hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of Saint Helena
Saint Helena has a known history of over 500 years since its recorded discovery by the Portuguese in 1502. Claiming to be Britain's second oldest colony, after Bermuda, this is one of the most remote settlements in the world and was for several centuries of vital strategic importance to ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa. Since the early 19th century, the British occasionally used the island as a place of exile, most notably for Napoleon Bonaparte, Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo and over 5,000 Boer prisoners.

François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville
François d'Orléans, Prince de Joinville (14 August 1818 – 16 June 1900) was the third son of Louis Philippe, King of the French, and his wife Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily. An admiral of the French Navy, François was famous for bringing the remains of Napoleon from Saint Helena to France, as well as a talented artist, with 35 known watercolours. He married Princess Francisca of Brazil, daughter of Emperor Pedro I and sister of Emperor Pedro II. The dowry received by François upon the marriage became the Brazilian city of Joinville.

François and Francisca's grandson Jean went on to become the Orléanist claimant to the extinct French throne, a claim passed on to his son, grandson and now great-grandson Jean, Count of Paris, current Orléanist claimant to the French crown.
Sham Shui Po Ferry Pier
22°19′36″N 114°09′13″E﻿ / ﻿22.3267°N 114.1536°E﻿ / 22.3267; 114.1536

Sham Shui Po Ferry Pier (Chinese: 深水埗碼頭; Jyutping: sam1 seoi2 bou4 maa5 tau4) was a ferry pier in Sham Shui Po, Kowloon, Hong Kong that operated from 1919 to 1992. It was one of the important ferry piers in West Kowloon and had a bus terminus nearby.

Shek Lei Estate
Shek Lei Estate (Chinese: 石籬邨), also known by Shek Lei (石籬/石梨, both are currently used) is a public housing estate in Hong Kong, situated in the Shek Lei Pui (石梨貝/石梨背/石犁背) area in northeast Kwai Chung, New Territories, near Shek Yam Estate, On Yam Estate and Shek Yam East Estate.

The estate is separated into two parts, namely Shek Lei (I) Estate (石籬(一)邨) and Shek Lei (II) Estate (石籬(二)邨). It has a total of 21 residential blocks with a population of about 40,000, as well as two shopping centres. It is the second-largest public housing estate in Kwai Chung, after Kwai Chung Estate.

In addition, there is a two-block Home Ownership Scheme property connected to the estate, called Yi Fung Court.
Thomas Moore Philson
Thomas Moore Philson (10 August 1817 – 22 November 1899) was a New Zealand medical doctor and superintendent of Auckland Hospital. The Philson Library at the University of Auckland Medical School is named after him.

58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot
The 58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot was a British Army line infantry regiment, raised in 1755. Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot to form the Northamptonshire Regiment in 1881.
Harry Bolus
Harry Bolus (28 April 1834 – 25 May 1911) was a South African botanist, botanical artist, businessman and philanthropist. He advanced botany in South Africa by establishing bursaries, founding the Bolus Herbarium and bequeathing his library and a large part of his fortune to the South African College (now the University of Cape Town). Active in scientific circles, he was a Fellow of the Linnean Society, member and president of the South African Philosophical Society (later the Royal Society of South Africa), the SA Medal and Grant by the SA Association for the Advancement of Science and an honorary D.Sc. from the University of the Cape of Good Hope.

Joseph Dalton Hooker
Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin's closest friend. For 20 years he served as director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, succeeding his father, William Jackson Hooker, and was awarded the highest honours of British science.
Free preview
A free preview (also called a free preview weekend and sometimes referred to under the portmanteau "freeview") is a stunt programming concept in which a pay television service or channel tier is exhibited without signal encryption to customers of a multichannel television provider (cable, satellite, IPTV or over-the-top MVPD) at no cost for an extended time period.

Such events, which typically run anywhere from two days to one month on average, are held mainly to incentivize subscribers into purchasing the service that is being transmitted during the applicable timeframe.

Digital cable
Digital cable is the distribution of cable television using digital data and video compression. The technology was first developed by General Instrument. By 2000, most cable companies offered digital features, eventually replacing their previous analog-based cable by the mid 2010s. During the late 2000s, broadcast television converted to the digital HDTV standard, which was incompatible with existing analog cable systems.

In addition to providing high-definition video, digital cable systems provide more services such as pay-per-view programming, cable internet access and cable telephone services. Most digital cable signals are encrypted, which reduced the incidence of cable television piracy which occurred in analog systems.
Pemra Özgen
Pemra Özgen (born 8 May 1986) is a Turkish tennis player.

Özgen has won 18 singles and 23 doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. On 26 August 2019, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 182. On 14 October 2013, she peaked at No. 179 in the WTA doubles rankings.

Playing for Turkey Fed Cup team, Özgen has a win–loss record of 41–44 as of June 2024.

Özgen is an alumna of Istanbul Bilgi University.

Turkey Billie Jean King Cup team
The Turkey Billie Jean King Cup team represents Turkey in the Billie Jean King Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Turkish Tennis Federation. They currently compete in the Europe/Africa Zone of Group III.
Yūko Nagashima
Yūko Nagashima (永島 由子, Nagashima Yūko) (born July 3, 1970) is a Japanese voice actress who is affiliated with Amuleto. She formerly worked for Aoni Production. She gained more popularity through her roles Rina Takamiya in Saint Tail along with Kōsuke Okano, Yayoi Aida in Slam Dunk and Sakai in You're Under Arrest alongside Tokyo Seiyū Compatriot Sakiko Tamagawa.

Dead or Alive Xtreme 2
Dead or Alive Xtreme 2 is a 2006 video game for the Xbox 360 game console. Developed by Team Ninja, it is the sequel to Dead or Alive Xtreme Beach Volleyball. The title expands upon the activities available in the original, supplementing beach volleyball with additional beach-related minigames.
Core banking
Core banking is a banking service provided by a group of networked bank branches where customers may access their bank account and perform basic transactions from any of the member branch offices.

Core banking is often associated with retail banking and many banks treat the retail customers as their core banking customers. Businesses are usually managed via the corporate banking division of the institution. Core banking covers basic depositing and lending of money and include functions such as transaction accounts, loans, mortgages and payments. Banks make these services available across multiple channels like automated teller machines, Internet banking, mobile banking and branches.

Core banking software is a key part of banking software and network technology that allows a bank to centralise its record keeping and provide core banking services.

Branch (banking)
A branch, banking center or financial center is a retail location where a bank, credit union, or other financial institution (including a brokerage firm) offers a wide array of face-to-face and automated services to its customers.
Ganap Party
The Ganap Party was a Filipino political party that grew from the Sakdalista movement. Benigno Ramos, who served as its leader, was also the founder of the Sakdalista movement. The party took its name from the Tagalog word ganap, which means "complete".

1941 Philippine general election
General elections were held in the Philippines on November 11, 1941. Incumbent President Manuel Luis Quezon won an unprecedented second partial term as President of the Philippines via a landslide. His running mate, Vice President Sergio Osmeña also won via landslide. The elected officials however, did not serve their terms from 1942 to 1945 due to World War II. In 1943, a Japanese-sponsored Republic was established and appointed José P. Laurel as president. From 1943 to 1945, the Philippines had two presidents. Quezon died in 1944 due to tuberculosis and was replaced by Sergio Osmeña.
2025 Gabonese presidential election
A presidential election was held in Gabon on 12 April 2025. They were the first election in the country since the Bongo dynasty was overthrown in the 2023 coup after 56 years in power. Incumbent transitional president Brice Oligui Nguema ran as an Independent, under his Rally of Builders platform.

Voter turnout was 70%, the highest since 1993, the first multi-party elections. The following day, Oligui was proclaimed the winner of the elections, receiving 90% of the votes, while his main opponent Alain Claude Bilie By Nze received 3%.

1993 Gabonese presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Gabon on 5 December 1993, the first time more than one candidate had contested a presidential election in the country. Incumbent President Omar Bongo, in power since 1967, sought a five-year term against twelve other candidates. According to official results Bongo won in the first round with 51.2% of the vote. However, the main opposition leader, Paul Mba Abessole, alleged fraud, claimed victory, and threatened to form a rival government. Riots in 1994 practically brought the country to a standstill until Bongo agreed to attend a peace conference with opposition groups in September 1994, in which a coalition government was formed until the 1996 parliamentary election, which Bongo's Gabonese Democratic Party won by a landslide.
Rami George Khouri
Rami George Khouri (born October 22, 1948) is a Jordanian-American journalist and editor with Palestinian background. He was born in New York City to an Arab Palestinian Christian family. His father, George Khouri, a Nazarene journalist in what was the British mandate of Palestine,  had traveled with his wife to New York in 1947 to cover the United Nations (UN) debates about the formation of Israel. His family resides in Beirut, Amman, and Nazareth. He is also a public speaker. After attending secondary school at the International School of Geneva in Switzerland, Rami Khouri returned to the US to complete his education. Khouri has served for many years as the chief umpire for Little League Baseball in Jordan.

The Daily Star (Lebanon)
The Daily Star was an English-language newspaper in Lebanon which was distributed across the Middle East. It was founded by Kamel Mrowa in 1952, ceased its print format in February 2020, and completely closed on 31 October 2021.
Prehistory of Iran
The prehistory of the Iranian plateau, and the wider region now known as Greater Iran, as part of the prehistory of the Near East is conventionally divided into the Paleolithic, Epipaleolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age periods, spanning the time from the first settlement by archaic humans about a million years ago until the beginning of the historical record during the Neo-Assyrian Empire, in the 8th century BC.

Zagros Mountains
The Zagros Mountains are a mountain range in West Asia spanning Iran, northern Iraq, and southeastern Turkey. The mountain range has a total length of 1,600 km (990 miles). The Zagros range begins in northwestern Iran and roughly follows Iran's western border while covering much of southeastern Turkey and northeastern Iraq. From this border region, the range continues southeast to the waters of the Persian Gulf. It spans the southern parts of the Armenian highlands, and the whole length of the western and southwestern Iranian plateau, ending at the Strait of Hormuz. The highest point is Mount Dena, at 4,409 metres (14,465 ft).
Functional discourse grammar
Functional grammar (FG) and functional discourse grammar (FDG) are grammar models and theories motivated by functional theories of grammar. These theories explain how linguistic utterances are shaped, based on the goals and knowledge of natural language users. In doing so, it contrasts with Chomskyan transformational grammar. Functional discourse grammar has been developed as a successor to functional grammar, attempting to be more psychologically and pragmatically adequate than functional grammar.

The top-level unit of analysis in functional discourse grammar is the discourse move, not the sentence or the clause. This is a principle that sets functional discourse grammar apart from many other linguistic theories, including its predecessor functional grammar.

Transformational grammar
In linguistics, transformational grammar (TG) or transformational-generative grammar (TGG) was the earliest model of grammar proposed within the research tradition of generative grammar. Like current generative theories, it treated grammar as a system of formal rules that generate all and only grammatical sentences of a given language. What was distinctive about transformational grammar was that it posited transformation rules that mapped a sentence's deep structure to its pronounced form. For example, in many variants of transformational grammar, the English active voice sentence "Emma saw Daisy" and its passive counterpart "Daisy was seen by Emma" share a common deep structure generated by phrase structure rules, differing only in that the latter's structure is modified by a passivization transformation rule.
John Keenan (bishop)
John Keenan (born 19 December 1964, in Glasgow) is a Scottish Roman Catholic bishop, who has served as the bishop of the Diocese of Paisley since 2014. Before becoming a bishop he was a parish priest and school then university chaplain. Since 2024, he has also been president of the Bishops' Conference of Scotland.

Archdiocese of Glasgow (historic)
55°51′58″N 4°15′25″W﻿ / ﻿55.866°N 4.257°W﻿ / 55.866; -4.257

The Archdiocese of Glasgow was one of the thirteen (after 1633 fourteen) dioceses of the Scottish Christian church. It was the second largest diocese in the Kingdom of Scotland, including Clydesdale, Teviotdale, parts of Tweeddale, Liddesdale, Annandale, Nithsdale, Cunninghame, Kyle, and Strathgryfe, as well as Lennox, Carrick and the part of Galloway known as Desnes.

A Catholic jurisdiction, Glasgow became an archbishopric in 1492, eventually securing the dioceses of Galloway, Argyll and the Isles as suffragans. The Scottish Church broke its allegiance to Rome in 1560, but bishops continued intermittently until 1689. The Catholic jurisdiction was restored in 1878.
The Lifted Veil (novella)
The Lifted Veil is a novella by George Eliot, first published anonymously in Blackwood's Magazine in 1859.  It was republished in 1879. Quite unlike the realistic fiction for which Eliot is best known, The Lifted Veil explores themes of extrasensory perception, possible life after death, and the power of fate.  The story is a significant part of the Victorian tradition of horror fiction, which includes such other examples as Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886), and Bram Stoker's Dracula (1897).

Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is an 1886 Gothic horror novella by Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. It follows Gabriel John Utterson, a London-based legal practitioner who investigates a series of strange occurrences between his old friend, Dr Henry Jekyll, and a murderous criminal named Edward Hyde.

Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is one of the most famous pieces of English literature, and is considered to be a defining book of the gothic horror genre. The novella has also had a sizeable impact on popular culture, with the phrase "Jekyll and Hyde" being used in vernacular to refer to people with an outwardly good but sometimes shockingly evil nature.
Versus the World (band)
Versus the World is an American post-hardcore/pop punk band from Santa Barbara, California, United States, formed by Donald Spence and Mike Davenport. The band combines post-hardcore with pop punk and is currently signed to SBÄM Records. They released their debut album, "Versus the World", in September 2005.

Lagwagon
Lagwagon is an American punk rock band formed in 1990 from Goleta, California, just outside Santa Barbara. Their name comes from the band's tour van, which can be seen on the back cover of their 1994 second album Trashed.

The band has 12 releases through Fat Wreck Chords: nine studio albums, one EP, one live album and a collection of B-sides, compilation tracks and demos. Lagwagon has never had, nor have they seemed to pursue, strong mainstream success, but they do have a devoted underground following in North America, Europe and Asia. Their moderate success reflected a growing interest in punk rock during the 1990s, along with fellow California bands Rancid, Green Day and The Offspring. Their song "May 16" was also featured in Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2.
European route E38
European route E38 (E38) is a road part of the International E-road network. It runs between Hlukhiv, Ukraine and Shymkent, Kazakhstan. It is 3,400 km (2,100 mi) long.

The E38 is the only signposted European route in Kazakhstan. While the country has a few E-routes other than the E38, none of those were signposted.

Asian Highway 61 (AH61) runs along the same roads but continues to Kyrgyzstan and crossing into China.

International E-road network
The International E-road network is a numbering system for roads in Europe, Central Asia and Asia Minor, developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The network is numbered from E1 up and signposted on a green background. Its roads cross national borders, consisting of three types of roads: highways, limited access roads, and ordinary roads (as defined by ECE/TRANS/SC.1/2016/3/Rev.1).

The display of European roads on signs depend on jurisdiction. In most countries, the roads carry the European route designation alongside national designations. However, Belgium, Denmark, Norway and Sweden have integrated them as their sole route designations (examples: E18 and E6) in most cases. Some places, such as the United Kingdom and Albania do not show the European designations at all.

Other continents have similar international road networks, e.g., the Pan-American Highway in the Americas, the Trans-African Highway network, and the Asian Highway Network.
Frequency-dependent foraging by pollinators
Frequency-dependent foraging is defined as the tendency of an individual to selectively forage on a certain species or  morph based on its relative frequency within a population. Specifically for pollinators, this refers to the tendency to visit a particular floral morph or plant species based on its frequency within the local plant community, even if nectar rewards are equivalent amongst different morphs. Pollinators that forage in a frequency-dependent manner will exhibit flower constancy for a certain morph, but the preferred floral type will be dependent on its frequency. Additionally, frequency-dependent foraging differs from density-dependent foraging as the latter considers the absolute number of certain morphs per unit area as a factor influencing pollinator choice. Although density of a morph will be related to its frequency, common morphs are still preferred when overall plant densities are high.

Nectar
Nectar is a viscous, sugar-rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to animal mutualists, which in turn provide herbivore protection. Common nectar-consuming pollinators include mosquitoes, hoverflies, wasps, bees, butterflies and moths, hummingbirds, honeyeaters and bats. 
Nectar is an economically important substance as it is the sugar source for honey.

Nectar is also useful in agriculture and horticulture because the adult stages of some predatory insects feed on nectar. For example, a number of predacious or parasitoid wasps (e.g., the social wasp species Apoica flavissima) rely on nectar as a primary food source. In turn, these wasps then hunt agricultural pest insects as food for their young.

Nectar is most often associated with flowering plants (angiosperms), but it is also produced by other groups, including ferns.
Louie Tillet
Maurice Joseph Michaud (July 23, 1934 – June 26, 2024) was a French professional wrestler who under the ring name Louie Tillet.  Worked mainly for Championship Wrestling from Florida, World Class Championship Wrestling and National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) territories.

Continental Championship Wrestling
Continental Championship Wrestling was a professional wrestling promotion based in Knoxville, Tennessee, and Dothan, Alabama, from 1985 until 1989, owned by Ron Fuller. The promotion evolved out of the NWA-affiliated Southeastern Championship Wrestling and Gulf Coast Championship Wrestling territories owned by Fuller, who purchased the Knoxville territory from John Cazana in 1974 and the Alabama/Florida territory in 1977. When Fuller sold the promotion to David Woods in 1988, the name was changed to Continental Wrestling Federation.
Gordimer (crater)
Gordimer is a crater on Mercury, near the north pole.  Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 2019, after the South African writer Nadine Gordimer.

The southern floor of Gordimer is in permanent shadow.  S band radar data from the Arecibo Observatory collected between 1999 and 2005 indicates a radar-bright area covering the southern floor, which is probably indicative of a water ice deposit.

Tolkien crater is northwest of Gordimer, and Chesterton is to the northeast.  Tryggvadóttir is due north, at the pole.

Chesterton (crater)
Chesterton is a crater on Mercury, near the north pole. Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 2012, after  the English author G. K. Chesterton.

The floor of the crater is in permanent shadow.  S band radar data from the Arecibo Observatory collected between 1999 and 2005 indicates a radar-bright area covering the entire floor of Chesterton, which is probably indicative of a water ice deposit.

Chesterton is adjacent to Tryggvadóttir crater.
Louis-Antoine-Marie Ledru Gaultier de Biauzat
Louis-Antoine-Marie Ledru Gaultier de Biauzat (1845-1886) was a French architect. He designed the market and schools in Clermont-Ferrand as well as the casino in Le Mont-Dore. He competed to design the spa in Le Mont-Dore, but Émile Camut's designs were chosen instead.

Émile Camut
Émile Camut (1849–1905) was a French architect. Some of the buildings he designed, like the Hôtel Côte-Blatin in Clermont-Ferrand, are listed as official historic monuments. He also redesigned the spa in Le Mont-Dore, another listed building, in 1887. By 1895, he designed the Protestant Temple in Mont Dore. With architect Georges Vimort, he designed the Casino Chardon in La Bourboule.
Triceps reflex
The triceps reflex is a deep tendon reflex that elicits involuntary contraction of the triceps brachii muscle.  It is sensed and transmitted by the radial nerve. The reflex is tested as part of the neurological examination to assess the sensory and motor pathways within the C7 and C8 spinal nerves.

Golgi tendon organ
The Golgi tendon organ (GTO) (also known as Golgi organ, tendon organ, neurotendinous organ or neurotendinous spindle) is a skeletal muscle stretch receptor proprioceptor. It is situated at the interface between a muscle and its tendon known as the musculotendinous junction. It senses muscle tension (whereas muscle spindles are responsible for detecting muscle length and changes in muscle length). It is innervated by type Ib sensory nerve fibers.

It represents the sensory leg of the Golgi tendon reflex arc.

The Golgi tendon organ is one of several eponymous terms named after the Italian physician Camillo Golgi.