hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Final-obstruent devoicing
Final-obstruent devoicing or terminal devoicing is a systematic phonological process occurring in languages such as Catalan, German, Dutch, Quebec French, Breton, Russian, Polish, Lithuanian, Turkish, and Wolof. In such languages, voiced obstruents in final position (at the end of a word) become voiceless before voiceless consonants and in pausa. The process can be written as *C[+ obstruent, +voice] → C[-voice]/__#.

Consonant voicing and devoicing
In phonology, voicing (or sonorization) is a sound change where a voiceless consonant becomes voiced due to the influence of its phonological environment; shift in the opposite direction is referred to as devoicing or surdization. Most commonly, the change is a result of sound assimilation with an adjacent sound of opposite voicing, but it can also occur word-finally or in contact with a specific vowel.

For example, the English suffix -s is pronounced [s] when it follows a voiceless phoneme (cats), and [z] when it follows a voiced phoneme (dogs). This type of assimilation is called progressive, where the second consonant assimilates to the first; regressive assimilation goes in the opposite direction, as can be seen in have to [hæftə].
4th Madras State Assembly
The fourth legislative assembly of Madras state (3 March 1967 – 5 January 1971) was constituted in March 1967 after the assembly election which was held in February 1967.  The assembly was the first non-Indian National Congress government of the state and, under chief-minister C.N. Annadurai, passed several key acts including the renaming of the state to Tamil Nadu and the abolition of the three-language formula in the state which had previously required Hindi to be taught in schools.

Three-language formula
The three-language formula is a language learning policy first formulated in 1968 by the Ministry of Education of the Government of India in consultation with the states. The 1968 formula was supplanted in 2020 by the implementation of the National Education Policy 2020.
Laakso space
In mathematical analysis and metric geometry, Laakso spaces are a class of metric spaces which are fractal, in the sense that they have non-integer Hausdorff dimension, but that admit a notion of differential calculus.  They are constructed as quotient spaces of [0, 1] × K where K is a Cantor set.

Doubling space
In mathematics, a metric space X with metric d is said to be doubling if there is some doubling constant M > 0 such that for any x ∈ X and r > 0, it is possible to cover the ball B(x, r) = {y | d(x, y) < r} with the union of at most M balls of radius ⁠r/2⁠. The base-2 logarithm of M is called the doubling dimension of X. Euclidean spaces  equipped with the usual Euclidean metric are examples of doubling spaces where the doubling constant M depends on the dimension d. For example, in one dimension, M = 3; and in two dimensions, M = 7. In general, Euclidean space   has doubling dimension .
1992 Tournament of the Americas
The 1992 Tournament of the Americas, later known as the FIBA Americas Championship and the FIBA AmeriCup, was a basketball championship hosted by the United States from June 27 to July 5, 1992.  The games were played at the Memorial Coliseum in Portland, Oregon. This FIBA AmeriCup was to earn the four berths allocated to the Americas for the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. It was the international debut of the Dream Team, which defeated Venezuela in the final to win the tournament. Puerto Rico and Brazil made the semifinals to also qualify for the Olympics.

Brazil men's national basketball team
The Brazil national basketball team is governed by the Brazilian Basketball Confederation (Portuguese: Confederação Brasileira de Basketball), abbreviated as CBB. They have been a member of the International Federation of Basketball (FIBA), since 1935. Brazil's national basketball team remains among the most successful in the Americas. It is the only team besides the United States, that has appeared at every FIBA Basketball World Cup, since it was first held in 1950.

Throughout its history, the Brazilian national team has won two FIBA World Cup gold medals (1959 and 1963), three Summer Olympic Games bronze medals (in 1948, 1960 and 1964), five FIBA AmeriCup gold medals (1984, 1988, 2005, 2009 and 2025), and six Pan American Games gold medals (1971, 1987, 1999, 2003, 2007, and 2015).
Saint Giles
Saint Giles (/dʒaɪlz/, Latin: Aegidius, French: Gilles, Italian: Egidio, Spanish: Gil; c. 650 - c. 710), also known as Giles the Hermit, was a hermit or monk active in the lower Rhône most likely in the 7th century. Revered as a saint, his cult became widely diffused but his hagiography is mostly legendary. A town that bears his name grew up around the monastery he purportedly founded, which became a pilgrimage centre and a stop on the Way of Saint James.

Rhône
The Rhône (/roʊn/ ROHN, French: [ʁon] ⓘ; Occitan: Ròse; Arpitan: Rôno) is a major river in France and Switzerland, rising in the Alps and flowing west and south through Lake Geneva and Southeastern France before discharging into the Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lion). At Arles, near its mouth, the river divides into the Great Rhône (French: le Grand Rhône; Occitan: Grand Ròse) and the Little Rhône (le Petit Rhône; Pichon Ròse). The resulting delta forms the Camargue region.

The river's source is the Rhône Glacier, at the eastern edge of the Swiss canton of Valais. The glacier is part of the Saint-Gotthard Massif, which gives rise to three other major rivers: the Reuss, Rhine and Ticino.

The Rhône is, with the Po and the Nile, one of the three Mediterranean rivers with the largest water discharge.
Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)
The Battle of Aldenhoven or Battle of the Roer (2 October 1794) saw a Republican French army commanded by Jean Baptiste Jourdan defeat a Habsburg army under François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt which was defending the line of the Roer River. A key crossing was won by the French right wing at Düren after heavy fighting. The Austrian retreat from the Roer conceded control of the west bank of the Rhine River to France. The battle occurred during the War of the First Coalition, part of a wider conflict called the Wars of the French Revolution. Aldenhoven is located in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany about 21 kilometres (13 mi) northeast of Aachen.

Battle of Fleurus (1794)
The Battle of Fleurus was fought on 26 June 1794 during the War of the First Coalition between the French Revolutionary Army under Jean-Baptiste Jourdan and an Austro-Dutch army commanded by Prince Josias of Coburg. In what was the most significant battle of the Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition, Jourdan's army was able to concentrate its forces and defeat Coburg and his troops. The Allied defeat led to the permanent loss of the Austrian Netherlands and to the dissolution of the Dutch Republic. The battle marked a turning point for the French army, which remained ascendant for the rest of the War of the First Coalition.
Stephen Paget
Stephen Paget (17 July 1855 – 8 May 1926) was an English surgeon and pro-vivisection campaigner. On the basis of the works of Fuchs (see below), he proposed the "seed and soil" theory of metastasis, which claims the distribution of cancers are not coincidental. He was the son of the distinguished surgeon and pathologist Sir James Paget.

Vivisection
Vivisection (from Latin  vivus 'alive' and  sectio 'cutting') is surgery conducted for experimental purposes on a living organism, typically animals with a central nervous system, to view living internal structure. The word is, more broadly, used as a pejorative catch-all term for experimentation on live animals by organizations opposed to animal experimentation, but the term is rarely used by practicing scientists. Human vivisection, such as live organ harvesting, has been perpetrated as a form of torture.
Erik Ahlstrand
Erik Melker Ahlstrand (born 14 October 2001) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Dutch Eredivisie club Heracles Almelo on loan from German club St. Pauli. He previously played for Halmstads BK.

Heracles Almelo
Heracles Almelo is a Dutch professional football club based in Almelo, founded in 1903. The club has won the Dutch national title twice, in 1927 and 1941. Heracles won the Eerste Divisie title in 2004–05, gaining promotion to the Eredivisie for the first time in 28 years. The club remained in the top flight for 17 seasons before suffering relegation at the end of the 2021–22 season.

In 2012, they reached the KNVB Cup final for the first time, losing to PSV in the final. The club's main rival is Twente.
Thein Tut
Thein Tut (Burmese: သိန်းထွတ်; also spelt Thein Htut, born 13 November 1955) is a Burmese former dental professor at the University of Dental Medicine, Yangon. He was the president of the Myanmar Dental Association (MDA) from 2009 to 2011.

University of Dental Medicine, Yangon
The University of Dental Medicine, Yangon (Burmese: သွားဘက်‌ဆိုင်ရာ ဆေး တက္ကသိုလ် (ရန်ကုန်), is the leading university of dental medicine, located in Yangon, Myanmar. The university, along with the University of Dental Medicine, Mandalay, is one of only two universities of dental medicine in the country. The annual intake into both dental universities used to be 300 but from 2017 the annual intake for each university has been decreased to only 100. The country with a population of over 50 million had only about 1,500 dentists in 2005.
The Sword of Conan
The Sword of Conan is a collection of four fantasy short stories by American writer Robert E. Howard featuring his  sword and sorcery hero Conan the Barbarian, first published in hardcover by Gnome Press in 1952. The stories originally appeared in the 1930s in the fantasy magazine Weird Tales. The collection never saw publication in paperback; instead, its component stories were divided and distributed among other "Conan" collections.

Chronologically, the four short stories collected as The Sword of Conan are the third in Gnome's Conan series; the stories collected as King Conan follow.

King Conan
King Conan is a collection of five fantasy short stories  by American writer Robert E. Howard featuring his  sword and sorcery hero Conan the Barbarian. It is also the name of two separate comic book series featuring the character.

The book was first published in hardcover by Gnome Press in 1953. The stories originally appeared in the 1930s in the fantasy magazine Weird Tales. The collection never saw publication in paperback; instead, its component stories were divided and distributed among other "Conan" collections.

Chronologically, the five short stories collected as King Conan are the fourth in Gnome's Conan series; the novel Conan the Conqueror follows.
Mönchengladbach Airport
Mönchengladbach Airport (German: Verkehrslandeplatz Mönchengladbach, formerly Düsseldorf Mönchengladbach Airport, IATA: MGL, ICAO: EDLN) is a small regional airport located 4.4 km (2.7 mi) northeast of Mönchengladbach and 15.2 km (9.4 mi) west of Düsseldorf. It is co-owned by the company which also runs Düsseldorf Airport (70%) and the local utility company NVV AG (30%).

Düsseldorf Airport
Düsseldorf Airport (German: Flughafen Düsseldorf, pronounced [ˌfluːkhaːfn̩ ˈdʏsl̩dɔʁf]) (IATA: DUS, ICAO: EDDL), known as Düsseldorf International Airport until March 2013, is an international airport serving Düsseldorf, the capital of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi; 3.8 nmi) north of downtown Düsseldorf and some 20 kilometres (12 mi; 11 nmi) southwest of Essen in the Rhine-Ruhr area, Germany's largest metropolitan area.

Düsseldorf is the fourth-busiest airport in Germany and handled over 20 million passengers in 2024. It is a hub for Eurowings and a focus city for several more airlines. The airport has three passenger terminals and two runways and can handle wide-body aircraft up to the Airbus A380. Düsseldorf Airport serves almost every country in Europe and some destinations in Africa, the Middle East and North America.
Harry Waris
Harry Ilmari Waris (until 1935 Warén; born 5 May 1893 in Saarijärvi; died 22 November 1973 in Helsinki) was a Finnish botanist. He worked across several branches of botany, with major contributions to lichenology, phycology, and developmental plant physiology. His 1920 thesis on lichen gonidia (the symbiotic algal cells within lichens) was among the first to use axenic culture for lichen algae, detailing methods for isolation, cultivation, and nitrogen utilisation. His work with the desmid genus Micrasterias  informed studies of cell morphology, including the roles of the nucleus and cytoplasm in shaping developing cells. In 1953 he devised an inorganic nutrient medium (often called Waris's MY medium) for desmids, which remains in use in physiological and experimental phycology. He also reported early observations of somatic embryogenesis in Oenanthe aquatica, work that preceded later studies in the field and is part of the history of developmental plant physiology.

Plant physiology
Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology, of plants. A professional in this field is called a Plant physiologist.

Plant physiologists study fundamental processes of plants, such as photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutrition, plant hormone functions, tropisms, nastic movements, photoperiodism, photomorphogenesis, circadian rhythms, environmental stress physiology, seed germination, dormancy and stomata function, and transpiration. Plant physiology interacts with the fields of plant morphology (structure of plants), plant ecology (interactions with the environment), phytochemistry (biochemistry of plants), cell biology, genetics, biophysics and molecular biology.
O Barqueiro
O Barqueiro (officially, O Porto do Barqueiro) is a parish and a port belonging to the city council of Mañón in Ferrolterra in North-western Spain in the province of A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia.

Province of A Coruña
The province of A Coruña (Galician: provincia da Coruña [pɾoˈβinθjɐ ðɐ koˈɾuɲɐ]; Spanish: provincia de La Coruña [la koˈɾuɲa] ⓘ; historical English: Corunna) is the northwesternmost province of Spain, and one of the four provinces which constitute the autonomous community of Galicia. This province is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and north, Pontevedra Province to the south and Lugo Province to the east. It has a population of 1,128,449 across its 93 municipalities.
Top Cooku Dupe Cooku season 1
Top Cooku Dupe Cooku is the first season of the Tamil reality comedy cooking TV show Top Cooku Dupe Cooku. The season premiered on 19 May 2024 on Sun TV and digitally on Sun NXT. This season is produced and judged by Chef Venkatesh Bhat, along with Judge Chef Rammohan supported by Binny Krishnakumar and hosted by Rakesh.

The season began with Aishwarya Dutta, Chaitra Reddy, Narendra Prasath, Sai Dheena, Shali Nivekas, Singampuli, Sonia Agarwal, Sujatha Sivakumar and FEFSI Vijayan as the initial contestants. They were later joined by Maneesha Mahesh and Subash Selvam as wild card entries. In the end Narendra, Vijayan, Chaitra, Sujatha, Subash and Maneesha had qualified for the finals.

In the Grand Finale Sujatha Sivakumar and Narendra Prasath both tied as the title winners of Top Cooku Dupe Cooku season 1 while, FEFSI Vijayan and Chaitra Reddy finished as 1st and 2nd runners-up respectively.The title winners Narendra and Sujatha were awarded with a cash prize of ₹20 lakh (US$24,000).

Sai Dheena
Sai Dheena is an Indian actor who has appeared in Tamil language films, playing antagonistic and sometimes comedic roles. He played the antagonist in  Attu (2017), Thimiru Pudichavan (2018) and Vaandu (2019). He is a frequent collaborator with Atlee.
Swimming at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle
The men's 200 metre freestyle event at the 1984 Summer Olympics was held in the McDonald's Olympic Swim Stadium in Los Angeles, California, on July 29, 1984. There were 56 competitors from 36 nations, with each nation having up to two swimmers (down from a maximum of three in previous Games). The event was won by Michael Gross of West Germany, the nation's first victory in the event. His countryman Thomas Fahrner took bronze. Americans placed second and fourth, with Mike Heath earning silver and Jeff Float in fourth place.

Michael Gross (swimmer)
Michael Groß (German pronunciation: [ˈmɪçaʔeːl ˈɡʁoːs] ⓘ; born 17 June 1964), usually spelled Michael Gross in English, is a former competitive swimmer from Germany. He is 201 centimetres (6 ft 7 in) tall, and received the nickname "The Albatross" for his especially long arms that gave him a total span of 2.13 meters. Gross, competing for West Germany, won three Olympic gold medals, two in 1984 and one in 1988 in the freestyle and butterfly events, in addition to two World Championship titles in 1982, two in 1986 and one in 1991.
Voluntary Committee of Lawyers
The original Voluntary Committee of Lawyers  (VCL) was founded in 1927 to bring about the repeal of prohibition and the Volstead Act. The VCL provided legal support for the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment, an umbrella organization that opposed prohibition.  With its urging, the American Bar Association called for repeal in 1928. Under the leadership of Joseph H. Choate, Jr., lawyers in every state were actively involved in working to bring about repeal, which occurred in 1933. At that time, the VCL closed its books and ceased to exist.

Association Against the Prohibition Amendment
The Association Against the Prohibition Amendment was established in 1918 and became a leading organization working for the repeal of prohibition in the United States. It was the first group created to fight Prohibition, also known as the 18th Amendment. The group was officially incorporated on December 31, 1920. Its activities consisted of meetings, protests, and distribution of informational pamphlets and it operated solely upon voluntary financial contribution. Due to low amount of financial contributions, the Association was largely stagnant until prominent members joined in the mid-1920s.
Sapieha
The House of Sapieha is a Polish–Lithuanian noble and magnate family of Ruthenian origin, descending from the medieval boyars of Smolensk and Polotsk. The family acquired great influence and wealth in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the 16th century.

Paweł Jan Sapieha
Paul John Sapieha (Lithuanian: Povilas Jonas Sapiega) (1609–1665) was a Polish–Lithuanian nobleman (szlachcic).

Sapieha became a Hussar Rotmistrz in 1633, courtier in 1635, Obozny of Lithuania in 1638, Podstoli of Lithuania in 1645, voivode of the Vitebsk Voivodeship in 1646, voivode of Vilnius and Grand Hetman of Lithuania in 1656.

He participated in the Battle of Berestechko against Cossacks in 1651. During The Deluge he dislodged the Swedish troops from Lublin, took part in the siege of Warsaw and captured Tykocin Castle in 1657. Together with Stefan Czarniecki, he defeated the Russian army at the Battle of Polonka in 1660.

He was a supporter of the vivente rege elections.
Ken White
Kenneth White (23 March 1943 – 24 December 2025) was an English muralist, painter and illustrator, known for his work with the band XTC and for the airline Virgin Atlantic, as well as murals in his home town of Swindon and elsewhere. After attending Swindon Art School, White created over a hundred murals for various clients in the United Kingdom.

Swindon College
Swindon College was a further education college in Swindon, England. Its campus was at North Star, just north of the town centre. The college offered HNC/Ds and Foundation Degrees, through to B.A. (Hons) courses and a postgraduate programme.

In August 2020, Swindon College merged into New College, Swindon. The merged college is classed as a general education college.

Notable alumni include Reverend Carol Stone (1954–2014), who also served as a governor of the college.
Diaspore (botany)
In botany, a diaspore is a plant dispersal unit consisting of a seed or spore plus any additional tissues that assist dispersal. Examples of such additional structures includes elaiosomes, fruits, pseudofruits or arils, as well as pappi. In a few plants, the diaspore is a tumbleweed and comprises most of the plant.

Diaspores are common in weedy and ruderal species.  Collectively, diaspores, seeds, and spores that have been modified for migration are known as disseminules.

Ruderal species
A ruderal species is a plant species that is first to colonize disturbed lands. The disturbance may be natural –  for example, wildfires or avalanches – or the consequences of human activities, such as construction (of roads, of buildings, mining, etc.) or agriculture (abandoned fields, irrigation, etc.).

The term ruderal originates from the Latin word rudus, meaning "rubble".

Ruderal species typically dominate the disturbed area for a few years, gradually losing the competition to other native species. However, in extreme disturbance circumstances, such as when the natural topsoil is covered with a foreign substance, a single-species ruderal community may become permanently established. In addition, some ruderal invasive species may have such a competitive advantage over the native species that they, too, may permanently prevent a disturbed area from returning to its original state despite natural topsoil.
Psilophyton
Psilophyton is a genus of extinct vascular plants. Described in 1859, it was one of the first fossil plants to be found which was of Devonian age (about 420 to 360 million years ago). Specimens have been found in northern Maine, USA; Gaspé Bay, Quebec and New Brunswick, Canada; the Czech Republic; and Yunnan, China. Plants lacked leaves or true roots; spore-forming organs or sporangia were borne on the ends of branched clusters. It is significantly more complex than some other plants of comparable age (e.g. Rhynia) and is thought to be part of the group from within which the modern ferns and seed plants evolved.

Seed plant
A seed plant or spermatophyte (from Ancient Greek  σπέρμα (spérma) 'seed' and  φυτόν (phutón) 'plant'; lit. 'seed plant'), also called a phanerogam (taxon Phanerogamae) or a phaenogam (taxon Phaenogamae), is any plant that produces seeds. It is a category of embryophyte (i.e. land plant) that includes most of the familiar land plants, including the flowering plants and the gymnosperms, but not ferns, mosses, or algae.

The term phanerogam or phanerogamae is derived from  Ancient Greek φανερός (phanerós), meaning "visible", in contrast to the term "cryptogam" or "cryptogamae" (from Ancient Greek  κρυπτός (kruptós) 'hidden', and γαμέω (gaméō), 'to marry'). These terms distinguish those plants with hidden sexual organs (cryptogamae) from those with visible ones (phanerogamae).
Aisles
Aisles is a six-piece Chilean progressive rock band originally from Santiago, Chile.

The band combines elements of rock, progressive rock, fusion, and Latin music, among others. Aisles has toured in South America, North America and Europe, participating in several Prog-rock festivals. The band's albums have been released in Europe, the United States, Japan. In 2009, the band was nominated for "Best Foreign Record" by the Prog Awards for their second album, In Sudden Walks.

Aisles' third album, 4:45 AM, was released October 29, 2013, on Presagio Records. The band released their fourth record, Hawaii, on July 29, 2016.

Latin music
Latin music (Portuguese and Spanish: música latina) is a term used by the music industry as a catch-all category for various styles of music from Ibero-America, which encompasses Latin America, Spain, Portugal, and the Latino population in Canada and the United States, as well as music that is sung in either Spanish or Portuguese. It may also include music from other territories where Spanish- and Portuguese-language music is made.