hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe
Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe encompassed various forms of organized underground activities undertaken by Jews against German occupational regimes in Europe during World War II. According to historian Yehuda Bauer, Jewish resistance can be defined as any action that defied Nazi laws and policies. The term is particularly associated with the Holocaust and includes a wide range of responses, from social defiance to both passive and armed resistance by Jews themselves.

Due to the overwhelming military power of Nazi Germany and its allies, the system of ghettoization, and the hostility or indifference of various segments of the civilian population, most Jews had limited opportunities for effective military resistance against the Final Solution. Nevertheless, there were numerous instances of resistance, including more than a hundred documented armed uprisings.

Historiographically, the study of Jewish resistance to Nazi rule remains an important aspect of Holocaust research.

Defiance (2008 film)
Defiance is a 2008 American epic war film directed by Edward Zwick, and starring Daniel Craig as Tuvia Bielski, Liev Schreiber as Zus Bielski, Jamie Bell as Asael Bielski, and George MacKay as Aron Bielski. Set during the occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany, the film's screenplay by Clayton Frohman and Zwick was based on Nechama Tec's 1993 book Defiance: The Bielski Partisans, an account of the eponymous group led by Belarusian Jewish brothers, who saved and recruited Jews in Belarus during World War II.

The film was released in select theaters in the United States on December 31, 2008, followed by general release worldwide in January 2009.
Dynamo theory
In physics, the dynamo theory proposes a mechanism by which a celestial body such as Earth or a star generates a magnetic field. The dynamo theory describes the process through which a rotating, convecting, and electrically conducting fluid can maintain a magnetic field over astronomical time scales.  A dynamo is thought to be the source of the Earth's magnetic field and the magnetic fields of Mercury and the Jovian planets.

Ekman number
The Ekman number (Ek) is a dimensionless number used in fluid dynamics to describe the ratio of viscous forces to Coriolis forces. It is frequently used in describing geophysical phenomena in the oceans and atmosphere in order to characterise the ratio of viscous forces to the Coriolis forces arising from planetary rotation. It is named after the Swedish oceanographer Vagn Walfrid Ekman.

When the Ekman number is small, disturbances are able to propagate before decaying owing to low frictional effects. The Ekman number also describes the order of magnitude for the thickness of an Ekman layer, a boundary layer in which viscous diffusion is balanced by Coriolis effects, rather than the usual convective inertia.
Greg Farrell
Gregory James Philip Farrell (born 19 March 1944) is a Scottish former professional footballer.

Beginning his career at Birmingham City, Farrell found his chances limited and George Swindin signed him for a moderate fee to play for Cardiff City in March 1964. Playing as a winger, he often showed flashes of brilliance, including scoring one and supplying four other goals during a 5–3 win over Middlesbrough in May 1966. He eventually left the club in 1967 to sign for Bury. Farrell later went on to play in South Africa before retiring.

George Swindin
George Hedley Swindin (4 December 1914 – 26 October 2005) was an English football player and manager.

Playing as a goalkeeper, Swindin made more than 300 appearances in the Football League with Bradford City and Arsenal, where his 18-year career was interrupted by the Second World War. As manager, he led Peterborough United to three Midland League titles before spending a less successful spell with Arsenal. He also managed Norwich City and Cardiff City of the Football League and Kettering Town and Corby Town in non-league football.
Einsatzflottille 2
Einsatzflottille 2 (EinsFltl 2 or EF 2) is one of the three brigade-level units of the German Navy, in addition to Einsatzflottille 1 and the Naval Air Command. It is based in Wilhelmshaven, Lower Saxony, and is subordinated to Navy Command, based in Rostock.

Brandenburg-class frigate
The F123 Brandenburg class is a class of German frigate. They were ordered by the German Navy in June 1989 and completed and commissioned between 1994 and 1996, replacing the Hamburg-class destroyers. The ships primarily carry out anti-submarine warfare (ASW), but they also contribute to local anti-aircraft defenses, the tactical command of squadrons, and surface-to-surface warfare operations. Together with the F124 Sachsen-class frigates, they are the mainstay of the German surface fleet.
Afrocyclops
Afrocyclops is a genus of copepod crustaceans in the family Cyclopidae, containing the following species:

Afrocyclops alter Kiefer, 1935

Afrocyclops curticornis (Kiefer, 1932)

Afrocyclops doryphorus Kiefer, 1935

Afrocyclops gibsoni (Brady, 1904)

Afrocyclops herringi Alekseev & Sanoamuang, 2006

Afrocyclops ikennus Onabamiro, 1957

Afrocyclops lanceolatus Kiefer, 1935

Afrocyclops nubicus (Chappuis, 1922)

Afrocyclops pauliani Lindberg, 1951

Afrocyclops propinquus (Kiefer, 1932)

Afrocyclops sparus Dussart, 1974

Afrocyclops pauliani
Afrocyclops pauliani is an extinct species of copepod in the family Cyclopidae. A single specimen was discovered in 1949 in a small freshwater pool near Antananarivo, Madagascar, but the species has not been seen in collections since.
2018–19 FIS Race (ski jumping)
The 2018/19 FIS Race (ski jumping) is the 20th FIS Race regular season as the fourth level of ski jumping competition since 1999/00. Although even before the world cup and in the old days FIS Race events were all top level organized competitions.

Other competitive circuits this season included the World Cup, Grand Prix, Continental Cup, FIS Cup and Alpen Cup.

FIS Race (ski jumping)
The FIS Race (ski jumping) is the oldest series of ski jumping competitions arranged yearly by the International Ski Federation. It is considered the fourth level of international ski jumping, ranking below the World Cup, Continental Cup and FIS Cup. Most of the events are held on normal hills and large hills, with a construction point of 90 meters. All top level and other international events before the World Cup was founded were part of FIS (race) competitions.

Higher competitive circuits are the World Cup, the Summer Grand Prix and the Continental Cup; the lower circuits include the FIS Cup and the Alpen Cup.
Georgbarsanovite
Georgbarsanovite is a very rare mineral of the eudialyte group, formerly known under unaccepted name as barsanovite, with formula Na12(Mn,Sr,REE)3Ca6Fe32+Zr3NbSi(Si3O9)2(Si9O27)2O4Cl2·H2O. The original formula was extended to show the presence of cyclic silicate groups and the domination of silicon at the M4 site. "REE", standing for rare earth elements, is dominated by cerium. Georgbarsanovite is characterized in dominance of manganese at the N4 site. It also differs from most other accepted group representatives in its colour. The mineral was found in nepheline pegmatite near Petrelius River, Khibiny massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia. It is named after Russian mineralogist Georg Barsanov.

Nepheline
Nepheline (from Ancient Greek  νεφέλη (nephélē) 'cloud'), also called nephelite, is a rock-forming mineral in the feldspathoid group – a silica-undersaturated aluminosilicate (Na3KAl4Si4O16) that occurs in intrusive and volcanic rocks with low silica, and in their associated pegmatites. It is used in glass and ceramic manufacturing and other industries, and has been investigated as an ore of aluminium.
VTLS
VTLS Inc. was a global company that provided library automation software and services to a diverse customer base of more than 1900 libraries in 44 countries. The for-profit company was founded in 1985 by Dr. Vinod Chachra, who became the President and CEO of the company. VTLS originated as "Virginia Tech Library Systems", an automated circulation and cataloging system created for Virginia Tech’s Newman Library in 1975. In addition to its headquarters in Blacksburg, Virginia, United States, VTLS had five international offices in Australia, Brazil, India, Malaysia and Spain. VTLS was one of the few ISO 9001:2008 quality-certified companies within the library industry for many years. The company was acquired by Innovative Interfaces in 2014.

Coalition for Networked Information
The Coalition for Networked Information (CNI) is an organization whose mission is to promote networked information technology as a way to further the advancement of intellectual collaboration and productivity.
Hoseynabad, Derak
Hoseynabad (Persian: حسين اباد, also Romanized as Ḩoseynābād) is a village in Derak Rural District, in the Central District of Shiraz County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 105, in 22 families.

Derak Rural District
Derak Rural District (Persian: دهستان دراك) is in the Central District of Shiraz County, Fars province, Iran. It is administered from the city of Shiraz. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Sadeqiyeh.
Exokatakoiloi
Exokatakoiloi (Greek: ἐξωκατάκοιλοι), latinized as Exocatacœli, was a term attested since the 11th century for the principal officials of the Patriarch of Constantinople or a bishop of the Eastern Church: these were the steward or oikonomos (the patriarchal official was prefixed with megas, "grand"), the treasurer or [megas] sakellarios, the sacristan or [megas] skeuophylax, the record-keeper or chartophylax, and the head of the sakellion. Later, a sixth member was added, the protekdikos.

Oikonomos
Oikonomos (Greek: οἰκονόμος, from οἰκο- 'house' and -νόμος 'rule, law'), Latinized œconomus, oeconomus, or economos, was an Ancient Greek word meaning "household manager." In Byzantine times, the term was used as a title of a manager or treasurer of an organization.

It is a title of honor awarded to priests in the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is also a title in the Roman Catholic Church. In Canon 494 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, an œconomus is the diocesan finance officer.
Óbila CB
Óbila Club de Basket, also known as Ávila Auténtica Carrefour "El Bulevar" is a Spanish professional basketball team based in Ávila, Castilla y León and plays in the Multiusos Carlos Sastre, in LEB Plata. Óbila is the only basketball team in the city of Ávila.

From 2011 to 2013, Óbila collaborated with Baloncesto Fuenlabrada as its farm team.

Segunda FEB
The Segunda FEB, formerly known as LEB 2 and LEB Plata, is the third basketball division of the Spanish basketball league system and the second basketball division organized by the Spanish Basketball Federation. Since 2019, three teams are promoted to Primera FEB and six teams are relegated to Tercera FEB.

From the 2024–25 season, it is named Segunda FEB.
1977 European Curling Championships
The 1977 European Curling Championships were held from November 22 to 26 at the Askerhallen arena in Oslo, Norway.

The Swedish men's team won their first European title, and the Swedish women's team won their second European title.

For the first time, the Dutch men's team took part in the European Championship.

European Curling Championships
The European Curling Championships are annual curling tournaments held in Europe between various European nations. The European Curling Championships are usually held in early to mid December. The tournament also acts as a qualifier for the World Championships, where the top eight nations qualify. Starting in the 2026–27 curling season, the event changed into a standalone event, where the top 10 European member associations in previous season’s World Championships qualify.

In November 1974, a six-nations tournament was held in Zürich, Switzerland which included Switzerland, Sweden, Germany, France, Italy, and Norway. In March 1975, it was decided that the championships would be competed in December.  At the semi-annual general meeting in Gävle, Sweden in April 2004, a new competition called the European Mixed Curling Championships was formed.
Feuerspitze
Feuerspitze ("Fire-Peak") is a mountain in the Lechtal Alps of Tyrol. The elevation at its peak is 2,852 metres (9,357 ft). Feuerspitze is located 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) southeast of Holzgau.

From the Ansbacher Hütte, it takes three hours to climb to the summit of Feuerspitze.

Lechtal Alps
The Lechtal Alps (German: Lechtaler Alpen) are a mountain-range in western Austria, and part of the greater Northern Limestone Alps range. Named for the river Lech which drains them north-ward into Germany, the Lechtal Alps occupy the Austrian states of Tyrol and Vorarlberg and are known for their diverse rock structures.

The Lechtal Alps are surrounded by the Ötztal Alps, Samnaun Alps and Verwall Alps (south) and the Allgäu Alps (north).
Harinagar railway station
Harinagar railway station is a railway station on Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line under the Samastipur railway division of East Central Railway zone. The station is situated at Dharshyam, Ramnagar in West Champaran district of the Indian state of Bihar.

Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line
The Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line is an important broad-gauge railway line connecting Muzaffarpur Junction in Bihar with Gorakhpur Junction in Uttar Pradesh, India. The route passes through the fertile plains of North Bihar and forms a vital transport corridor for both passenger and freight trains. It falls under the administrative control of the East Central Railway zone and the North Eastern Railway zone.
Hof (electoral district)
Hof is an electoral constituency (German: Wahlkreis) represented in the Bundestag. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 238. It is located in northeastern Bavaria, comprising the city of Hof and the districts of Landkreis Hof and Wunsiedel.

Hof was created for the inaugural 1949 federal election. Since 2025, it has been represented by Heiko Hain of the Christian Social Union (CSU).

Wunsiedel (district)
Wunsiedel (German: Landkreis Wunsiedel i. Fichtelgebirge) is a Landkreis (district) in the northeastern part of Bavaria, Germany. Neighbouring districts are (from the south clockwise) Tirschenreuth, Bayreuth, Hof, and to the east the Czech Republic.
Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation
Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation is a division of the Select Medical Corporation that provides physical medicine and rehabilitation programs and services. There are currently three inpatient rehabilitation facilities located throughout New Jersey. On June 1, 2010, Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation was awarded the Gallup Organization Great Workplace Award. The award is presented to the best performing workplaces in the world. Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation was one of only 25 recipients of the award. Kessler has also been ranked among the top one percent of rehabilitation hospitals by U.S. News & World Report.

West Orange, New Jersey
West Orange is a suburban township in Essex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 48,843, an increase of 2,636 (+5.7%) from the 2010 census count of 46,207, which in turn reflected an increase of 1,264 (+2.8%) from the 44,943 counted in the 2000 census.

West Orange is both an inner-ring suburb of New Jersey's largest city, Newark, and a commuter suburb of New York City; it is approximately 12 miles (19 km) west of Manhattan. West Orange was home to the inventor Thomas Edison, who also maintained a laboratory and workshop in town.
Chadwick's sign
Chadwick sign is a medical clinical sign characterised by the bluish-violet discolouration of the mucous membranes of the vulva, vagina (particularly on the anterior vaginal wall), and the cervix, resulting from venous congestion due to increased blood flow as part of the maternal physiological changes in pregnancy. This clinical sign can be observed during a patient's examination as early as 8 to 12 weeks' gestation, serving as an early sign of pregnancy, but it is rarely seen before 7 weeks' gestation.

The discovery of this colour change dates back to approximately 1836 when French doctor Étienne Joseph Jacquemin (1796–1872) first identified it. Subsequently, James Read Chadwick, after presenting a paper before the American Gynecological Society in 1886, and subsequently publishing it the following year, brought attention to this phenomenon. In his paper, Chadwick acknowledged Jacquemin for the initial discovery of the color changes associated with pregnancy.

Physiological changes in pregnancy
Physiological changes in pregnancy are the adaptations that take place during pregnancy that enable the accommodation of the developing embryo and fetus. These are normal physiological adaptations that cause changes in behavior, the  functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, metabolism including increases in blood sugar levels, kidney function, posture, and breathing. During pregnancy numerous hormones and proteins are secreted that also have a broad range of effects.
Dudhpokhari Rural Municipality
Dudhpokhari Rural Municipality is one of the local levels of Lamjung District out of 8 local levels. It has 6 wards and according to census 2021, 8,592 people live in here. It has 153.33 square km area. Its center is in the office of previous Gauda V.D.C. Gorkha District is in the east, Dordi Rural Municipality is in the west and the north and Rainas Municipality and Gorkha District are in the south of Dudhpokhari Rural Municipality. Previous Dudhpokhari V.D.C. (all wards), previous Bichaur V.D.C. (all wards), previous Ilampokhari V.D.C. (all wards), previous Kolki V.D.C. (all wards) and previous Gauda V.D.C (all wards) are included in this newly made municipality.

Kolki
Kolki  is a village development committee in Lamjung District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1892 people living in 354 individual households.
Wargames Research Group
The Wargames Research Group (WRG) is a British publisher of rules  and reference material for miniature wargaming. Founded in 1969 they were the premier publisher of tabletop rules during the seventies and eighties, publishing rules for periods ranging from ancient times to modern armoured warfare, and reference books which are still considered standard works for amateur researchers and wargamers. They are best known for their seminal ancient and medieval period rules, and also for De Bellis Antiquitatis and Hordes of the Things fantasy rules.

George Gush
George Gush (2 August 1935 – 8 June 2025) was a British historian. He was the head of the history section of West Kent College's "Social and Academic Studies Department". He is most notable for his work on wargaming.

He was the founder of the Tunbridge Wells Wargames Society and was its chairman until 2007. In its early days the society had met at George Gush's house.

Gush died on 8 June 2025, at the age of 89.
2009 FIA WTCC Race of UK
The 2009 FIA WTCC Race of UK (formally the 2009 FIA WTCC Marriott Race of UK) was the eighth round of the 2009 World Touring Car Championship season and the fifth FIA WTCC Race of UK. It was held on 19 July 2009 at the Brands Hatch circuit in Kent, England. The first race was won by Alain Menu for Chevrolet and the second race was won by Augusto Farfus for BMW Team Germany. The round was overshadowed by the death of Henry Surtees in the second FIA Formula Two Championship support race.

2009 World Touring Car Championship
The 2009 World Touring Car Championship season was the sixth FIA World Touring Car Championship season, the fifth since its 2005 return. It began on 8 March, and ended on 22 November, after twenty-four races. The championship, which was reserved for Super 2000 Cars and Diesel 2000 Cars, comprised two titles, the FIA World Touring Car Champion for Drivers and the FIA World Touring Car Champion for Manufacturers.

Italian Gabriele Tarquini won the Drivers' Championship by four points from SEAT Sport team-mate Yvan Muller, with BMW Team Germany's Augusto Farfus finishing third ten points behind Muller. The Manufacturers Championship was retained by SEAT beating BMW by just three points. Tom Coronel took the Independents' Trophy for SUNRED Engineering, which won the Teams' Trophy.
Isat Buchanan
Isat Aquaba Buchanan (born 12 December 1978) is a Jamaican politician and attorney-at-law who has served as the Member of Parliament for Portland Eastern, representing the People's National Party (PNP), since the 2025 general election.

Judiciary of Jamaica
The judiciary of Jamaica is based on the judiciary of the United Kingdom.
The courts are organized at four levels, with additional provision for appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London.  The Court of Appeal is the highest appellate court.  The Supreme Court has unlimited jurisdiction in all cases, and sits as the Circuit Court to try criminal cases.  The Parish Court (formerly known as the Resident Magistrate's court) in each parish hears both criminal and civil cases, excluding grave offences.  The Petty Sessions are held under Justices of the Peace, with power to hear minor crimes.

Jamaica is a common law jurisdiction, in which precedents from English law and British Commonwealth tradition may be taken into account.
Stanhope House (United States)
The Stanhope House was a historic music venue and restaurant in Stanhope, New Jersey. The building was constructed circa 1790 and served as a stagecoach stop, general store, tavern, and rooming house before gaining prominence as a live music venue. It became a notable part of the regional blues-rock scene in the 1970s and was referred to as "The Last Great American Roadhouse." The venue ceased operations in July 2025.

Stanhope, New Jersey
Stanhope is a borough located in the southernmost portion of Sussex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 3,526, a decrease of 84 (−2.3%) from the 2010 census count of 3,610, which in turn reflected an increase of 26 (+0.7%) from the 3,584 counted in the 2000 census.

Stanhope was formed by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 24, 1904, from portions of Byram Township.
Development of the human digestive system
The development of the human digestive system in early embryonic development concerns the epithelium of the digestive system and the parenchyma of its derivatives, which originate from the endoderm. Connective tissue, muscular components, and peritoneal components originate in the mesoderm. Different regions of the gut tube such as the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, etc. are specified by a retinoic acid  gradient that causes transcription factors unique to each region to be expressed. Differentiation of the gut and its derivatives depends upon reciprocal interactions between the gut endoderm and its surrounding mesoderm. Hox genes in the mesoderm are induced by a Hedgehog signaling pathway secreted by gut endoderm and regulate the craniocaudal organization of the gut and its derivatives. The gut system extends from the oropharyngeal membrane to the cloacal membrane and is divided into the foregut, midgut, and hindgut.

Hindgut
The hindgut (or epigaster) is the posterior (caudal) part of the alimentary canal. In mammals, it includes the distal one third of the transverse colon and the splenic flexure, the descending colon, sigmoid colon and up to the ano-rectal junction. In zoology, the term hindgut refers also to the cecum and ascending colon.