hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vincent O'Malley
Vincent Michael O’Malley  FRSNZ  FRHistS (born 1967) is a New Zealand historian whose work focuses on the history of how relationships between Māori, European settlers (Pākehā) and colonial governments shapes the development of New Zealand as a nation.

In his publications, and as a presenter and media commentator, O'Malley takes public positions on the teaching of history in New Zealand schools, the importance of understanding the impact of the New Zealand Wars, interactions between Māori agency and Crown responses during the colonisation of the country and the role of the Waitangi Tribunal. O'Malley has received multiple research grants, won several literary awards and is involved in a wide range of professional associations. He is Research Director at HistoryWorks, a company he co-founded in 2004.

James Busby
James Busby (7 February 1802 – 15 July 1871) was the British Resident in New Zealand from 1833 to 1840. He was involved in drafting the 1835 Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand and the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi. As British Resident, he acted as New Zealand's first jurist and the "originator of law in Aotearoa", to whom New Zealand "owes almost all of its underlying jurisprudence". Busby is regarded as the father of the Australian wine industry, as he brought the first collection of vine stock from Spain and France to Australia.
Penkridge weather station
Penkridge weather station is a weather station at Penkridge in Staffordshire, England, operated by the Met Office. It is situated on the site of Rodbaston College.

The station is 101 m above mean sea level.

Below are the 1981-2010 averages.

Weather station
A weather station is a facility, either on land or sea, with instruments and equipment for measuring atmospheric conditions to provide information for weather forecasts and to study the weather and climate. The measurements taken include temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and precipitation amounts. Wind measurements are taken with as few other obstructions as possible, while temperature and humidity measurements are kept free from direct solar radiation, or insolation. Manual observations are taken at least once daily, while automated measurements are taken at least once an hour. Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys, which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as sea surface temperature (SST), wave height, and wave period. Drifting weather buoys outnumber their moored versions by a significant amount.
Rien Schuurhuis
Rien John Schuurhuis (born 12 August 1982) is a Dutch-born Australian road cyclist and industrial design engineer who competed for the Vatican City in the 2022, 2023 and 2024 UCI Road World Championships. He was the first cyclist and athlete who represented the Vatican City as a regular scoring competitor.

2024 UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race
The men's road race of the 2024 UCI Road World Championships was a cycling race that took place on 29 September 2024 in Zürich, Switzerland. It was won by Tadej Pogačar, who went on the attack 100km from the finish line.

Tadej Pogačar completed the rare Triple Crown of Cycling, winning the Giro d'Italia and the Tour de France before winning the Men's Road Race, and was only the third cyclist to achieve it following Eddy Merckx in 1974 and Stephen Roche in 1987.
Charlotte Charke
Charlotte Charke, née Cibber, also Charlotte Secheverell, aka Charles Brown (13 January 1713 - 6 April 1760) was an English actress, playwright, novelist, and autobiographer. She began acting at the age of seventeen in breeches roles, and took to wearing male clothing off stage as well, performing and being publicly known as "Charles Brown" from 1741. Her later career and her writings were conducted under her own name, "Mrs. Charlotte Charke", and identified her as the daughter of Colley Cibber. After being unsuccessful in a series of jobs associated with men at the time, such as valet, sausage maker, farmer, and tavern owner, she succeeded in her career as a writer and continued her work as a novelist and memoirist until her death in 1760.

The Provoked Wife
The Provoked Wife (1697) is the second original comedy written by John Vanbrugh.  It made its first appearance in Lincoln's Inn Fields in May, 1697. The premise of the plot, of a wife trapped in an abusive marriage might consider either leaving it or taking a lover, outraged some sections of Restoration society. A later unfinished play by Vanbrugh was completed by Colley Cibber and staged under the title The Provoked Husband in 1728.
1960s in Hong Kong
1960s in Hong Kong continued with the development and expansion of manufacturing that began in the previous decade. The economic progress made in the period would categorise Hong Kong as one of Four Asian Tigers along with Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan.

1950s in Hong Kong
The 1950s in Hong Kong began against the chaotic backdrop of the resumption of British sovereignty after the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong ended in 1945, and the renewal of the Nationalist-Communist Civil War in mainland China. It prompted a large influx of refugees from the mainland, causing a huge population surge: from 1945 to 1951, the population grew from 600,000 to 2.1 million. The government struggled to accommodate these immigrants. Unrest in China also prompted businesses to relocate their assets and capital from Shanghai to Hong Kong. Together with the cheap labour of the immigrants, the seeds of Hong Kong's economic miracle in the second half of the 20th century were sown.
Troitskoye, Troitsky District, Altai Krai
Troitskoye (Russian: Троицкое) is a rural locality (a selo) one of the fifty-nine in Altai Krai, Russia. It is located in the eastern central part of the krai and the administrative center of Troitsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 9,634 in 2016. There are 86 streets.

Altai Krai
Altai Krai (Russian: Алтайский край, IPA: [ɐlˈtajskʲɪj kraj]) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai). It borders, clockwise from the west, Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan Region, Abai Region and Pavlodar Region), Novosibirsk and Kemerovo, and the Altai Republic. Its administrative centre is the city of Barnaul. As of the 2021 Census, the population of the krai was 2,163,693.
Toro Rosso STR4
The Toro Rosso STR4 was a Formula One car which Scuderia Toro Rosso used in the 2009 Formula One season. The car was revealed to be a Red Bull RB5 with a 2008-spec Ferrari 056 engine in Barcelona on March 9, 2009. It was revealed before the testing session.

The Toro Rosso STR4 was the last-ever Toro Rosso car to be built by its senior sister team Red Bull Racing, as from the 2010 season onwards Toro Rosso switched to in-house designed cars.

2009 Brazilian Grand Prix
The 2009 Brazilian Grand Prix (formally the Formula 1 Grande Prêmio Petrobras do Brasil 2009) was a Formula One motor race held at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace, São Paulo, Brazil on 18 October 2009. It was the sixteenth race of the 2009 Formula One World Championship.

The 71-lap race was won by Mark Webber, driving a Red Bull-Renault. Webber took his second victory of the season, and the second of his career, by 7.6 seconds from Robert Kubica in a BMW Sauber, with Lewis Hamilton third in a McLaren-Mercedes. Jenson Button finished fifth in his Brawn-Mercedes to secure his first and only Drivers' Championship, while Brawn GP sealed the Constructors' Championship.
Activated protein C–protein C inhibitor
Activated protein C–protein C inhibitor (APC-PCI) is a complex of activated protein C (APC) and protein C inhibitor (PCI). It has been measured in coagulation testing to evaluate coagulation, thrombosis, and other cardiovascular complications. It is a marker of thrombin generation and indicates hypercoagulability or presence of thrombosis.

Thrombin
Thrombin (factor IIa, EC 3.4.21.5) is a serine protease that converts fibrinogen into strands of insoluble fibrin, as well as catalyzing many other coagulation-related reactions.

Prothrombin (coagulation factor II) is encoded in the human by the F2 gene. It is proteolytically cleaved during the clotting process by the prothrombinase enzyme complex to form thrombin.
Enderby, British Columbia
The City of Enderby is in the North Okanagan region of the Canadian province of British Columbia, between Armstrong and Salmon Arm. It is approximately 80 km north of Kelowna and 130 km east of Kamloops. Highway 97A passes through Enderby and the Shuswap River marks the eastern and northeastern limits of the City. There are two major schools in Enderby: M.V. Beattie Elementary School and A.L. Fortune Secondary School. M.V. Beattie Elementary School was rebuilt in 2012.

The rural area surrounding Enderby is made up of the communities of Ashton Creek, Grandview Bench, Grindrod, Kingfisher, Mara, Splatsin Reserve, Springbend and Trinity Valley. The rural area is 2,108.46 square kilometres. Several smaller lakes, including Gardom Lake and Hidden Lake, are also located in the area.

Kelowna
Kelowna (/kəˈloʊnə/ ⓘ kə-LOH-nə) is a city on Okanagan Lake in the Okanagan Valley in the southern interior of British Columbia, Canada. It serves as the head office of the Regional District of Central Okanagan. The name Kelowna derives from the Okanagan word kiʔláwnaʔ, referring to a grizzly bear.

Kelowna is the province's third-largest metropolitan area (after Vancouver and Victoria). It is the seventh-largest municipality in BC and the largest in the Interior. It is the 20th-largest metropolitan area in Canada. The city proper encompasses 214 km2 (83 sq mi), and the census metropolitan area 2,902.45 km2 (1,120.64 sq mi). Kelowna's population in 2025 is 165,907 in the city proper and 254,605 in the metro area.

Nearby communities include the City of West Kelowna (also referred to as Westbank and Westside) to the west, across Okanagan Lake; Lake Country and Vernon to the north; Peachland to the southwest; and Summerland and Penticton to the south.
Ministry of War of the Russian Empire
Ministry of War of the Russian Empire (Russian: Военное министерство, Military Ministry) was an administrative body in the Russian Empire from 1802 to 1917.

It was established in 1802 as the Ministry of ground armed forces (Russian: Министерство военно-сухопутных сил) taking over responsibilities from the College of War during the Government reform of Alexander I which led to the creation of ministries. It was renamed to the Ministry of War in 1815.

Ministerial reform in the Russian Empire
Ministerial Reform was one of the reforms of public administration of the Russian Empire, carried out at the beginning of the 19th century under Emperor Alexander I. The first stage of the reform occurred in 1802–1803, the second stage was carried out in 1810–1811. As a result of the reform, the ministries replaced the archaic collegiums.
Accretion (meteorology)
Accretion is defined as the gradual collection of something over time.  In meteorology or atmospheric science it is the process of accumulation of frozen water as precipitation over time as it descends through the atmosphere, in particular when an ice crystal or snowflake hits a supercooled liquid droplet, which then freeze together, increasing the size of the water particle.  The collection of these particles eventually forms snow or hail in clouds and depending on lower atmosphere temperatures may become rain, sleet, or graupel. Accretion is the basis for cloud formation and can also be seen as water accumulates on the particulate matter and form jet contrails.  This is because water vapor in the air requires condensation nuclei to form large droplets of solid or liquid water.

Ice pellets
Ice pellets (Commonwealth English) or sleet (American English) is a form of precipitation consisting of small, hard, translucent balls of ice.  Ice pellets are different from graupel ("soft hail"), which is made of frosty white opaque rime, and from a mixture of rain and snow, which is a slushy liquid or semisolid.  Ice pellets often bounce when they hit the ground or other solid objects, and make a higher-pitched "tap" when striking objects like jackets, windshields, and dried leaves, compared to the dull splat of liquid raindrops.  Pellets generally do not freeze into other solid masses unless mixed with freezing rain.  The METAR code for ice pellets is PL (PE before November 1998).
History of California before 1900
Human history in California began when indigenous Americans first arrived some 13,000 years ago. Coastal exploration by the Spanish began in the 16th century, with further European settlement along the coast and in the inland valleys following in the 18th century. California was part of New Spain until that kingdom dissolved in 1821, becoming part of Mexico.

During the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), California was ceded to the United States under the terms of the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The same year, the California gold rush began, triggering intensified U.S. westward expansion. California joined the Union as a free state via the Compromise of 1850. By the end of the 19th century, California was still largely rural and agricultural, with a population of about 1.4 million.

Transcontinental railroad
A transcontinental railroad or transcontinental railway is contiguous railroad trackage that crosses a continental land mass and has terminals at different oceans or continental borders. Such networks may be via the tracks of a single railroad, or via several railroads owned or controlled by multiple railway companies along a continuous route. Although Europe is crisscrossed by railways, the railroads within Europe are usually not considered transcontinental, with the possible exception of the historic Orient Express.
Transcontinental railroads helped open up interior regions of continents not previously colonized to exploration and settlement that would not otherwise have been feasible. In many cases, they also formed the backbones of cross-country passenger and freight transportation networks. Many of them continue to have an important role in freight transportation, and some such as the Trans-Siberian Railway even have passenger trains going from one end to the other.
2001 Chinese Football Super Cup
The 2001 LG Chinese Football Super Cup (Chinese: LG杯2001年度中国足球超霸杯赛) was the 7th Chinese Football Super Cup, contested by Chinese Jia-A League 2001 and 2001 Chinese FA Cup double winners Dalian Shide and Chinese Jia-A League 2001 runners-up Shanghai Shenhua. Shanghai Shenhua won their 3rd title after winning 3–1 on aggregate.

2001 Chinese FA Cup
The Mexin Doors 2001 Chinese FA Cup (Chinese: 2001年美心门中国足球协会杯) was the 7th edition of Chinese FA Cup. The matches of the first round were kicked off on 29 April 2001. The cup title sponsor was Mexin Doors, which was the second title sponsor of the Chinese FA Cup.
HMS Royal James (1675)
HMS Royal James was a 100-gun first-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, designed by Sir Anthony Deane and built by his successor as Master Shipwright at Portsmouth Dockyard, Daniel Furzer, and launched in 1675. She was renamed HMS Victory on 7 March 1691 after the old second rate Victory of 1666 was condemned by survey and taken to pieces. Recommissioned in January 1691 under Captain Edward Stanley, as the flagship of Admiral Sir John Ashby she participated in the Battle of Barfleur on 19 May 1692 – 24 May 1692.

Victory was rebuilt at Chatham Dockyard in 1694–1695. She was briefly renamed Royal George in 1714, after the Hanoverians came to the throne, but resumed the name Victory in 1715. She was partly destroyed by an accidental fire in February 1721 and was broken up, though remained on the navy list until she was ostensibly rebuilt as the new HMS Victory.

English ship Victory (1620)
Victory was a great ship of the English Navy, launched in 1620 and in active service during the seventeenth century's Anglo-Dutch Wars. After a seventy-year naval career, she was broken up at Woolwich Dockyard in 1691 and her timbers reused in other vessels.
Jameh Mosque of Raqqeh
The Jāmeh Mosque of Raqqeh (Persian: مسجد رقه; Arabic: جامع رقة) is a Shi'ite Friday mosque (jāmeh), located in the village of Raqqeh, in the county of Boshruyeh, in the province of South Khorasan, Iran.

The mosque was completed during the 6th and 7th centuries AH, add was added to the Iran National Heritage List on 26 June 2005, administered by the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran.

Congregational mosque
A congregational mosque or Friday mosque (Arabic: مَسْجِد جَامِع, romanized: masjid jāmi‘, or simply جَامِع, jāmi‘; Turkish: Cami), or sometimes great mosque or grand mosque (جامع كبير, jāmi‘ kabir; Ulu Cami), is a mosque for hosting the Friday noon prayers known as jumu'ah. It can also host the Eid prayers in situations when there is no musalla or eidgah available nearby to host the prayers. In early Islamic history, the number of congregational mosques in one city was strictly limited. As cities and populations grew over time, it became more common for many mosques to host Friday prayers in the same area. In early centuries, the congregational mosque was also a center of social and public life, hosting various other activities in addition to prayers, such as judicial and educational functions.
Atiwa East District
Atiwa East District is one of the thirty-three districts in Eastern Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger East Akim District on 17 February 2004, which was created from the former East Akim District Council, until the eastern part of the district was split off to create Atiwa East District on 1 June 2018; thus the remaining part has been renamed as Atiwa West District. The district assembly is located in the central part of Eastern Region and has Anyinam as its capital town.

East Akim Municipal District
East Akim Municipal District is a former district that was located in Eastern Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988 when it was known as East Akim District, which was created from the former East Akim District Council. Later, the northwest part of the district was split off to create Atiwa District on 17 February 2004; thus the remaining part has been retained as East Akim District. Then it was elevated to municipal district assembly status on 29 February 2008 to become East Akim Municipal District. However, on 1 June 2018, it was split off into two new municipal districts: Abuakwa South Municipal District (capital: Kibi) and Abuakwa North Municipal District (capital: Kukurantumi). The municipality was located in the central part of Eastern Region and had Kibi as its capital town.
Geo Kahani
Geo Kahani (Urdu: جیو کہانی) is an entertainment channel of Geo network, broadcasting in Urdu. Some of the most popular dramas are Naagin, Champa Aur Chambeli and Kiran. Geo Kahani began its transmission in the U.K. from 11 August 2017, ending the four-year run of Geo Tez, and ended its U.K. transmission in 2020.

Kuruluş: Osman
Kuruluş: Osman (lit. 'Establishment: Osman') is a historical fiction Turkish television series produced by Mehmet Bozdağ under Bozdağ Film. The series premiered on ATV in 2019. It shows Osman’s struggle to establish an independent beylik amid political rivalries, Mongol pressure, and conflicts with neighboring powers. The series continues Bozdağ Film’s Ottoman saga, serving as the successor to Diriliş: Ertuğrul and the predecessor to Kuruluş: Orhan.

The first episode of the series, directed by Metin Günay and written by Mehmet Bozdağ, was aired on 20th November 2019, on the ATV network and last episode of the series aired on June 4th 2025. The show was a continuation of the TRT 1 series Diriliş: Ertuğrul, which aired between 2014 and 2019.
Bavarian Krauss railmotor
The double-decked MCi railmotor (German: Dampftriebwagen MCi) was built in 1882 by Krauss and Company with the works number 1181 and delivered to the Royal Bavarian State Railways, who deployed it in the areas of Würzburg and Bamberg.

The steam-powered railbus had a B'2' wheel arrangement, one axle pair being driven by connecting rods. It had a transverse boiler and a gross service weight of 28 t (27.6 long tons; 30.9 short tons). Its Stephenson valve gear and brakes were accessible at both ends. The coach had 67 seats on two floors, the second class seating being on the lower level and the third class being split between both levels.

The vehicle was a one-off and was only in service for a short time.

Railmotor
Railmotor is a term used in the United Kingdom, Ireland and the Commonwealth for a railway lightweight railcar, usually consisting of a railway carriage with a steam traction unit, or a diesel or petrol engine, integrated into it.
Nagarain
Nagarain is a municipality in Dhanusha District in Province No. 2 of south-eastern Nepal. As of 2011 Nepal census, it has a population of 36,336 living in 6,478 individual households. It was formed by joining Fulgama, Devdiha, old Nagrain, Lagmagadha Guthi and Ghodghans village development committees. The total area of Nagarain municipality is 38.71 km2.

Lagmagadha Guthi
Lagmamdha Guthi, often shortened to 'Lagma', is a Village Development Committee (VDC) in Dhanusa District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 3,726 people living in 663 individual households.
Pyramid of Ity
The pyramid of Ity was probably the tomb of Pharaoh Ity ("the father") who reigned during the 8th dynasty. It has never been discovered and is known only from a cliff-face inscription at Wadi Hammamat in the Eastern Desert, where there were several quarries in Pharaonic times.

The name of the pyramid, Baw-Iti ("the power of Ity"), may be a direct reference to the name of the pyramid of Neferefre, Netjeri-baw-Ra-nefer-ef ("the power of Neferefre is divine"), from the 5th Dynasty.

Kurt Sethe
Kurt Heinrich Sethe (30 September 1869 – 6 July 1934) was a German Egyptologist and philologist from Berlin. He was a student of Adolf Erman. Sethe collected numerous texts from Egypt during his visits there and edited the Urkunden des ægyptischen Altertums which is a standard catalogue of Ancient Egyptian literature and text.
Djevletommelen
Djevletommelen (Devil's Thumb) is a mountain in Prins Karls Forland, Svalbard. The mountain has a height of 831 m.a.s.l. and is located northeast of Phippsfjellet, and appears as a nunatak of the Buchananisen glacier.

Phippsfjellet
Phippsfjellet is a mountain on Prins Karls Forland, Svalbard. It has a height of 1,013 m.a.s.l. and is located on the ridge of Grampianfjella. The mountain is named after British Arctic explorer and naval officer Constantine Phipps, 2nd Baron Mulgrave. Further southeast on the ridge is the mountain of Phippsaksla.
History of the Deep Space Network
The forerunner of the Deep Space Network was established in January 1958, when JPL, then under contract to the U.S. Army, deployed portable radio tracking stations in Nigeria, Singapore, and California to receive telemetry and plot the orbit of the Army-launched Explorer 1, the first successful U.S. satellite.

NASA (and the DSN by extension) was officially established on October 1, 1958, to consolidate the separately developing space-exploration programs of the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Air Force into one civilian organization.

Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory
The Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory (HartRAO) is a radio astronomy observatory, located in a natural bowl of hills at Hartebeesthoek just south of the Magaliesberg mountain range, and about 50 km west of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa. It is a National Research Facility run by South Africa's National Research Foundation. HartRAO was the only major radio astronomy observatory in Africa until the construction of the KAT-7 test bed for the future MeerKAT array in the Meerkat National Park.