hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2025 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2025.

Crown group
In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor. It is thus a way of defining a clade, a group consisting of a species and all its extant or extinct descendants. For example, Neornithes (birds) can be defined as a crown group, which includes the most recent common ancestor of all modern birds, and all of its extant or extinct descendants.

The concept was developed by Willi Hennig, the formulator of phylogenetic systematics, as a way of classifying living organisms relative to their extinct relatives in his "Die Stammesgeschichte der Insekten",
and the "crown" and "stem" group terminology was coined by R. P. S. Jefferies in 1979. Though formulated in the 1970s, the term was not commonly used until its reintroduction in 2000 by Graham Budd and Sören Jensen.
Denver Airport station
Denver Airport is a commuter rail station on the A Line in Denver, Colorado, serving Denver International Airport. The A Line begins at the airport and travels west to Union Station in Downtown Denver in about 37 minutes via six intermediate stops. Trains operate approximately every 15 minutes.

A Line (RTD)
The A Line (formerly the University of Colorado A Line for sponsorship reasons) is a Regional Transportation District (RTD) commuter rail line serving Denver and Aurora, Colorado, operating between downtown Denver and Denver International Airport (DIA). During planning and construction, it was also known as the East Rail Line, but most locals refer to it as the A Line. Despite its former title, the line does not serve the campuses of the University of Colorado.
Irreligion in Bangladesh
Irreligion in Bangladesh is rare and uncommon. A Gallup survey conducted between 2014 and 2015 found that approximately less than 1% identified as convinced atheists in the poll. Bangladesh has 165.2 million people as of the 2022 census.

Taslima Nasrin
Taslima Nasrin (born 25 August 1962) is a Bangladeshi-Swedish writer, physician, feminist, secular humanist, and activist. She is known for her writings on feminism and her criticism of Islam; some of her books are banned in Bangladesh. She has also been blacklisted and banished from the Bengal region, including both Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal.

She gained global attention by the beginning of the 1990s owing to her essays and novels with feminist views and criticism of what she characterises as all "misogynistic" religions. Nasrin has been living in exile since 1994, with multiple fatwas calling for her death. After living more than a decade in Europe and the United States, she moved to India in 2004 and has been staying there on a resident permit, multiple-entry, or 'X' visa since.
Elon Galusha
Elon Galusha (June 18, 1790 – January 6, 1856) was a lawyer and a Baptist preacher who was active in reform activities of the early 19th century in New York. He was the son of Jonas Galusha, the 6th and 8th governor of Vermont. He also adopted and promoted the teachings of William Miller.

William Miller (preacher)
William Miller (February 15, 1782 – December 20, 1849) was an American clergyman who is credited with beginning the mid-19th-century North American religious movement known as Millerism. After his proclamation of the Second Coming did not occur as expected in the 1840s, new heirs of his message emerged, including the Advent Christians (1860), the Seventh-day Adventists (1863) and other Adventist movements.
Sai Kung North (constituency)
Sai Kung North is one of the 19 constituencies in the Tai Po District. The constituency returns one district councillor to the Tai Po District Council, with an election every four years.

Sai Kung North constituency is loosely based on northern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula, also called 'Sai Kung North', with estimated population of 14,102.

Sai Kung Peninsula
The Sai Kung Peninsula (Chinese: 西貢半島; Jyutping: sai1 gung3 bun3 dou2) is a peninsula in the easternmost part of the New Territories in Hong Kong. Its name comes from Sai Kung Town in the central southern area of the peninsula. The southern part of the peninsula is administered by Sai Kung District, the north by Tai Po District and the northwest by Sha Tin District.
Prunus lycioides
Prunus lycioides (Persian: تنگرس, lit. 'biting thorn'), sometimes known as Persian gum, is a species of wild almond native to Turkey, northern Syria and Iran. It is a very thorny and dense shrub 0.6 to 1.2 m tall. Its bark is gray and its flower petals are pink to deep pink, with its sepals and hypanthia deep red to purple. It is morphologically similar to Prunus erioclada, P. spinosissima, P. eburnea and P. brahuica. It can be distinguished from the similar species by its longer, narrower leaves, which are linear, linear‑lanceolate, or linear‑oblanceolate, and by subtle characters of its endocarp. Adapted to extremely dry conditions, it is found growing in a wide variety of arid and semiarid habitats, at 450 to 2200 m above sea level.

Prunus subg. Prunus
Prunus subg. Prunus is a subgenus of Prunus. This subgenus includes plums, apricots and bush cherries. Some species conventionally included in Prunus subg. Amygdalus are clustered with plum/apricot species according to molecular phylogenetic studies. Shi et al. (2013) has incorporated subg. Amygdalus into subg. Prunus, thereby including almonds and peaches in this subgenus. The species in this subgenus have solitary flowers or 2–3 in a fascicle.
Cyclone (Tangerine Dream album)
Cyclone is the eighth studio album by Tangerine Dream and the first in their canon to feature vocals and lyrics. The cover is a painting by band leader Edgar Froese.

Other Tangerine Dream albums to later include vocals are Tyger (1987), Madcap's Flaming Duty (2007) and Under Cover – Chapter One (2010).

Cyclone reached number 37 on the UK album charts.

Under Cover – Chapter One
Under Cover – Chapter One is the 117th release and first and so far only cover album by electronic group Tangerine Dream. It is the group's twenty-eighth major studio album and was released in December 2010. The idea for the album is said to have started in 2008 in Los Angeles. The band was touring in the west coast area at the time, and their promoter jokingly told the band they should cover top 40 hits. It grew into a bet and a full blown concept after careful consideration from the band. Information on the album started to circulate in early autumn, and it was made available for pre-order on the Eastgate Shop website in November. Although appearing on Madcap's Flaming Duty (2007) and appearing on the cover art and performing vocals on this release, vocalist Chris Hausl never became an official member of the group.
Erik Spady
Erik Spady (born June 1, 1989) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He last played with the Brampton Beast of the Central Hockey League.

Spady attended Northern Michigan University where he played four seasons (2007-2011) of NCAA college major hockey with the Northern Michigan Wildcats, registering 20 points and 110 penalty minutes in 134 games played.

Spady played the 2011–12 season in the Central Hockey League (CHL) with the Texas Brahmas. On January 15, 2013, the Toledo Walleye signed Spady to a contract and he joined the team mid-way through the 2012–13 ECHL season.

Fort Worth Brahmas
The Fort Worth Brahmas were a professional ice hockey team in the Central Hockey League, and previously the Western Professional Hockey League. The team originally played at the Fort Worth Convention Center but played their final six seasons, including their 2008–09 Championship season at the NYTEX Sports Centre. The CHL officially announced the team was going inactive on June 16, 2013.
KWCK-FM
KWCK-FM is a radio station airing a country music format licensed to Searcy, Arkansas, broadcasting on 99.9 MHz FM.  The station serves the areas of Searcy, Arkansas, Heber Springs, Arkansas, Batesville, Arkansas, and Mountain View, Arkansas, and is owned by Crain Media Group, LLC.

Searcy, Arkansas
Searcy (/ˈsɜːrsi/ SUR-see) is the largest city in and the county seat of White County, Arkansas, United States. According to 2024 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 23,997.  It is the principal city of the Searcy, AR Micropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of White County.  The city takes its name from Richard Searcy, a judge for the Superior Court of the Arkansas Territory.  A college town, Searcy is the home of Harding University and ASU-Searcy.
Jairzinho Rozenstruik
Jairzinho R. Rozenstruik (born 17 March 1988) is a Surinamese professional mixed martial artist and former kickboxer. He is the current Dirty Boxing Heavyweight Champion. He formerly competed in the Heavyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). Rozenstruik currently holds the record for second fastest knockout in the heavyweight division against Allen Crowder at UFC Fight Night 154. In kickboxing, he is a former WLF Super Heavyweight Tournament Champion and a Superkombat World Grand Prix I 2013 Runner-Up.

Heavyweight (MMA)
The heavyweight division in mixed martial arts (MMA) generally includes fighters between 206–265 lb (93.4–120.2 kg).

Although many ambiguities exist within the lowerweight classes regarding division naming and weight limits, the heavyweight division is, for the most part, uniform.  The Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) and most other North American MMA organizations such as Bellator MMA, WSOF, and King of the Cage (KOTC) abide by this interpretation to their 206–265 lb athletes as heavyweights. ONE Championship's heavyweight division is at 226–265 lb. Pancrase's overweight division was 198.4–220.5 lb (90.0–100.0 kg) before being revised to its current 205–264.5 lb (93.0–120.0 kg).

The heavyweight upper weight limit, as defined by the Nevada State Athletic Commission and the Association of Boxing Commissions is 265 lb (120 kg).
Tiszaújváros
Tiszaújváros (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈtisɒuːjvaːroʃ]; Slovak: Nové Mesto nad Tisou) is an industrial town in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, Northern Hungary, 35 km (22 mi) south-east of Miskolc, near the river Tisza.

Miskolc
Miskolc (UK: /ˈmiːʃkɒlts/ MEESH-kolts, US: /ˈmɪʃkoʊlts/ MISH-kohlts; Hungarian: [ˈmiʃkolt͡s] ⓘ; Czech and Slovak: Miškovec; German: Mischkolz; Yiddish: Mishkoltz; Romanian: Mișcolț) is a city in northeastern Hungary, known for its heavy industry. With a population of 143,502 as of 2024, Miskolc is the fourth largest city in Hungary, behind Budapest, Debrecen, and Szeged. It is also the county capital of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén and the regional centre of Northern Hungary.
Queanbeyan Nature Reserve
The Queanbeyan Nature Reserve is a protected nature reserve that is located in the Southern Tablelands region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The 67-hectare (170-acre) reserve is situated approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) west-south-west of the City of Queanbeyan.

The low, undulating terrain of the reserve supports remnants of two threatened ecological communities – Natural Temperate Grassland and grassy Box-Gum Woodland. A population of the threatened species Button wrinklewort Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides is present within the reserve, and the threatened species Golden Sun Moth Synemon plana has also been recorded.

The reserve is managed by the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service.

Queanbeyan
Queanbeyan (/ˈkwiːnbiən/ KWEEN-bee-ən) is a city in south-eastern New South Wales, Australia, located adjacent to the Australian Capital Territory in the Southern Tablelands region. Located on the Queanbeyan River, the city is the council seat of the Queanbeyan-Palerang Regional Council. At the 2021 census, the Queanbeyan part of the Canberra–Queanbeyan built-up area had a population of 37,511.

Queanbeyan's economy is based on light construction, manufacturing, service, retail and agriculture. Canberra, Australia's capital, is located 15 kilometres (9 miles) to the west, and Queanbeyan is a commuter town. The word Queanbeyan is the anglicised form of Quinbean or *Kuwinbiyan, a Ngarigo word meaning "clear waters".
2019 Wiesbaden Tennis Open
The 2019 Wiesbaden Tennis Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the eleventh edition of the tournament which was part of the 2019 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It took place in Wiesbaden, Germany between 29 April and 5 May 2019.

2019 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour
The 2019 International Tennis Federation (ITF) Women's World Tennis Tour is a second-tier tour for women's professional tennis. It is organized by the International Tennis Federation and is a tier below the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour. The ITF Women's World Tennis Tour includes tournaments with prize money ranging from $15,000 to $100,000. The ITF Women's World Tennis Tour is the product of reforms designed to support talented junior players in their progression to the senior game, and target the prize money effectively at professional tournaments to enable more players to make a living.
Granulicella
Granulicella is a genus of acidophilic, non-motile, Gram-negative bacteria within the phylum Acidobacteriota, first isolated from acidic sphagnum peat bogs in West Siberia and northern Russia. It belongs to the family Acidobacteriaceae in the class Acidobacteriia and currently includes ten recognized species known for their adaptation to low pH and low-temperature environments. Members of this genus exhibit a range of hydrolytic capabilities, making them ecologically significant in organic matter decomposition and potentially valuable for sustainable agriculture and climate change mitigation efforts.

Extracellular polymeric substance
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are natural polymers of high molecular weight secreted by microorganisms into their environment. EPS establish the functional and structural integrity of biofilms, and are considered the fundamental component that determines the physicochemical properties of a biofilm. EPS in the matrix of biofilms provides compositional support and protection of microbial communities from the harsh environments. Components of EPS can be of different classes of polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, lipopolysaccharides, and minerals.
Ōtaka Kanga ruins
The Ōtakano Kanga ruins (大高野官衙遺跡, Ōtakano kanga iseki) is an archaeological site with the ruins of a Nara to Heian period government administrative complex located in what is now the Tsukishita neighborhood of the town of  Kotoura in Tottori prefecture in the San'in region of Japan. The site has been protected as a National Historic Site from 2014.

Kotoura, Tottori
Kotoura (琴浦町, Kotoura-chō) is a town located in Tōhaku District, Tottori Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 December 2022, the town had an estimated population of 16,434 in 6452 households and a population density of 120 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 139.97 square kilometres (54.04 sq mi).
Scottsville and LeRoy Railroad
The Scottsville and LeRoy Railroad was a horse-drawn short-line railroad running from Scottsville to Caledonia, in New York State, in the United States of America. It was chartered in 1836 and ran until 1840, when changes in the canal system reduced demand. The eight-mile long line used wooden rails, which were a continual source of derailments.

Caledonia (village), New York
Caledonia is a village in the town of Caledonia, Livingston County, New York, United States. The population was 2,080 at the 2020 census, out of 4,154 in the entire town. The name Caledonia refers to Scotland.
1946–47 Colchester United F.C. season
The 1946–47 season was Colchester United's fifth season in their history and their fifth in the Southern League. Alongside competing in the Southern League, the club also participated in the FA Cup and Southern League Cup. New manager Ted Fenton began to assemble a team of professionals following the reliance on guest players during the 1945–46 season, as the club finished 8th in the league. They reached the first round of the FA Cup, but were defeated by Football League side Reading. They were also Southern League Cup semi-finalists, defeated at Priestfield Stadium by Gillingham.

Ted Fenton
Edward Benjamin Ambrose Fenton (7 November 1914 – 12 July 1992) was an English football player and manager. A wing-half, he spent almost his entire playing career at West Ham United and went on to manage the club between 1950 and 1961.
Nancy Roper
Nancy Roper (1918–2004) was a British nurse theorist, lexicographer and creator with Winifred W. Logan and Alison J. Tierney of the Roper–Logan–Tierney model of nursing used widely in nurse training in the United Kingdom, USA and Europe, since mid-1970s.

Royal College of Nursing
The Royal College of Nursing (RCN) is a registered trade union and professional body in the United Kingdom for those in the profession of nursing. It was founded in 1916 as the College of Nursing, receiving its royal charter in 1928. Queen Elizabeth II was the patron until her death in 2022, King Charles III continued the royal connection and became patron in 2024. The majority of members are registered nurses; however student nurses and healthcare assistants are also members. There is also a category of membership, at a reduced cost, for retired people.

The RCN describes its mission as representing nurses and nursing, promoting excellence in practice and shaping health policies. It has a network of stewards, safety representatives and union learning representatives as well as advice services for members. Services include a main library in London, and regional libraries. The RCN Institute provides courses for nurses.
The House of Asterion
"The House of Asterion" (original Spanish title: "La casa de Asterión") is a short story by Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges. The story was first published in 1947 in the literary magazine Los Anales de Buenos Aires and republished in Borges's short story collection The Aleph in 1949. It is based on the Greek myth of Theseus and the Minotaur and is told from the perspective of Asterion, the Minotaur.

One of Borges's shortest stories, it was written over a period of two days and received generally positive reviews from contemporary critics and authors. The story explores themes of death, redemption, and the nature of monstrosity. Its narrative style has been referred to as a "literary puzzle", with the narrator's identity not fully revealed until the end of the story. Literary critic Gene H. Bell-Villada noted that "there is no instance of a major author so inverting the hero–monster relationship" prior to "The House of Asterion".

Pasiphaë
In Greek mythology, Pasiphaë (/pəˈsɪfiiː/; Ancient Greek: Πασιφάη, romanized: Pāsipháē, lit. 'wide-shining', derived from the dative plural πᾶσι pasi 'for all' and φάος/φῶς phaos/phos 'light') was the daughter of Helios, queen of Crete, and mother of the Minotaur. After her husband Minos failed to sacrifice the Cretan Bull to Poseidon as promised, the god cursed Pasiphaë to fall in love with the bull. She had Daedalus build a hollow wooden cow for her to hide in, which she then used to mate with the bull; afterwards, she gave birth to the Minotaur.
Heerle
Heerle (Brabantic: Èrel) is a village in the municipality of Roosendaal, in the Dutch province of North Brabant. Before the municipal reorganisation of 1997, Heerle was part of the municipality of Wouw. It lies between the cities of Bergen op Zoom and Roosendaal.

Bergen op Zoom
Bergen op Zoom (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌbɛrɣə(n) ɔp ˈsoːm] ⓘ; called Berrege [ˈbɛrəɣə] in the local dialect) is a city and municipality in southwestern Netherlands. It is located in the province of North Brabant, at the provincial border with Zeeland. In 2025, the municipality had a population of 70,216.
Harris corner detector
The Harris corner detector is a corner detection operator that is commonly used in computer vision algorithms to extract corners and infer features of an image. It was first introduced by Chris Harris and Mike Stephens in 1988 upon the improvement of Moravec's corner detector. Compared to its predecessor, Harris' corner detector takes the differential of the corner score into account with reference to direction directly, instead of using shifting patches for every 45 degree angles, and has been proved to be more accurate in distinguishing between edges and corners. Since then, it has been improved and adopted in many algorithms to preprocess images for subsequent applications.

Harris affine region detector
In the fields of computer vision and image analysis, the Harris affine region detector belongs to the category of feature detection. Feature detection is a preprocessing step of several algorithms that rely on identifying characteristic points or interest points so to make correspondences between images, recognize textures, categorize objects or build panoramas.
Gmina Głogów
Gmina Głogów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Głogów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Głogów, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.

The gmina covers an area of 84.28 square kilometres (32.54 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 6,767.

Głogów County
Głogów County (Polish: powiat głogowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, south-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. The county covers an area of 443.06 square kilometres (171.1 sq mi). Its administrative seat and only town is Głogów.

As of 2019 the total population of the county is 89,319, of which the population of the town of Głogów is 67,317 and the rural population is 22,002.
King Edward VI School, Southampton
King Edward VI School (also known as King Edward's, or KES) is a selective co-educational private day school founded in Southampton, England, in 1553. The Senior and Sixth Form site is on Hill Lane, Southampton whilst the Preparatory School is located in Romsey.

The school was founded at the request of William Capon, who bequeathed money in his will for a grammar school for the poor. King Edward VI signed the necessary Royal Charter in 1553 and the school opened in 1554. King Edward's became an independent school in 1978 and accepted girls into the sixth form in 1983. It became a fully co-educational school in 1994. It is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference, and is a registered charity. The school roll is approximately 950 pupils.

The current building was designed by the English architect Ernest Berry Webber in the early 1930s.

Southampton Civic Centre
The Civic Centre is a municipal building located in the Cultural Quarter area within the city of Southampton, England.  It comprises offices occupied by Southampton City Council, the SeaCity Museum, the Guildhall, the Southampton City Art Gallery, and the city library. It was designed by the English architect Ernest Berry Webber in the Classical style in 1929 and constructed over a ten-year period.  It was completed in 1939. Pevsner's Hampshire: South describes it as "the most ambitious civic building erected in the provinces in the interwar years". It was designated as a Grade II* listed building in 1980.