hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
CyberSource Corp. v. Retail Decisions, Inc.
CyberSource Corp. v. Retail Decisions, Inc., 654 F.3d 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2011), is a United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit case that disputed patent eligibility for the '154 patent, which describes a method and system for detecting fraud of credit card transactions through the internet. This court affirmed the decision of United States District Court for the Northern District of California which ruled that the patent is actually unpatentable.

Patentable subject matter
Patentable, statutory or patent-eligible subject matter is subject matter of an invention that is considered appropriate for patent protection in a given jurisdiction. The laws and practices of many countries stipulate that certain types of inventions should be denied patent protection. Together with criteria such as novelty, inventive step or nonobviousness, utility (or industrial applicability), which differ from country to country, the question of whether a particular subject matter is patentable is one of the substantive requirements for patentability.

The problem of patentable subject matter arises usually in cases of biological and software inventions, and much less frequently in other areas of technology.
Roman Schmidt (politician)
Roman Mykhailovych Schmidt (Ukrainian: Роман Михайлович Шмідт; born 20 April 1951) is a Ukrainian zoologist and politician who served as Deputy Minister of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine from February 2000 to 2003 and from January 2008 to an unknown date. He previously served as a People's Deputy of Ukraine from Ukraine's 115th electoral district from 1998 to February 2000, when he resigned and was succeeded by Taras Chornovil. He is a member of the People's Movement of Ukraine.

People's Movement of Ukraine
The People's Movement of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Народний Рух України, romanized: Narodnyi Rukh Ukrayiny) is a Ukrainian political party and one of the first opposition parties in Soviet Ukraine. It is often simply referred to as the Movement (Ukrainian: Рух, romanized: Rukh). The party under the name Rukh was an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) until 2013. It is considered to have played a key role in Ukraine regaining its independence in 1991.

Rukh gathers most of its voters and support from Western Ukraine. In November 2016, the party had 35,000 members.
Arctostaphylos bakeri
Arctostaphylos bakeri is a species of manzanita known by the common name Baker's manzanita. It is endemic to Sonoma County, California, where it grows in the chaparral and woodlands of the North Coast Ranges. It is sometimes a member of the serpentine soils flora.

Chaparral
Chaparral (/ˌʃæpəˈræl, ˌtʃæp-/ SHAP-ə-RAL, CHAP-) is a shrubland plant community found primarily in California, southern Oregon, and northern Baja California, part of the California floristic province. It is shaped by a Mediterranean climate (mild wet winters and hot dry summers) and infrequent, high-intensity crown fires. Many chaparral shrubs have hard sclerophyllous evergreen leaves, as contrasted with the associated soft-leaved, drought-deciduous, scrub community of coastal sage scrub, found often on drier, southern-facing slopes.

Three other closely related chaparral shrubland systems occur in southern Arizona, western Texas, and along the eastern side of central Mexico's mountain chains, all having summer rains in contrast to the Mediterranean climate of other chaparral formations.
Franklin Bound
Franklin Bound (April 9, 1829 – August 8, 1910) was a Republican member of the Pennsylvania State Senate, who served with the 28th Pennsylvania Militia, Emergency of 1863 during the American Civil War, and was elected to represent Pennsylvania's 14th District, post-war, as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives.

Appointed as a delegate to the 1860 political convention at which Andrew Gregg Curtin was nominated to be his party's candidate for governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Bound was also a delegate to the post-war Republican National Convention in Chicago, Illinois in 1868.

Pennsylvania State Senate
The Pennsylvania State Senate is the upper house of the bicameral Pennsylvania General Assembly, the Pennsylvania state legislature. Senators are elected for four-year terms, staggered every two years, such that half of the seats are contested at each election. Even- and odd-numbered district seats are contested in separate election years. The State Senate meets in the State Capitol building in Harrisburg, and has been meeting since 1791.

The president of the Senate is the lieutenant governor, who has no vote except to break a tie. The president pro tempore becomes the lieutenant governor in the event of the sitting lieutenant governor's removal, resignation or death. In this case the president pro tempore and lieutenant governor would be the same person.
Ruger 10/22
The Ruger 10/22 is a series of semi-automatic rifles produced by American firearm manufacturer Sturm, Ruger & Co., chambered for the .22 Long Rifle rimfire cartridge.  It uses a patented 10-round rotary magazine, though higher capacity box magazines are also available.  The standard carbine version of the Ruger 10/22 has been in production continuously since 1964, making it one of the most successful rimfire rifle designs in history, with numerous third party manufacturers making parts and accessories for upgrading and customization. The 10/22's aftermarket is so prolific that a complete 10/22 can be built without using any Ruger-made components.

A magnum version of the 10/22, known as the 10/22 Magnum, chambered for the .22 WMR cartridge, was made from 1998 to 2006. A .17 HMR version, the 10/17, was announced in 2004, but was only listed in the catalog for two years.

.17 HMR
.17 Hornady Magnum Rimfire, commonly known as the .17 HMR, is a rimfire rifle cartridge developed by Hornady in 2002. It was developed by necking down a .22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire case to take a .17 caliber (4.5mm) projectile. Commonly loaded with a 17 grain (1.1 g) projectile, it can deliver muzzle velocities in excess of 775 m/s (2,650 ft/s).
Trine University
Trine University is a private university in Angola, Indiana, and Fort Wayne, Indiana, with education centers in Detroit, Phoenix, and Reston, Virginia. It was founded in 1884 and is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.

Higher Learning Commission
The Higher Learning Commission (HLC) is an institutional accreditor in the United States.  It has historically accredited post-secondary education institutions in the central United States: Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. The headquarters of the organization is in Chicago, Illinois.

The United States Department of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation recognize the commission as an institutional accreditor. HLC grew out of the higher education division of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (NCA), which dissolved in 2014.
Harvester (forestry)
A harvester is a type of heavy forestry vehicle employed in cut-to-length logging operations for felling, delimbing and bucking trees. A forest harvester is typically employed together with a skidder that hauls the logs to a roadside landing, or a forwarder to pick up and haul away.

Chainsaw
A chainsaw (or chain saw) is a portable handheld power saw that cuts with a set of teeth attached to a rotating chain driven along a guide bar.

Modern chainsaws are typically gasoline or electric and are used in activities such as tree felling, limbing, bucking, pruning, cutting firebreaks in wildland fire suppression, harvesting of firewood, for use in chainsaw art and chainsaw mills, for cutting concrete, and cutting ice. Precursors to modern chainsaws were first used in surgery, with patents for wood chainsaws beginning in the late 19th century.

A chainsaw comprises an engine, a drive mechanism, a guide bar, a cutting chain, a tensioning mechanism, and safety features. Various safety practices and working techniques are used with chainsaws.
Timothy Gribble
Timothy Lane Gribble (August 27, 1963 – March 15, 2000) was an American murderer, rapist and self-confessed serial killer who admitted to raping and strangling three women across Texas between 1985 and 1987. Sentenced to death on two occasions for one of the murders, Gribble was executed at the Huntsville Unit in 2000.

Huntsville Unit
Texas State Penitentiary at Huntsville or Huntsville Unit (HV), nicknamed "Walls Unit", is a Texas state prison located in Huntsville, Texas, United States. The approximately 54.36-acre (22.00 ha) facility, near downtown Huntsville, is operated by the Correctional Institutions Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. The facility, the oldest Texas state prison, opened in 1849.

The unit houses the execution chamber of the State of Texas. It is the most active execution chamber in the United States, with 597 (as of January 28, 2025) executions since 1982, when the death penalty was reinstated in Texas (see Lists of people executed in Texas).
Carpați Stadium (2024)
Carpaţi Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Brașov, Romania, it is used mostly for football matches and has a capacity of 500 seats. The stadium was built on the site of former Carpați Stadium, which was opened in 1950s and demolished in 2020. The stadium was officially opened on 13 November 2024.

Carpați Stadium (1950)
Stadionul Carpaţi was a multi-use stadium in Brașov, Romania. It was used mostly for football matches and was the home ground of Carpați Brașov, Corona Brașov and Colțea Brașov, among others. It had a capacity of 1,200 people and was slightly renovated in 2010, when it became the home ground of Corona, following the team's promotion to the Liga III.

The stadium was demolished in 2020, after more than 70 years of existence.
Hamakita-ku
Hamakita-ku (浜北区) was a ward in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. It is bordered by Tenryū-ku, Higashi-ku, Naka-ku and the city of Iwata. The Tenryū River and the Akaishi Mountains form natural boundaries for the ward.

Hamakita Ward was established on April 1, 2007. As of 2009, it had a population of 90,817 persons in an area of 66.51 km2, with a population density of 1370 persons per km2.

Naka-ku, Hamamatsu
Naka-ku (中区, Naka-ku) was a ward in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan, located in the central part of the city. It encompasses the site of Hamamatsu Castle and Hamamatsu Station, the central business district and a number of high density residential areas. Although its area is the smallest of the seven wards of Hamamatsu, it has the largest population. It is bordered by Higashi-ku, Kita-ku, Minami-ku, and Nishi-ku.

Naka-ku was created on April 1, 2007 when Hamamatsu became a city designated by government ordinance (a "designated city").
Chojolom
Chojolom is a small Maya archaeological site in the western highlands of Guatemala. The site features a number of sculpted stones that are presumed to belong to the Kʼicheʼ Maya culture of the Postclassic Period (approximately AD 900–1520). Chojolom is situated on a hill in the municipality of Cantel, in the department of Quetzaltenango. The municipality is inhabited by Kʼicheʼ Maya to this day, who make up 93.8% of the local population. Cantel is located 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the modern city of Quetzaltenango at Kilometer 217 on the CA2 Highway. Chojolom is believed to have been a ritual site.

Chojolom means "by the head" in the Kʼicheʼ Maya language, deriving from the root word jolom ("head"). Local historian Mariano Cornejo has speculated that the depositing of the stone heads and the naming of the hill may be linked.

Kʼicheʼ people
Kʼicheʼ  (pronounced [kʼiˈtʃeʔ]; previous Spanish spelling: Quiché) are Indigenous peoples of the Americas and are one of the Maya peoples. The eponymous Kʼicheʼ language is a Mesoamerican language in the Mayan language family. The highland Kʼicheʼ states in the pre-Columbian era are associated with the ancient Maya civilization, and reached the peak of their power and influence during the Mayan Postclassic period (c. 950–1539 AD).

The meaning of the word Kʼicheʼ in the Kʼicheʼ language is "many trees". The Nahuatl translation, Cuauhtēmallān "Place of the Many Trees (People)", is the origin of the word Guatemala. Quiché Department is also named after them. Rigoberta Menchú Tum, an activist for Indigenous rights who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1992, is perhaps the best-known Kʼicheʼ person.
Python (film)
Python (theatrically released in the Philippines as Anaconda 2000) is a 2000 made-for-TV horror film directed by Richard Clabaugh. The film features several cult favorite actors, including William Zabka of The Karate Kid fame, Wil Wheaton, Casper Van Dien, Jenny McCarthy, Keith Coogan, Robert Englund, Dana Barron, David Bowe, and Sean Whalen.

The film concerns a genetically engineered snake, a python, that escapes and unleashes itself on a small town. It was filmed in Los Angeles and Malibu, California.

Python was followed by three sequels: Pythons 2 (2002), New Alcatraz (also known as Boa) and Boa vs. Python (2004), all of which are also made-for-TV films.

William Zabka
William Michael Zabka (/ˈzæbkə/; born October 20, 1965) is an American actor. He is best known for his role of Johnny Lawrence in The Karate Kid (1984), The Karate Kid Part II (1986), and the TV series Cobra Kai (2018–2025).

Zabka's career took off with The Karate Kid, despite having no prior karate training. During the 1980s, he appeared in the films Just One of the Guys (1985), Back to School (1986), and the television series The Equalizer (1986–1989). In the 1990s and 2000s, Zabka focused on independent films and filmmaking. In 2004, he was nominated for an Academy Award for co-writing and producing the short film Most. Zabka continued his directing career, including music videos for Rascal Flatts. From 2018 to 2025, Zabka reprised his role as Johnny Lawrence in the YouTube Red and Netflix series Cobra Kai, which he co-executive produced with Karate Kid costar Ralph Macchio.
King of the Damned
King of the Damned is a 1935 British prison film directed by Walter Forde and starring Conrad Veidt, Helen Vinson, Noah Beery and Cecil Ramage. It was written by Charles Bennett and Sidney Gilliat based on the play by John Chancellor.

Noah Beery
Noah Nicholas Beery (January 17, 1882 – April 1, 1946) was an American actor who appeared in films from 1913 until his death in 1946. He was the older brother of Academy Award-winning actor Wallace Beery as well as the father of character actor Noah Beery Jr. He was billed as either Noah Beery or Noah Beery Sr. depending upon the film.
Robert Pilkington (English MP)
Robert Pilkington (ca. 1560 – 1605), of Rivington, Lancashire and Gray's Inn, London, was an English politician.

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Clitheroe in 1589.

Born as the eldest child of George Pilkington of the Pilkington Family of Rivington in Lancashire he inherited the Manor of Rivington on his father's death, his Uncle James Pilkington became the first Church of England Bishop of Durham.

Rivington
Rivington is a village and civil parish of the Borough of Chorley, Lancashire, England, occupying 2,538 acres (4.0 sq mi; 10.3 km2). It is about 6 miles (9.7 km) southeast of Chorley and about 8+1⁄2 miles (13.7 km) northwest of Bolton.  Rivington is a rural area consisting primarily of agricultural grazing land, moorland, with hill summits including Rivington Pike and Winter Hill within the West Pennine Moors. The area has a thriving tourist industry centred around reservoirs created to serve Liverpool in the Victorian era and Lever Park created as a public park by William Lever at the turn of the 20th century, with two converted barns, a replica of Liverpool Castle and open countryside. Rivington and Blackrod High School is located here. Rivington and its village had a population of 109 at the 2011 Census.
Sway (Bic Runga song)
"Sway" is a song by New Zealand singer Bic Runga. It was released as the second single from her debut studio album, Drive (1997), in 1997. The song peaked at No. 7 in New Zealand and No. 10 in Australia. At the 32nd New Zealand Music Awards, the song won three awards: Single of the Year, Best Songwriter, and Best Engineer (Simon Sheridan). In 2001, it was voted the sixth-best New Zealand song of all time by members of the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). A music video directed by John Taft was made for the song.

An acoustic version of the song can be found on the charity album Even Better Than the Real Thing Vol. 2. In September 2019, Runga re-recorded the song for Waiata / Anthems, a collection of re-recorded New Zealand pop songs to promote te Wiki o te Reo Māori (Māori Language Week). The new version, retitled "Haere Mai Rā / Sway", featured lyrics reinterpreted by scholar Tīmoti Kāretu.

In June 2022, R3hab and Amy Shark released a cover titled "Sway My Way".

R3hab
Fadil El Ghoul (Arabic: فضيل الغول; born 2 April 1986), known by his stage name R3hab (stylized in all caps as R3HAB; pronounced "rehab"), is a Dutch-Moroccan DJ and record producer.

Ranked at number 12 on the DJ Mag Top 100 DJs in 2018, R3HAB has produced two full studio albums and has remixed songs for a wide variety of artists, including 5 Seconds of Summer, Katy Perry, Arashi, Everglow, Lady Gaga, Taylor Swift, Rihanna, Rammstein, Steve Aoki, The Chainsmokers, For King & Country, and KSI.
Ancient Somali city-states
In antiquity, ancestors of the Somali people were an important link in the Horn of Africa connecting the region's commerce with the rest of the old world. Proto-Somali sailors and merchants were the main suppliers of frankincense, myrrh and spices, items which were considered valuable luxuries by the Ancient Egyptians, Phoenicians, Mycenaeans and Babylonians. During the classical era, several ancient Somali city-states competed with the Sabaeans, Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo-Greco-Roman trade.

Aromata
Aromata (Greek: Αρώματα, lit. "spices, aromatics"), also called the Spice Port, was an ancient seaport and emporium in the Horn of Africa, today a part of Somalia. It lay near the tip of Cape Guardafui, which was itself called the "promontory of spices" (Aromaton akron, Αρώματον ἄκρον). It was notable for its produce of resins and various herbs.
Justice (2011 TV series)
Justice is a British five-part legal drama, starring Robert Pugh and Gillian Kearney, that was broadcast from 4 to 8 April 2011, on BBC One. Pugh stars as Judge Patrick Coburn, the officiate of a community justice centre in his childhood home of Dovefield in Liverpool. Kearney stars as Louise Scanlon, a local investigative journalist who becomes caught up in Coburn's efforts to bring local tearaway Jake Little (Jake Abraham) to justice.

As well as featuring individual stories, the series features an ongoing story arc throughout all five episodes. As well as looking at the work of the justice centre, plotlines also look at Coburn's troubled past and the relationship with parish priest Father Jim Kelly (Tom Georgeson). The series was released on Region 1 DVD on 25 October 2011. No further series of Justice were commissioned, due to then-BBC1 controller Danny Cohen claiming that there were "too many crime dramas on TV", and axing it alongside other BBC crime dramas, including Zen.

Zen (TV series)
Zen is a British television series produced by Left Bank Pictures for the BBC, co-produced with WGBH Boston for its Masterpiece anthology series, Mediaset and ZDF. It stars Rufus Sewell and Caterina Murino and is based on the Aurelio Zen detective novels by Michael Dibdin. The series was filmed on location in Italy, but the dialogue is in English. The series, which comprises three 90-minute films, was broadcast in the United Kingdom on Sunday evenings from 2 January 2011 on BBC One. The three films were based on the books Vendetta (1990), Cabal (1992) and Ratking (1988). The series was cancelled by BBC One in February 2011; BBC One controller Danny Cohen later said there were already enough male crime-fighters on TV. Left Bank, the show's producer, tried to find other broadcasters to fund another series but were unsuccessful.
Trans-Atlantic Exoplanet Survey
The Trans-Atlantic Exoplanet Survey, or TrES, used three 4-inch (10 cm) telescopes located at Lowell Observatory, Palomar Observatory, and Teide Observatory to locate exoplanets. It was made using the network of small, relatively inexpensive telescopes designed to look specifically for planets orbiting bright stars using the transit method. The array used 4-inch Schmidt telescopes having CCD cameras and automated search routines. The survey was created by David Charbonneau of the Center for Astrophysics, Timothy Brown of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, and Edward Dunham of Lowell Observatory.

The TrES survey is no longer operational.

Methods of detecting exoplanets
Methods of detecting exoplanets usually rely on indirect strategies – that is, they do not directly image the planet but deduce its existence from another signal. Any planet is an extremely faint light source compared to its parent star. For example, a star like the Sun is about a billion times as bright as the reflected light from any of the planets orbiting it. In addition to the intrinsic difficulty of detecting such a faint light source, the glare from the parent star washes it out. For those reasons, very few of the exoplanets reported as of June 2025 have been detected directly, with even fewer being resolved from their host star.
Max Ringelmann
Maximilien Ringelmann (10 December 1861, Paris – 2 May 1931, Paris): 55   was a French professor of agricultural engineering and agronomic engineer  who was involved in the scientific testing and development of agricultural machinery.

Ringelmann's interests were wide-ranging: he developed the Ringelmann scale which is still used to measure smoke. 
He also discovered the Ringelmann effect in social psychology, viz, that when working in groups, individuals slacken.

Agricultural engineering
Agricultural engineering, also known as agricultural and biosystems engineering, is the field of study and application of engineering science and designs principles for agriculture purposes, combining the various disciplines of mechanical, civil, electrical, food science, environmental, software, and chemical engineering to improve the efficiency of farms and agribusiness enterprises as well as to ensure sustainability of natural and renewable resources.

An agricultural engineer is an engineer with an agriculture background. Agricultural engineers make the engineering designs and plans in an agricultural project, usually in partnership with an agriculturist who is more proficient in farming and agricultural science.