hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
German occupation of Latvia during World War II
The military occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany was completed on 10 July 1941, by Germany's armed forces. Initially, the territory of Latvia was under the military administration of Army Group North, but on 25 July 1941, Latvia was incorporated as Generalbezirk Lettland, subordinated to Reichskommissariat Ostland, an administrative subdivision of Nazi Germany. Anyone not racially acceptable or who opposed the German occupation, as well as those who had cooperated with the Soviet Union, was killed or sent to concentration camps in accordance with the Nazi Generalplan Ost.: 56

2nd SS Infantry Brigade
The 2nd SS Infantry Brigade (mot.) (German: 2. SS-Infanterie-Brigade) was formed on the 15 May 1941, under the command of Karl Fischer von Treuenfeld  with the 4th and 5th SS Infantry (formerly Totenkopf) Regiments and began its operational service in September in the Army Group North Rear Area, under which command it would spend its entire existence. It gradually began to incorporate foreign legions of the SS under its operational control. After the western legions departed for refit, it began operating with Latvian volunteer formations and eventually was redesignated the 2nd Latvian SS Infantry Brigade (Latvian: 2. Latviešu SS kājnieku brigāde) and on the 18 May 1943, and used as the cadre in the formation of the Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian) in January 1944.
Raphaël Wicky
Raphaël Wicky (born 26 April 1977) is a Swiss football coach who is currently the head coach for Sporting Kansas City in Major League Soccer.

His playing career was spent mostly in the German Bundesliga with Werder Bremen and Hamburg, as well as a brief spell in Spain's Segunda División with Atlético Madrid. He earned 75 caps for Switzerland between 1996 and 2008, playing at two European Championships and the 2006 FIFA World Cup.

As a manager, he won the Swiss Super League and Swiss Cup double with Basel in 2017, and also spent two years in Major League Soccer with the Chicago Fire. He returned to Switzerland in 2022 with Young Boys and won his second Swiss Super League title in 2023.

Swiss Super League
The Super League (also known as the Brack Super League for sponsorship reasons) is a professional association football league in Switzerland and the highest level of the Swiss football league system. It has been played in its current format since the 2003–04 season. The Swiss Super League is ranked 16th in Europe according to UEFA's ranking of league coefficients, which is based upon Swiss team performances in European competitions. The 2025–26 season is the 129th season of the Swiss top-flight, making it the longest continuously running top-flight national league.
Microcrystallization
Microcrystallization (or microcrystal test) is a method for identifying lichen metabolites that was predominantly used before the advent of more advanced techniques such as thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Developed primarily by Yasuhiko Asahina, this approach relies on the formation of distinctive crystals from lichen extracts. Although now superseded by modern analytical methods, microcrystallization still holds importance for compound purification and analysis using X-ray crystallography.

Lichen product
Lichen products, also known as lichen substances, are organic compounds produced by a lichen. Specifically, they are secondary metabolites. Lichen products are represented in several different chemical classes, including terpenoids, orcinol derivatives, chromones, xanthones, depsides, and depsidones. Over 1000 lichen products of known chemical structure have been reported in the scientific literature, and most of these compounds are exclusively found in lichens. Examples of lichen products include usnic acid (a dibenzofuran), atranorin (a depside), lichexanthone (a xanthone), salazinic acid (a depsidone), and isolichenan, an α-glucan. Many lichen products have biological activity, and research into these effects is ongoing.
Anoplocnemis phasiana
Anoplocnemis phasiana is a species of sap-sucking insect in the family Coreidae. They are native to Asia where they are considered a major pest of many types of agricultural plants such as trees and shrubs, including legumes, sometimes known as the tip-withering bug.

Coreidae
Coreidae is a large family of predominantly sap-sucking insects in the Hemipteran suborder Heteroptera.  The name "Coreidae" derives from the genus Coreus, which derives from the Ancient Greek κόρις (kóris) meaning bug.

As a family, the Coreidae are cosmopolitan, but most of the species are tropical or subtropical.
Kaffa Province
Kaffa (Amharic: ካፋ) was a province on the southwestern side of Ethiopia; its capital city was Bonga. Kaffa was bordered on the west by Sudan, on the northwest by Illubabor, on the north by Walega, on the northeast by Shewa, on the east by Sidamo, and on the southeast by Gamu-Gofa.

According to legend, ancestors of today's Kafficho people in southwest Ethiopia were the first to cultivate the coffee plant and recognise the energising effect of the coffee beverage.

Shewa
Shewa (Amharic: ሸዋ; Oromo: Shawaa;  Somali: Shawa; Arabic: شيوا, Italian: Scioà), formerly romanized as Shua, Shoa, Showa, Shuwa, is a historical region of Ethiopia which was formerly an autonomous kingdom within the Ethiopian Empire. The modern Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa is located at its center.

The towns of Debre Berhan, Antsokia, Ankober, Entoto and, after Shewa became a province of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa have all served as the capital of Shewa at various times. Most of northern Shewa, made up of the districts of Menz, Tegulet, Yifat, Menjar and Bulga, is populated by Christian Amharas, while southern Shewa is inhabited by the Gurages and eastern Shewa has large Oromo and Argobba Muslim populations. The monastery of Debre Libanos, founded by Saint Tekle Haymanot, is located in the ancient district of Selale. Modern Shewa includes the historical Endagabatan province.
Concentration of media ownership
Concentration of media ownership, also known as media consolidation or media convergence, is a process wherein fewer individuals or organizations control shares of the mass media. Research in the 1990s and early 2000s suggested then-increasing levels of consolidation, with many media industries already highly concentrated where a few companies own much of the market. The proliferation of the Internet and with it the advent of new media companies challenged this oligopoly, before market share being again consolidated by a small set of companies.

Australian Associated Press
Australian Associated Press Ltd (AAP) is an Australian news agency. It was founded in 1935 by Keith Murdoch.

AAP employs around 90 journalists who work in bureaus in all states and territories of Australia except the Northern Territory. It also maintains correspondents in New Zealand and London as well as using a network of contributors from the US, Europe, Asia and Africa. AAP's domestic news coverage is complemented by alliances with the major international news agencies.

AAP's main focus is on breaking news but is also known for its court reporting, sport, political coverage, feature stories, and photographs. It also produces video and visual explainers. AAP is one of the few remaining non-government newswires in the world.
Zeppelin Over China
Zeppelin over China is the 27th studio album by American indie rock group Guided by Voices. It was released on February 1, 2019 on the Rockathon Records label and was recorded at Magic Door in New Jersey, Serious Business Records in New York and Stillwater Lodge in Dayton, Ohio. The double album received mixed to favorable reviews from critics scoring 65 out 100 on aggregate website Metacritic and four out five stars on AllMusic, with several critics commenting on the positive output of the band's current lineup.

Bee Thousand
Bee Thousand is the seventh album by American indie rock band Guided by Voices, released on June 21, 1994, on Scat Records. After its release the band became one of the more prominent groups associated with the "lo-fi" genre, a movement defined by the relatively low fidelity of audio releases. Musically, the album draws inspiration from British Invasion-era rock music and punk rock. Following the release of Bee Thousand, the band began to attract interest from other record labels, eventually signing with Matador for their next album.
Scenic Subdivision
The Scenic Subdivision or Scenic Sub is a railroad line running about 155 miles (249 km) from Seattle, Washington to Wenatchee, Washington. It is operated by BNSF Railway as part of their Northern Transcon. This route includes the Cascade Tunnel, as well as the 1893 site of the "last spike" near Scenic, Washington, which marked the completion for the Great Northern Railway transcontinental railway line built by James J. Hill.

Current operations are limited to 30 trains per day due to ventilation capacity with the Cascade Tunnel.

Great Northern Railway (U.S.)
The Great Northern Railway (reporting mark GN) was an American Class I railroad. Running from Saint Paul, Minnesota, to Seattle, Washington, it was the creation of 19th-century Canadian-American railroad entrepreneur James J. Hill and was developed from the Saint Paul & Pacific Railroad. The Great Northern's route made it the northernmost transcontinental railroad in the U.S.

In 1970, the Great Northern Railway merged with three other railroads to form the Burlington Northern Railroad, which merged in 1996 with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway to form the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway.
Anthraconite
Anthraconite (also spelled as anthraxonite) or stinkstone is a form of black to grey, bituminous bearing marble, calcite or limestone which produces an unpleasant odour when struck or rubbed. It is also known as pietra fetida. It is thought to have been formed when limestone is deposited under anaerobic conditions. Some anthraconite releases enough petroleum when struck, that it may be lit. At least one locality where it is found is in the vicinity of Traverse City, Michigan.

Calcite
Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is a very common mineral, particularly as a component of limestone. Calcite defines hardness 3 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, based on scratch hardness comparison. Large calcite crystals are used in optical equipment, and limestone composed mostly of calcite has numerous uses.

Other polymorphs of calcium carbonate are the minerals aragonite and vaterite. Aragonite will change to calcite over timescales of days or less at temperatures exceeding 300 °C, and vaterite is even less stable.
Kim Myŏngyun
Kim Myŏngyun (Korean: 김명윤; Hanja: 金明胤; fl. mid-16th century), was a scholar-official of the Joseon period who was involved in the fourth literati purge of 1545.  The Eulsa purge took place following the accession of Myeongjong of Joseon, which brought a new in-law family to power. He was serving as the governor of Gyeonggi Province when Yun Wŏnhyŏng began to kill his enemies in the government, including Minister of Punishments Yun Im as well as Minister of Personnel Yu Insuk. Kim told Yun that Prince Gyerim and Prince Bongseong had been aware of the plots of these ministers, and thus brought about the death of Prince Gyerim.

Yun Im
Yun Im (Korean: 윤임; Hanja: 尹任; 26 July 1487 – 30 August 1545) was a politician, general, and soldier of the Korean Joseon Dynasty. He was from the aristocratic family of the Papyeong Yun clan, and related to the Royal Jeonju Yi clan through his mother. He was the older brother of Queen Janggyeong. He was also known as part of DaeYun (Great Yun) versus SoYun (small Yun) close relatives of the DaeYun (allied closely by marriage to Queen Munjeong).

He was executed in the Eulsa Sahwa of 1545 during the conflict of the Daeyun and SoYun factions. (See also Yangjae Station Graffiti Incident of 1547)
Algorithm characterizations
Algorithm characterizations are attempts to formalize the word algorithm. Algorithm does not have a generally accepted formal definition. Researchers are actively working on this problem. This article will present some of the "characterizations" of the notion of "algorithm" in more detail.

Recursion
Recursion occurs when the definition of a concept or process depends on a simpler or previous version of itself. Recursion is used in a variety of disciplines ranging from linguistics to logic. The most common application of recursion is in mathematics and computer science, where a function being defined is applied within its own definition. While this apparently defines an infinite number of instances (function values), it is often done in such a way that no infinite loop or infinite chain of references can occur.

A process that exhibits recursion is recursive. Video feedback displays recursive images, as does an infinity mirror.
Theatre of Canada
Canada's contemporary theatre reflects a rich diversity of regional and cultural identities. Since the late 1960s, there has been a concerted effort to develop the voice of the 'Canadian playwright', which is reflected in the nationally focused programming of many of the country's theatres. Within this 'Canadian voice' are a plurality of perspectives - that of the First Nations, new immigrants, French Canadians, sexual minorities, etc. - and a multitude of theatre companies have been created to specifically service and support these voices.

Citadel Theatre
The Citadel Theatre is the major venue for theatre arts in the city of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, located in the city's downtown core on Churchill Square. It is the third largest regional theatre in Canada.
The House of the Scorpion
The House of the Scorpion is a 2002 science fiction young adult novel by Nancy Farmer. It is set in the future and mostly takes place in Opium, a country which separates Aztlán (formerly Mexico) and the United States. The main character, Matteo Alacrán, or Matt, is a young clone of a drug lord of the same name, usually called "El Patrón" (Spanish for "The Boss"). Matt struggles to survive as a free individual and understand his personal identity. The book was followed by a sequel, The Lord of Opium, in 2013.

Michael L. Printz Award
The Michael L. Printz Award is an American Library Association literary award that annually recognizes the "best book written for teens, based entirely on its literary merit". It is sponsored by Booklist magazine; administered by the ALA's young-adult division, the Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA); and named for the Topeka, Kansas, school librarian Mike Printz, a long-time active member of YALSA.
Up to four worthy runners-up may be designated Honor Books and three or four have been named every year.
1978 Tennessee gubernatorial election
The 1978 Tennessee gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1978, to elect the next governor of Tennessee. Although the Tennessee State Constitution had been amended in early 1978 to allow a governor to succeed himself, Incumbent Democratic governor Ray Blanton chose not to seek re-election amid several scandals. Republican Lamar Alexander once again ran for governor. In the general election, Alexander defeated Democratic nominee Jake Butcher with 55.8% of the vote.

Tennessee House of Representatives
The Tennessee House of Representatives is the lower house of the Tennessee General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Tennessee. The House convenes, along with the Senate, at the Tennessee State Capitol in Nashville.
William Mosley
William Ralph Mosley, Jr. (born June 22, 1989) is an American former basketball center who last played for Spartak Subotica of the Basketball League of Serbia. He played for Northwestern State from 2008–09 through 2011–12. He is best known for leading NCAA Division I in blocks as a junior in 2010–11. Mosley recorded a school single season record 156 blocks in 32 games player for an average of 4.9 per game. He graduated after 2011–12 as the fifth most prolific shot blocker in NCAA history after having accumulated 456 career blocks.

2008–09 NCAA Division I men's basketball season
The 2008–09 NCAA Division I men's basketball season began on November 10, 2008, and ended with the 2009 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament's championship game on April 6, 2009, at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan. The season saw six different teams achieve the AP #1 ranking during the year (just one shy of the NCAA record). Oklahoma sophomore Blake Griffin was the dominant individual performer, sweeping National Player of the Year honors. The season began with North Carolina becoming the first unanimous preseason #1 team, and ended with the Tar Heels dominating the NCAA tournament en route to their fifth NCAA title. UNC won its six NCAA tournament games by double digits, and by an average of 19.8 points per game. Junior Wayne Ellington was named Final Four Most Outstanding Player.
Crimson Dynamo
Crimson Dynamo (Russian: Багровое Динамо, Bagrovoe Dinamo; also Красное Динамо (Krasnoe Dinamo)) is the name of several characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics who have all been powered armor–wearing Russian or Soviet agents who have clashed with the superhero Iron Man over the course of his heroic career.

Advanced Idea Mechanics
A.I.M. (Advanced Idea Mechanics) is a fictional criminal organization appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, it first appeared in Strange Tales #146 (July 1966). A.I.M. is primarily depicted as a think tank of brilliant scientists dedicated to world domination through technological means.

The organization started as a branch of Hydra founded by Baron Strucker. Its most notable creations include the Cosmic Cube, Super-Adaptoid, and MODOK, who has been depicted as a prominent member of A.I.M. and sometimes the organization's leader.

Since its original introduction in comics, A.I.M. has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products including video games and television series. The organization made its live action debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Iron Man 3 (2013), in which it was headed by Aldrich Killian.
Khivan Revolution
The Khivan Revolution refers to the events of 1917–1924, which led to the elimination of the Khanate of Khiva in 1920, the formation of the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic, the intervention of the Red Army, the mass armed resistance of the population (see Basmachi) and its suppression, the inclusion of the republic into the Soviet Union on 27 October 1924, as a separate union republic, the elimination of the newly established republic as a result of national delimitation and the formation of the Uzbek SSR, the Turkmen SSR in 1924.

Hazorasp
Hazorasp (Uzbek: Hazorasp, Ҳазорасп), also known as Khazarasp (Russian: Хазарасп), or by its more ancient name Hazarasp (Persian: هزار اسپ, meaning "thousand horses"), is an urban-type settlement in Uzbekistan, administrative centre of the Hazorasp District. Its population is 18,800 (2016). It lies at the head of the Amu Darya delta south of the Aral Sea.
Gavanban
Gavanban (Persian: گونبان, also Romanized as Gavanbān) is a village in Dinavar Rural District, Dinavar District, Sahneh County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 183, in 41 families.

Dinavar District
Dinavar District (Persian: بخش دینور) is in Sahneh County, Kermanshah province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Miyan Rahan. The district's name reflects the ancient city of Dinavar, the ruins of which are in the district.
Flow conditions
In fluid measurement, the flow conditions (or flowing conditions) refers to quantities such as static pressure and temperature of a metered substance. The flowing conditions are required data in order to calculate the density of the fluid at flowing conditions. The flowing density is in turn required in order to compensate the measured volume to quantity at base conditions.

Equation of state
In physics and chemistry, an equation of state is a thermodynamic equation relating state variables, which describe the state of matter under a given set of physical conditions, such as pressure, volume, temperature, or internal energy. Most modern equations of state are formulated in the Helmholtz free energy. Equations of state are useful in describing the properties of pure substances and mixtures in liquids, gases, and solid states as well as the state of matter in the interior of stars. Though there are many equations of state, none accurately predicts properties of substances under all conditions. The quest for a universal equation of state has spanned three centuries.
L-Mount Alliance
The L-Mount Alliance is an alliance between Leica Camera AG, Panasonic and Sigma, launched on 25 September 2018, whereby Panasonic and Sigma will make use of the L-Mount standard initially developed by Leica and will offer cameras and lenses utilising this lens mount with improved firmware and full compatibility among these Alliance products.

On the same day, Panasonic announced its S1R and S1 full-frame L-mount cameras, and Sigma announced a full-frame L-mount camera using the company's unique Foveon sensor technology. Panasonic's cameras will launch with three new lenses, and Sigma will initially release the same L-mount variants of existing lenses as they are producing for the Sony E-mount.

Six cameras and 39 native lenses have been announced for the L-Mount by 2020.

Lens mount
A lens mount is an interface – mechanical and often also electrical – between a photographic camera body and a lens. It is a feature of camera systems where the body allows interchangeable lenses, most usually the rangefinder camera, single lens reflex type, single lens mirrorless type or any movie camera of 16 mm or higher gauge. Lens mounts are also used to connect optical components in instrumentation that may not involve a camera, such as the modular components used in optical laboratory prototyping which join via C-mount or T-mount elements.
Hazaike Kofun
The Hazaike Kofun (葉佐池古墳) is a  Kofun period burial mound, located in the Kitaumemoto neighborhood of the city of Matsuyama, Ehime on the island of Shikoku in Japan. It was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 2011.

Matsuyama
Matsuyama (松山市, Matsuyama-shi; Japanese: [matsɯꜜjama]) is the capital city of Ehime Prefecture, on the island of Shikoku, in Japan and is also Shikoku's largest city. As of 1 October 2022, the city had an estimated population of 494,100 in 243,541 households and a population density of 1,200 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 429.35 square kilometres (165.77 sq mi).
Patrick Gerritsen
Patrick Gerritsen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈpɛtrɪk ˈxɛrɪtsə(n)]; born 13 March 1987) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a striker.

A prospect of the Twente youth academy, Gerritsen made his breakthrough in the 2005–06 season. He would, however, be affected by several long-term injuries in the following seasons and then spent two seasons on loan with second-tier Eerste Divisie club Go Ahead Eagles, before signing a permanent deal in 2011. Between 2012 and 2017, Gerritsen played for lower league club Excelsior '31.

Gerritsen has represented the Netherlands at under-21 level, gaining one cap in which he also scored a goal.

2015–16 KNVB Cup
The 2015–16 KNVB Cup tournament was the 98th edition of the Dutch national football annual knockout tournament to determine the winner of the KNVB Cup.

FC Groningen unsuccessfully defended its 2015 title losing in the third round to FC Utrecht, 5–3. Feyenoord successfully pursued its 2016 Cup title on 24 April 2016 at De Kuip stadium in Rotterdam defeating FC Utrecht, 2–1. 45,592 in attendance. They qualified for: the group stage in the Europa League the following season and the Johan Cruyff Shield, the Dutch Supercup match between the Cup winner and the champions of the Eredivisie.