hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Arnold diffusion
In applied mathematics, Arnold diffusion is the phenomenon of instability of nearly-integrable Hamiltonian systems.  The phenomenon is named after Vladimir Arnold who was the first to publish a result in the field in 1964. More precisely, Arnold diffusion refers to results asserting the existence of solutions to nearly-integrable Hamiltonian systems that exhibit a significant change in the action variables.

Arnold diffusion describes the diffusion of trajectories due to the ergodic theorem in a portion of phase space unbound by any constraints (i.e. unbounded by Lagrangian tori arising from constants of motion) in Hamiltonian systems. It occurs in systems with more than N=2 degrees of freedom, since the N-dimensional invariant tori do not separate the 2N-1 dimensional phase space any more. Thus, an arbitrarily small perturbation may cause a number of trajectories to wander pseudo-randomly through the whole portion of phase space left by the destroyed tori.

Hamiltonian system
A Hamiltonian system is a dynamical system governed by Hamilton's equations. In physics, this dynamical system describes the evolution of a physical system such as a planetary system or an electron in an electromagnetic field. These systems can be studied in both Hamiltonian mechanics and dynamical systems theory.
Kent Itō
Kent Itō (伊東 健人, Itō Kento; born October 18, 1988) is a Japanese voice actor, singer, and composer from Tokyo. He is currently affiliated with 81 Produce. He is also a music artist under A-Sketch's record label Astro Voice, before moving to Pony Canyon.

Pony Canyon
Pony Canyon Inc. (株式会社ポニーキャニオン, Kabushiki gaisha Ponī Kyanion), also known by the shorthand form Ponican (ぽにきゃん, Ponikyan), is a Japanese company, established on October 1, 1966, which distributes music, films, home video, and video games. It is affiliated with the Japanese media group Fujisankei Communications Group. Pony Canyon is a major leader in the music industry in Japan, with its artists regularly at the top of the Japanese charts. Pony Canyon is also responsible for releasing taped concerts from its artists as well as many anime productions and several film productions.

Pony Canyon is headquartered in Tokyo with offices in Taiwan and South Korea. It employs approximately 360 people. Pony Canyon also owns the recording label Flight Master.
Stone of Silver Creek
Stone of Silver Creek is a 1935 American Western film directed by Nick Grinde, written by Earle Snell, and starring Buck Jones, Noel Francis, Niles Welch, Marion Shilling, Peggy Campbell and Murdock MacQuarrie. It was released on April 15, 1935, by Universal Pictures.

Noel Francis
Noel Francis (born Noel Frances Sweeney; August 31, 1906 – October 30, 1959) was an American actress of the stage and screen during the 1920s and 1930s.  Born in Texas, she began her acting career on the Broadway stage in the mid-1920s, before moving to Hollywood at the beginning of the sound film era.

Originally cast in films for her song and dance abilities, when musicals began to fall out of favor, she became better known for her tough girl characters.  However, by the mid-1930s, she was being typecast into smaller roles, and made an attempt at a comeback on Broadway.  When that failed, she returned briefly to Hollywood to make several B films, before retiring in 1937.
Chief Bey
James Hawthorne (April 17, 1913 – April 8, 2004), also known as James Hawthorne Bey and Chief Bey, was an American jazz percussionist and vocalist, a visual artist and folklorist of African traditions. He was also ordained in Nigeria as a Shango Priest.

Ahmed Abdul-Malik
Ahmed Abdul-Malik (born Jonathan Tim Jr.; January 30, 1927 – October 2, 1993) was an American jazz double bassist and oud player.

Abdul-Malik is remembered for integrating Middle Eastern and North African music styles in his jazz music. He was a bass player for Art Blakey, Earl Hines, Randy Weston, and Thelonious Monk, among others. Abdul-Malik recorded six albums as a leader between 1958 and 1964 before moving into jazz education.
Donald Spero
Donald M. "Don" Spero (born August 9, 1939) is an American physicist, venture capitalist, and a former U.S. and world champion rower who competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics and won the single sculls 1966 World Rowing Championships. He also won a gold medal at the 1961 Maccabiah Games in the coxed four, and won the 1963 and 1964 U.S. national championships. He was elected to the Helms/Rowing Hall of Fame, Cornell University Hall of Fame, New York Athletic Club Hall of Fame, and International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.

International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame
The International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame (IJSHOF) (Hebrew: ‏היכל התהילה הבינלאומי לספורט היהודי, romanized: Heychal Hatehila Habenleumi L’Sport Hayehudi) is the international hall of fame for Jewish athletes and special contributors to the world of sport.

The purpose of the IJSHOF is to honor Jewish individuals, worldwide, who have accomplished extraordinary achievements in sports and to honor those who have made significant contributions to society through sports.

The IJSHOF has inducted over 500 athletes and sportspersons representing over 30 countries. The Hall elects new honorees each year, with submissions due December 1 for votes for the following year, and a formal induction ceremony taking place several days prior to the Maccabiah Games every four years.
Lars Fjeldsoe-Nielsen
Lars Fjeldsoe-Nielsen (born June 1973) is a Danish-Portuguese venture capitalist. He is currently a General Partner at Balderton Capital and a Governor of the London Business School.

He worked as Vice President Mobile of Uber, based in San Francisco, and served as Head of Mobile at Dropbox as well as Advisor at WhatsApp Inc. until April 2014.

Uber
Uber Technologies, Inc. is an American multinational transportation company that provides ride-hailing services, courier services, food delivery, and freight transport. It is headquartered in San Francisco, California, and operates in approximately 70 countries and 15,000 cities worldwide. It is the largest ridesharing company worldwide with over 202 million monthly active users and 10 million active drivers and couriers. It coordinates an average of 42 million trips and delivery orders per day, and has coordinated 72 billion trips and delivery orders since its inception in 2010. In the fourth quarter of 2025, the company had a take rate (revenue as a percentage of gross bookings) of 29.9% for mobility services and 19.2% for food delivery.

The company is also in the process of developing robotaxi services in partnership with Lucid Motors, Nuro, and Baidu.
Ed McCaskey
Edward W. McCaskey (April 27, 1919 – April 8, 2003) was an American football executive who was the chairman of the Chicago Bears. The husband of Bears principal owner Virginia Halas McCaskey, he also served as vice president and treasurer for the team.

George Halas
George Stanley Halas Sr. (February 2, 1895 – October 31, 1983), nicknamed "Papa Bear", was an American professional football end, coach, and executive. He was the founder and owner of the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL), and served as his own head coach on four occasions. He was also lesser-known as a player for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB). He is the namesake for the NFC Championship trophy.

Halas was one of the co-founders of the American Professional Football Association (now the NFL) in 1920, and in 1963 became one of the first 17 inductees into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Halas was the oldest person in NFL history to serve as a head coach, aged 72 years and 318 days when he coached the final game of his career in December 1967, a record that stood for over 50 years until Romeo Crennel became the interim head coach of the Houston Texans in October 2020, aged 73 years and 115 days.
Shidhatha Shareef
Shidhatha Shareef (Dhivehi: ޝިދާތާ ޝަރީފް) is a Maldivian politician who served as the Minister of Gender, Family and Social Services of the Maldives from 2018 to 2023. She also served as the Deputy Minister of Ministry of Health during the Waheed and Yameen administration from 2013 to 2015.

Ibrahim Mohamed Solih
Ibrahim Mohamed Solih (Dhivehi: އިބްރާހީމް މުޙައްމަދް ޞޯލިޙް; born 4 May 1964), popularly known as Ibu, is a Maldivian politician who served as the 7th President of the Maldives from 2018 to 2023. Solih was a parliamentarian for 15 years, he represented the Hinnavaru constituency and the Lhaviyani Atoll constituency during his tenure. He played a significant role in the democratic reforms of the Maldives and led the Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP) to victory in the 2018 presidential election. Solih was elected president on 23 September 2018 after winning the 2018 presidential election as the candidate for the Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP). His presidency focused on democratic governance, environmental sustainability, and strengthening international relations.
Battle of Aqra Dagh
The Battle of Aqra Dagh, which took place on 27 October 1920, refers to the Assyrian advance into the Aqra mountains toward the Zab river, during which a Kurdish resistance attempt failed. The Assyrian force, numbering between 4,000 and 6,000 men, and led by Agha Petros and Malik Khoshaba, was marching through northern Iraq at the time.

Malik Khoshaba
Malik Khoshaba Yousif Zaia (Syriac: ܡܠܟ ܚܕܒܫܒܐ ܝܘܣܦ) was an Assyrian tribal leader (or "malik") of the Tyari tribe (Bit Tyareh) who played a significant role in the Assyrian independence movement during World War I.
Dawn (brand)
Dawn is an American brand of dishwashing liquid owned by Procter & Gamble. Introduced in 1973, it is the best-selling brand of dishwashing liquid in the United States. Besides being used for dishwashing purposes, Dawn products are also used to remove grease from other items, such as animal fat spilled onto highways, and oil on animals, such as during the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon oil spills.

Dawn is also sold in Canada, Australia and Mexico (with the Salvo brand also sold in the latter). From 2000 to 2002, Dawn was sold in Germany, replacing the international Fairy brand.  After sharply declining sales due to an unfamiliar brand, the Fairy brand was revived in 2002.

In 2019, Procter and Gamble introduced Dawn Powerwash Dish Spray that combines the dish soap with rubbing alcohol.

Salvo (detergent)
Salvo was an American laundry detergent of the mid 20th century. It was made in the form of large beveled discs of compressed powdered laundry detergent that could be chucked directly into the washing machine. It was the first such product, and thus the precursor of the detergent pods of the later 20th century and 21st century.

Salvo was launched by Procter & Gamble in the early or mid 1960s. It was not successful, due at least in part to the failure of the discs to entirely dissolve, and was discontinued in 1974.

The Salvo brand name continues to be used by Procter & Gamble, but for a dish detergent rather than a laundry detergent. This product was sold in the United States only 2004–2005, but (as of 2020) remains active in Latin America.
Alvin Tehupeiory
Alvin Tehupeiory (born 5 April 1995) is an Indonesian sprinter.

From Maluku, Tehupeiory broke the 20 year old national record of Irene Joseph for the 200m in 2019, and was selected by the Executive Board of the All-Indonesia Athletics Association to fill their quota of athletes for the delayed 2020 Tokyo Olympics. She joined Lalu Muhammad Zohri as part of the Indonesian team.

She has been a multiple national champion in sprinting events at 100m, 200m and 400m hurdles. She won bronze medal at the 2014 Asian Junior Athletics Championships in the 400m hurdles.

Lalu Muhammad Zohri
Lalu Muhammad Zohri (born 1 July 2000) is an Indonesian track and field sprinter. He is the first Indonesian male to win a medal at the IAAF World U20 Championships by winning a gold medal in the 100m. He is the current holder of the Indonesian 100m and 200m national records, and is labelled the "fastest man in Southeast Asia".
2003 Extremaduran regional election
A regional election was held in Extremadura on Sunday, 25 May 2003, to elect the 6th Assembly of the autonomous community. All 65 seats in the Assembly were up for election. It was held concurrently with regional elections in twelve other autonomous communities and local elections all across Spain.

The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), which in this election ran in coalition with the Extremaduran Coalition, enlarged its absolute majority from 34 to 36 seats, at the cost of the opposition People's Party (PP), which fell to 26 and lost ground for the first time since the 1987 election. United Left (IU), which formed a coalition with the Independent Socialists of Extremadura (SIEx), maintained its 3 seats but was unable to make gains.

Juan Carlos Rodríguez Ibarra was elected for his sixth and last term in office as President of the Regional Government of Extremadura, as he would announce in September 2006 he would not stand for re-election in 2007.

Majority
A majority is more than half of a total; however, the term is commonly used with other meanings, as explained in the "Related terms" section below.

It is a subset of a set consisting of more than half of the set's elements. For example, if a group consists of 31 individuals, a majority would be 16 or more individuals, while having 15 or fewer individuals would not constitute a majority.

A majority is different from, but often confused with, a plurality (or relative majority in British English), which is a subset larger than any other subset but not necessarily more than half the set. See the "Related terms" section below for details.
Tewhida Ben Sheikh
Tewhida Ben Sheikh (Arabic: توحيدة بن الشيخ; also Tawhida Ben Cheikh, Taouhida Ben Cheikh) (January 2, 1909 in Ras Jebel – December 6, 2010) was the first modern Tunisian  and North African woman to become a physician. She was also a pioneer in women's medicine, in particular contraception and abortion access.

Ras Jebel
Ras Jebel, also known as Ras el-Djebel, anciently known as Thunisa, is a town and commune in the Bizerte Governorate of Tunisia. 
The name of the city refers to the summit or end of the mountain, thus evoking the end of the Atlas Mountains.
Plume (poetry collection)
Plume is a collection of poetry, written by Kathleen Flenniken. Published in 2012 by the University of Washington Press, the poetry presents a brief history of Richland, Washington and the Hanford Nuclear Reservation. The author examines the actions of the US Department of Energy regarding the establishment and operation of Hanford, a nuclear production facility and how their actions affected the health of individuals and families living and working in or near the Reservation. While the US government assured the employees and families who lived in the area that they were safe from exposure to radioactive materials, declassified documents revealed that early protective measures were inadequate, while people were dying of radiation-induced illness. The book was a finalist for both the William Carlos Williams Award from the Poetry Society of America and the Pacific Northwest Booksellers Association Award, while it was the recipient of the Washington State Book Award in 2013.

Poetry Society of America
The Poetry Society of America is a literary organization founded in 1910 by poets, editors, and artists. It is the oldest poetry organization in the United States. Past members of the society have included such renowned poets as Witter Bynner, Robert Frost, Langston Hughes, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Marianne Moore, and Wallace Stevens.
Corn-Cob (livery)
Corn-Cob was an informal term, promoted by the editors of NZ Railfan magazine, describing a New Zealand railway locomotive livery (resulting from the combination of green and yellow in the colour scheme) found in common usage amongst the railfan community. The livery was introduced on 5 May 2004 when Toll Rail took over the rail system from Tranz Rail and replaced the Bumble-Bee livery. The livery was replaced by the KiwiRail Phase One livery in July 2008. DX 5379 was the first locomotive to wear the livery. The livery represents the colours of Toll Rail and the colours of Australia. When KiwiRail took over the rail system from Toll, the Toll logos on the locomotives were covered or "patched" with the KiwiRail logo.

As of January 2020, one DHs, two DSCs, two DSJs and one TR still operate in this livery.

KiwiRail
KiwiRail Holdings Limited is a New Zealand state-owned enterprise (SOE) responsible for rail operations in New Zealand and operates inter-island ferries. Trading as KiwiRail and headquartered at 604 Great South Road, Ellerslie, KiwiRail is the largest rail transport operator in New Zealand. KiwiRail has business units of KiwiRail Freight, Great Journeys New Zealand and Interislander. The company was formed in 2008 when the government renationalised above-rail operations (having previously renationalised the network in 2004) and inter-island ferry operations, then owned by Toll Holdings. In 2021, the government launched the New Zealand Rail Plan, with funding for rail projects to come from the National Land Transport Fund (NLTF), and with KiwiRail remaining an SOE but paying Track Access Charges (TACs) to use the network.
Zenith (Sam Rivers album)
Zenith is a live album by the Sam Rivers Quintet, led by multi-instrumentalist and composer Rivers, and featuring tubist and euphonium player Joe Daley, double bassist Dave Holland, and drummers Barry Altschul and Charlie Persip. Consisting of a single 53-minute track, it was recorded on November 6, 1977, at Jazztage Berliner 1977, held at the Philharmonie in Berlin, Germany, and was released in 2019 by NoBusiness Records as volume 2 of the Sam Rivers Archive Series.

The album is based on material selected from Rivers' massive recorded archives, which are curated by writer and producer Ed Hazell, who spent a year reviewing tapes with the goal of choosing the best recordings for release by NoBusiness Records.

Barry Altschul
Barry Altschul (born January 6, 1943, in New York City) is an American free jazz and hard bop drummer, who first came to notice in the late 1960s for performing with pianists Paul Bley and Chick Corea.
Maj. Joseph Griswold House
The Maj. Joseph Griswold House, also sometimes referred to as the Mary Lyon House,  is a historic house on Upper Street in Buckland, Massachusetts.  Built in 1818, it is one of the region's finest examples of residential Federal period architecture.  It is further notable for its association with pioneering women's educator Mary Lyon, who operated a school here before establishing Mount Holyoke College.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

Mount Holyoke College
Mount Holyoke College is a private women's liberal arts college in South Hadley, Massachusetts, United States. It is the oldest member of the historic Seven Sisters colleges, a group of historically women’s colleges in the Northeastern United States. The college was founded in 1837 as the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary by Mary Lyon, a pioneer in education for women. Mount Holyoke is part of the Five College Consortium in Western Massachusetts.

Undergraduate admissions are restricted to female, transgender, and nonbinary students. In 2014, it became the first member of the Seven Sisters (not counting the coeducational Vassar College) to introduce an admissions policy that was inclusive of transgender students. Graduate programs are open to applicants regardless of gender.

The college's 800-acre (3.2 km2) campus includes the Mount Holyoke College Art Museum, the John Payson Williston Observatory, and a botanic garden. The college awards the Glascock Prize annually.
Vinil Mathew
Vinil Mathew (born 1977) is an Indian filmmaker and writer, who predominantly directs and produces television commercials. He has also directed two feature films. After studying filmmaking at the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), he made advertisement campaigns for several brands, including Vodafone, Nescafe and Cadbury.

In feature films, Vinil has directed the 2014 romantic comedy Hasee Toh Phasee, which was a critical and commercial success, and the 2021 romantic thriller Haseen Dillruba, which became the most-watched Hindi film on Netflix of that year.

Nescafé
Nescafé is a brand of instant coffee sold by the multinational food and drink corporation Nestlé. It comes in many different forms. The name is a portmanteau of the words "Nestlé" and "café". Nestlé first introduced their flagship coffee brand in Switzerland on April 1, 1938.
Electoral history of Nicola Sturgeon
This is a summary of the electoral history of Nicola Sturgeon, the former First Minister of Scotland from 2014 to 2023 and Leader of the Scottish National Party from 2014 and 2023, and Member of the Scottish Parliament for various constituencies since 1999.

Leader of the Scottish National Party
The leader of the Scottish National Party is the highest position within Scotland's Scottish National Party (SNP). The incumbent is John Swinney, who was elected unopposed in the 2024 leadership election on 6 May 2024, succeeding Humza Yousaf as party leader.

Scotland has had a devolved government since 1999. When the SNP is Scotland's major governing party, as it currently is, its leader has also been the First Minister of Scotland.
Jingguang Chen
Jingguang Chen is a Chinese-American chemical engineer. He is the Thayer Lindsley Professor of Chemical Engineering at Columbia University, with a joint appointment as Senior Chemist at Brookhaven National Laboratory. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering of the United States. Over the course of his career Chen has made significant contributions to the fundamental understanding and use of novel materials for catalytic and electrocatalytic applications, including research into the development of bimetallic and transition metal carbide catalysts.

Brookhaven National Laboratory
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory located in Upton, New York, a hamlet of the Town of Brookhaven. It was formally established in 1947 at the site of Camp Upton, a former U.S. Army base on Long Island. Located approximately 60 miles east of New York City, it is managed by Stony Brook University and Battelle Memorial Institute.

Research at BNL includes nuclear and high energy physics, energy science and technology, environmental and bioscience, nanoscience, and national security. The 5,300-acre campus contains several large research facilities, including the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and National Synchrotron Light Source II. Seven Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work conducted at Brookhaven Lab.
Oregon's 35th House district
District 35 of the Oregon House of Representatives is one of 60 House legislative districts in the state of Oregon. As of 2021, the district falls entirely within Washington County and includes all of Aloha as well as downtown Beaverton, eastern Hillsboro, and Elmonica. The current representative for the district is Democrat Farrah Chaichi of Beaverton.

Oregon House of Representatives
The Oregon House of Representatives is the lower house of the Oregon Legislative Assembly, the upper house being the Oregon State Senate. There are 60 members of the House, representing 60 districts across the state, each with a population of approximately 65,000. The House meets in the west wing of the Oregon State Capitol in Salem.

Members of the House serve two-year terms without term limits. In 2002, the Oregon Supreme Court struck down Oregon Ballot Measure 3 (1992), that had restricted State Representatives to three terms (six years) on procedural grounds.

In the current legislative session, Democrats have 37 seats, a slim 2 seat supermajority, while the Republicans have a minority of 23 seats.