hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Connecticut Farms
The Battle of Connecticut Farms, fought June 7, 1780, was one of the last major battles between British and American forces in the northern colonies during the American Revolutionary War.  Hessian General Wilhelm von Knyphausen, in command of the British garrison at New York City, made an attempt to reach the principal Continental Army encampment at Morristown, New Jersey.  Knyphausen's advance was strongly met by companies of the New Jersey militia at Connecticut Farms (present-day Union Township).  After stiff resistance, the militia were forced to withdraw, but the battle and skirmishing that preceded it sufficiently delayed Knyphausen's advance that he remained there for the night.  After realizing that further advance on Morristown would probably be met by even more resistance, Knyphausen withdrew back toward New York.

Wilhelm von Knyphausen
Wilhelm Reichsfreiherr von Innhausen und Knyphausen (4 November 1716 Lütetsburg, East Frisia – 7 December 1800 Kassel) was a German general officer who served in Hesse-Kassel. He fought in the American Revolutionary War, during which he commanded Hessian auxiliaries on behalf of Great Britain.
HMAS Platypus (1917)
HMAS Platypus was a submarine depot ship and base ship operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) between 1919 and 1946. Ordered prior to World War I to support the Australian submarines AE1 and AE2, Platypus was not completed until after both submarines had been lost, and she was commissioned into the Royal Navy from 1917 to 1919.

After the RAN acquired six J-class submarines, Platypus was recommissioned as an Australian warship. She was repurposed as a destroyer tender after the J class was removed from service in the 1920s, tasked with supporting the two O-class submarines during 1929 and 1930. After the submarines were placed in reserve, Platypus was renamed HMAS Penguin and operated as a depot ship until 1941. The ship assumed her old name and was relocated to Darwin, then Cairns for use as a base ship. After a refit in 1944, Platypus operated as a repair vessel in New Guinea waters until she was placed into reserve in 1946. Platypus was sold for scrap in 1958.

Odin-class submarine
The Odin-class submarine (or "O class") was a class of nine submarines developed and built for the Royal Navy (RN) in the 1920s. The prototype, Oberon, was followed by two boats originally ordered for the Royal Australian Navy, but transferred to the RN in 1931 because of the poor economic situation in Australia, and six modified boats ordered for the RN. Three modified boats were built for the Chilean Navy as the Capitan O'Brien-class submarines in 1929.
Battle of Zhovkva
The Battle of Zhovkva (Ukrainian: Битва під Жовквою) was a battle that took place between the Ukrainian Galician Army and the Polish army for the strategically important city of Zhovkva during the Polish–Ukrainian War from January 6 to 11, 1919 as a part of larger Polish offensive against the UGA.

Zhovkva
Zhovkva is a city in Lviv Raion, Lviv Oblast (region) of western Ukraine. Zhovkva hosts the administration of Zhovkva urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Its population is approximately 13,852 (2022 estimate).
Lewis Bridgeman
Lewis Bridgeman (born 2006) is an English actor. At age 14, he joined the National Youth Theatre after gaining a place by getting through auditions and completing their acting intake course in the summer of 2021. He has been a member of the Chelmsford Theatre Workshop at The Old Court Theatre in Chelmsford, Essex and performed in productions including The Wind in the Willows, Posh and Arcadia. In 2024, he joined the cast of the BBC soap opera EastEnders as Barney Mitchell. As well as acting, Bridgeman was accepted into Mensa at the age of 12.

Arcadia (play)
Arcadia is a 1993 stage play written by English playwright Tom Stoppard, which explores the relationship between past and present, order and disorder, certainty and uncertainty. It has been praised by many critics as the finest play from "one of the most significant contemporary playwrights" in the English language.  In 2006, the Royal Institution of Great Britain named it one of the best science-related works ever written.
Broc Parkes
Broc Parkes (born 24 December 1981) is an Australian motorcycle racer, best known for his success in the Supersport World Championship. He currently races in the Endurance FIM World Championship aboard a Yamaha YZF-R1.

During 2015, Parkes raced in British Superbikes for half the season, then competed in the Endurance FIM World Championship aboard a YART Yamaha YZF-R1, before being drafted-in to MotoGP on the ART machine for the last race of the season at Valencia, held on 8 November at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo, Spain.

FIM Endurance World Championship
The Endurance World Championship (FIM EWC) is the premier worldwide endurance championship in motorcycle road racing. The championship season consists of a series of endurance races (with a duration of six, eight, twelve or twenty-four hours) held on permanent racing facilities. The results of each race are combined to determine three World Championships – riders, teams and manufacturers.

Until 2016, the championship was held on a yearly basis, but in order to take advantage of the winter break in MotoGP and WorldSBK season, since September 2016 it runs from September to July, with the European races held in September, and then spring and summer of the next year. Scheduling arrangements for the 2020 and 2021 COVID-19 years were different.
Roland Gúr
Roland Gúr (born 11 August 1983) is a Hungarian politician and lawyer, specialised on international and EU law. Currently, he serves as President of the Control Commission of the biggest political youth organisation of the world (IUSY). Policy Advisor on Internal market and Consumer protection to MEP Marc Angel, Head of the Luxembourgish S&D Delegation in the European Parliament and also the President of the Hungarian Socialist Party's Consumer Protection Section. He was a candidate on the third rank of his party's list during the 2014 European Parliament election.

Marc Angel
Marc Angel (Luxembourgish pronunciation: [ˈmɑʁkˈɑ̃ŋəl]; born 12 March 1963) is a Luxembourgish politician of the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP) who has served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) since 2019 and was one of its vice presidents from 2023 to 2024.. In the European Parliament he is known for being a "Champion of Equality".
Lewistown Municipal Airport
Lewistown Municipal Airport (IATA: LWT, ICAO: KLWT, FAA LID: LWT) is two miles southwest of Lewistown, in Fergus County, Montana. It is owned by the city and county.

Federal Aviation Administration records say the airport had 596 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 1,049 in 2009 and 704 in 2010. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 called it as a general aviation airport (the commercial service category requires 2,500 enplanements per year).

Scheduled air service temporarily ceased on March 8, 2008, when Big Sky Airlines ended operations in bankruptcy. Great Lakes Airlines was given USDOT approval to take over Essential Air Service (EAS) and flights began in 2009.  Service was then provided under EAS contract by Silver Airways (formerly Gulfstream International Airlines) until July 2013. EAS subsidies were terminated on July 15, 2013 due to subsidy per passenger exceeding $1000, leaving Lewistown without scheduled air service.

Great Lakes Airlines
Great Lakes Airlines was an American regional airline operating domestic scheduled and charter services. Corporate headquarters were in Cheyenne, Wyoming, with a hub at Denver International Airport.

As of November 2013, Great Lakes Airlines received $58,299,575 in annual federal subsidies for Essential Air Services that they provided to rural airports in the U.S.

Great Lakes Airlines was a large United Express feeder carrier from 1992 to 2002 operating to over 100 cities.

On March 26, 2018, the airline stopped scheduled passenger flights, but continued to support Aerodynamics Inc. flights through September 1, 2018.
Siege of Troitsky monastery
The siege of Troitsky monastery (Russian: Троицкая осада) was an abortive attempt of the Polish–Lithuanian irregular army (mercenaries) that acted in support of False Dmitry II to capture the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, north-east of Moscow. The siege lasted for 16 months, from 23 September 1608 until 12 January 1610.

False Dmitry II
False Dmitry II (Russian: Лжедмитрий II, romanized: Lzhedmitrii II; died 21 December [O.S. 11 December] 1610), historically known as Pseudo-Demetrius II and also called tushinsky vor ("the thief of Tushino"), was the second of three pretenders to the Russian throne during the Time of Troubles who claimed to be the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich. The real Dmitry had died under uncertain circumstances, most likely an assassination in 1591 at the age of nine at his widowed mother's appanage residence in Uglich.
John Goodwin (footballer)
John Lawson Goodwin (3 June 1887 – 3 November 1954) was a Scottish footballer who played as an inside forward. He was a Scottish Football League champion in each of his first three seasons with Rangers between 1910–11 and 1912–13, also winning the Charity Cup in May 1911 and the Glasgow Cup five months later. He was not a first choice in his position but served as a capable stand-in when either Alec Bennett or Jimmy Bowie was unavailable.

Either side of his spell in Govan he played in his hometown, initially for Ayr Parkhouse then for their successor after a merger, Ayr United, although his final matches in the senior leagues were with their local rivals Kilmarnock – by that point World War I was worsening and it is likely his football career ended due to commitments relating to the conflict.

Goodwin's younger brother Alex also played for Ayr United, joining the club a few months after John moved to Rangers.

Alex Bennett (footballer)
Alexander Bennett (20 September 1881 – 9 January 1940) was a Scottish footballer who played for Celtic, Rangers and the Scotland national team.

A small right-winger, he was described in contemporary reports as "...a veritable artful dodger with rare speed and command of the ball."
King of Na gold seal
The King of Na gold seal (Japanese: 漢委奴国王印) is a solid gold seal discovered in the year 1784 on Shikanoshima Island in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. The seal is designated as a National Treasure of Japan. The seal is believed to have been cast in China and bestowed by Emperor Guangwu of Han upon a diplomatic official (envoy) visiting from Japan in the year 57 AD. The five Chinese characters appearing on the seal identify it as the seal of the King of Na state of Wa, tributary state of the Han dynasty.

The seal is currently in the collection of the Fukuoka City Museum in Fukuoka, Japan. It is the first known textual record of Japan as a country, and is included in Japanese history books as a cultural asset that indicates how Japan came into being as a political entity.

Wa (name of Japan)
Wa is the oldest attested name of Japan and ethnonym of the Japanese people. From c. the 2nd century AD Chinese and Korean scribes used the Chinese character 倭; 'submissive'', ''distant'', ''dwarf' to refer to the various inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago, although it might have been just used to transcribe the phonetic value of a Japonic ethnonym with a respectively differing semantic connotation. In the 8th century, the Japanese started using the character 和, wa, 'harmony', 'peace', 'balance' instead due to the offensive nature of the former.
Gold in the Streets
Gold in the Streets is a 1997 drama film written by Janet Noble and Noel Pearson, directed by Elizabeth Gill and starring Jim Belushi, Ian Hart and Jared Harris.  It is based on Noble’s play Away Alone.

Jim Belushi
James Adam Belushi (/bəˈluːʃi/ bə-LOO-shee; born June 15, 1954) is an American actor and comedian. His television roles include Saturday Night Live (1983–1985), According to Jim (2001–2009), and Good Girls Revolt (2015–2016).

Belushi appeared in films such as Thief (1981), Trading Places (1983), The Man with One Red Shoe (1985), Salvador (1986), Red Heat (1988), K-9 (1989), Taking Care of Business (1990), Destiny Turns on the Radio (1995), Angel's Dance (1999), Joe Somebody (2001), Underdog (2007), The Ghost Writer (2010), The Secret Lives of Dorks (2013), Wonder Wheel (2017), and Song Sung Blue (2025).

He is the younger brother of late comedy actor John Belushi and the father of actor Robert Belushi.
Ice algae
Ice algae are any of the various types of algal communities found in annual and multi-year sea, and terrestrial lake ice or glacier ice.

On sea ice in the polar oceans, ice algae communities play an important role in primary production. The timing of blooms of the algae is especially important for supporting higher trophic levels at times of the year when light is low and ice cover still exists. Sea ice algal communities are mostly concentrated in the bottom layer of the ice, but can also occur in brine channels within the ice, in melt ponds, and on the surface.

Because terrestrial ice algae occur in freshwater systems, the species composition differs greatly from that of sea ice algae. In particular, terrestrial glacier ice algae communities are significant in that they change the color of glaciers and ice sheets, impacting the reflectivity of the ice itself.

Primary production
In ecology, primary production is the synthesis of organic compounds from atmospheric or aqueous carbon dioxide.  It principally occurs through the process of photosynthesis, which uses light as its source of energy, but it also occurs through chemosynthesis, which uses the oxidation or reduction of inorganic chemical compounds as its source of energy.  Almost all life on Earth relies directly or indirectly on primary production. The organisms responsible for primary production are known as primary producers or autotrophs, and form the base of the food chain. In terrestrial ecoregions, these are mainly plants, while in aquatic ecoregions algae predominate in this role. Ecologists distinguish primary production as either net or gross, the former accounting for losses to processes such as cellular respiration, the latter not.
Široka Kula massacre
The Široka Kula massacre was the killing of 41 civilians in the village of Široka Kula near Gospić, Croatia during the Croatian War of Independence. The killings began on 13 October 1991 and continued until late October. They were perpetrated by the Croatian Serb SAO Krajina police and generally targeted ethnic Croat civilians in Široka Kula. Several victims were ethnic Serbs suspected by the police of collaboration with Croatian authorities. Most of the victims' bodies were thrown into the Golubnjača Pit, a nearby karst cave.

Thirteen individuals were charged and tried in connection with the killings, four were convicted in absentia  in Belgrade. The other eleven were tried and convicted in absentia in Gospić. One of those convicted by Gospić County Court subsequently returned to Croatia, where he was granted a retrial and acquitted. A monument dedicated to the victims of the massacre was built in the village in 2003.

Solutional cave
A solutional cave, solution cave, or karst cave is usually formed in a soluble rock like limestone, of which calcium carbonate (CaCO3) composes. Being the most common type of cave, it can also form in other rocks, including chalk, dolomite, marble, salt beds, and gypsum.
Sir Henry Northcote, 5th Baronet
Sir Henry Northcote, 5th Baronet (1710 – 28 May 1743), of Hayne in the parish of Newton St Cyres near Crediton in Devon, later of Pynes in the parish of Upton Pyne, Devon, was a Member of Parliament for Exeter from 1735 until his death in 1743.

Crediton
Crediton /ˈkrɛdɪtən/ ⓘ is a town and civil parish in the Mid Devon district of Devon, England. It stands on the A377 Exeter to Barnstaple road at the junction with the A3072 road to Tiverton, 7 miles (11 km) north west of Exeter and 14 miles (23 km) from the M5 motorway. It has a population of 21,990.

The town is in the narrow vale of the River Creedy, between two steep hills and is divided into two parts, the north or old town and the south and east or new town.
Tharwat Alhajjaj
Tharwat Alhajjaj (Arabic: ثروت الحجاج, born 1 January 1973), also known as Tharwat Al Hajjaj or Tharwah Al Hajaj or Tharwh Tayseer Hamdan Alhajaj, is an Olympic weightlifting champion from Jordan. She represented Jordan in the 2016 Summer Paralympics held in Rio de Janeiro and won a Powerlifting silver. The 43-year-old lifted 119 kg in the women's 86 kg category to take silver behind Egypt's Randa Mahmoud who lifted 130 kg for gold. Bronze went to Mexico's Catalina Diaz Vilchis who managed 117 kg. Tharwat also participated in the Asian Paralympics in 2014 and won a powerlifting silver in the women's 77 kg category, where she lifted 108 kg.

Catalina Diaz Vilchis
Catalina Diaz Vilchis (born 30 April 1964), a Mexican weightlifter, specialized in Powerlifting.
She won the bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics held in Rio de Janeiro. She also participated in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.
Azam Cheema
Azam Cheema (Urdu: اعظم چیمہ, 1953 – 28 February 2024), also known as Baba or Babaji, was a Pakistani Lashkar-e-Taiba operative who was the mastermind of the 2008 Mumbai attacks and the 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings. In November 2010, the United States Department of the Treasury announced sanctions against him just before Barack Obama's visit to India. A citizen of Pakistan, he was described as the intelligence chief of the Lashkar-e-Taiba and was specifically involved in teaching operatives bomb making and infiltrating India.

Cheema was born at Faisalabad in 1953. He was sanctioned as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist under the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List by the Office of Foreign Assets Control; where his addresses are listed in Islamabad, Muzaffarabad and Bahawalpur. Cheema, aged 70, died from a heart attack in Pakistan on 28 February 2024.

Abdul Rehman Makki
Abdul Rehman Makki  (Urdu: عبد الرحمن مکی; 1948 or 10 December 1954 – 27 December 2024) was a Pakistani radical Islamist and the second-in-command and the political and foreign affairs head of the Jamaat-ud-Dawah (JuD), the front organisation of the militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) where he served as the Naib Ameer.
Kwame Gyawu-Kyem
Kwame Gyawu-Kyem (born 21 September 1927) is a Ghanaian politician who was a member of the first Parliament of the fourth Republic representing the Atwima Mponua constituency in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. He represented the National Democratic Congress.

Atwima-Mponua (Ghana parliament constituency)
Atwima-Mponua is one of the constituencies represented in the Parliament of Ghana. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Seth Osei Akoto is the member of parliament for the constituency. Atwima-Mponua is located in the Atwima Mponua district  of the Ashanti Region of Ghana.
William Alfred Pickwoad
William Alfred Pickwoad OBE FRSA (1886–1975) was a British businessman who was a prominent figure in South America's railway industry and also held directorships in the major business concerns of Bolivia during the 1930s and 1940s. He was variously general manager of the Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway, general manager of the Central Argentine Railway, general manager of the General Mitre Railway, special adviser to the Argentine Ministry of Transport, President of the Bolivian Railway, a founding director of the Central Bank of Bolivia, President of Banco Mercantil, still one of the largest banks in Bolivia, and President of the National Cement Company of Bolivia.

Pickwoad was invested as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1937, a Grand Officer of the Order of the Condor of the Andes in Bolivia, a Commander of the Mérito Militar in Bolivia and as an Officer of the Cruzeiro do Sol in Brazil.

Order of the Southern Cross
The National Order of the Southern Cross (Portuguese: Ordem Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul) is a Brazilian order of chivalry founded by Emperor Pedro I on 1 December 1822. The order aimed to commemorate the independence of Brazil (7 September 1822) and the coronation of Pedro I (1 December 1822). The name derives from the geographical position of the country, under the constellation of the Southern Cross and also in memory of the name – Terra de Santa Cruz (Land of the Holy Cross) – given to Brazil following its first arrival by Europeans in 1500.
1932 Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway strike
The 1932 Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway strike was a general strike launched against the retrenchment policies of the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Company. The strike lasted from 24 October 1932 to 8 January 1933 and was moderate and non-violent in character as opposed to the 1928 South Indian Railway Strike which was extremely violent.

1928 South Indian railway strike
The 1928 South Indian railway strike was a general strike by the South Indian Railway Workers Union against plans of the South Indian Railway Company to lay off over 3,100 workers in order to reduce the expenditures of the company. The strike lasted from 29 June – 2 August 1928, and severely affected the transportation of people and goods across South India. The Madras government and the South Indian Railway Company responded with a crackdown. Most of the leaders of the strike were arrested and recognition to the union was withdrawn. The Government of Madras recorded it as the "most important event of the year".
Bulgaria Air
Bulgaria Air (Bulgarian: България Еър) is the flag carrier airline of Bulgaria, with its headquarters at Vasil Levski Sofia Airport in Sofia. The company is owned by Chimimport AD and is a leader in terms of local market share. The airline operates short and medium haul aircraft to destinations in Europe and the Middle East. Focus cities in Bulgaria are Burgas and Varna. In 2018, the company carried a total of 1.267 million passengers on 5,995 flights.

Burgas
Burgas (Bulgarian: Бургас, pronounced [burˈɡas] ⓘ), sometimes transliterated as Bourgas, is the second largest city on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast in the region of Northern Thrace and the fourth-largest city in Bulgaria after Sofia, Plovdiv, and Varna, with a population of 210,396 inhabitants, while 226,092 live in its urban area. It is the capital of Burgas Province and an important industrial, transport, cultural and tourist centre.

The city is surrounded by the Burgas Lakes and located at the westernmost point of the Black Sea, at the large Burgas Bay. LUKOIL Neftochim Burgas is the largest oil refinery in southeastern Europe and the largest industrial enterprise. The Port of Burgas is the second largest port in Bulgaria, and Burgas Airport is the second most important in the country. Burgas is the centre of the Bulgarian fishing and fish processing industry.
Bynum, Alabama
Bynum is a former census-designated place in Calhoun County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 1,863. The area is now part of the city of Oxford and is included in the Anniston–Oxford, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Oxford, Alabama
Oxford is a city in Calhoun, Talladega, and Cleburne counties in the State of Alabama, United States. The population was 22,069 at the 2020 census. Oxford is one of two principal cities of and included in the Anniston-Oxford Metropolitan Statistical Area, and it is the largest city in Calhoun County by population.
Vineet Saran
Vineet Saran (born 11 May 1957) is a former judge of the Supreme Court of India and the ethics officer and ombudsman in the Board of Control for Cricket in India. He is a former chief justice of the Orissa High Court. He is also a former judge of the Karnataka High Court and Allahabad High Court.

Allahabad High Court
Allahabad High Court, officially known as High Court of Judicature at Allahabad, is the high court based in the city of Prayagraj, formerly and colloquially known as Allahabad, that has jurisdiction over the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It was established on 17 March 1866, making it one of the oldest high courts to be established in India.