hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
333rd Field Artillery Battalion (United States)
The 333rd Field Artillery Battalion was a United States Army unit of racially segregated African-American troops during World War II.

The unit landed at Normandy in early July 1944 and saw continuous combat as corps artillery throughout the summer. In October 1944, it was sent to Schoenberg, Belgium, as part of the U.S. VIII Corps. At the onset of the Battle of the Bulge on 17 December 1944, the unit was overrun by German troops. While most of the 333rd FA Battalion withdrew west towards Bastogne, in advance of the German assault, Service and C Batteries remained behind to cover the advance of the 106th Infantry Division. The unit suffered heavy casualties, and 11 men of the 333rd were massacred near the Belgian hamlet of Wereth.

After the war, the battalion was deactivated and reactivated during various Army reorganizations, finally reemerging with its lineage part of the 333rd Field Artillery Regiment.

106th Infantry Division (United States)
The 106th Infantry Division was a division of the United States Army formed for service during World War II. Two of its three regiments were overrun and surrounded in the initial days of the Battle of the Bulge, and they were forced to surrender to German forces on 19 December 1944. The division was never officially added to the troop list following the war, despite having been almost completely organized in Puerto Rico by 1948; subsequently, the War Department determined the division was not needed and inactivated the division headquarters in 1950.
Hugh Browne (businessman)
Hugh Junor Browne (1829 – 3 December 1905) was an Australian businessman and Spiritualist. He was born in Scotland and first arrived in Australia during the Victorian gold rush, developing diverse business interests in Melbourne. His daughter Pattie married Australian prime minister Alfred Deakin.

Victorian gold rush
The Victorian gold rush was a period in the history of Victoria, Australia, approximately between 1851 and the late 1860s. It led to a period of extreme prosperity for the Australian colony and an influx of population growth and financial capital for Melbourne, which was dubbed "Marvellous Melbourne" as a result of the procurement of wealth.
Film temperature
In fluid thermodynamics, the film temperature (Tf ) is an approximation of the temperature of a fluid inside a convection boundary layer. It is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the temperature at the surface of the solid boundary wall (Tw) and the free-stream temperature (T∞):

The film temperature is often used as the temperature at which fluid properties are calculated when using the Prandtl number, Nusselt number, Reynolds number or Grashof number to calculate a heat transfer coefficient, because it is a reasonable first approximation to the temperature within the convection boundary layer.

Somewhat confusing terminology may be encountered in relation to boilers and heat exchangers, where the same term is used to refer to the limit (hot) temperature of a fluid in contact with a hot surface.

Grashof number
In fluid mechanics (especially fluid thermodynamics), the Grashof number (Gr, after Franz Grashof) is a dimensionless number which approximates the ratio of the buoyancy to viscous forces acting on a fluid. It frequently arises in the study of situations involving natural convection and is analogous to the Reynolds number (Re).
Musket Model 1777
The musket Modèle 1777, and later Modèle 1777 corrigé en l'an IX (Model 1777 corrected in the year IX, or 1800 in the French Revolutionary Calendar) was one of the most widespread weapons on the European continent.

It was part of a weapon family with numerous variants, e.g. for the light infantry, artillery and a musketoon for the cavalry.

Musket
A musket is a muzzle-loaded long gun that appeared as a smoothbore weapon in the early 16th century, at first as a heavier variant of the arquebus, capable of penetrating plate armour. By the mid-16th century, this type of musket gradually disappeared as the use of heavy armour declined, but musketeers continued as the generic term for smoothbore long sticks until the mid-19th century. In turn, this style of musket was retired in the 19th century when rifled muskets (simply called rifles in modern terminology) using the Minié ball (invented by Claude-Étienne Minié in 1849) became common. The development of breech-loading firearms using self-contained cartridges, introduced by Casimir Lefaucheux in 1835, began to make muskets obsolete. The first reliable repeating rifles, the 1860 Henry rifle and its 1866 descendant the Winchester rifle, superseded muskets entirely. Repeating rifles quickly established themselves as the standard for rifle design, ending the era of the musket.
George Wilson (chemist)
George Wilson PRSSA FRSE (21 February 1818 – 22 November 1859) was a 19th-century Scottish chemist and author. He was Regius Professor of Technology at the University of Edinburgh, and the first director of the Industrial Museum of Scotland.

Edward Forbes
Edward Forbes FRS, FGS (12 February 1815 – 18 November 1854) was a Manx naturalist. In 1846, he proposed that the distributions of montane plants and animals had been compressed downslope, and some oceanic islands connected to the mainland, during the recent ice age. This mechanism, which was the first natural explanation to explain the distributions of the same species on now-isolated islands and mountain tops, was discovered independently by Charles Darwin, who credited Forbes with the idea. He also incorrectly deduced the so-called azoic hypothesis, that life under the sea would decline to the point that no life forms could exist below a certain depth.
Believers (Don McLean album)
Believers is a studio album by American singer-songwriter Don McLean, released on October 29, 1981.

The album leads off with a re-recording of "Castles in the Air", a song which originally appeared on McLean's 1970 debut album Tapestry. Released as a single, it reached #7 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and #36 on the Hot 100 chart.

Don McLean
Donald McLean III (/məˈkleɪn/; born October 2, 1945) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. Known as the "American Troubadour" or "King of the Trail", he is best known for his 1971 hit "American Pie", an eight-and-a-half-minute folk rock song that has been referred to as a "cultural touchstone". His other hit singles include "Vincent", "Dreidel", "Castles in the Air", and "Wonderful Baby", as well as renditions of Roy Orbison's "Crying" and the Skyliners' "Since I Don't Have You".

McLean's song "And I Love You So" has been recorded by Elvis Presley, Perry Como, Helen Reddy, Glen Campbell, and others. In 2000, Madonna had a hit with a rendition of "American Pie". In 2004, McLean was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. In January 2018, BMI certified that "American Pie" had reached five million airplays and "Vincent" three million. Though most of McLean's music is in the folk rock genre, he has experimented with easy listening, country, and other genres as well.
Ida of Toggenburg
Ida of Toggenburg (c. 1140 – 3 November 1226) (also: Idda, Ita, Itha, Itta, Ydda, Judith and Gutta of Fischingen) is a Swiss Christian nun, venerated as a saint in the Diocese of Constance especially in Fischingen, Switzerland. She is the protagonist of many stories and legends in the local culture.

Diocese of Constance
The Diocese of Constance (Latin: Dioecesis Constantinensis) was a former diocese of the Roman Catholic Church based in Konstanz on Lake Constance, under the patronage of Saints Pelagius and Conrad of Constance. It existed from approximately 585 until its dissolution in 1821. The German territories were incorporated into the newly established Archdiocese of Freiburg and Diocese of Rottenburg, while the Swiss territories were assigned to the Diocese of Chur and Diocese of Basel for administration.

The diocese was part of the so-called Pfaffengasse and a core region of the Duchy of Swabia.
Zool
Zool: Ninja of the Nth Dimension is a platform video game developed and published by Gremlin Graphics. It was marketed as a rival to Sega's Sonic the Hedgehog. Originally released for the Amiga home computer in October 1992, the game was subsequently ported to Sega Genesis, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Master System, Game Boy and Game Gear, as well as other home computers. A sequel, Zool 2, was released in 1993. A remastered version of the original game, titled Zool Redimensioned, was developed by Sumo Digital Academy and published by 
Secret Mode for Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in August 2021.

Sumo Digital
Sumo Digital Ltd. is a British video game developer based in Sheffield and the principal subsidiary of Sumo Group since 2017. The company was founded in 2003 by four former members of the management team of Infogrames Studios.
Ischnea
Ischnea is a genus of New Guinean flowering plants in the daisy family.

Species

Ischnea brassii H.Rob. & Brettell - Papua New Guinea

Ischnea capellana Swenson - Papua New Guinea

Ischnea elachoglossa F.Muell. - Indonesian New Guinea

Ischnea keysseri Mattf. - New Guinea

Ischnea korythoglossa Mattf. - New Guinea

formerly included

see Lagenocypsela

Ischnea latifolia Mattf. - Lagenocypsela latifolia (Mattf.) Swenson & K.Bremer

Lagenocypsela
Lagenocypsela is a genus of New Guinean flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.

Species

Lagenocypsela latifolia (Mattf.) Swenson & K.Bremer - New Guinea

Lagenocypsela papuana (J.Kost.) Swenson & K.Bremer - New Guinea
Prabhas Kumar Choudhary
Prabhas Kumar Choudhary (प्रभास कुमार चौधरी, 2 January 1941 – 22 February 1998) was an Indian author, editor and publisher known for his novels and short stories, written in Maithili and Hindi languages.  He received the Sahitya Akademi Award for Maithili language in 1990 for Prabhasak Katha, a collection of short stories and authored other books. He also won the Vaidehi Puraskar in 1982 for his book Raja Pokhair Me Katek Machri.

Maithili language
Maithili (Tirhuta: 𑒧𑒻𑒟𑒱𑒪𑒲, /ˈmaɪtɪli/ MY-til-ee, Maithili: [ˈməi̯tʰɪliː]) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in parts of India and Nepal. It is native to the Mithila region, which encompasses parts of the eastern Indian states of Bihar and Jharkhand as well as Nepal's Koshi and Madhesh Provinces. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. It is the second most commonly spoken native Nepalese language constitutionally registered as one of the fourteen provincial official languages of Nepal.

It is spoken by 21.7 million people. Of those, 3.2 million are Nepalese speakers. The language is predominantly written in Devanagari, but the historical Tirhuta and Kaithi scripts retain some use until today.
Lý Thường Kiệt
Lý Thường Kiệt (李常傑; 1019–1105), real name Ngô Tuấn (吳俊), was a Vietnamese general and admiral of the Lý dynasty. He served as an official through the reign of Lý Thái Tông, Lý Thánh Tông and Lý Nhân Tông and was a general during the Song–Lý War.

In Vietnamese history, he helped invade Champa (1069), raid the three Song dynasty provinces of Yongzhou, Qinzhou, Lianzhou (1075–1076), and defeat the Song invasion of Vietnam led by Gou Kui and Zhao Xie.

Lý Thái Tông
Lý Thái Tông (chữ Hán: 李太宗; 29 July 1000 – 3 November 1054), personal name Lý Phật Mã, posthumously temple name Thái Tông, was the second emperor of the Lý dynasty, ruled Đại Việt from 1028 to 1054. He was considered the most successful Vietnamese emperor since the tenth century.
Geamărtălui
The Geamărtălui (also: Gemărtălui) is a right tributary of the river Olteț in Romania. It discharges into the Olteț in the town Balș. The following towns and villages are situated along the river, from source to mouth: Velești, Balota de Sus, Balota de Jos, Bușteni, Gaia, Murgași, Picăturile, Plopșorelu, Tabaci, Vulpeni, Gropșani, Găvănești, Dâmburile, Baldovinești and Balș. Its length is 63 km (39 mi) and its basin size is 421 km2 (163 sq mi).

Găvănești
Găvănești is a commune in Olt County, Oltenia, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Băleasa, Broșteni, Dâmburile and Găvănești. These were part of Baldovinești Commune until 2004, when they were split off.
Vazhoor Soman
Vazhoor Soman (14 September 1952 – 21 August 2025) was an Indian politician from Kerala and a member of the Communist Party of India. He was a member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly from  Peerumade.

Kerala Legislative Assembly
The Kerala Legislative Assembly, popularly known as the Kerala Niyamasabha, is the State Assembly of Kerala, one of the 28 states in India. The Assembly is formed by 140 elected representatives, one from each of the 140 constituencies within the borders of Kerala, referred to as Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA).
Fulvio Collovati
Fulvio Collovati (Italian pronunciation: [ˈfulvjo kolloˈvaːti]; born 9 May 1957) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a defender. He was a stopper (a man–marking centre-back in Italian football jargon) and also played for Italy at the international level, winning the 1982 FIFA World Cup. As a player, he was regarded as one of Italy's best defenders during the 1970s and 1980s. An elegant, physically strong, and dynamic player, he was gifted with good technique and distribution, as well as excellent anticipation, movement, marking ability, heading, and aerial prowess; because of his many defensive attributes, he was considered Roberto Rosato's heir at Milan.

Roberto Rosato
Roberto Rosato (Italian pronunciation: [roˈbɛrto roˈzaːto]; 18 August 1943 – 20 June 2010) was an Italian footballer, who played as a defender.

He played as a centre-back and was known for his physical style of defending.

Rosato played for four different Italian clubs throughout his career, but is mainly remembered for his successful stint with A.C. Milan, where he won several domestic and international titles. At international level, he represented Italy in two FIFA World Cups, reaching the final in 1970, and won UEFA Euro 1968.
Maayan (film)
Maayan is a 2001 Indian Tamil-language drama film, directed by Nassar. The film stars himself, Roja and Vindhya, while Thalaivasal Vijay, Ranjitha and Vadivelu among others form an ensemble cast.  Music for the film was composed by Deva and the film was released on 14 September 2001.

Deva (composer)
Devanesan Chokkalingam, more popularly known as Deva, is an Indian composer and singer who predominantly works in Tamil cinema. He has composed songs and provided background music for Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, and Malayalam films in a career closing in on four decades. He has composed music for more than 400 films.
USS Lawrence (DD-250)
The fourth USS Lawrence (DD-250) was a Clemson-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II. She was named for James Lawrence.

Lawrence was laid down 14 August 1919 and launched 10 July 1920 by New York Shipbuilding Corporation; sponsored by Miss Ruth Lawrence, and commissioned 18 April 1921.

Clemson-class destroyer
The Clemson class was a series of 156 destroyers (six more were cancelled and never begun) built at the end of World War I, the majority of which served with the United States Navy from after World War I and through World War II.

The Clemson-class ships were commissioned by the United States Navy from 1919 to 1922, built by Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company, New York Shipbuilding Corporation, William Cramp & Sons, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Norfolk Naval Shipyard and Bath Iron Works, some quite rapidly. The Clemson class was a minor redesign of the Wickes class for greater fuel capacity and was the last pre-World War II class of flush-deck destroyers to be built for the United States. Until the Fletcher-class destroyer, the Clemsons were the most numerous class of destroyers commissioned in the United States Navy and were known colloquially as "flush-deckers", "four-stackers" or "four-pipers".
Riders of the Dusk
Riders of the Dusk is a 1949 American Western film directed by Lambert Hillyer and written by Adele Buffington and Robert Emmett Tansey. The film stars Whip Wilson, Andy Clyde, Reno Browne, Tris Coffin, Marshall Reed and Myron Healey. The film was released on November 13, 1949, by Monogram Pictures.

Andy Clyde
Andrew Allan Clyde (March 25, 1892 – May 18, 1967) was a Scottish and American film and television actor whose career spanned some 45 years. In 1921 he broke into silent films as a Mack Sennett comic, debuting in On a Summer Day. He was the fifth of six children of theatrical actor, producer and manager John Clyde. Clyde's brother David and his sister Jean also became screen actors.

Clyde worked as California Carlson in the Hopalong Cassidy movie series and starred in 79 comedy shorts for Columbia Pictures from 1934-1956. He also had recurring roles in two television series: the farmer Cully Wilson in CBS's Lassie and as the neighbor George MacMichael on ABC's The Real McCoys.
Los Rompe Discotekas
Los Rompe Discotekas is a 2006 compilation album by Héctor el Father. This album was released under the Roc-A-Fella Records label and under contract with Jay-Z. Popular singles include "Here We Go Yo" by Héctor el Father featuring Jay-Z, "Yomo Dele" by Yomo featuring Fat Joe, and "El Teléfono" by Héctor el Father and Wisin & Yandel. The album also features guest appearances by Roc-A-Fella artists such as Memphis Bleek and Freeway. The album has sold over one million copies. A remixed version of the album was released as El Rompe Discoteka: The Mix Album. As of May 2007, the album sold over 132,000 copies in the United States.

Roc-A-Fella Records
Roc-A-Fella Records was an American record label and music management company founded in 1994 by record executives and entrepreneurs Damon Dash, Shawn "Jay-Z" Carter, and Kareem "Biggs" Burke. Carter issued his debut album, Reasonable Doubt (1996), as the label's first release, in a joint venture with Priority Records. The label signed and released albums for acts including Kanye West, Memphis Bleek, Jadakiss, DJ Clue?, State Property, and The Diplomats before its dissolution in 2013.
Saad Khalid
Saad Khalid (born August 12, 1986) was one of 17 people detained and arrested on June 2 and June 3, 2006, in the Greater Toronto Area in the 2006 Toronto terrorism arrests.

He was involved with a group of people suspected in the planning of coordinated bombing attacks against targets in southern Ontario. He was the first to plead guilty to intent to cause an explosion, while seven others were acquitted and five others, including a juvenile, were also convicted.

Khalid's guilty plea can be viewed in R. v. Khalid, 2009 CanLII 44274 (ON SC).

Young offenders in the 2006 Ontario terrorism plot
Among the 18 arrests during the 2006 Toronto terrorism case were four youths whose names could not be published because of the provisions of Canada's Youth Criminal Justice Act. One of them had the charges against him dropped nine months after his arrest and two others have been released on bail.

Two of the youths were former Hindus, who converted to Islam, similar to older suspect Steven Vikash Chand, who also used to be Hindu.
Justin Germano
Justin William Germano (born August 6, 1982) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres, Cincinnati Reds, Cleveland Indians. Boston Red Sox, Chicago Cubs, Toronto Blue Jays, and Texas Rangers. He also played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks, and in the KBO League for the Samsung Lions and KT Wiz.

KBO League
The KBO League (Korean: KBO 리그) is a professional baseball league in South Korea. The league comprises ten teams. The KBO League was founded with six franchises in 1982 and is the most popular sports league in South Korea. The Kia Tigers are the most successful team, having won 12 of the 44 championships.

In comparison with American Major League Baseball, ESPN reports that the KBO level of play "appears to be somewhere between Double-A and Triple-A, on average, though the best players are more likely to be MLB-quality than your typical Double-A league." Historically, the KBO is known for its vocal and exuberant fan base, as well as the widespread practice of bat flips (ppa-dun (Korean: 빠던), a portmanteau of the "first syllables of the words for 'bat' and 'throw'") by hitters after striking what they think will be a home run. In the KBO, the bat flipping tradition dates to the 1990s.
Southern Powell Island and adjacent islets Specially Protected Area
The Southern Powell Island and adjacent islets Specially Protected Area is a 2688 ha site encompassing part of southern Powell Island in the South Orkney Islands of Antarctica. It includes neighbouring Christoffersen, Fredriksen, Michelsen and Grey Islands, along with some other (unnamed) offshore islets. It was designated an Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA 111, formerly SPA 15) because of its biological values as it supports many plants and animals that exemplify the natural ecology of the South Orkney Islands. It is also a breeding site for Antarctic fur seals.

Grey Island (South Orkney Islands)
Grey Island is 1 km (0.62 mi) south of Michelsen Island and 2 km (1.2 mi) west of the southern part of Fredriksen Island, in the South Orkney Islands of Antarctica. It was first charted and named Holmen Graa (Grey Island) on a map by the Norwegian whaler Captain Petter Sorlle, who made a running survey of the South Orkney Islands in 1912–13. The anglicised form appears on the chart by Discovery Investigations personnel on the Discovery II who surveyed the islands in 1933.
Gad Saad
Gad Saad (/ˈɡæd ˈsæd/; Arabic: جاد سعد; Hebrew: גד סעד; born 13 October 1964) is a Canadian marketing professor at the John Molson School of Business at Concordia University. He has argued for applying evolutionary psychology to marketing and consumer behaviour. He wrote a blog for Psychology Today and hosts a podcast titled "The Saad Truth".

Psychology Today
Psychology Today is an American media organization with a focus on psychology and human behavior.

The publication began as a bimonthly magazine, which first appeared in 1967. The print magazine's reported circulation is 275,000 as of 2023. The Psychology Today website features therapist and health professional directories and hundreds of blogs written by a wide variety of psychologists, psychiatrists, counselors, social workers, medical doctors, marriage and family therapists, anthropologists, sociologists, and science journalists.

Psychology Today content and its therapist directory are found in over 20 countries worldwide. Psychology Today's therapist directory is the most widely used and allows users to sort therapists by location, insurance, types of therapy, price, and other characteristics. It also has a Spanish-language website.
Illinois Zephyr and Carl Sandburg
The Illinois Zephyr and Carl Sandburg are a pair of passenger trains operated by Amtrak on a 258-mile (415 km) route between Chicago and Quincy, Illinois. As Illinois Service trains, they are partially funded by the Illinois Department of Transportation. Between Chicago and Galesburg, Illinois, the trains share their route with the California Zephyr and Southwest Chief; the remainder of the route (Galesburg–Quincy) is served exclusively by the Illinois Zephyr/Carl Sandburg.

The Illinois Zephyr is the longest continuously operated state-sponsored train, having started in November 1971.: 241  The Carl Sandburg was added as the route's second daily round trip in 2006.

During fiscal year 2025, the Illinois Zephyr and Carl Sandburg carried a combined 146,049 passengers, a 3.1% increase over fiscal year 2024. The two trains had a total revenue of $10.5 million in fiscal year 2021, a 9.5% decrease over fiscal year 2014.

Illinois Department of Transportation
The Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) is a state agency in charge of state-maintained public roadways of the U.S. state of Illinois.  In addition, IDOT provides funding for rail, public transit and airport projects and administers fuel tax and federal funding to local jurisdictions in the state.  The Secretary of Transportation reports to the Governor of Illinois. IDOT is headquartered in Springfield. In addition, the IDOT Division of Highways has offices in nine locations throughout the state.