.  It was administered by the Canadian Centre for Investigative Journalism (CIJ).

The Gazette (Montreal)
The Gazette, also known as the Montreal Gazette, is a Canadian English-language broadsheet daily newspaper which is owned by Postmedia Network. It is published in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

It is the only English-language daily newspaper currently published in Montreal. Three other daily English-language newspapers shuttered at various times during the second half of the 20th century. It is one of the French-speaking province's last two English-language dailies; the other is the Sherbrooke Record, which serves the anglophone community in Sherbrooke and the Eastern Townships southeast of Montreal.

Founded in 1778 by Fleury Mesplet, The Gazette is Quebec's oldest daily newspaper and the oldest continuously published newspaper in Canada. The oldest newspaper overall is the English-language Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph, which was established in 1764 and is published weekly.
Almuce
An almuce was a hood-like shoulder cape worn as a choir vestment in the Middle Ages, especially in England. Initially, it was worn by the general population. It found lasting use by certain canons regular, such as the white almutium worn on the arm by Premonstratensian canons. Use of fur-lined almuce was against the rules of the canons, leading to requests for dispensations from the rule, as described by Alison Fizzard. It also survives in the tippet and hood worn by some Anglican priests.

The almuce or amess is defined by E. L. Cutts as a tippet of black cloth with a hood attached, lined with fur, worn in choir by canons, and in some counties of England by parochial rectors. The academic hood is a derivative from the medieval almuce.

The almuce was originally a head-covering only, worn by the clergy, but adopted also by the laity, and the German word Mütze "cap" and Swedish mössa "toque" is later than the introduction of the almuce in church, and is derived from it.

Tippet
A tippet is a piece of clothing worn over the shoulders in the shape of a scarf or cape. Tippets evolved in the  fourteenth century from long sleeves and typically had one end hanging down to the knees. A tippet (or tappit) could also be the long, narrow, streamer-like strips of fabric - attached with an armband just above the elbow - that hung gracefully to the knee or even to the ground. In later fashion, a tippet is often any scarf-like wrap, usually made of fur, such as the  sixteenth-century zibellino or the fur-lined capelets worn in the  mid-18th century.
Mark 11 missile launcher
The Mark 11 guided missile launching system (GMLS) is a twin-arm missile launcher designed for use on frigates and other military vessels.

The launcher could use the RIM-24 Tartar or RIM-66 Standard MR missile and was used on Albany-class cruisers and the first thirteen Charles F. Adams-class destroyers. The destroyers had one launcher at the rear of the ship while the cruisers had 2 launchers mounted amidships on either side of the ship. New Threat Upgrade added the ability to launch RGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missiles. The single armed Mark 13 missile launcher was similar in size and footprint and was used in the later Charles F. Adams class destroyers instead of the Mark 11.

New Threat Upgrade
New Threat Upgrade (NTU) was a United States Navy program to improve and modernize the capability of existing cruisers and destroyers equipped with Terrier and Tartar anti-aircraft systems, keeping them in service longer.
Osiander family
Osiander was the name of a family of German Lutheran scholars and theologians:

Andreas Osiander (1498–1552), protestant reformer

Lucas Osiander the Elder (1534–1604), son of Andreas Osiander, theologian

Andreas Osiander II (1562–1617), eldest son of Lucas Osiander the Elder, professor of theology, abbot of Adelberg

Lucas Osiander the Younger (1571–1638), son of Lucas Osiander the Elder, superintendent, abbot of Bebenhausen, chancellor of the University of Tübingen

Johann Adam Osiander (1622–1697), nephew of the two next preceding, professor of theology, chancellor of the University of Tübingen

Johannes Osiander (1657–1724), son of Johann Adam Osiander, professor, abbot of Königsbronn, abbot of Hirsau, director of the consistorium

Johann Rudolf Osiander (1689–1725), son of Johannes Osiander, professor of theology

Johann Ernst Osiander (1792–1870), Biblical scholar

Lucas Osiander the Elder
Lucas Osiander the Elder (15 December 1534, in Nuremberg – 17 September 1604, in Stuttgart) was a German pastor of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg and a composer of Lutheran church music. He was a son of the reformer Andreas Osiander. He was also the father of Lucas Osiander the Younger.
2015 Georgia Southern Eagles football team
The 2015 Georgia Southern Eagles football team represented Georgia Southern University in the 2015 NCAA Division I FBS football season. They were led by second-year head coach Willie Fritz and played their home games at Paulson Stadium in Statesboro, Georgia. This season was the Eagles second season in the Sun Belt Conference and the first season for full bowl eligibility. The Eagles finished the regular season 8–4, 6–2 in Sun Belt play to finish in third place. In the Eagles' first ever bowl appearance, the Eagles defeated Bowling Green, 58–27, in the GoDaddy Bowl.

On December 12, head coach Willie Fritz resigned to become the head coach at Tulane. The Eagles were led by assistant head coach and running backs coach Dell McGee in the GoDaddy Bowl.

Allen E. Paulson Stadium
Evans Family Field at Allen E. Paulson Stadium is a 25,000-seat on-campus football stadium in Statesboro, Georgia. It is home to the Georgia Southern Eagles football team and the focal point of Erk Russell Athletic Park.

Paulson Stadium was dedicated on September 29, 1984, with a 48–11 win over Liberty University. The game was a fitting end to four years of planning one of the finest I-AA facilities in America. The phrase "Prettiest Little Stadium in America" was coined by former Coach Erk Russell.  The stadium has also come to be known as "Our House" to reflect the extreme home field advantage (Overall record of 193–41 and home playoff record of 33–3). This extreme home field advantage consistenly ranks in the top 5 of all FBS programs and has become known as "The Power of Paulson." As of the completion of the 2024 season, the Eagles boast a 218-51 (.810) overall record at Paulson Stadium.