hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
County of Armagnac
The County of Armagnac (US: /ˌɑːrmənˈjæk, ˌɑːrmɑːnˈjɑːk/, French: [aʁmaɲak] ⓘ; Gascon: Armanhac), situated between the Adour and Garonne rivers in the lower foothills of the Pyrenées, was a historic county of  the Duchy of Gascony, established in 601 in Aquitaine (now France).  In 960, the title of 'Count of Armagnac' was established, and thus the County of Armagnac was created.  In 1751, following the death of childless Charles de Lorraine, Comte d'Armagnac, the title of the county was absorbed into the Crown lands of France and the King, then Louis XV took the title of 'Count of Armagnac' (Comte d'Armagnac).  In 1791, following the decree dividing France into departments, the county was disestablished, but remains an important natural region of France.

Charles de Lorraine, Count of Armagnac
Charles de Lorraine (22 February 1684 – 29 December 1751) was a member of the House of Guise, a cadet branch of the House of Lorraine. Succeeding his father as the Count of Armagnac, he also succeeded as Count of Brionne as well as the Grand Squire of France.
Federal State of the Visayas
The Federal State of the Visayas (Spanish: Estado Federal de Visayas, Hiligaynon: Pederal nga Estado sang Visayas, Cebuano: Pederal nga Estado sa Visayas, Filipino: Pederal na Estado ng Visayas) was a revolutionary state in the Philippine archipelago during the revolutionary period. It was a proposed administrative unit of the Philippines under a federal form of government.

Diego de los Ríos
Diego de los Ríos y Nicolau (9 April 1850 – 4 November 1911) was a Spanish Lieutenant General who was known as the last Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines during the Spanish-American War. He also served in the Glorious Revolution, the Third Carlist War and the Ten Years' War.
Rambus
Rambus Inc. is an American technology company that designs, develops and licenses chip interface technologies and architectures that are used in digital electronics products. The company, founded in 1990, is well known for inventing RDRAM and for its intellectual property-based litigation following the introduction of DDR-SDRAM memory.

XDR DRAM
XDR DRAM (extreme data rate dynamic random-access memory) is a high-performance dynamic random-access memory interface. It is based on and succeeds RDRAM. Competing technologies include DDR2 and GDDR4.
Dynamic testing
In software development, dynamic testing (or dynamic analysis) is examining the runtime response from a software system to particular input (test case).

Tests can be run manually or via automation.

Unit testing, integration testing, System testing and acceptance testing are forms of dynamic testing.

In contrast to static testing, the software must be runnable.

Test automation
Test automation is the use of software (separate from the software being tested) for controlling the execution of tests and comparing actual outcome with predicted. Test automation supports testing the system under test (SUT) without manual interaction which can lead to faster test execution and testing more often. Test automation is a key aspect of continuous testing and often for continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD).
Koźminek, Greater Poland Voivodeship
Koźminek [kɔʑˈminɛk] is a town in Kalisz County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in central Poland. It serves as the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Koźminek.

The town has a population of 1,800.

It was granted town rights before 1369.

Kalisz County
Kalisz County (Polish: powiat kaliski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on 1 January 1999 as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Kalisz, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The only town in Kalisz County is Stawiszyn, which lies 18 km (11 mi) north of Kalisz.

The county covers an area of 1,160.02 square kilometres (447.9 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 80,369, out of which the population of Stawiszyn is 1,554 and the rural population is 78,815.
Sikh copper-plate inscriptions
Sikh copper-plate inscriptions (Tamar Patar) are historical Sikh inscribed copper plates that were commissioned by Guru Gobind Singh and gifted by him to three-known Hindu temples during his guruship period.: 302 : 240–242  Three inscribed copper plates of this kind are known.: 302 : 240–242

Indian copper plate inscriptions
Indian copper plate inscriptions are legal records engraved on copper plates. The practice was widespread and long-running in the Indian subcontinent; it may date back to as early as the 3rd millennium BCE, however the vast majority of recovered plates were produced in the 1st millennium CE. The plates were legal documents which registered and recorded an act of endowment, i.e. a grant or donation, typically of land or concessions. The plate contained bureaucratic information on land tenure and taxation essential to the operation of the state.

The copper plates can survive intact indefinitely: copper, being a non-ferrous metal, does not rust or otherwise deteriorate when exposed to oxygen the way iron does, but rather develops a protective patina.
Graham Kirkham, Baron Kirkham
Sir Graham Kirkham, Baron Kirkham, KCVO (born 14 December 1944) is an English businessman, founder of Northern Upholstery, and chairman of sofa retailer DFS.

Previously executive chairman of DFS Furniture Company Ltd, Kirkham is a strong political and financial supporter of the Conservative Party, and is one of South Yorkshire's richest men, with a personal fortune estimated at £1 billion. After selling DFS in April 2010 he now has a large share in Iceland supermarkets. He is also now involved in fish and chip shops having bought the Whitby chain.

The Duke of Edinburgh's Award
The Duke of Edinburgh's Award (commonly abbreviated DofE) is a youth awards programme founded in the United Kingdom in 1956 by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, which has since expanded to 144 nations. The awards recognise adolescents and young adults for completing a series of self-improvement exercises modelled on Kurt Hahn's solutions to his "Six Declines of Modern Youth".
Piccolia nannaria
Piccolia nannaria is a species of crustose lichen in the class Lecanoromycetes. It is widespread but uncommon in the coastal plain of southeastern North America. Initially thought to be corticolous (bark-dwelling), later collection of the lichen suggest that it may be lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling).

Lecanoromycetes
Lecanoromycetes is the largest class of lichenized fungi. It belongs to the subphylum Pezizomycotina in the phylum Ascomycota. The asci (spore-bearing cells) of the Lecanoromycetes most often release spores by rostrate dehiscence.

The group is monophyletic (composed only of all the descendants of a common ancestor).
Iván Urdinola Grajales
Iván Urdinola Grajales (1 December 1960 – 2 February 2002), also known by the nickname 'El enano' (English: The Dwarf), was a Colombian drug lord who was one of the leaders of the notorious Norte del Valle Cartel. Grajales was the co-perpetrator of the Trujillo massacre, which occurred between 1988 and 1992.

Norte del Valle Cartel
The Norte del Valle Cartel (Spanish: Cártel del Norte del Valle), or North Valley Cartel, was a drug cartel that operated principally in the north of the Valle del Cauca department of Colombia, most notably the coastal city of Buenaventura. It rose to prominence during the 1990s, after the Cali and Medellín Cartels fragmented, and it was known as one of the most powerful organizations in the illegal drug trade. The drug cartel was led by the brothers Luis Enrique and Javier Antonio Calle Serna, alias "Los Comba", until its takedown in 2008 by the authorities of Colombia and Venezuela, with cooperation of the United States DEA.
Proof of the Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta function
Leonhard Euler proved the Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta function in his thesis Variae observationes circa series infinitas (Various Observations about Infinite Series), published by St Petersburg Academy in 1737.

Divergence of the sum of the reciprocals of the primes
The sum of the reciprocals of all prime numbers diverges; that is:

This was proved by Leonhard Euler in 1737, and strengthens Euclid's 3rd-century-BC result that there are infinitely many prime numbers and Nicole Oresme's 14th-century proof of the divergence of the sum of the reciprocals of the integers (harmonic series).

There are a variety of proofs of Euler's result, including a lower bound for the partial sums stating that

for all natural numbers n. The double natural logarithm (log log) indicates that the divergence might be very slow, which is indeed the case. For instance, the sum of the reciprocals of all prime numbers up to a certain integer does not exceed 3 for the first time until 5195977 and does not exceed 4 for the first time until approximately 1.8 quintillion.
Euan Ashley
Euan Angus Ashley FRCP is a Scottish physician, scientist, author, and founder based  at Stanford University in California where he is the Arthur L. Bloomfield Chair of the Department of Medicine. He is known for helping establish the field of precision medicine.

Illumina, Inc.
Illumina, Inc. is an American biotechnology company, headquartered in San Diego, California. Incorporated on April 1, 1998, Illumina develops, manufactures, and markets integrated systems for the analysis of genetic variation and biological function. The company provides a line of products and services that serves the sequencing, genotyping and gene expression, and proteomics markets, and serves more than 155 countries.

Illumina's customers include genomic research centers, pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, clinical research organizations, and biotechnology companies.
Manchego cuisine
Manchego cuisine (Manchegan cuisine or Castilian-Manchego cuisine) refers to the typical dishes and ingredients in the cuisine of the Castilla–La Mancha region of Spain. These include pisto (a vegetable stew with tomato sauce), gazpacho manchego, Manchego cheese, the white wine of La Mancha, and the red wine from Valdepeñas (DO).

The dishes and specialties of the region are generally sober and sensible, reflecting a modest, rural origin. They contain a limited number of ingredients that tend to be those most easily accessible by the locals. Dishes tend to be high in calories, ideal for the diets of laborers, farmers, and shepherds. The cuisine of this area was popularized by Miguel de Cervantes in his early-17th-century novel Don Quixote, in which a number of traditional dishes are mentioned.

Migas
Migas (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmiɣas], Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈmiɣɐʃ]) ("crumbs" in English) is a dish traditionally made from stale bread and other ingredients in Spanish and Portuguese cuisines. Originally introduced by shepherds, migas are very popular across the Iberian Peninsula, and are the typical breakfast of hunters at monterías in some regions of Spain.

The same name is used for a different dish made from maize or flour tortillas in Mexican and Tex-Mex cuisines.
The Legend of the Titanic
The Legend of the Titanic (Spanish: La leyenda del Titanic, Italian: La leggenda del Titanic) is a 1999 internationally co-produced animated fantasy film directed by Orlando Corradi and Kim J. Ok. The film is based on the sinking of the RMS Titanic, incorporating fantasy elements such as anthropomorphic animals and magical spells. In an attempt to advertise the story as more child-friendly, the film's writers decided to change the historical account so that no character (including the captain, crew, and passengers) would die, a decision that was met with controversy.

The Legend of the Titanic was followed by a 2004 sequel titled Tentacolino and a 2011 television series, Fantasy Island (not to be confused with the popular 1977–1984 fantasy drama of the same name).

Iceberg that sank the Titanic
On the night of 14–15 April 1912 in the North Atlantic, the passenger liner Titanic collided with an iceberg and sank. There were investigations into the iceberg and the fatal damage the collision caused to the supposedly unsinkable ship. The most important sources about the iceberg are reports from surviving crew and passengers of Titanic. Photographs were taken of icebergs near the spot where Titanic's lifeboats were found, and it is purportedly visible in one of these photos.

The iceberg was often seen metaphorically as a counterpart to the luxurious ship, standing for the cold and silent force of nature that cost the lives of over 1,500 people. It was also seen in various political and religious contexts, and has appeared in poetry as well as in pop culture.
Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed
Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed al-Muwali (Arabic: محمد يونس الأحمد), also known by his pseudonym Khadr al-Sabahi, is an Iraqi former military officer and former senior member of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party. Ahmed currently has a million-dollar bounty placed on his head as one of Iraq's most wanted men accused of funding and leading resistance operations.

He is the leader of al-Awda; an underground Ba'athist movement in Iraq.

Michael Weiss (journalist)
Michael D. Weiss is an American journalist, author, and news commentator. He specializes in international affairs, in particular the Middle East and Russia. He is a contributing editor at New Lines magazine, a senior correspondent for Yahoo News, and editor of The Insider. He is a regular network guest on several CNN shows. He is also director of special investigations at the Free Russia Foundation.

Weiss rose to prominence in 2015 with the publication of the New York Times bestseller ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror, co-written with Hassan Hassan. He is a former investigative reporter at CNN, and has also written for numerous other publications including The Daily Telegraph, Foreign Affairs, The Wall Street Journal, The Guardian, Slate, The Weekly Standard, and The New Republic, among others. He was a columnist for Foreign Policy magazine, The Daily Beast and NOW Lebanon.
Aira
Aira is a genus of Old World plants in the grass family, native to western and southern Europe, central and southwest Asia, plus Africa.

The common name, shared with the similar related genera Deschampsia and Koeleria, is hair-grass, from the very slender leaves and stems. The species typically occur on dry, sandy sites, and grow to 20–40 cm tall.

Several species are grown as ornamental plants for their very delicate airy seed heads, used in dried flower arrangements.

Species

formerly included

Many species now considered better suited to other genera: Agrostis, Antinoria, Arundinella, Arundo, Catabrosa, Colpodium, Corynephorus, Cyrtococcum, Deschampsia, Ehrharta, Eragrostis, Eriachne, Eustachys, Hierochloe, Koeleria, Molinia, Pentameris, Peyritschia, Poa, Puccinellia, Rostraria, Scolochloa, Sesleria, Sphenopholis, Sporobolus, Tricholaena, Trisetum etc.

Ehrharta
Ehrharta is a genus of plants in the grass family.

Most of the species are native to Africa, with others native to the southern Arabian Peninsula, Maluku Islands, Fiji, and New Zealand. Several including Ehrharta longiflora, Ehrharta calycina and Ehrharta erecta have been introduced to parts of North and South America, Europe, India, and Australia, and are considered invasive weeds.

Common names for this genus include veldtgrass.

This genus was named for the German botanist Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart, 1742–1795.
Potassium azide
Potassium azide is the inorganic compound having the formula KN3. It is a white, water-soluble salt. It is used as a reagent in the laboratory.

It has been found to act as a nitrification inhibitor in soil.

Sodium azide
Sodium azide is an inorganic compound with the formula NaN3. This colorless salt is the gas-forming component in some car airbag systems. It is used for the preparation of other azide compounds. It is highly soluble in water and is acutely poisonous.
Carex breviculmis
Carex breviculmis, called the Asian shortstem sedge, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Carex, native to Asia from the Indian subcontinent to Southeast Asia, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, north as far as Khabarovsk Krai, and Malesia, New Guinea, Australia, Norfolk Island and New Zealand. It has been introduced to the US state of Mississippi. Typically found in forests, it is quite shade tolerant.

Carex
Carex is a vast genus of over 2,000 species of grass-like plants in the family Cyperaceae, commonly known as sedges (or seg, in older books). Other members of the family Cyperaceae are also called sedges; however, those of genus Carex may be called true sedges. Carex is the most species-rich genus in the family. The study of Carex is known as caricology.
1st federal electoral district of Querétaro
The 1st federal electoral district of Querétaro (Spanish: Distrito electoral federal 01 de Querétaro) is one of the 300 electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of six such districts in the state of Querétaro.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative session by means of the first-past-the-post system. Votes cast in the district also count towards the calculation of proportional representation ("plurinominal") deputies; since 2024, those elected from the fifth region.

The current member for the district, elected in the 2024 general election, is Gilberto Herrera Ruiz of the National Regeneration Movement (Morena).

Electoral regions of Mexico
The electoral regions (Spanish: circunscripciones electorales) of Mexico are geographic areas composed of various states used for the election of the 200 proportional representation legislators to the Chamber of Deputies.

The country is split into five separate regions. Each of the five regions elects 40 deputies, who are selected according to party lists in the regions. To distinguish them from those elected in the 300 single-member constituencies, they are often referred to as 
"plurinominal deputies".

In contrast, the 32 senators-at-large elected to the Senate by the principle of proportional representation are drawn from party lists covering the entire country; the electoral regions therefore play no role in Senate elections.
Japanese destroyer Kaki (1919)
The Japanese destroyer Kaki (柿) was one of 21 Momi-class destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the late 1910s. She was converted to a training ship and survived the Pacific War as an auxiliary ship and was subsequently scrapped in 1948.

Momi-class destroyer
The Momi-class destroyers were a class of twenty-one second-class destroyers of the Imperial Japanese Navy. All were named for plants. Obsolete by the beginning of the Pacific War, the Momis were relegated to mostly secondary roles, with some vessels serving throughout the war as patrol vessels or high speed transports.
Mount Strybing
Mount Strybing (78°41′S 85°4′W﻿ / ﻿78.683°S 85.067°W﻿ / -78.683; -85.067) is a mountain (3,200 m) standing on Owen Ridge 3 nautical miles (6 km) southeast of Mount Craddock in the south part of Sentinel Range, Ellsworth Mountains. It is linked to Mount Craddock by Karnare Col, and surmounts Saltzman Glacier to the northeast, Brook Glacier to the southwest, and Severinghaus Glacier to the west-northwest.

The peak was first mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos from 1957 to 1959. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for M/Sgt. Henry Strybing, a United States Marine Corps (USMC) navigator on reconnaissance flights of R4D aircraft to this region in the 1957–58 season. The R4D aircraft, named "Charger" crashed landed after the discovery and a rescue crew helped to repair the aircraft on site. The aircraft and crew eventually made a snow/ice takeoff and returned safely.

Ellsworth Mountains
The Ellsworth Mountains are the highest mountain ranges in Antarctica, forming a 350 km (217 mi) long and 48 km (30 mi) wide chain of mountains in a north to south configuration on the western margin of the Ronne Ice Shelf in Marie Byrd Land. They are bisected by Minnesota Glacier to form the Sentinel Range to the north and the Heritage Range to the south. The former is by far the higher and more spectacular with Mount Vinson (4,892 meters (16,050 ft)) constituting the highest point on the continent. The mountains are located within the Chilean Antarctic territorial claim but outside of the Argentinian and British ones.
Scherzo à la russe (Tchaikovsky)
"Scherzo à la russe", Op. 1, No. 1, is part of the first published work of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in 1867, Two Pieces for Piano, Op. 1.

It is based on a Ukrainian folk tune in B-flat major, that the composer noted at Kamianka in 1865 and had earlier used in his first attempt to write a string quartet. It was first called Capriccio (Italian, "whim") but was later changed to "Scherzo à la russe". The other piece in the work was called "Impromptu" in E-flat minor, Op. 1, No. 2.

Scherzo
A scherzo (/ˈskɛərtsoʊ/, UK also /ˈskɜːrt-/, Italian: [ˈskertso]; plural scherzos or scherzi), in western classical music, is a short composition – sometimes a movement from a larger work such as a symphony or a sonata. The precise definition has varied over the years, but scherzo often refers to a movement that replaces the minuet as the third movement in a four-movement work, such as a symphony, sonata, or string quartet. The term can also refer to a fast-moving humorous composition that may or may not be part of a larger work.
1997 Women's Hockey Junior World Cup
The 1997 Women's Hockey Junior World Cup was the 3rd edition of the Women's Hockey Junior World Cup. It was held from 2 to 13 September 1997 in Seongnam, South Korea.

Netherlands won the tournament for the first time after defeating Australia 2–0 in the final. Argentina won the third place match by defeating Germany 3–1 in the third and fourth place playoff.

Women's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup
The Women's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup, formerly known as the Women's Hockey Junior World Cup, is the field hockey Junior World Cup competition for women. The format for qualification and the final tournament is similar to the men's.

It is organized by the International Hockey Federation and has been played since 1989. The tournament features players who are under 21 years of age and is held once every two years.

Four teams have dominated in past events. Netherlands is the most successful team, having won the tournament six times, followed by Korea and Argentina. Germany have won the tournament once.

In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the FIH banned Russia from the 2022 Women's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup, and banned Russian and Belarusian officials from FIH events.
LLR Hospital metro station
LLR Hospital is a metro station on the East-West corridor of the Orange Line of Kanpur Metro station in Kanpur, India. The station was opened on 28 December 2021 as part of the inaugural section of Kanpur Metro, between IIT Kanpur and Moti Jheel.

Orange Line (Kanpur Metro)
The Orange Line (Line 1) (Hindi: ऑरेंज लाइन) is a metro rail line of the Kanpur Metro, a rapid transit system in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. The priority section of the line was inaugurated on 28 December 2021, by the prime minister of India, Narendra Modi. In the first phase, a 9 km (5.6 mi) section of the route was opened, which is fully elevated. Another 5 underground stations were opened on 30 May 2025 by PM Modi, making the total 16km operational. The total length of the route will be 23.8 km (14.8 mi) of which 15.2 km (9.4 mi) will be elevated, and 8.6 km (5.3 mi) will be underground. The line will have a total of 21 stations when the entire line is commissioned.