hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Backstamp
In philately a backstamp is a postmark on the back of a letter showing a post office or station through which the item passed in transit. The office of delivery may also backstamp a cover and this type of mark is known as a receiving mark. It provided a way to track the route of a letter, simplifying the overall process of mailing.

Backstamps are often applied as documentation of transit times, lengthy ones in the case of ocean crossings or short ones in the case of airmail flights. Registered mail is often backstamped in order to show the chain of custody.

Mail that has had complex routings can have a dozen or more backstamps. Although such covers may look positively blackened with the overlapping marks, they are not common and so are highly valued by collectors of postal history, being described as "well travelled".

Postal history
Postal history is the study of postal systems and how they operate and, or, the study of the use of postage stamps and covers and associated postal artifacts illustrating historical episodes in the development of postal systems. The term is attributed to Robson Lowe, a professional philatelist, stamp dealer and stamp auctioneer, who made the first organised study of the subject in the 1930s and described philatelists as "students of science", but postal historians as "students of humanity".  More precisely, philatelists describe postal history as the study of rates, routes, markings, and means (of transport).
Dyviziia rural hromada
Dyviziia rural hromada (Ukrainian: Дивізійська сільська громада) is a hromada in Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion of Odesa Oblast in southwestern Ukraine. Population: 5,717 (2020 est.) The administrative center is the village of Dyvizia. The first elections to the community council were held on October 25, 2020.

On the area of the municipality are several large water bodies such as: Shahany Lagoon, Budury Lagoon, Karachaus Lagoon, Khadzhyder Lagoon, Alibey Lagoon, also the rivers of Khadzhyder River, Tsarychanka River. The hromada consists of 11 villages:

Balabanka

Vyshneve

Dyviziia

Zhovtyi Yar

Kochkuvate

Lyman

Marazliivka

Nove

Rybalske

Roilianka

Tsarychanka

Budury Lagoon
Budury Lagoon (Ukrainian: Будури; Romanian: Buduri) is a small salty lagoon in the Tuzly Lagoons group in Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion of Odesa Oblast, Ukraine. It is located north from the Shahany Lagoon. It is separated from the Shahany Lagoon by the sandbar.

Named after the old name of the village of Kochkuvate (old name - Budury).

The water body is included to the Tuzly Lagoons National Nature Park.
Aubagne station
Aubagne station (French: Gare d'Aubagne) is a railway station serving the town of Aubagne, Bouches-du-Rhône department, southeastern France. It is situated on the Marseille–Ventimiglia railway. The station is served by regional trains (TER Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur) to Marseille and Toulon.

The station will be the centre of a planned tram network. The first line is complete and runs from the station to Le Charrel. A second line to Auriol and La Bouilladisse, named Val’Tram, is scheduled for operation in 2025.

TER Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
TER Provence Alpes-Côte-d'Azur, branded as TER Zou!, is the regional rail network serving the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in France. This network is operated by SNCF, although services between Nice and Marseille will instead be operated by a subsidiary of Transdev from June 2025, after winning a competitive tender held by the region in 2021.
The public transport authority, the Regional Council, runs 800 trains a day, especially near Avignon, Marseille, Toulon and Nice. 100,000 users take regional trains each day.
Jericho Rural Historic District
The Jericho Rural Historic District encompasses a rural agricultural landscape of northern Hartford, Vermont, extending slightly into neighboring Norwich.  The area covers 774 acres (313 ha) of mainly agricultural and formerly agricultural lands, as well as associated woodlots, and includes nine historically significant farm complexes.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

Hartford, Vermont
Hartford is a town in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. It is on the New Hampshire border, at the intersection of Interstates 89 and 91. It is the site of the confluence of the White and Connecticut rivers; the Ottauquechee River also flows through the town. The town is composed of five unincorporated villages: Hartford, Quechee, West Hartford, White River Junction and Wilder. As of the 2020 census, the population was 10,686.
Andriy Bohdan
Andriy Yosypovych Bohdan (Ukrainian: Андрій Йосипович Богдан; born 3 December 1976) is a  Ukrainian lawyer and former Head of the Presidential Administration. On 21 May 2019, President Volodymyr Zelensky appointed Bohdan to lead the office. He was responsible for communication, as well as legal and political issues. Zelensky dismissed him on 11 February 2020. Previously, he was also the personal lawyer of oligarch Ihor Kolomoisky.

In 2007, Bohdan was granted the title Honored Lawyer of Ukraine.

University of Lviv
The Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (named after Ivan Franko, Ukrainian: Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка, romanized: Lvivskyi natsionalnyi universytet imeni Ivana Franka) is a state-sponsored university in Lviv, Ukraine. Since 1940 the university is named after Ukrainian poet Ivan Franko.

The university is the oldest institution of higher learning in continuous operation in present-day Ukraine, dating from 1661 when John II Casimir, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, granted it its first royal charter. Over the centuries, it has undergone various transformations, suspensions, and name changes that have reflected the geopolitical complexities of this part of Europe. The present institution can be dated to 1940.
Vilnius photometric system
Vilnius photometric system is a medium-band seven-colour photometric system (UPXYZVS), created in 1963 by Vytautas Straižys and his coworkers. This system was highly optimized for classification of stars from ground-based observations. The system was chosen to be medium-band, to ensure the possibility to measure faint stars.

Photometric system
In astronomy, a photometric system is a set of well-defined passbands (or optical filters), with a known sensitivity to incident radiation. The sensitivity usually depends on the optical system, detectors and filters used. For each photometric system a set of primary standard stars is provided.

A commonly adopted standardized photometric system is the Johnson-Morgan or UBV photometric system (1953). At present, there are more than 200 photometric systems.

Photometric systems are usually characterized according to the widths of their passbands:

broadband (passbands wider than 30 nm, of which the most widely used is Johnson-Morgan UBV system)

intermediate band (passbands between 10 and 30 nm wide)

narrow band (passbands less than 10 nm wide)
2012–13 Partick Thistle F.C. season
The 2012–13 season was Partick Thistle's seventh consecutive season in the Scottish First Division, having been promoted from the Scottish Second Division at the end of the 2005–06 season. Partick Thistle also competed in the Challenge Cup, League Cup and the Scottish Cup.

2012–13 Scottish First Division
The 2012–13 Scottish Football League First Division, also known as the 2012–13 Irn Bru Scottish Football League First Division for sponsorship reasons, was the 19th season of the Scottish Football League First Division and the 107th season of a second-tier football league in Scotland. Partick Thistle were confirmed as 2012–13 champions, on 20 April following their 2-0 win over Falkirk. This was the final season of the First Division under its then format, as it was replaced by the Scottish Championship from the 2013–14 season onwards.
Antoni Lubomirski
Prince Antoni Lubomirski (1718–1782) was a Polish nobleman, landowner, and general.

Antoni was the owner of Przeworsk and Boguchwała. He became Grand Guardian of the Crown in 1748. He received the Order of the White Eagle in 1750. He was senator for Lublin in 1752, and was also a Lieutenant-General. From 1778 onward, he was voivode of Lublin Voivodeship, and from 1779 onward of the Kraków Voivodeship. He became Castellan of Kraków in 1779, the top-ranking castellan in Poland, and was also starosta of Piotrków Trybunalski.

He was made a Knight of the Order of St. Andrew, the highest order of chivalry of Imperial Russia.

He bought a large mansion in Opole Lubelskie, previously the Słupecki palace in Lublin Voivodship 1754, and rebuilt it from 1766-1773 as the Lubomirski Palace.

He was married twice: firstly, to Apolonia Ustrzycka in 1749, then to Zofia widow of Jan Tarło, née Krasińska in 1754.

Jan Tarło (1684–1750)
Jan Tarło (1684–1750) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic)

Jan became Colonel of the Crown Army and Podstoli of Crown in 1715, Lieutenant-General of the Crown Army in 1717, voivode of Lublin Voivodeship in 1719, voivode of Sandomierz Voivodeship in 1736. Marshal of the Crown Tribunal and member of the Sejm. He was starost of Medyka, Sokal, Jasło and Grabowiec. Knight of the Order of the White Eagle, awarded in 1736. He was the first husband of the much younger, Zofia Krasińska. In his will, he left her the town of Opole.
ACF Gloria Bistrița
Asociația Club de Fotbal Gloria Bistrița (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈɡlori.a ˈbistritsa]), commonly known as Gloria Bistrița, or simply as Gloria, was a Romanian professional football club based in Bistrița, Bistrița-Năsăud County founded on 6 July 1922 and dissolved in 2015.

Liga III
The Liga 3, most often spelled as Liga III, is the third level of the Romanian football league system. It was founded in 1936 and was called Divizia C until 2006. An exception was the seasons 1992–93 to 1996–97, in which the league was called Divizia B. Its name was changed from Divizia C to Liga III before the start of the 2006–07 season.
Aspergillus sulphureoviridis
Aspergillus sulphureoviridis is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Nidulantes section. The species was first described in 2016. It has been isolated from indoor air in Denmark.

Aspergillus
Aspergillus (/ˌæspərˈdʒɪləs/) is a genus consisting of several hundred mold species found in various climates worldwide.

Aspergillus was first catalogued in 1729 by the Italian priest and biologist Pier Antonio Micheli. Viewing the fungi under a microscope, Micheli was reminded of the shape of an aspergillum (holy water sprinkler), from Latin spargere (to sprinkle), and named the genus accordingly. Aspergillum is an asexual spore-forming structure common to all Aspergillus species; around one-third of species are also known to have a sexual stage. While some species of Aspergillus are known to cause fungal infections, others are of commercial importance.
TT127
The Theban Tomb TT127 is located in Sheikh Abd el-Qurna, part of the Theban Necropolis, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite to Luxor.

The tomb belongs to an 18th Dynasty ancient Egyptian named Sememiah, who was a royal scribe and overseer of the treasuries during the reigns of Hatshepsut and Thutmosis III. It was later usurped and extended by Piay and Pairy, during the Ramesside period.

Sheikh Abd el-Qurna
The necropolis of Sheikh Abd el-Qurna (Arabic: شيخ عبدالقرنة) is located on the West Bank at Thebes in Upper Egypt. It is part of the archaeological area of Deir el-Bahari, and named after the domed tomb of the local saint. This is the most frequently visited cemetery on the Theban west bank, with the largest concentration of private tombs.
Killing of João Alberto Silveira Freitas
The killing of João Alberto Freitas refers to the beating and killing by asphyxiation of João Alberto Silveira Freitas, at the hands of security guards at a Carrefour store, located in the Passo d'Areia neighborhood, in the northern part of the city of Porto Alegre, in Rio Grande do Sul, on the night of November 19, 2020. The murder started a series of anti-racism protests in several Brazilian cities.

Freitas was a forty-year-old black man, who worked as a service provider. He was buried on November 21 in Porto Alegre.

Six people were indicted by the Public Ministry for homicide, including two security guards (one of them a temporary military police officer) and four Carrefour employees.

Military Brigade of Rio Grande do Sul
The Military Brigade of Rio Grande do Sul (Portuguese: Brigada Militar do Rio Grande do Sul, BMRS), like other military police in Brazil, is a reserve and auxiliary force of the Brazilian Army, and part of the System of Public Security and Brazilian Social Protection. Its members are called "State Military" person, and informally "brigadianos".

The primary mission of BMRS is ostensibly preventive policing for the maintenance of public order in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Originally the Military Brigade served as a state army before transitioning to a police force, but differently from other Brazilian states, Rio Grande do Sul kept their original name, being the only military police in Brazil to not use such name.

Under the United Nations, in cooperation with the Brazilian Army, the Military Brigade of Rio Grande do Sul has served in Guinea-Bissau and Haiti.
Pacific Underground
Pacific Underground is a New Zealand performing arts collective, founded in 1993 in Christchurch, New Zealand, to produce contemporary performing art that reflects the group's Pacific Island heritage. In 2016 they received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the Pacific Music Awards. They are the longest running Pacific contemporary performing arts organisation in New Zealand.

Pacific Underground has produced plays, music, workshops and events and continues to be an active influence on performing arts culture within New Zealand. In 2018 Pacific Underground celebrated their 25th anniversary with a number of events.

Victor Rodger
Victor John Rodger ONZM (born 1969) is a New Zealand journalist, actor and award-winning playwright of Samoan and Pākehā heritage. Rodger's play Sons won acclaim at the Chapman Tripp Theatre Awards (1998) and received the Best New Writer and Most Outstanding New New Zealand Play awards. In 2001, he won the Bruce Mason Playwriting Award. Other plays include Ranterstantrum (2002) and My Name is Gary Cooper (2007), produced and staged by Auckland Theatre Company and starred a Samoan cast including Robbie Magasiva, Anapela Polataivao, Goretti Chadwick and Kiwi actress Jennifer Ward-Lealand.
Mustafa Kaya
Mustafa Kaya (born June 6, 1992) is a Turkish retired freestyle wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle 65 kg event at the 2016 Summer Olympics, in which he was eliminated in the round of 32 by Alejandro Valdés.

Alejandro Valdés
Alejandro Enrique Valdés Tobier (born 18 November 1988) is a Cuban freestyle wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle 65 kg event at the 2016 Summer Olympics, in which he was eliminated in the repechage by Haislan Garcia of Canada.

He represented Cuba at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in which he was eliminated in the opening round by Daulet Niyazbekov of Kazakhstan.

He competed in the 65 kg event at the 2022 World Wrestling Championships held in Belgrade, Serbia.

In 2024, at the Pan American Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament held in Acapulco, Mexico, he earned a quota place for Cuba for the 2024 Summer Olympics held in Paris, France. He finished eleventh in the men's freestyle 65 kg event at the 2024 Olympics.
Gaussian integer
In number theory, a Gaussian integer is a complex number whose real and imaginary parts are both integers. The Gaussian integers, with ordinary addition and multiplication of complex numbers, form an integral domain, usually written as  or

Gaussian integers share many properties with integers: they form a Euclidean domain, and thus have a Euclidean division and a Euclidean algorithm; this implies unique factorization and many related properties. However, Gaussian integers do not have a total order that respects arithmetic.

Gaussian integers are algebraic integers and form the simplest ring of quadratic integers.

Gaussian integers are  named after the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss.

Euler's totient function
In number theory, Euler's totient function counts the positive integers up to a given integer  that are relatively prime to . It is written using the Greek letter phi as  or , and may also be called Euler's phi function. In other words, it is the number of integers  in the range  for which the greatest common divisor  is equal to 1. The integers  of this form are sometimes referred to as totatives of .

For example, the totatives of  are the six numbers 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 and 8. They are all relatively prime to 9, but the other three numbers in this range, 3, 6, and 9 are not, since  and . Therefore, . As another example,  since for  the only integer in the range from 1 to  is 1 itself, and .

Euler's totient function is a multiplicative function, meaning that if two numbers  and  are relatively prime, then .
This function gives the order of the multiplicative group of integers modulo n (the group of units of the ring ). It is also used for defining the RSA encryption system.
Soraya Phomla
Soraya Phomla (Thai: โสรยา พรมหล้า) is a Thai indoor volleyball player who plays as setter. Her nickname is So (Thai: โส).

Soraya is a member of the Thailand women's national volleyball team in 2014 and 2016.

2016–17 Women's Volleyball Thailand League
The 2016–17 Women's Volleyball Thailand League  was the 12th season of the Thai League, the top Thai professional league for association volleyball clubs, since its establishment in 2005. A total of 8 teams competed in the league. The season started on 29 October 2016.

Bangkok Glass are the defending champions, having won the Volleyball Thailand League title the previous season.
1965 Sligo Senior Football Championship
This is a round-up of the 1965 Sligo Senior Football Championship. Collooney Harps built on the promise shown in previous years to claim their third title and first since 1943, defeating St. Patrick's, now operating independently of Ballisodare, in the final.

Sligo Senior Football Championship
The Sligo Senior Football Championship is an annual Gaelic Athletic Association club competition between the top Sligo clubs. The winners of the Sligo Senior Championship qualify to represent the county in the Connacht Senior Club Football Championship and in turn, go on to the All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship. Tubbercurry remain the most successful club, having won the Championship on 20 occasions, the last in 2014. 
Coolera/Strandhill are the current champions, having defeated Naomh Molaise Gaels in the 2024 final.

The trophy presented to the winners is the Owen B. Hunt Cup, which was first presented for the 1953 final.
Hospitalitermes monoceros
Hospitalitermes monoceros, is a species of nasute termite of the genus Hospitalitermes. It was originally considered to be endemic to Sri Lanka, but was also found in India in 2013. It is an obligate lichen feeder. It is recorded from Cassia multijuga and Ficus religiosa trees and is a pest of tea.

Hospitalitermes
Hospitalitermes is an Asian–Papuan genus of lichen-eating termite in the subfamily Nasutitermitinae. There are 37 species currently listed, of which most are recognized for their extensive surface foraging columns. Due to their conspicuous foraging activities, they are commonly known as processionary or marching termites. They often inhabit cavities inside of living trees excavated by other species of termite.
Elad Ratson
Elad Ratson (Hebrew: אֶלְעָד רָצוֹן, also Elad Ratzon) is an Israeli Diplomat and a Digital Diplomacy expert, Head of Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs Data Diplomacy R&D Unit. Ratson's previous Diplomatic positions include Deputy Chief of Mission of the Embassy of Israel in Côte d'Ivoire, Director of Public Relations of the Embassy of Israel in France and Director of Research & Development at the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs headquarters in Jerusalem. Ratson is most known for his work in the field of Digital diplomacy, the use of Social Media in Politics, the effects of Social media on the practice of Diplomacy and the Agenda-setting effect of social media on public opinion.

Digital diplomacy
Digital diplomacy, also referred to as Digiplomacy and eDiplomacy (see below), has been defined as the use of the Internet and new information communication technologies to help achieve diplomatic objectives. However, other definitions have also been proposed. The definition focuses on the interplay between internet and diplomacy, ranging from Internet driven-changes in the environment in which diplomacy is conducted to the emergence of new topics on diplomatic agendas such as cybersecurity, privacy and more, along with the use of internet tools to practice diplomacy.

Platform-specific terms that have also evolved in this diplomacy category include Facebook diplomacy, Twitter diplomacy, and Google diplomacy.
History of the Gisborne District
The Gisborne District or Gisborne Region has a deep and complex history that dates back to the early 1300s. The region, on the East Coast of New Zealand's North Island, has many culturally and historically significant sites that relate to early Māori exploration in the 14th century and important colonial events, such as Captain Cook's first landfall in New Zealand.

Young Nick's Head
Young Nick's Head / Te Kurī is a headland at the southern end of Tūranganui-a-Kiwa / Poverty Bay in New Zealand's North Island. The area is the landing place of the Horouta and Te Ikaroa-a-Rauru waka which carried Māori settlers to the region around 1350 AD. In Māori, the promontory is named Te Kuri o Pāoa (alternatively known as Te Kuri, or Te Kuri a Pawa).

The settlement of Muriwai is located just inland.
Mount Pinukis
Mount Pinukis is an inactive volcano in Brgy. Lison Valley, Pagadian, Philippines. It is the highest peak of Zamboanga del Sur and the entire Zamboanga Peninsula.

It covers more than 20,000 hectares (49,000 acres), has up to 2015 retained a relatively intact forest cover and is therefore included in the Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs).

Pinukis, the sacred mountain of the Subanen tribe, and a main source for the water system of the three provinces of the Zamboanga peninsula, is under threat from multinational mining companies who wish to engage in open-cast mining.

Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga Peninsula (Cebuano: Lawis sa Zamboanga; Chavacano/Spanish: Península de Zamboanga; Filipino: Tangway ng Zamboanga), designated as Region IX, is an administrative region in Mindanao, Philippines. It consists of the provinces of Sulu, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay and Zamboanga del Sur, and the cities of Isabela and Zamboanga.

The region was previously known as Western Mindanao. Pagadian serves as the regional center, while Zamboanga City is the region's commercial and industrial center.
Lake Ejagham
Lake Ejagham is a small lake near Eyumodjock in the Southwest Region of Cameroon. Unlike many other lakes in the region, it is not a volcanic lake, but is likely a solution basin formed by groundwater during the last Ice Age. This highly isolated lake is roughly oval in shape, lacks an inflow, but has an outflow into the Munaya River (part of the Cross River system). The outflow is impassable to most fishes because of a waterfall.

Southwest Region (Cameroon)
The Southwest Region or South-West Region (French: Région du Sud-Ouest) is a region with special status in Cameroon. Its capital is Buea. As of 2015, its population was 1,553,320. Along with the Northwest Region, it is one of the two Anglophone (English-speaking) regions of Cameroon. Various Ambazonian nationalist and separatist factions regard the South-West region as being distinct as a polity from Cameroon.