hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Modern Scots
Modern Scots comprises the varieties of Scots traditionally spoken in Lowland Scotland and parts of Ulster, from 1700.

Throughout its history, Modern Scots has been undergoing a process of language attrition, whereby successive generations of speakers have adopted more and more features from English, largely from the colloquial register. This process of language contact or dialectisation under English has accelerated rapidly since widespread access to mass media in English, and increased population mobility became available after the Second World War. It has recently taken on the nature of wholesale language shift towards Scottish English, sometimes also termed language change, convergence or merger.

By the end of the twentieth century, Scots was at an advanced stage of language death over much of Lowland Scotland. Residual features of Scots are often simply regarded today as slang, especially by people from outwith Scotland, but even by many Scots.

Insular Scots
Insular Scots comprises varieties of Lowland Scots generally subdivided into:

Shetland dialect

Orcadian dialect

Both dialects share much Norn vocabulary, Shetland dialect more so, than does any other Scots dialect, perhaps because they were both under strong Norwegian influence in their recent past. In ancient times, Pictish was spoken in the islands. With Viking settlement of the islands came the establishment of Norn-speaking communities. Although the islands thereafter owed allegiance to Norway, they became politically involved with Scotland. Scotland then annexed the islands in 1472, after which Scots replaced Norwegian as the dominant language.

It should not be confused with the vernacular of the Islands of the Clyde.
Hunter (rapper)
Robert Alan Hunter (1 October 1975 – 20 October 2011), better known as Hunter or Huntz, was an Australian rapper and hip-hop artist. He was a founder of Perth's hip hop scene in the 1990s and a member of the MC collective Syllabolix (SBX) Crew. During his career, he released four albums: Done DL (2002), Going Back to Yokine (2006), Monster House (2010) and Fear and Loathing (2011).

Hunter died of neuroendocrine cancer in 2011 at the age of 36.  He was post-humously inducted into the Western Australian Music Industry Awards Hall of Fame and was the subject of a documentary titled Hunter: For the Record (see below) which recorded the final years of his life.  The anniversary of his death was commemorated by an "AUS All Star" gig and an inaugural Australian rules match, named the Robert Hunter Cup in his honour, both events which brought together members of the hip hop community from across Australia (see below).

Bias B
Adam Stevens, better known by the stage name Bias B, is an Australian hip hop artist. He started writing lyrics in 1989 and began performing in 1991 and released his first album, Beezwax, in 1998. The album took two years to sell its first 500 copies. In 1999, Bias B released an album called Boney & Stoney along with fellow crew members Len One and Lazy Grey. His third album in 2007 sold out its first 3000 copies in less than two weeks. Bias B worked at Obese Records and hosted two radio shows with Stewbakka on PBS FM (The Formula) & RRR-FM (Wordburner).
Shahmukhi
Shahmukhi (Shahmukhi: شاہ مُکھی, pronounced [ʃäː(ɦ)˦.mʊ.kʰiː], lit. 'from the Shah's or King's mouth', Gurmukhī: ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁੱਖੀ) is the right-to-left abjad-based script developed from the Perso-Arabic alphabet used for the Punjabi language varieties, predominantly in Punjab, Pakistan. It is generally written in the Nastaʿlīq calligraphic hand, which is also used for Persian and Urdu. Shahmukhi is one of the two standard scripts used for Punjabi, the other being Gurmukhī used mainly in Punjab, India. Shahmukhi is written from right to left and has 36 primary letters with some other additional letters.

Aspirated consonant
In phonetics, aspiration is a strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most North American languages, South Asian languages  and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.
Sheldonian Theatre
The Sheldonian Theatre, in the centre of Oxford, England, was built from 1664 to 1669 after a design by Christopher Wren for the University of Oxford. The building is named after Gilbert Sheldon, Warden of All Souls College and later chancellor of the university. Sheldon was the project's main financial backer. The theatre is used for music concerts, lectures and university ceremonies, but not for drama until 2015 when the Christ Church Dramatic Society staged a production of The Crucible by Arthur Miller.

All Souls College, Oxford
All Souls College (official name: The College of All Souls of the Faithful Departed, of Oxford) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. Unique to All Souls, all of its members automatically become fellows (i.e., full members of the college's governing body). It has no student members, but each year, recent graduates are eligible to apply for a small number of examination fellowships through a competitive examination (once described as "the hardest exam in the world") and, for those shortlisted after the examinations, an interview.

The college entrance is on the north side of High Street, whilst it has a long frontage onto Radcliffe Square. To its east is The Queen's College, whilst Hertford College is to the north of All Souls.

The current warden (head of the college) is Sir John Vickers, a graduate of Oriel College, Oxford.
Ferrari 812 Superfast
The Ferrari 812 Superfast (Type F152M) is a front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive grand tourer produced by the Italian sports car manufacturer Ferrari that made its debut at the 2017 Geneva Motor Show. The 812 Superfast is the successor to the F12berlinetta.

Grand tourer
A grand tourer (GT) is a type of car that is designed for high speed, long-distance driving with luxury specifications. The most common format is a front-engine, rear-wheel-drive two-door coupé with either a two-seat or a 2+2 arrangement. Grand tourers are often the coupé derivative of luxury saloons or sedans. Some models, such as the Ferrari 250 GT, Jaguar E-Type, and Aston Martin DB5, are considered classic examples of gran turismo cars.

The term is a near-calque from the Italian language phrase gran turismo, which became popular in the English language in the 1950s, evolving from fast touring cars and streamlined closed sports cars during the 1930s.
2013 Open Harmonie mutuelle
The 2013 Open Harmonie mutuelle was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the tenth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2013 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Saint-Brieuc, France between 1 and 7 April 2013.

Open Saint-Brieuc
The Open Saint-Brieuc Armor Agglomération (formerly Open Harmonie mutuelle, Open Prévadiès Saint–Brieuc) is a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hardcourts. It is part of the ATP Challenger Tour. It is held annually in Saint-Brieuc, France, in 2004-2024 and restarting in 2026 as a Challenger 100.
Île-aux-Moines
Île-aux-Moines (French pronunciation: [il o mwan] ; Breton: Enizenac’h, more commonly Izenah) is a commune in the Morbihan department in the region of Brittany in northwestern France.

It comprises the island of Île-aux-Moines — the largest island in the Gulf of Morbihan — along with the islands of Creïzic, Holavre, and the two Brouël islets.

Erispoe
Erispoe (French: Erispoë; Latin: Herispoius, Herispogius, Respogius; died 2 or 12 November 857) was Duke of Brittany from 851 to his death. After the death of his father Nominoe, he led a successful military campaign against the Franks, culminating in his victory at the Battle of Jengland. He is subsequently referred to as "King of Brittany".

Erispoe's recorded titles include provinciæ Brittaniæ princeps ("prince of the province of Brittany"), dux Brittonum ("duke of the Bretons"), and Rex tyrannicus Brittonum ("usurping king of the Bretons"). However, if Erispoe was usurping regality in Brittany at that time (857), it is not attested in other sources. It may imply continued Frankish resentment of the title. He is called rex Brittonum ("king of the Bretons") by Regino of Prüm (d. 915).
2014 Gerry Weber Open
The 2014 Gerry Weber Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts. It was the 22nd edition of the event known that year as the Gerry Weber Open and was part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the 2014 ATP World Tour. It took place at the Gerry Weber Stadion in Halle, Germany, between 9 June and 15 June 2014. Second-seeded Roger Federer won his seventh singles title at the event.

2014 ATP World Tour
The 2014 ATP World Tour was the global elite men's professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2014 tennis season. The 2014 ATP World Tour calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP World Tour Masters 1000, the ATP World Tour 500 series, the ATP World Tour 250 series, the Davis Cup (organized by the ITF) and the ATP World Tour Finals. Also included in the 2014 calendar is the Hopman Cup, which is organized by the ITF and does not distribute ranking points.
The Private Life of Henry VIII
The Private Life of Henry VIII is a 1933 British biographical drama film directed and co-produced by Alexander Korda and starring Charles Laughton, Robert Donat, Merle Oberon and Elsa Lanchester. It was written by Lajos Bíró and Arthur Wimperis for London Film Productions, Korda's production company. The film, which focuses on the marriages of King Henry VIII of England, was a major international success, establishing Korda as a leading filmmaker and Laughton as a box-office star.

Catherine Howard
Catherine Howard (c. 1523 – 13 February 1542) was Queen of England from July 1540 until November 1541 as the fifth wife of King Henry VIII. She was the daughter of Lord Edmund Howard and Joyce Culpeper, a first cousin to Anne Boleyn (the second wife of Henry VIII), and the niece of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk. Thomas Howard was a prominent politician at Henry's court. He secured her a place in the household of Henry's fourth wife, Anne of Cleves, where Howard caught the King's interest. She married him on 28 July 1540 at Oatlands Palace in Surrey, just 19 days after the annulment of his marriage to Anne. Henry was 49, and it is widely accepted that Catherine was about 17 at the time of her marriage to him.

Catherine was stripped of her title as queen in November 1541 and beheaded three months later on the grounds of treason for committing adultery with her distant cousin, Thomas Culpeper.
Vincent O'Malley
Vincent Michael O’Malley  FRSNZ  FRHistS (born 1967) is a New Zealand historian whose work focuses on the history of how relationships between Māori, European settlers (Pākehā) and colonial governments shapes the development of New Zealand as a nation.

In his publications, and as a presenter and media commentator, O'Malley takes public positions on the teaching of history in New Zealand schools, the importance of understanding the impact of the New Zealand Wars, interactions between Māori agency and Crown responses during the colonisation of the country and the role of the Waitangi Tribunal. O'Malley has received multiple research grants, won several literary awards and is involved in a wide range of professional associations. He is Research Director at HistoryWorks, a company he co-founded in 2004.

King Country
The King Country (Māori: Te Rohe Pōtae or Rohe Pōtae o Maniapoto) is a region of the western North Island of New Zealand. It extends approximately from Kawhia Harbour and the town of Ōtorohanga in the north to the upper reaches of the Whanganui River in the south, and from the Hauhungaroa and Rangitoto Ranges in the east to near the Tasman Sea in the west. It comprises hill country, large parts of which are forested.

The region, albeit loosely defined, is very significant in New Zealand's history. The term "King Country" dates from the New Zealand Wars of the 1860s, when colonial forces invaded the Waikato and forces of the Māori King Movement withdrew south of what was called the aukati, or boundary, a line of pā alongside the Puniu River near Kihikihi. Land behind the aukati remained native territory, with Europeans warned they crossed it under threat of death.

Known for its rugged, rural roads and diverse landscape, the King Country has a warm climate, considered subtropical.
Léo Ortiz
Leonardo "Léo" Rech Ortiz (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈlɛw oʁˈtʃis], born 3 January 1996) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as centre-back for Campeonato Brasileiro Série A club Flamengo and the Brazil national team.

Ortiz won the 2021 Bola de Prata and despite being called-up to the Brazil national team since 2021 he made his debut only in 2025.

He is son of Luís Fernando Roese Ortiz, one of the greatest Brazilian futsal players of all time.

Red Bull Bragantino
Red Bull Bragantino (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈʁɛdʒi ˈbuw bɾaɡɐ̃ˈtʃinu]) is a Brazilian football club based in Bragança Paulista, São Paulo. It competes in the Série A, the top tier of the Brazilian football league system, as well as in the Campeonato Paulista Série A1, the highest level of the São Paulo state football league.

The club was known as Clube Atlético Bragantino, before club administration was taken over by Red Bull GmbH in 2020 who renamed the club to RB Bragantino and changed its colours from its traditional black and white to red and white.

Although the partnership began in April 2019, during the 2019 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B (second division of Brazilian football), the team was called 'Bragantino' and Red Bull appeared only as a sponsor. In the 2020 season the name changed to 'Red Bull Bragantino'.

In their first season, they were champions of the 2019 Série B being promoted to the Série A and qualifying for the 2020 Copa do Brasil round of 16.
Abdul Mu'ti
Abdul Mu'ti (born 2 September 1968) is an Indonesian academic and politician serving as Minister of Primary and Secondary Education since 2024. In 2022, he was elected secretary general of the Muhammadiyah.

Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta
State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta (Indonesian: Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Dutch: Staat Islamitisch Universiteit van Sjarief Hidajatoellah) is a public university in Indonesia, located in Ciputat, South Tangerang, Banten.
Polish nationality law
Polish nationality law is based primarily on the principle of jus sanguinis. Children born to at least one Polish parent acquire Polish citizenship irrespective of place of birth. Besides other things, Polish citizenship entitles the person to a Polish passport.

Polish citizenship and nationality law is set out in the Polish Citizenship Act of 2009, which was published on 14 February 2012, and became law in its entirety on 15 August 2012.

Its provisions cover a range of Polish citizenship issues, including dual citizenship; acquisition by law (including birth, grant, recognition, and restoration); loss; status of minors vis-a-vis parents; and various processes and regulations.

Henley Passport Index
The Henley Passport Index is an annual global ranking of countries according to the travel freedom allowed by those countries' ordinary passports for their citizens. It was launched in 2005 as Henley & Partners Visa Restrictions Index and was updated to Henley Passport Index in January 2018. The index is updated on a quarterly basis to reflect changes in global visa policies.

The index annually ranks 199 passports of the world by the number of countries that their holders can travel to without requiring a visa. The number of countries that a specific passport can access becomes its visa-free "score". The data is obtained from the International Air Transport Association (IATA)'s Timatic documentation requirements database.
Greg Vanderjagt
Gregory Ron Vanderjagt (born 27 May 1984) is an Australian professional basketball coach and former player. He played 10 seasons in the National Basketball League (NBL) before entering the coaching ranks. He served as the head coach of the Brisbane Bullets in 2022–23.

NBL1 North
NBL1 North, formerly the Queensland Basketball League (QBL), is a semi-professional basketball league in Queensland, Australia, comprising both a men's and women's competition. In 2020, Basketball Queensland partnered with the National Basketball League (NBL) to bring NBL1 to Queensland. NBL1 replaced the former QBL to create more professional pathways and opportunities for males and females playing basketball in Queensland. As a result, the QBL became the north conference of NBL1.

In 2022, the league expanded into the Northern Territory with the addition of a club from Darwin.
Ephebiphobia
Ephebiphobia is the fear of youth. First coined as the "fear or loathing of teenagers", the phenomenon is recognized today as the "inaccurate, exaggerated and sensational characterization of young people" in a range of settings around the world. Studies of the fear of youth occur in sociology and youth studies. It is distinguished from pedophobia by being more focused on adolescents than prepubescent children.

Stereotype
In social psychology, a stereotype is a generalized belief about a particular category of people. It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example, an expectation about the group's personality, preferences, appearance or ability. Stereotypes make information processing easier by allowing the perceiver to rely on previously stored knowledge in place of incoming information. Stereotypes are often faulty, inaccurate, and resistant to new information. Although stereotypes generally have negative implications, they are not necessarily so; they may be positive, neutral, or negative. They can be broken down into two categories: explicit stereotypes, which are conscious, and implicit stereotypes, which are subconscious.
Lasantha Rodrigo (general)
Lieutenant General Wickramasinghe Arachchige Lasantha Rodrigo, RSP, is a senior Sri Lanka Army officer, who is the current Commander of the Sri Lanka Army.

An alumnus of St. Benedict's College, Colombo, Rodrigo was appointed Commander of the Army on 31 December 2024 succeeding General Vikum Liyanage. He previously served as Deputy Chief of Staff of the Sri Lanka Army from 28 November to 30 December 2024.

Vikum Liyanage
General H.L.V.M. Liyanage, widely known as Vikum Liyanage, is a retired Sri Lanka Army officer. He was the Commander of the Sri Lanka Army from 1 June 2022 to 31 December 2024. Prior to become the army commander, he was the 59th Chief of Staff of the Army. On 1 June 2022, Liyanage assumed as the 24th Commander of Sri Lanka Army. Earlier, he served as the Commandant, Sri Lanka Army Volunteer Force.
Seuamuli Fasi Toma
Seuamuli Fasi Toma (born ~1964) is a Samoan politician. He is a member of the FAST Party.

Seuamuli was born on Savai'i and is a farmer and lay preacher. He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Samoa in the 2021 Samoan general election, defeating former Deputy Speaker Nafoitoa Talaimanu Keti. On 28 July 2021 he was appointed Associate Minister of Women, Community and Development. On 17 January 2025 he was fired as an associate minister by prime minister Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa after supporting her expulsion from the FAST party.

Nafoitoa Talaimanu Keti
Nafoitoa Mataia Valu Tala'imanu Keti is a Samoan politician and former Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Samoa. He is a former member of the Human Rights Protection Party.

Keti is a former police officer and assistant police commissioner. He was first elected to the legislative Assembly in the 2016 Samoan general election, and was appointed Deputy Speaker.

In May 2019 he removed opposition MP Olo Fiti Vaai from the Finance and Expenditure Committee after he criticised government spending decisions.

In March 2021 Keti was accused on EFKS-TV of attempting to rape a fellow police officer in 2007 when he was a supervisor at the Faleolo Police Outpost. The TV station was subsequently raided, and his accuser arrested and charged with criminal libel.

Keti's seat of Gagaemauga No. 3 was eliminated by boundary reforms in 2018. He stood in Gagaemauga No 2 at the April 2021 Samoan general election, but was unsuccessful.
Captain Blood (1960 film)
Captain Blood (French: Le capitan, lit. 'The Captain'; Italian: Il capitano del re, lit. 'The King's Captain') is a 1960 French–Italian swashbuckler film directed by André Hunebelle and starring Jean Marais, Bourvil, Elsa Martinelli and Lise Delamare. It is based on a novel by Michel Zévaco.

The film has no relation to the American film Captain Blood (1935).

Swashbuckler film
A swashbuckler film is characterised by swordfighting and adventurous heroic characters, known as swashbucklers. While morality is typically clear-cut, heroes and villains alike often, but not always, follow a code of honor. Some swashbuckler films have romantic elements, most frequently a damsel in distress. Both real and fictional historical events often feature prominently in the plot.
Outline of the history of Western civilization
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the history of Western civilization:

History of Western civilization – record of the development of human civilization beginning in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, and generally spreading westwards.

Ancient Greek science, philosophy, democracy, architecture, literature, and art provided a foundation embraced and built upon by the Roman Empire as it swept up Europe, including the Hellenic world in its conquests in the 1st century BC. From its European and Mediterranean origins, Western civilization has spread to produce the dominant cultures of modern North America, South America, and much of Oceania, and has had immense global influence in recent centuries.

Outline of ancient Rome
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ancient Rome:

Ancient Rome – former civilization that thrived on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome, it expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world.
1927 VFA season
The 1927 Victorian Football Association season was the 49th season of the Australian rules football competition. The premiership was won by the Coburg Football Club, after it defeated Brighton by 34 points in the Grand Final on 15 October. It was the club's second VFA premiership, achieved in only its third season of senior competition, and was the second in a sequence of three premierships won consecutively from 1926 until 1928; and, it came after the team was undefeated in the home-and-home season.

Brighton Football Club
The Brighton Football Club, nicknamed the Penguins, was an Australian rules football club based in the Melbourne suburb of Brighton. The club was a founding member of the Metropolitan Junior Football Association (MJFA) in 1892, before moving to the Victorian Football Association (VFA) in 1908.

After suffering financial hardship throughout the 1950s, the club merged with South Caulfield in 1962 to become the Brighton-Caulfield Football Club, before eventually moving to the suburb of Caulfield and becoming the Caulfield Football Club in 1965.