hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Goods
In economics, goods are anything that is good, usually in the sense that it provides welfare or utility to someone. Goods can be contrasted with bads, i.e. things that provide negative value for users, like chores or waste. A bad lowers a consumer's overall welfare.

Economics focuses on the study of economic goods, i.e. goods that are scarce; in other words, producing the good requires expending effort or resources. Economic goods contrast with free goods such as air, for which there is an unlimited supply.

Goods are the result of the secondary sector of the economy which involves the transformation of raw materials or intermediate goods into goods.

Intangible asset
An intangible asset is an asset that lacks physical substance. Examples are patents, copyright, franchises, goodwill, trademarks, and trade names, reputation, R&D, know-how, organizational capital as well as any form of digital asset such as software and data. This is in contrast to physical assets (machinery, buildings, etc.) and financial assets (government securities, etc.).

Intangible assets are usually very difficult to value. Today, a large part of the corporate economy (in terms of net present value) consists of intangible assets, reflecting the growth of information technology (IT) and organizational capital. Specifically, each dollar of IT has been found to be associated with and increase in firm market valuation of over $10, compared with an increase of just over $1 per dollar of investment in other tangible assets. Furthermore, firms that both make organizational capital investments and have a large computer capital stock have disproportionately higher market valuations.
Schwank (comedy)
In German-speaking cultures, Schwank (pronounced [ʃvaŋk] ⓘ) is a genre of short funny tale, verse, song, play, opera, etc. In German, common meanings for  the word "Schwank" are "prank", "funny tale", told for entertainment.

The Kleines Literarisches Lexikon (1966) offers a distinction of Schwank from other forms of comedy: Schwank delivers light, harmless, carefree humor, which distinguishes it from comedy, which ridicules something; from Lustspiel, which offers much hilarity; and from farce (de:Posse), with its crude boisterousness.

In relation to the narrative tradition, the term presents a difficulty in translation, beinng inadequately translated as "joke" or "anecdote". Elliott Oring explains the difference between the German terms "Schwank" and "Witz.

Other German types of literary and scenic art involving comedy include the Posse mit Gesang, Klamotte, Lustspiel, Volksstück, and Festspiel.

Farce
Farce is a form of comedy that relies on exaggerated, improbable, or ridiculous situations to entertain an audience. It is typically marked by physical humor, absurdity, satire or parody, improbable scenarios, misunderstandings, and broadly stylized characters and performances.
Finger puppet
A finger puppet is a type of puppet that is controlled by one or more fingers that occupy the interior of the puppet. Finger puppets are generally very simple, consisting of a sheath that the person wearing the puppet (the puppeteer) inserts either one or two fingers into.  While the movement of the puppets are limited, multiple finger puppets can be used on each hand, allowing the puppeteer to control many puppets at one time.

Finger
A finger is a prominent digit on the forelimbs of most tetrapod vertebrate animals, especially those with prehensile extremities (i.e. hands) such as humans and other primates. Most tetrapods have five digits (pentadactyly), and short digits (i.e. significantly shorter than the metacarpal/metatarsals) are typically referred to as toes, while those that are notably elongated are called fingers. In humans, the fingers are flexibly articulated and opposable, serving as an important organ of tactile sensation and fine movements, which are crucial to the dexterity of the hands and the ability to grasp and manipulate objects.
Quartic interaction
In quantum field theory, a quartic interaction or φ4 theory is a type of self-interaction in a scalar field.  Other types of quartic interactions may be found under the topic of four-fermion interactions. A classical free scalar field  satisfies the Klein–Gordon equation. If a scalar field is denoted , a quartic interaction is represented by adding an interaction energy term  to the Lagrangian density. The coupling constant  is dimensionless in 4-dimensional spacetime.

This article uses the  metric signature for Minkowski space.

Self-energy
In quantum field theory, the energy that a particle has as a result of changes that it causes in its environment defines its self-energy . The self-energy represents the contribution to the particle's energy, or effective mass, due to interactions between the particle and its environment. In electrostatics, the energy required to assemble the charge distribution takes the form of self-energy by bringing in the constituent charges from infinity, where the electric force goes to zero. In a condensed matter context, self-energy is used to describe interaction induced renormalization of quasiparticle mass (dispersions) and lifetime. Self-energy is especially used to describe electron-electron interactions in Fermi liquids. Another example of self-energy is found in the context of phonon softening due to electron-phonon coupling.
John Gatchell
John E. Gatchell (November 27, 1945 – July 9, 2004) was an American jazz trumpeter who was prolific in New York City recording studios from the 1970s to the mid-1980s. After serving in the U.S. Navy in the late 1960s, Gatchell became one of the founding members of the horn band Ten Wheel Drive, then Gotham. Gatchell was among the musicians hand-selected by Paul Simon, whom he considered to be the finest studio musicians for the 1981 Simon & Garfunkel Concert in Central Park

Bill Watrous
William Russell Watrous III (June 8, 1939 – July 2, 2018) was an American jazz trombonist. He is perhaps best known for his rendition of Sammy Nestico's arrangement of the Johnny Mandel ballad "A Time for Love", which he recorded on a 1993 album of the same name.  A self-described "bop-oriented" player, he was well known among trombonists as a master technician and for his mellifluous sound.
Garve and Ullapool Railway
The Garve and Ullapool Railway was one of several branch railway-lines proposed for the North-West Highlands of Scotland,  in the 1880s and 1890s.  The project received approval from the Westminster Parliament by means of a Local Act of 14 August 1890. The line did not gain financial backing and was never constructed.  Renewed attempts to build it were made in 1896, 1901, 1918 and 1945, again with no success.

Loch Broom
Loch Broom (Scottish Gaelic: Lochbraon, "loch of rain showers") is a sea loch located in northwestern Ross and Cromarty, in the former parish of Lochbroom, on the west coast of Scotland. The small town of Ullapool lies on the eastern shore of the loch.
Conicosia
Conicosia is a genus of succulent plants in the ice plant family native to the Cape Provinces of South Africa. They are known commonly as narrow-leafed ice plants. These are relatively short-lived perennials with underground stems and tentacle-shaped, dull-pointed triangular leaves. They bear large tubular flowers often exceeding 10 centimeters in width, with up to 250 fringelike petals arranged in a ring around a center with hundreds of stamens. The fruit is a capsule which opens when it gets wet, slowly releasing the hundreds of tiny seeds as they fall out of its drying flesh.

Two species are accepted.

Conicosia elongata (Haw.) Schwantes

Conicosia pugioniformis (L.) N.E.Br.

Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae (/ˌeɪzoʊˈeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/), or fig-marigold family, are a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1,800 species. Several genera are commonly named ice plants or carpet weeds. The Aizoaceae are also referred to as vygies in South Africa. Some of the unusual  Southern African genera—such as Conophytum, Lithops, Titanopsis, and Pleiospilos (among others)—resemble gemstones, rocks, or pebbles, and are sometimes called living stones or mesembs (short for mesembryanthemums).
Olaf H. Johnson
Olaf H. Johnson (March 10, 1892 – January 28, 1966) was an American politician.

Olaf Johnson was born on a farm near Wiota, Wisconsin.  He was the son of Christ H. Johnson (1862-1938) and  Ingeborg Johnson (1861-1935). Johnson graduated from St. Olaf College and was in the insurance business. He was private secretary to Congressman John M. Nelson. He resigned when he was elected to the Wisconsin State Senate in 1922 as a Republican  from District 17 (Iowa, Lafayette and Green counties). He replaced Oscar R. Olson who had been elected in 1919. He was later an unsuccessful candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin in 1938 as a member of the Wisconsin Progressive Party and for the Senate in 1958 as a Democrat.

Republican Party of Wisconsin
The Republican Party of Wisconsin is a conservative and populist political party in Wisconsin and is the Wisconsin affiliate of the United States Republican Party (GOP).  The state party chair is Brian Schimming. The state party is divided into 72 county parties for each of the state's counties, as well as organizations for the state's eight congressional districts. It currently controls the majority of Wisconsin's U.S. House seats, one of its U.S. Senate seats, and has majorites in both houses of the state legislature.
1963 Helvetia Cup
The 1963 Helvetia Cup (also known as the 1963 Badminton Cup of Nations) was the second edition of the Helvetia Cup mixed team badminton tournament. After Switzerland's success of hosting the first Helvetia Cup in 1962, Munich was named host of the second edition of the tournament in 1963.

The hosts West Germany defended their title after defeating an improving Austrian team by 7–1 in the final. In the playoff for third place, Belgium pulled off an upset by defeating runners-up of the last edition, the Netherlands.

Helvetia Cup
The Helvetia Cup or European B Team Championships was a European mixed team championship in badminton. The first Helvetia Cup tournament took place in Zurich, Switzerland in 1962, when it was still known as the Nations Cup (German: Nationen Cup im Badminton). The tournament took place every two years from 1971 until 2007, after which it was dissolved.
Convolute (botany)
Convolute as a verb literally means to "roll together" or "roll around", from the Latin convolvere. In general application the word can mean to "tangle" or "complicate", but in botanical descriptions convolute usually is an adjective from the Latin convolutus, meaning "rolled around". It commonly refers to a special class of imbricate structures — those where the overlapping edges of leaves, scales or similar elements are spirally wrapped, each scale having one edge within the previous scale and one outside the next scale. In the family Restionaceae the leaf sheaths commonly are convolute in this sense. However in structures such as a spathe, where there is only one element, a convolute (or "convolutive") element is spirally wrapped around itself or its branch. This is common in the buds of leaves and inflorescences of members of the family Araceae.

Aestivation (botany)
Aestivation or estivation is the positional arrangement of the parts of a flower within a flower bud before it has opened. Aestivation is also sometimes referred to as praefoliation or prefoliation, but these terms may also mean vernation: the arrangement of leaves within a vegetative bud.

Aestivation can be an important taxonomic diagnostic; for example Malvaceae flower buds have valvate sepals, with the exception of the genera Fremontodendron and Chiranthodendron, which have sometimes been misplaced as a result.
Anoigmaichnus
Anoigmaichnus is an ichnogenus of bioclaustrations (a type of trace fossil). Anoigmaichnus includes shafts perpendicular to their hosts' growth surfaces or tilted (up to 45°); conical to cylindrical; circular to oval cross-sections; lacking separate wall. Their apertures are elevated above their hosts' growth surfaces, forming short chimney-like structures. Anoigmaichnus is the world's earliest known macroscopic endobiotic symbiont and it may have been a parasite. It occurs in the Middle Ordovician bryozoans of Osmussaar Island, Estonia.

Wisshak, Knaust and Bertling (2019) state that Anoigmaichnus odinsholmensis resembles Trypanites weisei, which occasionally shows elevated apertures in its type material, and therefore they regard Anoigmaichnus as a junior synonym of Trypanites.

Bioclaustration
Bioclaustration is kind of interaction when one organism (usually soft bodied) is embedded in a living substrate (i.e. skeleton of another organism); it means "biologically walled-up".  In case of symbiosis the walling-up is not complete and both organisms stay alive (Palmer and Wilson, 1988).
Illyrian deciduous forests
The Illyrian deciduous forests is a terrestrial ecoregion in southern Europe, which extends along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. It belongs to the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome, and is in the Palearctic realm.

Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
Mediterranean forests, woodlands and scrub is a biome defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature. The biome is generally characterized by dry summers and rainy winters, although in some areas rainfall may be uniform. Summers are typically hot in low-lying inland locations, but can be cool near colder seas; while winters are typically mild to cool in low-lying locations, but can be cold in inland and higher locations. These ecoregions are highly distinctive, collectively harboring 10% of the Earth's plant species.
NGC 546
NGC 546 (also known as ESO 296-25, IRAS 01229-3819, MCG −6-4-29 and PGC 5255) is a barred spiral galaxy about 270 million light years away from Earth and located in the constellation Sculptor. The largest diameter is 1.40 (122 thousand light years) and the smallest is 0.5 angular minutes (43 thousand light years). The first discovery was made by John Frederick William Herschel on 23 October 1835.

Sculptor (constellation)
Sculptor is a faint constellation in the southern sky. It represents a sculptor. It was introduced by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century. He originally named it Apparatus Sculptoris (the sculptor's studio), but the name was later shortened.
2008 Wexford Senior Hurling Championship
The 2008 Wexford Senior Hurling Championship was the 98th completed staging of the Wexford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Wexford County Board in 1889.

Oulart–The Ballagh entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 2 November 2008 at Wexford Park, between St Martin's and Oulart–The Ballagh, in what was their third meeting in the final overall and a first meeting in the final in three years. St Martin's won the match by 1-13 to 1-08 to claim their second championship title overall and a first title in nine years.

Wexford Senior Hurling Championship
The Wexford Senior Hurling Championship (known for sponsorship reasons as the Pettitt's SuperValu Senior Hurling Championship) is an annual hurling competition contested by top-tier Wexford GAA clubs. The Wexford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association has organised it since 1889.

St Martin's are the title holders after defeating Rathnure by 2-14 to 0–16 in the final.
Change of fiber
In algebraic topology, given a fibration p:E→B, the change of fiber is a map between the fibers induced by paths in B.

Since a covering is a fibration, the construction generalizes the corresponding facts in the theory of covering spaces.

Algebraic topology
Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism, though usually most classify up to homotopy equivalence.

Although algebraic topology primarily uses algebra to study topological problems, using topology to solve algebraic problems is sometimes also possible. Algebraic topology, for example, allows for a convenient proof that any subgroup of a free group is again a free group.
Elvin!
Elvin! is a jazz album by drummer Elvin Jones, recorded in 1961 and 1962 and released on the Riverside label. It features Jones playing in a group with his brothers, trumpeter Thad (here playing cornet) and pianist Hank, along with tenor saxophonist Frank Foster, flautist Frank Wess and bassist Art Davis.

Riverside Records
Riverside Records was an American jazz record company and label. Founded by Orrin Keepnews and Bill Grauer, Jr, under his firm Bill Grauer Productions in 1953, the label played an important role in the jazz record industry for a decade. Riverside headquarters were located in New York City, at 553 West 51st Street.
Battle of Kadugli
The Battle of Kadugli was in Kadugli, South Kordofan State, Sudan, during the current Sudanese civil war. It involves two aligned rebel factions, the SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) and the Rapid Support Forces, that are trying to capture the city from the Sudanese Armed Forces. The city was under siege for two years before the siege was lifted in early 2026.

South Kordofan
South Kordofan (Arabic: جنوب كردفان Ǧanūb Kurdufān) is one of the 18 wilayat or states of Sudan. It has an area of 158,355 km2 and an estimated population of approximately 2,107,623 people (2018 est). Kaduqli is the capital of the state. It is centered on the Nuba Mountains. At one time it was supposed that South Kordofan was the only state in (North) Sudan suitable for producing oil, but oil has also been discovered in neighboring White Nile State in larger quantities.

Under the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, residents of South Kordofan were to hold popular consultations in 2011 to determine the constitutional future of the state. However, South Kordofan governor Ahmed Haroun suspended the process, and violence followed. Haroun had previously been charged with war crimes against civilians and crime against humanity by the International Criminal Court.
Ramal de Moura
Ramal de Moura is a closed railway branch in Portugal, which connected the stations of Beja, on the Linha do Alentejo, and Moura. The sections from Beja to Quintos, Serpa, Pias, and Moura were opened on 2 November 1869, 14 April 1878, 14 February 1887, and 27 December 1902, respectively. The line was closed in 1990.

Moura, Queensland
Moura is a rural town and locality in the Shire of Banana in Central Queensland, Australia. It services the surrounding coal mining and rural activities. It is situated approximately 65 kilometres (40 mi) west of Biloela on the Dawson Highway, 186 kilometres (116 mi) west of the port city of Gladstone, and 171 kilometres (106 mi) south west of Rockhampton. In the 2021 census, the locality of Moura had a population of 1,993 people.
Al-Jamel
al-Jamel (Arabic: الجامل, romanized: ash-Shāmil; Turkish: Çemilli or Çamıl), alternatively spelled Shamil, is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northern Syria. Situated on the Jarabulus Plain's wetlands towards river Euphrates, the village is located 4 km (2.5 mi) to the south of Jarabulus, and about 5 km (3.1 mi) south of the border to the Turkish province of Gaziantep. It is inhabited by Turkmen of the Barak tribe.

With 2,091 inhabitants, as per the 2004 census, al-Jamel administratively belongs to Nahiya Jarabulus within Jarabulus District. Nearby localities include Marma al-Hajar 2 km (1.2 mi) to the northwest, and Amarnah 3 km (1.9 mi) to the south.

Jarabulus
Jarabulus (Arabic: جَرَابُلُس, ALA-LC: Jarābulus, Aleppo dialect: Jrāblos; Turkish: Cerablus or Carablus; Kurdish: Cerablûs) is a Syrian city administratively belonging to Aleppo Governorate. Jarabulus lies on the western bank of the Euphrates and north of Euphrates Lake, just south of the Syria–Turkey border and the Turkish town of Karkamış. In the 2004 census, the city had a population of 11,570. The population has increased significantly during the Syrian civil war.
August 1978 conclave
A conclave was held on 25 and 26 August 1978 to elect a new pope to succeed Paul VI, who had died on 6 August 1978. Of the 114 eligible cardinal electors, all but three attended. On the fourth ballot, the conclave elected Cardinal Albino Luciani, the patriarch of Venice. After accepting his election, he took the name John Paul I.

The first of the two conclaves held that same year, it was the first conclave since the promulgation of Ingravescentem aetatem (1970), which made cardinals who had reached the age of 80 by the day the conclave began ineligible to participate in the balloting. There were 15 cardinals excluded by that rule. The number of votes cast for Luciani on the final ballot was so great that even a theoretical uniform opposition of these 15 cardinals would not have changed the outcome.

Sebastiano Baggio
Sebastiano Baggio (16 May 1913 – 21 March 1993) was an Italian cardinal, often thought to be a likely candidate for election to the papacy. He served as President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State and President of the Governorate of Vatican City State from 1984 to 1990 and was Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for Bishops from 1973 to 1984.
The Stones of Blood
The Stones of Blood is the third serial of the 16th season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in four weekly parts on BBC1 from 28 October to 18 November 1978. Part 4 was broadcast during the week of the show's fifteenth anniversary.

The serial is set in and around an English stone circle and on a prison spaceship in hyperspace. In the serial, the criminal Cessair of Diplos (Susan Engel) is hiding on Earth after escaping the ship before being prosecuted for stealing the Great Seal of Diplos, the third segment of the powerful Key to Time.

Lists of books based on Doctor Who
Lists of books based on Doctor Who cover different types of book in the Doctor Who media franchise.
These include novels, audiobooks, and short story anthologies. The lists are organized by publisher and imprint.
St. Stephen's Greek Orthodox Cathedral, Paris
St. Stephen's Greek Orthodox Cathedral is the seat of the Greek Orthodox Metropolis of France in Paris. It is located at 7 rue Georges-Bizet, in the 16th arrondissement of Paris. It was consecrated on 22 December 1895.

Greek Orthodox Metropolis of France
The Metropolis of France, or the Greek Orthodox Metropolis of France (French: Métropole grecque orthodoxe de France, Greek: Μητρόπολη Γαλλίας, romanized: Mitropoli Gallias), is a diocese of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople established in 1963. It comprises the Eastern Orthodox parishes and monasteries in France.

Historically, its congregation mainly consisted of people of Greek descent, but following the disestablishment of the Paris-based Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of the Russian Tradition in Western Europe within the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in November 2018, a significant number of the parishes of the former Exarchate have joined the Metropolis while retaining their Russian liturgical tradition.