hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Primary–secondary quality distinction
The primary–secondary quality distinction is a conceptual distinction in epistemology and metaphysics, concerning the nature of reality.  It is most explicitly articulated by John Locke in his Essay concerning Human Understanding, but earlier thinkers such as Galileo and Descartes made similar distinctions. Primary qualities are thought to be properties of objects that are independent of any observer, such as solidity, extension, motion, number and figure, while secondary qualities are thought to be properties that produce sensations in observers, such as color, taste, smell, and sound.

Sense of smell
The sense of smell, or olfaction, is the special sense through which smells (or odors) are perceived. The sense of smell has many functions, including detecting desirable foods, hazards, and pheromones, and plays a role in taste.

In humans, it occurs when an odor binds to a receptor within the nasal cavity, transmitting a signal through the olfactory system. Glomeruli aggregate signals from these receptors and transmit them to the olfactory bulb, where the sensory input will start to interact with parts of the brain responsible for smell identification, memory, and emotion.

There are many different things which can interfere with a normal sense of smell, including damage to the nose or smell receptors, anosmia, upper respiratory infections, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative disease.
Eusebia Palomino Yenes
Eusebia Palomino Yenes (15 December 1899 – 10 February 1935) was a Spanish Roman Catholic professed religious and a professed member of the Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco. Palomino worked as a domestic during her adolescence, having withdrawn from her education to support her parents. She later worked with the Salesian Sisters before beginning the process of becoming a member of that order in the 1920s. She continued many of the same duties afterward and became known for her devotion to the five wounds of Jesus Christ and to the Via Crucis.

Palomino's beatification cause commenced on 15 December 1981, and she was titled as a Servant of God. The ratification of a decree recognizing her life of heroic virtue allowed Pope John Paul II to name her Venerable on 17 December 1996. That same pope confirmed a miracle attributed to her intercession and beatified Palomino on 25 April 2004 in Saint Peter's Square.

Heroic virtue
Heroic virtue is the translation of a phrase coined by Augustine of Hippo to describe the virtue of early Christian martyrs. The phrase is used by the Roman Catholic Church.

The Greek pagan term hero described a person with possibly superhuman abilities and great goodness. "[I]t connotes a degree of bravery, fame, and distinction which places a man high above his fellows". The term was later applied to other highly virtuous people who do extraordinary good works.
Cynthia Jones
Cynthia M. Jones is an American scientist and professor. Jones an eminent scholar and professor at Old Dominion University, where she served as the A.D. and Annye L. Morgan Endowed Chair of Science from 2009 to 2014.

Old Dominion University
Old Dominion University (ODU) is a public research university in Norfolk, Virginia, United States. Established in 1930 as the two-year Norfolk Division of the College of William & Mary, the school became an independent college in 1962 and attained university status in 1969. In 2023, it had an enrollment of 23,494 students, and its main campus covers 250 acres.

The university's name is derived from one of Virginia's state nicknames, "The Old Dominion", given by King Charles II of England in recognition of its loyalty to the crown during the English Civil War. ODU offers 175 undergraduate and graduate degree programs from seven colleges and three schools. It has a Carnegie Classification of "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" with "Higher Access, Medium Earnings". Old Dominion has approximately 165,000 alumni in all 50 US states and 67 countries.
Mellisai
Mellisai (transl. Melody) is a 2026 Indian Tamil-language drama film written, directed, edited and produced by Dhirav under his Hashtag FDFS Productions banner, starring Kishore and Subatra Robert in the lead roles, alongside George Maryan, Harish Uthaman and others in important roles.

Mellisai released in theatres on 30 January 2026.

Harish Uthaman
Harish Uthaman (born 5 April 1982) is an Indian actor who works in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Kannada films. He made his acting debut portraying the lead role in Tha (2010), before playing villains in Gouravam (2013), Pandiya Naadu (2013), Meagamann (2014), Power (2014) and Srimanthudu (2015).
Colin Hayes
Colin Sidney Hayes AM OBE (16 February 1924 – 21 May 1999) was an Australian champion trainer of thoroughbred racehorses based in Adelaide, South Australia.

During his career he trained 5,333 winners including 524 individual Group or Listed winners. He won 28 Adelaide and 13 Melbourne Trainers' Premierships.

The C S Hayes Stakes is named in his honour and run annually at Flemington Racecourse.

Hayes was elevated to Legend status in the Australian Racing Hall of Fame in 2018, a feat only achieved by two other horse trainers, TJ Smith and Bart Cummings.

Bart Cummings
James Bartholomew Cummings AM (14 November 1927 – 30 August 2015), also known by his initials J. B. Cummings, was one of the most successful Australian racehorse trainers. He was known as the Cups King, referring to the Melbourne Cup, as he won 'the race that stops a nation' a record twelve times. During his lifetime, Cummings was considered an Australian cultural icon and an Australian National Living Treasure. His status as a racing icon in the 20th century was generally considered equivalent to that of Etienne L. de Mestre in the 19th century.
Diocese of Osnabrück
The Diocese of Osnabrück (Latin: Dioecesis Osnabrugensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic church in Germany. The diocese was originally founded circa 800. It should not be confused with the smaller Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück–an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire until 1803–over which the bishop, as prince-bishop, exercised both temporal and spiritual authority.

Archdiocese of Cologne
The Archdiocese of Cologne (Latin: Archidioecesis Coloniensis; German: Erzbistum Köln) is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church in western North Rhine-Westphalia and northern Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany.
Trolley Dollies
Trolley Dollies is a 20-part TV documentary series aired on British digital network LIVING in 2005. It followed the lives of a number of cabin crew at UK charter airline Excel Airways.

During the series, Excel Airways crew travelled to various countries. The show followed their lives both in and out of work, both on the aircraft and downroute on stop-overs at exotic destinations such as Tobago, Goa and Africa. The series was produced by Granada Productions for LIVING. It was narrated by Brian Dowling. The storylines included the relationship between gay couple Den and David, crew member Sally searching for her ideal man, and Janine's cosmetic surgery.

The show was cancelled after one series but continues to be popular in re-runs on both LIVING and LIVING2.

XL Airways UK
XL Airways was a British low-cost charter and scheduled airline, which ceased operations when it went into administration on 12 September 2008. Its headquarters were in Crawley, West Sussex, near London Gatwick Airport. It was part of the XL Leisure Group. From its three bases at London Gatwick, Manchester and Glasgow, the airline provided short-haul and long-haul charter services, predominantly to leisure destinations.

The airline also operated services from Newcastle, Bristol, East Midlands, Birmingham and Ireland West. Two other airlines (both now also defunct as of 2019) within the group used the XL Airways branding: XL Airways France and XL Airways Germany, and were not at the time affected by the insolvency of the XL Leisure Group.
San Francisco Fighter Wing
The San Francisco Fighter Wing is a disbanded United States Air Force unit.  The wing provided air defense of the central Pacific coast and trained fighter units and pilots.  It was stationed at San Francisco, California, where it was disbanded on 7 June 1944.

Wing (military unit)
In military aviation, a wing is a unit of command. In most military aviation services, a wing is a relatively large formation of planes. In Commonwealth countries a wing usually comprises three squadrons, with several wings forming a group (around 10 squadrons). Each squadron will contain around 20 planes.
G6011 Nanchang–Shaoguan Expressway
G6011 Nanchang-Shaoguan Expressway (Chinese: 南韶高速公路) is an expressway that is linked between the G4 Beijing–Hong Kong and Macau Expressway and the G45 Daqing–Guangzhou Expressway as well as East China into Guangdong and Pearl River Delta. One of the most convenient corridors, and it is also the second highway connecting Guangdong with Jiangxi after Yuegan Expressway.

G4 Beijing–Hong Kong and Macau Expressway
The Beijing–Hong Kong and Macau Expressway (Chinese: 北京－港澳高速公路), designated as G4 and commonly referred to as the Jinggang'ao Expressway (Chinese: 京港澳高速公路) is a 2,272.65 km (1,412.16 mi)-long expressway that connects the Chinese cities of Beijing and Shenzhen, in Guangdong province, at the border of Hong Kong. The expressway terminates at the Huanggang Port Control Point in Shenzhen, opposite the Lok Ma Chau border control point in Hong Kong.
Amanda Frisbie
Amanda Paige Frisbie (born May 29, 1992) is an American former professional soccer player who played as a defender.

She previously played for the Boston Breakers, Seattle Reign, Western New York Flash, FC Kansas City, and Sky Blue FC of the American National Women's Soccer League; Stjarnan Women of the Úrvalsdeild kvenna league in Iceland; Perth Glory in the Australian W-League; Madrid CFF, Atlético Madrid Femenino, Levante Las Planas of Spain's Primera División; Damaiense of Portugal's Campeonato Nacional Feminino; and DC Power FC of the USL Super League.

Boston Breakers
The Boston Breakers were an American professional women's soccer club based in the Boston neighborhood of Allston that played from 2009 to 2017. The team competed as the Boston area's professional women's soccer team in several leagues culminating in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). They were succeeded by Boston Legacy FC, which will begin play in 2026.

The Breakers played their home games at Jordan Field in Boston and were managed in their final season by Matt Beard.
Lily Nabet
Lily Shayan Nabet (born September 24, 1999) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for USL Super League club Carolina Ascent. She played college soccer for the Duke Blue Devils and was selected by Angel City FC in the third round of the 2022 NWSL Draft.

Carolina Ascent FC
Carolina Ascent Football Club is an American professional women's soccer club based in Charlotte, North Carolina, that competes in the USL Super League (USLS). The club also features an affiliate team in the USL W League (USLW), which began play in summer 2024.
Ma Yifu
Ma Yifu (1883-1967), born Fu, courtesy name Yifo, was a Chinese philosopher, poet, and calligrapher. He was one of the leading scholars of the modern New-Confucianism, along with Liang Shuming and Xiong Shili, collectively known as the "Three Sages of New Confucianism." Skilled in poetry and literature, proficient in calligraphy, and also deeply versed in philosophy and Buddhism, he is known as the 'Supreme Master of Confucianism, Buddhism, and philosophy'.

Liang Shuming
Liang Shuming (Chinese: 梁漱溟; pinyin: Liáng Shùmíng, Wade-Giles Liang Shu-ming; sometimes Liang Sou-ming, October 18, 1893 – June 23, 1988), born Liang Huanding (梁焕鼎), courtesy name Shouming (壽銘), was a Chinese philosopher, politician, and writer in the Rural Reconstruction Movement during the late Qing dynasty and early Republican eras of Chinese history.
Radosław Parda
Radosław Parda (born 28 June 1979 in Wrocław) is a Polish politician. He was elected to the Sejm on 25 September 2005, getting 7856 votes in 33 Kielce district as a candidate from the League of Polish Families list.

League of Polish Families
The League of Polish Families (Polish: Liga Polskich Rodzin, pronounced [ˈli.ɡa ˈpɔl.skix ˈrɔ.d͡ʑin], LPR) is a social conservative political party in Poland, with many far-right elements in the past. The party's original ideology was that of the National Democracy movement which was headed by Roman Dmowski, however, in 2006 its leader Roman Giertych distanced himself from that heritage.

It was represented in the Polish parliament, forming part of the cabinet of Jarosław Kaczyński until the latter dissolved in September 2007. In the 2007 parliamentary election, it failed to gain the 5% threshold required to enter the Sejm and lost all its seats, even failing to cross the 3% threshold for eligibility to receive government funding. Since then, the party has become a minor political force, but continues to exist.

The All-Polish Youth used to be affiliated with the party as its youth wing, but these two organisations later severed their relations.
Blood Rush
"Blood Rush" (also known as "Mad City: Blood Rush") is the eighth episode of the third season, and 52nd episode overall from the Fox series Gotham. The episode was written by Tze Chun and directed by Rob Bailey. It was first broadcast on November 7, 2016. In the episode, Barnes (Michael Chiklis) loses control of the effects of Alice Tetch's blood and begins to use his powers to target a killer, no matter the cost of those who stand in his way. Gordon (Ben McKenzie) is reinstated as detective and investigates along with Bullock (Donal Logue) the killer, who uses plastic surgery to fake identities. Meanwhile, Cobblepot (Robin Lord Taylor) tries to stop Isabella from continuing to see Nygma (Cory Michael Smith).

The episode received mixed reviews; while critics praised Chiklis' performance, they criticized that Barnes acting out of character was not compelling, the subplots felt weak and that the overall episode was reminiscent of the first season.

Robin Lord Taylor
Robin Lord Taylor (born June 4, 1978) is an American actor and director. He is known for playing Oswald Cobblepot in the Fox series Gotham (2014–2019) and Will Bettelheim in the Netflix series You (2019). He also voices The Outsider in the video games Dishonored 2 (2016) and Dishonored: Death of the Outsider (2017). His film roles include the comedy Accepted (2006), the sci-fi drama Another Earth (2011), the horror Would You Rather (2012), and the thriller John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum (2019).
Powerscourt (horse)
Powerscourt (1 April 2000 – 17 July 2021) was a British-bred Irish-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire, best known for his two runs in the Arlington Million: he was disqualified after finishing first in 2004 but returned to win the race in the following year.

He raced in Ireland, Britain, Germany, the United States, Japan, Hong Kong and the United Arab Emirates in four seasons of racing, winning five of his twenty-one starts. His other major wins came in the Great Voltigeur Stakes at three and the Tattersalls Gold Cup at four. In addition to his wins he was placed in several major races including the Racing Post Trophy, Irish St. Leger, Prince of Wales's Stakes, Bayerisches Zuchtrennen, Irish Champion Stakes and Breeders' Cup Turf.

After his retirement from racing he stood as a breeding stallion in the United States and Turkey.

Bayerisches Zuchtrennen
The Bayerisches Zuchtrennen is a Group 1 flat horse race in Germany open to thoroughbreds aged three years or older. It is run at Munich over a distance of 2,000 metres (about 1¼ miles), and it is scheduled to take place each year on the last Sunday in July.
Hickory High School (Virginia)
Hickory High School (Hickory, Virginia) is a high school in Chesapeake, Virginia. There are approximately 1,581 students. The mascot is a hawk and the school colors are teal, grey, white, and black.

Owing to the overwhelming number of students, a new school, Grassfield High School, was built nearby.

Grassfield High School
Grassfield High School is a public high school located in Chesapeake, Virginia, USA, and is administered by Chesapeake City Public Schools. It was built to ease overcrowding at Deep Creek High School, Great Bridge High School, and Hickory High School. Grassfield, along with Western Branch High School and Oscar Smith High School, features the latest technology available in the school district. Grassfield is also the City of Chesapeake's location for the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) school as various high school students around the city can apply for admission into the program.
Uster Castle
Uster Castle (Swiss German: Schloss Uster also referred to Burg Uster) is a hill castle which was built probably around 1200 AD by the House of Rapperswil in the Swiss municipality of Uster in the Canton of Zürich. Since 1995 it houses a boarding school.

Municipalities of the canton of Zurich
There are 160 municipalities in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland.

In general, municipalities (German: Politische Gemeinden) in Switzerland are grouped in districts (Bezirke), their capital municipalities are written in bold letters.
Kasaragod saree
A Kasaragod saree is a type of traditional cotton sari made by weavers belonging to the Saliya community in the Kasaragod district of Kerala. They are handmade and durable. They are distinct from the traditional Kerala sari and exhibit influences of neighboring Karavali styles.

Kanara
Kanara, also known as Canara and Karāvali, is the historically significant stretch of land situated by the southwestern coast of India, alongside the Arabian Sea in the present-day Indian state of Karnataka. The subregion comprises three civil districts, namely: Uttara Kannada, Udupi, and Dakshina Kannada. Kasaragod was included prior to the States Reorganisation Act.
Division of Cowan
The Division of Cowan (/kaʊən/) is an Australian Electoral Division in Western Australia.

Cowan is an inner-northern Perth seat lying generally between Morley Drive and Hepburn Avenue, extending from the Mitchell Freeway in the west to the Tonkin Highway and Lord Street in the east.

Cowan was once a marginal seat, but is now strongly held by the Australian Labor Party. The current MP is Anne Aly, and member of Labor and the first Muslim woman elected to federal parliament. She speaks Arabic and has previously worked in the Western Australia public service as a senior policy advisor.

Morley Drive
Morley Drive is a major east–west road in the inner northern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia, connecting the residential areas of Balcatta, Osborne Park, Tuart Hill, Nollamara, Yokine, Dianella, and Morley with major north-south arterial roads including Wanneroo Road, Alexander Drive, and Tonkin Highway.
Planning gain
Planning gains (or planning obligations) are ways that local authorities in the United Kingdom can secure additional public benefits from developers, during the granting of planning permission.

Planning gains seek to capture some of the uplift in land value which is generated by the granting of planning permission, and can be used to ensure that commercially viable development is not socially or environmentally unsustainable.  They are used to fund the provision of public goods, including affordable housing, community infrastructure (such as libraries or parks), or environmental safeguards.

In England and Wales, such arrangements are negotiated between the developer and the local planning authority (LPA), and take place under the terms of Section 106 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. In Scotland the equivalent is a Section 75 planning obligation (Section 75 of the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997).

Town and Country Planning Act 1990
The Town and Country Planning Act 1990 (c. 8) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom regulating the development of land in England and Wales. It is a central part of English land law in that it concerns town and country planning in the United Kingdom. Repealed in parts by the Planning and Compensation Act 1991, it is now also complemented by the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004.
Frank Williams (rugby union, born 1910)
Frank L Williams (26 January 1910 – 7 July 1959) was a Welsh international rugby union centre for Wales who played club rugby for Cardiff, Wakefield and Headingley. Williams was a solid defensive player, who not only tackled well but was also unafraid to cover a grounded ball and accepted the punishment meted out.

Wakefield RFC
Wakefield RFC was an English rugby union club, founded in 1901 and folded in 2004 as a result of poor finances, with a trading loss of £105,000 for the season and unsecured creditors' loans of approximately £640,000. The club's final season was in 2003–04 when they were relegated after losing to Coventry RFC in their final match. The club was based at College Grove in Wakefield, West Yorkshire.
St Anne's Catholic High School
St Anne's Catholic High School for Girls is an all-girls Catholic secondary school located in London, England, which was founded to provide education for Catholic girls aged 11–18. It is situated in Palmers Green and is the highest performing non-selective school in the London Borough of Enfield.

London Borough of Enfield
The London Borough of Enfield (pronunciationⓘ) is a London borough in Greater London, England. The main communities in the borough are Edmonton, Enfield, Southgate and Palmers Green. Enfield is an Outer London borough and forms part of North London, being the northernmost borough and bordering Hertfordshire to the north and Essex to the northeast. The local authority is Enfield London Borough Council, based at Enfield Civic Centre. The borough's population is estimated to be 333,794.

It borders the London boroughs of Barnet to the west, Haringey to the south, and Waltham Forest to the southeast. To the north are the districts of Hertsmere, Welwyn Hatfield and Broxbourne (in Hertfordshire), and to the east is Epping Forest District in Essex.
Palomino Road
Palomino Road was an American country music group composed of Ronnie Guilbeau (lead vocals), J. T. Corenflos (guitar), James Lewis (drums) and Randy Frazier (bass guitar). Founded in 1992, the band recorded a self-titled album for Liberty Records, and charted with a cover of George Jones's 1955 debut single "Why Baby Why".

Liberty Records
Liberty Records was a record label founded in the United States by chairman Simon Waronker in 1955 with Alvin Bennett as president and Theodore Keep as chief engineer. It was reactivated in 2001 in the United Kingdom and had two previous revivals.