hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rayleigh length
In optics and especially laser science,  the Rayleigh length or Rayleigh range, ,  is the distance along the propagation direction of a beam from the waist to the place where the area of the cross section is doubled. A related parameter is the confocal parameter, b, which is twice the Rayleigh length. The Rayleigh length is particularly important when beams are modeled as Gaussian beams.

Laser science
Laser science or laser physics is a branch of optics that describes the theory and practice of lasers.

Laser science is principally concerned with quantum electronics, laser construction, optical cavity design, the physics of producing a population inversion in laser media, and the temporal evolution of the light field in the laser. It is also concerned with the physics of laser beam propagation, particularly the physics of Gaussian beams, with laser applications, and with associated fields such as nonlinear optics and quantum optics.
Flower bulb cultivation in the Netherlands
Flower bulb cultivation is an economic activity in the provinces of North Holland, South Holland and Flevoland. The colourful flower fields that have come to symbolise Holland can be seen in these areas around April.

Duin- en Bollenstreek
The Duin- en Bollenstreek (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdœyn ɛm ˈbɔlə(n)streːk]; Dutch for "Dune and Bulb Region") is a region in the Western Netherlands, that features coastal dunes and the cultivation of flower bulbs. Situated at the heart of historical Holland nearby the city of Leiden, South Holland, it is bordered by The Hague to the west and Haarlem to the north. The combination of beaches, flower fields, lakes and history makes this area attractive to tourists.
External rhythm
In filmmaking, external rhythm, also called cutting rhythm, is established by the duration of the shots that make up a scene. Lengthening or shortening the duration of the shots establishes a rhythmic pattern that can complement or contrast with the internal rhythm and content of a scene or sequence.

The kinds of transitions (e.g., cut, fade, dissolve, wipe) used from shot to shot or from scene to scene also affect the nature of the cutting rhythm.

Film transition
A film transition is a technique used in the post-production process of film editing and video editing by which scenes or shots are combined.  Most commonly this is through a normal cut to the next shot. Most films will also include selective use of other transitions, usually to convey a tone or mood, suggest the passage of time, or separate parts of the story. These other transitions may include dissolves, L cuts, fades (usually to black), match cuts, and wipes.
Porcellio dilatatus
Porcellio dilatatus (Commonly known as the Giant canyon isopod) is a species of woodlouse in the genus Porcellio belonging to the family Porcellionidae. This species is widespread in Europe, and has also been introduced to North America from Western Europe. They are 15 millimetres (0.59 in) long, are brown coloured and striped. As typical for woodlice, they are saprophages, feeding on decaying organic matter, usually from plants.

Porcellionidae
Porcellionidae is a terrestrial family of the order Isopoda.

This family contains 530 species, found on every continent except Antarctica.

The ventral plate of the thoracic exoskeleton flare out slightly over the legs. This "flare" is called the epimeron. The uropods, antenna-like structures at the back of the specimen, are flattened out and spearlike, and extend beyond the last exoskeletal plate.
Carole Chaski
Carole Elisabeth Chaski (born 1955) is a forensic linguist who is considered one of the leading experts in the field. Her research has led to improvements in the methodology and reliability of stylometric analysis and inspired further research on the use of this approach for authorship identification. Her contributions have served as expert testimony in several federal and state court cases in the United States and Canada. She is president of ALIAS Technology and executive director of the Institute for Linguistic Evidence, a non-profit research organization devoted to linguistic evidence.

Syntax
In linguistics, syntax (/ˈsɪntæks/ SIN-taks) is the study of how words and morphemes well-formed combine to form larger units such as phrases and sentences. Central concerns with syntax include word order, grammatical relations, hierarchical sentence structure (constituency), agreement, the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the relationship between form and meaning (semantics). Diverse approaches, such as generative grammar and functional grammar, offer unique perspectives on syntax, reflecting its complexity and centrality to understanding human language.
1988 Washington gubernatorial election
The 1988 Washington gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Democratic governor Booth Gardner won a second term, defeating Republican state representative Bob Williams in a landslide. This election was the first time since 1960 that an incumbent Democratic governor of Washington was re-elected.

Gardner won the highest share of the vote since Clarence D. Martin in 1936. Gardner's 62.21% of the vote is third-highest of any gubernatorial candidate in Washington's history.

1960 Washington gubernatorial election
The 1960 Washington gubernatorial election took place on November 8, 1960, between incumbent Democratic governor Albert Rosellini and State Superintendent of Public Instruction Lloyd J. Andrews, nominated by the Republican Party.

Rosellini was re-elected to a second term as Governor of Washington, in a close race with Andrews. The election was the first in Washington state history to feature televised gubernatorial debates.
Coregency
A coregency is the situation where a monarchical position (such as prince, princess, king, queen, emperor or empress), normally held by only a single person, is held by two or more. It is distinct from diarchies or duumvirates (such as Andorra, ancient Sparta and Rome), where monarchical power is permanently divided between two rulers; and also from regencies, where a person, who is not legally monarch themselves, exercises monarchical power on the behalf of reigning monarch who is absent or unable to rule (for example due to illness or young age).

Jure uxoris
Jure uxoris (iure uxoris; a Latin phrase meaning "by right of (his) wife") describes a title of nobility used by a man because his wife holds the office or title suo jure ("in her own right"). Similarly, the husband of an heiress could become the legal possessor of her lands. For example, married women in England and Wales were legally prohibited from owning real estate until the Married Women's Property Act 1882.
Barca d'Alva railway station
Barca d'Alva railway station was the terminal station of the Douro Line, until its closure in 1988. The station used to serve the village of Barca d'Alva and acted as a border station between Portugal and Spain, via the Barca d'Alva–La Fuente de San Esteban railway. It is located in the municipality of Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo, in Portugal.

Régua railway station
41°9′30.57″N 7°47′0.82″W﻿ / ﻿41.1584917°N 7.7835611°W﻿ / 41.1584917; -7.7835611

The Régua railway station previously known as Regoa railway station, is a station on the Douro Line, which serves the town of Peso da Régua, in the District of Vila Real, in Portugal. It opened in 1879, and served as a junction point with the Corgo Line, which operated between 1906 and 2009.
2022 Leeds Rhinos season
This article details the Leeds Rhinos's rugby league football club's 2022 season. They were coached by Richard Agar until May 2022, Jamie Jones-Buchanan as an interim coach and Rohan Smith from April 2022 onwards. The Rhinos competed in both the 2022 Betfred Super League and the 2022 Challenge Cup.

Richard Agar
Richard Agar (born 20 January 1972) is an English professional rugby league coach who is the former head coach of the Leeds Rhinos in the Super League and a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s.

He played at club level for the Dewsbury (Rams) (two spells), Featherstone Rovers (two spells), the Widnes Vikings and the Rochdale Hornets, and has coached at representative level for France, and at club level for the York City Knights, Hull F.C. (two spells, initially as Assistant Coach), the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, and Warrington Wolves (First Team Coach c. 2014…2015).
Centrorhynchus (worm)
Centrorhynchus is a genus of parasitic worms belonging to the family Centrorhynchidae.

The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.

Species:

Centrorhynchus acanthotrias (von Linstow, 1883)

Centrorhynchus albensis Rengaraju & Das, 1975

Centrorhynchus albidus Meyer, 1932

Centrorhynchidae
Centrorhynchidae is a family of parasitic worms. Three species of these thorny-headed worms in the genus Centrorhynchus were found to parasitize birds of prey and owls Slovakia. These hosts include Buteo buteo, Buteo rufinus, Falco tinnunculus, Asio otus, Strix aluco, Strix uralensis and Tyto alba.
German war crimes
The governments of the German Empire and Nazi Germany (under Adolf Hitler) ordered, organized, and condoned a substantial number of war crimes, first in the Herero and Nama genocide and then in the First and Second World Wars. The most notable of these is the Holocaust, in which millions of European Jews were systematically abused, deported, and murdered, along with Romani in the Romani Holocaust and non-Jewish Poles. Millions of civilians and prisoners of war also died as a result of German abuses, mistreatment, and deliberate starvation policies in those two conflicts. Much of the evidence was deliberately destroyed by the perpetrators, such as in Sonderaktion 1005, in an attempt to conceal their crimes.

The Holocaust in Estonia
By late January 1942, virtually all of the 950 to 1,000 Estonian Jews unable to escape Estonia before its occupation by Nazi Germany (25% of the total prewar Jewish population) were killed in the Holocaust by German units such as Einsatzgruppe A and/or local collaborators. The Romani people in Estonia were also killed or enslaved by Nazi occupiers and their collaborators.

The occupation authorities also killed around 6,000 ethnic Estonians and 1,000 ethnic Russians in Estonia, often claiming that they were Communists or Communist sympathizers, a categorization that also included relatives of alleged Communists. In addition around 15,000 Soviet prisoners-of-war and Jews from other parts of Europe were killed in Estonia during the German occupation.
Sibaya Casino and Entertainment Kingdom
Sibaya Casino and Entertainment Kingdom is an entertainment complex situated just north of uMhlanga and south-west of eMdloti on the North Coast of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Sibaya, owned by resort hotel chain and casino destination, Sun International is one of the only two casinos within the Greater Durban metropolitan area with the other one being Suncoast located in the city.

Sun International
Sun International is a South African gambling and hospitality company, founded by Sol Kerzner in 1967.

Sun International owns diverse assets, including the Sun City resort in Ledig, in the North West Province, and an online gambling platform.

Specializing in gambling and hospitality, the company has 42.5% of the South African casino market share, and owns or holds a significant interest in 11 out of the 38 operating casinos in South Africa.
Nothingburger
Nothingburger, sometimes spelled as nothing-burger or nothing burger, is a term used to describe a situation that receives a lot of attention, but which, upon closer examination, proves to be of little to no real significance. The phrase refers to the notion that a regular hamburger should have different flavorful ingredients, but if the meat were to be removed, all that would be left would be a "nothingburger", thus many ingredients might be on the outside, but upon further inspection on the inside, nothing remains.

Hamburger
A hamburger, often known as a burger, consists of fillings—usually a patty of ground meat, typically beef—placed inside a sliced bun, sesame seed bun, or bread roll. These patties are often served with lettuce, tomato, onion, pickles, bacon, or chilis. The filling of the burger can be topped with condiments such as ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, relish or a "special sauce", often a variation of Thousand Island dressing. A burger with the patty topped with cheese is called a cheeseburger. Under some definitions, a hamburger is considered a sandwich.

Hamburgers are typically associated with fast-food restaurants and diners but are also sold at other restaurants, including high-end establishments. There are many international and regional variations of hamburgers. Some of the largest multinational fast-food chains feature burgers as one of their core products: McDonald's Big Mac and Burger King's Whopper have become global icons of American culture.
Sound-on-disc
Sound-on-disc is a class of sound film processes using a phonograph or other disc to record or play back sound in sync with a motion picture. Early sound-on-disc systems used a mechanical interlock with the movie projector, while more recent systems use timecodes.

Timecode
A timecode (alternatively, time code) is a sequence of numeric codes generated at regular intervals by a timing synchronization system. Timecode is used in video production, show control and other applications which require temporal coordination or logging of recording or actions.
Hoofddorp train accident
The Hoofddorp train accident in the Dutch municipality Haarlemmermeer took place on 30 November 1992. Whilst en route to Vlissingen, a Koploper-type passenger train derailed at about 7:15 near Hoofddorp. Five people were killed and 33 were injured in the accident. Two days earlier, an international train from Amsterdam to Paris had derailed at nearly the same location.

Haarlemmermeer
Haarlemmermeer (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌɦaːrlɛmərˈmeːr] ⓘ) is a municipality in the west of the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. Haarlemmermeer is a polder, consisting of land reclaimed from water. The name Haarlemmermeer means 'Haarlem's lake', referring to the body of water from which the region was reclaimed in the 19th century.

Haarlemmermeer's main town is Hoofddorp, which has a population of 76,660. Hoofddorp, along with the rapidly growing towns of Nieuw-Vennep and Badhoevedorp, are part of the Randstad agglomeration. The main international airport of the Netherlands, Schiphol, is located in Haarlemmermeer.
Gia Farrell
Gia Farrell (born Jeannie Bocchicchio, February 9, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter and make-up artist. Her 2006 single "Hit Me Up" was featured on the Happy Feet soundtrack in 2006 and climbed the charts internationally. In 2015, she released a single under the artist name "Bokeeks" titled "Smile". She's currently working on her first commercial album after leaving Atlantic Records in 2008.

Germany's Next Topmodel season 2
The second season of Germany's Next Topmodel aired on German television network ProSieben from 1 March 2007 to 31 May 2007.

The winner of the show was 20-year-old Barbara Meier from Amberg. Her prizes include:

A contract with IMG Models in Paris.

A contract with ProSiebenSat.1 Media

A cover and spread in the German edition of Cosmopolitan.

An advertising campaign for C&A worth €250,000.

An Opel Tigra Twin Top

The international destinations for this season were set in St. Moritz, Cape Town, Bangkok and Los Angeles.
Pedakakani Halt railway station
Pedakakani Halt railway station (station code:PDKN), is an F-category station in Guntur railway division of Indian Railways. It is situated on the Krishna Canal–Guntur section of South Central Railway zone. It serves Pedakakani of Andhra Pradesh.

Guntur railway division
Guntur railway division is one of the six divisions of the South Coast Railway zone of Indian Railways. The division was sanctioned in 1995–96 and was fully operational on 1 April 2003, with its headquarters at Guntur. The Rail Vikas Bhavan in Pattabhipuram area of Guntur, serves as the office of Divisional Railway Manager. The present divisional manager is M. Ramakrishna.
Salvia 'Jean's Purple Passion'
Salvia 'Jean's Purple Passion' is a Salvia cultivar discovered at Cabrillo College in Aptos, California. It was found growing between Salvia gesneriflora 'Tequila' and Salvia mexicana, who are presumed to be its parents. It is named for Jean Coria, a gardening enthusiast who propagated many species in the genus Salvia for many years at Strybing Arboretum.

It has large, vibrant violet flowers and grows 6 ft (1.8 m) or more in height. Its preference for humid cool conditions indicates parents that are from cloud forest conditions.

Salvia gesneriflora
Salvia gesneriflora (sometimes spelled Salvia gesneriiflora) is a herbaceous perennial plant or subshrub native to mountainous provinces of the Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico, growing at 7,500–10,000 ft (2,300–3,000 m) elevation. The long tubular flowers of this salvia resemble Gesneria flowers. It is a popular ornamental plant.
Ronny Hodel
Ronny Hodel (born 27 October 1982) is a Swiss former professional footballer who played as a left-back. He started out with local club FC Luzern in 2000 before moving on to BSC Young Boys in 2005. He played there for two years until he was signed by FC Basel at the end of the 2006/07 season. He was considered one of the best left-backs in Switzerland despite never making his full international debut.

Swiss Super League
The Super League (also known as the Brack Super League for sponsorship reasons) is a professional association football league in Switzerland and the highest level of the Swiss football league system. It has been played in its current format since the 2003–04 season. The Swiss Super League is ranked 16th in Europe according to UEFA's ranking of league coefficients, which is based upon Swiss team performances in European competitions. The 2025–26 season is the 129th season of the Swiss top-flight, making it the longest continuously running top-flight national league.
North Pole-37
North Pole-37 (Russian: Северный полюс-37, СП-37) was the 37th Russian manned drifting station, primarily used for polar research.

The station was established with the nuclear icebreaker NS Yamal in the Arctic Ocean at the beginning of September 2009.  The chief of high-latitude arctic expeditions Vladimir Sokolov supervised the research activity of the station.

On 6 June 2010 the station was closed down early because the floe the station was established on started drifting towards Canadian shores rather than in the direction of Fram Strait as planned. During the period of its operation, the station covered a distance of approximately 2,000 km (1,200 mi).

Drifting ice station
A drifting ice station is a temporary or semi-permanent facility built on an ice floe. During the Cold War the Soviet Union and the United States maintained a number of stations in the Arctic Ocean on floes such as Fletcher's Ice Island for research and espionage, the latter of which were often little more than quickly constructed shacks. Extracting personnel from these stations proved difficult and in the case of the United States, employed early versions of the Fulton surface-to-air recovery system.
Samu Aghehowa
Samuel "Samu" Omorodion Aghehowa (born 5 May 2004) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Primeira Liga club Porto and the Spain national team.

After coming through Granada's youth academy, Aghehowa began playing for the club's reserve team in 2022, being promoted to the first team in 2023. He subsequently signed with Atlético Madrid, being immediately loaned to La Liga club Alavés. In August 2024, Aghehowa joined Porto for a transfer fee of €15 million.

Eligible to play for Nigeria, Aghehowa represented Spain at various youth international levels. He won a gold medal with the Spain under-23 team at the 2024 Summer Olympics. He then made his senior international debut in 2024.

2023–24 La Liga
The 2023–24 La Liga, also known as LaLiga EA Sports due to sponsorship reasons, was the 93rd season of La Liga, Spain's premier football competition. It commenced on 11 August 2023 and ended on 26 May 2024. 
Barcelona were the defending champions, having won their 27th title the previous season.

On 4 May 2024, Real Madrid were officially confirmed as champions with four matches to spare following Barcelona's 4–2 defeat to Girona, securing a record-extending 36th title.
Burdekin Falls Dam
The Burdekin Falls Dam, also known as the Burdekin Dam, is a concrete gravity dam with an uncontrolled spillway across the Burdekin River in the Whitsunday Region, Queensland, Australia. Built for the purpose of irrigation, the reservoir is called Lake Dalrymple, and is on the boundary of the Whitsunday Region and the Charters Towers Region. Burdekin Falls Dam is managed by SunWater. Water from the reservoir is also used to replenish downstream aquifers.

Whitsunday Region
The Whitsunday Region is a local government area located in North Queensland, Australia. Established in 2008, it was preceded by two previous local government areas with a history extending back to the establishment of regional local government in Queensland in 1879.

It has an estimated operating budget of A$48.8m.

In the 2021 census, the Whitsunday Region had a population of 37,152 people.
Affori
Affori is a ward of Milan, Italy, part of the Zone 9 administrative division of the city, located north of the city centre. It borders with the wards of Bruzzano, Comasina, Bovisasca, Dergano, and Niguarda. Before being annexed to Milan in 1923, it was an autonomous comune.

Comasina
Comasina  (Italian pronunciation: [komaˈziːna]) is a district (quarter) of Milan, Italy. It is an area located 6km north of the city within Milan Zone 9.

45°31′35″N 9°09′40″E﻿ / ﻿45.52639°N 9.16111°E﻿ / 45.52639; 9.16111
Brian C. Mitchell
Brian Christopher Mitchell (born 1953) is the president and managing principal of Academic Innovators. Prior to founding Academic Innovators, he served as president of Brian Mitchell & Associates, LLC. He was previously the president of Bucknell University, serving from 2004 until 2010. From 1998 through 2004, he served as president of Washington & Jefferson College. He is a nationally recognized expert in higher education, especially on private higher education.

Mitchell has served as chairman of the Pennsylvania Selection Committee for the Rhodes Scholarships and is a past president of the National Association of Independent College and University State Executives. He is a member of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission and is a former member of the boards of National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities, the Pennsylvania Humanities Council, and National History Day.

Washington, Pennsylvania
Washington is a city in Washington County, Pennsylvania, United States, and its county seat. The population was 13,176 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area in southwestern Pennsylvania. Nicknamed "Little Washington" to distinguish it from Washington, D.C., the city is home to Washington & Jefferson College and Pony League baseball.