hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fermium
Fermium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Fm and atomic number 100. It is an actinide and the heaviest element that can be formed by neutron bombardment of lighter elements, and hence the last element that can be prepared in macroscopic quantities, although pure fermium metal has not been  prepared yet. A total of 20 isotopes are known, with 257Fm being the longest-lived with a half-life of 100.5 days.

Fermium was discovered in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952, and named after Enrico Fermi, one of the pioneers of nuclear physics. Its chemistry is typical for the late actinides, with a preponderance of the +3 oxidation state but also an accessible +2 oxidation state. Owing to the small amounts of produced fermium and all of its isotopes having relatively short half-lives, there are currently no uses for it outside basic scientific research.

TNT equivalent
TNT equivalent is a convention for expressing energy, typically used to describe the energy released in an explosion. A ton of TNT equivalent is a unit of energy defined by convention to be 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie). It is the approximate energy released in the detonation of a metric ton (megagram) of trinitrotoluene (TNT). In other words, for each gram of TNT exploded, 4.184 kilojoules (or 4184 joules) of energy are released.
This convention intends to compare the destructiveness of an event with that of conventional explosive materials, of which TNT is a typical example, although other conventional explosives such as dynamite contain more energy.
A related concept is the physical quantity TNT-equivalent mass (or mass of TNT equivalent), expressed in the ordinary units of mass and its multiples: kilogram (kg), megagram (Mg) or tonne (t), etc.
Double-arch Sandstone Bridge
The Double-arch Sandstone Bridge or more commonly known as the Sands Bridge, is a historic dry stone arch bridge over the Spicket River on Hampshire Road in Methuen, Massachusetts. Built without mortar between the stones, parts of it date back to 1735. It was used to handle traffic between Methuen and Salem, New Hampshire.

Methuen, Massachusetts
Methuen (/məˈθuːən/) is a 23-square-mile (60 km2) city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 53,059 at the 2020 census. Methuen lies along the northwestern edge of Essex County, just east of Middlesex County and just south of Rockingham County, New Hampshire.  The city is bordered by Haverhill to the northeast, North Andover to the southeast, Lawrence and Andover to the south, Dracut (Middlesex County) to the west, Pelham, New Hampshire (Hillsborough County) to the northwest, and Salem, New Hampshire (Rockingham County) to the north.  Methuen is located 17 miles (27 km) southwest from Newburyport, 30 miles (48 km) north-northwest of Boston and 25 miles (40 km) south-southeast of Manchester, New Hampshire. The city is a part of the Merrimack Valley and its ZIP Code is 01844.
Jackelixia whinrayi
Jackelixia whinrayi is a lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It was first described in 2007 by Sergey Kondratyuk and Ingvar Kärnefelt as Xanthoria whinrayi, but was transferred to the genus Jackelixia in 2009 by Sergey Kondratyuk, Natalya M. Fedorenko, Soili Stenroos, Ingvar Kärnefelt, and Arne Thell.

The name accepted at Index Fungorum is Xanthoria whinrayi, while Jackelixia whinrayi is the name accepted by AusLichen and by Mycobank.

It is endemic to Australia, occurring in Tasmania, and has been found on the dead trunk of a dead Atriplex cinerea.

Ingvar Kärnefelt
Jan Eric Ingvar Kärnefelt (born 1944) is a Swedish lichenologist. Educated at the University of Gothenburg and Lund University, he is known for monographic work on Cetraria and related parmelioid genera and for organising the 1992 International Association for Lichenology (IAL) meeting in southern Sweden. He later directed the biological museums at Lund and retired in 2011. He also helped build national biodiversity infrastructure and led work documenting threatened lichens in southern Sweden.
GWR 0-6-0PT
The GWR 0-6-0PT (pannier tank), is a type of steam locomotive built by the British Great Western Railway with the water tanks carried on both sides of the boiler, in the manner of panniers. They were used for local, suburban and branch line passenger and goods traffic, for shunting duties, and as banker engines on inclines.  The early examples, such as the 1901 and 2021 classes, were rebuilt from saddle or side tanks when the locos received a Belpaire firebox – this type of firebox has a square top and is incompatible with a curved saddle tank. This process mostly took place during the tenure at Swindon Works of George Jackson Churchward. Only a very small number of saddle tank locomotives escaped rebuilding as panniers, notably the 1361 Class built new under Churchward in 1910, by which date a few of the 1813 Class had already been rebuilt as pannier tanks.

GWR 1361 Class
The 1361 Class were small 0-6-0ST steam locomotives built by the Great Western Railway at their Swindon Works, England, mainly for shunting in docks and other sidings where track curvature was too tight for large locomotives.
Zimbabwe African National Union – Ndonga
Zimbabwe African National Union – Ndonga (ZANU–Ndonga; formerly officially ZANU and unofficially ZANU Mwenje or ZANU Sithole) is a minor political party in Zimbabwe. Its members were originally part of Zimbabwe African National Union, but split with what would become ZANU–PF over tribal tensions. A portion of the party reunified with ZANU-PF in 2015.

ZANU–PF
The Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (ZANU–PF) is a political organisation which has been the ruling party of Zimbabwe since independence in 1980. The party was led for many years by Robert Mugabe, first as prime minister with the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) and then as president from 1987 after the merger with the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) and retaining the name ZANU–PF.

At the 2008 parliamentary election, the ZANU–PF lost sole control of parliament for the first time in party history and brokered a difficult power-sharing deal with the Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai (MDC). ZANU-PF then won the 2013 election, gaining a two-thirds majority. The party narrowly held their super-majority in the 2018 election.

On 19 November 2017, following a coup d'état, ZANU–PF removed Robert Mugabe as party leader, who resigned two days later, and appointed former Vice President Emmerson Mnangagwa in his place.
2013 Nature's Way Sydney Tennis International
The 2013 Nature's Way Sydney Tennis International was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the first edition of the tournament which was part of the 2013 ATP Challenger Tour and the 2013 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place in Sydney, Australia, between 25 February and 3 March 2013.

2013 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour is the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). The 2013 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 149 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $35,000 up to $220,000.
2014 FIVB Women's Volleyball World Championship qualification (CEV)
The CEV qualification for the 2014 FIVB Women's Volleyball World Championship saw member nations compete for nine places at the finals in Italy. The two best-ranked teams from the 2013 Women's European Volleyball Championship, plus seven teams from the qualification tournaments qualify for the World Championship.

2013 Women's European Volleyball Championship
The 2013 Women's European Volleyball Championship was the 28th edition of the European Volleyball Championship, organised by Europe's governing volleyball body, the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball. It was hosted by Germany and Switzerland from 6 to 14 September 2013. The matches took place in 5 different cities (4 in Germany and one in Switzerland) with the final being played in Berlin.

Russia defeated Germany 3–1 in the final to capture their 18th title and the qualification for the 2013 FIVB Women's World Grand Champions Cup.
Brome (Samtgemeinde)
Samtgemeinde Brome is a Samtgemeinde in the district of Gifhorn, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated approximately 20 km north-east of Gifhorn and 10 km north of Wolfsburg. 16,660 citizens are living in the Samtgemeinde Brome (2020).

Samtgemeinde
A Samtgemeinde (German pronunciation: ['zamtgəˌmaɪndə] ⓘ, lit. 'collective municipality'; plural: Samtgemeinden) is a type of administrative division in Lower Saxony, Germany. Samtgemeinden are local government associations of municipalities, equivalent to the Ämter in Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, and Brandenburg, and the Verbandsgemeinden in Rhineland-Palatinate.
2002–03 Southern Football League
The 2002–03 Southern Football League season was the 100th in the history of the league, an English football competition.

Tamworth won the Premier Division and earned promotion to the Football Conference for the first time. Halesowen Town, Hastings United, Ilkeston Town and Folkestone Invicta were relegated from the Premier Division, whilst Dorchester Town, Merthyr Tydfil, Eastbourne Borough and Weston-super-Mare were promoted from the Eastern and Western Divisions, the former two as champions. Spalding United, St Leonards, Rocester and Racing Club Warwick were all relegated to the eighth level.

2001–02 Southern Football League
The 2001–02 Southern Football League season was the 99th in the history of the league, an English football competition.

Kettering Town won the Premier Division and earned promotion to the Football Conference. Newport (Isle of Wight), King's Lynn, Merthyr Tydfil and Salisbury City were relegated from the Premier Division, whilst Hastings Town, Halesowen Town, Grantham Town and Chippenham Town were promoted from the Eastern and Western Divisions, the former two as champions. Wisbech Town were relegated to the eighth level and Bilston Town resigned and dropped to the ninth level, whilst Bloxwich United of the Western Division folded during the season and their record was expunged.
Tramways revival in Adelaide
This article – one of several about Adelaide’s trams – describes the development of new lines and operation of new trams since 2005. Links to an overview and other articles are in the following panel.

The city of Adelaide had an extensive tramway system running to most of its suburbs. The tram services started with horse trams that from 1878 ran on a network of lines extending eventually to about 100 km (62 mi) in length. Thirty-one years later, starting in 1909, the lines were upgraded and electrified. Forty-nine years after that, in 1958, all street tramlines were closed, leaving only the Glenelg tram line operating. In 2005, major investments in infrastructure and modern trams inaugurated what became a  tramways revival, leading to a 50 per cent increase in the route length of the city's tramways.

H type Adelaide tram
The H type Adelaide tram, popularly known as Glenelg tram or Bay tram, was a class of 30 trams built by A. Pengelley & Co, Adelaide in 1929 for use on the newly converted Glenelg tram line. They remained in regular revenue service for 77 years before being replaced by Bombardier Flexity Classic trams in 2006.
Kel Owey
The Kel Awey (var. Kel Owi, Kel Ewey form People of the Bull) are a Tuareg clan confederation. From the 18th century until the advent of French colonial rule at the beginning of the 20th century, they were a dominant power in the Aïr Mountains of north central Niger.

Zinder
Zinder (locally, Damagaram), formerly also spelled Sinder, is the third largest city in Niger, with a population of 235,605 as by the 2012 census. It is situated 861 km (535 mi) east of the capital Niamey and 240 km (150 mi) north of the Nigerian city of Kano.
Top 100 Dutch heritage sites
The Top 100 Dutch heritage sites is a list of rijksmonuments in the Netherlands, established in 1990 by the Department for Conservation (Monumentenzorg, today the Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed). The Top 100 was a selection of historical monuments that were authorized to display the symbol of the Hague Convention of 1954 (the famous blue and white shield, known as the UNESCO shield). The list should not be confused with the UNESCO World Heritage list. The buildings on the list could expect extra security in the context of the policy. The Top 100 list is no longer official, as the extra cultural protection policy is no longer applied. The following Top 100 also includes a list of the most important stained glass, church bells and organs.

Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed
Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed (RCE, Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands) often abbreviated as Cultureel Erfgoed, is a Dutch heritage organisation working for the protection and conservation of National Heritage Sites. It is located in Amersfoort within the province of Utrecht.
Crow's Nest (New York)
Crow's Nest is a mountain along the west bank of the Hudson River in the Town of Highlands on the northern edge of the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point. US 9W passes just west of its summit and offers panoramic views of the Hudson River, the military academy's ski slope, and Constitution Island.

A small portion of the northern slopes are within Storm King State Park, but most of the mountain is on USMA property and thus generally off limits to the public (it is fenced off along Route 9W). There is a television relay tower located near the summit.

Constitution Island
Constitution Island is on the east side of the Hudson River in the U.S. state of New York, north of New York City. It is directly opposite the U.S. Military Academy Reservation at West Point and is connected to the east shore by Constitution Marsh.

It is the only part of the U.S. Military Academy Reservation on the east side of the Hudson River. Formerly known as "Martelaer's Rock", Constitution Island is the site of the earliest Revolutionary War fortifications in the Hudson Valley. Taken briefly by the British in 1777, the island was re-occupied by American forces in 1778, and made an integral part of Fortress West Point. The island was bequeathed to the military academy in 1909 and has been administered by the West Point Museum ever since.

The Education Center was completed in 2016, the Warner House has been completely restored and will be ready as a museum again in the spring of 2020.
Judgement 2
Judgement 2 was a professional wrestling event promoted by DDT Pro-Wrestling (DDT). It took place on March 25, 1998, in Tokyo, Japan, at the Kitazawa Town Hall. It was the second event under the Judgement name.

DDT Judgement
Judgement is an annual professional wrestling event promoted by DDT Pro-Wrestling (DDT). The event has been held since the official DDT launching event in 1997 (though there was a pre-launch event on January 31, held at the Akishima Cultural Center). It has been airing domestically on Fighting TV Samurai since 2002 and later as an Internet pay-per-view (iPPV) on CyberFight's streaming service Wrestle Universe. The event is usually held around March and serves as DDT's anniversary event.
Maimonides School
Maimonides School (Hebrew: ישיבת רמב"ם Yeshivat Rambam) is a coeducational, Modern Orthodox, Jewish day school located in Brookline, Massachusetts. The school was founded in 1937 by Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik and his wife Tonya Soloveitchik. It is named after Rabbi Moses Maimonides.

Today, Maimonides is a Torah institution with approximately 550 students from early childhood (2–4 years) through grade twelve with over 2,000 alumni, including multiple Rhodes Scholars, National Merit Scholars, prominent professors, scientists and business leaders. More than 325 of them are living in Israel.

Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Association
The Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Association (MIAA) is an organization that sponsors activities in 36 sports, between more than 380 high schools in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. The MIAA serves over 220,000 student athletes from these schools. The MIAA is a member of the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS), which writes the rules for most U.S. high school sports and activities. The MIAA was founded in 1978, and was preceded by both the Massachusetts Secondary School Principals Association (MSSPA) (1942–1978) and the Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Council (MIAC) (1950–1978).
Boyfriend Maker
Boyfriend Maker is a dating sim, romance chatbot smartphone app for iOS (iPhone) and Android devices, developed by Japanese studio 36 You Games (styled as 36You) and distributed under the freemium business model. Boyfriend Maker incorporated advanced artificial intelligence chat technology a decade before products such as ChatGPT. According to the developer's website, Boyfriend Maker is an "app that lets you interact and chat with quirky virtual boyfriends". While each virtual boyfriend has certain unique characteristics, the various instances of the boyfriend are powered by a chat engine, that (at least within a language and market) can utilise vocabulary and knowledge acquired in a chat with one user in subsequent chats with other users.

Chatbot
A chatbot (originally chatterbot) is a software application or web interface that simulates conversation through text or speech. Modern chatbots are typically online and use generative artificial intelligence systems that are capable of maintaining a conversation with a user in natural language and simulating the way a human would behave as a conversational partner. Such chatbots often use deep learning and natural language processing. Simpler chatbots have existed for decades.

Chatbots have gained popularity with the release of ChatGPT in 2022, followed by competitors such as Gemini, Claude, and Grok, in what is labelled an AI boom. AI chatbots typically use fine-tuned large language models to generate text.

A major area where chatbots have long been used is customer service and support, with various sorts of virtual assistants.
Le Fanion de la Légion
'Le Fanion de la Légion' (The Flag of the Legion), is a French song created in 1936 by Marie Dubas, with lyrics from Raymond Asso and music from Marguerite Monnot, and which was later taken up
by  Edith Piaf and became identified with her.

Colonial war
Colonial war (in some contexts referred to as small war) is a blanket term relating to the various conflicts that arose as the result of overseas territories being settled by foreign powers creating a colony. The term especially refers to wars fought during the nineteenth century between European armies in Africa and Asia.
James Hall (footballer)
James Hall (born July 16, 1989), is a former professional footballer who played as a center midfielder. He is a former Philippines national team player. He last served as an assistant coach of Philippines Football League club Loyola.

CTFA International Tournament
The CTFA International Tournament (Chinese: 2017中華足協國際邀請賽) was a tier 1 international football competition held in Taipei, Taiwan from 1-5 December 2017, organized by the Chinese Taipei Football Association (CTFA). Results involving the Philippines national football team led to strong reactions by Filipino football fans, and disputes between football administrators. The six games in the tournament were authorized by FIFA as International “A” Matches.
Sari Nusseibeh
Sari Nusseibeh (Arabic: سري نسيبة; born 1949) is a Palestinian professor of philosophy and former president of the Al-Quds University in Jerusalem. Until December 2002, he was the representative of the Palestinian National Authority in that city. In 2008, in an open online poll, Nusseibeh was voted the 24th most influential intellectual in the world on the list of Top 100 Public Intellectuals by Prospect Magazine (UK) and Foreign Policy (United States).

Farrar, Straus and Giroux
Farrar, Straus and Giroux (FSG) is an American book publishing company, founded in 1946 by Roger Williams Straus Jr. and John C. Farrar. FSG is known for publishing literary books, and its authors have won numerous awards, including Pulitzer Prizes, National Book Awards, and Nobel Prizes. Since 1993, the publisher has been a division of Macmillan, whose parent company is the German publishing conglomerate Holtzbrinck Publishing Group.
2 Samuel 21
2 Samuel 21 is the twenty-first chapter of the Second Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the second part of Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan, but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE. This chapter contains the account of David's reign in Jerusalem. This is within a section comprising 2 Samuel 21–24 containing the appendices to the Books of Samuel.

1 Samuel 17
1 Samuel 17 is the seventeenth chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan, but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE. This chapter contains the battle of
David with Goliath, the Philistine. This is within a section comprising 1 Samuel 16 to 2 Samuel 5 which records the rise of David as the king of Israel.
2024 Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior
The 2024 Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior (also known as Copinha Sicredi 2024 for sponsorship reasons), was the 54th edition of the Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior, a youth football competition, organized by the São Paulo Federation of Football (FPF). Corinthians won the competition after defeating Cruzeiro in the final on a score of 1–0, giving the Paulista team their 11th trophy of the Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior.

Considered one of the most traditional in Brazil, the 2024 edition took place between January 2 and 25 and was contested by 128 teams divided into 32 groups. The top two teams in each group advanced to the next stage, which were played in knockout matches. Therefore, the teams reduced by half at each stage until the final.

The two-time champions in a row, Palmeiras were the defending champions of the competition having won in 2022 and the year before, 2023, but were eliminated in the Round of 16 after an upsetting 1–0 defeat to Aster Brasil.

Grêmio Novorizontino
Grêmio Novorizontino, commonly referred to as simply Novorizontino, is a Brazilian association football club in Novo Horizonte, São Paulo. They currently play in the Série B, the second tier of Brazilian football, as well as in the Campeonato Paulista Série A1, the first tier of the São Paulo state football league.
McAlpine baronets
The McAlpine Baronetcy, of Knott Park in the County of Surrey, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1918 for Robert McAlpine, a Scottish civil engineer and the founder of Sir Robert McAlpine Ltd.

Sir Robert McAlpine
Sir Robert McAlpine Limited is a family-owned building and civil engineering company based in Kings Langley, England. It carries out engineering and construction in the infrastructure, heritage, commercial, arena and stadium, healthcare, education and nuclear sectors.
Sheileen Waibel
Sheileen Waibel (born 3 January 2001) is an Austrian sports shooter. She has represented Austria in ISSF Air Rifle and 50M Rifle at European and World Championship level. Her father is Olympic medallist Wolfram Waibel Jr., and her grandfather is a five-time Olympian Wolfram Waibel Sr.

Wolfram Waibel Sr.
Wolfram Waibel (1 July 1947 – 13 December 2023) was an Austrian Olympic sports shooter competitor. He competed in five Olympic Games. Waibel never won an Olympic medal, but he won a silver medal at the 1970 World Championships and a bronze medal at the 1974 World Championships. He also won four medals at the European Shooting Championships.

His son, Wolfram Waibel Jr. won two medals shooting rifle at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta.

Waibel died on 13 December 2023, at the age of 76.