hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1956 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The 1956 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois as a member of the Big Ten Conference during the 1956 Big Ten season. In their 15th year under head coach Ray Eliot, the Fighting Illini compiled a 2–5–2 record (1–4–2 in conference games), tied for seventh place in the Big Ten, and were outscored by a total of 154 to 124.

The team's statistical leaders included Miles Stout (278 passing yards, 51.3% completion rate) and halfback Abe Woodson (599 rushing yards, 5.4 yards per rushing carry, 12 receptions, 257 receiving yards). Woodson received first-team honors on the 1956 All-Big Ten Conference football team.

The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois.

Champaign, Illinois
Champaign (/ˌʃæmˈpeɪn/ sham-PAYN) is a city in Champaign County, Illinois, United States. The population was 88,302 at the 2020 census. It is the tenth-most populous municipality in Illinois and the fourth most populous city in the state outside the Chicago metropolitan area. It is a principal city of the Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area, which had 236,000 residents in 2020.

Champaign shares the main campus of the University of Illinois with its twin city of Urbana, and is also home to Parkland College, which gives the city a large student population during the academic year. Due to the university and a number of technology startup companies, it is often referred to as a hub of the Illinois Silicon Prairie. Champaign houses offices for the Fortune 500 companies Abbott, Archer Daniels Midland (ADM), Caterpillar, John Deere, Dow Chemical Company, IBM, and State Farm. Champaign also serves as the headquarters for several companies, including Jimmy John's.
Niwy, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Niwy [ˈnivɨ] (German: Haideschäferei) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Karnice, within Gryfice County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) west of Karnice, 19 km (12 mi) north-west of Gryfice, and 75 km (47 mi) north of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Karnice, Gryfice County
Karnice [karˈnit͡sɛ] (German: Karnitz) is a village in Gryfice County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Karnice. It lies approximately 17 km (11 mi) north-west of Gryfice and 76 km (47 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 690.
Red Fort, Muzaffarabad
Red Fort (Urdu: لال قلعہ), also known as Muzaffarabad Fort, is a 16th-century fortification located in Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan Administered Kashmir. Its construction was started by the Chak dynasty of Kashmir in 1559 but it was only completed in 1646 by Sultan Muzaffar Khan, a local ruler and the founder of Muzaffarabad. The fort is locally referred to as the 'Rutta Qila' or just 'qila'.

Walled City of Lahore Authority
The Walled City of Lahore Authority is a governmental organisation established and funded by the Government of Punjab for the conservation, planning and development, regulation and management of the Walled City of Lahore, the historic fortified interior of Lahore in Punjab, Pakistan.

The organisation works autonomously and was established in 2012 after Provincial Assembly of the Punjab amended the Walled City of Lahore Bill 2011 to create the authority. It looks after the heritage sites in the area and specifies penalties for damaging buildings and runs the functions of the Old City of Lahore. The authority also helps promote cultural activities and tourism in Lahore.
Present Arms (Dad's Army radio episode)
"Present Arms" is the first episode of the second BBC Radio 4 series of the British television sitcom Dad's Army. It was originally broadcast on 24 December 1974, as a Christmas Special. "Present Arms" was compiled for radio from two television episodes, "Battle of the Giants!" and "Shooting Pains", and ran for a duration of 60 minutes, twice the length of a normal radio episode.

Lance Corporal Jones
Lance Corporal Jack Jones is a fictional Home Guard platoon lance corporal and veteran of the British Empire, first portrayed by Clive Dunn in the BBC television sitcom Dad's Army. His catchphrases are "Don't panic!", "Permission to speak, sir?" and "They don't like it up 'em!". Jones also often recounts, at length, his past military experiences, particularly those in Sudan and India and gives a glimpse to the military traditions and events in the concluding years of the 19th century.
Frank Urson
Frank John Urson (March 21, 1887 – August 17, 1928) was an American silent film director and cinematographer from Chicago, Illinois. Originally a photographer, he moved on to cinematography and film directing for the Thanhouser Company in New Rochelle, New York. He is also credited with acting in one film, Her Gallant Knights, which starred William Garwood in 1913. Urson directed Changing Husbands. He is perhaps best known for his 1927 film Chicago, produced by Cecil B. DeMille.

William Garwood
William Davis Garwood, Jr. (April 28, 1884 – December 28, 1950) was an American stage and film actor and director of the early silent film era in the 1910s.

Between 1911 and 1913, Garwood starred in a number of early adaptions of popular films, including Jane Eyre and The Vicar of Wakefield (1910), Lorna Doone (1911), The Pied Piper of Hamelin (1911), David Copperfield (1911), The Merchant of Venice (1912), and Little Dorrit (1913), and Robin Hood (1913). In total, he starred in more than 150 short and feature films.
Biessum
Biessum (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈbisʏm]) is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Groningen. It is a part of the municipality of Eemsdelta, and lies about 25 km northeast of Groningen.

It has about 35-50 inhabitants and has no village status. The postal authorities have placed it under Delfzijl.
It is situated near the nature reserve (protected area) Biessumerbos in which many birds live.

The hamlet was first mentioned in the 10th or 11th century as "in Bisashem", and means "settlement of Bisi". Biessum is a terp (artificial living hill) village with a star shape. It is one of the best preserved terps of Groningen.

Eemsdelta
53°20′N 6°50′E﻿ / ﻿53.33°N 6.83°E﻿ / 53.33; 6.83

Eemsdelta (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈeːmzˌdɛltaː]) is a municipality in the province of Groningen, Netherlands formed from the merger of Appingedam, Delfzijl and Loppersum. The municipality came into existence on 1 January 2021.
Outline of logic
Logic  is the formal science of using reason and is considered a branch of both philosophy and mathematics and to a lesser extent computer science. Logic investigates and classifies the structure of statements and arguments, both through the study of formal systems of inference and the study of arguments in natural language. The scope of logic can therefore be very large, ranging from core topics such as the study of fallacies and paradoxes, to specialized analyses of reasoning such as probability, correct reasoning, and arguments involving causality. One of the aims of logic is to identify the correct (or valid) and incorrect (or fallacious) inferences. Logicians study the criteria for the evaluation of arguments.

Law of noncontradiction
In logic, the law of noncontradiction (LNC; also known as the law of contradiction, principle of non-contradiction (PNC), or the principle of contradiction) states that for any given proposition, the proposition and its negation cannot both be simultaneously true, e.g., the proposition "the house is white" and its negation "the house is not white" are mutually exclusive.

To express the fact that the law is tenseless and to avoid equivocation, sometimes the law is amended to say "contradictory propositions cannot both be true 'at the same time and in the same sense'".

Formally, the law is expressed as the tautology ¬(p ∧ ¬p).  One reason to have this law is the principle of explosion, which states that anything follows from a contradiction, resulting in trivialism. The law is employed in a reductio ad absurdum proof. Paraconsistent logics are those logics which deny explosion.
Danses champêtre
The Danses champêtre (literal English translation: "Country Dances"), Op. 106, is a collection of five duos for violin and piano written in 1924 and 1925 by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius. The pieces are without descriptive names and, as such, are known by their tempo markings. They were published as a set in 1926 by the American firm Carl Fischer Music. Along with the standalone Novellette (Op. 102, 1922), the Four Pieces (Op. 115, 1929),  and the Three Pieces (Op. 116, 1929), Sibelius's Op. 106 is among his late-career, mature works in the genre.

Duet
A duet (Italian: duo or duetto) is a musical composition for two performers in which the performers have equal importance to the piece, often a composition involving two singers or two pianists. It differs from a harmony, as the performers take turns performing a solo section rather than performing simultaneously. A piece performed by two pianists performing together on the same piano is a "piano duet" or "piano four hands". A piece for two pianists performing together on separate pianos is a "piano duo".

"Duet" is also used as a verb for the act of performing a musical duet, or colloquially as a noun to refer to the performers of a duet.

A musical ensemble with more than two solo instruments or voices is called a trio, quartet, quintet, sextet, septet, octet, etc.
Hof Finnskog Church
Hof Finnskog Church (Norwegian: Hof Finnskog kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Åsnes Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the village of Dulpetorpet. It is the church for the Hof Finnskog parish which is part of the Solør, Vinger og Odal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar. The white, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1953 using plans drawn up by the National Architect (Norwegian: Riksarkitekten). The church seats about 100 people.

Åsnes Municipality
Åsnes is a municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Solør. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Flisa, which is also the largest village in the municipality with nearly 1,800 people. Other villages in the municipality include Gjesåsen, Hof, Sønsterud, and Kjellmyra.

The 1,041-square-kilometre (402 sq mi) municipality is the 108th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Åsnes Municipality is the 141st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 7,247. The municipality's population density is 7 inhabitants per square kilometre (18/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 2.7% over the previous 10-year period.
Mongolian Republic of Alxa
The Mongolian Autonomous Government (Chinese: 蒙古自治政府; pinyin: Měnggǔ Zìzhì Zhèngfǔ), also known as the Mongolian Alashan Republic, was a short-lived political entity proclaimed in 1949 in the Alashan region of western Inner Mongolia during the final phase of the Chinese Civil War. According to historian P. N. Dudin, it functioned primarily as a political project promoted by Mongolian aristocratic elites with the support of the Kuomintang (KMT), rather than as a fully consolidated independent state.

Mengjiang
Mengjiang, also known as Mengkiang, officially the Mengjiang United Autonomous Government, was an autonomous zone of the Wang Jingwei regime in Inner Mongolia. It was formed in 1939 as its own puppet state of the Empire of Japan, and from 1940 was placed under the sovereignty of the Wang Jingwei regime, which was itself a puppet government. It consisted of the previously Chinese provinces of Chahar and Suiyuan, corresponding to the central part of modern Inner Mongolia. It has also been called Mongukuo or Mengguguo (or Mengkukuo; Chinese: 蒙古國; in analogy to Manchukuo, another Japanese puppet state in Manchuria). The capital was Kalgan, from where it was under the nominal rule of Mongol nobleman Demchugdongrub. The territory returned to Chinese control after the defeat of the Japanese Empire in 1945.
Larson-Simonson House
The Larson-Simonson House is a historic house in Mission Hill, South Dakota. It was built in 1911 for Mathis Larson, who sold it to Andrew Simonson in 1915. It was designed in the Neoclassical architectural style, with a gable roof and a Palladian window. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since April 16, 1980.

National Register of Historic Places listings in Yankton County, South Dakota
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Yankton County, South Dakota.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Yankton County, South Dakota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 79 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. Another property was once listed but has since been removed.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted September 26, 2025.
KFC Uerdingen 05
KFC Uerdingen 05 is a German football club in the Uerdingen district of the city of Krefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia. The former Bundesliga side, which had its greatest successes in the 1980s, plays in the fifth-level Oberliga Niederrhein after withdrawing from their Regionalliga group in 2025.

Under 17 Bundesliga
The Under 17 Bundesliga (German: B-Junioren Bundesliga) is the highest level of play in German football for male juniors between the ages of 15 and 17. It was formed in 2007 and operates in three regional divisions with 14 clubs each. At the end of season, the three division champions and one of the runners-up determine the German champions for this age group.
Pakistani cricket team in Australia in 1989–90
The Pakistan national cricket team toured Australia in the 1989–90 season, under the captaincy of Imran Khan. The series set a Pakistani team, regarded as one of the strongest team in the world against an Australian team returning from an unexpectedly successful tour of England. The series was marred by a series of incidents and conflicts, including a walk off by the Pakistani players during a tour match against Victoria in protest at an umpire's ruling. The three match Test series was won by Australia 1–0.

The touring party consisted of Imran Khan (captain), Aamer Malik, Aaqib Javed, Abdul Qadir, Ijaz Ahmed, Javed Miandad, Mansoor Akhtar, Maqsood Rana, Mushtaq Ahmed, Nadeem Ghauri, Rameez Raja, Saeed Anwar, Saleem Malik, Saleem Yousuf, Shoaib Mohammad, Tauseef Ahmed, Waqar Younis and Wasim Akram.

Australian cricket team in England in 1989
The Australian cricket team toured England in the 1989 season to play a six-match Test series against England. The tour also included matches in Wales, Scotland, the Netherlands and Denmark. Australia won the series 4–0 with two matches drawn.  Australia therefore regained The Ashes.
1985 Wexford Senior Hurling Championship
The 1985 Wexford Senior Hurling Championship was the 75th completed staging of the Wexford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Wexford County Board in 1889.

Buffers Alley entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 29 September 1985 at Wexford Park, between Buffers Alley and Faythe Harriers, in what was their second consecutive meeting in the final. Buffers Alley won the match by 1–14 to 1–12 to claim their eighth championship title overall and a fourth consecutive title.

1984 Wexford Senior Hurling Championship
The 1984 Wexford Senior Hurling Championship was the 74th completed staging of the Wexford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Wexford County Board in 1889.

Buffers Alley entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final, a replay, was played on 21 October 1984 at Wexford Park, between Buffers Alley and Faythe Harriers, in what was their third meeting in the final overall. Buffers Alley won the match by 2–05 to 0–05 to claim their seventh championship title overall and a third consecutive title.
East Leichhardt Dam
East Leichhardt Dam is a dam built in 1961 on the East Leichhardt River which impounds Lake Mary Kathleen, Queensland. The dam is located 25 km east of Mount Isa, Queensland, and 9 km south of the Barkly Highway.

The dam was built to be an emergency supply of water for the now-closed Mary Kathleen uranium mine. However, Lake Corella was sufficient.

The dam has a capacity of 12,100 megalitres.

Barkly Highway
The Barkly Highway is a national highway in Queensland and the Northern Territory in Australia. It is the only sealed road between Queensland and the Northern Territory. The highway is named after the Barkly Tableland, which in turn was named by explorer William Landsborough in December 1861 after Henry Barkly, the then Governor of Victoria.
Outline of the Central African Republic
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Central African Republic:

Central African Republic – landlocked sovereign country located in Central Africa.  The CAR borders Chad in the north, South Sudan in the east, Sudan in the north-east, the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the south, and Cameroon in the west. The Central African Republic Bush War began in 2004 and, despite a peace treaty in 2007 and another in 2011, fighting broke out between government, Muslim, and Christian factions in December 2012, leading to ethnic and religious cleansing and massive population displacement in 2013 and 2014. It is one of the poorest countries in the world.

Economy of the Central African Republic
The economy of the Central African Republic is $2.321 billion by gross domestic product as of 2019, even lower than much smaller countries such as Barbados with an estimated annual per capita income of just $529 as measured nominally in 2024.

Sparsely populated and landlocked, the Central African Republic is overwhelmingly agrarian. The vast bulk of the population engages in subsistence farming and 55% of the country's GDP derives from agriculture. Subsistence agriculture, together with forestry, remains the backbone of the economy of the Central African Republic (CAR), with more than 70% of the population living in outlying areas.

Principal food crops include cassava, peanuts, sorghum, millet, maize, sesame, and plantains. Principal cash crops for export include cotton, coffee, and tobacco. Timber has accounted for about 16% of export earnings and the diamond industry for nearly 54%. Central African Republic is a least developed country according to United Nations.
Anredera
Anredera is a genus of plants native to Latin America, the West Indies, Texas, and Florida. Some are naturalized in other regions (notably Mediterranean region and on various oceanic islands). Most of them evergreen vines of dry scrubland and thickets. Members of the genus are commonly known as Madeira vines. At least one species, A. cordifolia, bears edible roots or tubers and leaves similar to those of Basella alba. The same species has become an invasive plant in many tropical and subtropical regions outside its natural range.

Basella alba
Basella alba is a perennial vine in the family Basellaceae. It is also known by common names including Malabar spinach, vine spinach, Ceylon spinach, alugbati and Indian spinach.

The plant is native to Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea and naturalized elsewhere. It has a number of culinary uses.
Bockstein homomorphism
In  homological algebra, the Bockstein homomorphism, introduced by Meyer Bockstein (1942, 1943, 1958), is a connecting homomorphism associated with a short exact sequence

of abelian groups, when they are introduced as coefficients into a chain complex C, and which appears in the homology groups as a homomorphism reducing degree by one,

To be more precise, C should be a complex of free, or at least torsion-free, abelian groups, and the homology is of the complexes formed by tensor product with C (some flat module condition should enter). The construction of β is by the usual argument (snake lemma).

A similar construction applies to cohomology groups, this time increasing degree by one. Thus we have

The Bockstein homomorphism  associated to the coefficient sequence

is used as one of the generators of the  Steenrod algebra. This Bockstein homomorphism has the following two properties:

,

;

in other words, it is a superderivation acting on the cohomology mod p of a space.

Flat module
In algebra, flat modules include free modules, projective modules, and, over a principal ideal domain, torsion-free modules. Formally, a module M over a ring R is flat if  taking the tensor product over R with M preserves exact sequences. A module is faithfully flat if taking the tensor product with a sequence produces an exact sequence if and only if the original sequence is exact.

Flatness was introduced by Jean-Pierre Serre (1956) in his paper Géometrie Algébrique et Géométrie Analytique.
Andy Avalos
Andrew Avalos (born November 5, 1981) is an American college football coach and former player. He is the defensive coordinator for Texas Christian University. He previously worked as an assistant at schools including Boise State University and Oregon before returning to Boise State as head coach.

Position coach
In American football, a position coach is a team official in charge of coaching a specific position group. Position coaches have more specialized duties than the head coach, associate and assistant coach, and the offensive and defensive coordinators.
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) consisting of naphthalene with an ethylene bridge connecting positions 1 and 8.  It is a colourless solid.  Coal tar consists of about 0.3% of this compound.

Naphthalene
Naphthalene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C10H8. It is the simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and is a white crystalline solid with a characteristic odor that is detectable at concentrations as low as 0.08 ppm by mass. As an aromatic hydrocarbon, naphthalene's structure consists of a fused pair of benzene rings. It is the main ingredient of traditional mothballs.
SS Education Office
The SS Education Office (SS-Schulungsamt) was one of the Nazi organizations responsible for the ideological indoctrination of SS members. 
The office operated initially under the jurisdiction of the Reich Race and Settlement Office (RuSHA) but was later subordinated to the SS Main Office (SS-Hauptamt).

SS Race and Settlement Main Office
The SS Race and Settlement Main Office (Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt der SS, RuSHA) was the organization responsible for "safeguarding the racial purity of the SS" within Nazi Germany.

One of its duties was to oversee the marriages of SS personnel in accordance with the racial policy of Nazi Germany. After Heinrich Himmler introduced the "marriage order" on 31 December 1931, the RuSHA would only issue a permit to marry once detailed background investigations into the racial fitness of both prospective parents had been completed and proved both of them to be of Aryan descent back to 1800.