hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Michael Levin (philosopher)
Michael Levin (/ˈlɛvɪn/; born 21 May 1943) is an American philosopher and writer. A professor emeritus of philosophy at City College of New York, he has published on topics of metaphysics, epistemology, race, homosexuality, animal rights, the philosophy of archaeology, the philosophy of logic, philosophy of language, and the philosophy of science.

Levin's central research interests are in epistemology (reliabilism and Gettier problems) and the philosophy of race.

Reliabilism
Reliabilism, a category of theories in the philosophical discipline of epistemology, has been advanced as a theory both of justification and of knowledge. Process reliabilism has been used as an argument against philosophical skepticism, such as the brain in a vat thought experiment.
Process reliabilism is a form of epistemic externalism.
Varlam Urdia
Varlam Urdia (Georgian: ვარლამ ურდია; 15 September 1906 – 30 October 1945) was a Soviet bomber and fighter pilot of Georgian origin who took part in numerous bombing campaigns and aerial dogfight battles against the German Luftwaffe during the World War II. He took an active part in the bombing raids of German positions on the Voronezh Front by piloting PS-84 and Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack fighter aircraft during the Operation Barbarossa and in aerial battles on the Caucasus front. For his service in 1942-43, Colonel Urdia was awarded twice with the Order of the Patriotic War 1st Class and in 1944 with the Order of the Red Banner for extraordinary heroism and courage demonstrated on the battlefield.

1st Ukrainian Front
The 1st Ukrainian Front (Russian: Пéрвый Украи́нский фронт), previously the Voronezh Front (Воронежский Фронт), was a major formation of the Red Army during World War II, being equivalent to a Western army group. They took part in the capture of Berlin, the capital of Nazi Germany.
Young Bombs
Young Bombs are a Canadian electronic music duo composed of DJ/producers Tristan Norton and Martin Kottmeier. Starting in 2014, the pair began working on remixes for acts like The Chainsmokers, Lady Gaga, Billie Eilish, Galantis, and numerous others. In 2019, they began releasing original music for the first time with the single, "Starry Eyes", which reached No. 31 on the Dance Club Songs chart.

Galantis
Galantis is a Swedish electronic music act consisting of producer Christian "Bloodshy" Karlsson. Formerly, they were a duo, alongside rising musician Style of Eye, until he decided to part ways with the project shortly after their second album The Aviary in 2017. However, he made appearances in live performances and music videos as part of the project up until 2021.

Galantis had their first international success with "Runaway (U & I)" released in 2014, followed by "Peanut Butter Jelly" and "No Money".
Guido Herzfeld
Guido Herzfeld (born Guido Kornfeld; 14 August 1851 – 16 November 1923) was a German stage and film actor. Herzfeld established himself in the theatre in the nineteenth century. In 1914 he made his film debut and went on to appear in over sixty films before his death.

His notable screen roles include appearances in Ernst Lubitsch's comedy Shoe Palace Pinkus (1916) and Victor Janson's First World War propaganda film The Yellow Ticket (1918). In 1920, he played the lead in Ewald André Dupont's Whitechapel (1920). His final appearance was in the comedy The Grand Duke's Finances (1924).

Ernst Lubitsch
Ernst Lubitsch (/ˈluːbɪtʃ/; January 29, 1892 – November 30, 1947) was a German and American film director, producer, writer, and actor. His urbane comedies of manners gave him the reputation of being Hollywood's most elegant and sophisticated director; as his prestige grew, his films were promoted as having "the Lubitsch touch". Among his best known works are Trouble in Paradise (1932), Design for Living (1933), Ninotchka (1939), The Shop Around the Corner (1940), To Be or Not to Be (1942) and Heaven Can Wait (1943).

He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director three times, for The Patriot (1928), The Love Parade (1929), and Heaven Can Wait (1943); his pictures The Smiling Lieutenant and One Hour with You were also nominated for Outstanding Production in 1932. In 1946, he received an Honorary Academy Award for his distinguished contributions to the art of the motion picture.
Roberto Traversi
Roberto Traversi (born December 1, 1969, Milan, Italy) is an Italian politician.

A deputy in the Chamber of Deputies since March 23, 2018 for the 5 Star Movement, he was undersecretary of state at the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport from September 13, 2019, to February 13, 2021, in the Conte II government.

Undersecretary (Italy)
The Undersecretary of State (Italian: Sottosegretario di Stato), in the Italian political system, is a member of the Government of Italy with the function of assisting the minister and carrying out the tasks that have been delegated to them by the minister. The undersecretary falls into the second category of the order of offices of the Italian Republic.
Oskar Fischinger
Oskar Wilhelm Fischinger (June 22, 1900 – January 31, 1967) was a German-American abstract animator, filmmaker, and painter, notable for creating abstract musical animation many decades before the appearance of computer graphics and music videos. He created special effects for Fritz Lang's 1929 Woman in the Moon, one of the first sci-fi rocket films, and influenced Disney's Fantasia. He made over 50 short films and painted around 800 canvases, many of which are in museums, galleries, and collections worldwide. Among his film works is Motion Painting No. 1 (1947), which is now listed on the National Film Registry of the U.S. Library of Congress.

Woman in the Moon
Woman in the Moon (German Frau im Mond) is a German science fiction silent film that premiered 15 October 1929 at the UFA-Palast am Zoo cinema in Berlin to an audience of 2,000.  It is often considered to be one of the first "serious" science fiction films. It was directed by Fritz Lang, and written by his wife Thea von Harbou, based on her 1928 novel The Rocket to the Moon. It was released in the US as By Rocket to the Moon and in the UK as Girl in the Moon. The basics of rocket travel were presented to a mass audience for the first time by this film, including the use of a multi-stage rocket. The film was shot between October 1928 and June 1929 at the UFA studios in Neubabelsberg near Berlin.
László Lovász
László Lovász (Hungarian: [ˈlovaːs ˈlaːsloː]; born March 9, 1948) is a Hungarian mathematician and professor emeritus at Eötvös Loránd University, best known for his work in combinatorics, for which he was awarded the 2021 Abel Prize jointly with Avi Wigderson. He was the president of the International Mathematical Union from 2007 to 2010 and the president of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences from 2014 to 2020.

In graph theory, Lovász's notable contributions include the proofs of Kneser's conjecture and the Lovász local lemma, as well as the formulation of the Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture. He is also one of the eponymous authors of the LLL lattice reduction algorithm.

Hungarian Academy of Sciences
The Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungarian: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia [ˈmɒɟɒr ˈtudomaːɲoʃ ˈɒkɒdeːmijɒ], MTA) is Hungary’s foremost and most prestigious learned society. Its headquarters are located along the banks of the Danube in Budapest, between Széchenyi rakpart and Akadémia utca. The Academy's primary functions include the advancement of scientific knowledge, the dissemination of research findings, the support of research and development, and the representation of science in Hungary both domestically and around the world.
Beaver (train)
The Beaver was a passenger train of the Southern Pacific on its route between Oakland, California, and Portland, Oregon. The Southern Pacific started the train on July 8, 1940, as an extra summer train offering economy tourist sleepers and coaches over the same route as the Cascade. The popularity of the train justified all-year service by September, 1940, and the train was given numbers 11 and 12 on May 11, 1941. Wartime service reductions caused the southbound Beaver to be consolidated with the Cascade as train number 23 on September 8, 1941. The northbound Beaver was similarly consolidated with the Cascade on May 3, 1943, as train number 24.  The trains were separated again on August 4, 1946, with the Cascade numbered 11 and 12 and the Beaver numbered 13 and 14 until replaced by the Shasta Daylight on July 10, 1949.

Shasta Daylight
The Shasta Daylight was a Southern Pacific Railroad passenger train between Oakland Pier in Oakland, California, and Portland, Oregon. It started on July 10, 1949, and was SP's third "Daylight" streamliner; it had a fast 15-hour-30-minute schedule in either direction for the 713-mile (1,147 km) trip through some of the most beautiful mountain scenery of any train in North America. The Shasta Daylight replaced heavyweight trains on the same route that had taken nearly a day and night to complete the run. The Shasta Daylight was the first diesel powered Daylight and the only Daylight to run beyond California. The scenic route of the Shasta Daylight passed its namesake Mount Shasta in daylight hours.
Scary Tales (comics)
Scary Tales is a horror-suspense anthology comic book series that was published by Charlton Comics from 1975 to 1984. The book was "hosted" by Countess R. H. Von Bludd, an alluring vampiress in a tight-fitting dress. Artist Steve Ditko was a regular contributor to the book during its entire run.

Scary Tales was part of a wave of new horror and suspense comics published by Charlton during this period. Its sister titles, with many of the same creators, were the Charlton anthologies The Many Ghosts of Doctor Graves (with host Dr. M.T. Graves), Ghostly Tales (with host Mr. L. Dedd, later I. M. Dedd), Ghost Manor (with host Mr. Bones), Haunted (with hosts Impy and then Baron Weirwulf), and Ghostly Haunts (with host Winnie the Witch).

The Many Ghosts of Doctor Graves
The Many Ghosts of Doctor Graves is an American supernatural-anthology comic book that was published by Charlton Comics, often featuring stories by writer-artist Steve Ditko. The eponymous Dr. M. T. Graves was a fictional character who hosted the stories in each issue of this title, and very occasionally took part in a tale.

Sister titles, with many of the same creators, particularly Ditko, were the Charlton anthologies Ghost Manor (with host Mr. Bones) and its successor, Ghostly Haunts (with host Winnie the Witch); Ghostly Tales (with host Mr. L. Dedd, later I. M. Dedd); and Haunted (with hosts Impy and then Baron Weirwulf).

The series won the 1967 Alley Award for Best Fantasy/SF/Supernatural Title.
1998 Direct Line International Championships – Doubles
There was no previous year champions since the tournament was stopped due to heavy rain.

Mariaan de Swardt and Jana Novotná won in the final 6–1, 6–3 against Arantxa Sánchez Vicario and Natasha Zvereva.

Natasha Zvereva
Natalya "Natasha" Maratovna Zvereva (born 16 April 1971) is a former professional tennis player from Belarus. She was the first major athlete in the Soviet Union to demand publicly that she should be able to keep her tournament earnings. Zvereva and her main doubles partner Gigi Fernández are the most successful women's doubles team (measured by WTA Tour and major titles) since Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver.

On 12 July 2010, Zvereva was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame alongside Fernández.
Gangnam Scandal
Gangnam Scandal (Korean: 강남 스캔들; stylized as Kangnam Scandal) is a South Korean television series starring Lim Yoon-ho, Shin Go-eun, Seo Do-young, Bang Eun-hee and Hwang Bo-mi. It aired daily on SBS from November 26, 2018 to May 17, 2019.

Bang Eun-hee
Bang Eun-hee (Korean: 방은희; born Bang Min-seo on May 7, 1967) is a South Korean actress. Bang made her acting debut in 1988, and rose to fame after being cast as the lead actress in Im Kwon-taek's General's Son (1990). She has starred in films and television dramas such as The Day a Pig Fell into the Well (1996), No. 3 (1997), 3PM Paradise Bath House (1997), Shadows of an Old Love (1998), Legend of Hyang Dan (2007), Daebak Life (2008), and All My Love (2010).

Bang married Kim Nam-hee, founder and CEO of NH Media, on September 9, 2010. As of 2016, she is now represented by the agency.
Fursan Khalifa
Fursan Mahmoud Abdullah Khalifa (Arabic: فرسان محمود عبد الله خليفة; 8 April 1983 – 25 November 2023) was a senior Palestinian military commander of Hamas and the Qassam Brigades. He was born in Tulkarm to a prominent senior Hamas leader and military commander. He was in detention under the Israeli government from 2003 until 2011, when he was released as part of the Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange, and was deported to the Gaza Strip. He was later assassinated by the IDF during Operation Iron Sword.

Tulkarm
32°18′45″N 35°1′36″E﻿ / ﻿32.31250°N 35.02667°E﻿ / 32.31250; 35.02667

Tulkarm or Tulkarem (Arabic: طولكرم, Ṭūlkarm) is a city in the West Bank, Palestine and the capital of the Tulkarm Governorate. Netanya is to the west in Israel, while Nablus and Jenin are to the east. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, in 2017 Tulkarm had a population of 64,532. Tulkarm is under the administration of the Palestinian National Authority.
Korçë Skënder
The Skënder was the currency of Korçë, Albania, issued in 1921. It was subdivided into 100 qint. The currency was introduced after the period of French occupation and replaced the frange. It was only issued in paper money form, with notes in denominations of 25 and 50 qint, 1 and 20 skender. It was ultimately succeeded by the Albanian lek in 1926.

Albanian lek
The lek (Albanian: leku shqiptar; indefinite singular lek, definite plural lekët, indefinite plural lekë; sign: L; code: ALL) is the currency of Albania. Historically, it was subdivided into 100 qintars (Albanian: qindarka; singular qindarkë).
1916 VFL season
The 1916 VFL season was the 20th season of the Victorian Football League (VFL), the highest-level senior Australian rules football competition in Victoria. Played during the peak of World War I, the season was the shortest in the league's history and featured the fewest clubs, with only four clubs – Carlton, Collingwood, Fitzroy and Richmond – featuring in 1916. The season ran from 6 May to 2 September, comprising a twelve-match home-and-away season followed by a four-week finals series featuring all four clubs.

Fitzroy won the premiership, its sixth VFL premiership; despite finishing in last place during the home-and-away season with a 2–9–1 win–loss–draw record, Fitzroy won all three of its finals, culminating in defeating Carlton by 29 points in the 1916 VFL grand final. Carlton won the minor premiership by finishing atop the home-and-away ladder with a 10–2 win–loss record. Collingwood's Dick Lee won his fifth leading goalkicker medal as the league's leading goalkicker.

Argus finals system
The Argus finals systems were related systems of end-of-season playoff tournaments used commonly in Australian sports competitions in the first half of the 20th century. The systems were first developed in Australian rules football competitions in 1902, and were used broadly across Australia into the 1950s.

There were several variations, but the systems were characterised by a tournament among the highest ranked teams, followed by the right of the first seed to another match to challenge for the premiership if it had not won the tournament.

After 1931, the Argus systems increasingly came into competition with the Page playoff system, which eventually replaced it as the country's pre-eminent four-team finals system.
Rhoscopus
Rhoscopus or Rhoskopous (Ancient Greek: Ῥοσκόπους), or Rhuscopus or Rhouskopous (Ῥουσκόπους), also known as Rhixoupous, was a coastal town of ancient Pamphylia near the mouth of the Cestrus River, inhabited during Roman times.

Its site is located east of Magydus, in Asiatic Turkey.

Magydus
Magydus (Ancient Greek: Μάγυδος, romanized: Magydos) was a city and bishopric of ancient Pamphylia on the Mediterranean coast of southwestern Asia Minor. It is probably the same as Mygdale (Μυγδάλη) described in the Stadiasmus Maris Magni.

Its site was probably at modern Lara (Antalya province), where there are ruins of a small artificial harbour.
Adele's Gift
Adele's Gift (French: Le don d'Adèle) is a 1951 French comedy film directed by Émile Couzinet and starring Marguerite Pierry, Lilo and Charles Dechamps. It is based on a play of the same title by Pierre Barillet and Jean-Pierre Grédy. The film's sets were designed by the art director René Renneteau.

Charles Dechamps
Charles Dechamps (13 September 1882 – 25 September 1959) was a French stage and film actor. He married the comedian Fernande Albany on 19 November 1925. He died in 1959, and was buried at cimetière du Père-Lachaise.
Travis Blackley
Travis Jarred Blackley (born 4 November 1982) is an Australian former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners, San Francisco Giants, Oakland Athletics, Houston Astros, and Texas Rangers. Blackley also played in the KBO League for the Kia Tigers and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles.

Aside from his time in Asia, Blackley also played in the Mexican League (LMB) for the Pericos de Puebla, in Mexican Pacific League (LMP) for the Águilas de Mexicali and Naranjeros de Hermosillo, and in the Australian Baseball League (ABL) for the Brisbane Bandits and Melbourne Aces.

Australian Baseball League
The Australian Baseball League (ABL) is a professional baseball league in Australia. The league is governed by the Australian Baseball Federation (ABF). It uses the same name as a now-defunct competition held during the 1990s, and though it shares some history of the original league with the Claxton Shield awarded to winners of both competitions, it is considered to be a separate competition.

Because the ABL's season takes place from November to February, the ABL is one of baseball's recognised winter leagues (although it is summer in Australia when the season takes place), where minor-league prospects in North America are often assigned as an English-speaking alternative to the primary Spanish-speaking Latin America-based winter leagues.
Nobanda railway station
Nobanda railway station is a railway station of Bankura–Masagram line under the Adra railway division of South Eastern Railway zone. It is situated at Makurgram, Nobanda in Bankura district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

Bankura–Masagram line
The Bankura–Masagram line is an electrified broad-gauge rail line connecting Bankura town and Masagram. The 120.3-kilometre-long (74.8 mi) railway line operates in Bankura and Purba Bardhaman districts in the Indian state of West Bengal. It falls under Adra railway division  of South Eastern Railway Zone of Indian Railways.
But Here We Are
But Here We Are is the eleventh studio album by American rock band Foo Fighters, released on June 2, 2023. Produced by Greg Kurstin and the band itself, it is their first studio album since the death of their longtime drummer Taylor Hawkins on March 25, 2022. Frontman Dave Grohl performed and recorded the entirety of the album's drum tracks in Hawkins' absence. Five singles, "Rescued", "Under You", "Show Me How", "The Teacher" and "The Glass" were released ahead of the album. Drummer Josh Freese was announced as the band's new drummer for the supporting tour.

But Here We Are is dedicated to both Hawkins and Dave Grohl's mother, Virginia, who died in August 2022.

Medicine at Midnight
Medicine at Midnight is the tenth studio album by American rock band Foo Fighters. It was released through Roswell and RCA Records on February 5, 2021, after having its release be pushed out of 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Produced by Greg Kurstin and the band, the album shows a slight shift in the band's style, pairing their usual rock sound with elements of dance-rock and pop. It is the final Foo Fighters studio album to feature drummer Taylor Hawkins before his death the following year.

Five singles were released for the album: "Shame Shame" in November 2020, "No Son of Mine" on New Year's Day 2021, "Waiting on a War" in January 2021, "Making a Fire" in June 2021, and "Love Dies Young" in November 2021. The album received generally positive reviews from critics and earned three Grammy Awards: Best Rock Album, Best Rock Album and Best Rock Performance.
Not Even Gonna Trip
"Not Even Gonna Trip" is a song by British girl group Honeyz from the soundtrack Nutty Professor II: The Klumps. It was released in 2000 as their sixth single, and was the first with returning member Heavenli Abdi since "Love of a Lifetime".

Love of a Lifetime (Honeyz song)
"Love of a Lifetime" is a song by English girl group Honeyz, released as the group's third single from their debut studio album, Wonder No.8 (1998), on 12 April 1999. It was their last single at the time with co-founding member Heavenli Abdi, following her departure weeks before the song's release. The song reached number nine on the UK Singles Chart, number 26 in Ireland and number 64 in Australia. The "Rude Boy" remix was released as a single, and a slightly different Rude Boy mix was included on both the original 1998 album and 1999 reissue, however the original version was released for the first time on the group's 2006 The Collection album.
The Cheyenne Kid
The Cheyenne Kid is a 1933 American Pre-Code Western film directed by Robert F. Hill and written by Jack Curtis. The film stars Tom Keene, Mary Mason, Roscoe Ates, Otto Hoffman and Al Bridge. The film was released on January 20, 1933, by RKO Pictures.

Alan Bridge
Alfred Morton Bridge (February 26, 1891 – December 27, 1957 ) was an American character actor who played mostly small roles in over 270 films between 1931 and 1954.  Bridge's persona was an unpleasant, gravel-voiced man with an untidy moustache. Sometimes credited as Alan Bridge, and frequently not credited onscreen at all, he appeared in many Westerns, especially in the Hopalong Cassidy series, where he played crooked sheriffs and henchmen.
Wong Pak-yu
Henry Wong Pak-yu (Chinese: 王百羽; born 15 February 1991) is a Hong Kong politician and social activist. He is the spokesman of the local community group Tin Shui Wai New Force and also a member of the Information Technology subsector in the Election Committee. In 2019, he won in the District Council election and became a member the Yuen Long District Council for Tin Heng.

Tin Heng (constituency)
Tin Heng (Chinese: 天恆) is one of the 39 constituencies in the Yuen Long District of Hong Kong. The constituency returns one district councillor to the Yuen Long District Council, with an election every four years.

Tin Heng constituency is loosely based on Tin Heng Estate in Tin Shui Wai with estimated population of 20,465.
Anatoly Sukhorukov
Anatoly Petrovich Sukhorukov (Russian: Анато́лий Петро́вич Сухору́ков, 29 November 1935 – 10 April 2014) was a Soviet and Russian physicist who made fundamental contributions to the development of the theory of waves and nonlinear interactions in optics, radiophysics, and acoustics.

Radiophysics
Radiophysics (also modern writing radio physics) is a branch of physics focused on the theoretical and experimental study of certain kinds of radiation, its emission, propagation and interaction with matter.

The term is used in the following major meanings:

study of radio waves (the original area of research)

study of radiation used in radiology

study of other ranges of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation in some specific applications

Among the main applications of radiophysics are radio communications, radiolocation, radio astronomy and radiology.