hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lactobionic acid
Lactobionic acid (4-O-β-galactopyranosyl-D-gluconic acid) is a sugar acid.  It is a disaccharide formed from gluconic acid and galactose.  It can be formed by oxidation of lactose.  The carboxylate anion of lactobionic acid is known as lactobionate.

As an acid, lactobionic acid can form salts with mineral cations such as calcium, potassium, sodium and zinc.  Calcium lactobionate is a food additive used as a stabilizer. Potassium lactobionate is added to organ preservation solutions such as Viaspan or CoStorSol to provide osmotic support and prevent cell swelling. Mineral salts of lactobionic acid are also used for mineral supplementation.

Lactobionic acid is also used in the cosmetics industry as an antioxidant and in the pharmaceutical industry as an excipient for formulation. For example, the antibiotic erythromycin is used as the salt erythromycin lactobionate when intravenously delivered.

Gluconic acid
Gluconic acid is an organic compound with molecular formula C6H12O7 and condensed structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4CO2H.  A white solid, it forms the gluconate anion in neutral aqueous solution. The salts of gluconic acid are known as "gluconates".  Gluconic acid, gluconate salts, and gluconate esters occur widely in nature because such species arise from the oxidation of glucose.  Some drugs are injected in the form of gluconates.
Daga Province
Daga Province (Dzongkha: དར་དཀར་; Wylie: dar-dkar) was one of the nine historical Provinces of Bhutan.

Daga Province occupied lands in west-central Bhutan. It was administered from the town of Daga. The ruling governor was known as the Penlop of Daga, or Dagab. Real power, however, rested in the hands of the Penlop of Paro, the dominant lord of western Bhutan.: 203  : 141

Dzongkha
Dzongkha (རྫོང་ཁ་ [d͡zòŋkʰɑ́]), also known by its exonym Bhutanese, is a Tibeto-Burman language in the Sino-Tibetan language family that is primarily spoken by the Bhutanese people. It is the official and national language of Bhutan, and is written using the Tibetan script.

The word dzongkha means "the language of the fortress", from dzong "fortress" and kha "language". As of 2013, Dzongkha had 171,080 native speakers and about 640,000 total speakers.

Dzongkha is a South Tibetic language. It is closely related to Laya and Lunana and partially intelligible with Sikkimese, and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha, Brokpa, Brokkat and Lakha. It has a more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan.
Jelena Pavlović
Jelena Pavlović (Serbian Cyrillic: Јелена Павловић; born 1976) is a Serbian politician. She has served in the Serbian parliament since February 2024 and has also been a member of Belgrade city assembly since June 2024. Previously a member of the We – Voice from the People (MI–GIN) and We – Power of the People (MI–SN) political movements, she is now an independent.

Branimir Nestorović
Branimir Nestorović (Serbian Cyrillic: Бранимир Несторовић; born 16 December 1954) is a Serbian politician, pulmonologist, conspiracy theorist, and retired university professor serving as the member of the National Assembly since 6 February 2024. He is one of the representatives of the We–The Voice from the People organisation and was elected to the National Assembly and the Belgrade City Assembly in 2023. In his career, he was also a paediatrician, allergist, and a professor emeritus of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade.
Robert Searight
Robert "Sput" Searight (born March 18, 1975) is an American drummer, composer and producer best known for his work with jazz fusion band Snarky Puppy and as co-founder of the percussion-based band Ghost-Note. His background spans several genres including jazz, funk, hip-hop and gospel. He has toured and recorded with a variety of artists including Kirk Franklin, Snoop Dogg, Justin Timberlake, Erykah Badu and Toto. He has received a Grammy Award for his production work on the album God's Property.

Kirk Franklin
Kirk Dewayne Franklin (born January 26, 1970) is an American gospel musician, rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. Franklin's accolades include 20 Grammy Awards. Variety has called Franklin a "Reigning King of Urban Gospel", and Franklin is one of the inaugural inductees into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame. Franklin has also been associated with The Family, God's Property, and One Nation Crew (1NC).
Margaret Murnane
Margaret Mary Murnane (born 23 January 1959) is an Irish physicist, who served as a distinguished professor of physics at the University of Colorado Boulder, having moved there in 1999, with past positions at the University of Michigan and Washington State University. She is the director of the STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center and a researcher in laser science and technology.

Her interests and research contributions span topics including atomic, molecular, and optical physics, nanoscience, laser technology, materials and chemical dynamics, plasma physics, and imaging science. Her work has earned her awards including the MacArthur Fellowship award in 2000, the Frederic Ives Medal/Quinn Prize in 2017, the highest award of The Optical Society, and the 2021 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics.

Optica (society)
Optica, founded as the Optical Society of America (later the Optical Society), is a professional society of individuals and companies with an interest in optics and photonics. It publishes journals, organizes conferences and exhibitions, and carries out charitable activities.
Weeds (Millennium)
"Weeds" is the eleventh episode of the first season of the American crime-thriller television series Millennium. It premiered on the Fox network on January 24, 1997. The episode was written by Frank Spotnitz, and directed by Michael Pattinson. "Weeds" featured guest appearances by Ryan Cutrona, Josh Clark and Terry David Mulligan.

Forensic profiler Frank Black (Lance Henriksen), a member of the private investigative organisation Millennium Group, investigates a series of kidnappings in a gated community, finding that the real danger in the neighborhood comes from within its own walls.

"Weeds" was Spotnitz's writing début for the series, and saw the return of recurring guest star C. C. H. Pounder, whose appearance received some critical appreciation. The episode, which begins with a quote from the Book of Jeremiah, was met with a mixed reception, with reviews complimenting the interesting, but poorly executed plot.

Frank Black (character)
Frank Black is a fictional character in the  crime-thriller television series Millennium. Black serves as the primary character of the series, which centers on his investigation into unusual crimes as part of the private investigative organization the Millennium Group. Black appeared in all but one of the series' sixty-seven episodes, with "Anamnesis" being the exception; the character was portrayed by Lance Henriksen throughout the series.

The character of Black was conceived by series creator Chris Carter as a modern Western hero, and has been considered the main constant throughout the series' changes in tone and direction. Henriksen was described by Carter as his "first and last" choice for the role, and has garnered critical acclaim for his portrayal, including three Golden Globe Award nominations.
Kannon Shanmugam
Kannon Kumar Shanmugam (born November 15, 1972) is an American lawyer known for his litigation at the U.S. Supreme Court.  He is a partner at the law firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison and is co-chair of the firm's litigation department, chair of the firm's Washington, D.C. office, and chair of its Supreme Court and appellate practice group.

Shanmugam joined Paul, Weiss in 2019 in a highly publicized move from Williams & Connolly, where he was head of the firm's Supreme Court and appellate practice. He previously served as an Assistant to the Solicitor General of the United States. Before joining the Solicitor General's office, he was an associate at the law firm of Kirkland & Ellis.

Kirkland & Ellis
Kirkland & Ellis LLP is an American multinational white-shoe law firm founded in 1909. With a revenue of US$8.8 billion and a profit per equity partner of US$9.25 million, Kirkland & Ellis is one of the highest-grossing and most profitable law firms in the world. As of 2025, the firm is the seventh-largest by number of attorneys. It was also the first law firm in the world to reach US$7 billion in annual revenue.

The firm’s alumni include several notable judges and government officials, including United States Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh and former United States Attorneys General William Barr and Robert Bork.
D 85 road (United Arab Emirates)
D 85 (Arabic: د ٨٥), also known as Baniyas Road, is a road in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.  The road begins near the north end of the Deira Corniche, and runs beside Dubai Creek south-eastwards. Passing important landmarks along the creek, D 85 ends near the Dubai Creek Golf & Yacht Club.

Important landmarks along the D 85 route include the Hyatt Regency Dubai on the Deira Corniche, the Deira Twin Towers, Al Nasr Square, Etisalat Tower 1, Dubai Municipality, and the Deira City Centre.  D 85 intersects with other roads to provide access to Bur Dubai — it intersects with D 92 (Al Mina Road/Al Khaleej Road) near Port Rashid to form the Al Shindagha Tunnel and with Umm Hurair Road in Deira to form the Al Maktoum Bridge.

The word Baniyas is a reference to the dynastic tribe of the Al Maktoums.

D 92 road (United Arab Emirates)
D 92, (Arabic: د ٩٢) also known as Al Khaleej Road, Al Mina Road or Al Wasl Road, is a road in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.  Beginning in the locality of Al Mamzar, D 92 progresses south-westward, past Deira, Al Shindagha, Port Rashid and Bur Dubai. D 92 then runs parallel to D 94 (Jumeirah Road) and D 90 (Satwa Road) before terminating at a junction with Umm Suqeim Street in Umm Suqeim. The road, which passes through Al Shindagha Tunnel, provides access to Bur Dubai.

Important landmarks located along D 92 include the Dubai Gold Souk, Al Shindagha Tunnel, Falcon Roundabout, Iranian Consulate, American School of Dubai, Al Wasl Police Station, Safa Park and Dubai Police Academy.
Sisitak Mound
Sisitak Mound (also Romanianized as Șișitac; Hungarian: Sisitak domb; Serbian: Шишитак Унка, romanized: Šišitak Unka) is a nationally protected area, classified as an IUCN Category IV botanical nature reserve, situated in Timiș County within the administrative boundaries of the Sânpetru Mare commune. A tumulus at least 1,000 years old, it has been documented since the 18th century, in the Josephinische Landesaufnahme being assigned the name Sisitak.

Timiș County
Timiș (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈtimiʃ]) is a county (județ) of western Romania on the border with Hungary and Serbia, in the historical region of Banat, with the county seat at Timișoara. It is the westernmost and the largest county in Romania in terms of land area. The county is also part of the Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion.
Lee Collins (Unicode)
Lee Collins is a software engineer and co-founder of the Unicode Consortium. In 1987, along with Joe Becker and Mark Davis they began to develop what is today known as Unicode. Collins has a Master of Arts in East Asian Languages and Cultures from Columbia University and was the Technical Vice President of Unicode Consortium from 1991 to 1993.

Mark Davis (Unicode)
Mark Edward Davis (born September 13, 1952) is an American specialist in the internationalization and localization of software and the co-founder and chief technical officer of the Unicode Consortium, previously serving as its president until 2022.

He is one of the key technical contributors to the Unicode specifications, being the primary author or co-author of bidirectional text algorithms (used worldwide to display Arabic language and Hebrew language text), collation (used by sorting algorithms and search algorithms), Unicode normalization, Unicode scripts, text segmentation, identifiers, regular expressions, data compression, character encoding and security.
2024 FIVB Men's Volleyball Nations League
The 2024 FIVB Men's Volleyball Nations League was the sixth edition of the FIVB Men's Volleyball Nations League, an annual men's international volleyball tournament. The competition was held from 21 May to 30 June 2024, with the final round taking place at the Atlas Arena, Łódź, Poland.

Following the results of the 2023 Nations League and the 2023 Challenger Cup, China were replaced by debutants Turkey in this edition.

France won their second VNL title after a four-set match against Japan in the final. It was Japan's first silver medal in 47 years. Finals host Poland swept Slovenia in the third place match to bag their third bronze medal. Antoine Brizard from France was named the MVP of the tournament.

2023 FIVB Men's Volleyball Nations League
The 2023 FIVB Men's Volleyball Nations League was the fifth edition of the FIVB Men's Volleyball Nations League, an annual men's international volleyball tournament. The competition was held from 6 June to 23 July 2023, with the final round taking place at the Ergo Arena, Gdańsk, Poland.

Following the results of 2022 Nations League and 2022 Challenger Cup, Australia were replaced by debutants Cuba in this edition.

Finals host and home team Poland won their first VNL title after defeating the United States in four sets. It was the United States' third silver medal. Japan defeated Italy in a tie-breaker match and claimed the bronze medal. Paweł Zatorski from Poland was named the MVP of the tournament.
Family (Roy Hargrove album)
Family is a studio album by trumpeter Roy Hargrove, recorded on January 26–29, 1995, and released on June 20 of the same year, by Verve Records. It features Hargrove on trumpet in a quintet with saxophonist Ron Blake and three different rhythm sections (piano, bass, drums), plus guest artists: trumpeter Wynton Marsalis and saxophonists David "Fathead" Newman and Jesse Davis.

David "Fathead" Newman
David "Fathead" Newman (February 24, 1933 – January 20, 2009) was an American jazz and rhythm-and-blues saxophonist, who made numerous recordings as a session musician and leader, but is best known for his work as a sideman on seminal 1950s and early 1960s recordings by Ray Charles.

The AllMusic Guide to Jazz wrote that "there have not been many saxophonists and flutists more naturally soulful than David 'Fathead' Newman."  Newman was a leading proponent of the "Texas Tenor" saxophone style, a big-toned, bluesy approach popularized by jazz tenor players from that state.
Byatta
Byatta (Burmese: ဗျတ္တ, pronounced [bjaʔta̰]) was a senior commander in the Royal Army of King Anawrahta. He was a seaman, who joined Anawrahta's service after having shipwrecked at Thaton. He fathered two sons by a floral ogress from Popa district. The sons Shwe Hpyin Gyi and Shwe Hpyin Nge later entered the pantheon of Burmese nats as Shwe Hpyin Brothers.

Thaton
Thaton (Burmese: သထုံမြို့, MLCTS: sa. htum mrui.pronounced [θətʰòʊɰ̃ mjo̰]; Mon: သဓီု /səthɜ̤m/) is a town in Mon State, in southern Myanmar on the Tenasserim plains. Thaton lies along the National Highway 8 and is also connected by the National Road 85. It is 230 kilometres (140 mi) southeast of Yangon and 70 kilometres (43 mi) north of Mawlamyine. Thaton was the capital of Thaton Kingdom from at least the 4th century BC to the middle of the 11th century AD.
Bad Boy (1949 film)
Bad Boy is a 1949 American drama film directed by Kurt Neumann and starring Audie Murphy, Lloyd Nolan and Jane Wyatt. It was Murphy's first leading role. It was distributed by the independent studio Allied Artists.

Lloyd Nolan
Lloyd Benedict Nolan (August 11, 1902 – September 27, 1985) was an American stage, film and television actor who rose from a supporting player and B-movie lead early in his career to featured player status after creating the role of Captain Queeg in Herman Wouk's play The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial in the mid-1950s. Nolan won a Best Actor Emmy Award reprising the part in 1955 TV play based on Wouk's tale of military justice. Additionally, he starred in the Mike Shayne detective films, and the groundbreaking sitcom Julia starring Diahann Carroll.
Stephen Collins
Stephen Weaver Collins (born October 1, 1947) is an American former actor. He is known for playing Eric Camden on the WB/CW television series 7th Heaven from 1996 to 2007. Afterwards, Collins played the roles of Dayton King on the ABC television series No Ordinary Family and Gene Porter in the NBC television series Revolution, father of Elizabeth Mitchell's character, Rachel Matheson. Before 7th Heaven, Collins was known for his roles as Commander Willard Decker in the 1979 film Star Trek: The Motion Picture and pilot Jake Cutter in the ABC television series Tales of the Gold Monkey. 
In 2014, his career came to an end after he confessed to sexual abuse against multiple minors.

Elizabeth Mitchell
Elizabeth Mitchell (born Elizabeth Joanna Robertson; March 27, 1970) is an American actress. She received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for her lead role as Juliet Burke on the ABC mystery drama series Lost (2006–2010). She also had lead roles on the television series V (2009–2010), Revolution (2012–2014), Dead of Summer (2016), and The Santa Clauses (2022–2023), for which she received a Children's and Family Emmy Award nomination. She had recurring roles on the television series ER (2000–2001), Once Upon a Time (2014), The Expanse (2018, 2021), and Outer Banks (2021–present).

Mitchell has appeared in numerous films, including Gia (1998), Frequency (2000), Nurse Betty (2000), The Santa Clause 2 (2002), The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause (2006), Running Scared (2006), Answers to Nothing (2011), The Purge: Election Year (2016), and Queen Bees (2021).
George Otten
Johann Friedrich Georg Otten (1861–1954) was a German-born American horticulturist, florist, and landscape architect whose significant contributions in Portland and Seaside, Oregon, established him as a influential figure in the state’s floral and civic beautification heritage. Known professionally as George Otten, he contributed to Portland’s reputation as the “Rose City” through his leadership in landmark events like the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition, Portland’s Rose Day, the First Annual Fall Flower Show, and the Portland Rose Festival—where he was credited as "the originator of Portland's Rose Festival" by The Oregon Sunday Journal on June 7, 1914—and his influential roles in civic committees and public education. An recognized authority on tuberous begonias, Otten’s career spanned from 1885 to 1954, leaving a enduring influence in Oregon’s gardens, parks, and global horticulture.

Portland Rose Festival
The Portland Rose Festival is an annual civic festival held during the month of June in Portland, Oregon.  It is organized by the volunteer non-profit Portland Rose Festival Foundation (named the Portland Rose Festival Association until the 2000s) with the purpose of promoting the Portland region.  It includes three separate parades, along with a number of other activities.
Forssellia
Forssellia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Lichinaceae. It includes four species. The genus was established in 1906 but later merged into Pterygiopsis until molecular analyses published in 2024 indicated that it represents a distinct lineage. Species form dark, crustose growths on calcareous or other mineral-rich rocks that become conspicuously gelatinous when moistened, and they produce distinctive pycnoascocarps—fruiting bodies combining sexual and asexual features. Found mainly across the Northern Hemisphere, Forssellia lichens typically inhabit well-lit, mineral-rich rocks that are temporarily wetted by seepage or along lake shores.

Calcareous
Calcareous (/kælˈkɛəriəs/) is an adjective meaning "mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate", in other words, containing lime or being chalky. The term is  used in a wide variety of scientific disciplines.
Berried Alive
"Berried Alive" is the tenth episode of the sixth season of the American comedy-drama television series Entourage. It is the 76th overall episode of the series and was written by series creator Doug Ellin, and directed by David Nutter. It originally aired on HBO on September 20, 2009.

The series chronicles the acting career of Vincent Chase, a young A-list movie star, and his childhood friends from Queens, New York City, as they attempt to further their nascent careers in Los Angeles. In the episode, Drama debates over whether getting Ari or Lloyd as his agent, while Eric questions his relationship with Ashley.

According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 1.83 million household viewers and gained a 1.1/3 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received positive reviews from critics, who praised the storylines and new focus on Lloyd.

David Nutter
David Nutter (born 1960) is an American television and film director and television producer. He is best known for directing pilot episodes for television. In 2015, he received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series, for his work on the HBO series Game of Thrones.
Bi-directional hypothesis of language and action
The bi-directional hypothesis of language and action proposes that the sensorimotor and language comprehension areas of the brain exert reciprocal influence over one another. This hypothesis argues that areas of the brain involved in movement and sensation, as well as movement itself, influence cognitive processes such as language comprehension. In addition, the reverse effect is argued, where it is proposed that language comprehension influences movement and sensation. Proponents of the bi-directional hypothesis of language and action conduct and interpret linguistic, cognitive, and movement studies within the framework of embodied cognition and embodied language processing. Embodied language developed from embodied cognition, and proposes that sensorimotor systems are not only involved in the comprehension of language, but that they are necessary for understanding the semantic meaning of words.

Situated cognition
Situated cognition is a theory that posits that knowing is inseparable from doing by arguing that all knowledge is situated in activity bound to social, cultural and physical contexts.

Situativity theorists suggest a model of knowledge and learning that requires thinking on the fly rather than the storage and retrieval of conceptual knowledge. In essence, cognition cannot be separated from the context. Instead, knowing exists in situ, inseparable from context, activity, people, culture, and language. Therefore, learning is seen in terms of an individual's increasingly effective performance across situations rather than in terms of an accumulation of knowledge, since what is known is co-determined by the agent and the context.
Two Smart People
Two Smart People is a 1946 American film noir crime drama film directed by Jules Dassin and starring Lucille Ball, John Hodiak, Lloyd Nolan and Hugo Haas. It was produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was one of a number of noirs starring Hodiak.

Lloyd Nolan
Lloyd Benedict Nolan (August 11, 1902 – September 27, 1985) was an American stage, film and television actor who rose from a supporting player and B-movie lead early in his career to featured player status after creating the role of Captain Queeg in Herman Wouk's play The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial in the mid-1950s. Nolan won a Best Actor Emmy Award reprising the part in 1955 TV play based on Wouk's tale of military justice. Additionally, he starred in the Mike Shayne detective films, and the groundbreaking sitcom Julia starring Diahann Carroll.