hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Poor Clares' Church, Bydgoszcz
The Church of the Poor Clares dedicated to Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (initially dedicated to the Holy Spirit, St. Adalbert, St.Clare and St. Barbara) is an historical church in Gdańska Street, Bydgoszcz, Poland.

Triforium
A triforium is an interior gallery, opening onto the tall central space of a building at an upper level. In a church, it opens onto the nave from above the side aisles; it may occur at the level of the clerestory windows, or it may be located as a separate level below the clerestory. Masonry triforia are generally vaulted and separated from the central space by arcades. Early triforia were often wide and spacious, but later ones tend to be shallow, within the thickness of an inner wall, and may be blind arcades not wide enough to walk along. The outer wall of the triforium may itself have windows (glazed or unglazed openings), or it may be solid stone. A narrow triforium may also be called a "blind-storey", and looks like a row of window frames.
National Police (Liechtenstein)
The National Police of the Principality of Liechtenstein (German: Landespolizei des Fürstentums Liechtenstein), is the national police force of Liechtenstein. It is composed of 125 employees, with 91 officers and 34 staff (excluding the Security Corps), who police the 160 km2 (62 sq mi) doubly landlocked alpine state in Western-Central Europe. The current chief of police is Jules Hoch, since 2013.

Bordered by Switzerland to its west, and Austria to its east, Liechtenstein maintains a trilateral treaty which enables close cross-border co-operation between the police services of the three states. Liechtenstein is also a member of Interpol, and a signatory to a variety of other treaties.

Balzers
Balzers (Swiss Standard German pronunciation: [ˈbaltsərs] ⓘ) is a municipality and village located in southern Liechtenstein. In 2024, the village had a population of 4,806. The main part of the village is situated along the east bank of the Rhine.
1995 New Zealand firefighter referendum
The first Citizens Initiated Referendum was held in New Zealand on 2 December 1995 (1995-12-02), based on the question:

Should the number of professional firefighters employed full time in the New Zealand Fire Service be reduced below the number employed on 1 January 1995?

Referendums in New Zealand
Referendums (or referenda) are held only occasionally by the Government of New Zealand. Referendums may be government-initiated or held in accordance with the Electoral Act 1993 or the Citizens Initiated Referenda Act 1993. Nineteen referendums have been held so far (excluding referendums on alcohol licensing, which were held triennially between 1894 and 1989); fourteen were government-led, and five were indicative citizen initiatives.
Sunset (Breaking Bad)
"Sunset" is the sixth episode of the third season of the American television drama series Breaking Bad, and the 26th overall episode of the series. Written and directed by John Shiban, it aired on AMC in the United States and Canada on April 25, 2010. The episode introduces Gale Boetticher, played by David Costabile.

Breaking Bad season 3
The third season of the American television drama series Breaking Bad premiered on March 21, 2010, and concluded on June 13, 2010. It consisted of 13 episodes, each running about 47 minutes. AMC broadcast the third season on Sundays at 10:00 pm in the United States. The complete third season was released on Region 1 DVD and Region A Blu-ray on June 7, 2011.

Season 3 saw actors Bob Odenkirk, Giancarlo Esposito and Jonathan Banks, who play Saul, Gus and Mike respectively, upgraded to main cast status after guest starring the previous season, although they are not credited for every episode until season 4.
Shivering Timbers
Shivering Timbers is a wooden roller coaster located at Michigan's Adventure in Muskegon County, Michigan. It was developed and built by Custom Coasters International. Opened in May 1998, Shivering Timbers debuted for the park's 32nd year in operation and was a success. Construction for the ride began in 1997. The trains were made by Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters. The ride's out and back layout is 5,383 feet (1,641 m) long, making it the fourth-longest wooden roller coaster in the world. The ride has been re-tracked by Martin & Vleminckx and Great Coasters International. Shivering Timbers is the tallest and fastest roller coaster in Michigan.

Out and back roller coaster
Out and back refers to the layout of a roller coaster.  An out and back coaster is one that climbs a lift hill soon after leaving the station, races out to the far end of the track after the initial drop, performs a 180 degree turn and then returns to the station. Some out and back coasters perform more complicated turns at the far end of the track.

This particular design is very popular and is easy to design and construct.  With an out and back design, the hills on the way "out" usually are quite large and gradually decrease in size.  The hills on the way "back" are usually "bunny hops", or small hills created to maximize air-time.
St Mary's Church, Crewe
St Mary's Church is in St Mary's Street, Crewe, Cheshire, England.  It is an active Roman Catholic parish church in the diocese of Shrewsbury.  The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.

Diocese of Shrewsbury
The Diocese of Shrewsbury (Latin: Dioecesis Salopiensis) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in the Province of Birmingham which encompasses the pre-1974 counties of Shropshire and Cheshire in the North West and West Midlands of England.

The diocese includes rural areas of Shropshire as well as Manchester south of the River Mersey and other urban areas such as  Birkenhead, Stockport and Ellesmere Port. The current bishop, Mark Davies, succeeded on 1 October 2010.
Turramurra
Turramurra is a suburb on the Upper North Shore of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is located 16 kilometres (10 mi) north-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of Ku-ring-gai Council. It shares the postcode of 2074 with the adjacent suburbs of North Turramurra, South Turramurra and Warrawee.

IGA Supermarkets
Independent Grocers of Australia is an Australian chain of supermarkets. The IGA brand is owned by Australian conglomerate Metcash under their Food & Grocery division, but individual IGA stores are owned and operated independently. Its main competitors are Aldi, Coles and Woolworths.  IGA is the fourth largest supermarket chain in Australia, following Aldi overtaking Metcash in supermarket revenue.
Calau
Calau (German pronunciation: [ˈkaːlaʊ] ⓘ; Lower Sorbian: Kalawa, pronounced [ˈkalawa]) is a small town in the Oberspreewald-Lausitz district, in southern Brandenburg, in eastern Germany. It is situated 14 km south of Lübbenau, and 27 km west of Cottbus. Calau is also called the home of the Kalauer.

Carlos Anwandter
Carlos Anwandter (1 April 1801 in Luckenwalde, Prussia – 10 July 1889 in Valdivia, Chile) was a German political exile who emigrated to Valdivia, Chile in 1850 after participating in the Revolutions of 1848.
John Mullings Aldridge
John Mullings Aldridge (1843 – 18 March 1920) was an Anglican priest during the second half of the nineteenth century and the first decades of the 20th.

Aldridge was born in Devizes, Wiltshire, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He was ordained deacon and priest in 1870. After a curacy in Kilcummin, he held incumbencies at Eyrecourt, Forfar, West Bridgford, Clanfield and Meysey Hampton.  He was Dean of Clonfert from 1907 to 1920, when he died at the rectory in Eyrecourt.

Eyrecourt
Eyrecourt, historically known as Donanaghta (Irish: Dún an Uchta), is a village in County Galway, Ireland. It is on the R356 regional road 12 km (7 mi) west of the Banagher bridge over the River Shannon.
JR Freight Class EH800
The Class EH800 (EH800形) is a Bo′Bo′+Bo′Bo′ wheel arrangement multi-voltage AC two-unit electric locomotive type operated by Japan Freight Railway Company (JR Freight) in Japan hauling freight trains on the Kaikyō Line through the Seikan Tunnel separating mainland Honshu with the northern island of Hokkaido. A prototype locomotive was delivered in January 2013 for evaluation and testing, with full-production locomotives delivered from June 2014, entering service from July 2014.

Goryōkaku Station
Goryōkaku Station (五稜郭駅, Goryōkaku-eki) is a railway station on the Hakodate Main Line and South Hokkaido Railway Line in Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan, operated by Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido) and South Hokkaido Railway Company. The station is named after Goryōkaku fort, located about two kilometers from the station.
2025 in archosaur paleontology
New taxa of fossil archosaurs of every kind were described during the year 2025 (or scheduled to), and other studies related to the paleontology of archosaurs were published that year.

Paleontology portal

History of science portal

dinosaurs portal

Ankylopollexia
Ankylopollexia is an extinct clade of ornithischian dinosaurs that lived from the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous. It is a derived clade of iguanodontian ornithopods and contains the subgroup Styracosterna. The name stems from the Greek word, "ankylos", mistakenly taken to mean stiff, fused (in fact the adjective means bent or curved; used of fingers, it can mean hooked), and the Latin word, "pollex", meaning thumb. Originally described in 1986 by Sereno, a most likely synapomorphic feature of a conical thumb spine defines the clade.

First appearing around 156 million years ago, in the Jurassic, Ankylopollexia  became an extremely successful and widespread clade during the Cretaceous, and were found around the world. The group died out at the end of the Maastrichtian. They grew to be quite large, comparable to some carnivorous dinosaurs and they were universally herbivorous.
Zymosterol
Zymosterol is an intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis. Disregarding some intermediate compounds (e.g. 4-4-dimethylzymosterol), lanosterol can be considered a precursor of zymosterol in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. The conversion of zymosterol into cholesterol happens in the endoplasmic reticulum. Zymosterol accumulates quickly in the plasma membrane coming from the cytosol. The movement of zymosterol across the cytosol is more than twice as fast as the movement of cholesterol itself.

Lanosterol
Lanosterol is a tetracyclic triterpenoid and is the compound from which all animal and fungal steroids are derived. By contrast, plant steroids are produced via cycloartenol. In the eyes of vertebrates, lanosterol is a natural constituent, having a role in maintaining health of the lens.  Lanosterol is the precursor to cholesterol.
Central subgroup
In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a subgroup of a group is termed central if it lies inside the center of the group.

Given a group , the center of , denoted as , is defined as the set of those elements of the group which commute with every element of the group. The center is a characteristic subgroup. A subgroup  of  is termed central if .

Central subgroups have the following properties:

They are abelian groups (because, in particular, all elements of the center must commute with each other).

They are normal subgroups. They are central factors, and are hence transitively normal subgroups.

Normal subgroup
In abstract algebra, a normal subgroup (also known as an invariant subgroup or self-conjugate subgroup) is a subgroup that is invariant under conjugation by members of the group of which it is a part. In other words, a subgroup  of the group  is normal in  if and only if  for all  and  The usual notation for this relation is

Normal subgroups are important because they (and only they) can be used to construct quotient groups of the given group.  Furthermore, the normal subgroups of  are precisely the kernels of group homomorphisms with domain  which means that they can be used to internally classify those homomorphisms.

Évariste Galois was the first to realize the importance of the existence of normal subgroups.
Bondi the Staller
Bondi the Staller, also known as 'Boding', was a wealthy Anglo-Danish landowner, thegn, and member of Edward the Confessor's personal household.

His family were of Danish origin and held extensive estates in Wessex, as well as Perivale and Northolt in North-West London. In 1058 Edward the Confessor also made him a staller, a term of uncertain origin, used for senior officials in his personal household.

After Edward's death in January 1066, Bondi was kept on as a royal retainer by Harold Godwinson, then William the Conqueror, but gradually lost his positions and estates. He disappears from the historical record after 1068.

Thegn
In later Anglo-Saxon England, a thegn, or thane (Latin: minister), was an aristocrat who ranked at the third level in lay society, below the king and ealdormen. He had to be a substantial landowner. Thanage refers to the tenure by which lands were held by a thane as well as the rank; an approximately equivalent modern title may be that of baron.

The term thane was also used in early medieval Scandinavia for a class of retainers, and thane was a title given to local royal officials in medieval eastern Scotland, equivalent in rank to the child of an earl.
Malabar trevally
The Malabar trevally (Carangoides malabaricus), also known as the Malabar jack, Malabar kingfish or nakedshield kingfish, is a species of large inshore marine fish of the jack family, Carangidae. It is distributed throughout the Indian and west Pacific Oceans from South Africa in the west to Japan and Australia in the east, inhabiting reefs and sandy bays on the continental shelf. The Malabar trevally is similar to many of the other species in the genus Carangoides, with the number of gill rakers and the grey-brown colour of the tongue being the diagnostic features. The Malabar trevally is a predator, taking a variety of small fish, cephalopods and crustaceans. The species is of minor economic importance throughout its range, caught by a variety of net and handline methods.

Carangoides
Carangoides is a genus of tropical to subtropical marine fishes in the jack family, Carangidae. They are small- to large-sized, deep-bodied fish characterised by a certain gill raker and jaw morphology, often appearing very similar to jacks in the genus Caranx. They inhabit the subtropical and tropical regions of the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans, often occupying coastal areas, including reefs, bays, and estuaries, rarely venturing far offshore. They are all predatory fishes, taking a variety of smaller fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods as prey. The genus was first erected in 1851 by Pieter Bleeker for an unknown taxon and currently contains 20 species. Many make up significant proportions of various fisheries, although a number of ciguatera cases have been attributed to them.
Thermal fade
A thermal fade is a phenomenon of wireless signal degradation (fading) caused by temperature and relative humidity factors. As the prevailing environmental conditions change (e.g., from hot to cool, humid to arid, or day to night), the electromagnetic waves refract differently, thus altering the power distribution and possibly the direction of the signal. This is the same process that causes visible light to "bend" over a heated road or other surfaces on hot days.

Thermal fade primarily affects very and ultra high frequencies, regardless of modulation method (AM, FM, etc.). The thermal fade margin is calculated from subtracting losses from antenna gains.  A higher fade margin is required in humid locations, and lower in dry ones.

Fade margin
In telecommunications, the term fade margin (fading margin) has the following meanings:

A design allowance that provides for sufficient system gain or sensitivity to accommodate expected fading, for the purpose of ensuring that the required quality of service is maintained.

The amount by which a received signal level may be reduced without causing system performance to fall below a specified threshold value. It is mainly used to describe a communication system such as satellite, for example a system like globalstar operates at 25-35 dB Fade margin.
Deng Yi
Deng Yi (birth and death year unknown) was a government official and administrator who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Deng Yi served under the warlord Liu Biao in Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan). After the death of Liu Biao and his son Liu Cong's surrender to Cao Cao, Deng served as an official (侍中) under Cao Cao.

Liu Biao
Liu Biao (Chinese: 劉表; pinyin: Liú Biǎo) (pronunciationⓘ) (c.151 – c. September 208), courtesy name Jingsheng, was a Chinese military general, politician, and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He is best known for serving as the governor of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) from 192 until his death in 208. He was also a member of the extended family of the Han emperors through his ancestor Liu Yu, the fifth son of Emperor Jing. Liu Biao was described as a handsome man and was over eight chi tall (1.86 metres).
Adder (electronics)
An adder, or summer, is a digital circuit that performs addition of numbers. In many computers and other kinds of processors, adders are used in the arithmetic logic units (ALUs). They are also used in other parts of the processor, where they are used to calculate addresses, table indices, increment and decrement operators and similar operations.

Although adders can be constructed for many number representations, such as binary-coded decimal or excess-3, the most common adders operate on binary numbers.
In cases where two's complement or ones' complement is being used to represent negative numbers, it is trivial to modify an adder into an adder–subtractor.
Other signed number representations require more logic around the basic adder.

Excess-3
Excess-3, 3-excess or 10-excess-3 binary code (often abbreviated as XS-3, 3XS or X3), shifted binary or Stibitz code (after George Stibitz, who built a relay-based adding machine in 1937) is a self-complementary binary-coded decimal (BCD) code and numeral system. It is a biased representation. Excess-3 code was used on some older computers as well as in cash registers and hand-held portable electronic calculators of the 1970s, among other uses.
Le Roy, New York
Le Roy, or more commonly LeRoy, is a town in Genesee County, New York, United States. The population was 7,662 at the time of the 2020 census. The town is named after one of the original land owners, Herman Le Roy. The town lies in eastern Genesee County. Within the town is the village of Le Roy.  The Jell-O gelatin dessert was invented and first manufactured in Le Roy.

Livingston County, New York
Livingston County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 61,834. Its county seat is Geneseo. The county is named after Robert R. Livingston, who helped draft the Declaration of Independence and negotiated the Louisiana Purchase. The county is part of the Finger Lakes region of the state.

Livingston County is part of the Rochester, New York metropolitan area.
Philippine wine
Philippine wine or Filipino wine are various wines produced in the Philippines. They include indigenous wines fermented from palm sap, rice, job's tears, sugarcane, and honey; as well as modern wines mostly produced from various fruit crops.

Tapayan
Tapáyan or tempayan (also known as balanga, belanga, or bangâ) are large wide-mouthed earthenware or stoneware jars found in various Austronesian cultures in island Southeast Asia. Their various functions include fermenting rice (tapai), fermenting vinegar or alcoholic beverages, storing food and water, cooking, and burial of the deceased.

The term tapayan also includes the imported martaban stoneware (Dutch: martavanen), originally from kilns in Southern China and Indochina. These were used primarily as storage jars for foodstuffs and valuable trade goods during ship voyages, but were highly valued as trade goods themselves. They became heirlooms and symbols of wealth and status among various indigenous cultures in the islands of Southeast Asia.
Taualuga
The Taualuga is a traditional Samoan dance, considered the apex of Samoan performance art and the centerpiece of the culture of Samoa. This dance form has been adopted and adapted throughout western Polynesia, most notably in Samoa, The Kingdom of Tonga,  Uvea, Futuna, and Tokelau. The Tongan version is called the tau'olunga.

Tapa cloth
Tapa cloth (or simply tapa) is a barkcloth made in the islands of the Pacific Ocean, primarily in Tonga, Samoa and Fiji, but as far afield as Niue, Cook Islands, Futuna, Solomon Islands, Java, Sulawesi, New Zealand, Vanuatu, Papua New Guinea and Hawaii (where it is called kapa). In French Polynesia it has nearly disappeared, except for some villages in the Marquesas. In Melville's Typee, the ship Dolly enters the harbor of Nukuheva where it is met by "swimming nymphs ... their adornments were completed by passing a few loose folds of white tappa, in a modest cincture, around the waist."
2nd Cavalry Division "Emanuele Filiberto Testa di Ferro"
The 2nd Cavalry Division "Emanuele Filiberto Testa di Ferro" (Italian: 2ª Divisione celere "Emanuele Filiberto Testa di Ferro") was a cavalry or "Celere" (Fast) division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The division was mobilised in 1940. It did not take part in the Italian invasion of France, but did serve in the Invasion of Yugoslavia and remained in Yugoslavia as part of the occupying forces. In March 1942 the division's 6th Bersaglieri Regiment was sent to the Soviet Union attached to the 3rd Cavalry Division "Principe Amedeo Duca d'Aosta". In May 1942 the division started converting to an armored division, however, the conversion was cancelled and it returned to the cavalry format. In December 1942, the division moved to France as part of the Italian occupying forces where it was based in Toulon. The division remained in France until the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943 and was then disbanded by the invading Germans.

Military ranks of the Kingdom of Italy
The Military ranks of the Kingdom of Italy were the military insignia used by the Italian Armed Forces when Italy was the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946). During the World Wars, the Carabinieri, as the then-most senior corps of the Army, wore similar insignia to those used by the rest of the service.
Krasnyi Lyman, Luhansk Oblast
Krasnyi Lyman (Ukrainian: Красний Лиман; Russian: Красный Лиман) is a village in Zymohiria urban hromada, Alchevsk Raion (district), Luhansk Oblast (region), Ukraine, about 30 km NW from Luhansk.

The settlement was taken under control of pro-Russian forces during the War in Donbass that started in 2014.

Zymohiria urban hromada
Zymohiria urban hromada (Ukrainian: Зимогір'ївська міська громада) is a hromada of Ukraine, located in Alchevsk Raion, Luhansk Oblast. Its administrative center is the city Zymohiria.

The hromada contains 22 settlements: 1 city (Zymohiria), 6 rural settlements (Ivanivske, Kryvorizhzhya, Lozivskyi, Rodakove, Slovianoserbsk, Yasnodolsk), 15 villages: