hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Ostia
The naval Battle of Ostia took place in 849 in the Tyrrhenian Sea between a Muslim fleet and an Italian league of Papal, Neapolitan, Amalfitan, and Gaetan ships. The battle ended in favor of the Italian league, as they defeated the Muslims. It is one of the few events to occur in southern Italy during the ninth century that is still commemorated today, largely through the walls named after Leo and for the Renaissance painting Battaglia di Ostia by Raphael.

Duchy of Amalfi
The Duchy of Amalfi (Latin: Ducatus Amalphitanus) or the Republic of Amalfi was a de facto independent state centered on the Southern European city of Amalfi during the 10th and 11th centuries. The city and its territory were originally part of the larger Duchy of Naples, governed by a patrician, but it extracted itself from Byzantine vassalage and first elected a duke (or doge) in 958.

During the 10th and 11th centuries Amalfi was estimated to have a population of 50,000–70,000 people. It rose to become an economic powerhouse, a commercial center whose merchants dominated Mediterranean and Italian trade in the ninth and tenth centuries, before being surpassed and superseded by the other maritime republics of the North and the Centre: Pisa, Venice, Genoa, Ancona and Gaeta. In 1073, Amalfi lost its independence, falling to Norman invasion and subsequently to Pisa in 1137.
Forever Valentine
Forever Valentine is an unreleased studio album by alternative country band Whiskeytown, recorded between their Strangers Almanac and Pneumonia albums.  The album, produced by Chris Stamey, is notable for featuring Ben Folds on piano and ex-Firehose member Ed Crawford on guitar.

The band quickly recorded the album without their record label knowing about it, since it fell outside of the terms of their contract at that time.  In an interview with the Ryan Adams-Whiskeytown fan website AnsweringBell.com, Whiskeytown drummer Skillet Gilmore confirmed this.

Music journalist David Menconi calls Forever Valentine "an interesting yet unfocused record consisting of eleven quite good but quite different songs", citing it as "one of the leading entries in Ryan's catalog of 'lost' albums"; while Steven Hyden of Grantland says that it "ranks with Adams’s best Whiskeytown work".

Pneumonia (album)
Pneumonia is the third and final studio album by the alternative country band Whiskeytown, released on May 22, 2001 on Lost Highway Records. The album is noted for its troubled history which saw the band lose its record deal in the midst of the merger between Polygram and Universal Music Group, and the already volatile band fell apart as a result. The album sat on the shelf for nearly two years and it was said that over 100 songs were recorded during the 3 years. It was bootlegged heavily and gained a reputation as a great "lost" record from fans, before getting released by Lost Highway Records as something of an appetizer for Ryan Adams' 2001 album Gold.

Adams chose the album title Pneumonia for symbolic reasons.  He felt it reflected the album's themes of being lovesick and succumbing to love.  Plus, he saw the recording of the album as Whiskeytown "falling into this very slow and sleepy finality".
Buckshraft Mine & Bradley Hill Railway Tunnel
Buckshaft Mine & Bradley Hill Railway Tunnel (SO655121 and SO662104) is a 5.66-hectare (14.0-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire, notified in 1998. This site comprises two separate locations.  One is Buckshaft Mine which is near the village of Ruspidge. The other location is Bradley Hill Railway Tunnel which is near the village of Soudley.

Ruspidge
Ruspidge is a village in the civil parish of Ruspidge and Soudley, in the Forest of Dean district of west Gloucestershire, England. The civil parish includes Soudley

It is located near the town of Cinderford and in the Forest of Dean. There is one public house called the New Inn.

There is one village shop on the main street (Ruspidge Road), a park and football pitch, as well as a chapel, lying on Railway Road. It is named such because the Ruspidge Halt railway station was situated at the end before its closure in 1958.

Its grid reference is SO 655 125 GB.
Zagreb Funicular
The Zagreb Funicular (Croatian: Zagrebačka uspinjača) is a funicular in Zagreb, Croatia, operated by the Zagreb Electric Tram, situated in Tomić Street, connecting Ilica (Donji Grad) with Strossmayerovo šetalište (Strossmayer promenade) to the north (Gornji Grad). Its 66-metre (217 ft) track makes it one of the shortest public-transport funiculars in the world.

Gornji grad, Zagreb
Gornji grad (meaning "Upper Town") is a historic part of Zagreb, Croatia, and together with Kaptol it is the medieval nucleus of the city, when it was best known as Gradec (pronounced [grǎdet͡s]) or Grič (pronounced [grîːtʃ], Hungarian: Gréc, Latin: Mons Graecensis prope Zagrabiam). It is situated on the hill of Grič. Today this neighbourhood forms part of the Gornji Grad-Medveščak district. St. Mark's Square is the centre of the Upper Town and St. Mark's Church which is located on the square.
Motor variable
In mathematics, a function of a motor variable is a function with arguments and values in the split-complex number plane, much as functions of a complex variable involve ordinary complex numbers. William Kingdon Clifford coined the term motor for a kinematic operator in his "Preliminary Sketch of Biquaternions" (1873). He used split-complex numbers for scalars in his split-biquaternions. Motor variable is used here in place of split-complex variable for euphony and tradition.

For example,

Functions of a motor variable provide a context to extend real analysis and provide compact representation of mappings of the plane. However, the theory falls well short of function theory on the ordinary complex plane. Nevertheless, some of the aspects of conventional complex analysis have an interpretation given with motor variables, and more generally in hypercomplex analysis.

Squeeze mapping
In linear algebra, a squeeze mapping, also called a squeeze transformation, is a type of linear map that preserves the Euclidean area of regions in the Cartesian plane, but is not a rotation or shear mapping.

For a fixed positive real number a, the mapping

is the squeeze mapping with squeeze parameter a. Since

is a hyperbola, if u = ax and v = y/a, then uv = xy and the points of the image of the squeeze mapping are on the same hyperbola as (x,y) is. For this reason it is natural to think of the squeeze mapping as a hyperbolic rotation, as did Émile Borel in 1914, by analogy with circular rotations, which preserve circles.
2014 Cup of China
The 2014 Cup of China was the third event of six in the 2014–15 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating, a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai on November 7–9. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 2014–15 Grand Prix Final.

2014–15 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final
The 2014–15 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final and ISU Junior Grand Prix Final were held from December 11–14, 2014, in Barcelona, Spain. The combined event was the culmination of two international series: the Grand Prix of Figure Skating and the Junior Grand Prix. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance at both the senior and junior levels.
Crimea attacks
Beginning in July 2022, a series of explosions and fires occurred on the Russian-occupied Crimean Peninsula, from where the Russian Army had launched its offensive on Southern Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian war. Occupied since 2014, Crimea was a base for the subsequent Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast and Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast.

Vladimir Putin has called Crimea a "sacred place" and a "holy land". Deputy Chairman of the Security Council of Russia Dmitry Medvedev said in July 2022 that the consequence of an attack on Crimea will be that, "the Day of Judgment will come for all of them there at once. Very fast and heavy. It will be very difficult to hide".

Mikhail Razvozhayev
Mikhail Vladimirovich Razvozhayev (Russian: Михаил Владимирович Развожаев; born 12 September 1979) is a Russian statesman and politician. He has been the internationally unrecognized governor of Sevastopol since 2 October 2020. He has been the secretary of the Sevastopol Regional Branch of the United Russia Party since 25 October 2019. Razvozhayev was the acting head of the Republic of Khakassia from 3 October to 15 November 2018. He also worked as the Deputy Minister of the Russian Federation for North Caucasus Affairs from 1 October 2014 to 3 October 2018. He was the head of the executive committee of the All-Russian Popular Front, member of the Central Head of ONF from 17 December 2018 to 11 July 2019.
1994 Bausch & Lomb Championships
The 1994 Bausch & Lomb Championships was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Amelia Island Plantation on Amelia Island, Florida in the United States that was part of Tier II of the 1994 WTA Tour. It was the 15th edition of the tournament and was held from April 4 through April 10, 1994. First-seeded Arantxa Sánchez Vicario won her second consecutive singles title at the event.

1994 WTA Tour
The 1994 WTA Tour was the elite tour for professional women's tennis organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). The WTA Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the year-ending WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Tier I, Tier II, Tier III and Tier IV events. ITF tournaments are not part of the WTA Tour, although they award points for the WTA World Ranking.
Guadiela
The Guadiela is a river in the Iberian Peninsula, a left-bank tributary of the Tagus and the latter's major upper-course tributary.

The Guadiela has its source in the Serranía de Cuenca, near Cueva del Hierro, at the Fuente Pinilla site. It flows from East to West for 117 kilometres (73 mi), passing through the Spanish province of Cuenca, emptying into the Tagus at the Bolarque reservoir, on the border between the provinces of Cuenca and Guadalajara. It is dammed upstream by the Buendía reservoir.

It receives the waters from the Cuervo, Guadamejud, Mayor and Trabaque.

The hydronym Guadiela is formed by 'Guad' (of Arabic origin, conveying the meaning of "river") and the '-iela' suffix (a diminutive).

Tagus
The Tagus (/ˈteɪɡəs/ TAY-gəs; Spanish: Tajo [ˈtaxo] ⓘ; Portuguese: Tejo [ˈtɛʒu]) is the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. The river rises in the Montes Universales between Cuenca and Teruel, in mid-eastern Spain, flows 1,007 km (626 mi), generally westward, and empties into the Atlantic Ocean at Lisbon.
Anax
Anax (Greek: ἄναξ; from earlier ϝάναξ, wánax) is an ancient Greek word for "tribal chief, lord (military) leader". It is one of the two Greek titles traditionally translated as "king", the other being basileus, and is inherited from Mycenaean Greece. It is notably used in Homeric Greek, e.g. for Agamemnon. The feminine form is anassa, "queen" (ἄνασσα, from wánassa, itself from *wánakt-ja).

Tribal chief
A tribal chief, chieftain, or headman is a political leader of a social group commonly described as a tribe, band, or confederation of tribes. Chiefs’ authority varies widely by society and context, and in many cases depends on consensus and customary legitimacy rather than coercive power. In anthropology, terms such as tribe, chief, and chiefdom have been used in comparative models of sociopolitical organization, but the analytic use of tribe has also been widely criticized as imprecise and historically burdened. In some contemporary states, forms of chiefly authority are formally recognized or regulated by constitutions and statutes.
La Maigrauge Abbey
La Maigrauge Abbey or Magerau Abbey (French: Abbaye de la Maigrauge; German: Abtei Magerau) is a monastery of Cistercian nuns located in Fribourg, Switzerland, and founded in 1255. The abbey is situated on the Sarine River and lies on the border between French-speaking and German-speaking Switzerland. The community is bilingual.

Cîteaux Abbey
Cîteaux Abbey (French: Abbaye de Cîteaux [abe.i d(ə) sito]) is a Catholic abbey located in Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux, south of Dijon, France. It is notable for being the original house of the Order of Cistercians. Today, it belongs to the Trappists (also called the Cistercians of the Strict Observance).

The abbey has about 35 monks. The community produces a cheese branded under the abbey's name, as well as caramels and honey-based candies.
4th Army (Czechoslovakia)
The 4th Army was a field army of the Czechoslovak People's Army, active from 1958 to 1965 and 1969–1991. In its second formation its headquarters was in Písek.

The army was first formed from the 4th Rifle Corps on 15 July 1958.

In the 1980s the force included the 2nd Motor Rifle Division, 15th Motor Rifle Division, 4th Tank Division and 9th Tank Division, as well as other subordinate units including 321st Army Missile Brigade.

Field army
A field army (also known as numbered army or simply army) is a military formation in many armed forces, composed of two or more corps. It may be subordinate to an army group. Air armies are the equivalent formations in air forces, and fleets in navies. A field army is composed of 80,000 to 300,000 soldiers.
2nd Lumbini Provincial Assembly
The second Lumbini Provincial Assembly was elected by the 2022 provincial elections on 20 November 2022. 87 members were elected to the assembly, 52 of whom were elected through direct elections and 35 of whom were elected through the party list proportional representation system. The first session of the assembly commenced from 2 January 2023.

Dilli Bahadur Chaudhary
Dilli Bahadur Chaudhary (Nepali: डिल्लीबहादुर चौधरी) is a Nepali politician of Nepali Congress and Chief minister of Lumbini government. He is also serving as member of the Lumbini Province Provincial Assembly. Chaudhary was elected to the 2017 and 2022 provincial assembly elections from Dang 3(A). He has previously served as Minister for Tourism, Rural and Urban Development of Lumbini Province and as Minister of state for Labour and Employment in central government.

In addition to these, Chaudhary had made appreciable contribution through an NGO Backward Society Education. He is chairman of this organisation and has won several awards and recognitions for the same.
Gönül Bridge
Gönül Bridge (Turkish: Gönül Köprüsü), also known as Cunda Bridge (Turkish: Cunda Köprüsü) is a 300 m (980 ft) long solid-arch bridge that crosses the Ayvalık Bay in Ayvalık, Turkey. The bridge connects mainland Anatolia to Lale Island, which in turn connects to Cunda Island via the Ayvalık Strait Bridge.

The bridge replaced a causeway, built in 1964, in order to open up natural water flow into the Aegean Sea. Construction of the bridge started on 6 June 2016 and was expected to be complete by 6 December 2016 at a cost of $2.8 million (₺10 million). However, due to geological problems, the opening was delayed by four months and the cost increased to $4.2 million (₺15 million), with the addition of 277 new bores.

The length of the stone bridge will be 300 metres (980 ft) with a width of 20 metres (66 ft) and will consist of four stone arches. Along with the two lanes for automobile traffic, the bridge will also include lanes for pedestrian and bicycle traffic.

Ayvalık Strait Bridge
The Ayvalık Strait Bridge (Turkish: Ayvalık Boğaz Köprüsü), also known as 15 Eylül Bridge, is a bridge crossing the Dolap Strait in Ayvalık, Balıkesir Province, western Turkey. It connects Cunda Island with Lale Island and, by extension, the town of Ayvalık on the mainland. It has been dubbed The first strait bridge in Turkey (Boğaz Köprüsü) since it predates the Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul (1970), which has a famous nickname as Strait Bridge.

The bridge carries 15 Eylül Avenue, with one lane in each direction; and is Cunda Island's only connection to the mainland.
Shanghai Library
Shanghai Library (with a second name as the Shanghai Institute of Scientific and Technological Information) is a municipal public library in Shanghai, China. It was founded by the People's Liberation Army in 1952 and is currently owned by the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. The library is one of the largest libraries in the world. Its main building is in Xuhui, with a branch hall in Pudong. As of 2024, it has a collection of 58 million volumes.

At 24 stories and 348 feet (106 m) tall, the library's main building is the second tallest library in the world, after the National Library of Indonesia in Jakarta.

Xuhui, Shanghai
Xuhui District is a core urban district of Shanghai. It has a land area of 54.76 km2 (21.14 sq mi) and a population of 1,113,078 as of 2020. Xuhui District has 12 subdistricts and two townships.

The Xuhui District is named after its namesake, the historic area of Xujiahui. Xujiahui was historically land owned by Ming dynasty bureaucrat and scientist Xu Guangqi, and later donated to the Roman Catholic Church. It and Luwan District jointly formed the core of Catholic Shanghai, centered in the former French Concession of Shanghai. Vestiges of the French influence can still be seen in the St. Ignatius Cathedral of Shanghai, Xuhui College, the Xujiahui Observatory, and some remaining boulevards and French-style districts.

Xujiahui itself has been redeveloped as a financial center, with a proliferation of large-scale shopping centers and department stores, and is now a major shopping destination in the city with shopping malls such as Grand Gateway Shanghai and Pacific Sogo.
Ohio State Route 182
State Route 182 (SR 182) was a 7.97-mile-long (12.83 km) east–west state highway in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Ohio. The route ran from Ohio State Route 231 in Nevada to SR 53, SR 67, and SR 199 in Upper Sandusky. It ran through the county of Wyandot.

Ohio State Route 199
Ohio State Route 199 (SR 199) is a north-south highway in northwest Ohio.  Its southern terminus is at an interchange with US 23 just south of Upper Sandusky, and its northern terminus is at US 20 and SR 795 in Perrysburg.

The route begins northerly into Upper Sandusky, and then on to Carey, where it joins US 23.  The two routes run concurrently from Carey to Fostoria.  From there, SR 199 continues to West Millgrove and to US 6, whose route it joins for a mile (1.6 km) as it crosses the Portage River.  The route then continues north to Perrysburg. It passes over I-75 south of Perrysburg, but does not have an interchange with it.
Red Mountain Resort
RED Mountain Resort is a ski resort in western Canada, located on Granite, Grey, Kirkup, and Red Mountains in Rossland, a former gold mining town in the West Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia.  RED Mountain is one of the oldest ski hills in North America, with a history dating back to the creation of the Red Mountain Ski Club (RMSC) in the first decade of the 1900s.  RED Mountain is located in the Monashee Mountains just north of the U.S. border. Like other ski hills in the British Columbia Interior, it has a reputation for light, dry powder, with yearly snowfall of 750 cm (300 in).

Monashee Mountains
The Monashee Mountains are a mountain range lying mostly in British Columbia, Canada, extending into the U.S. state of Washington. They stretch 530 km (329 mi) from north to south and 150 km (93 mi) from east to west. They are a sub-range of the Columbia Mountains. The highest summit is Mount Monashee, which reaches 3,274 m (10,741 ft). The name is from the Scottish Gaelic monadh and sìth, meaning "moor" and "peace".
Gastric intubation
Nasogastric intubation is a medical process involving the insertion of a plastic tube (nasogastric tube or NG tube) through the nose, down the esophagus, and down into the stomach. Orogastric intubation is a similar process involving the insertion of a plastic tube (orogastric tube) through the mouth. Abraham Louis Levin invented the NG tube. Nasogastric tube is also known as Ryle's tube in Commonwealth countries, after John Alfred Ryle.

Syringe
A syringe is a simple reciprocating pump consisting of a plunger (though in modern syringes, it is actually a piston) that fits tightly within a cylindrical tube called a barrel. The plunger can be linearly pulled and pushed along the inside of the tube, allowing the syringe to take in and expel liquid or gas through a discharge orifice at the front (open) end of the tube.  The open end of the syringe may be fitted with a hypodermic needle, a nozzle or tubing to direct the flow into and out of the barrel.  Syringes are frequently used in clinical medicine to administer injections, infuse intravenous therapy into the bloodstream, apply compounds such as glue or lubricant, and draw/measure liquids. There are also prefilled syringes (disposable syringes marketed with liquid inside).

The word "syringe" is derived from the Greek σῦριγξ (syrinx, meaning "Pan flute", "tube").
Pentacarbonyl(tetrahydrofuran)tungsten
Pentacarbonyl(tetrahydrofuran)tungsten is an organotungsten compound with the formula W(CO)5(THF). It consists of a tungsten center with zero oxidation state coordinated to five carbonyl (CO) ligands and one tetrahydrofuran (THF) ligand. This compound was first stabilized by Raymond K. Sheline in 1965. It is typically prepared by the reaction of tungsten hexacarbonyl (W(CO)6) with tetrahydrofuran under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. This compound serves as a useful precursor in organometallic chemistry, where the labile THF ligand can be readily displaced by other ligands, allowing for the synthesis of various tungsten complexes. Due to its enhanced reactivity compared to W(CO)6, it is a common starting material for the synthesis of substituted tungsten carbonyl complexes.[20]-[39]

Organotungsten chemistry
Organotungsten chemistry is the chemistry of chemical compounds with W-C bonds. It shares many similarities with organomolybdenum chemistry, while having more prevalent high oxidation states than the related organochromium chemistry. Notable applications include that in olefin/alkyne metathesis catalysis, and in arene activation. If the compound only has W-C bonds, is it, by definition, a form of tungsten carbide.
Evdokiya Popadinova
Evdokiya Dimitrova Popadiynova (Bulgarian: Евдокия Димитрова Попадинова, born 26 October 1996 in Hadzhidimovo, Bulgaria) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Greek A Division club AEK Athens.

Atlantic Sun Conference
The Atlantic Sun Conference (ASUN) is a collegiate athletic conference operating mostly in the Southeastern United States, competing at the NCAA Division I level. Originally established as the Trans America Athletic Conference (TAAC) in 1978, it was renamed as the Atlantic Sun Conference in 2001, and briefly rebranded as the ASUN Conference from 2016 to 2023. The conference still uses "ASUN" as an official abbreviation. The conference headquarters are located in Jacksonville.
Annie Dillard
Annie Dillard (née Doak; born April 30, 1945) is an American author, best known for her narrative prose in both fiction and nonfiction. She has published works of poetry, essays, prose, and literary criticism, as well as two novels and one memoir. Her 1974 book Pilgrim at Tinker Creek won the 1975 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction. From 1980, Dillard taught for 21 years in the English department of Wesleyan University, in Middletown, Connecticut.

Creative nonfiction
Creative nonfiction (also known as literary nonfiction, narrative nonfiction or verfabula) is a genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives. Creative nonfiction contrasts with other non-fiction, such as academic, technical, or journalistic writing, which are also rooted in accurate fact but not written to entertain based on prose style. Many writers view creative nonfiction as overlapping with the essay.