hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Histogram matching
In image processing, histogram matching or histogram specification is the transformation of an image so that its histogram matches a specified histogram. The well-known histogram equalization method is a special case in which the specified histogram is uniformly distributed.

It is possible to use histogram matching to balance detector responses as a relative detector calibration technique. It can be used to normalize two images, when the images were acquired at the same local illumination (such as shadows) over the same location, but by different sensors, atmospheric conditions or global illumination.

Digital image processing
Digital image processing is the use of a digital computer to process digital images through an algorithm. As a subcategory or field of digital signal processing, digital image processing has many advantages over analog image processing. It allows a much wider range of algorithms to be applied to the input data and can avoid problems such as the build-up of noise and distortion during processing. Since images are defined over two dimensions (perhaps more), digital image processing may be modeled in the form of multidimensional systems. The generation and development of digital image processing are mainly affected by three factors: first, the development of computers; second, the development of mathematics (especially the creation and improvement of discrete mathematics theory); and third, the demand for a wide range of applications in environment, agriculture, military, industry and medical science has increased.
Resorcylic acid lactone
Resorcylic acid lactones are a group of estrogenic compounds. They are lactones of resorcylic acid. Examples include the mycoestrogens (and synthetic analogues) zearalenone, zearalanone, zeranol (α-zearalanol), taleranol (β-zearalanol), α-zearalenol, and β-zearalenol. Resorcylic acid lactones (RALs) are fungal polyketides that consist of a β-resorcylic acid residue (2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) embedded in a macrolactone ring. RALs exhibit a broad range of biological activities, including anticancer activities.

Lactone
Lactones are cyclic carboxylic esters. They are derived from the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids by esterification. They can be saturated or unsaturated.

Lactones are formed by lactonization, the intramolecular esterification of the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids.
Truyolsoceras
Truyolsoceras is an Upper Devonian ammonite (subclass Ammonoidea) included in the goniatitid subfamily Aulatornoceratinae. The shell is involute, lenticular, with a narrow umbilicus and moderately high aperture.  The adventitious lobe of the suture, which lies between the ventral and lateral lobes, is rounded.

Aulatornoceratinae
Aulatornoceratinae is one of three subfamilies of the goniatitid family Tornoceratidae, an extinct order of Paleozoic ammonoid cephalopods. Aulotornoceratinae was established as a subfamily by R.T.Becker, 1993, initially for Aulatornoceras, named by Schindewolf, 1922. Subsequently, four other genera have been added.

Members (genera) of the Aulotornoceratinae are known from the Late/Upper Devonian of Western Australia and Alsace, France. In France their fossils are found in well bedded pelagic (deep ocean) limy mudstones, Frasnian in age, with a paleolatatude of about 32° south. Current latitude is 43.4° N.  In Western Australia, in Canning Basin, they are found in Frasnian and Famennian, (Upper Devonian), marginal slope and basinal facies related to reef complexes. Paleolatitudes are about 20° S. Current latitude is 18.0° S.

Shells of the type genus Aulatornoceras are involute, widely to narrowly umbilicate, with strongly biconvex growth lines. The suture is goniatitic.
Glanbrook, Hamilton, Ontario
Glanbrook is the south-western district of the city of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. It was first created as an independent township in 1974 through the amalgamation of Mount Hope, Binbrook, Glanford, and other nearby communities. In 2001, Glanbrook became a dissolved municipality after it was amalgamated with Hamilton, Stoney Creek, Dundas, Ancaster and Flamborough to become the present city of Hamilton.

The population of Glanbrook as of the 2006 census was 15,293, a 25% increase from the 2001 census figure of 12,145, and making it the fastest growing part of Hamilton. It contains the John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport.

Mount Hope, Ontario
Mount Hope is a community in the city of Hamilton in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is located in the geographic township of Glanford which amalgamated with Binbrook in 1974 to form Glanbrook. On January 1, 2001, Glanbrook was amalgamated with Hamilton, Flamborough, Ancaster, Dundas and Stoney Creek to form an enlarged Hamilton.

The John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport and the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum are located in Mount Hope.
Microflotation
Microflotation is a further development of standard dissolved air flotation (DAF). Microflotation is a water treatment technology operating with microbubbles of 10–80 μm in size instead of 80-300 μm like conventional DAF units.

The general operating method of microflotation is similar to standard recycled stream DAF units. The advancements of microflotation are lower pressure operation, smaller footprints and less energy consumption.

Water treatment
Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment.  Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.
Ravnice, Zagreb
Ravnice is a neighbourhood in the northeast of Zagreb, Croatia, within the Maksimir district. The area of the local city council of Maksimirska naselja (lit. 'the settlements of Maksimir') has a population of 8,308 (census 2021).

The area is a lowland south of the Maksimir Park. It includes the area of the Zagreb Zoo and the Maksimir Stadium.

Zagreb Zoo
Zagreb Zoo (Croatian: Zoološki vrt Grada Zagreba) is a 7-hectare (17-acre) zoo located within Maksimir Park in Zagreb, Croatia. It is one of three zoo parks in the country.

Zagreb Zoo is a member of both the European and the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums and is a participant in the European Endangered Species Programme.
Diary of a Witness
Diary of a Witness: Diary of a Witness to the War in Africa (Spanish: Diario de un testigo de la guerra de África) is an 1859 autobiographical work by the Spanish writer Pedro Antonio de Alarcón. It is an account of the Hispano-Moroccan War, told from a patriotic Spanish perspective.

Alarcón had enlisted for the war after his play El hijo pródigo became a failure. The book was compiled from Alarcón's travel writings originally published through the magazine El Museo Universal with illustrations by Francisco Ortego. It was published in English translation by Bern Keating in 1988.

Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature calls Diary of a Witness "a masterpiece of description". Eric Calderwood analyses the book's impact in his monograph Colonial al-Andalus, where he describes it as "the most famous account of the war that marked the beginning of Spanish colonialism in Morocco".

Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)
The Hispano-Moroccan War, also known as the Spanish–Moroccan War, the First Moroccan War, the Tetuán War, or, in Spain, as the War of Africa, was fought from Spain's declaration of war on Morocco on 22 October 1859 until the Treaty of Wad-Ras on 26 April 1860. It began with a conflict over the borders of the Spanish city of Ceuta and was fought in northern Morocco. Morocco sued for peace after the Spanish victory at the Battle of Tetuán.
Dowling geometry
In combinatorial mathematics, a Dowling geometry, named after Thomas A. Dowling, is a matroid associated with a group. There is a Dowling geometry of each rank for each group. If the rank is at least 3, the Dowling geometry uniquely determines the group. Dowling geometries have a role in matroid theory as universal objects (Kahn and Kung, 1982); in that respect they are analogous to projective geometries, but based on groups instead of fields.

A Dowling lattice is the geometric lattice of flats associated with a Dowling geometry. The lattice and the geometry are mathematically equivalent: knowing either one determines the other. Dowling lattices, and by implication Dowling geometries, were introduced by Dowling (1973a,b).

A Dowling lattice or geometry of rank n of a group G is often denoted by Qn(G).

Geometric lattice
In the mathematics of matroids and lattices, a geometric lattice is a finite atomistic semimodular lattice, and a matroid lattice is an atomistic semimodular lattice without the assumption of finiteness. Geometric lattices and matroid lattices, respectively, form the lattices of flats of finite, or finite and infinite, matroids, and every geometric or matroid lattice comes from a matroid in this way.
Afghan Americans
Afghan Americans are Americans with ancestry from Afghanistan. They form the largest Afghan community in North America. Afghan Americans may originate from any of the ethnic groups in Afghanistan.

The Afghan community in the United States was minimal until large numbers were admitted as refugees following the December 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Others have arrived similarly during and after the latest war in Afghanistan. Afghan Americans reside and work all across the United States. The states of California, Virginia and New York historically had the largest number of Afghan Americans. Thousands may also be found in the states of Arizona, Texas, Georgia, Colorado,  Washington, Oklahoma, Nebraska, Missouri, North Carolina, Maryland and Illinois.

Title 8 of the United States Code
Title 8 of the United States Code is a non-positive law title of the United States Code with the heading "Aliens and Nationality."  The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 is principally editorially codified to chapter 12 of Title 8.  The heading of the title was originally "Aliens and Citizenship" (1926) but it was changed to its current heading, "Aliens and Nationality," starting with the 1940 edition of the U.S. Code.
1983 National League Championship Series
The 1983 National League Championship Series was a best-of-five matchup in Major League Baseball’s 1983 postseason between the West Division champion Los Angeles Dodgers and the East Division champion Philadelphia Phillies. It was the 15th NLCS in all. The Phillies beat the Dodgers, three games to one, and would go on to lose the World Series to the Baltimore Orioles.

National League Championship Series
The National League Championship Series (NLCS) is a best-of-seven playoff and one of two League Championship Series comprising the penultimate round of Major League Baseball's (MLB) postseason. It is contested by the winners of the two National League (NL) Division Series. The winner of the NLCS wins the NL pennant and advances to the World Series, MLB's championship series, to play the winner of the American League's (AL) Championship Series. The NLCS began in 1969 as a best-of-five playoff and used this format until 1985, when it changed to a best-of-seven format.
1953 Clare Senior Hurling Championship
The 1953 Clare Senior Hurling Championship was the 58th staging of the Clare Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Clare County Board in 1887.

Scariff entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 11 October 1953 at Cusack Park in Ennis, between Scariff and Newmarket-on-Fergus, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Scariff won the match by 5–02 to 2–07 to claim their fifth championship title overall and a second championship title in succession.

1952 Clare Senior Hurling Championship
The 1952 Clare Senior Hurling Championship was the 57th staging of the Clare Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Clare County Board in 1887.

Ruan entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 28 September 1952 at Cusack Park in Ennis, between Scariff and Sixmilebridge, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Scariff won the match by 4–06 to 2–00 to claim their fourth championship title overall and a first championship title in six years.
Aura Sonic
Aura-Sonic, Ltd. (ASL) is a remote recording company based in Queens, New York, that specializes in mobile and location production, audio for video broadcasting, video production, sound reinforcement and on-site automated dialogue replacement. ASL was founded in 1977 by recording engineer and producer Steve Remote. The company owns and utilizes a fleet of adaptable mobile vehicles and portable packages for its audio/production projects.

Nathaniel Rateliff
Nathaniel David Rateliff (born October 7, 1978) is an American singer and songwriter based in Denver, Colorado, whose influences are described as folk, Americana and vintage rhythm & blues. Rateliff has performed with a backing band called the Night Sweats for an R&B side project he formed in 2013. He has released three solo albums, two solo EPs, and one album as Nathaniel Rateliff & the Wheel.
Albert Frazer
Albert Frazer was a 20th-century Irish Anglican priest.

Frazer was educated at Trinity College Dublin. He was ordained deacon in 1938 and priest in 1939. After a curacy in Belfast he held incumbencies at Donoughmore and Rathdrum. He was Archdeacon of Glendalough from 1959 to 1985.

Archdeacon of Glendalough
The office of Archdeacon of Glendalough is a senior ecclesiastical role within the Anglican Diocese of Dublin and Glendalough, previously the Diocese of Glendalough. As such he was responsible for the disciplinary supervision of the clergy  within the Diocese. The Roman Catholic succession of the role ceased long ago but it continues in the Church of Ireland.
Kiribati nationality law
Kiribati nationality law is regulated by the 1979 Constitution of Kiribati, as amended; the 1979 Citizenship Act, and its revisions; and various British Nationality laws. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of Kiribati. I-Kiribati nationality is typically obtained either on the principle of jus soli, i.e. by birth in Kiribati or under the rules of jus sanguinis, i.e. by birth abroad to parents with Kiribati nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country, or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalisation. Nationality establishes one's international identity as a member of a sovereign nation. Though it is not synonymous with citizenship, for rights granted under domestic law for domestic purposes, the United Kingdom, and thus the Commonwealth, have traditionally used the words interchangeably.

Citizens of Kiribati are also Commonwealth citizens as well.

Constitution of Kiribati
The Constitution of Kiribati is the supreme law of Kiribati, which was implemented in 1979. The constitution was subsequently amended in the years 1995, 2016, and 2018. The constitution established the principles of the Bill of Rights and the protection of the Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of the individual.
Oerlikon FF
The FF were a series of 20mm autocannon introduced by Oerlikon in the late 1920s. The name comes from the German term Flügel Fest, meaning wing mounted, fixed, being one of the first 20mm guns to be small and light enough to fit into a fighter aircraft's wing. The FF series inspired many 20mm cannon used in World War II, including the Hispano-Suiza HS.404 (adopted by the French, British and U.S. forces), the German MG FF, and the Japanese IJNAS's Type 99 cannon.

Rheinmetall Air Defence
Rheinmetall Air Defence AG is a division of German armament manufacturer Rheinmetall, created when the company's Oerlikon Contraves unit was renamed on 1 January 2009 and integrated with Rheinmetall's other air-defence products. Oerlikon Contraves was a Swiss anti-aircraft artillery manufacturer famous for its adaptation of the 1916 20 mm Becker as the Oerlikon 20 mm autocannon design, which was used in the Second World War and remains in use. Copies and derivatives of these designs were made by German, French, British, and Japanese weapon manufacturers. Oerlikon Contraves was purchased by Rheinmetall in 1999.

As of January 2009, Rheinmetall Air Defence had around 1,050 employees at locations in Switzerland, Germany, Italy, and Canada. The group's sales in 2008 were about 380,000,000 Euros.
Yala, Kenya
Yala sub county is one of the administrative units of Siaya County, western Kenya. It is located 42 kilometres northwest of Kisumu, Kenya's third largest city.  In 2009, it had a population of 25,769 and Yala town had a population of 2,438.

Yala is served by a railway station and the Kisumu-Busia highway. Ndanu water treatment works, a jaggery (formerly Yala White Sugar Company) and Odera Akang'o campus, a constituent college of Maseno University are some of the institutions found in Yala.

Yala is home to one of Kenya's pioneer learning institutions, St. Mary's School, Yala which was started by the Mill hill fathers in 1927. It also hosts Maliera Boys Secondary School.

Siaya County
Siaya County is one of the counties in the former Nyanza Province in western Kenya. It is bordered by Busia County to the north, Kakamega County, and Vihiga County to the northeast and Kisumu County to the southeast. It shares a water border with Homa Bay County which is located south of Siaya County. The total area of the county is approximately 2,496.1 km2. The county lies between latitude 0° 26' to 0° 18' north and longitude 33° 58' and 34° 33' east. Siaya has been split up into six new districts (sub-counties). Under the 2010 Constitution, the role of the districts is still unclear as much of the administrative authority was transferred to the county.
The capital is Siaya, town, although the largest town is Bondo.
Jay Johnson (singer)
James "Jay" Johnson established himself as one of the top bass-baritone singers in the Detroit doo-wop and soul music scene during the pre-Motown years. He was a member of the Detroit group Nolan Strong & The Diablos and can be heard on the group's Fortune Records recordings from late 1956 on.

While at Fortune Records, Johnson also recorded with Andre Williams' 'New Group.' He can also be heard as the dominant bass voice on Nathaniel Mayer's hit "Village Of Love".

Johnson would later form The Velvet Angels and The Four Sonics. He is currently performing with a new Diablos group he organized, Nolan Strong's Diablos – Johnson is the only original member.

Nathaniel Mayer
Nathaniel Mayer (February 10, 1944 – November 1, 2008) was an American rhythm and blues singer, who started his career in the early 1960s at Fortune Records in his birthplace of Detroit, Michigan. "Nay Dog" or "Nate," as he was also known, had a raw, highly energetic vocal style and wild stage show. After a 35-year absence from music, in 2002 Mayer began recording and touring again, releasing albums with Fat Possum, Alive Records and Norton Records.
Lilleshall
Lilleshall is a village and civil parish in the Telford and Wrekin borough of Shropshire, England.

It lies between the towns of Telford and Newport, on the A518, in the Wrekin constituency. There is one school in the centre of the village.

The village dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, the parish church being founded by St Chad. It is mentioned in the Domesday Book. The Norman parish church of St Michael and All Angels is a grade I listed building.

The Wrekin (UK Parliament constituency)
The Wrekin is a constituency in the House of Commons of the British Parliament, located in the county of Shropshire in the West Midlands of England. It has existed continuously since its creation by the Representation of the People Act 1918, and is named after a prominent landmark hill in the area, The Wrekin. It has been represented by the Labour and Conservative parties since the 1920s, a post held since 2005 by Conservative MP Mark Pritchard.
Amazon Neptune
Amazon Neptune is a managed graph database product published by Amazon.com. It is used as a web service and is part of Amazon Web Services (AWS). It was announced on November 29, 2017. Amazon Neptune supports popular graph models property graph and W3C's RDF, and their respective query languages Apache TinkerPop's Gremlin, openCypher, and SPARQL, including other Amazon Web Services products.

Amazon Neptune general availability (GA) was announced on May 30, 2018 and is currently available in 22 AWS regions. Neptune is HIPAA eligible. On December 12, 2018, it was announced that Amazon Neptune was in-scope for Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, and ISO compliance programs.

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) is a part of Amazon's cloud-computing platform, Amazon Web Services (AWS), that allows users to rent virtual computers on which to run their own computer applications. EC2 encourages scalable deployment of applications by providing a web service through which a user can boot an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) to configure a virtual machine, which Amazon calls an "instance", containing any software desired. A user can create, launch, and terminate server-instances as needed, paying by the second for active servers – hence the term "elastic". EC2 provides users with control over the geographical location of instances that allows for latency optimization and high levels of redundancy. In November 2010, Amazon switched its own retail website platform to EC2 and AWS.
Schuette–Nesbitt formula
In mathematics, the Schuette–Nesbitt formula is a generalization of the inclusion–exclusion principle. It is named after Donald R. Schuette and Cecil J. Nesbitt.

The probabilistic version of the Schuette–Nesbitt formula has practical applications in actuarial science, where it is used to calculate the net single premium for life annuities and life insurances based on the general symmetric status.

Binomial theorem
In elementary algebra, the binomial theorem (or binomial expansion) describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial. According to the theorem, the power ⁠⁠ expands into a polynomial with terms of the form ⁠⁠, where the exponents ⁠⁠ and ⁠⁠ are nonnegative integers satisfying ⁠⁠ and the coefficient ⁠⁠ of each term is a specific positive integer depending on ⁠⁠ and ⁠⁠. For example, for ⁠⁠,

The coefficient ⁠⁠ in each term ⁠⁠ is known as the binomial coefficient ⁠⁠ or ⁠⁠ (the two have the same value). These coefficients for varying ⁠⁠ and ⁠⁠ can be arranged to form Pascal's triangle. These numbers also occur in combinatorics, where ⁠⁠ gives the number of different combinations (i.e. subsets) of ⁠⁠ elements that can be chosen from an ⁠⁠-element set. Therefore ⁠⁠ is usually pronounced as "⁠⁠ choose ⁠⁠".