hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Bedford Handbook
The Bedford Handbook is a guide written by Diana Hacker, now in its twelfth edition, that provides basic explanations of proper English grammar, composition, citation, and textual analysis. The guide includes a number of sample texts (including essays) and illustrations throughout its sections. It also covers the concept of plagiarism.

The Bedford Handbook contains guides to the MLA, APA, and Chicago citation styles and includes examples of each style in essay form. The book is paired with a companion website that has exercises and more writing models. The hardback is 820 pages and the paperback is 960 pages and are published by United States publisher Bedford/St. Martin's.

The Chicago Manual of Style
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press. Its 18 editions (the most recent in 2024) have prescribed writing and citation styles widely used in publishing.

The guide specifically focuses on American English and deals with aspects of editorial practice, including grammar and usage, as well as document preparation and formatting. It is available in print as a hardcover book, and by subscription as a searchable website. The online version provides some free resources, primarily aimed at teachers, students, and libraries.
2013 DFL-Supercup
The 2013 DFL-Supercup was the fourth DFL-Supercup, an annual football match contested by the winners of the previous season's Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal competitions. It featured Bayern Munich, winners of the 2012–13 Bundesliga and the 2012–13 DFB-Pokal, and, as a result of the former winning both competitions, the Bundesliga runners-up Borussia Dortmund. The match was hosted by Dortmund at the Signal Iduna Park on 27 July 2013. The match took place two months after the same teams played each other in the 2013 UEFA Champions League final.

Borussia Dortmund won the match 4–2. It was their fourth triumph in the Supercup, which equalled the then-record held by Bayern Munich.

Franz Beckenbauer Supercup
The Franz Beckenbauer Supercup or German Super Cup is an annual football match in Germany that features the winners of the Bundesliga championship and the DFB-Pokal. The competition is run by the Deutsche Fußball Liga (English: German Football League).
Subdivisions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Subdivisions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth evolved over for centuries of its existence from the signing of the Union of Lublin to the third partition.

The lands that once belonged to the Commonwealth are now largely distributed among several central, eastern, and northern European countries: Poland (except western Poland), Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, most of Ukraine, parts of Russia, southern half of Estonia, and smaller pieces in Slovakia and Moldova.

Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a duchy in the Baltic region, then known as Livonia, that existed from 1561 to 1569 as a nominal vassal state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and subsequently made part of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom from 1569 to 1726 and incorporated into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1726. On October 24, 1795, it was annexed by the Russian Empire in the Third Partition of Poland.
Word count
The word count is the number of words in a document or passage of text. Word counting may be needed when a text is required to stay within certain numbers of words. This may particularly be the case in academia, legal proceedings, journalism and advertising. Word count is commonly used by translators to determine the price of a translation job. Word counts may also be used to calculate measures of readability and to measure typing and reading speeds (usually in words per minute). When converting character counts to words, a measure of five or six characters to a word is generally used for English.

Words per minute
Words per minute (commonly abbreviated as WPM and sometimes lowercased as wpm) is a measure of words processed in a minute, often used as a measurement of the speed of typing, reading or Morse code sending and receiving.
Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre
Cruzeiro do Sul (Portuguese pronunciation: [kɾuˈzejɾu du ˈsuw], Southern Cross) is a municipality located on the Juruá river in the west of the Brazilian state of Acre. It is the second-largest city in Acre.

It is bordered to the north by the state of Amazonas, to the south by Peru, to the east by the municipality of Porto Walter, to the west by the municipality of Rodrigues Alves, to the northwest by the municipality of Tarauacá, and to the northwest by the municipality of Mâncio Lima.

The municipality contains 23% of the 846,633-hectare (2,092,080-acre) Serra do Divisor National Park, created in 1989.

Mâncio Lima
Mâncio Lima (Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈmɐ̃sju ˈlimɐ]) is a municipality in the Brazilian state of Acre. Located deep within the Amazon rainforest, it is the country's westernmost municipality and the state's northernmost. As of 2022, it had a population of 19,294.

Mâncio Lima grew out of a small village named Vila Japiim. The population ballooned with the arrival of settlers from northeast Brazil, who sought a better livelihood in the area amid the Brazilian rubber booms of the 20th century. Vila Japiim became a municipality in 1976 and was renamed Mâncio Lima after one of the settlers who came from the northeast.
Frederick K. Cox International Law Center
The Frederick K. Cox International Law Center is a research center founded at Case Western Reserve University School of Law that focuses on the legal study of international law. The Center sponsors conferences, visiting lecturers, the Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, the Case Western Reserve team for the Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition, the Summer Institute for Global Justice, and the War Crimes Research Office. Members of the Center do research and write books, articles, and weblogs, for which the Center holds the specification.

The Cox Center was established in 1991 with a multimillion-dollar special endowment by The George Gund Foundation. The Cox Center has also received endowment money and grants from Bruce J. Klatsky, the Wolf Family Foundation, the Yanowitz Family Foundation, and the Open Society Institute.

Case Western Reserve University School of Law
Case Western Reserve University School of Law is the law school of Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. It was one of the first schools accredited by the American Bar Association. It is a member of the Association of American Law Schools (AALS). It was initially named for Franklin Thomas Backus, a justice of the Ohio Supreme Court, whose widow donated $50,000 to found the school in 1892.

According to Case Western Reserve's official 2018 ABA-required disclosures, 65.9% of the Class of 2018 obtained full-time, long-term, bar passage-required employment nine months after graduation, excluding solo-practitioners, ranking 114th out of 200 ABA-approved law schools.
Spectacle Reef Light
Spectacle Reef Light is a lighthouse 11 miles (18 km) east of the Straits of Mackinac and is located at the northern end of Lake Huron, Michigan. It was designed and built by Colonel Orlando Metcalfe Poe and Major Godfrey Weitzel, and was the most expensive lighthouse ever built on the Great Lakes.

Because of the challenges of building on a shoal, including laying an underwater crib, it is said to be the "most spectacular engineering achievement" in lighthouse construction on Lake Huron. It took four years to build because weather limited work to mostly the summer season. Workers lived in a structure at the site; one of the limiting conditions. It ranks high as an engineering achievement among all the lighthouses built on the Great lakes.

In 2020, The Spectacle Reef Preservation Society was formed and began to restore the lighthouse.

Foghorn
A foghorn or fog signal is a device that uses sound to warn vehicles of navigational hazards such as rocky coastlines, or boats of the presence of other vessels, in foggy conditions. The term is most often used in relation to marine transport. When visual navigation aids such as lighthouses are obscured, foghorns provide an audible warning of rock outcrops, shoals, headlands, or other dangers to shipping.
2002 Asian Men's Handball Championship
The 2002 Asian Men's Handball Championship was the tenth Asian Championship. It took place from 10 to 19 February 2002 in Isfahan, Iran. The championship was held in Isfahan's Pirouzi Arena. It acted as the Asian qualifying tournament for the 2003 World Men's Handball Championship.

Asian Men's Handball Championship
The Asian Men's Handball Championship is the official competition for senior national handball teams of Asia (since 2018, also includes teams from Oceania), and takes place every two years. In addition to crowning the Asian champions, International Handball Federation (IHF) and Asian Handball Federation (AHF) the tournament also serves as a qualifying tournament for the World Championship.
Provincial Highway 7 (Taiwan)
Provincial Highway 7 (Chinese: 台7線) is a highway connecting Daxi, Taoyuan and Zhuangwei, Yilan. The highway is also known as Northern Cross-Country Highway (Chinese: 北部橫貫公路), one of the three most important east–west highways in Taiwan.

Fuxing District, Taoyuan
Fuxing District (Atayal: Pyasan; Chinese: 復興區; pinyin: Fùxīng Qū), formerly known as Fuxing Township or Fu-Hsing Township (Chinese: 復興鄉; Hanyu Pinyin: Fùxīng Xiāng; Tongyong Pinyin: Fùsing Siang; Wade–Giles: Fu4-hsing1 Hsiang1) is a mountain indigenous district in eastern Taoyuan City, Taiwan. The main population is the Atayal people of the Taiwanese aborigines. Lala Mountain (拉拉山) is a major feature of Fuxing, and the Shimen Reservoir, formed by Shimen Dam, is a popular nearby site. Fuxing District is, by area, the largest district in Taoyuan City.
Brownstown, County Kildare
Brownstown (Irish: Baile an Bhrúnaigh) is a village in County Kildare, Ireland, south of The Curragh and east of Kildare Town. It is situated on the road from Athy to Newbridge closed to the village of Cutbush. Spanning the townlands of Brownstown Lower and Brownstown Great, it is located in the historical barony of Offaly East and the civil parish of Carn. As of the 2016 census, the Central Statistics Office recorded Brownstown as having a population of 883 people.

Cutbush
Cutbush or Cut Bush (Irish: An Tom Gearrtha) is a village in County Kildare, Ireland, south of The Curragh and east of Kildare town. It is situated in the civil parish of Ballysax, which had a population of 342 as of the 2016 census.
Kozia Wieś
Kozia Wieś [ˈkɔʑa ˈvjɛɕ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krasocin, within Włoszczowa County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) north-west of Krasocin, 11 km (7 mi) north-east of Włoszczowa, and 42 km (26 mi) west of the regional capital Kielce.

Krasocin
Krasocin [kraˈsɔt͡ɕin] is a village in Włoszczowa County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Krasocin. It lies approximately 12 km (7 mi) east of Włoszczowa and 36 km (22 mi) west of the regional capital Kielce.
Vision (Qing Madi song)
"Vision" is a song by Nigerian singer Qing Madi. Released on November 17, 2023, as the third single from her debut extended play, Qing Madi. A remix featuring American singer Chlöe was released on May 3, 2024.

Qing Madi
Chimamanda Pearl Chukwuma (born 1 July 2006), professionally known as Qing Madi (/kɪŋ ˈmɑːdi/), is a Nigerian singer-songwriter and dancer. She gained widespread recognition after her 2022 single "See Finish" and its 2023 follow-up, "Ole" featuring Bnxn. Both went viral on TikTok, which later peaked at number one on the Uganda Top 100 Apple Music chart and number three on the Nigeria Top 100 Apple Music chart. Both songs were released as singles from Madi's debut extended play, Qing Madi (2023).
Florida statistical areas
The U.S. State of Florida currently has 35 statistical areas that have been delineated by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). On July 21, 2023, the OMB delineated 7 combined statistical areas, 22 metropolitan statistical areas, and 6 micropolitan statistical areas in Florida. As of 2023, the largest of these is the Miami-Port St. Lucie-Fort Lauderdale, FL CSA, inclusive of the southeastern region of the state centered on Miami.

Core-based statistical area
A core-based statistical area (CBSA) is a U.S. geographic area defined by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). It contains a large population nucleus, or urban area, and adjacent communities that have a high degree of integration with that nucleus.

On July 15, 2015, the OMB released new standards based on the 2010 census. These standards are used to replace the definitions of metropolitan areas from the 2010 United States census data.
Camille Rodriguez
Kathleen Camille Muldong Rodriguez (born December 27, 1994) is a Filipina international footballer who plays as a midfielder for PFF Women's League club Kaya-Iloilo and the Philippines women's national team.

Ateneo Blue Eagles women's football
The Ateneo Blue Eagles (formerly Ateneo Lady Blue Booters) is the varsity women's football team of the Ateneo de Manila University. They compete at the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP). They also played in PFF Women's League, the top flight domestic women's football league in the Philippines.
Berkåk
Berkåk is the administrative centre of Rennebu Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the Orkladalen valley along the river Orkla. The village lies about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of the village of Ulsberg and 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) southeast of the village of Stamnan. The European route E6 highway runs through the village, as does the Dovrebanen railway line which stops at Berkåk Station. Berkåk Church is also located in the village.

The 1.36-square-kilometre (340-acre) village has a population (2024) of 1,003 and a population density of 738 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,910/sq mi).

Along the E6 highway south of the village, is the Kunstsenteret Birka, the national centre for arts and crafts. Every August, since 1986, the village hosts the large fair called Rennebumartnan.

In the 1500s and 1600s, the village was named Birckagir, Berckager, and Berchager.  More recently the spelling was Bjerkaager or Bjerkaaker.

Orkdalen
Orkdalen (English: the Orkla Valley) is a valley and a traditional Norwegian district in Trøndelag county, Norway. In the early Viking Age, before King Harald Fairhair, the Orkla Valley was also a petty kingdom.

The valley begins in the high Dovrefjell mountains and creates a deep, narrow valley. As the river progresses, the valley widens and flattens out. From Rennebu northwards, the valley is fairly heavily populated with good farmland. At the mouth of the river (the north end of the valley) is the town of Orkanger, the largest population centre in the valley.

The district encompasses Rennebu Municipality and Orkland Municipality, both of which surround the Orkla River in the valley. Oppdal Municipality and Skaun Municipality are often traditionally counted as a parts of the district also even though they lie outside the actual valley of the river Orkla. The river itself actually begins in Oppdal Municipality and then winds its way north to the Trondheimsfjord.
Fort Pierre Chouteau
Fort Pierre Chouteau, also just Fort Pierre, was a major trading post and military outpost in the mid-19th century on the west bank of the Missouri River in what is now central South Dakota. Established in 1832 by Pierre Chouteau, Jr. of St. Louis, Missouri, whose family were major fur traders, this facility operated through the 1850s.

It was for many years the largest trading post in the northern Great Plains and a major trans-shipment point for buffalo furs. The archaeological remains of the fort, located in Stanley County just north of the town of Fort Pierre, were declared a National Historic Landmark in 1991.

Columbia Fur Company
Columbia Fur Company was a fur trading and Native American trading business active from 1821 to 1827, in Michigan Territory and in the unorganized territory of the United States. It then became the Upper Missouri Outfit of the American Fur Company.
Cape Sable Island
Cape Sable Island, locally referred to as Cape Island, is a small Canadian island at the southernmost point of the Nova Scotia peninsula.  It is sometimes confused with Sable Island. Historically, the Argyle, Nova Scotia region was known as Cape Sable and encompassed a much larger area than simply the island it does today. It extended from Cape Negro through Chebogue.

The island is situated in Shelburne County south of Barrington Head, separated from the mainland by the narrow strait of Barrington Passage, but has been connected since 1949 by a causeway. The largest community on the island is the town of Clark's Harbour. Other communities are listed below. At the extreme southern tip is Cape Sable.

Chebogue, Nova Scotia
Chebogue (/ʃiːˈboʊɡə/) (formerly spelled Jebogue) is a small fishing village situated above the marshes of the Chebogue River in Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia. Farming and fishing are the two main resources in the area.

Sometimes found as "Jeboque," from the Mi'kmaq words "che" (great) and "paug" (still water). Another authority says the name is from the Mi'kmaq word "Utkubok" or spring water, or "Teceboque" meaning cold water. It was permanently settled in 1761, but an unsuccessful attempt at settlement was made by some French in the year 1739.

During the American Revolution, in the Battle off Yarmouth in 1777, the Royal Navy drove an American privateer vessel aground near Chebogue River, and the ship's prisoners escaped into the village.
2025 Missouri State Bears football team
The 2025 Missouri State Bears football team represented Missouri State University as a member of Conference USA (CUSA) during the 2025 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Bears were led by third-year head coach Ryan Beard and played home games at Robert W. Plaster Stadium located in Springfield, Missouri.

The 2025 season was Missouri State's first year in Conference USA since transitioning from the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS). Although initially declared ineligible for postseason play due to FCS-to-FBS transition rules, they participated in the 2025 Xbox Bowl because there were not enough six-win teams eligible for the 42 FBS bowl games.

Robert W. Plaster Stadium
Plaster Stadium (formerly SMS Stadium, Briggs Stadium, and Plaster Sports Complex) is a 17,500-seat football stadium located in Springfield, Missouri. It is home to the Missouri State Bears football team.
1970 Brownlow Medal
The 1970 Brownlow Medal was the 43rd year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Victorian Football League (VFL) home and away season. Peter Bedford of the South Melbourne Football Club won the medal by polling twenty-five votes during the 1970 VFL season.

Brownlow Medal
The Charles Brownlow Trophy, better known as the Brownlow Medal (and informally as Charlie), is awarded to the best and fairest player in the Australian Football League (AFL) during the home-and-away season, as determined by votes cast by the four officiating field umpires after each game. It is the most prestigious award for individual players in the AFL.

The medal was first awarded by the Victorian Football League (VFL). It was created and named in honour of Charles Brownlow, a former Geelong Football Club footballer (1880–1891) and club secretary (1885–1923), and VFL president (1918–19), who had died in January 1924 after an extended illness.
Chilbolton Observatory
The Chilbolton Observatory is a facility for atmospheric and radio research located on the edge of the village of Chilbolton near Stockbridge in Hampshire, England. The facilities are run by the STFC Radio Communications Research Unit of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and form part of the Science and Technology Facilities Council.

Stockbridge, Hampshire
Stockbridge is a town and civil parish in the Test Valley district of Hampshire, England. It had a population of 592 at the 2011 census. It sits astride the River Test and at the foot of Stockbridge Down.
1994 German federal election
A federal election was held in Germany on 16 October 1994 to elect the members of the 13th Bundestag. The CDU/CSU alliance led by Helmut Kohl remained the largest faction in parliament, with Kohl remaining Chancellor in a narrowly re-elected coalition with the Free Democratic Party (FDP). This elected Bundestag was the largest in history until 2017, numbering 672 members.

Even though this election did not lead to a switch in government, it saw the election of many people to the Bundestag who would play an important role later. Future CDU leaders Friedrich Merz and Armin Laschet were first elected to the Bundestag in 1994, as were future cabinet ministers Norbert Röttgen and Peter Altmaier. This was the last election until 2009 that a centre-right government was elected.

2009 German federal election
A federal election was held in Germany on 27 September 2009 to elect the members of the 17th Bundestag.

The Christian Democratic Union (CDU), its Bavarian sister party, the Christian Social Union (CSU), and the Free Democratic Party (FDP) won the election, and the three parties formed a new centre-right government with Angela Merkel as chancellor. While CDU/CSU's share of votes decreased slightly, it was more than compensated by the gains of their "desired coalition partner", the liberal FDP, that won the strongest result in its history.

CDU and CSU's former partner in the "Grand coalition", the Social Democratic Party (SPD) led by Frank-Walter Steinmeier, conceded defeat after dropping by more than 11 percentage points, receiving its hitherto worst result since the end of the Second World War (only undercut in 2017 and 2025). At 70.8 percent, the voter turnout was the lowest in a German federal election since 1949.
BMW C600 Sport and C650GT
The BMW C600 Sport and C650GT are maxi-scooters produced by BMW Motorrad. They are the company's first scooter since the C1, which was manufactured by Bertone. The line was announced by BMW at EICMA in late 2010. Current members of the series are the C600 Sport and the C650 GT, both powered by 647 cc parallel twin gasoline engines. 
Production began at BMW's Spandau plant in December 2011, 
and they were expected to be available in Europe in Spring 2012, 
and in the US in Fall 2012 for the 2013 model year. BMW has shown an electric motorcycle concept vehicle based on a similar size frame and similar styling.

The C-series engine is built by Kymco company in Taiwan.

The front wheel fender is directing the road dirt to radiator which generates clogging issue and engine overheating.

Reports have stated BMW expects three quarters of sales to be to buyers in southern Europe.

BMW C1
The BMW C1 is an enclosed scooter made by Bertone for BMW. Compared to a conventional scooter, the C1 offered extra safety features and protection from the elements. The rider would sit in a car-type seat (with a four-point seat-belt) and adopt a feet-forward posture.  Introduced in 2000, it was available throughout Europe, but sales were disappointing and the C1 was discontinued in 2002.  In 2009 the C1-E electric version was presented as a concept.
Danish grammar
Danish grammar is either the study of the grammar of the Danish language, or the grammatical system itself of the Danish language. Danish is often described as having ten word classes: verbs, nouns, pronouns, numerals, adjectives, adverbs, articles, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. The grammar is mostly suffixing. This article focuses on Standard Danish.

Intransitive verb
In grammar, an intransitive verb is a verb, aside from an auxiliary verb, whose context does not entail a transitive object. That lack of an object distinguishes intransitive verbs from transitive verbs, which entail one or more objects. Additionally, intransitive verbs are typically considered within a class apart from modal verbs and defective verbs.