hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Here We Are (A Global Threat album)
Here We Are is the third studio album by A Global Threat. It was released on April 16, 2002, on Punk Core Records. This album shows the band departing slightly from the sound of Until We Die and What The Fuck Will Change?, incorporating complicated times and music.

What the Fuck Will Change?
What the Fuck Will Change? is the first studio album by A Global Threat. It was originally released in 2000 by Step 1 Records and was re-released on September 23, 2002, by Punk Core Records with two more tracks.
Boris Alexandrov Sports Palace
Boris Alexandrov Sports Palace (Kazakh: Борис Александров атындағы спорт сарайы, Borıs Aleksandrov atyndaǵy sport saraıy; Russian: Дворец спорта имени Бориса Александрова) is an ice hockey indoor arena in Oskemen, Kazakhstan. The sports palace was renamed after Soviet and Kazakhstani ice hockey player Boris Alexandrov in 2010. It is the home arena of the Kazzinc-Torpedo hockey club.

Kazzinc-Torpedo
Torpedo Hockey Club (Kazakh: Торпедо хоккей клубы, «Torpedo» hokkeı klýby; Russian: Хоккейный клуб Торпедо), commonly referred to as Torpedo Ust-Kamenogorsk, formerly known as Kazzinc-Torpedo (1999–2015), is a professional ice hockey team based in Oskemen, Kazakhstan. Torpedo has typically been the most dominant developmental club in Kazakhstan and its senior level team plays at the Kazakhstan Hockey Championship. Most Kazakh players who have reached the National Hockey League (NHL) trace their roots to Torpedo. Kazzinc-Torpedo is the most crowned Kazakhstan team, with 13 championship wins.
Nonia gens
The gens Nonia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Its members first appear in history toward the end of the Republic. The first of the Nonii to obtain the consulship was Lucius Nonius Asprenas in 36 BC. From then until the end of the fourth century, they regularly held the highest offices of the Roman state.

Praenomen
The praenomen (Classical Latin: [prae̯ˈnoːmɛn]; plural: praenomina) was a first name chosen by the parents of a Roman child. It was first bestowed on the dies lustricus (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the birth of a boy. The praenomen would then be formally conferred a second time when girls married, or when boys assumed the toga virilis upon reaching manhood. Although it was the oldest of the tria nomina commonly used in Roman naming conventions, by the late republic, most praenomina were so common that most people were called by their praenomina only by family or close friends. For this reason, although they continued to be used, praenomina gradually disappeared from public records during imperial times. Although both men and women received praenomina, women's praenomina were frequently ignored, and they were gradually abandoned by many Roman families, though they continued to be used in some families and in the countryside.
2025 ATP Finals – Doubles
Harri Heliövaara and Henry Patten defeated Joe Salisbury and Neal Skupski in the final, 7–5, 6–3, to win the doubles title at the 2025 ATP Finals.
Five British players reached the semifinals, marking the first time since 1992 that five players from one country reached the last four.

Lloyd Glasspool secured the individual year-end ATP No. 1 doubles ranking after Horacio Zeballos lost his second round-robin match. Julian Cash and Glasspool secured the year-end ATP No. 1 doubles team ranking by winning their second round-robin match, becoming the first all-British pair to achieve the feat.

Kevin Krawietz and Tim Pütz were the defending champions, but were eliminated in the round-robin stage.
Mate Pavić was attempting to become the sixth man to complete the Career Super Slam in men's doubles, but he and his partner Marcelo Arévalo were also eliminated in the round-robin stage.

Cash, Christian Harrison and Evan King made their debuts in the doubles competition.

2025 ATP Finals
The 2025 ATP Finals (also known as the 2025 Nitto ATP Finals due to Nitto sponsorship) was a men's tennis tournament which ran from 9 to 16 November 2025. It was played on indoor hard courts at the Inalpi Arena in Turin, Italy for the fifth consecutive time, and was the season-ending event for the highest-ranked singles players and doubles teams on the 2025 ATP Tour. This tournament was the 56th and 51st editions of the singles and doubles events, respectively.
Ann Kirschner
Ann Kirschner is an American entrepreneur, academic, and author of the books Sala's Gift: My Mother's Holocaust Story and Lady at the OK Corral: The True Story of Josephine Marcus Earp. She previously served as the interim president of Hunter College. As a tech entrepreneur in the 1990s and 2000s, Kirschner launched the National Football League's website, the first online livestream of the Super Bowl, and co-founded Columbia University's interactive knowledge network Fathom.com. She is Dean Emerita of Macaulay Honors College of the City University of New York, a University Professor at the CUNY Graduate Center, a faculty fellow of the Futures Initiative, and interim president of Hunter College.

The Chronicle of Higher Education
The Chronicle of Higher Education is an American newspaper and website that presents news, information, and jobs for college and university faculty and student affairs professionals, including staff members and administrators. A subscription is required to read some articles.

The Chronicle is based in Washington, D.C., and is a major news service covering U.S. academia. It is published every weekday online and appears weekly in print except for every other week in May, June, July, and August and the last three weeks in December. In print, The Chronicle is published in two sections: Section A with news, section B with job listings, and The Chronicle Review, a magazine of arts and ideas. It also publishes Arts & Letters Daily.
Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus (consul 55)
Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus was a Roman senator, who flourished under the reign of Nero. He was consul in the nundinium of November to December 55 with Titus Curtilius Mancia as his colleague. He is known entirely from inscriptions.

Lentulus belonged to a branch of the Cornelii that had suffered under Nero's predecessors, and "might be expected to harbor resentment against the dynasty". His father Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus, consul in 26, had been executed for his role in a failed attempt to overthrow Caligula. Gaetulicus was the first of his family to reach the consulate since his father. Judith Ginsburg argues that Gaetulicus' appointment was an attempt to strengthen his position by conciliating favor amongst the Senatorial opposition which was rooted in members who could trace their ancestry from the nobiles of the old Republic.

His mother was Apronia, one of the daughters of Lucius Apronius, consul in AD 8. He may be the father of Cornelia Gaetulica.

Nundinium
Nundinium was a Latin word derived from the word nundinum, which referred to the cycle of days observed by the Romans. During the Roman Empire, nundinium came to mean the duration of a single consulship among several in a calendar year.
Independent Augustinian communities
Independent Augustinian communities are Roman Catholic religious communities that follow the Augustinian Rule, but are not under the jurisdiction of the Prior General of the Augustinian hermits in Rome.

They include the Canons Regular of Saint Augustine, the Augustinian Recollects, the Discalced Augustinian, and others. There is a spiritual link, through the common Augustinian Rule with The Alexian Brothers (located in the US, Europe, England, Ireland the Philippines and India), the Sisters of Charity of the Incarnate Word (who established the University of the Incarnate Word in Texas), and the Sisters of St. Joan of Arc (in Quebec, United States, and Rome), and the Brothers Hospitallers of St John of God.

Alexians
The Alexians, or Cellites, officially named as the Congregation of Alexian Brothers (Latin: Congregatio Fratrum Cellitarum seu Alexianorum), abbreviated C.F.A., is a Catholic lay religious congregation of Pontifical Right for men, specifically devoted to caring for the sick. The congrgation has its origin in Europe at the time of the Black Death. Its members follow the Rule of Saint Augustine.
Region Jämtland Härjedalen
Region Jämtland Härjedalen (Swedish: Region Jämtland Härjedalen, Southern Sami: Jïemhten Herjedaelien Dajve) formerly Jämtland County Council, and sometimes abbreviated to Region JH is the regional council for Jämtland County. The region is responsible for healthcare, dental care, and medical care. It also oversees regional development, public transport within the county, and cultural activities. The region was established on 1 January 2015 through the transformation of Jämtland County Council, and covers a population of around 130,000 people.

Jämtland County
Jämtland County (Swedish: Jämtlands län, Southern Sami: Jiemthen leene) is a county or län in Sweden. It consists of the provinces of Jämtland and Härjedalen, along with minor parts of Hälsingland and Ångermanland, plus two small strips of Lapland and Dalarna. It borders the counties of Dalarna, Gävleborg, Västernorrland, and Västerbotten, as well as the Norwegian county of Trøndelag. It measures 49,443 km2 (19,090 sq mi) and constitutes 12% of Sweden's total area, making it the country's third largest county. The capital is Östersund. The county governor and leader of the administrative board, as appointed by the Swedish government, has been Marita Ljung since 2021.

The county was established in 1810, at the time it consisted only of the provinces of Jämtland and Härjedalen, which is why the coat of arms is a shield parted per fess with their provincial arms. King Carl XVI Gustaf is occasionally referred to as Duke of Jämtland after his title of king.
Social transformation
In sociology, social transformation is a somewhat ambiguous term that has two broad definitions.

One definition of social transformation is the process by which an individual alters the socially ascribed social status of their parents into a socially achieved status for themselves (status transformation). Another definition refers to large scale social change as in cultural reforms or transformations (societal transformation). The first occurs with the individual, the second with the social system.

Social mobility
Social mobility is the movement of individuals, families, households or other categories of people within or between social strata in a society.  It is a change in social status relative to one's current social location within a given society. This movement occurs between layers or tiers in an open system of social stratification. Open stratification systems are those in which at least some value is given to achieved status characteristics in a society. The movement can be in a downward or upward direction. Markers for social mobility such as education and class,  are used to predict, discuss and learn more about an individual or a group's mobility in society.
Gloryhammer
Gloryhammer are a British power metal band founded by keyboardist Christopher Bowes, lead vocalist of the band Alestorm. Each member of the band represents a character in the story concept. Band members appear on stage in armour and costumes to represent their respective characters.

HammerFall
HammerFall is a Swedish power metal band from Gothenburg. It was formed in 1993 by ex-Ceremonial Oath guitarist Oscar Dronjak. They have released thirteen studio albums.

The band has largely stayed consistent with their original sound throughout its career. The group's mascot "Hector" – a role-playing game character belonging to the paladin class – has appeared on most of their album covers.
1983 Kentucky lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 1983 Kentucky lieutenant gubernatorial election took place on November 8, 1983, to elect the lieutenant governor of Kentucky. Incumbent Democratic lieutenant governor Martha Layne Collins chose not to seek re-election to a second term, instead choosing to run for governor.

Incumbent Democratic Attorney General Steve Beshear beat Republican nominee Eugene P. Stuart.

1983 Kentucky gubernatorial election
The 1983 Kentucky gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1983. Democratic nominee Martha Layne Collins defeated Republican nominee Jim Bunning with 54.50% of the vote, replacing outgoing governor John Y. Brown Jr., and becoming the first female governor of Kentucky.
Bernice Gordon
Bernice Gordon (January 11, 1914 – January 29, 2015) was an American constructor of crosswords. She created puzzles for many publications after beginning her career in the early 1950s, and holds the record as the oldest contributor to The New York Times crossword puzzle. A 1965 Times puzzle she wrote is credited as the first rebus puzzle, fitting an exclamation point into a single square. She celebrated her 100th birthday in 2014, just a few weeks after the 100th anniversary of the crossword. Her last puzzle was published in the Los Angeles Times on December 2, 2014.

Will Shortz
William F. Shortz (born August 26, 1952) is an American cruciverbalist and editor of The New York Times crossword. He graduated from Indiana University with a degree in the invented field of enigmatology. After starting his career at Penny Press and Games magazine, he was hired by The New York Times in 1993.

Shortz's American Crossword Puzzle Tournament is the country's oldest and largest crossword tournament.
Sustainable Dairying: Water Accord
The Sustainable Dairying: Water Accord is a voluntary agreement signed by leading participants of New Zealand's dairy industry in 2013. It serves as a successor to the 2003 Dairying and Clean Streams Accord.

Dairy farming in New Zealand
Dairy farming in New Zealand began during the early days of colonisation by Europeans. The New Zealand dairy industry is based almost exclusively on cattle, with a population of 4.92 million milking cows in the 2019–20 season. The income from dairy farming is now a major part of the New Zealand economy, becoming an NZ$13.4 billion industry by 2017.
By-elections to the 24th Canadian Parliament
By-elections to the 24th Canadian Parliament were held to fill vacancies in the House of Commons of Canada between the 1958 federal election and the 1962 federal election. The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada led a majority government for the 24th Canadian Parliament.

Fourteen vacant seats were filled through by-elections.

1958 Canadian federal election
The 1958 Canadian federal election was held to elect members  of the House of Commons of Canada of the 24th Parliament of Canada on March 31, 1958, just nine months after the 23rd election. It transformed Prime Minister John Diefenbaker's minority into the largest majority government in Canadian history and the second-largest percentage of the popular vote; only Unionist Prime Minister Robert Borden’s triumph in the 1917 federal election, at 56.93 percent, was higher. Although the Tories would surpass their 1958-seat total in the 1984 election, the 1958 result (achieved in a smaller House) remains unmatched both in terms of percentage of seats (78.5%) and the size of the government majority over all opposition parties (a 151-seat majority). Voter turnout was 79.4%, the highest percentage of eligible electors to cast a ballot in Canadian federal election history.
Nauen station
Nauen station (German: Bahnhof Nauen) is a railway station located in the town of Nauen, Brandenburg, Germany. The station lies on the Berlin–Hamburg railway and the train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn and Ostdeutsche Eisenbahn.

The station was served by the following services in 2026:

RE 2: Nauen – Berlin-Spandau – Berlin Zoologischer Garten – Berlin – Berlin Ostbahnhof – Königs Wusterhausen – Lübben (Spreewald) – Cottbus

RE 8: Wismar – Schwerin – Ludwigslust – Wittenberge – Nauen – Berlin  – Potsdamer Platz – Südkreuz –Wünsdorf-Waldstadt – Elsterwerda

RB 10: Nauen – Falkensee – Berlin – Südkreuz – Rangsdorf

RB 14: Nauen – Falkensee – Berlin – Berlin Ostbahnhof

Wismar station
Wismar (German: Bahnhof Wismar) is a railway station in the town of Wismar, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The station lies on the Ludwigslust–Wismar railway and Wismar–Rostock railway and the train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn.
Jasmin Sports Hall
Jasmin Sports Hall (Macedonian: "Спортска Сала Јасмин") is a multi-purpose indoor sports arena located in Kavadarci, North Macedonia and seats 2,500 spectators.

The arena is used for basketball by KK Feni Industries. In May 2011, it hosted the Final Four of the Balkan International Basketball League. It has also been used for concerts and handball by GRK Tikveš.

KK Tikveš
Basketball Club Tikvesh (Macedonian: КК Тиквеш) is a professional basketball club based in Kavadarci, North Macedonia. They currently play in the Macedonian First League. KK Tikvesh  is the first ever Macedonian club to win an international trophy in basketball, they won the 2010-11 EUROHOLD Balkan League.
Grünhirscher Stollen
The Grünhirscher Stollen (also Grünhirschler Stollen or Grüne Hirschler Stollen, German: Green Stag's Adit) is an adit (German: Wasserlösungsstollen) for water drainage in Sankt Andreasberg, in the Harz mountains. It was created during mining in the Upper Harz and named after the valley Grüner Hirsch (German: Green Stag) between the mountains Galgenberg and Glockenberg. It leads from the Samson Pit to the south-west of the Galgenberg.

The first 7.1 km of the 10.2 km adit is part of the Upper Harz Water Regale and has been declared UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Adit
An adit (from Latin aditus, entrance) or stulm
is a horizontal or nearly horizontal passage to an underground mine.
Miners can use adits for access, drainage, ventilation, and extracting minerals at the lowest convenient level. Adits are also used to explore for mineral veins. Although most strongly associated with mining, the term adit is sometimes also used in the context of underground excavation for non-mining purposes; for example, to refer to smaller underground passageways excavated for underground metro systems, to provide pedestrian access to stations (pedestrian adits), and for access required during construction (construction adits).
Montesclaros
Montesclaros is a municipality located in the province of Toledo, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. 
According to the 2006 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 406 inhabitants.

The town borders Hontanares  to the north; Navamorcuende to the east; Cervera de los Montes, Segurilla, and Mejorada to the south; and Velada to the west.

It is known for its marble quarries.

Segurilla
Segurilla is a municipality located in the province of Toledo, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2017 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 1,345 inhabitants. It is located 9 km north of Talavera de la Reina, the second largest town of the Province of Toledo
Chūō Kōsoku Bus
Chūō Kōsoku Bus (中央高速バス, Chūō Kōsoku Basu) is a group of Japanese highway bus lines managed by Keio Bus. It connects Tokyo with the areas along the Chūō Expressway, especially Yamanashi Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture.

Kawaguchiko Station
Kawaguchiko Station (河口湖駅, Kawaguchiko-eki) is a railway station on the Fujikyuko Line in Fujikawaguchiko, Yamanashi, Japan, operated by Fuji Kyuko (Fujikyu). It is located at an altitude of 857 metres (2,812 ft).
Assassination of Orlando Letelier
On 21 September 1976, Orlando Letelier, a former Chilean diplomat and outspoken opponent of dictator Augusto Pinochet, was assassinated in Washington, D.C., United States by a car bomb planted by agents of the Chilean secret police (DINA) as part of Operation Condor. Letelier, who had been living in exile in the U.S., was killed alongside Ronni Karpen Moffitt, a colleague at the Institute for Policy Studies. Declassified U.S. intelligence documents indicate that Pinochet personally ordered the assassination, which was intended to eliminate a leading voice of Chilean resistance and disrupt international opposition to his regime.

Saul Landau
Saul Landau (January 15, 1936 – September 9, 2013) was an American journalist, filmmaker and commentator. He was also a professor emeritus at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, where he taught history and digital media.
Antonio Sanguino
Antonio Eresmid Sanguino Páez (born June 1, 1965) is a Colombian sociologist and politician who has served as Minister of Labour since 2025. A member of the Green Alliance party, he was also Chief of staff to the Mayor of Bogotá, Senator and Councilor of Bogotá.

Born in Ocaña, Norte de Santander, he is a sociologist and graduated from the Cooperative University of Colombia. He later served as a Councilor of Bogotá from 2008 to 2017, where he was a caucus leader from 2013 to 2016. He was elected Senator in 2018 and later, in 2022, was confirmed as Chief of Staff to the Mayor of Bogotá under Mayor Claudia López.

Claudia López
Claudia Nayibe López Hernández (born 9 March 1970) is a Colombian politician. She was a Senator of the Republic of Colombia and was the vice-presidential candidate in the 2018 presidential election for the Green Alliance party. In October 2019, she was elected mayor of Bogotá, the first woman and as well the first openly LGBT person to be elected to this position.
Glossary of calculus
Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself. However, glossaries like this one are useful for looking up, comparing and reviewing large numbers of terms together. You can help enhance this page by adding new terms or writing definitions for existing ones.

This glossary of calculus is a list of definitions about calculus, its sub-disciplines, and related fields.

Multiple integral
In mathematics (specifically multivariable calculus), a multiple integral is a definite integral of a function of several real variables, for instance, f(x, y) or f(x, y, z).

Integrals of a function of two variables over a region in  (the real-number plane) are called double integrals, and integrals of a function of three variables over a region in  (real-number 3D space) are called triple integrals.
Kailayar Sellanainar Sivakumaran
Kailayar Sellanainar Sivakumaran (also known as K. S. Sivakumaran; (October 1, 1936 – September 15, 2022) was a Sri Lankan Tamil writer, art and literary critic, Journalist and radio and television personality. He wrote and broadcast in both Tamil and English.

Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation
The Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation (SLBC) (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන් විදුලි සංස්ථාව, Shrī Lankā Guvan Viduli Sansthāva, Tamil: இலங்கை ஒலிபரப்புக் கூட்டுத்தாபனம், Ilangkai Oliparappuk Kūṭṭuttāpaṉam) came into existence on 5 January 1967 when Radio Ceylon became a public corporation. Dudley Senanayake who was the Prime Minister of Ceylon in 1967 ceremonially opened the newly established Ceylon Broadcasting Corporation along with Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa and the Director-General of the CBC, Neville Jayaweera. The first board of Directors of CBC consisted of Mr Neville Jayaweera (CCS), Mr A. L. M. Hashim, Mr Dharmasiri Kuruppu, Mr K.A.G. Perera and Mr Devar Surya Sena. After the first board meeting, it was decided unanimously to appoint the chairman, Mr Jayaweera, as the new Director-General.
Alps–Mediterranean Euroregion
The Alps–Mediterranean Euroregion (transnational co-operation structure) was created on 10 July 2007 between three Italian regions (Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley) and two French regions (Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur). It has an area of about 110,460 km2 and more than 17 million inhabitants. The largest Italian cities are Turin and Genoa and the largest French cities are Lyon, Marseille and Nice near Monaco.

Euroregion
In European politics, the term Euroregion usually refers to a transnational co-operation structure between two (or more) contiguous territories located in different European countries. Euroregions represent a specific type of cross-border region.