hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2018 Michigan Secretary of State election
The Michigan Secretary of State election of 2018 took place on November 6, 2018, to elect the Secretary of State of Michigan, alongside elections for Michigan's governor, Class I United States senator, and attorney general, as well as elections for Michigan's 14 seats in the United States House of Representatives, all 38 seats in the Michigan Senate, and all 110 seats in the Michigan House of Representatives. Incumbent Republican Secretary of State Ruth Johnson could not seek a third term due to term limits. The Michigan Republican Party was looking to win its 7th straight Secretary of State election. Along with the offices of lieutenant governor and attorney general, the nominees for secretary of state were chosen by party delegates at their respective party conventions.

On November 6, 2018, Benson defeated Lang by an 8.9% margin.

2018 United States Senate election in Michigan
The 2018 United States Senate election in Michigan took place on November 6, 2018, in order to elect the Class 1 U.S. Senator from the State of Michigan, concurrently with a gubernatorial election, as well as other elections to the U.S. House of Representatives. This was one of ten Democratic-held Senate seats up for election in a state that Donald Trump won in the 2016 presidential election.

Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Debbie Stabenow won reelection to a fourth term.  On August 7, 2018, John James won the Republican nomination, defeating businessman Sandy Pensler. On May 5, 2018, Marcia Squier received the endorsement and nomination of the Green Party of Michigan at the state convention in Flint.

Stabenow was re-elected by a 6.5% margin and a difference of 275,660 votes, making this the second-closest U.S. Senate election in Michigan since Stabenow was first elected in 2000.
Gaurishankar Rural Municipality
Gaurishankar (Nepali: ne:गौरीशंकर गाउँपालिका ), a part of Bagmati Province, Nepal, is a rural municipality located in Dolakha District. With Suri as its current official headquarters, the rural municipality consists of nine wards (previously seven Village Development Committees) covers an area of 681.39 km² and has a population of 17,062 in 2011.

It is named after Mount Gaurishankar (Nepali: ne:गौरिशंकर हिमाल), which determines Nepal time (UTC +05:45), and is also home to Tsho Rolpa Lake (also Cho Rolpa (Nepali: ne:छो-रोल्पा ताल), one of the biggest glacial lakes in Nepal.

Jhyaku
Jhyaku  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,998 people living in 831 individual households.
Taran Plateau
Taran Plateau (Bulgarian: Търънско плато, ‘Taransko Plato’ \t&-'r&n-sko 'pla-to\) is the ice-covered plateau of elevation 1100 to 1700 m on the east side of Harvey Heights in Stribog Mountains on Brabant Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. It extends 5.5 km in east-west direction and 3.3 km in north-south direction, and is bounded by Laënnec Glacier on the north, Svetovrachene Glacier on the east and south, and the head of Malpighi Glacier on the southwest. The feature is connected to Avroleva Heights to the east by Doriones Saddle, and has its southwest part abutted by Basarbovo Ridge. It has steep and partly ice-free north slopes and small parts of the southeast and southwest slopes.

The plateau is named after the settlement of Taran in Southern Bulgaria.

Stribog Mountains
Stribog Mountains (Bulgarian: планина Стрибог, ‘Planina Stribog’ \pla-ni-'na 'stri-bog\) is the principal mountain system of Brabant Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica rising to 2498 m (Mount Parry).  The feature is 40 km long in north-south direction and 15 km wide, connected to Stavertsi Ridge on the northeast by Viamata Saddle, to Avroleva Heights on the east by Doriones Saddle, and to Solvay Mountains on the south by Aluzore Gap.  It is heavily glaciated, with steeper and partly ice-free west slopes.

The mountains are named after the Slavic god of wind, ice and cold Stribog.
ISO 3166-2:TT
ISO 3166-2:TT is the entry for Trinidad and Tobago in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently for Trinidad and Tobago, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for nine regions, three boroughs, two cities and one ward.

Each code consists of two parts separated by a hyphen. The first part is TT, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Trinidad and Tobago. The second part is three letters.

ISO 3166
ISO 3166 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, special areas of geographical interest, and their principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states). The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions.
2000 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters
The 2000 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters was the fourteenth season of premier German touring car championship and also first season under the moniker of Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters since the original series' demise in 1996. Nine events were held with two 40-minute races at each racing weekend.

Super Tourenwagen Cup
The Super Tourenwagen Cup, or German Supertouring Championship, was a touring car racing series held between 1994 and 1999 in Germany.

The championship was established when BMW and Audi both left the Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (DTM) in 1992, after the series had adopted the more expensive Class 1 Touring Cars rules.  STW would run to Super Touring regulations for the full six years of its existence.  The demise of the championship turned out to be the revival of the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (also abbreviated to DTM) in 2000, as the factory teams pulled out of the STW for the new series.  The STW was succeeded by its second level series, the Deutsche Tourenwagen Challenge, and later the ADAC Procar Series.
Lamb vector
In fluid dynamics, Lamb vector is the cross product of vorticity vector and velocity vector of the flow field, named after the physicist Horace Lamb. The Lamb vector is defined as

where  is the velocity field and  is the vorticity field of the flow. It appears in the Navier–Stokes equations through the material derivative term, specifically via convective acceleration term,

In irrotational flows, the Lamb vector is zero, so does in Beltrami flows. The concept of Lamb vector is widely used in turbulent flows. The Lamb vector is analogous to electric field, when the Navier–Stokes equation is compared with Maxwell's equations.

Material derivative
In continuum mechanics, the material derivative describes the time rate of change of some physical quantity (like heat or momentum) of a material element that is subjected to a space-and-time-dependent macroscopic velocity field. The material derivative can serve as a link between Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of continuum deformation.

For example, in fluid dynamics, the velocity field is the flow velocity, and the quantity of interest might be the temperature of the fluid. In this case, the material derivative then describes the temperature change of a certain fluid parcel with time, as it flows along its pathline (trajectory).
NBA Christmas games
Games held by the National Basketball Association (NBA) on Christmas Day, December 25, have been an annual tradition since the league's second season in 1947. Since 2008, five games have been played on Christmas each year. Unlike the National Football League (NFL)'s traditional Thanksgiving Day games, the NBA's Christmas Day games have no fixed hosts; rather, they feature some of the best teams and players.

Madison Square Garden (1925)
Madison Square Garden (MSG III) was an indoor arena in New York City, the third bearing that name. Built in 1925 and closed in 1968, it was located on the west side of Eighth Avenue between 49th and 50th streets in Manhattan, on the site of the city's trolley-car barns. It was the first Garden that was not located near Madison Square. MSG III was the home of the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League and the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association, and also hosted numerous boxing matches, the Millrose Games, the National Invitation Tournament, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey, concerts, and other events. In 1968 it was demolished and its role and name passed to the fourth Madison Square Garden, which stands at the site of the original Penn Station. One Worldwide Plaza was built on the arena's former 50th Street location.
And God Created Great Whales
And God Created Great Whales, Op. 229, No. 1, is a symphonic poem for orchestra and recorded whale sounds by the American composer Alan Hovhaness.  The work was commissioned by Andre Kostelanetz and the New York Philharmonic, who premiered the piece on June 11, 1970, in New York City.  The piece has been recorded numerous times and remains one of Hovhaness's most popular compositions.  It has also been credited as an early work in the movement to save whales from extinction, alongside John Tavener's 1966 cantata The Whale.  The title of the work comes from Genesis 1:21 in the King James Version of the Bible.

Symphonic poem
A symphonic poem or tone poem is a piece of orchestral music, usually in a single continuous movement, which illustrates or evokes the content of a poem, short story, novel, painting, landscape, or other (non-musical) source. The German term Tondichtung (tone poem) appears to have been first used by the composer Carl Loewe in 1828. The Hungarian composer Franz Liszt first applied the term Symphonische Dichtung to his 13 works in this vein, which commenced in 1848.
History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
The indigenous inhabitants of the islands of St. Vincent and the Grenadines were various Amerindian groups. The arrivals of Europeans in the early 16th century did not lead to long term settlement, only in 1717 did the French occupy the island in Barrouallie, though the English laid claim on St. Vincent in 1627. The Treaty of Paris (1763) saw St. Vincent ceded to Britain. Frictions with the British led to the First and Second Carib War in the mid- to late-18th century but the British held on to the islands. A Crown Colony government was installed in 1877, a Legislative Council created in 1925, and universal adult suffrage granted in 1951. Following a referendum in 1979, St. Vincent and the Grenadines became the last of the Windward Islands to gain independence on 27 October 1979.

La Soufrière (Saint Vincent)
La Soufrière or Soufrière Saint Vincent (French pronunciation: [sufʁjɛʁ sɛ̃ vɛ̃sɑ̃]) is an active volcano on the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. It is the highest peak on Saint Vincent, and has had eight recorded eruptions since 1718. The latest eruptive activity began on 27 December 2020 with the slow extrusion of a dome of lava, and culminated in a series of explosive events between 9 and 22 April 2021.
Eurypterus
Eurypterus (/jʊəˈrɪptərəs/ yoo-RIP-tər-əs) is an extinct genus of eurypterid, a group of organisms commonly called "sea scorpions". The genus lived during the Silurian period, from around 432 to 418 million years ago. Eurypterus is by far the most well-studied and well-known eurypterid. Eurypterus fossil specimens probably represent more than 95% of all known eurypterid specimens.

There are fifteen species belonging to the genus Eurypterus, the most common of which is E. remipes, the first eurypterid fossil discovered and the state fossil of New York.

Members of Eurypterus averaged at about 13 to 23 cm (5 to 9 in) in length, but the largest individual discovered was estimated to be 60 cm (24 in) long. They all possessed spine-bearing appendages and a large paddle they used for swimming. They were generalist species, equally likely to engage in predation or scavenging.

Species distribution
Species distribution, or species dispersion, is the manner in which a biological taxon is spatially arranged. The geographic limits of a particular taxon's distribution is its range, often represented as shaded areas on a map. Patterns of distribution change depending on the scale at which they are viewed, from the arrangement of individuals within a small family unit, to patterns within a population, or the distribution of the entire species as a whole (range). Species distribution is not to be confused with dispersal, which is the movement of individuals away from their region of origin or from a population center of high density.
Pangmi
Pangmi (Burmese: Pinhmi) was a Shan state in the Myelat region of what is today Burma. It was very small, having an area of only 29 sq mi (75 km2), and was almost entirely enclosed by Hsamonghkam. Its population was mostly Danu and Pa-O.

Hsamönghkam State
Hsamönghkam (also known as Thamaingkan) was a Shan state in the Myelat region of Burma. Its capital was Aungpan.

Hsamönghkam was established before 1700 CE. During the 18th and 19th centuries it was a tributary of Burma. In 1886, following the fall of the Konbaung dynasty, it submitted to British rule. It became a part of the unified Shan State within Burma in 1947.

Sao Htun Aye, The last myosa of Hsamönghkam, abdicated and surrendered his powers to the Burmese government on 29 April 1959.
Khok Chamrae
Khok Chamrae (Thai: โคกชำแระ)  is a tambon (subdistrict) located in the central region of Thung Si Udom district, in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. In 2021, it had a population of 6,056 people. Neighbouring subdistricts are (clockwise from the south) Na Kasem, Kut Ruea, Kut Salao, Na Hom, Nong Om, and Som Sa-at.

Som Sa-at
Som Sa-at (Thai: สมสะอาด) is a tambon (subdistrict) located in the mid-west region of Det Udom District, in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. In 2021, it had a population of 10,882 people. Neighbouring subdistricts are (clockwise from the south) 	Non Sombun, Na Kasem, Nong Om, Na Krasaeng, Na Charoen, and Tha Pho Si.
Government in late medieval England
The government of the Kingdom of England in the Middle Ages was a monarchy based on the principles of feudalism. The king possessed ultimate executive, legislative, and judicial power. However, some limits to the king's authority had been imposed by the 13th century. Magna Carta established the principle that taxes could not be levied without common consent, and Parliament was able to assert its power over taxation throughout this period.

For information on English government before 1216, see Government in Norman and Angevin England.

Escheat
Escheat /ɪsˈtʃiːt/ (from Latin  excidere 'fall away') is a common law doctrine that transfers the real property of a person who has died without heirs to the crown or state. It serves to ensure that property is not left in "limbo" without recognized ownership.  It originally applied to a number of situations where a legal interest in land was destroyed by operation of law, so that the ownership of the land reverted to the immediately superior feudal lord.
Saugerties (baseball)
The Saugerties team was a minor league baseball team based in Saugerties, New York. From 1903 to 1905, Saugerties played as members of the Hudson River League. The team relocated to become the Pittsfield Hillies during the 1905 season.

Saugerties, New York
Saugerties (/ˈsɔːɡərtiːz/) is a town in the northeastern corner of Ulster County, New York. The population was 19,038 at the time of the 2020 census, a decline from 19,482 in 2010. The village of the same name is located entirely within the town.

Part of the town is inside Catskill Park. U.S. Route 9W and New York State Route 32 pass through the town, converging at the center of the village and overlapping to the south. These routes parallel the New York State Thruway (Interstate 87), which passes through the town just west of the village of Saugerties.
Northwest Sinfonia
The Northwest Sinfonia is a session symphonic orchestra based in Seattle, mostly renowned for recording soundtracks to motion pictures and computer games. It was founded in 1995 and is credited with over 100 recordings.

It draws its members mostly from the Seattle Symphony, Seattle Opera, and Pacific Northwest Ballet orchestras. An additional chorus is added if required. (as the Northwest Sinfonia and Chorale). David Sabee is the organization's music director and executive director.

Seattle Opera
Seattle Opera is an American opera company based in Seattle, Washington. The company's season runs from August through late May, comprising five or six operas of eight to ten performances each, often featuring double casts in major roles to allow for successive evening presentations.

Since August 2003, Seattle Opera has performed at Marion Oliver McCaw Hall (capacity: 2,967), which was built on the site of the old Seattle Opera House at Seattle Center. The company's current general director is James Robinson.
Air Alpes
Société Air Alpes was a French airline company headquartered in Chambéry Airport and in Viviers-du-Lac, Savoie, near Chambéry. Established in 1961 by Michel Ziegler, the airline's history began in the French Alps.

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter
The de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter is a Canadian STOL (short takeoff and landing) utility aircraft developed by de Havilland Canada in the mid-1960s and still in production. It was built by De Havilland Canada from 1965 to 1988. In 2022, Viking Air purchased the type certificate and restarted production in 2008, before re-adopting the name De Havilland Canada. In 2023, DHC started production of the 300-G, an upgraded version of the Series 400 with Garmin avionics.

The aircraft's fixed tricycle undercarriage, STOL capabilities, twin turboprop engines and high rate of climb have made it a successful commuter airliner, typically seating 18–20 passengers, as well as a cargo and medical evacuation aircraft. The Twin Otter has also been popular with commercial skydiving operations and is used by the United States Army Parachute Team and the 98th Flying Training Squadron of the United States Air Force.
Sony Xperia XZ1
The Sony Xperia XZ1 is an Android smartphone manufactured and marketed by Sony. Part of the Xperia X series, the device was announced to the public along with the Xperia XZ1 Compact at the annual IFA 2017 on August 31, 2017. It is the direct successor to the Sony Xperia XZ according to Sony, and is the latest flagship after the Xperia XZ Premium.

The Xperia XZ1, along with the Xperia XZ1 Compact, were recognized as the first Android smartphones to come with the recently launched Android 8.0 Oreo operating system pre-installed. Its highlight features are the HDR-enabled 5.2" FHD IPS display and a new world's-first-in-a-smartphone 3D-modelling feature that doesn't need a dual camera setup.

Image stabilization
unstabilised

lens-based optical stabilisation

sensor-shift optical stabilisation

digital or electronic stabilisation

Image stabilization (IS) is a family of techniques that reduce blurring associated with the motion of a camera or other imaging device during exposure.

Generally, it compensates for pan and tilt (angular movement, equivalent to yaw and pitch) of the imaging device, though electronic image stabilization can also compensate for rotation about the optical axis (roll). It is mainly used in high-end image-stabilized binoculars, still and video cameras, astronomical telescopes, and also smartphones. With still cameras, camera shake is a particular problem at slow shutter speeds or with long focal length lenses (telephoto or zoom). With video cameras, camera shake causes visible frame-to-frame jitter in the recorded video. In astronomy, the problem of lens shake is added to variation in the atmosphere, which changes the apparent positions of objects over time.
Qaleh-ye Now-e Mozaffari
Qaleh-ye Now-e Mozaffari (Persian: قلعه نومظفري, also Romanized as Qal‘eh-ye Now-e Moz̧affarī; also known as Qalehnū-e Moz̧afarī) is a village in Kavar Rural District, in the Central District of Kavar County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 155, in 37 families.

Kavar Rural District
Kavar Rural District (Persian: دهستان كوار) is in the Central District of Kavar County, Fars province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Nowruzan. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Akbarabad, now a city.
2010 South American Basketball Championship
The 2010 South American Basketball Championship was the 44th edition of the South American Basketball Championship. Eight teams featured the competition, held in Neiva, Colombia from 26 to July 31 in the Coliseo Álvaro Sánchez Silva. Argentina was the defending champion, but lost in the final to Brazil. The first three places qualified for the basketball tournament at the 2011 Pan American Games and to the 2011 FIBA Americas Championship, the latter of which doubled as the FIBA Americas qualifier for the 2012 Olympics. Because Argentina, which automatically qualified for the FIBA Americas Championship as host, finished in an automatic qualifying spot, the fourth-place team was also invited to that competition. The fifth-place team did not initially qualify for that competition, but was later invited once the United States withdrew from that event because it had qualified for the Olympics by winning the 2010 FIBA World Championship.

South American Basketball Championship
The South American Basketball Championship, or FIBA South American Championship, was the main FIBA tournament for men's national teams from South America's region of FIBA Americas. The tournament was first played in 1930. The tournament often has been played biannually, but the last took place in 2016 as the 2018 edition in Osorno, Chile was cancelled. It has been largely supplanted by the FIBA AmeriCup.
Moroccan black soap
Moroccan black soap or beldi soap is a kind of soap originating in Morocco. It is a high-alkaline soap made from olive oil and macerated olives, which give it its gel-like consistency and characteristic dark greenish-black color.

In the hammams of Morocco, black soap is used for cleansing, moisturizing the skin, and exfoliating. A pinch of soap is rubbed onto wet skin. After 5–10 minutes a coarse fabric washcloth called a kessa is used to remove dead skin. The soap is high in Vitamin E. Moroccan black soap should not be confused with African black soap from West Africa, as the ingredients and place of manufacture are quite different.

Soap
Soap is a salt of a fatty acid (sometimes other carboxylic acids) used for cleaning and lubricating products as well as other applications. In a domestic setting, soaps, specifically "toilet soaps", are surfactants usually used for washing, bathing, and other types of housekeeping. In industrial settings, soaps are used as thickeners, components of some lubricants, emulsifiers, and catalysts.

Soaps are often produced by mixing fats and oils with a base. Humans have used soap for millennia; evidence exists for the production of soap-like materials in ancient Babylon around 2800 BC.
EZchip Semiconductor
EZchip Semiconductor Ltd. was a publicly traded fabless semiconductor company, headquartered in Yokneam, Israel, that developed and marketed Ethernet network processors. It was acquired by Mellanox Technologies in 2016.

Fabless manufacturing
Fabless manufacturing is the design and sale of hardware devices and semiconductor chips while outsourcing their fabrication (or fab) to a specialized manufacturer called a semiconductor foundry. These foundries are typically, but not exclusively, located in mainland China and Taiwan. Fabless companies can benefit from lower capital costs while concentrating their research and development resources on the end market. Some fabless companies and pure play foundries (like TSMC) may offer integrated-circuit design services to third parties.