hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bát Xát
Bát Xát is a commune (xã) of Lào Cai Province, Vietnam.

On June 16, 2025, the Standing Committee of the National Assembly issued Resolution No. 1680/NQ-UBTVQH15 on the reorganization of commune-level administrative units in Lào Cai Province in 2025. Accordingly, Bát Xát Township, together with Bản Vược Commune, Bản Qua Commune, Phìn Ngan Commune, and Quang Kim Commune, were merged to form a new commune named Bát Xát Commune.

Commune-level town
Commune-level town (Vietnamese: thị trấn), a type of third tier subdivision of Vietnam is divided into 11,162 units along with ward and commune have equal status. By virtue of Decree No. 42/2009/ND-CP, townships are officially classified into Class-2, Class-3, Class-4 or Class-5. On 1 July 2025, as a result of a constitutional amendment and related legislation, all Commune-level towns ceased to exist.

The townships can only subordinate to district as the Third Tier unit.
Alkmene (opera)
Alkmene (Alcmene), op. 36, is an opera in three acts, with music and libretto by Giselher Klebe. Klebe based the libretto on Amphitryon  by Heinrich von Kleist, which in turn was based on Molière's play of the same name, and ultimately draws from the ancient Roman play Amphitryon by Plautus about Amphitryon and Alcmene.  The composer dedicated the work to his mother, the violinist Gertrud Klebe.

The opera was commissioned for the opening of the current building of the Deutsche Oper Berlin where it premiered on 25 September 1961, the second production in that house.

Alcmene
In Greek mythology, Alcmene (/ælkˈmiːniː/ alk-MEE-nee; Attic Greek: Ἀλκμήνη, romanized: Alkmḗnē) or Alcmena (/ælkˈmiːnə/ alk-MEE-nə; Doric Greek: Ἀλκμάνα, romanized: Alkmána; Latin: Alcumena; meaning "strong in wrath") was the wife of Amphitryon, by whom she bore two children, Iphicles and Laonome. She is best known as the mother of Heracles, whose father was the god Zeus. Alcmene was also referred to as Electryone (Ἠλεκτρυώνη, Elektryṓnē), a patronymic name as a daughter of Electryon.
Embedded dependency
In relational database theory, an embedded dependency (ED) is a certain kind of constraint on a relational database. It is the most general type of constraint used in practice, including both tuple-generating dependencies and equality-generating dependencies. Embedded dependencies can express functional dependencies, join dependencies, multivalued dependencies, inclusion dependencies, foreign key dependencies, and many more besides.

An algorithm known as the chase takes as input an instance that may or may not satisfy a set of EDs, and, if it terminates (which is a priori undecidable), output an instance that does satisfy the EDs.

Relational database
A relational database (RDB) is a database  based on the relational model of data, as proposed by E. F. Codd in 1970.

A Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is a type of database management system that stores data in a structured format using rows and columns.

Many relational database systems are equipped with the option of using SQL (Structured Query Language) for querying and updating the database.
2024 Atlanta Open
The 2024 Atlanta Open was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the 36th edition of the tournament, sorted as an ATP 250 tournament on the 2024 ATP Tour. It took place at Atlantic Station in Atlanta, United States between July 22 and 28, 2024.

Atlanta Open (tennis)
The Atlanta Open was a professional men's tennis tournament that was played in the Atlanta area in the United States from 2010 to 2024, usually during July or August. The tournament was played on outdoor hard courts as part of the USTA's US Open Series, the seven-week summer season lead-up to the U.S. Open. The Atlanta Open was known as the Atlanta Tennis Championships for its first two years before signing BB&T as a title sponsor in 2012. In 2015, the tournament was acquired by GF Sports from its then-owners, the USTA.

The event was removed from the 2025 calendar.
Dayne Kinnaird
Dayne Kinnaird (born 16 July 1982) is an Australian Freestyle motocross rider for Zoo York Skateboard Company. Kinnaird has been a competitor for 16 years. He has won several competitions. Kinnaird is also a part of the Metal Mulisha, along with Luke Urek, Jeff Kargola, Jeremy Stenberg and Ronnie Faisst.

Jeff Kargola
Jeff "Ox" Kargola (November 29, 1983 – April 29, 2011) was an American professional freestyle motocross (FMX) rider. He was a member of the Metal mulisha FMX team.

His career was highlighted by a silver medal in the Men's Best Trick competition at the 2005 Winter X Games.

Kargola died on April 29, 2011, aged 27, after sustaining a head injury and internal bleeding on the second day of the Desert Assassins' Rip to the Tip motocross event in Baja California, Mexico.
Hama offensive (March–April 2017)
The Hama offensive (March–April 2017) was a military offensive launched by Syrian rebel groups led by Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) north of the city of Hama, as part of the Syrian Civil War. The offensive began on 21 March 2017, and the rebels aimed to recapture areas recaptured by the Syrian Armed Forces in the 2016 Hama offensive, as well as pushing into Hama city. The offensive was coordinated with rebel forces in Damascus' eastern suburbs, who launched their own operation in March 2017. Though the rebels had some initial success, reaching the outskirts of Hama, these gains were stopped and eventually reversed by Syrian government counter-attacks, which by the end of April had recaptured all of the territory lost the previous month.

Hama
Hama (Arabic: حَمَاة Ḥamāh, [ħaˈmaː]) is a city on the banks of the Orontes River in west-central Syria. It is located 213 kilometres (132 mi) north of Damascus and 46 km (29 mi) north of Homs. It is the provincial capital of the Hama Governorate, which is the only Governorate with no land borders with any foreign countries. With a population of 996,000 (2023 census), Hama is one of the four largest cities in Syria, with Damascus, Aleppo and Homs. Hama is known for its cheese-making tradition, notably reflected in a signature local dessert Halawet el Jibn.

The city is renowned for its seventeen norias used for watering the gardens, which are claimed to date back to 1100 BC. Though historically used for irrigation, the norias are used purely for show today and currently serve no direct purpose, being used as a tourist attraction and a symbol of the city, also this city is popular in protest during the assad regime (ex: Yalla Erhal Ya Bashar (song)
History of theatre
The history of theatre charts the development of theatre over the past 2,500 years. While performative elements are present in every society, it is customary to acknowledge a distinction between theatre as an art form and entertainment, and theatrical or performative elements in other activities. The history of theatre is primarily concerned with the origin and subsequent development of the theatre as an autonomous activity. Since classical Athens in the 5th century BC, vibrant traditions of theatre have flourished in cultures across the world.

Il Dottore
Il Dottore (Italian: [il dotˈtoːre]; lit. 'the Doctor'), most commonly known in Italian as Dottor Balan or simply Balanzone (Italian: [balanˈtsoːne]; Bolognese Emilian: Dutåur Balanzån), is a commedia dell'arte stock character, in one scenario being an obstacle to young lovers. Il Dottore and Pantalone are the comic foils of each other, Pantalone being the decadent wealthy merchant, and il Dottore being the decadent erudite. He has been part of the main canon of characters since the mid-16th century.
TV Rey
TV Rey de Occidente S.A. de C.V. or simplified TV Rey, is a Mexican telecommunications company in the triple play, has a presence in Western Mexico, covering the south of Jalisco, Central-West Michoacán and Querétaro.

Sahuayo
Sahuayo (Nahuatl: Tzacuātlayotl) is a city in the state of Michoacán, in western Mexico, near the southern shore of Lake Chapala. It serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of the same name. Sahuayo is an important center for industry and is the center of commerce for the Chapala lake region, specializing in crafts, sandals (huaraches), and hats (sombreros), which are made by Sahuayenses. It is home to the largest huarache in the world measuring 7.45 meters long and 3.09 meters wide. The name means "turtle shaped pot". It has been called the Athens of Michoacán because of the number of important poets, writers, and painters residing there. It is currently the seat of the Arts Propositions Association. In 2005, the census population was 59,316, with the municipality being 61,965. The size of the municipality is 128.05 km2 (49.44 sq mi).

As of the Census of 2020, Sahuayo has a population of 78,477.
Mamun Khan
Mamun Khan (Bengali: মামুন খান; born 20 December 1985) is a retired Bangladeshi professional footballer who last played as a goalkeeper for Muktijoddha Sangsad KC in the Bangladesh Premier League. He also played for the Bangladesh football team from 2011 to 2013. He began his professional league career with Farashganj SC in 2007, before moving to Chittagong Mohammedan the following year.

Bangladesh Super Cup
The Bangladeshi Super Cup is the highest-budgeted football competition organized by the Bangladesh Football Federation and is one of the two club football season cups in Bangladesh, the other being Federation Cup.
Somalis in Ethiopia
Ethiopian Somalis refers to the Somalis from modern-day Ethiopia, particularly the Ogaden, officially the Somali Region. Their language is primarily Somali and they are predominantly Muslim. According to the 2007 census from the Central Statistical Authority, the Somalis were the third largest ethnic group in Ethiopia with roughly 4.58 million people accounting for 6.2% of the country's population, after the Oromo (35%) and Amhara (27%). The Somali population in Ethiopia are equivalent to about 30% of the total population in Somalia.

Kebri Dahar
Kebri Dahar (Amharic: ከብሪደሃር, Somali: Qabridahare) is a city in the eastern Somali Region of Ethiopia. Located in the Korahe Zone, the town has a latitude and longitude of 6°44′N 44°16′E﻿ / ﻿6.733°N 44.267°E﻿ / 6.733; 44.267 and an elevation of 1609 meters above sea level. Qabridahare is served by Qabridahare International Airport  (ICAO code HAKD, IATA: ABK).
James Reynolds (composer)
James Reynolds (born 1953) studied contemporary music under John Adams, as well as percussion at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music and composition in Cologne under Michael von Biel. Informed by many different influences – from Neue Musik, Broadway and European music theatre to avant-garde synthpop – Reynolds’ compositions explore the combination of words, sounds and images. He was Composer in Residence at the Stiftung Laurenz-Haus in Basel and Visiting Artist at the University of California, Santa Barbara. For over three decades, he has written music for literary productions, thrillers, fairytales and children's radio plays for West German Radio (WDR/Cologne). His compositions for music theatre, dance-theatre, film and television productions are performed and broadcast for and to an international audience.

James Reynolds lives in Berlin.

Theater Bonn
Theater Bonn (also known as the Stadttheater Bonn) is the municipal theatre company of Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is an organization that produces operas, musicals, ballets, plays, and concerts. It operates several performance venues throughout the town: Oper Bonn for music theatre, the Kammerspiele Bad Godesberg and Halle Beuel for plays, and the Choreographisches Theater for ballet and dance.
1st Suffolk and Harwich Volunteer Artillery
The 1st Suffolk & Harwich Volunteer Artillery, later the Essex & Suffolk Royal Garrison Artillery was an auxiliary coastal artillery unit of the British Army first raised in 1899. It defended the ports and naval bases (the Haven ports) around the estuaries of the Rivers Orwell and Stour. Although the unit saw no active service, it supplied trained gunners to siege batteries engaged on the Western Front during World War I. It was greatly expanded in World War II to defend the invasion-threatened East Anglian Coast from Harwich to Great Yarmouth. Postwar it continued in the coast and air defence roles until it disappeared in a series of amalgamations from the 1950s.

Norfolk Yeomanry
The Norfolk Yeomanry was a volunteer cavalry (Yeomanry) regiment of Britain's Territorial Army, accepted onto the establishment of the British Army in 1794. After seeing action in the Second Boer War, it served dismounted at Gallipoli, in Palestine and on the Western Front during the First World War. Between the wars it converted to the Royal Artillery (TA), and served as an anti-tank regiment in France, the Western Desert, Italy and North West Europe during the Second World War. After the war it served as a TA air defence unit and then as an Army Air Corps unit.
Stellar collision
A stellar collision is the coming together of two stars caused by stellar dynamics within a star cluster, or by the orbital decay of a binary star due to stellar mass loss or gravitational radiation, or by other mechanisms not yet well understood.

Any stars in the universe can collide, whether they are "alive", meaning fusion is still active in the star, or "dead", with fusion no longer taking place. White dwarf stars, neutron stars, black holes, main sequence stars, giant stars, and supergiants are very different in type, mass, temperature, and radius, and accordingly produce different types of collisions and remnants.

Stellar mass loss
Stellar mass loss is a phenomenon observed in stars by which stars lose some mass over their lives. Mass loss can be caused by triggering events that cause the sudden ejection of a large portion of the star's mass. It can also occur when a star gradually loses material to a binary companion or due to strong stellar winds. Massive stars are particularly susceptible to losing mass in the later stages of evolution. The amount and rate of mass loss varies widely based on numerous factors.

Stellar mass loss plays a very important role in stellar evolution, the composition of the interstellar medium, nucleosynthesis as well as understanding the populations of stars in clusters and galaxies.
Titanyl
In inorganic chemistry, titanyl refers to the functional group TiIVO, sometimes written TiO2+. The term titanyl is used loosely to describe many titanium(IV) oxide compounds and complexes.  For example, titanyl sulfate and potassium titanyl phosphate contain TiIVO centers with the connectivity O-Ti-O-Ti.  In heterogeneous catalysis, titanyl refers to a terminal oxo ligand on a surface titanium(IV) center. There are a few molecular titanyl complexes where the oxo ligand is terminal, not bridging. In these cases the titanyl group is described as having a triple bond, i.e., Ti≡O.

Titanyl sulfate
Titanyl sulfate is the inorganic compound with the formula TiOSO4.  It is a white salt that forms by treatment of titanium dioxide with sulfuric acid, either directly or indirectly.  It hydrolyzes to a gel of hydrated titanium dioxide.  Characteristic of most titanium(IV) compounds with oxygen-containing ligands, the species also includes oxo ligands.
Fort Buhlow
Fort Buhlow is an American Civil War fort site located in Pineville, Louisiana.  It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 1, 1981. It was one of two forts built for the Confederate States Army by local plantation slave labor in March 1865 to prevent anticipated Union attacks. Alphonse Buhlow was the military engineer for the construction of the forts and this one was named for him.

Pineville, Louisiana
Pineville is a city in Rapides Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is located across the Red River from the larger Alexandria, and is part of the Alexandria Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, Pineville had a population of 14,384.

The Central Louisiana State Hospital, the Pinecrest Supports and Services Center, the Huey P. Long Memorial Hospital (closed), the Alexandria Veterans Administration Medical Center, and the Alexandria National Cemetery are all located in Pineville. The city is also home to several large non-government employers including Baker Manufacturing, Procter & Gamble, and Crest Industries.
Campbell Sports Center
The Campbell Sports Center, a Columbia University's Baker Field Athletics Complex, is designed by Steven Holl and senior partner Chris McVoy.

Sited on the corner of West 218th street and Broadway, the Campbell Sports Center
aims to form an inviting new gateway to the Baker Athletics Complex, the primary athletics
facility for the University’s outdoor sports program.

Steven Holl Architects' design concept for the building is based on "points on the ground, lines in space," which refers to field play diagrams used for football, soccer, baseball, and develops from point foundations on the sloping site. External stairs and terraces along the facade connect the building with the athletic fields below, giving views from the upper levels over the Baker Athletics Complex and Manhattan.

The five story, 48,000sf facility, which opened in Fall 2012, houses strength and conditioning spaces, offices for varsity sports, an auditorium, a hospitality suite and student-athlete study rooms.

Steven Holl
Steven Holl (born December 9, 1947) is a New York–based American architect and watercolorist.

His work includes the 2022 Rubenstein Commons at the Institute for Advanced Study; the 2020 Campus expansion of the Museum of Fine Arts Houston including the Nancy and Rich Kinder Building and Glassell School of Art; the 2019 REACH expansion of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts; the 2019 Hunters Point Library in Queens, New York; the 2007 Bloch Building addition to the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, Missouri; and the 2009 Linked Hybrid mixed-use complex in Beijing, China.
Second Karzai cabinet
The second Karzai cabinet was the cabinet of Afghanistan that led the government from the re-election of president Hamid Karzai in 2009 until the end of his term in 2014.  The cabinet consisted of the president, his two vice-presidents, 18 ministers who received approval from the Afghan Parliament, and 7 acting ministers who have not been approved.

Anwar ul-Haq Ahady
Anwar ul-Haq Ahady (August 12, 1951) is an Afghan politician and former Minister of Commerce and Industry. He had served as the nation's Finance Minister from December 2004 to February 5, 2009.  From 2002 to 2004, he was the head of Da Afghanistan Bank, the central bank of Afghanistan. He is also an academic and writer.
Burns Club of Atlanta
The Burns Club of Atlanta, officially organized in 1896, is a private social club and literary and cultural society commemorating the works and spirit of the 18th century national poet of Scotland, Robert Burns. In addition to holding monthly meetings, the club has held a Burns supper celebration on the anniversary of Burns' birthday every year since 1898. Club events are held in the Atlanta Burns Cottage, a 1911 replica of poet Robert Burns' birthplace in Alloway, Ayrshire, Scotland. The Cottage has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Burns Cottage since 1983.

Burns Cottage
Burns Cottage is the birthplace of Robert Burns, Scotland's national poet (or "bard"), who was born at the cottage on 25 January 1759. It is located in Alloway, a current suburb of Ayr, and a former village, located in South Ayrshire, Scotland. The cottage was built by Robert Burns' father, William Burnes in 1757 and is a four-roomed clay and thatch cottage which has been fully restored to become part of the Robert Burns Birthplace Museum.

Currently, the cottage is under the ownership and protection of the National Trust for Scotland, and forms part of a larger Robert Burns Birthplace Museum also located in Alloway.
1999 Tennessee State Tigers football team
The 1999 Tennessee State Tigers football team represented Tennessee State University as a member of the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC) during the 1999 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Led by fourth-year head coach L. C. Cole, the Tigers compiled an overall record of 11–1, with a conference record of 7–0, and finished as OVC champion. Tennessee State was upset by  North Carolina A&T in the first round of the NCAA Division I-AA playoffs.

1999 NCAA Division I-AA football season
The 1999 NCAA Division I-AA football season, part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division I-AA level, began in August 1999, and concluded with the 1999 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game on December 18, 1999, at Finley Stadium in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The Georgia Southern Eagles won their fifth I-AA championship, defeating the Youngstown State Penguins by a score of 59−24.
Abel Pintos
Abel Federico Pintos (born May 11, 1984) is an Argentine singer-songwriter. He started his solo career at the age of 13 with his album Para cantar he nacido (I Was Born To Sing), supported financially by León Gieco. After the release of four studio albums, he started writing his own songs that marked a departure from his folk style.

He rose to prominence with La llave (The Key), although the CD and DVD Sueño dorado (Golden Dream), which marked fifteen years in the music industry, was his best-selling record of 2012. Along with artists such as Soledad Pastorutti and Luciano Pereyra, Pintos has been dubbed as a promising rising star of Argentine folk music.

He was awarded the Gold Gardel prize for his CD and DVD Sueño Dorado.

Soledad Pastorutti
Soledad "La Sole" Pastorutti (born October 12, 1980) is an Argentine folk singer, who brought the genre to the younger generations at the end of the 20th century, and the beginning of the 21st.

She is also a film and TV actress. Soledad is the older sister of Argentine singer Natalia Pastorutti.

Her first album, Poncho al Viento, is Sony Music's best-selling album ever in Argentina according to Alberto Caldero, Sony Music's president in the late 90s, in an interview with La Nación newspaper.
Warrior (steamboat)
Warrior was a privately owned and constructed steamboat that was pressed into service by the U.S. government during the Black Hawk War to assist with military operations. Warrior was constructed and launched in 1832 at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania by Joseph Throckmorton who also served as the vessel's captain. Once constructed the vessel traveled to St. Louis and into the war zone. Warrior played a key role in the decisive Battle of Bad Axe. Following the war the steamboat continued its service under Throckmorton along the Upper Mississippi River.

Sauk people
The Sauk or Sac (Sauk: Thâkîwaki) are Native Americans and Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands. Their historical territory was near Green Bay, Wisconsin. Today they have three tribes based in Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, and Oklahoma. Their federally recognized tribes are:

Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska

Sac and Fox Nation, Oklahoma

Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa.

They are closely allied with the Meskwaki people. Their Sauk language is part of the Algonquian language family.
Examples of feudalism
Feudalism was practiced in many different ways, depending on location and period, thus a high-level encompassing conceptual definition does not always provide a reader with the intimate understanding that detailed historical examples provide.

Vassal
A vassal or liege subject is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch, in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe and elsewhere. While the subordinate party is called a vassal, the dominant party is called a suzerain. The rights and obligations of a vassal are called vassalage, while the rights and obligations of a suzerain are called suzerainty.
The obligations of a vassal often included military support by knights in exchange for certain privileges, usually including land held as a tenant or fief.

In contrast, fealty (fidelitas) is sworn, unconditional loyalty to a monarch.