hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Michael Francis Gibson
Michael Francis Gibson (18 July 1929 – 7 June 2017) was an American art critic, art historian, writer and independent scholar, who published regularly in the International Herald Tribune, 1969–2004 and occasionally in other publications in English (the New York Times, Art in America, Art News), and French (L'ŒIL, Connaissance des Arts). From 1956 on, Gibson published a number of books, articles, essays and poems in both English and French.

Marcel Duchamp
Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp (UK: /ˈdjuːʃɒ̃/, US: /djuːˈʃɒ̃, djuːˈʃɑːmp/; French: [maʁsɛl dyʃɑ̃]; 28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French American artist, chess player, and inventor who played a key role in the development of the avant-garde in the United States and in New York City, where he spent the last 25 years of his life.

Duchamp was the first artist to elevate a toilet to the status of an art form. By the time of World War I, he had rejected the work of many of his fellow artists (such as Henri Matisse) as "retinal," intended only to please the eye. Instead, he wanted to use art to serve the mind. He is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, as one of the three artists who helped to establish the post-industrial perspective in art history, and  his work is considered the progenitor of Conceptual art.
Trams in Rockhampton
Rockhampton Council Tramways was a steam tram service which was operated by Rockhampton City Council from 1909 until 1939 in the city of Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia. Rockhampton was the only regional city in the state of Queensland to have had a tram service. The line has since been rebuilt and is operated as a tourist attraction by the Archer Park Rail Museum.

City of Rockhampton
The City of Rockhampton was a local government area in the Central Queensland region of Queensland, Australia, encompassing most of the suburban area of the regional city of Rockhampton. The city covered an area of 188.7 square kilometres (72.9 sq mi), and has existed as a local government entity in various forms from 1860 until 2008, when it amalgamated with several other councils in the surrounding area to become the Rockhampton Region.
SS Edward Y. Townsend
SS Edward Y. Townsend (official number 203449) was a 603-foot (184 m) American Great Lakes freighter that served on the Great Lakes. She was primarily used to haul bulk cargoes such as iron ore, coal, grain and occasionally limestone.  She was in service from her launching in 1906 to her sinking in 1968. She is best known for sinking on the way to the scrapper, near RMS Titanic, off the coast of Newfoundland.

Lake freighter
Lake freighters, or lakers, are bulk carriers operating on the Great Lakes of North America. These vessels are traditionally called boats, although classified as ships. Freighters typically have a long, narrow hull, a raised pilothouse, and the engine located at the rear of the ship.

Lakers have been used since the late 19th century to haul raw material from docks in the Great Lakes and St Lawrence Seaway regions to the industrial centers of Ontario, Quebec, and the American Midwest. The navigation season typically runs from late March through next mid-January due to the formation of ice on the lakes.

The largest lake freighters can travel up to 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) and can carry as much as 78,850 long tons (80,120 t) of bulk cargo.

SS Edmund Fitzgerald, which sank in 1975, became widely known as the largest  vessel to be wrecked on the Great Lakes.
Isku Areena
Wemasto Areena is an ice rink located at the Lahden urheilukeskus (Lahti Sports Center in English) in Lahti, Finland. It is primarily used for ice hockey, and is the home arena of Lahti Pelicans who play in the ice hockey Jääkiekon SM-liiga (SM league), and the Lahti Ringette team who play in the SM Ringette, ringette league (formerly Ringeten SM-sarja) which is 
Finland's elite semi-professional ringette league. It opened in 1973 and holds 5,530 people. It was renovated in 2007 and 2010.

Wemasto Areena has a total of 5,371 stands, of which 3,621 are seats and 1,750 are standing. In addition, the hall has 16 stalls and a 200-seat lunch restaurant with a view of the rink.

The seats in Wemasto Areena are padded, with the exception of the D stands at the old end. The Fanikatsomo of the Lahi Turkoos, i.e. the Pelicans supporter group, is located between the D2 stand and the A1 stand.

Lahti Pelicans
The Lahti Pelicans, commonly referred to as the Lahden Pelicans, are a Finnish professional ice hockey team playing in the Liiga, Finland. Founded in 1996, they play in the city of Lahti at Isku Arena. The team is co-owned by (among others) former National Hockey League (NHL) player Pasi Nurminen and Formula One racecar driver Valtteri Bottas.
Coprosma repens
Coprosma repens is a species of flowering shrub or small tree of the genus Coprosma, in the family Rubiaceae, native to New Zealand. Common names include taupata, tree bedstraw, mirror bush, looking-glass bush, New Zealand laurel and shiny leaf.

Coprosma
Coprosma is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It is found in New Zealand, Hawaiian Islands, Borneo, Java, New Guinea, islands of the Pacific Ocean to Australia and the Juan Fernández Islands.
Heathylee
Heathylee is a civil parish in the district of Staffordshire Moorlands in north-east Staffordshire, England.

There is no village centre. The parish has a boundary with Leekfrith in the west and with Hollinsclough in the north; there is a short eastern boundary, at the River Manifold, with Sheen, and to the south are the parishes of Bradnop, Onecote and Longnor. Morridge separates the area into a western part, drained by the River Churnet, and a larger eastern part drained by the Manifold and its tributary Oakenclough Brook. The hamlet of Upper Hulme is in the south-west.

Staffordshire Moorlands
Staffordshire Moorlands is a local government district in Staffordshire, England. Its council is based in Leek, the district's largest town. The district also contains the towns of Biddulph and Cheadle, along with a large rural area containing many villages. North-eastern parts of the district lie within the Peak District National Park.

The area's principal industries are agriculture, fashion and tourism. Visitor attractions include the National Trust property Biddulph Grange, the Churnet Valley Railway, the UK's largest theme park Alton Towers Resort, and the annual Leek Arts Festival. There are also a variety of outdoor pursuits such as rock climbing (The Roaches), sailing (Rudyard Lake) and cycling (Waterhouses).

The neighbouring districts are East Staffordshire, Stafford, Stoke-on-Trent, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Cheshire East, High Peak and Derbyshire Dales.
Amr Zaki
Amr Hassan Zaki (Arabic: عَمْرو حَسَن زَكِيّ; born 1 April 1983) is an Egyptian former professional footballer who played as a striker.

He has played for numerous different clubs in Egypt, Russia, England, Turkey and Kuwait. Zaki has made 63 appearances and scored 30 goals for the Egyptian national team. In his career, Zaki has been nicknamed "The Bulldozer" and has been likened to former England striker Alan Shearer.

However, his career has not been without controversy. He was labelled "highly unprofessional" by former Wigan manager Steve Bruce. Also, his decision not to join English club Portsmouth due to the nationality of some of the players garnered much criticism in the English press.

2008 Africa Cup of Nations
The 2008 Africa Cup of Nations, also known as the MTN Africa Cup of Nations due to the competition's sponsorship by MTN, was the 26th edition of the Africa Cup of Nations, the biennial football tournament for nations affiliated with the Confederation of African Football (CAF). The tournament was staged at four venues around Ghana between 20 January and 10 February 2008. This was the last Africa Cup of Nations to use the old CAF logo.

Egypt won the tournament, beating Cameroon 1–0 in the final. As winners, they qualified for the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup as the CAF representatives.
Pakistan at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Pakistan competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico. Pakistan took part in only two disciplines at the Olympiad. Their 20-member  contingent included 18 hockey players and two wrestlers. The men's field hockey team became Olympic champions for the second time, having first won the gold medal in the men's field hockey competition at the 1960 Olympics.

Australia at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Australia competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico.  Australian athletes have competed in every Summer Olympic Games. 128 competitors, 104 men and 24 women, took part in 105 events in 16 sports.

The uniforms for Australia's female athletes were designed by Zara Holt, the widow of prime minister Harold Holt who had drowned in December 1967. They consisted of one design in "wattle yellow" for official use and a casual outfit in "Olympic green" crimplene.
Alex Boyd (photographer)
Alexander Boyd FRSA (born 15 July 1984) is a Scottish photographer and writer. He has published several books, and his work is included in both public and private collections including the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, The Yale Center for British Art, and the Royal Photographic Society collection held at the V&A.

Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) is a scientific centre for the study of plants, their diversity and conservation, as well as a popular tourist attraction. Founded in 1670 as a physic garden to grow medicinal plants, today it occupies four sites across Scotland—Edinburgh, Dawyck, Logan and Benmore—each with its own specialist collection. The RBGE's living collection consists of more than 13,302 plant species (34,422 accessions), whilst the herbarium contains in excess of 3 million preserved specimens.

The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh is an executive non-departmental public body of the Scottish Government. The Edinburgh site is the main garden and the headquarters of the public body, which is led by Regius Keeper Dr Julia Knights.
2024 Malaysia Open T20 Championship
The 2024 Malaysia Open T20 Championship was a Twenty20 International (T20I) cricket tournament that took place in Malaysia in March 2024. The tournament was contested by the men's national teams of Malaysia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Tanzania and Vanuatu. All five teams remained in Malaysia to play in this T20I tournament after taking part in the 2024 ICC Cricket World Cup Challenge League Play-off competition.

2024 Cricket World Cup Challenge League Play-off
The 2024 ICC Cricket World Cup Challenge League Play-off was a cricket tournament that took place in Malaysia from February to March 2024, to decide the final four places in the next CWC Challenge League for the next World Cup cycle.

Kuwait and Tanzania were the first teams to secure a place in the Challenge League. Bahrain also claimed a place, followed by Italy. Kuwait emerged as winners at the end of the tournament.
Raipur Town Assembly constituency
Raipur Town (sometimes called Raipur Nagar) was one of the 320 constituencies of the Madhya Pradesh and later 90 constitutencies of the Chhattisgarh state in India. The seat was formed in 1976 after the dissolution of Raipur Vidhan Sabha Constituency. It was a part of Raipur district. After 2008 Delimitation of State Assembly constituencies, Raipur Town was bifurcated into three constituencies, Raipur City North, Raipur City South and Raipur City West.

Raipur City West Assembly constituency
Raipur West also known as Raipur Nagar Paschim Vidhan Sabha constituency is one of the 90 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of Chhattisgarh state in central India. The seat was formed after the demolition of Raipur Town Vidhan Sabha Constituency in 2008. It is a segment of Raipur (Lok Sabha constituency). It is part of Raipur district.
Opera, Lombardy
Opera (Milanese: Òvera [ˈɔʋera]) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 10 kilometres (6 mi) southeast of Milan.

Opera borders the following municipalities: Locate di Triulzi, Milan, Pieve Emanuele, Rozzano, San Donato Milanese. It is home to the early 13th century Abbey of Mirasole.

Pieve Emanuele
Pieve Emanuele (Lombard: Piev [ˈpjeːf]) is a comune (municipality) of 15,876 inhabitants in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 13 kilometres (8 mi) south of Milan, and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Pavia. It is located inside of the Parco Agricolo Sud Milano.

The Lambro meridionale flows through the comune's territory, and its erosive action has created the Valle delle Volpi (English: Valley of the Foxes), which is located entirely in the town's territory. Pieve Emanuele is also lapped by the river Olona. The great presence of water made the construction of a network of artificial canals possible, thus causing the great development of agricultural activity in the area.
Japan Expo Awards
The Japan Expo Awards are an award ceremony created in 2006 for the Japan Expo convention. They reward the best productions in the worlds of manga and anime, awarded by a jury of professionals and separate public prizes.

Previously, they also rewarded the best productions in the worlds of Asian films, video games and J-Music, based on the average of the votes of a jury of professionals and the public.

After a stop of the awards in 2013, the Japan Expo Awards are back in 2016 with a new formula.

Kana (publisher)
Kana is a French publisher affiliated with Les Éditions Dargaud. Kana was founded in 1996 by Yves Schlirf. The company publishes manga in French and used to publish in Dutch. Its headquarters are in the Dargaud offices in the 18th arrondissement of Paris.
Geology of Sicily
The geology of Sicily (a large island located at Italy's southwestern end) records the collision of the Eurasian and the African plates during westward-dipping subduction of the African slab since late Oligocene. Major tectonic units are the Hyblean foreland, the Gela foredeep, the Apenninic-Maghrebian orogen, and the Calabrian Arc. The orogen represents a fold-thrust belt that folds Mesozoic carbonates, while a major volcanic unit (Mt Etna) is found in an eastern portion of the island. The collision of Africa and Eurasia is a retreating subduction system, such that the descending Africa is falling away from Eurasia, and Eurasia extends and fills the space as the African plate falls into the mantle, resulting in volcanic activity in Sicily and the formation of Tyrrhenian slab to the north.

Accretionary wedge
An accretionary wedge or accretionary prism forms from sediments accreted onto the non-subducting tectonic plate at a convergent plate boundary. Most of the material in the accretionary wedge consists of marine sediments scraped off from the downgoing slab of oceanic crust, but in some cases the wedge includes the erosional products of volcanic island arcs formed on the overriding plate.

An accretionary complex is a current (in modern use) or former accretionary wedge. Accretionary complexes are typically made up of a mix of turbidites of terrestrial material, basalts from the ocean floor, and pelagic and hemipelagic sediments. For example, most of the geological basement of Japan is made up of accretionary complexes.
Carlsbad Springs, Ontario
Carlsbad Springs is a rural community on Bear Brook in Osgoode Ward in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Prior to amalgamation in 2001, the community was on the border between Gloucester and Cumberland. According to the Canada 2011 Census, the population of the surrounding area is 916 (area bounded on the north by Renaud Road and the CP Railway, 10th Line, on the east by Smith Road, Milton Road, Russell Road and Sand Road, on the south by Highway 417 and on the west by Anderson Road).

Gloucester, Ontario
Gloucester (/ˈɡlɒstər/ GLOST-ər) is a former municipality and now geographic area of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Located east of Ottawa's inner core, it was an independent city until amalgamated with the Regional Municipality of Ottawa–Carleton in 2001 to become the new city of Ottawa. The population of Gloucester is about 150,012 people (2021 Census).
PLZ-45
The PLZ-45 or Type 88 is a 155 mm self-propelled howitzer developed by Norinco. It is based on Norinco's Type 89 (PLL-01) 155 mm/45-calibre towed gun-howitzer.

The PLZ-45 self-propelled howitzer is used by the Chinese People's Liberation Army, the Algerian People's National Army, the Kuwait Army and the Saudi Arabian Army.

Norinco
China North Industries Group Corporation Limited, doing business internationally as Norinco Group (an abbreviation of "North Industries Corporation"), and known within China as China Ordnance Industries Group Corporation Limited (Chinese: 中国兵器工业集团有限公司), is a Chinese state-owned defense corporation that manufactures commercial and military products. Norinco Group is one of the world's largest defense contractors.

The company's subsidiary, China North Industries Corporation (Chinese: 中国北方工业有限公司), or simply Norinco, markets Norinco Group's products internationally, and is also involved in domestic civil construction and military defense projects.

Some of Norinco's international customers include Iran, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Saudi Arabia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where it negotiated arms-for-minerals deals, as well as Venezuela.
Mahmud Iskandar Shah of Perak
Sultan Mahmud Iskandar Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Muzaffar Shah II (Jawi: سلطان محمود إسكندر شاه ابن المرحوم سلطان مظفر شاه ٢; 1600–1720) was the eleventh and longest-reigning Sultan of Perak reigning from 1653 to 1720. He was the son of Sultan Muzaffar Shah II and Raja Putri Fatima Putih, granddaughter of Sultan Abdul Ghafur of Pahang.

Sultan of Perak
The Sultan of Perak (Malay: Sultan Perak, Jawi: سلطان ڤيراق) is the constitutional monarch and head of state of the Malaysian state of Perak. It is one of the oldest hereditary seats among the Malay states. The current Sultan of Perak, Sultan Nazrin Muizzuddin Shah, has been in office since 29 May 2014.

When the Malacca Sultanate fell to Portugal in 1511, Sultan Mahmud Shah retreated to Kampar, Sumatra, and died there in 1528. He left behind two princes, Alauddin Riayat Shah II and Muzaffar Shah. The former established the Sultanate of Johor. Muzaffar Shah was invited to rule Perak, of which he became the first sultan.
Mercha kefula
Mercha kefula (Hebrew: מֵרְכָא כְּפוּלָה, with variant English spellings) is a rare cantillation mark that occurs 5 times in the Torah (once in Genesis, once in Exodus, once in Leviticus, and twice in Numbers) and once in the Haftarah (for Behaalotecha and for the intermediate Shabbat for Chanukah, in the Book of Zechariah.)

The Hebrew words מֵרְכָא כְּפוּלָה translate into English as double mercha. This name is given since the mark that is used appears like two merchas.

Mercha
Mercha (Hebrew: מֵרְכָא, also called מַאֲרִיךְ Maarich or מַאַרְכָא Maarcha) is a cantillation mark commonly found in the Torah, Haftarah, and other books that are chanted.

Mercha is a conjunctive (mesharet) who precedes the following disjunctives (mafsikim):

Tifcha

Sof passuk

Munach Legarmeh

Pashta: Only when the mercha and the pashta are followed, without any syllable between them, as in הָיְתָ֥ה תֹ֙הוּ֙

Zarka: Same rule as the Pashta

Tevir: Only if there is one syllable  or less between the mercha and the tevir, as in מַעְיָ֥ן וּב֛וֹר .

In some codex, when the tevir is not preceded by a darga or a mercha, and has a meteg because of a hateph-vowel, the meteg is then replaced by a mercha, as in וְנָ֥תְנ֛ו

Mercha appears in the Torah 9117 times—the second most of any trope sounds. Only Tipcha occurs more often.

The Aramaic word מֵרְכָא translates into English as elongation.
Graeme Lamb
Lieutenant General Sir Graeme Cameron Maxwell Lamb, KBE, CMG, DSO (born 21 May 1953) is a retired British Army officer. He is a former Commander of the Field Army at Land Command, known for his contributions to counter-insurgency.

Sons of Iraq
The Sons of Iraq (Arabic: أبناء العراق Abnāʼ al-ʻIrāq), also known as al-Sahwah (Arabic: الصحوة, lit. 'the awakening'),  were a coalition in the Al Anbar governorate in Iraq between Sunni tribal leaders as well as former Saddam-era Iraqi military officers that united in 2005 to maintain stability in their communities. A moderate group, they were initially sponsored by the US military.

After arriving into power, Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki relied on sectarian policies to consolidate his power. Maliki denounced the Sons of Iraq as a national threat, actively dismantling them and refusing to integrate them into Iraqi security services. Sunnis formerly serving with the group were faced with options including becoming unemployed or joining the Islamic State. This turn of events is considered a key factor that contributed to the failure of Iraq to stabilize, ultimately leading to the War in Iraq (2013-17).
John Arundell (died 1435)
Sir John Arundell (circa 1366 – 11 January 1435), called The Magnificent, of Lanherne in the parish of St Mawgan in Pydar in  Cornwall, was an English knight who inherited large estates in the County of Cornwall. He was Sheriff of Cornwall and was one of Henry IV of England’s  Kings Knights. In his will dated 1433, he bequeathed money for the preservation of the head of St Piran in the chapel at Perranzabuloe.

High Sheriff of Cornwall
The right to choose high sheriffs each year is vested in the Duchy of Cornwall. The Privy Council, chaired by the sovereign, chooses the sheriffs of all other English counties, other than those in the Duchy of Lancaster. This right came from the Earldom of Cornwall. In the time of earls Richard and Edmund, the steward or seneschal of Cornwall was often also the sheriff.
Vinson Detenamo
Vinson Franco Detenamo (born 1954 in Buada) is a Nauruan politician.

Detenamo remained a member of the Parliament of Nauru for Buada from 1989 to 2003. He served as the Minister of Interior and Finance.

He served as Minister Assisting the President of Nauru in the cabinets of Kenas Aroi, Bernard Dowiyogo, Ruben Kun and Kinza Clodumar in 1989–1995, 1996 and 1996–1999. He was Minister of Finance under Bernard Dowiyogo from June 1994 to November 1995.

In his role as sports minister, Detenamo was involved in the founding of the Nauru Olympic Committee in 1991 and became the first president of the committee, until Marcus Stephen succeeded him by 2009.

Detenamo was most recently elected to the Nauru parliament for the Buada constituency on 3 May 2003, but lost in the 23 October 2004 parliamentary elections.

Minister Assisting the President of Nauru
The Minister Assisting the President of Nauru is a senior position in the Cabinet of Nauru, and responsible for acting as a substitute of the President of Nauru.

The President appoints the person holding this position among the members of the cabinet.

The Minister Assisting the President of Nauru succeeded to the Presidency once. President Bernard Dowiyogo died in March 2003, and was succeeded by Derog Gioura.
1911 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships
The 1911 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships were organized by the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) and served as the national championships in indoor track and field for the United States.

The men's championships were held at the 22nd Regiment Armory in New York City, New York, and they took place December 26. Women's championships were not officially held until 1927.

It was the last championships to have been held in the month of December, with all future editions having been held from January through April as of 2024. As a result of this scheduling change, there was no indoor national championships in 1912. The meeting was highlighted by the two miles, which was won by George Bonhag as he began to pull away after splitting the mile in 4:36.

USA Indoor Track and Field Championships
The USA Indoor Track and Field Championships is an annual indoor track and field competition organized by USA Track & Field, which serves as the American national championships for the sport. In years which feature a World Indoor Championships in Athletics, the championships serve as a way of selecting the best athletes for those competitions.