hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Voluntary sector
In relation to public services, the voluntary sector is the realm of social activity undertaken by non-governmental, not for profit organizations. This sector is also called the third sector (in contrast to the public sector and the private sector), community sector, and nonprofit sector. "Civic sector" or "social sector" are other terms used for the sector, emphasizing its relationship to civil society. Voluntary sector activities are important in many areas of life, including social care, child care, animal welfare, sport and environmental protection.

Volunteering
Volunteering is an optional and freely chosen act of an individual or group giving their time and labor, often for community service. Many volunteers have specialized training in the fields that they work in, such as medicine, education, or emergency rescue. Others provide their services as needed, such as in response to a natural disaster.
Military education in the Soviet Union
There existed an evolved system of military education in the Soviet Union that covered a wide range of ages. The Soviet Armed Forces had many tri-service educational opportunities as well as educational institutions for the Soviet Ground Forces, the Air Forces, and the Navy. The Soviet Border Troops, the KGB and the Internal Troops also maintained service academies.

Nakhimov Naval School
The Nakhimov Naval School (Russian: Нахимовское военно-морское училище, romanized: Nakhimovskoye voyenno-morskoye uchilishche) or Nakhimov School (Russian: Нахимовское училище, romanized: Nakhimovskoye uchilishche) is a form of military education for teenagers  introduced in the Soviet Union and once also located in other cities. They are named after well-known Russian admiral Pavel Nakhimov.
Caspar Richter
Caspar Richter (16 September 1944 – 2 February 2023) was a German conductor. He worked from 1969 at the Deutsche Oper Berlin where he conducted world premieres of operas such as Wilhelm Dieter Siebert's Untergang der Titanic and Toshiro Mayuzumi's Kinkakuji. He moved to Vienna in 1982, conducting ballets at the Vienna State Opera, and operas and operettas at the Volksoper. He was co-founder and chief conductor of the Vereinigte Bühnen Wien from 1987 for 23 years, focused on the production of new musicals such as Elisabeth and German premieres of popular musicals such as A Chorus Line.

Wilhelm Dieter Siebert
Wilhelm Dieter Siebert (born 22 October 1931 in Berlin, died 19 April 2011) was a German composer. During his career he has written mainly for television and films, and also chamber music. He composed an opera Der Untergang der Titanic, which was premiered at the Deutsche Oper Berlin in 1979.
Vasilija Vukotić
Vasilija Vukotić  (Serbian Cyrillic: Василија Вукотић; (1897–1970) was a Serbian from Montenegro military ordonance and a daughter of the Serdar Janko Vukotić, accompanying her father in the armies of the Principality and Kingdom of Montenegro throughout the battles in the Balkan Wars and World War I. She was and remains a heroine and a role model for the participation of Montenegrin women in all wars for the liberation of the Serbian people from the occupiers. In the newly established state of Serb Croats and Slovenes, her role and significance, as the role and significance of her father, were completely suppressed.

Serdar (Ottoman rank)
Serdar (Ottoman Turkish: سردار; from "Sardar") was a military rank in the Ottoman Empire and a noble rank in Montenegro and Serbia. Serdars often served on the borders of the Ottoman Empire. The term is often translated as 'commander' in English texts and originally comes from the Persian language.

The title Serdar was also used in the Principality of Montenegro and the Principality of Serbia as an honorary non-noble title below that of vojvoda. Janko Vukotić, the former prime minister of Montenegro, held the title of serdar.
Williams, Western Australia
Williams is a town located in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, 161 kilometres (100 mi) south-southeast of the state capital, Perth along Albany Highway and 32 kilometres (20 mi) west of Narrogin.  The Williams River passes through the town. At the 2016 census, Williams had a population of 411.

Narrogin
Narrogin is a town in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, 192 kilometres (119 mi) southeast of Perth on the Great Southern Highway between Pingelly and Wagin. In the age of steam engines, Narrogin was one of the largest railway operation hubs in the southern part of Western Australia.
Louis Faurer
Louis Faurer (August 28, 1916 – March 2, 2001) was an American candid or street photographer. He was a quiet artist who never achieved the broad public recognition that his best-known contemporaries did; however, the significance and  caliber of his work were lauded by insiders, among them Robert Frank, William Eggleston, and Edward Steichen, who included his work in the Museum of Modern Art exhibitions In and Out of Focus (1948) and The Family of Man (1955).

Robert Frank
Robert Frank (Swiss Standard German: [fraŋk]; November 9, 1924 – September 9, 2019) was a Swiss American photographer and documentary filmmaker. His most notable work, the 1958 book titled The Americans, earned Frank comparisons to a modern-day de Tocqueville for his fresh and nuanced outsider's view of American society. Critic Sean O'Hagan, writing in The Guardian in 2014, said The Americans "changed the nature of photography, what it could say and how it could say it. [ ... ] it remains perhaps the most influential photography book of the 20th century." Frank later expanded into film and video and experimented with manipulating photographs and photomontage.
Walls of Babylon
The walls of Babylon were the city walls surrounding the ancient Mesopotamian city of Babylon, the political and religious centre of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.

The walls of Babylon were included in many early versions of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. In a study of the original sources for the Seven Wonders, Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher found that they were the second-most frequently chosen, with only the Colossus of Rhodes being chosen more frequently. Ancient writers such as Herodotus, Strabo, and the author of the Book of Jeremiah described them.

They were by far the largest structures in Babylon; the German archeological team led by Robert Koldewey estimated their height to be 12-24m and their thickness to be 17-22m.

Today, the remains of Babylon are the best-understood topographically of all known cities from the 1st millennium BC, due to the city walls being visible as earthworks even prior to the first excavations in 1899.

Robert Koldewey
Robert Johann Koldewey (10 September 1855 – 4 February 1925) was a German archaeologist, famous for his in-depth excavation of the ancient city of Babylon in modern-day Iraq. He was born in Blankenburg am Harz in Germany, the duchy of Brunswick, and died in Berlin at the age of 69.

His digs at Babylon revealed the foundations of the ziggurat Marduk, and the Ishtar Gate; he also developed several modern archaeological techniques including a method to identify and excavate mud brick architecture. This technique was particularly useful in his excavation of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon (1899–1917) which were built ca. 580 BC using mainly unfired mudbricks.

A practicing archaeologist for most of his life, he participated in and led many excavations in Asia Minor, Greece, and Italy. After he died, the Koldewey Society was established to record and mark his architectural service.
Johann Ernst, Count of Nassau-Weilburg
Johann Ernst of Nassau-Weilburg (Weilburg, 13 June 1664 – Heidelberg, 27 February 1719) was an Imperial Generalfeldmarschall, from 1675 to 1688 Count and from 1688 until his death Prince (Fürst) of Nassau-Weiburg.

Generalfeldmarschall
Generalfeldmarschall (German: [ɡenəʁaːlˈfɛltmaʁʃal] ⓘ; from Old High German marahscalc, "marshal, stable master, groom"; English: general field marshal, field marshal general, or field marshal; often abbreviated to Feldmarschall) was a rank in the armies of several German states and the Holy Roman Empire, (Reichsgeneralfeldmarschall); in the Habsburg monarchy, the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, the rank Feldmarschall was used. The rank was the equivalent to Großadmiral (English: Grand Admiral) in the Kaiserliche Marine and Kriegsmarine, a five-star rank, comparable to OF-10 in today's NATO naval forces.
Super Show 7
Super Show 7 was the third world concert tour and seventh tour overall by South Korean boy band Super Junior, in support of their eighth studio album,  Play. The world tour commenced with three shows in Seoul from December 15 to 17, 2017 and hit a total of 120 concerts for its Super Show series.

This tour marks the return of members Siwon, Eunhyuk and Donghae, who had been away serving two years of mandatory military service. Ryeowook joined the tour in November 2018 following his military discharge.

Lee Donghae
Lee Dong-hae (born October 15, 1986), referred to as Donghae, is a South Korean singer, songwriter, and actor. He became a trainee under SM Entertainment after winning a prize at SM's Youth Best Contest in 2001. After four years of training, Donghae debuted as a member of boy group Super Junior (and later its subgroup Super Junior-M and Super Junior-D&E) in November 2005. In July 2023, Donghae left SM Entertainment, although he remains as a member of Super Junior. Two months later, Donghae along with Eunhyuk, founded a new label under the name of ODE.en to manage his solo activities as well as D&E's activities. He is the co-founder of the label.
Bay du Vin, New Brunswick
Bay du Vin is a small but picturesque unincorporated community located on the south shore of Miramichi Bay, 24 km east of the former town of Chatham (now a part of Miramichi), New Brunswick, Canada. It is suggested that its name comes from a corruption of the French "Baie de Vents" meaning "Bay of Winds" rather than the widely supposed "Bay of Wine" in the literal translation.

Miramichi Bay
Miramichi Bay is an estuary located on the west coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence in New Brunswick, at the mouth of the Miramichi River.  Miramichi Bay is separated into the "inner bay" and the "outer bay", with the division being a line of uninhabited barrier islands which are continually reshaped by ocean storms. The largest of these islands is the uninhabited Portage Island, which was broken in two during a violent storm in the 1950s.  The islands provide some protection to the inner bay from ocean storms in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Claude Feemster Clayton
Claude Feemster Clayton (August 4, 1909 – July 4, 1969) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and previously was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi.

United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi
The United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi (in case citations, N.D. Miss.) is a federal court in the Fifth Circuit with facilities in Aberdeen, Greenville, and Oxford.

Appeals from cases brought in the Northern District of Mississippi are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

The United States attorney for the Northern District of Mississippi represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. As of December 18, 2025 the United States attorney is Scott F. Leary.
Durwood Fleming
Durwood Fleming (August 9, 1914 –  January 22, 2007) was an American Methodist minister, academic administrator, and university president. He was the 12th president of Southwestern University, and later became its chancellor and president emeritus. In 1945, Fleming became the founding pastor of St. Luke's United Methodist Church in Houston, Texas.

Southwestern University
Southwestern University (Southwestern or SU) is a private liberal arts college in Georgetown, Texas, United States. Formed in 1840, Southwestern is the oldest college or university in Texas. Southwestern offers 40 bachelor's degrees in the arts, sciences, fine arts, and music as well as interdisciplinary and pre-professional programs. It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and the National Association of Schools of Music and historically affiliated with the United Methodist Church.
Arun Kumar (Bihar politician)
Arun Kumar is an Indian politician who represented Jahanabad constituency in Lok Sabha. He won the seat in the 2014 Indian general election and 1999, and he is a founding member of the Rashtriya Samata Party (Secular). He is the founder and head of Gyan Bharti Model Residential Complex school in Hisua, Nawada. He often visits the school during Annual Day functions as chief guest. He was a close friend of dreaded don turned politician of Bihar ex MP Anand Mohan Singh of Saharsa. He founded Bharatiya Sab Log Party in 2020. His brother Anil Kumar is a member of legislative assembly from Tikari assembly constituency in Bihar.

Anand Mohan Singh
Anand Mohan Singh (born 28 January 1954) is a politician and founder of the now-defunct Bihar People's Party (BPP). He served life imprisonment for instigating killing of Gopalganj district magistrate, G. Krishnaiah in 1994. In April 2023, Government of Bihar amended jail rules for his early release.
Rupert Cawthorne
Rupert Cawthorne (13 April 1879 – 1965) was an English professional footballer who played as a centre half or full back. He played in the Football League for Darwen and Burnley and in non-league football for clubs including Clitheroe Central and Bacup.

Darwen F.C. (1870)
Darwen Football Club was an association football club from Darwen in Lancashire, England. The team, formed in 1870, was an early pioneer of professional football in Northern England, reaching the semi-finals of the 1880–81 FA Cup. They were a Football League member from 1891 to 1899. Darwen joined the Lancashire League in 1900 and remained in regional football afterwards. They last played in the First Division of the North West Counties Football League in 2008–09, when the club was wound-up. A phoenix club, AFC Darwen, was founded soon after. Darwen played their home games at the Anchor Ground.
Hummocky cross-stratification
Hummocky cross-stratification is a type of sedimentary structure found in sandstones.  It is a form of cross-bedding usually formed by the action of large storms, such as hurricanes.  It takes the form of a series of "smile"-like shapes, crosscutting each other.  It is only formed at a depth of water below fair-weather wave base and above storm-weather wave base.  They are not related to "hummocks" except in shape.

Wave base
The wave base, in physical oceanography, is the maximum depth at which a water wave's passage causes significant water motion. At water depths deeper than the wave base, bottom sediments and the seafloor are no longer stirred by the wave motion above.
Subcloning
In molecular biology, subcloning is a technique used to move a particular DNA sequence from a parent vector to a destination vector.

Subcloning is not to be confused with molecular cloning, a related technique.

DNA ligase
DNA ligase is a type of enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond. It plays a role in repairing single-strand breaks in duplex DNA in living organisms, but some forms (such as DNA ligase IV) may specifically repair double-strand breaks (i.e. a break in both complementary strands of DNA). Single-strand breaks are repaired by DNA ligase using the complementary strand of the double helix as a template, with DNA ligase creating the final phosphodiester bond to fully repair the DNA.

DNA ligase is used in both DNA repair and DNA replication (see Mammalian ligases).  In addition, DNA ligase has extensive use in molecular biology laboratories for recombinant DNA experiments (see Research applications). Purified DNA ligase is used in gene cloning to join DNA molecules together to form recombinant DNA.
Leonard C. Ward
Brigadier General Leonard C. Ward (November 17, 1917 – March 20, 2001) was a United States Army officer who served as Chief of the Army Division (now Director of the Army National Guard) at the National Guard Bureau.

Army National Guard
The Army National Guard (ARNG) is an organized militia force and a federal military reserve force of the United States Army. It is simultaneously part of two different organizations: the Militia of the United States (consisting of the ARNG of each state, most territories, and Washington D.C.), as well as the federal ARNG, as part of the National Guard as a whole (which includes the Air National Guard). It is divided into subordinate units stationed in each state or insular area, responsible to their respective governors or other head-of-government.

The Guard's origins are usually traced to the city of Salem, Massachusetts, in 1636. That year a regiment of militia drilled for the first time to defend a multi-community area within what is now the United States.
Christoffer Valkendorff
Christoffer Valkendorff (1 September 1525 – 17 January 1601) was a Danish-Norwegian statesman and landowner. His early years in the service of Frederick II brought him both to Norway, Ösel and Livland. He later served both as Treasurer and Stadtholder of Copenhagen and finally as Steward of the Realm from 1596 to 1601. He owned Glorup Manor on Funen from 1535 to 1601, whose current main building he constructed, although it has later been adapted in the Neoclassical style. He constructed the old Town Hall in Bergen, and he also constructed Svindinge Church, on Funen, one of the best preserved Renaissance style churches in Denmark. He founded the dormitory Valkendorfs Kollegium in Copenhagen where the street Valkendorfsgade is named after him.

Saaremaa
Saaremaa (/ˈsɑːrəmɑː/; Estonian: [ˈsɑˑreˌmɑː]) is the largest and most populous island in Estonia. Measuring 2,673 km2 (1,032 sq mi), its population is 31,435 (as of January 2020). The main island of the West Estonian archipelago (Moonsund archipelago), it is located in the Baltic Sea, south of Hiiumaa island and northwest of the Gulf of Riga. The administrative centre of the island, and of the Saare maakond (county), is the town of Kuressaare.

From the 13th century until the first half of the 20th century, the island of Saaremaa was known in most of the world by variants of its other historical name Ösel.
Alviro Petersen
Alviro Nathan Petersen (born 25 November 1980) is a South African former cricketer who played for the Highveld Lions and for Lancashire until 2016 when he was banned from cricket for two years by Cricket South Africa after his involvement in match-fixing in the 2015–16 Ram Slam T20 Challenge. A right-handed batsman, he has represented South Africa in Test, One Day International (ODI) and Twenty20 cricket. He was the captain of the Highveld Lions in South African domestic cricket.

Lions cricket team (South Africa)
The Lions cricket team is a professional cricket team based at Johannesburg in South Africa. The home venue is the Wanderers Stadium.

The team plays in the CSA 4-Day Series first class cricket competition as well as in the CSA One-Day Cup, and CSA T20 Challenge limited over competitions.
Eskil Pedersen
Eskil Pedersen (born 6 March 1984 in Skien) is a Norwegian politician and former leader of the Workers' Youth League (AUF) from 2010 to 2014, the youth organisation associated with Norway's leading Labour Party.

Pedersen survived the massacre on the Workers' Youth League summer camp at Utøya on 22 July 2011. Many have accused Pedersen of treason due to him commanding the Utøya ferry to leave without other victims. Although leaders of AUF are never anonymous, his role in the aftermath as a representative for the organisation has caused a vast increase in media exposure, particularly in the months following the attacks. Anders Behring Breivik, the perpetrator of the attacks, stated that Pedersen was one of his three primary targets.

Utøya
Utøya (Norwegian: [ˈʉ̂ːtˌœʏɑ] ⓘ) is an island in the Tyrifjorden lake in Hole municipality, in the county of Buskerud, Norway. The island is 10.6 hectares (26 acres), situated 500 metres (1,600 ft) off the shore, by the E16 road, about 20 km (12 mi) driving distance south of Hønefoss, and 38 km (24 mi) northwest of Oslo city centre. The 2011 Utøya mass shooting took place on the island.
Willie Wallace
William Semple Brown Wallace (born 23 June 1940) is a Scottish former football player and coach. He won the European Cup with Celtic in 1967 along with several domestic honours. His other clubs included Stenhousemuir, Raith Rovers, Heart of Midlothian and Dumbarton in the Scottish leagues, and Crystal Palace in English football.

Wallace played for Scotland seven times and was inducted into the national Hall of Fame in 2017 for his club achievements.

Stenhousemuir F.C.
Stenhousemuir Football Club is a Scottish football club located in Stenhousemuir, Falkirk. They are a member of the Scottish Professional Football League and currently play in Scottish League One after achieving automatic promotion from Scottish League Two in 2024.

Through much of its history, the team has competed in the lower leagues of Scottish football.

In September 2009, Stenhousemuir Football Club, Ltd. was re-registered as a Community Interest Company.
Battle of Pozzuolo
The Battle of Pozzuolo del Friuli was fought during World War I on 30 October 1917, between the Italian II Cavalry Brigade and two infantry battalions of the Brigade "Bergamo", against two divisions of the German Imperial Army and one division of the Austro-Hungarian Army at Pozzuolo del Friuli.

15th Infantry Division "Bergamo"
The 15th Infantry Division "Bergamo" (Italian: 15ª Divisione di fanteria "Bergamo") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Bergamo was based in Istria and named for the city of Bergamo.
2022 FIBA Melanesian Basketball Cup
The 2022 FIBA Melanesian Basketball Cup was an international men's basketball tournament contested by national teams of Melanesian sub-zone of FIBA Oceania. The tournament was played at the Vodafone Arena in Suva, Fiji. Originally slated to be held in 2021, the schedule was pushed further to April 2022 due to COVID-19 pandemic, with exact dates has been set to 26–29 October 2022.

The competition served as the sub-regional qualification phase for the basketball event of the 2023 Pacific Games in Solomon Islands with two berths allocated in this tournament, which serves as the official qualifier to the FIBA Asia Cup Pre-Qualifiers.

New Caledonia thrashed the defending champions Papua New Guinea in the championship, 87–57, to notch their maiden title. Both finalists, along with next year's hosts Solomon Islands, will represent Melanesia in the men's basketball tournament of the 2023 Pacific Games.

Papua New Guinea men's national basketball team
The Papua New Guinea national basketball team is the team that represents Papua New Guinea in international basketball and is a member of FIBA Oceania. It is administered by the Basketball Federation of Papua New Guinea.

The team is yet to qualify for the Olympic Games, FIBA World Cup, FIBA Asia Cup, and Commonwealth Games.