hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2014 Minnesota elections
A general election was held in the U.S. state of Minnesota on November 4, 2014. All of Minnesota's executive officers were up for election as well as all the seats in the Minnesota House of Representatives, several state judicial seats, a United States Senate seat, all of Minnesota's eight seats in the United States House of Representatives, and several seats for local offices. A primary election was held on August 12, 2014, to nominate major political party candidates for partisan offices and candidates for nonpartisan offices.

Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party
The Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) is a political party in the U.S. state of Minnesota affiliated with the national Democratic Party. The party was formed by a merger between the Minnesota Democratic Party and the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1944. The DFL is one of two state Democratic Party affiliates with a different name from that of the national party, the other being the neighboring North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party.

The DFL controls four of Minnesota's eight United States House of Representatives seats, both of its United States Senate seats, the Minnesota Senate, and all other statewide offices, including the Governor of Minnesota, making it the dominant party in the state. In the Minnesota House of Representatives, it has a power-sharing agreement with its main political rival, the Republican Party of Minnesota, following a tie in the 2024 Minnesota House of Representatives election.
Drosera stolonifera
Drosera stolonifera, sometimes referred to as the leafy sundew, is a tuberous perennial species in the genus Drosera that is endemic to Western Australia. It produces 2 to 3 semi-erect lateral stems that grow 10 to 15 cm long. It is most closely related to D. purpurascens, but differs by several characteristics including height and petiole length. It is native to a number of swampy locations around Perth south to Pinjarra. It grows in peaty water-logged soils in swamp heathland and flowers from September to October. After a bushfire it will flower en masse.

Drosera
Drosera, which is  commonly known as the sundews, is one of the largest genera of carnivorous plants, with at least 194 species. These members of the family Droseraceae lure, capture, and digest insects using stalked mucilaginous glands covering their leaf surfaces. The insects are used to supplement the poor mineral nutrition of the soil in which the plants grow. Various species, which vary greatly in size and form, are native to every continent except Antarctica.

Charles Darwin performed much of the early research into Drosera, engaging in a long series of experiments with Drosera rotundifolia, which were the first to confirm carnivory in plants.  In an 1860 letter, Darwin wrote, "...at the present moment, I care more about Drosera than the origin of all the species in the world".
St George's Church, Stalybridge
St George's Church is in Church Walk, Stalybridge, Greater Manchester, England. It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Ashton-under-Lyne, the archdeaconry of Rochdale and the diocese of Manchester. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. It was a Commissioners' church, having received a grant towards its construction from the Church Building Commission.

Anglican Diocese of Manchester
The Diocese of Manchester is a Church of England diocese in the Province of York, England. Based in the city of Manchester, the diocese covers much of the county of Greater Manchester and small areas of the counties of Lancashire and Cheshire.
Scramble (film)
Scramble is a 1970 British children's sports drama film directed by David Eady and starring Ian Ramsey, Robin Askwith, Lucinda Barnes and Stephen Mallett. It was written by Michael Barnes and produced by Barnes and Eady for the Children's Film Foundation.

Children's Film Foundation
The Children's Film Foundation (CFF) is a non-profit organisation which makes films and other media for children in the United Kingdom. Originally it made films to be shown as part of children's Saturday morning matinée cinema programming. The films typically were about 55 minutes long. Over time the organisation's role broadened and its name changed, first to the Children's Film and Television Foundation in the mid-80s and to the Children's Media Foundation in 2012.
Araucaria (software)
Araucaria is an argument mapping software tool developed in 2001 by Chris Reed and Glenn Rowe, in the Argumentation Research Group at the School of Computing in the University of Dundee, Scotland. It is designed to visually represent arguments through diagrams that can be used for analysis and stored in Argument Markup Language (AML), based on XML. As free software, it is available under the GNU General Public License and may be downloaded for free on the internet.

Stephen Toulmin
Stephen Edelston Toulmin (/ˈtuːlmɪn/; 25 March 1922 – 4 December 2009) was a British philosopher, author, and educator. Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, Toulmin devoted his works to the analysis of moral reasoning. Throughout his writings, he sought to develop practical arguments which can be used effectively in evaluating the ethics behind moral issues. His works were later found useful in the field of rhetoric for analyzing rhetorical arguments. The Toulmin model of argumentation, a diagram containing six interrelated components used for analyzing arguments, and published in his 1958 book The Uses of Argument, was considered his most influential work, particularly in the field of rhetoric and communication, and in computer science.
2015 Mississippi's 1st congressional district special election
A special election for Mississippi's 1st congressional district was held on May 12, 2015, to fill the term left by the vacancy created by the death of Alan Nunnelee. Nunnelee, a member of the Republican Party, died on February 6, 2015.

According to Mississippi state law, Governor Phil Bryant had to call the special election within 60 days of Nunnelee's death, and had to be held at least 60 days after the call. Prospective candidates had to submit a petition for ballot access consisting of at least 1,000 signatures of qualified Mississippi voters with the office of the Secretary of State of Mississippi at least 45 days before the election.

The election was won by Republican Trent Kelly.

Itawamba County, Mississippi
Itawamba County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 23,863. Its county seat is Fulton. The county is part of the Tupelo, MS Micropolitan Statistical Area.

The county was named for Itawamba, an early 19th-century Chickasaw leader. He was prominent during the Indian Removal period of the early 19th century, but died before his people left the area.
Shahverdi Khan Ziyadkhanov
Shahverdi Khan Ziyadkhanovor Shahverdi Khan Ziyadkhan (October 15 [O.S. October 3], 1869 – May 8, 1919) was a Russian officer of the Tsar's army and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic Army, and was the brother of Ismail Khan and Adil Khan Ziyadkhanov.

He participated in the Russo-Japanese War and World War I. In 1905, during the Russo-Japanese War, he was awarded the fourth-degree Order of St. Anna with the inscription "For Bravery" and the third-degree Order of St. Stanislav (with swords and ribbon). During World War I, he was appointed as an assistant commander in the Tatar Cavalry Regiment of the Wild Division. In 1915, for his distinction in battle against the enemy, he was awarded the third-degree Order of St. Anna (with swords and ribbon).

He served in the army of the Azerbaijan Republic with the rank of lieutenant colonel.

Ganja, Azerbaijan
Ganja (/ˈɡændʒə/; Azerbaijani: Gəncə [ɟænˈdʒæ] ⓘ) is Azerbaijan's second largest city, with a population of around 335,600. The city has been a historic and cultural center throughout most of its existence. It was the capital of the Ganja Khanate until 1804; after Qajar Iran ceded it to the Russian Empire following the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813, it became part of the administrative divisions of the Georgia Governorate, Georgia-Imeretia Governorate, Tiflis Governorate, and Elizavetpol Governorate. Following the dissolution of the Russian Empire and the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, it became a part of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, followed by the Azerbaijan SSR, and, since 1991, the Republic of Azerbaijan.
Child selling
Child-selling is the practice of selling children, usually by parents, legal guardians, or subsequent custodians, including adoption agencies, orphanages and Mother and Baby Homes. Where the subsequent relationship with the child is essentially non-exploitative, it is usually the case that purpose of child-selling was to permit adoption.

Adoption
Adoption is a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, from that person's biological or legal parent or parents. Legal adoptions permanently transfer all rights and responsibilities, along with filiation, from the biological parents to the adoptive parents.

Unlike guardianship or other systems designed for the care of the young, adoption is intended to effect a permanent change in status and as such requires societal recognition, either through legal or religious sanction. Historically, some societies have enacted specific laws governing adoption, while others used less formal means (notably contracts that specified inheritance rights and parental responsibilities without an accompanying transfer of filiation). Modern systems of adoption, arising in the 20th century, tend to be governed by comprehensive statutes and regulations.
History of rugby union matches between Denmark and Sweden
Denmark and Sweden have played each other at rugby union since 1949. A total of 53 matches have been played, with Sweden having won 40 times, Denmark having won 10 times and 3 matches having been drawn.

Denmark have played Sweden mostly in one-off annual non-tournament friendly matches, however more recently there have been significant meetings in international tournaments run by  FIRA / Rugby Europe as well as Rugby World Cup qualification matches and the now defunct  Nordic Cup regional tournament.

Denmark national rugby union team
The Denmark national rugby union team is governed by Danish Rugby Union and has been playing international rugby since 1949.

DRU now has nearly 2,500 members in more than 30 clubs.

The DRU Superliga is the highest tier of the national rugby union competition in Denmark. Most of the national team's players play in the local league, however a handful of them play in amateur clubs in England, Sweden and France. There are no professional players that play for Denmark.

The national side is ranked 71st in the world, as of 17th January 2025.

The national side play in Rugby Europe's Conference division: https://www.rugbyeurope.eu/competitions/re-men-s-conference-2024-25 regularly playing sides like Finland and Norway.
TOI-1136
TOI-1136 is a G-type main-sequence star 276 light-years (85 parsecs) away in the constellation Draco. It is slightly smaller than the Sun and similar in mass and temperature, but is much younger, with an age of about 700 million years. It hosts a system of at least six, and possibly seven, exoplanets.

G-type main-sequence star
A G-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence star of spectral type G. The spectral luminosity class is V.  Such a star has about 0.9 to 1.1 solar masses and an effective temperature between about 5,300 and 6,000 K (5,000 and 5,700 °C; 9,100 and 10,000 °F).  Like other main-sequence stars, a G-type main-sequence star converts the element hydrogen to helium in its core by means of nuclear fusion.

The Sun is an example of a G-type main-sequence star (more specifically a G2V star). Each second, the Sun fuses approximately 600 million tons of hydrogen into helium in a process known as the proton–proton chain (4 hydrogens form 1 helium), converting about 4 million tons of matter to energy. Besides the Sun, other well-known examples of G-type main-sequence stars include Alpha Centauri, Tau Ceti, and 51 Pegasi.
La Tirana
La Tirana is a Chilean town in the commune of Pozo Almonte in El Tamarugal Province, Tarapacá Region. The town lies in an oasis in the middle of the Pampa del Tamarugal, about 72 km inland from the port of Iquique.

The town is notable for its religious feast in honor of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. It is celebrated on July 16 of each year, being the most important religious feast of the Norte Grande.

The area around La Tirana was deforested in the 19th century largely as a result of high demand for firewood driven by the paradas method used to process saltpeter.

Pozo Almonte
Pozo Almonte (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈposo alˈmonte]) is a city and commune of Chile located in the interior of Atacama Desert. It has been the capital of Tamarugal Province since this province was established in 2007. The city is located at 52 km (32 mi) from Tarapacá Region's capital, Iquique. It has over 15,000 inhabitants. The commune has an area of 13,766 km (8,554 mi) and borders the following communes: Iquique, Alto Hospicio, Huara, Pica, María Elena and Tocopilla (the last two being in Tocopilla Province).

Mining company Cosayach extracts iodine and nitrate in the commune and processes it in the village of Cala-Cala.
2009 Elon Phoenix football team
The 2009 Elon Phoenix football team was an American football team that represented Elon University as a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon) during the 2009 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by fourth-year head coach Pete Lembo, the Phoenix compiled an overall record of 9–3, with a mark of 7–1 in conference play, and finished second in the SoCon. The Phoenix advanced to the NCAA Division I playoffs and were defeated by Richmond in the first round.

2009 NCAA Division I FCS football season
The 2009 NCAA Division I FCS football season, the 2009 season of college football for teams in the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), began in August 2009 and concluded with the 2009 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game on December 18, 2009, in Chattanooga, Tennessee, won by Villanova 23–21 over Montana.
Dev Dyal Kushwaha
Dev Dyal Kushwaha was an Indian politician, who served as first agriculture minister for the state of Jharkhand, after its formation. He was appointed as Minister for Agriculture in first Jharkhand government, which was led by Babu Lal Marandi. Kushwaha was a leader of Bhartiya Janata Party, who represented Hazaribagh Sadar Assembly constituency as Member of Legislative Assembly for three times. Before joining active politics he was associated with pedagogy. Kushwaha won the assembly elections of 1990, 1995 and 2000 from Hazaribagh Assembly constituency. Besides, Babu Lal Marandi's cabinet, he also served as a minister in Arjun Munda's cabinet. In 2005 Jharkhand Assembly elections, he was defeated by Saurabh Narain Singh— the grandson of Kamakhya Narain Singh.

Saurabh Narain Singh
Saurabh Narain Singh (born 21 January 1975), present Maharaja Bahadur of Ramgarh (Ramgarh Raj) since 17 October 2008, (Laxmi Niwas Palace, Padma, District Hazaribagh, Jharkhand, India) is a member of the 2nd & 3rd Vidhan Sabha of Jharkhand representing the Indian National Congress from Hazaribagh. Member of the 2nd Vidhan Sabha of Jharkhand 2005-09 (M.L.A.)/- from Hazaribagh, Indian National Congress Party; member of the 3rd Vidhan Sabha of Jharkhand 2009-14 (M.L.A.)/- from Hazaribagh, Indian National Congress Party; chairman, Committee on Subordinate Legislation (J.V.S) 2010–2011; chairman, Public Accounts Committee (J.V.S.) 2011–2013; chairman, Zero Hour Committee (J.V.S.) 2013–14; member, State Wildlife Board of Jharkhand 2010–14.

Singh was born in New Delhi. He did his primary schooling from Hillgrange Prepratory School in Dehradun.  Later he studied at The Modern School, The Doon School, Delhi University, Delhi, and University of Western Australia.
Wretches & Jabberers
Wretches & Jabberers is a 2011 American documentary film directed by Gerardine Wurzburg and produced by Wurzburg and Douglas Biklen.The film is about two autistic men, Larry Bissonnette and Tracy Thresher, who travel with their aides to Sri Lanka, Japan, and Finland to meet other autistic people with limited ability to converse verbally, and to challenge attitudes about disability and intelligence. The film's title comes from a comment made by one of the people they visit in Finland, who groups people into "wretches" like all of them and "jabberers" who speak easily. It opened in the United States on April 1, 2011. Notably, the men use facilitated communication to communicate, which is a scientifically discredited technique.

Douglas Biklen
Douglas Paul Biklen (born September 8, 1945) is an American educator, fine art photographer, leading proponent of facilitated communication, a scientifically discredited technique which purports to allow non-verbal people (particularly those on the autism spectrum) to communicate, and an advocate of educational inclusion. A graduate of Bowdoin College, Biklen joined Syracuse University in 1969 and completed his doctorate there in 1973. He was controversially appointed Dean of the Syracuse University School of Education in 2005 and retired in 2014. Biklen has authored and co-authored several books and served on production teams for several documentary films, including 2004's Autism Is a World.
Hebrew poetry
Hebrew poetry is poetry written in the Hebrew language.  It encompasses such things as:

Biblical poetry, the poetry found in the poetic books of the Hebrew Bible

Piyyut, religious Jewish liturgical poetry in Hebrew or Aramaic

Medieval Hebrew poetry written in Hebrew

Modern Hebrew poetry, poetry written after the revival of the Hebrew language

Biblical poetry
The ancient Hebrews identified poetic portions in their sacred texts, as shown by their entitling as "psalms" or as "chants" passages such as Exodus 15:1-19 and Numbers 21:17-20; a song or chant (shir) is, according to the primary meaning of the term, poetry. The question as to whether the poetical passages of the Old Testament show signs of regular rhythm or meter remains unsolved. Many of the features of Biblical poetry are lost when the poems are translated to English.
Muhammad Amin Hassuna
Muhammad Amin Hassuna (Arabic: محمد أمين حسونة; 1909–1956) was a 20th-century Egyptian writer, literary critic, and journalist. He published in Arabic literary and cultural magazines such as Arrissalah and Al-Hadith.

In the Al-Hadith magazine published in Aleppo, he had a dedicated column 1933-1934 entitled "In Egyptian Literature / Icons of the Modern School," in which he profiled notable figures in modern Arabic literature, including Ahmad Amin, Ahmed Rami, Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi, and Ahmed Khayri Sa'id.

His articles in Arrissalah included pieces on Charles Langbridge Morgan's novel Portrait in a Mirror, Italian literature, and Luigi Pirandello.

Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi
Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi (Arabic: أحمد زكي أبو شادي, ALA-LC: Aḥmad Zakī Abū Shādī; February 9, 1892 – April 12, 1955 in Cairo) was an Egyptian Romantic poet, publisher, medical doctor, bacteriologist and bee scientist.
April Novelization
The April Novelization (Polish: Nowela kwietniowa) was a set of changes (constitutional amendments) to the 1952 Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland, agreed in April 1989, in the aftermath of the Polish Round Table Agreement.

Among key changes were:

restoration of the Senate of Poland and the post of the president of Poland (the latter annulling the power of the Polish United Workers' Party general secretary)

introduction of the National Council of the Judiciary (Krajowa Rada Sądownictwa)

changes to the electoral legislation, in order to make elections more free and fair

powers of the Sejm were adjusted

The 1952 constitution would be even further reformed by the December Novelization and Small Constitution of 1992, and finally replaced in 1997 by a completely new current Constitution of Poland.

Constitution of Poland
The Constitution of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej or Konstytucja RP for short) is the supreme law of the Republic of Poland, which is also commonly called the Third Polish Republic (Polish: III Rzeczpospolita or III RP for short) in contrast with the preceding systems.

The current constitution was ratified on 2 April 1997. The Constitution is also commonly referred to as the 1997 Constitution. It replaced the Small Constitution of 1992, a revision of the 1952 Constitution of the Polish People's Republic. It was adopted by the National Assembly of Poland on 2 April 1997, approved by a national referendum on 25 May 1997, promulgated by the President of the Republic on 16 July 1997, and came into force on 17 October 1997.

Poland (and its predecessor states) have had numerous constitutions throughout history; the 1505 Nihil novi was one of the first European constitutional acts. Historically, the most significant is the Constitution of 3 May 1791.
History of algebra
Algebra can essentially be considered as doing computations similar to those of arithmetic but with non-numerical mathematical objects. However, until the 19th century, algebra consisted essentially of the theory of equations. For example, the fundamental theorem of algebra belongs to the theory of equations and is not, nowadays, considered as belonging to algebra (in fact, every proof must use the completeness of the real numbers, which is not an algebraic property).

This article describes the history of the theory of equations, referred to in this article as "algebra", from the origins to the emergence of algebra as a separate area of mathematics.

Abu'l-Hasan ibn Ali al-Qalasadi
Abū'l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Qurashī al-Qalaṣādī (Arabic: أبو الحسن علي بن محمد بن علي القرشي البسطي; 1412–1486) was a Muslim Arab mathematician from Al-Andalus specializing in Islamic inheritance jurisprudence. Franz Woepcke stated that al-Qalaṣādī was known as one of the most influential voices in algebraic notation for taking "the first steps toward the introduction of algebraic symbolism''. He wrote numerous books on arithmetic and algebra, including al-Tabsira fi'lm al-hisab (Arabic: التبصير في علم الحساب "Clarification of the science of arithmetic").
Tina (comics)
Tina was a British weekly girls' comic anthology published by Fleetway Publications from 25 February to 16 September 1967. The title was created specifically to be syndicated by a consortium of European publishers, and was particularly successful in the Netherlands. However, it struggled to make a mark in the British domestic market, and after 40 issues was merged with Princess to create successor title Princess Tina.

Black Beauty
Black Beauty: His Grooms and Companions, the Autobiography of a Horse is an 1877 novel by English author Anna Sewell. It was written from a horse as main character's perspective. She wrote it in the last years of her life, during which she was bedridden and seriously ill. The novel became an immediate best-seller, with Sewell dying just five months after its publication, but having lived long enough to see her only novel become a success. With over fifty million copies sold, Black Beauty is one of the best-selling books of all time.

While forthrightly teaching animal welfare, it also teaches how to treat people with kindness, sympathy, and respect. In 2003, the novel was listed at number 58 on the BBC's survey The Big Read. It is seen as a forerunner of the pony book genre.