hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shawkat Toorawa
Shawkat M. Toorawa (born 1963) is the Brand Blanshard Professor of Near Eastern Languages & Civilizations and a professor of comparative literature at Yale University. He has published extensively on classical, medieval and modern Arabic literature, and has also published translations from Arabic. He identifies himself as a multicultural Muslim having lived in England, France, Hong Kong, Singapore, Mauritius and the US. He is a faculty member in the Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations Department at Yale University.

Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, commonly known as the Mellon Foundation, is a New York City-based private foundation with wealth accumulated by Andrew Mellon of the Mellon family of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is the product of the 1969 merger of the Avalon Foundation and the Old Dominion Foundation. These foundations had been set up separately by Ailsa Mellon Bruce and Paul Mellon, the children of Andrew Mellon.

The foundation is housed in New York City in the expanded former offices of the Bollingen Foundation, another educational philanthropy once supported by Paul Mellon. Poet and scholar Elizabeth Alexander is the foundation's current president. Her predecessors have included Earl Lewis, Don Randel, William G. Bowen, John Edward Sawyer and Nathan Pusey.

In 2004, the foundation was awarded the National Medal of Arts.
Chennai Egmore–Velankanni Link Express
The Chennai Egmore–Velankanni Link Express is an Express train belonging to Southern Railway zone that runs between Chennai Egmore and Velankanni in India. It is currently being operated with 16185/16186 train numbers on a daily basis.

Tea Garden Express
Tea Garden Express (Officially known as Karaikal – Ernakulam Express) is an overnight regional rail connecting Karaikal in Union Territory of Puducherry with Ernakulam in Kerala via Nagapattinam Junction, Thanjavur Junction, Tiruchirappalli Junction, Karur Junction, Coimbatore Junction, Palakkad Junction.
Peephole optimization
Peephole optimization is an optimization technique performed on a small set of compiler-generated instructions, known as a peephole or window, that involves replacing the instructions with a logically equivalent set that has better performance.

For example:

Instead of pushing a register onto the stack and then immediately popping the value back into the register, remove both instructions.

Instead of multiplying x by 2, do x << 1.

Instead of multiplying a floating-point register by 8, add 3 to the floating-point register's exponent.

The term peephole optimization was introduced by William Marshall McKeeman in 1965.

Binary optimizer
A binary optimizer, also known as an object code optimizer, takes a program's object code or machine code either from a linked executable binary file, or from live program memory, and produces sections of optimized code, invoked through either redirection or code replacement, that is functionally equivalent yet more performant. Program speedup is a common optimization goal. Some are intended to modernize old binaries to take better advantage of updated hardware, while others lean heavily on profile-guided optimization and interprocedural optimization to deliver performance gains.  Some utilize run-time mechanisms to introspectively improve performance using techniques similar to JIT compilers.
Linux Users' Group of Davis
Linux Users' Group of Davis (commonly known as LUGOD) is a users' group of students and faculty from the University of California, Davis, Information technology professionals from the Sacramento region, and hobbyists interested in Linux and free and open-source software. It holds regular meetings in Davis, California, and holds installfests on a regular basis. Its members participate with each other online in numerous mailing lists and via Internet Relay Chat.

Tux Paint
Tux Paint is a free and open source raster graphics editor geared towards young children. The project was started in 2002 by Bill Kendrick who continues to maintain and improve it, with help from numerous volunteers. Tux Paint is seen by many as a free software alternative to Kid Pix, a similar proprietary educational software product.
El Paso County Telephone
The El Paso County Telephone Company is a small telephone company based in Colorado Springs, Colorado and owned by Qwest Corporation, a subsidiary of Lumen Technologies.

It was founded in 1915 as El Paso County Mutual Telephone Company. In 1975, the company changed its name to The El Paso County Telephone Company. In 1985, the company was acquired by US West, the dominant telephone company in the rest of Colorado. In 2000, Qwest acquired US West; however, El Paso County Telephone remained unchanged.

In 2011, CenturyLink acquired Qwest. El Paso County Telephone remains a subsidiary owned by Qwest Corporation with independent management. The company serves an 1,100 square mile area in eastern El Paso County, Colorado, as well as portions of Elbert, Lincoln, and Pueblo counties in Colorado

On June 10, 2013, El Paso County Telephone began doing business as CenturyLink.

El Paso County, Colorado
El Paso County is the most populous county in the U.S state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 730,395, surpassing the city and county of Denver. The county seat is Colorado Springs, the second most populous city in Colorado. El Paso County is included in the Colorado Springs, Colorado, Metropolitan Statistical Area.
ETRR-1
ETRR-1 or ET-RR-1 (Experimental Training Research Reactor Number one, and sometimes called Egypt Test and Research Reactor Number one), is the first nuclear reactor in Egypt supplied by the USSR in 1958. The reactor is owned and operated by Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (AEA) at the Nuclear Research Center in Inshas, 40–60 kilometres (25–37 mi) northeast of Cairo.

ETRR-1 is the second oldest research reactor in the Middle East, after the Israeli IRR-1 reactor.

IAEA safeguards
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Safeguards are a system of inspection and verification of the peaceful uses of nuclear materials as part of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) , supervised by the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Swaik Lake
Swaik Lake (also known as: Khandowa Lake) (Urdu: کھنڈوعہ جھیل) is a lake located in Kallar Kahar Tehsil, Chakwal District of Punjab the province of Pakistan. It can be accessed through the M2 motorway linking Lahore and Islamabad. The lake is located about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the Kallar Kahar and 48 kilometres (30 mi) southwest of city of Chakwal along the Motorway (M-2). A waterfall is located at the lake. It is a tourist attraction which allows for swimming and diving.

Kallar Kahar Tehsil
Kallar Kahar Tehsil (in Punjabi and Urdu تحصِيل كلّر كہار) is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Chakwal District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Kallar Kahar city serves as the tehsil headquarters.

The area is also known for its peacocks and a salt water natural lake. One of the reputed cadet colleges is also located in this town. The population of Kallar Kahar town was 24,283, per the 2017 census.
Jarrod Uthoff
Jarrod Reed Uthoff (born May 19, 1993) is an American professional basketball player for Pallacanestro Trieste of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). He played three seasons of college basketball for the Iowa Hawkeyes.

Birmingham Squadron
The Birmingham Squadron are an American professional basketball team in the NBA G League based in Birmingham, Alabama, and are affiliated with the New Orleans Pelicans. The Squadron play their home games at Legacy Arena. The team began play in 2019 in Erie, Pennsylvania as the Erie BayHawks before moving to Birmingham in 2021. Following the 2025-26 season, the Squadron will be relocating from Birmingham to Kenner, Louisiana.
Special Criminal Investigation
Special Criminal Investigation, also known as S.C.I. for short or as Chase HQ II: Special Criminal Investigation in some home versions, is a 1989 vehicular combat racing game developed and published by Taito for arcades. It is the sequel to the 1988 game Chase H.Q.

Vehicular combat game
A vehicular combat game (or car combat game) is a vehicle simulation video game where the primary gameplay objectives include vehicles armed with weapons attempting to destroy vehicles controlled by the CPU or by opposing players. The genre normally features a variety of different vehicles available for play, each with its own strengths, weaknesses, and special attack abilities. Players may also unlock hidden vehicles by completing certain in-game tasks. Games may include racing themes, but they are generally secondary to the action.
They Burn the Thistles
They Burn the Thistles – Ince Memed II (Turkish: İnce Memed means Memed the Thin) is a 1969 novel by Yaşar Kemal.  It was Kemal's second novel in his İnce Memed tetralogy.

The first Ince Memed novel won the Varlik prize for that year (Turkey's highest literary prize) and earned Kemal a national reputation. In 1961, the book was translated into English by Edouard Roditi, thus gaining Kemal his first exposure to English-speaking readers. In 1984, the novel was freely adapted by Peter Ustinov into a film (also known as The Lion and the Hawk).

Until the publication of Orhan Pamuk's My Name is Red and Snow, İnce Memed was the best-known Turkish novel published after World War II.

Snow (Pamuk novel)
Snow (Turkish: Kar) is a novel by Turkish writer Orhan Pamuk. It was originally published in Turkish in 2002, followed by an English translation by Maureen Freely that was published in 2004. The story encapsulates many of the political and cultural tensions of modern Turkey, including a real suicide epidemic among teenage girls, which took place in the city of Kars.
Pennsylvania Railroad class D2
The Pennsylvania Railroad's steam locomotive class D2 (formerly Class B, pre-1895) comprised twenty 4-4-0 locomotives intended for mountain passenger helper service, constructed at the railroad's own Altoona Works (now owned by Norfolk Southern) during 1869–1880.
They were the second standardized class of locomotives on the railroad and shared many parts with other standard classes.

This design differed from the Class A (later D1) mainly in its smaller drivers for greater tractive effort in mountainous terrain.  Like all the early standardized 4-4-0s on the PRR, the Class B had a wagon-top boiler with steam dome and a firebox between the two driving axles.

In 1881, the PRR took the Class B design and modified it to produce more locomotives for express passenger service, with 68-inch (1,727 mm) drivers like the earlier Class A.  These new locomotives were designated Class B A, and were classified as D2a in the post-1895 scheme; forty-five of them were constructed.

4-4-0
4-4-0, in the Whyte notation, denotes a steam locomotive with a wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles (usually in a leading bogie), four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles, and no trailing wheels.

First built in the 1830s, locomotives with this wheel arrangement were known as "standard" or "Eight-Wheeler" type. In the first half of the 19th century, almost every major railroad in North America owned and operated locomotives of this type, and many rebuilt their 4-2-0 and 2-4-0 locomotives as 4-4-0s.

In April 1872, Railroad Gazette used "American" as the name of the type. The type subsequently also became popular in the United Kingdom, where large numbers were produced.

The vast majority of 4-4-0 locomotives had tenders, though some tank locomotives (designated 4-4-0T) were built.
Trip Tucker
Charles "Trip" Tucker III, portrayed by Connor Trinneer, is a fictional character in the television series Star Trek: Enterprise.

Tucker was the chief engineer on the Enterprise and also briefly served in the same role aboard at the Enterprise's sister ship Columbia.

United Federation of Planets
In the fictional universe of Star Trek, the United Federation of Planets (UFP) is the interstellar government with which, as part of its space force Starfleet, most of the characters and starships of the franchise are affiliated. Commonly called "the Federation", it was introduced in the original Star Trek television series. The survival, success, and growth of the Federation and its principles of freedom have become some of the Star Trek franchise's central themes.

The Federation is an organization of numerous planetary sovereignties, including Earth and Vulcan. The franchise focuses on Starfleet, the exploration and defense arm of the Federation, rather than the Federation's government. Viewers are rarely given details of the internal workings of the government; however, many episodes refer to the rules and laws that the Federation imposes on the characters and their adventures.
Oblique foliation
In geology oblique foliation, steady state foliation or oblique fabric is a special type of a tectonically produced foliation or fabric, most commonly in quartz-rich layers. The microtectonic structure can be used to determine the shear sense in shear zones and their associated rocks, usually mylonites.

Mylonite
Mylonite is a fine-grained, compact metamorphic rock produced by dynamic recrystallization of the constituent minerals resulting in a reduction of the grain size of the rock. Mylonites can have many different mineralogical compositions; it is a classification based on the textural appearance of the rock.
Ghutku railway station
Ghutku railway station is a railway station on Bilaspur–Katni line under Bilaspur railway division of South East Central Railway Zone of Indian Railways. The railway station is situated at Ghutku in Bilaspur district in the Indian state of Chattisgargh.

Bilaspur railway division
Bilaspur railway division is one of the three railway divisions under the jurisdiction of South East Central Railway zone of the Indian Railways. This railway division was formed on 1 April 1952 and its headquarters is located at Bilaspur in the state of Chhattisgarh of India.

Nagpur SEC railway division and Raipur railway division are the other two railway divisions under SECR Zone headquartered at Bilaspur.
Record type
Record type is a family of typefaces designed to allow medieval manuscripts (specifically those from England) to be published as near-facsimiles of the originals. The typefaces include many special characters intended to replicate the various scribal abbreviations and other unusual glyphs typically found in such manuscripts. They were used in the publication of archival texts between 1774 and 1900.

Documentary editing
Documentary editing is a process involving the publication of documents, selected from archives, museums, libraries and other institutional or private collections. A documentary editor selects documents and also annotates them to add context. The documents are then published, serving as primary source material for researchers. Documentary editing thus enables scholars, journalists and other researchers and interested readers to approach and analyze the contents of documents, without visiting them directly in institutional or private collections.

The specific editorial methodologies for various types of documents are developed and defined by archival science and other auxiliary sciences of history.
Mordor, Warsaw
Mordor, also known as Mordor on Domaniewska Street (Polish: Mordor na Domaniewskiej), is a colloquial name for a financial district in the Mokotów district of Warsaw, Poland, within north Służewiec and west Ksawerów. The area is mostly composed of office buildings, including the headquarters of numerous domestic companies, and branches of many multinational corporations. Emerging in the 1990s, the area used to be the largest financial district in Poland, until 2019, when it lost the title to the nearby Wola district. Currently, the volume of rented office space in the neighbourhood is in decline, as it transforms into a residential district. The name, coined in the 2010s, refers to Mordor, a fictional location in the 1954 fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings written by J. R. R. Tolkien.

Trams in Warsaw
The Warsaw tram network is a 146.2-kilometer (90.8 mi) tram system serving a third of Warsaw, Poland, and serving half the city's population. It operates 726 cars, and is the second-largest system in the country (after the Silesian system). There are about 25 regular lines, forming a part of the city's integrated public transport system organized by the Warsaw Transport Authority. Since 1994, the system is operated by the municipally owned company Tramwaje Warszawskie sp. z.o.o.
Thirstin Howl III
Victor DeJesus, better known by his stage name Thirstin Howl the 3rd, is an American rapper, producer, author and entrepreneur from Brownsville, Brooklyn. Howl owns and operates his own label, Skillionaire Enterprises. He is also a founding member of the Lo Lifes.

Ralph Lauren
Ralph Lauren (/ˈlɔːrən/ LOR-ən; né Lifshitz; born October 14, 1939) is an American fashion designer, philanthropist, and billionaire businessman, best known for founding the brand Ralph Lauren, a global multibillion-dollar enterprise. He stepped down as CEO of the company in September 2015 but remains executive chairman and chief creative officer. As of May 2025, his net worth is estimated at US$11.9 billion.
Operation Python
Operation Python, a follow-up to Operation Trident, was the code name of a naval attack launched on West Pakistan's port city of Karachi by the Indian Navy during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. After the first attack during Operation Trident on the Port of Karachi, Pakistan stepped up aerial surveillance of its coast as the presence of large Indian Navy ships gave the impression that another attack was being planned. Pakistani warships attempted to outsmart the Indian Navy by mingling with merchant shipping. To counter these moves, Operation Python was launched on the night of 8/9 December 1971. A strike group consisting of one missile boat and two frigates attacked the group of ships off the coast of Karachi. While India suffered no losses, Pakistani fleet tanker PNS Dacca was damaged beyond repair, and the Kemari Oil Storage facility was lost. Two other foreign ships stationed in Karachi were also sunk during the attack.

Okha, India
Okha is a coastal town in Devbhoomi Dwarka district of Gujarat state in India. Dwarka is situated 30 km south, and Bet Dwarka island is situated 2.9 km across a small creek from Okha port. Okha port is a major Hindu pilgrimage site due to a temple dedicated to Krishna.
Sarangab-e Boneh Pir
Sarangab-e Boneh Pir (Persian: سرنگاب بنه پير, also Romanized as Sarangāb-e Boneh Pīr; also known as Sarangāv) is a village in Bahmai-ye Garmsiri-ye Shomali Rural District, Bahmai-ye Garmsiri District, Bahmai County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 101, in 20 families.

Bahmai-ye Garmsiri-ye Shomali Rural District
Bahmai-ye Garmsiri-ye Shomali Rural District (Persian: دهستان بهمئي گرمسيرئ شمالي) is in Mombi District of Bahmai County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Gerd-e Kuchak. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Qaleh Mombi, now a city.
2024 Adelaide International – Men's singles
Jiří Lehečka defeated Jack Draper in the final, 4–6, 6–4, 6–3 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 2024 Adelaide International. It was his first ATP Tour title.

Novak Djokovic and Kwon Soon-woo were the reigning champions from the first and second editions of the 2023 tournament, respectively, but either player did not participate this year.

2023 Adelaide International 1 – Men's singles
Novak Djokovic defeated Sebastian Korda in the final, 6–7(8–10), 7–6(7–3), 6–4 to win the men's singles title at the 2023 Adelaide International 1. He saved a championship point en route to his 92nd ATP Tour singles title, equaling Rafael Nadal's tally for the fourth-most men's singles titles in the Open Era.

Gaël Monfils was the reigning champion, but chose not to participate this year.
Lynn Goldman
Lynn R. Goldman (born April 24, 1951) is the Dean of the Milken Institute School of Public Health at George Washington University. She is an American public health physician, a pediatrician and an epidemiologist.

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health is the public health graduate school of Johns Hopkins University, a private research university primarily based in Baltimore, Maryland.

It was founded as the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health in 1916. As of 2024, it claims 16% of all grants and contracts awarded to the 60 accredited schools of public health in the United States, and offers twenty-eight graduate degree programs across ten departments, included nine master's programs, two doctoral programs, and seventeen combined/dual degree programs.

The Bloomberg School is located on the Johns Hopkins medical campus in East Baltimore, adjacent to the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, the Johns Hopkins Hospital, and the School of Nursing.
George Leuchars
Colonel Sir George Leuchars, KCMG, DSO (died 1924) was a South African politician and military officer.

He was a minister in General Louis Botha's first cabinet from 1911 to 1912, when he resigned to protest against J. B. M. Hertzog's anti-imperial and anti-British sentiments.

J. B. M. Hertzog
General James Barry Munnik Hertzog KC (3 April 1866 – 21 November 1942), better known as Barry Hertzog or  J. B. M. Hertzog, was a South African politician and soldier. He was a Boer general during the Second Boer War who served as the third prime minister of the Union of South Africa from 1924 to 1939. Hertzog advocated for the development of Afrikaner culture and was determined to prevent Afrikaners from being excessively influenced by British culture. He founded the National Party in 1914.

In 1941, Hertzog, who had resigned after South Africa - against his efforts - entered World War II on the side of the Allies, issued a statement in which he openly praised Nazism and said it needed to be adapted to South African needs under a fascist dictatorship.
Zalman Shazar
Zalman Shazar (Hebrew: זַלְמָן שַׁזָּ״ר; November 24, 1889 – October 5, 1974) was a Russian-born Israeli politician, author and poet. Shazar served as the president of Israel for two terms, from 1963 to 1973.

State funeral of John F. Kennedy
The state funeral of U.S. president John F. Kennedy took place in Washington, D.C. and Virginia, during the three days that followed his assassination on Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.

Kennedy's body was brought back to Washington after his assassination. Early on November 23, six military pallbearers carried the flag-draped coffin into the East Room of the White House, where he lay in repose for 24 hours. Then, his flag-draped coffin was carried on a horse-drawn caisson to the Capitol to lie in state. Throughout the day and night, hundreds of thousands lined up to view the guarded casket, with a quarter million passing through the rotunda during the 18 hours of lying in state.

Kennedy's funeral service was held on November 25 at St. Matthew's Cathedral. The Requiem Mass was led by Cardinal Richard Cushing. About 1,200 guests, including representatives from over 90 countries, attended. After the service, Kennedy was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.
2025–26 TPBL season
The 2025–26 TPBL season is the second season of the Taiwan Professional Basketball League (TPBL), with the Formosa Dreamers, Hsinchu Toplus Lioneers, Kaohsiung Aquas, New Taipei CTBC DEA, New Taipei Kings, Taipei Taishin Mars, and the Taoyuan Taiwan Beer Leopards participating in this competition. The regular season started on October 11, 2025 and is scheduled to end on May 3, 2026.

Kaohsiung Aquas
The Kaohsiung Aquas (Chinese: 高雄全家海神) are a Taiwanese professional basketball team based in Kaohsiung City. They have competed in the Taiwan Professional Basketball League (TPBL) and play their home games at the Kaohsiung Arena. The Aquas became one of the six teams of the inaugural T1 League season, and one of the seven teams of the inaugural TPBL season.