hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Aufheben
Aufheben ([ˈʔaʊ̯fˌheːbm̩, -bən] ⓘ) or Aufhebung ([ˈaʊ̯fˌheːbʊŋ] ⓘ) is a German word with several seemingly contradictory meanings, including "to lift up", "to abolish", "cancel" or "suspend", or "to sublate". The term has also been defined as "abolish", "preserve", and "transcend". In philosophy, aufheben is used by Hegel in his exposition of dialectics, and in this sense is translated mainly as "sublate".

Self-reflection
Self-reflection is the ability to witness and evaluate one's own cognitive, emotional, and behavioural processes. In psychology, other terms used for this self-observation include "reflective awareness" and "reflective consciousness", which originate from the work of William James.

Self-reflection depends upon a range of functions, including introspection and metacognition, which develop from infancy through adolescence, affecting how individuals interact with others, and make decisions.

Self-reflection is related to the philosophy of consciousness, the topic of awareness, and the philosophy of mind.

The concept of self-reflection is ancient. More than 3,000 years ago, "Know thyself" was the first of three Delphic maxims inscribed in the forecourt of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. It is also considered a form of thought that generates new meaning and an opportunity to engage with what seemingly appears incongruous.
Julius Althaus
Julius Althaus (31 March 1833 – 11 June 1900) was a German-English physician.  He conducted early electrical treatment of patients at King's College Hospital and he was mainly instrumental in creating the Maida Vale Hospital for Nervous Diseases.

Jean-Martin Charcot
Jean-Martin Charcot (French: [ʒɑ̃ maʁtɛ̃ ʃaʁko]; 29 November 1825 – 16 August 1893) was a French neurologist and professor of anatomical pathology. He worked on groundbreaking work about hypnosis and hysteria, in particular with his hysteria patient Louise Augustine Gleizes. Charcot is known as "the founder of modern neurology", and his name has been associated with at least 15 medical eponyms, including various conditions sometimes referred to as Charcot diseases.

Charcot has been referred to as "the father of French neurology and one of the world's pioneers of neurology". His work greatly influenced the developing fields of neurology and psychology; modern psychiatry owes much to the work of Charcot and his direct followers. He was the "foremost neurologist of late nineteenth-century France" and has been called "the Napoleon of the neuroses".
Latin letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering
Many letters of the Latin alphabet, both capital and small, are used in mathematics, science, and engineering to denote by convention specific or abstracted constants, variables of a certain type, units, multipliers, or physical entities. Certain letters, when combined with special formatting, take on special meaning.

Below is an alphabetical list of the letters of the alphabet with some of their uses. The field in which the convention applies is mathematics unless otherwise noted.

Newton (unit)
The newton (symbol: N) is the unit of force in the International System of Units (SI). Expressed in terms of SI base units, it is 1 kg⋅m/s2, the force that accelerates a mass of one kilogram at one metre per second squared.

The unit is named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics, specifically his second law of motion.
Wellington Suburbs (electorate)
Wellington Suburbs was a parliamentary electorate in Wellington, New Zealand. It existed from 1893 to 1902, then from 1908 to 1911, and from 1919 to 1946. The electorate was represented by six Members of Parliament.

1896 New Zealand general election
The 1896 New Zealand general election was held on Wednesday, 4 December in the general electorates, and on Thursday, 19 December in the Māori electorates to elect a total of 74 MPs to the 13th session of the New Zealand Parliament. A total number of 337,024 (76.1%) voters turned out to vote.

1896 was the year the limit of £200 was placed on each candidate's campaign spending.
Fort Portal Airport
Fort Portal Airport (ICAO: HUFP) is a civilian airport in Uganda. It is about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north-west of Fort Portal, a town in Kabarole District, Western Region. The airport is close to the foothills of the Rwenzori Mountains. The airport serves Fort Portal and Kibale National Park, receiving flights from Kajjansi Airfield and Murchison Falls National Park.

The airport is privately operated by Christian missionary/pilot Jeff Cash. The Churches of Christ and Where He Leads, Inc. help maintain the airstrip. HUFP has also been registered under the owner's name of Jeff Cash.

Kabarole District
Kabarole District is a district in Western Uganda. Kabarole District is part of the Tooro Kingdom. Its main town was Fort Portal before 1 July 2020 when it was elevated to a city, separating it from Kabarole district. The new Kabarole district seat is proporsed in Busoro Town Council. Kabarole remains with only one county (Burahya). Bunyangabu county was curved out to form Bunyangabu district in 2017. Fort Portal Municipality constituency became Fort Portal City in 2020 with an independent local Government.
American Institute of Iranian Studies
The American Institute of Iranian Studies (AIIrS) is a non-profit consortium of US universities and museums, founded in 1967, for the purpose of promoting Iranian and Persian studies. AIIrS facilitates academic and cultural exchange  between the US and Iran and is dedicated to supporting scholars and funding research in Iranian studies.  It represents American institutions of higher education and research in Iranian studies and furthers the field in the US curriculum.

The institute is a member of the Council of American Overseas Research Centers.

Council of American Overseas Research Centers
The Council of American Overseas Research Centers (CAORC) founded in 1981, is a private not-for-profit federation of independent overseas research centers that promotes advanced research, particularly in the humanities and social sciences, with a focus on the conservation and recording of cultural heritage and the understanding and interpretation of modern societies.
Lookout Lake (Antarctica)
The Lookout Lake is a small lake on the Ingrid Christensen Coast of the Princess Elisabeth land in East Antarctica. In the Vestfold Mountains, the lake is 0.8 km north-northeast of the hill The Lookout in the west of the Breidnes Peninsula.

Scientists working at Davis Station visited the lake in 1957 as part of the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions and named the lake based on the name of the neighboring hill.

Ingrid Christensen Coast
The Ingrid Christensen Coast is that portion of the coast of Antarctica lying between Jennings Promontory, in 72°33′E, and the western end of the West Ice Shelf in 81°24′E. It is located in the western half of Princess Elizabeth Land, just east of the Amery Ice Shelf.
Elmo
Elmo is a Muppet character on the children's television show Sesame Street. A furry red monster who speaks in a high-pitched falsetto voice and frequently refers to himself in the third person, he hosts the last full 15-minute segment (five minutes starting in 2017) on Sesame Street, "Elmo's World", which is aimed at toddlers. He was originally performed by Kevin Clash. Following Clash's resignation in late 2012, Elmo has been performed by Ryan Dillon.

Emeril Lagasse
Emeril John Lagasse III (/ˈɛmərəl ləˈɡɑːsi/ EM-ə-rəl lə-GAH-see; born October 15, 1959) is an American chef, restaurateur, television personality, cookbook author, and National Best Recipe award winner for his "Turkey and Hot Sausage Chili" recipe in 2003. He is a regional James Beard Award winner, known for his mastery of Creole and Cajun cuisine and his self-developed "New New Orleans" style. He is of Portuguese descent on his mother's side while being of French heritage through his father.

He has appeared on a wide variety of cooking television shows, including the long running Food Network shows Emeril Live and Essence of Emeril, and is associated with several catchphrases, including "Kick it up a notch!" and "Bam!" In 2005, Lagasse's portfolio of media, products, and restaurants was estimated to generate US$150 million annually in revenue.
Culture of Somalia
The culture of Somalia is an amalgamation of traditions that were developed independently since the Proto-Somali era. The hypernym of the term Somali from a geopolitical sense is Horner and from an ethnic sense, it is Cushite.

Proto-Somali
Proto-Somalis were the ancient people and ancestors of Somalis who lived in present-day Somalia. Literature on proto-Somalis largely uses a time-frame pertaining to the 1st millennium BC and 1st millennium AD.
Silence Magnifies Sound
Silence Magnifies Sound is a studio album by the Ohio post-rock band the Six Parts Seven. It was released in 2000 on Troubleman Unlimited. It includes the songs "Spaces Between Days (Parts 1 & 2)", with parts 3 and 4 on the following album, Things Shaped in Passing.

Things Shaped in Passing
Things Shaped in Passing is the third studio album from Ohio post-rock band The Six Parts Seven.  It was released August 31, 2004 and is their first release on their label, Suicide Squeeze. It includes the songs 'Spaces Between Days (Parts 3 & 4)' with parts 1 and 2 on their previous studio album, Silence Magnifies Sound.

The album artwork was created by Michael Loderstedt. According to the CD's liner notes, the song 'Now Like Photographs' was inspired Ange Leccia's works as well as Larry Levis' writing.
 According to the band's MySpace blog, this is the first album bandmates James Haas and Steve Clements record on, on lap-steel & guitar, and piano, respectively.
2003–04 Biathlon World Cup
The 2003–04 Biathlon World Cup was a multi-race tournament over a season of biathlon, organised by the International Biathlon Union. The Biathlon World Championships 2004 were part of the Biathlon World Cup.

The men's overall World Cup was won by Raphaël Poirée, while Liv Grete Skjelbreid Poirée of Norway claimed the women's overall World Cup.

Biathlon World Cup
The Biathlon World Cup is a top-level biathlon season-long competition series. It has been held since the winter seasons of 1977–78 for men and 1982–83 for women. The women's seasons until 1986–87 season were called the European Cup, although participation was not restricted to Europeans.
Creatures of the Night
Creatures of the Night is the tenth studio album by American rock band Kiss, released in 1982. It was the band's last for Casablanca Records, the only label for which Kiss had recorded up to that point. The album was dedicated to the memory of Casablanca founder and early Kiss supporter Neil Bogart, who had died of cancer during the recording sessions. It is also the band's last album recorded with Ace Frehley credited as an official member and their first album with Vinnie Vincent, as the initially uncredited lead guitarist. Vincent would later be credited but not featured on the cover of the 1985 reissue of the album. It was also Kiss's last album to feature the band with their trademark makeup until the release of Psycho Circus in 1998.

Gene Simmons
Gene Simmons (born Chaim Witz; Hebrew: חיים ויץ [χaˈim ˈvits]; August 25, 1949), also known by his stage persona "the Demon", is an Israeli-American musician. He was the bassist and co-lead singer of the hard rock band Kiss, which he co-founded with Paul Stanley, Ace Frehley, and Peter Criss in 1973. Simmons, alongside Stanley, remained a constant member of the band until their dissolution in 2023. Simmons is also known for his long tongue and for his reality television show, Gene Simmons Family Jewels, which aired from 2006 to 2012. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2014 as a member of Kiss.
Mucochloric acid
Mucochloric acid is an organic compound with the formula C4H2Cl2O3. It consists of a dichlorinated alkene bearing aldehyde and carboxylic acid functional groups. It is the chlorinated analog of mucobromic acid and one of the known mucohalic acids. Mucochloric acid exists in equilibrium between open-chain and cyclic (furanone hemiacetal) forms, analogous to mucobromic acid.  Mucochloric acid occurs as a chlorine disinfection byproduct in drinking water.

Carboxylic acid
In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group (−C(=O)−OH) attached to an R-group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is often written as R−COOH or R−CO2H, sometimes as R−C(O)OH with R referring to an organyl group (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, aryl), or hydrogen, or other groups. Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include the amino acids and fatty acids. Deprotonation of a carboxylic acid gives a carboxylate anion.
Rabenstein Castle (Upper Franconia)
Rabenstein Castle (German: Burg Rabenstein) is a former high medieval aristocratic castle in the municipality of Ahorntal in the Upper Franconian county of Bayreuth in the German state of Bavaria.

The spur castle may be visited for an entrance fee.

Spur castle
A spur castle is a type of medieval fortification that is sited on a spur of a hill or mountain for defensive purposes. Ideally, it would be protected on three sides by steep hillsides; the only vulnerable side being that where the spur joins the hill from which it projects. By contrast, a ridge castle is only protected by steep terrain on two sides.
Healthcare in Romania
Romania offers benefits of a universal healthcare system. The state finances primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare. Public health campaigns are independently financed by the Government of Romania. The Ministry of Health of Romania is required to manage and supervise the public healthcare sector. For 2013, the budget allocated for the healthcare sector is US$2.6 billion (8.675.192.000 lei), or roughly 1.7% of the GDP.

The access to healthcare is guaranteed by Article 34 in the Constitution of Romania, which specifies that the state is obliged "to guarantee the sheltering of healthcare".

Every citizen of Romania is entitled to cost-free, unrestricted medical procedures, as established by a physician only if they present themselves with a health card as of 9 September 2015, proving to have paid insurance.
Citizens of the European Union, along with Romanian citizens without paid insurance have the right to free emergency medical assistance.

Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy (Romanian: Universitatea de Medicină și Farmacie „Carol Davila”) or University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, commonly known by the abbreviation UMFCD, is a public health sciences university in Bucharest, Romania. It is one of the largest and oldest institutions of its kind in Romania. The university uses the facilities of over 20 clinical hospitals all over Bucharest.

The Carol Davila University is classified as an "advanced research and education university" by the Ministry of Education. Created as part of the University of Bucharest in 1869, the institution is considered one of the most prestigious of its kind in Romania and in Eastern Europe.
Mefeclorazine
Mefeclorazine (INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name) is a neuroleptic (antipsychotic) of the phenethylamine and arylpiperazine groups.

Part of mefeclorazine's chemical structure is based on 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (DMPEA or homoveratrylamine), which has structural similarity to the neurotransmitter dopamine. Mefeclorazine was invented by Jack Mills of Eli Lilly in 1958. Although it is not known to have ever been used clinically, it is based on a chemically rational synthetic design.

The ortho-chlorophenylpiperazine (oCPP) moiety forms part of the molecular structure. This precursor finds dual use in the synthesis of the arylpiperazines enpiprazole and KMUP-1.

Enpiprazole
Enpiprazole (INN, BAN) is an anxiolytic drug of the phenylpiperazine group that was never marketed. It produces anxiolytic-like effects in animals, though these effects appear to be biphasic and may reverse at high doses. It is known to produce ortho-chlorophenylpiperazine (oCPP) as a metabolite.
Fort Orford
Fort Orford was a United States Army post at Port Orford, Oregon, on the southern Oregon Coast. Established on September 14, 1851, the post operated until it was evacuated in October 1856. It served as a military and administrative foothold during a period of rapid settler and mining influx into southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. Modern scholarship also situates the fort within the broader context of U.S. colonial expansion and violence against Native peoples on the southern Oregon coast.

Battle Rock
Battle Rock, or Battle Rock Arch, is  a promontory on the west coast of the United States of America. It is located in the southwest Curry County of Oregon, near the small coastal city of Port Orford. The rock is composed mainly of basalt, and is part of the coastal Otter Point Formation. In 1851, a small skirmish broke out on the rock between white settlers and the indigenous Quatomah Tututnis, the Athapaskan people who lived in the area. The settlers eventually fled, before returning in greater numbers and establishing a fort at Cape Orford. The skirmish passed into local legend, becoming a part of Port Orford's community celebrations and folklore.
Land Acts (Ireland)
The Land Acts (officially Land Law (Ireland) Acts) were a series of measures to deal with the question of tenancy contracts and peasant proprietorship of land in Ireland in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Five such acts were introduced by the government of the United Kingdom between 1870 and 1909. Further acts were introduced by the governments of the Irish Free State after 1922 and more acts were passed for Northern Ireland.

The success of the Land Acts in reducing the concentration of land ownership is indicated by the fact that in 1870, only 3% of Irish farmers owned their own land while 97% were tenants. By 1929, this ratio had been reversed with 97.4% of farmers holding their farms in freehold. However, as Michael Davitt and other Georgists had foreseen, peasant proprietorship did not end hardship in the Irish countryside. Emigration and economic disadvantage continued while the greatest beneficiaries of land reform were the middle class of medium farmers.

Freehold (law)
A freehold, in common law jurisdictions or Commonwealth countries such as England and Wales, Australia, Canada, Ireland, India and the United States, is the common mode of ownership of real property, or land, and all immovable structures attached to such land.

It is in contrast to a leasehold, in which the property reverts to the owner of the land after the lease period expires or otherwise lawfully terminates. For an estate to be a freehold, it must possess two qualities: immobility (property must be land or some interest issuing out of or annexed to land) and ownership of it must be forever ("of an indeterminate duration"). If the time of ownership can be fixed and determined, it cannot be a freehold. It is "An estate in land held in fee simple, fee tail or for term of life."

The default position subset is the perpetual freehold, which is "an estate given to a grantee for life, and then successively to the grantee's heirs for life."
Stuyvesant Street
40°43′47.6″N 73°59′18.7″W﻿ / ﻿40.729889°N 73.988528°W﻿ / 40.729889; -73.988528

Stuyvesant Street is one of the oldest streets in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It runs diagonally from 9th Street at Third Avenue to 10th Street near Second Avenue, all within the East Village, Manhattan, neighborhood. The majority of the street is included in the St. Mark's Historic District.

Although the street runs diagonally in relation to the Manhattan street grid, geographically it is one of the few true east–west streets in Manhattan, since most of the grid runs southwest–northeast at a 28.9 degree offset. It is a one-way street, running eastbound.

Second Avenue (Manhattan)
Second Avenue is located on the East Side of the New York City borough of Manhattan extending from Houston Street at its south end to the Harlem River Drive at 128th Street at its north end. A one-way street, vehicular traffic on Second Avenue runs southbound (downtown) only, except for a one-block segment of the avenue in Harlem. South of Houston Street, the roadway continues as Chrystie Street south to Canal Street.

A bicycle lane runs in the leftmost lane of Second Avenue from 125th to Houston Streets. The section from 55th to 34th Streets closes a gap in the Manhattan Waterfront Greenway.

Second Avenue passes through a number of Manhattan neighborhoods including (from south to north) the Lower East Side, the East Village, Stuyvesant Square, Kips Bay, Tudor City, Turtle Bay, East Midtown, Lenox Hill, Yorkville and Spanish Harlem.
Foreign relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine
On 24 February 2022, Russia launched a large-scale invasion, prompting the imposition of substantial economic and political sanctions by the EU, the UK, the US, Canada, and other countries. The Russian government has a specified "Unfriendly Countries List" which indicates those countries with which relations are now strained (or non-existent). A Foreign Policy Concept approved by president Vladimir Putin in 2023 identified Russia as a Eurasian civilization state; aligning the country more closely with Asia, the Islamic world, Africa, Latin America, and the rest of the Global South. Russia is also seeking the end of the Western hegemony in the international order.

Residence permit
A residence permit (less commonly residency permit) is a document or card required in some regions, allowing a foreign national to reside in a country for a fixed or indefinite length of time.
These may be permits for temporary residency, or permanent residency. The exact rules vary between regions. In some cases (e.g. the UK) a temporary residence permit is required to extend a stay past some threshold, and can be an intermediate step to applying for permanent residency.

Residency status may be granted for a number of reasons and the criteria for acceptance as a resident may change over time. In New Zealand the current range of conditions include being a skilled migrant, a retired parent of a New Zealand national, an investor and a number of others.
Volodymyr Groysman
Volodymyr Borysovych Groysman (Ukrainian: Володимир Борисович Гройсман; born 20 January 1978) is a Ukrainian politician and businessman. He served as the 16th Prime Minister of Ukraine from 14 April 2016 to 29 August 2019.

From 2006 to 2014, he was the mayor of Vinnytsia and served as Vice-President of the Association of Ukrainian Cities on Housing and Communal Services (2010–2014). In 2014, he became the Deputy Prime Minister of Ukraine and Minister of Regional Development, Construction, and Communal Services (27 February  to 2 December 2014). He was also the 12th Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (27 November 2014, to 14 April 2016), elected through the Petro Poroshenko Bloc list.

Radical Party of Oleh Liashko
The Radical Party of Oleh Liashko (Ukrainian: Радикальна партія Олега Ляшка, romanized: Radykal'na partiia Oleha Liashka; RPL), formerly known as the Ukrainian Radical-Democratic Party (Ukrainian: Українська радикально-демократична партія, romanized: Ukrainska radykalno-demokratychna partiia; URDP), is a political party in Ukraine. It was registered in September 2010. It was primarily known for its radical populism, especially in 2014, when it had its largest amount of support.

At the 2012 parliamentary election, the party had won 1 seat. The party won 22 seats at the 2014 parliamentary election. At the 2019 parliamentary election it lost all of its seats.