hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ukrainian Institute of National Memory
The Ukrainian Institute of National Memory (UINM, Ukrainian: Український інститут національної пам'яті, romanized: Ukrainskyi instytut natsionalnoi pamiati), also translated as the Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance, is a central executive body operating under the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine.

The Law of Ukraine "On the principles of state policy in respect to the national memory of Ukrainian people", which was adopted 21 August 2025, defines the institute as a central executive body with a special status, which provides the formation and realization of memorial policy.

A consultative centre dedicated to the search of information about victims of repression in Ukraine functions as part of the institute.

David R. Marples
David Roger Marples (born October 17, 1952) is a Canadian historian and Distinguished Professor at the Department of History & Classics, University of Alberta. He specializes in history and contemporary politics of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine.
QMA
QMA, as an abbreviation for Quantum Merlin Arthur, refers to a complexity class in computational complexity theory. It is the set of all formal languages that satisfy the following properties:

If a string is in the language, then there is a polynomial-size quantum proof (representable as a quantum state) that convinces a polynomial-time quantum verifier (running on a quantum computer) of this fact with high probability.

If a string is not in the language, every polynomial-size quantum state is rejected by the verifier with high probability.

The relationship between QMA and BQP is analogous to the relationship between the complexity classes NP and P. It is also analogous to the relationship between the probabilistic complexity classes MA and BPP.

QAM is a related complexity class, in which fictional agents Arthur and Merlin carry out the sequence: Arthur generates a random string, Merlin answers with a quantum certificate and Arthur verifies it as a BQP machine.

BPP (complexity)
In computational complexity theory, a branch of computer science, bounded-error probabilistic polynomial time (BPP) is the class of decision problems solvable by a probabilistic Turing machine in polynomial time with an error probability bounded by 1/3 for all instances.
BPP is one of the largest practical classes of problems, meaning most problems of interest in BPP have efficient probabilistic algorithms that can be run quickly on real modern machines.  BPP also contains P, the class of problems solvable in polynomial time with a deterministic machine, since a deterministic algorithm is a special case of a probabilistic algorithm.

Informally, a problem is in BPP if there is an algorithm for it that has the following properties:

It is allowed to flip coins and make random decisions

It is guaranteed to run in polynomial time

On any given run of the algorithm, it has a probability of at most 1/3 of giving the wrong answer, whether the answer is YES or NO.
Lyuksyugyun
Lyuksyugyun (Russian: Люксюгюн) is a rural locality (a selo), and one of three settlements in Aryktakhsky Rural Okrug of Kobyaysky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, in addition to Aryktakh, the administrative center of the Rural Okrug and Khatyryk-Khomo. It is located 215 kilometers (134 mi) from Sangar, the administrative center of the district and 40 kilometers (25 mi) from Aryktakh. Its population as of the 2002 Census was 216.

Khatyryk-Khomo
Khatyryk-Khomo (Russian: Хатырык-Хомо) is a rural locality (a selo) in Aryktakhsky Rural Okrug of Kobyaysky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located 280 kilometers (170 mi) from Sangar, the administrative center of the district, and 85 kilometers (53 mi) from Aryktakh, the administrative center of the rural okrug. Its population as of the 2002 Census was 2.
Siam Rath Weekly Review
The Siam Rath Weekly Review was an English-language weekly newspaper whose first issue was published in Thailand on 10 July 1952. The contents of Siam Rath Weekly Review were mainly the translations of feature materials and editorials from the Thai-language newspapers, especially the daily Siam Rath, also owned by M.R. Kukrit.

Siam Rath
Siam Rath (Thai: สยามรัฐ, RTGS: Sayam Rat, pronounced [sā.jǎːm rát]; lit.: 'Siamese State') was a Thai newspaper printed from 1950 to 2025, and since then operating as a news website.

The paper was founded on 25 June 1950, and was one of the most politically influential newspapers during the latter half of the twentieth century. It was closely associated with former prime minister Kukrit Pramoj, who was the newspaper's co-founder and, for various periods, its owner, director, editor, and columnist. The newspaper positioned itself as a "quality" paper, like the more widely circulated Matichon. Following Kukrit's death in 1995, the paper was sold to Chatchawal Kong-udom. At the time of its closure in 2025, it was the oldest and longest continuously published Thai-language daily newspaper.

Siam Rath Daily published its last issue on August 29, 2025, while its sister publication, Siam Rath Weekly had published its last issue on August 30, 2025.
1879 California gubernatorial election
The 1879 California gubernatorial election was held on September 3, 1879, to elect the governor of California. George Clement Perkins won a plurality of votes, marking the fourth consecutive election in which the incumbent governor's party was defeated. Earlier that year, on May 7, 1879, voters in California approved a new constitution which, effective in 1880, moved the dates of elections to even-numbered years to coincide with elections for federal offices. Thus, the next election for governor would be held on November 7, 1882. As such, Perkins' term as governor would last only three years.

1882 California gubernatorial election
The 1882 California gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1882, to elect the governor of California. This was the first election held under California's 1879 constitution which moved the election date for state officers to coincide with federal elections in non-presidential even-numbered years. The Democratic Party's nominee, George Stoneman won a decisive victory over the Republican Morris M. Estee. This was the fifth consecutive gubernatorial election in California in which the incumbent party was defeated.
Caratheodory-π solution
A Carathéodory-π solution is a generalized solution to an ordinary differential equation. The concept is due to I. Michael Ross  and named in honor of Constantin Carathéodory.  Its practicality was demonstrated in 2008 by Ross et al.  in a laboratory implementation of the concept. The concept is most useful for implementing feedback controls, particularly those generated by an application of Ross' pseudospectral optimal control theory.

Ordinary differential equation
In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential equation (DE) dependent on only a single independent variable. As with any other DE, its unknown(s) consists of one (or more) function(s) and involves the derivatives of those functions. The term "ordinary" is used in contrast with partial differential equations (PDEs) which may be with respect to more than one independent variable, and, less commonly, in contrast with stochastic differential equations (SDEs) where the progression is random.
Nachom
Nachom (Meitei: ꯅꯥꯆꯣꯝ, lit. 'ear sprout'), also known as nachomlei (ꯅꯥꯆꯣꯝꯂꯩ) or lei nachom (Meitei: ꯂꯩ ꯅꯥꯆꯣꯝ, lit. 'flower ear sprout'),: 102 : 178  is a traditional small bouquet or posy worn by Meitei women in Manipur, a state in Northeast India. It holds cultural, religious, and romantic significance in Meitei civilization and continues to be a part of rituals, festivals, and traditional attire.

Women in Meitei culture
Women have significant roles in different elements of Meitei culture, including Meitei dances, Meitei festivals, Meitei folklore, Meitei folktales, Meitei literature, Meitei mythology, Meitei religion, etc.
Jasna Góra, Łódź Voivodeship
Jasna Góra [ˈjasna ˈɡura] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mokrsko, within Wieluń County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) south of Mokrsko, 13 km (8 mi) south-west of Wieluń, and 100 km (62 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Mokrsko
Mokrsko [ˈmɔkrskɔ] is a village in Wieluń County, Łódź Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Mokrsko. It lies approximately 10 km (6 mi) south-west of Wieluń and 97 km (60 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.
8-Chlorotheophylline
8-Chlorotheophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethyl-8-chloroxanthine, is a stimulant drug of the xanthine chemical class, with physiological effects similar to caffeine. Its main use is in combination (salt) with diphenhydramine in the antiemetic dimenhydrinate (Dramamine). Diphenhydramine reduces nausea but causes drowsiness, and the stimulant properties of 8-Chlorotheophylline help reduce that side effect.

Despite being classified as a xanthine stimulant, 8-chlorotheophylline generally does not produce any hyperlocomotion above control in mice and does not appear to cross the blood-brain barrier well.

The 8-chloro modification is not selected for pharmacological properties; instead, it was to raise the acidity of the xanthine amine group enough to form a co-salt with diphenhydramine.

The drug is also sold in combination with promethazine as a salt.

Xanthine
Xanthine (/ˈzænθiːn/ or /ˈzænθaɪn/, from Ancient Greek ξανθός xanthós 'yellow' for its yellowish-white appearance; archaically xanthic acid; systematic name 3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione) is a purine base found in most human body tissues and fluids, as well as in other organisms. Several stimulants are derived from xanthine, including caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine.

Xanthine is a product on the pathway of purine degradation.

It is created from guanine by guanine deaminase.

It is created from hypoxanthine by xanthine oxidoreductase.

It is also created from xanthosine by purine nucleoside phosphorylase.

Xanthine is subsequently converted to uric acid by the action of the xanthine oxidase enzyme.
1993 Asian Baseball Championship
The 1993 Asian Baseball Championship was the seventeenth continental tournament held by the Baseball Federation of Asia. The tournament was held in Perth, Australia for the second and likely last time; Australia has not participated in the tournament since joining the Baseball Confederation of Oceania. The tournament was won by defending champions Japan; their eleventh Asian Championship and their third consecutive title, equalling the record they set in two separate sequences previously: 1955-1959-1962 and 1965-1967-1967.

North Korea made their first, and through 2009, their only appearance at the tournament—finishing 6th—and became the ninth team to contest the championship. South Korea (2nd), Chinese Taipei (3rd), Australia (4th) China (5th) and Philippines (7th) were the other participants.

1962 Asian Baseball Championship
The 1962 Asian Baseball Championship was the fourth continental tournament held by the Baseball Federation of Asia. The tournament was held in Taipei, Taiwan for the first time. It was the third time Japan had won the tournament, having won all three Asian Championships in a row. Taiwan (2nd), South Korea (3rd) and Philippines (4th) were the other participants.
Phaenomerus
Phaenomerus is a genus of weevils in the subfamily subfamily Conoderinae and tribe Campyloscelini, erected by Carl Schönherr in 1836.  Species have been recorded from Africa and S.E Asia (Indochina, Malesia) through to New Guinea and Australia.

Conoderinae
Conoderinae is a subfamily of true weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae. There are more than 210 genera in 15 tribes, and about 2,400 described species in Conoderinae, with a world-wide distribution.

Thirty-nine extant genera of Conoderinae are known to occur in North America, Central America, and the Caribbean and are reviewed based on external morphology.
The Christian (1923 film)
The Christian (1923) is a silent film drama, released by Goldwyn Pictures,  directed by Maurice Tourneur, his first production for Goldwyn, and starring Richard Dix and Mae Busch. The film is based on the novel The Christian by Hall Caine, published in 1897, the first British novel to reach the record of one million copies sold. The novel was adapted for the stage, opening on Broadway at the Knickerbocker Theatre October 10, 1898. This was the fourth film of the story; the first, The Christian (1911) was made in Australia.

Goldwyn Pictures
Goldwyn Pictures Corporation was an American motion picture production company that operated from 1916 to 1924 when it was merged with two other production companies to form the major studio, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was founded on November 19, 1916, by Samuel Goldfish (who later changed his name to Goldwyn), an executive at Lasky's Feature Play Company, and Broadway producer brothers Edgar and Archibald Selwyn, using an amalgamation of both last names to name the company.

The studio proved moderately successful, but became most famous due to its iconic Leo the Lion trademark. Although Metro was the nominal survivor, the merged studio inherited Goldwyn's old facility in Culver City, California, where it would remain until 1986. The merged studio also retained Goldwyn's Leo the Lion logo.

Lee Shubert of The Shubert Organization was an investor in the company.
Samyang Dabang
Samyang Dabang (Korean: 삼양다방) is a historic dabang (coffeehouse) in Gyeongwon-dong, Wansan District, Jeonju, South Korea. It is the oldest active coffeehouse in the country, having been founded in 1952. The dabang was made a Jeonju Future Heritage in 2019 and set for preservation.

The dabang was founded amidst the 1950–1953 Korean War, and reportedly served as a refuge for intellectuals during this period. The dabang was initially set to close in 2013 due to competition from coffee chains, but it was reportedly saved from closure by locals.

As with other dabangs, it also serves beverages other than coffee, including ssanghwa-tang and misu. The dabang was featured in the drama My Love from the Star.

Dabang
A dabang (Korean: 다방) is a Korean-language term for any establishment that primarily serves non-alcoholic drinks. The concept is comparable to that of cafes or teahouses.

Even modern non-Korean coffee chains like Starbucks can be referred to as dabangs. Some have dubbed Starbucks Byeoldabang (별다방; lit. Star Dabang).
Hohenleipisch station
Hohenleipisch (German: Bahnhof Hohenleipisch) is a railway station in the town of Hohenleipisch, Brandenburg, Germany. The station lies of the Berlin–Dresden railway and the train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn.

The station is served by the following service:

RE 8 Berlin – Berlin Südkreuz – Wunsdorf-Waldstadt – Hohenleipisch – Elsterwerda

Wünsdorf-Waldstadt station
Wünsdorf-Waldstadt (German: Bahnhof Wünsdorf-Waldstadt) is a railway station in the town of Wünsdorf, Brandenburg, Germany, on the Berlin–Dresden railway, with services operated by Ostdeutsche Eisenbahn and Deutsche Bahn.

In the 2026 timetable the following regional services stop at the station:
4704th Defense Wing
The 4704th Defense Wing  is a discontinued United States Air Force organization.  Its last assignment was with the 25th Air Division of Air Defense Command (ADC) at McChord Air Force Base, Washington, where it was discontinued in 1954.  It was established in 1952 at McChord in a general reorganization of ADC, which replaced wings responsible for a base with wings responsible for a geographical area.  It commanded three fighter interceptor squadrons initially, and added three more squadrons before the end of the year.  In early 1953 it added several radar squadrons in the Pacific Northwest, one of which was an Air National Guard squadron mobilized for the Korean War.  When it was discontinued in the fall of 1954 its units transferred to the 25th Air Division.

25th Air Division
The 25th Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force intermediate echelon command and control organization.  It was last assigned to First Air Force, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC).   It was inactivated on 30 September 1990 at McChord Air Force Base, Washington.
International Guitar Research Archive
The International Guitar Research Archive (IGRA) is a specialized research collection housed in the University Library at California State University, Northridge (CSUN). It is one of the most comprehensive archives dedicated to the guitar and related plucked string instruments in the United States. The archive supports scholarly research and performance in classical, jazz, and folk guitar traditions by providing access to rare scores, personal papers, historic instruments, and recordings.

American Guitar Society
The American Guitar Society or The American Guitar Society,  Inc. was founded by Vahdah Olcott-Bickford in 1923. The purpose of the society is to promote the classical guitar thru education, scholarships, concerts, and meetings.
Independence Peak (California)
Independence Peak is an 11,742-foot-elevation (3,579-meter) mountain summit located one mile east of the crest of the Sierra Nevada mountain range, in Inyo County of northern California. It is situated immediately south of Onion Valley on the eastern boundary of John Muir Wilderness, on land managed by Inyo National Forest. It is also 8 miles (13 km) west-southwest of the community of Independence, and 1.9 miles (3.1 km) northeast of parent University Peak. Topographic relief is significant as the north aspect rises 3,600 feet (1,100 meters) above Onion Valley in one mile. Independence Peak can be climbed via the north slope from Onion Valley. The first ascent of the summit was made in 1926 by Norman Clyde, who is credited with 130 first ascents, most of which were in the Sierra Nevada. He climbed this peak three times in 1926, and twice in 1927. He was principal of the high school in Independence from 1924 to 1928, which provided him access to this nearest peak to his home.

Inyo National Forest
Inyo National Forest is a United States National Forest covering parts of the eastern Sierra Nevada of California and the White Mountains of California and Nevada. The forest hosts several superlatives, including Mount Whitney, the highest point in the contiguous United States; Boundary Peak, the highest point in Nevada; and the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest, which protects the oldest living trees in the world. The forest, encompassing much of the Owens Valley, was established by Theodore Roosevelt as a way of sectioning off land to accommodate the Los Angeles Aqueduct project in 1907, making the Inyo National Forest one of the least wooded forests in the U.S. National Forest system.
1989 NCAA Division I-AA football season
The 1989 NCAA Division I-AA football season, part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division I-AA level, began in August 1989, and concluded with the 1989 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game on December 16, 1989, at Paulson Stadium in Statesboro, Georgia. The Georgia Southern Eagles won their third I-AA championship, defeating the Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks by a score of 37−34.

Allen E. Paulson Stadium
Evans Family Field at Allen E. Paulson Stadium is a 25,000-seat on-campus football stadium in Statesboro, Georgia. It is home to the Georgia Southern Eagles football team and the focal point of Erk Russell Athletic Park.

Paulson Stadium was dedicated on September 29, 1984, with a 48–11 win over Liberty University. The game was a fitting end to four years of planning one of the finest I-AA facilities in America. The phrase "Prettiest Little Stadium in America" was coined by former Coach Erk Russell.  The stadium has also come to be known as "Our House" to reflect the extreme home field advantage (Overall record of 193–41 and home playoff record of 33–3). This extreme home field advantage consistenly ranks in the top 5 of all FBS programs and has become known as "The Power of Paulson." As of the completion of the 2024 season, the Eagles boast a 218-51 (.810) overall record at Paulson Stadium.
Waegwan (enclave)
Waegwan (Korean: 왜관; Hanja: 倭館; lit. Japanese house; pronounced [wɛgwan]), also known as wakan (Japanese: 和館; Hir: わかん), were Japanese ethnic enclaves   (nihonmachi) primarily located in southern coastal cities of the Koreanic state Joseon. They existed from around the 15th century until the late 19th century. Along with general Japanese trade with Korea they were managed by the Tsushima-Fuchū Domain of Azuchi–Momoyama and Edo periods.

In the middle Joseon period they served as important trading hubs. In the late Joseon period, the only remaining waegwan in Busan became de facto extraterritorial enclave, as Japanese diplomats were forbidden to negotiate in Seoul.

Sō clan
Sō clan (宗氏, Sō-shi) was a Japanese clan claiming descent from Taira no Tomomori. The clan governed and held Tsushima Island from the 13th through the late 19th century, from the Kamakura period until the end of the Edo period and the Meiji Restoration.

In 1587, Toyotomi Hideyoshi confirmed the clan's possession of Tsushima. In the struggles which followed Hideyoshi's death, the clan sided with the Tokugawa; however, they did not participate in the decisive battles which preceded the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate. The descendants of tozama Sō Yoshitoshi (1568–1615) remained at Tsushima-Fuchū Domain (100,000 koku) in Tsushima Province until the abolition of the han system. The head of this clan line was ennobled as count in 1884.
Sudbrook, Lincolnshire
Sudbrook is a hamlet in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated 12 miles (19 km) south-east of Newark-on-Trent, 6 miles (10 km) north-east of Grantham and 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Ancaster. It forms part of Ancaster civil parish.

South Kesteven
South Kesteven is a local government district in Lincolnshire, England, forming part of the traditional Kesteven division of the county. Its council is based in Grantham. The district also includes the towns of Bourne, Market Deeping and Stamford, along with numerous villages and surrounding rural areas.

South Kesteven borders North Kesteven to the north, South Holland to the east, the City of Peterborough and North Northamptonshire to the south, Rutland to the south-west, the Melton district of Leicestershire to the west, and the Newark and Sherwood district of Nottinghamshire to the north-west.
Sericopelma embrithes
Sericopelma embrithes is a tarantula that is native to Panama. To date, only specimens from Barro Colorado Island have been studied. Like other tarantulas, it is relatively large compared to other spiders. It can grow up to 59 mm long, including its chelicerae. S. embrithes is data deficient according to the IUCN.

Tarantula
Tarantulas are a group of large and often hairy spiders of the family Theraphosidae. More than a thousand species have been identified, within almost 200 genera. The term "tarantula" is usually used to describe members of the family Theraphosidae, although many other members of the same infraorder (Mygalomorphae) are commonly referred to as "tarantulas" or "false tarantulas".  Some of the more common species have become popular in the exotic pet trade. Many New World species kept as pets have setae known as urticating hairs that can cause irritation to the skin, and in extreme cases, cause damage to the eyes.
2nd Queen Victoria's Own Rajput Light Infantry
The 2nd Queen Victoria's Own Rajput Light Infantry, commonly shortened to 2nd Rajputs, was a regiment of the British Indian Army. Raised in 1798, it was amalgamated with five other Rajput regiments in 1922.

Central Indian campaign of 1858
The Central India Campaign was one of the last series of actions in the Indian rebellion of 1857. The British Army and Bombay Army overcame a disunited collection of states in a single rapid campaign, although determined rebels continued a guerrilla campaign until the spring of 1859.