hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dupin indicatrix
In differential geometry, the Dupin indicatrix is a method for characterising the local shape of a surface. Draw a plane parallel to the tangent plane and a small distance away from it. Consider the intersection of the surface  with this plane. The shape of the intersection is related to the Gaussian curvature. The Dupin indicatrix is the result of the limiting process as the plane approaches the tangent plane. The indicatrix was introduced by Charles Dupin.

Equivalently, one can construct the Dupin indicatrix at point p, by first rotating and translating the surface, so that p is at origin, and the tangent plane is the xy-plane. Now the contour plot of the surface are the Dupin indicatrices.

Gaussian curvature
In differential geometry, the Gaussian curvature or Gauss curvature (symbol Κ, named after Carl Friedrich Gauss) of a smooth surface in three-dimensional space at a point is the product of the two principal curvatures, κ1 and κ2, at the given point:

For example, a sphere of radius r has Gaussian curvature ⁠1/r2⁠ everywhere, and a flat plane and a cylinder have Gaussian curvature zero everywhere. The Gaussian curvature can also be negative, as in the case of a hyperboloid or the inside of a torus.

Gaussian curvature is an intrinsic measure of curvature, meaning that it could in principle be measured by a 2-dimensional being living entirely within the surface, because it depends only on distances that are measured “within” or along the surface, not on the way it is isometrically embedded in Euclidean space. This is the content of the Theorema Egregium, published by Gauss in 1827.
Federalist No. 14
Federalist No. 14 is an essay by James Madison titled "Objections to the Proposed Constitution From Extent of Territory Answered". This essay is the fourteenth of The Federalist Papers. It was first published in The New York Packet on November 30, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all The Federalist papers were published. It addresses a major objection of the Anti-Federalists to the proposed United States Constitution: that the sheer size of the United States would make it impossible to govern justly as a single country. Madison touched on this issue in Federalist No. 10 and returns to it in this essay.

Anti-Federalists
The Anti-Federalists were a late-18th-century group in the United States advancing a political movement that opposed the creation of a stronger federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the 1787 Constitution. The previous constitution, called the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, gave state governments more authority. Led by Patrick Henry of Virginia, Anti-Federalists worried, among other things, that the position of president, then a novelty, might evolve into a monarchy. Though the Constitution was ratified and supplanted the Articles of Confederation, Anti-Federalist influence helped lead to the enactment of the Bill of Rights.
Jack Shorten (Australian rules footballer)
John 'Jack' Shorten (30 November 1887 – 9 October 1958) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Shorten was the centre half back in Collingwood's 1910 premiership team. His involvement in a second half melee kept him out of action for the entire 1911 season as he received a 28 games suspension for striking, exactly the same punishment handed out to Carlton's Percy Sheehan. It remains the longest suspension ever for a Collingwood player.

Percy Sheehan
Henry Percival Sheehan (5 July 1883 – 30 May 1946) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Fitzroy Football Club, Carlton Football Club and Richmond Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Originally from local side Caulfield Juniors, Sheehan made his senior VFL debut in 1904 and was a member of Fitzroy premiership teams that year and 1905. Shehan played in a variety of positions during his career but was used mostly as a half back flanker. In 1910 he left the club and moved to Carlton, finishing the season with a Grand Final loss to Collingwood Football Club. The game was full of brawls and Sheehan, who was seen as one of the main instigators, was suspended for a season and a half (28 games). When his suspension ended in 1912 he returned to the VFL with Richmond but could only manage four games before retiring.
Col du Soulor
Col du Soulor (elevation 1,474 m (4,836 ft))  is a mountain pass in the Pyrenees in France, linking Argelès-Gazost with Arthez-d'Asson. It connects the Ouzom and Arens valleys. A road leaves the pass to the west to reach the higher Col d'Aubisque.

The road over the col is regularly  used in the Tour de France cycling race, normally in conjunction with the Col d'Aubisque.

Argelès-Gazost
Argelès-Gazost (French pronunciation: [aʁʒəlɛs ɡazɔst] ⓘ; Occitan: Argelèrs de Gasòst) is a commune and a subprefecture of the Hautes-Pyrénées department in southwestern France.

The Pyrénées Animal Park is located in Argelès-Gazost.
Madden NFL 24
Madden NFL 24 is an American football video game developed by EA Tiburon and published by EA Sports. Based on the National Football League (NFL), it is the 34th installment of the Madden NFL series and follows Madden NFL 23. Buffalo Bills quarterback Josh Allen is the cover athlete for the game.

Madden NFL 24 was released on August 18, 2023 for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S. Like previous titles in the series, the game received mixed reviews from critics.

Madden NFL 23
Madden NFL 23 is a 2022 American football video game developed by EA Tiburon and published by EA Sports. Based on the National Football League (NFL), it is the 33rd installment of the Madden NFL series and follows the release of Madden NFL 22.

Madden NFL 23 was released in August for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S. It marked the series debut on the Epic Games Store. Former head coach and broadcaster John Madden, whom the game was named after, is the cover star in honor of his death in December 2021. The game received mixed reviews from critics, though they generally declared it an improvement from previous games.
Ida Red (film)
Ida Red is a 2021 American action crime thriller film written, directed, and co-produced by John Swab. It stars an ensemble cast that includes Josh Hartnett, Sofia Hublitz,  William Forsythe, Deborah Ann Woll, George Carroll, Mark Boone Junior, Beau Knapp, Frank Grillo, and Melissa Leo. It follows an incarcerated crime boss who, living on borrowed time, turns to her son and brother to pull off one huge heist to buy her freedom.

The film had its world premiere at the 74th Locarno Film Festival on August 11, 2021. It was released in select theaters and on VOD on November 5, 2021, by Saban Films. It received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics.

William Forsythe (actor)
William  Forsythe (born June 7, 1955) is an American actor. He is best known for his portrayal of tough-guy, criminal characters, and has starred in films such as Once Upon a Time in America (1984), Raising Arizona (1987), Dick Tracy (1990), American Me (1992), Gotti (1996), The Rock (1996), Blue Streak (1999), Blue Hill Avenue (2001), and The Devil's Rejects (2005). He has also played recurring characters in television series such as Boardwalk Empire (2010) and Justified (2010).

Forsythe was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male for his performance in the indie film The Waterdance.
Charles Bosseron Chambers
Charles Bosseron Chambers (C. Bosseron Chambers) (1880–1964) was an American painter, illustrator and teacher. The Reading Eagle describes Chambers as the "Norman Rockwell of Catholic art" and reports that his paintings have become collectible. He is best known for the Light of the World, the most popular religious print in America during the first half of the 20th century.

Reading Eagle
The Reading Eagle is the major daily newspaper in Reading, Pennsylvania. A family-owned newspaper until the spring of 2019, its reported circulation is 37,000 (daily) and 50,000 (Sundays). It serves the Reading and Berks County region of Pennsylvania.

After celebrating its sesquicentennial of local ownership and editorial control in 2018, the Reading Eagle was acquired by the Denver-based MediaNews Group's  Digital First Media in May 2019.
The Leaks
The Leaks is a commercial mixtape by American rapper Lil Baby. It was released through Glass Window Entertainment, Wolfpack, Quality Control Music and Motown on December 3, 2025. The mixtape contains guest appearances from Playboi Carti, Skooly, Lil Yachty, Lucki, Veeze, Young Thug, Rylo Rodriguez, Bino Rideaux, and G Herbo. Production was handled by June the Genius, Wheezy, Frankie Bash, Murda Beatz, and TM88, among others. The album was supported by five singles: "All on Me", "Try to Love", "Otha Boy", "Real Shit", and "Middle of the Summer", the former of which features G Herbo. It was released on Lil Baby's 31st birthday and is his second and final project of 2025, coming exactly eleven months ago after his fourth studio album, WHAM.

All on Me (Lil Baby song)
"All on Me" is a single by American rapper Lil Baby featuring American rapper G Herbo, released on October 25, 2025. It was produced by JT Beatz and Egon. The song contains a sample of "In My Mind" by Heather Headley.
1804 North Carolina gubernatorial election
The 1804 North Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 24, 1804, in order to elect the governor of North Carolina. Incumbent Democratic-Republican governor James Turner was re-elected by the North Carolina General Assembly as he ran unopposed.

James Turner (North Carolina politician)
James Turner (December 20, 1766 – January 15, 1824) was the 12th Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1802 to 1805. He later served as a U.S. Senator from 1805 to 1816.

Turner was born in Southampton County in the Colony of Virginia; his family moved to the Province of North Carolina in 1770. Raised in a family of farmers, Turner served in the North Carolina volunteer militia during the American Revolutionary War in 1780. He served under Nathanael Greene alongside Nathaniel Macon, with whom he formed a lasting friendship and political alliance.
Glago's Guest
Glago's Guest is a 2008 animated short film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and directed by Chris Williams. The film premiered at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival in June 2008.

Animated in stereoscopic 3D, the short tells the story of a strange meeting between a Russian soldier guarding a Siberian outpost and an extraterrestrial. Glago's Guest follows the story of a lonely Russian soldier stationed in a remote Siberian outpost. When the soldier's solitude is interrupted one day by the arrival of a strange new "guest" named Lars, Glago is jolted out of his uneventful daily routine. Soon, though, he comes to realize that things are not always what they appear to be.

Annecy International Animation Film Festival
The Annecy International Animation Film Festival (French: Festival international du film d'animation d'Annecy, officially abbreviated in English as the Annecy Festival, or simply Annecy) was created in 1960 and takes place at the beginning of June in the town of Annecy, France. Initially occurring every two years, the festival became an annual event in 1998.
Bit Part
Bit Part is a 1975 Australian TV film directed by Eric Taylor and starring John Meillon, Vincent Ball, Noni Hazlehurst, Judy Nunn, Max Cullen, and Stuart Wagstaff. The plot is about a struggling actor who is cast alongside Britain's most famous actor.

Stuart Wagstaff
Stuart Wagstaff AM (13 February 1925 – 10 March 2015) was an English-born Australian entertainer who was active in all genres of the industry including theatre, television and film, and music and stage management.
Charles T. Wardlaw
Charles T. Wardlaw (June 30, 1858 – February 24, 1928) was an American politician and financier. He was a politician in Dawes County, Nebraska, and a financier and civic leader in Los Angeles, California.

Dawes County, Nebraska
Dawes County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 8,199. Its county seat is Chadron. The county was formed in 1885; it was named for James W. Dawes, the Nebraska Governor at the time. In the Nebraska license-plate system, Dawes County is represented by the prefix 69 (it had the 69th-largest number of vehicles registered when the license-plate system was established in 1922).
1867 Deiphobus
1867 Deiphobus /diːˈɪfəbəs/ is a dark Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 123 kilometers (76 mi) in diameter. It was discovered on 3 March 1971, by Argentine astronomers Carlos Cesco and A. G. Samuel at the Leoncito Astronomical Complex in Argentina, and later named after the Trojan prince Deiphobus from Greek mythology. The dark D-type asteroid is one of the largest Jupiter trojans. It is a member of the Ennomos family and has a long rotation period of 58.66 hours.

D-type asteroid
D-type asteroids have a very low albedo and a featureless reddish spectrum. It has been suggested that they have a composition of organic-rich silicates, carbon and anhydrous silicates, possibly with water ice in their interiors. D-type asteroids are found in the outer asteroid belt and beyond; examples are 152 Atala, 944 Hidalgo and most Jupiter trojans.  It has been suggested that the Tagish Lake meteorite was a fragment from a D-type asteroid, and that the Martian moon Phobos is closely related.

The Nice model suggests that D-type asteroids may have originated in the Kuiper belt.    46 D-type asteroids are known, including: 3552 Don Quixote, 944 Hidalgo, 624 Hektor, and 10199 Chariklo.
IO Accelerator
The HP StorageWorks IO Accelerator is a type of solid-state drive in a mezzanine card form factor for HP's BladeSystem c-Class servers.  This product was announced by HP on March 2, 2009.
The follow-on product, the HP StorageWorks  PCIe IO Accelerator for Proliant Servers is a standard PCIe form factor, and is supported in a variety of Proliant DL and ML servers.

HPE BladeSystem
BladeSystem is a line of blade server machines from Hewlett Packard Enterprise (Formerly Hewlett-Packard) that was introduced in June 2006.

The BladeSystem forms part of the HP ConvergedSystem platform, which use a common converged infrastructure architecture for server, storage, and networking products. Designed for enterprise installations of 100 to more than 1,000 Virtual machines, the HP ConvergedSystem 700 is configured with BladeSystem servers. When managing a software-defined data center, a System administrator can perform automated lifecycle management for BladeSystems using HPE OneView for converged infrastructure management.

The BladeSystem allows users to build a high density system, up to 128 servers in each rack.
Massachusetts Route 143
Route 143 is a state highway in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. The highway runs 24.490 miles (39.413 km) from Route 8 in Hinsdale east to Route 9 in Williamsburg. Route 143 passes through central Berkshire County town of Peru and the western Hampshire County towns of Worthington and Chesterfield.

Massachusetts Route 9
Route 9 is a 135.310-mile-long (217.760 km) major east–west state highway in Massachusetts, United States. Along with U.S. Route 20 (US 20), Route 2, and Interstate 90, Route 9 is one of the major east–west routes of Massachusetts. The western terminus is near the center of the city of Pittsfield.  After winding through the small towns along the passes of the Berkshire Mountains, it crosses the college towns of the Pioneer Valley and then south of the Quabbin Reservoir and the rural areas of western Worcester County.  Entering the city of Worcester from the southwestern corner of the city, it passes through the center of the city and forms the major commercial thoroughfare through the MetroWest suburbs of Boston, parallel to the Massachusetts Turnpike.   Crossing the Route 128 freeway circling Boston, it passes through the inner suburbs of Newton and Brookline along Boylston Street, and enters Boston on Huntington Avenue, before reaching its eastern terminus at Copley Square.
Suzette Doctolero
Suzette Sévero Doctolero (born December 16, 1968) is a Filipina screenwriter for film and television.  She is best known for being the creator of Encantadia in 2005 and the succeeding related television series including the Encantadia 2016 reboot.  She is mostly credited as screenwriter, series creator and creative consultant for GMA Network. Her other works include Amaya, Indio and My Husband's Lover. She also wrote the story for the film Let the Love Begin and became the creative consultant for the television series Alyas Robin Hood and Destined to be Yours.

Alyas Robin Hood
Alyas Robin Hood (transl. alias Robin Hood / international title: Bow of Justice) is a Philippine television drama action crime series broadcast by GMA Network. The series was inspired by the English folk hero, Robin Hood. Directed by Dominic Zapata, it stars Dingdong Dantes in the title role. It premiered on September 19, 2016 on the network's Telebabad line up. The series concluded on November 24, 2017 with a total of two seasons and 190 episodes.

The series is streaming online on YouTube.
Szigetszentmiklós District
Szigetszentmiklós (Hungarian: Szigetszentmiklósi járás) is a district in south-western part of Pest County. Szigetszentmiklós is also the name of the town where the district seat is found. The district is located in the Central Hungary Statistical Region.

Szigetszentmiklós
Szigetszentmiklós (Hungarian: [ˈsiɡɛt.sɛntmikloːʃ]]; German: Nigglau) is a city in Pest County, Hungary, in the northern part of Csepel Island with around 40,000 inhabitants. As part of the Budapest metropolitan area, it has developed dynamically in recent decades, becoming a significant residential and economic hub. Its geographical location is unique, as the town lies on the banks of the Ráckevei-Duna , surrounded by a diverse array of natural habitats. The town is bordered to the north by Budapest's XXI. district, to the east by the Ráckevei-Duna, to the south by Szigethalom, and to the west by Halásztelek.
2024 German government crisis
On 6 November 2024, Olaf Scholz, the incumbent chancellor of Germany, announced the dismissal of Christian Lindner, the then-finance minister and leader of the Free Democratic Party (FDP), from his cabinet. This occurred following disputes in the incumbent traffic light coalition government between Scholz's Social Democratic Party (SPD), the FDP and the Greens over the country's economic policies and tensions within the coalition. In response, the FDP withdrew from the government and moved into the opposition, leaving a minority red–green coalition government.

On 16 December 2024, Scholz intentionally called a vote of confidence in the ruling government which he subsequently lost. As a result, an early 2025 federal election was held, with the parties having agreed on 23 February 2025 as the date. The 23 February date for the election was confirmed by Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier on 27 December 2024.

Opposition (politics)
In politics, the opposition comprises one or more political parties or other organized groups that are opposed to the government, party or group in political control of a city, region, state, country or other political body.

The degree of opposition varies according to political conditions. For example, in authoritarian and democratic systems, opposition may be respectively repressed or desired. Members of an opposition generally serve as antagonists to the other parties. Political opposition is generally considered a key aspect of democracy, as the opposition restrains the incumbent government and seeks to enlarge the rights available to those out of power. According to Seymour Martin Lipset, "over time, in both new and revived democracies, conflict between the governing and opposition parties helps establish democratic norms and rules."
Ugochi Daniels
Ugochi (Ugo) Daniels is the IOM's Deputy Director General of Operations, taking office on September 1, 2021.

Before joining the organization, she worked as the Chief of Staff at the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA), covering Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and the West Bank and Gaza.

United Nations Population Fund
The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) is a UN agency aimed at improving reproductive and maternal health worldwide. Its work includes developing national healthcare strategies and protocols, increasing access to birth control, and leading campaigns against child marriage, gender-based violence, obstetric fistula, and female genital mutilation.

The UNFPA supports programs in more than 144 countries across four geographic regions: Arab States and Europe, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America, the Caribbean and Africa. Around three-quarters of the staff work in the field. It is a founding member of the United Nations Development Group, a collection of UN agencies and programmes focused on fulfilling the Sustainable Development Goals.
Darius Films
Darius Films Inc. is a film and television production company founded in 1996. Headquarters are located in Los Angeles, California, and Toronto, Ontario. The company makes about $1-5 million in sales.

It has produced over thirty feature films, which have premiered at the most prestigious film festivals and have sold worldwide. They have worked with actors and actresses, including Samantha Bee, Matt Dillon, Woody Harrelson, Ethan Hawke, Harvey Keitel, Nick Nolte, Sandra Oh, Noomi Rapace, Tim Roth, Kurt Russell, and Susan Sarandon.

Highlights of some of their productions include Stockholm, The Art of the Steal, The Padre, Weirdsville, Defendor, and The Calling.

The Art of the Steal (2013 film)
The Art of the Steal (also known as The Black Marks and The Fix) is a 2013 Canadian comedy film written and directed by Jonathan Sobol. It stars Kurt Russell, Jay Baruchel, Chris Diamantopoulos, Matt Dillon and Katheryn Winnick. It was shown at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival.
Maisto
Maisto is a brand of scale model vehicles introduced in 1990 and owned by May Cheong Group, a Chinese company founded in 1967 in Hong Kong by brothers P.Y. Ngan and Y.C Ngan. Headquartered in Hong Kong, the brand has its offices in the United States, France and China. MCG also owns other model car brands, such as the former Italian brand Bburago (whose assets and rights to whose brand name were acquired in 2006) and Polistil.

The company has also manufactured a number of Tonka products under license from Hasbro. Products under the Maisto brand include die-cast scale model cars.

Hot Wheels
Hot Wheels  is an American media franchise and brand of scale model cars invented by Elliot Handler and introduced by his company Mattel on May 18, 1968. It was the primary competitor of Matchbox until Mattel bought Matchbox owner Tyco Toys in 1997.

Many automobile manufacturers have since licensed Hot Wheels to make scale models of their cars, allowing the use of original design blueprints and detailing. Although Hot Wheels were originally intended to be children's toys, they have become popular with adult collectors, for whom limited edition models are now made available.