hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Downshire Hill
Downshire Hill is a street in Hampstead, London, in the London Borough of Camden. The street has always been a preferred residential address, in which the artists Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Stanley Spencer and the actress Peggy Ashcroft as well as the scientist J. D. Bernal and Peter Medawar resided.

J. D. Bernal
John Desmond Bernal FRS (/bərˈnɑːl/; 10 May 1901 – 15 September 1971) was an Irish scientist who pioneered the use of X-ray crystallography in molecular biology. He published extensively on the history of science. In addition, Bernal wrote popular books on science and society. He was a communist activist and a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB).
Tungsten disulfide
Tungsten disulfide is an inorganic chemical compound composed of tungsten and sulfur with the chemical formula WS2. This compound is part of the group of materials called the transition metal dichalcogenides. It occurs naturally as the rare mineral tungstenite. This material is a component of certain catalysts used for hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrification.

WS2 adopts a layered structure similar, or isotypic with MoS2, instead with W atoms situated in trigonal prismatic coordination sphere (in place of Mo atoms). Owing to this layered structure, WS2 forms non-carbon nanotubes, which were discovered after heating a thin sample of WS2 in 1992.

Molybdenum disulfide
Molybdenum disulfide (or moly) is an inorganic compound composed of molybdenum and sulfur. Its chemical formula is MoS2.

The compound is classified as a transition metal dichalcogenide. It is a silvery black solid that occurs as the mineral molybdenite, the principal ore for molybdenum. MoS2 is relatively unreactive. It is unaffected by dilute acids and oxygen. In appearance and feel, molybdenum disulfide is similar to graphite. It is widely used as a dry lubricant because of its low friction and robustness. Bulk MoS2 is a diamagnetic, indirect bandgap semiconductor similar to silicon, with a bandgap of 1.23 eV.
Duke of Victoria de las Amezcoas
Duke of Victoria de las Amezcoas (Spanish: Duque de la Victoria de las Amezcoas) is a hereditary title in the Peerage of Spain, accompanied by the dignity of Grandee and granted posthumously in 1836 by Carlist pretender to the throne Infante Carlos as Charles V to Tomás de Zumalacárregui, captain general of the Carlist army, along with the Countship of Zumalacárregui.

The title makes reference to the military victories of Zumalacárregui, particularly in the Amezcoas region of Navarre. Although it was originally granted as "Duke of la Victoria" (duque de la Victoria), Francisco Franco added the suffix "de las Amezcoas" in 1955 to distinguish it from the existing Dukedom of la Victoria, which had been granted in 1839 by Isabella II to Zumalacárregui's enemy, Baldomero Espartero.

Duke of la Victoria (title)
Duke of la Victoria (Spanish: Duque de la Victoria) is a hereditary title in the Peerage of Spain, accompanied by the dignity of Grandee and granted in 1839 by Isabella II to Baldomero Espartero, who was Prime Minister of Spain, in remembrance of his military victories that led to the embrace of Vergara. He was also made Prince of Vergara by Amadeo I to recognise this peace treaty.

The current duke is the Spanish General Consul in São Paulo.
Gillian Hayes
Gillian Rachael Hayes is an American computer scientist. She is the Robert A. and Barbara L. Kleist Professor in the Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences and Vice Provost for Graduate Education and Dean of the Graduate Division at UC Irvine.

Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences
The UC Irvine Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences (ICS) is the information school of the University of California, Irvine (UCI). Consisting of nearly three thousand students, faculty, and staff, the school has three buildings in the southeast section of UCI's undergraduate campus, and maintains student body and research affiliations throughout UCI.

The school of ICS consists of three departments: Computer Science, Informatics, and Statistics. The combined groupings focus the school around the fields of computing and information processing. The departments confer eight undergraduate, eleven masters, and seven doctoral degrees in total, with some degree programs cooperating with affiliated schools.
Amma (1982 film)
Amma (transl. Mother) is a 1982 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Rajasekhar, written by V. C. Guhanathan and produced by AVM Productions. The film stars Saritha and Pratap Pothen. It was released on 24 June 1982.

Saritha
Saritha is an Indian actress who has acted in more than 150 films and provided voice for many actress for more than 200 films in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada languages. She was one of the popular and critically acclaimed lead actresses during the 1980s.

She also appeared in a television serial, Selvi. She is also credited as a dubbing artist. She has dubbed her voice for Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam and Telugu movies for actresses like Nagma, Vijayashanti, Tabu, Sushmita Sen, Ramya Krishnan and Soundarya in 1990s.

She is a recipient of several state awards from Tamil, Telugu and Kannada, six Filmfare Awards and six Nandi Awards including a Special Jury Award for the film Arjun. Saritha received Tamil Nadu State Film Awards four times, and Karnataka State Film Awards once.
Ciaran Mullooly
Ciaran Mullooly (born 4 September 1966) is an Irish Independent Ireland politician who has served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Midlands–North-West constituency since July 2024. A former journalist, he worked for RTÉ from 1993 to 2021, where he was the RTÉ News Midlands correspondent for 26 years.

Midlands–North-West
Midlands–North-West is a European Parliament constituency in Ireland. It elects five Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) on the electoral system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.
History of IBM research in Israel
The history of IBM research in Israel dates from 1972 with the establishment of the IBM Haifa Research Lab. The research lab is located in a custom-built complex on the University of Haifa campus, with branches in Haifa and Tel Aviv. The staff at the IBM Haifa Research Lab works on projects connected to the topics of healthcare, cloud computing, formal and image and video analytics among others.

University of Haifa
The University of Haifa (Hebrew: אוניברסיטת חיפה, Arabic: جامعة حيفا) is a public research university located on Mount Carmel in Haifa, Israel. Founded in 1963 as a branch of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the University of Haifa received full academic accreditation as an independent university in 1972, becoming Israel's sixth academic institution and the fourth university. The university has the largest university library in Israel. As of 2019, approximately 18,000 students were enrolled at the University of Haifa. Among Israeli higher education institutions the University of Haifa has the largest percentage (41%) of Arab-Israeli students.
Geir Holmsen
Geir Holmsen (born 12 December 1956) is a Norwegian jazz musician, bassist, arranger and composer, and married 1983 to the singer Maj Britt Andersen. He participated in various bands connected to the jazz club Club 7 in Oslo, from the mid-1970s, including "Kråbøl", "Lotus" and "Chipahua". He is also known from "Jon Eberson Group" (1980–84), "Jazzpønkensemblet" (1982–85) and "Oslo Rhythm & Blues Ensemble" (1986–87).

Jon Eberson
Jon Arild Eberson (born 6 January 1953) is a Norwegian jazz guitarist and composer, the son of jazz guitarist Leif Eberson (1925–1970), and the father of keyboardist Marte Maaland Eberson. He was a member of the bands Moose Loose (1973–77), Radka Toneff Quintet (1975–80), and Blow Out (1977–78).
Marietta Sacchi
Marietta Sacchi was an Italian operatic soprano who had an active career during the 1820s and 1830s.

She mainly performed in comprimario and soubrette roles, and appeared at most of Italy's major opera houses and at His Majesty's Theatre in London. She notably created roles in the world premieres of operas by Vincenzo Bellini, Gaetano Donizetti, Simon Mayr, Giovanni Pacini, Luigi Ricci, and Giuseppe Verdi. She also excelled in parts from the operas of Gioachino Rossini.

Simon Mayr
Johann(es) Simon Mayr (also spelled Majer, Mayer, Maier), also known in Italian as Giovanni Simone Mayr or Simone Mayr (14 June 1763 – 2 December 1845), was a German composer. His music reflects the transition from the Classical to the Romantic musical era. In 1805 he founded the Bergamo Conservatory. He was an early inspiration to Rossini and Meyerbeer and taught and advocated for Donizetti.
Battle of Nadaun
The Battle of Nadaun, alternatively known as the Hussaini Yudh, was fought at Nadaun, between Raja Bhim Chand of Bilaspur (Kahlur) and the Mughals under Alif Khan. Bhim Chand was supported by Guru Gobind Singh (the tenth Sikh Guru) and the Mughals were supported by other hill chieftains, notably Kirpal Chand from Kangra and Dayal Chand from Bijharwal. Bhim Chand and some hill chieftains, after the conclusion of the Battle of Bhangani, had refused to pay tribute to the Mughal emperor which led to the battle at Nadaun. The battle resulted in the victory of Bilaspur State and Sikh alliance.

Bichitra Natak, considered to be the autobiography of Guru Gobind Singh, is one of the major sources of information about the battle. However, its authorship is disputed by some scholars.

Battle of Bhangani
The Battle of Bhangani  was fought between Guru Gobind Singh's army and Bhim Chand (Kahlur) of Bilaspur on 18 September 1686 or 1688, at Bhangani near Paonta Sahib. An alliance of Rajput Rajas of the Shivalik Hills participated in the engagement on behalf of Bhim Chand of Bilaspur State's side, including the states of Garhwal and Kangra. It was the first battle Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru, fought at the age of 19.

Bichitra Natak, an autobiography generally attributed to Guru Gobind Singh, contains a detailed description of the battle.
A. J. Derby
Alexander John Derby (born September 20, 1991) is an American former professional football player who was a tight end in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Iowa Hawkeyes (2010–11), Coffeyville Community College (2012), and Arkansas Razorbacks (2013–14).

Coffeyville Community College
Coffeyville Community College (CCC) is a public community college located in Coffeyville, Kansas. It was founded in 1923.

The official school colors are red and white. The mascot is the Red Raven. Their athletic teams are known as the Red Ravens (men) and Lady Ravens (women). Coffeyville Community College is a member of the Kansas Jayhawk Community College Conference and the National Junior College Athletic Association.
Eoin McGrath
Eoin McGrath (born 2 November 1980) is an Irish hurler who played as a left corner-forward for the Waterford senior team. He joined the team in 2002 and was a regular member of the starting fifteen until his retirement in 2012.

Son of former hurler Pat and younger brother of current selector Ken, McGrath was a stalwart on the Waterford team for a decade.  He has won four Munster winners' medals and one National League winners' medal. He ended up as an All-Ireland runner-up on one occasion.

At club level McGrath is a Munster medalist with Mount Sion. In addition to this, he has also won six county club championship medals.

Ken McGrath
Ken McGrath (born 20 February 1978) is an Irish hurler and hurling selector who played as a centre-back for the Waterford senior team. He joined the team in 1996 and was a regular member of the starting fifteen until his retirement in 2011.

Son of former hurler Pat and older brother of former player Eoin, McGrath was a stalwart on the Waterford team for more than a decade.  He has won four Munster winners' medals, one National League winners' medal and three All-Star awards. He ended up as an All-Ireland runner-up on one occasion.

At club level McGrath is a Munster medalist with Mount Sion. In addition to this he has also won six county club championship medals.

McGrath has also served as a selector with the Waterford senior hurling management team.
Konrāds Ubāns
Konrāds Ubāns (December 31, 1893 – August 30, 1981) was a Latvian painter from Riga. He studied at the Riga Art School and was one of the founding members of the Riga Artists' Group before becoming a professor at the Art Academy of Latvia.

Art Academy of Latvia
The Art Academy of Latvia (Latvian: Latvijas Mākslas akadēmija) is a higher education and scientific research institution in art, located in Riga, Latvia. The neo-Gothic brick building is located on Krišjānis Valdemārs Street, next to the National Museum of Art.

In autumn 2021, the LMA, together with the University of Lapland in Finland, planned to enroll students in the two-year international master's program "Service Design Strategies and Innovation". The study process will take place internationally both in Kuldīga and Rovaniemi, Finland.
J. Thompson Baker
Jacob Thompson Baker (April 13, 1847 – December 7, 1919) was an American attorney, banker, and Democratic Party politician who represented New Jersey's 2nd congressional district for one term from 1913 to 1915. He also served as the first mayor of Wildwood, New Jersey.

New Jersey's 2nd congressional district
New Jersey's 2nd congressional district, based in Southern New Jersey, is represented by Republican  Jeff Van Drew. He was first elected as a Democrat in 2018, but announced on December 19, 2019, that he would be switching parties. The district, which is New Jersey's largest geographically, is a Republican-leaning seat that has shifted to the right since the mid 1990s.
Tiger Rock
Tiger Rock (previously known as Dragon Falls and Dragon River) is a flume ride at the theme park Chessington World of Adventures in Chessington, southwest London, England. The ride was manufactured by Mack Rides, based on a concept designed by John Wardley, and opened in 1987. It is located in the Land of the Tiger area of the park that was formerly known as Mystic East. The ride was originally extensively themed, although the majority of its scenic design was later removed due to lack of maintenance and durability over time. A contest was held in 2014 that focused on possible new themes for the ride. In September 2017, the ride closed for refurbishment and reemerged on 5 May 2018 as Tiger Rock.

Mack Rides
Mack Rides GmbH & Co KG, also known simply as Mack Rides, is a German company that designs and constructs amusement rides, based in Waldkirch, Baden-Württemberg. It is one of the world's oldest amusement industry suppliers, and builds many types of rides, including flat rides, dark rides, log flumes, tow boat rides and roller coasters. The family that owns Mack Rides also owns Europa-Park.
1965–66 in Belgian football
The 1965–66 season was the 63rd season of competitive football in Belgium. RSC Anderlechtois won their 12th Division I title and became the club with the most championship wins in Belgium. They also entered the 1965–66 European Champion Clubs' Cup as Belgian title holder. As RSC Anderlechtois was also the Cup holder, the losing finalist Standard Liège entered the 1965–66 European Cup Winners' Cup. RFC Liégeois, R Daring Club de Bruxelles and R Antwerp FC all played the 1965–66 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. Standard Liège won the Belgian Cup final against rivals RSC Anderlechtois (1-0). The Belgium national football team ended their 1966 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign with pain, and a defeat to Bulgaria in a play-off game for the World Cup finals qualification (2-1 in Florence, Italy).

Royal Antwerp F.C.
Royal Antwerp Football Club (commonly referred to as Royal Antwerp or simply Antwerp) is a Belgian professional football club based in the city of Antwerp. They compete in the Belgian Pro League, the top flight of Belgian football. Founded in 1880, Royal Antwerp is considered to be the oldest football club in Belgium.

The team has won the Belgian league title five times and the Belgian Cup four times, including a domestic double in 2022–23. In European competitions, it reached the final of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1992–93 and qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage for the first time in 2023.

The club's home colours are red and white and, since 1923, they have played their home games at Bosuilstadion in the Deurne district of Antwerp.
2010 Hazfi Cup final
The 2010 Hazfi Cup final was a two-legged football tie in order to determine the 2009–10 Hazfi Cup champion of Iranian football clubs. Persepolis faced Gostaresh Foolad in this final game. The first leg took place on May 13, 2010 at 16:00 IRDT (UTC+4:30) at Yadegar-e Emam Stadium in Tabriz and the second leg took place on May 24, 2010 at 16:00 local time (UTC+3:30) at Azadi Stadium, Tehran.

Iran Standard Time
Iran Standard Time (IRST) or Iran Time (IT) is the time zone used in Iran. Iran uses a UTC offset UTC+03:30. IRST is defined by the 52.5 degrees east meridian, the same meridian which defines the Iranian calendar and is the official meridian of Iran.

Between 2005 and 2008, by decree of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Iran did not observe daylight saving time (DST) (called Iran Daylight Time or IRDT). It was reintroduced from 21 March 2008. On 21 September 2022, Iran abolished DST and now observes standard time year-round.
Valeriy Suntsov
Valeriy Suntsov (Russian: Валерий Сунцов; born 10 July 1955) is a Russian former racewalking athlete who competed in the 50 kilometres race walk for the Soviet Union. He set his lifetime best of 3:42:37 hours for the event in 1985 in Saint Petersburg (then Leningrad).

He represented his country at the European Athletics Championships on two occasions, winning a bronze medal at the 1986 edition. He competed at the 1987 World Championships in Athletics but was disqualified for lifting. He was a key member of the Soviet team at the IAAF World Race Walking Cup, sharing in the team silver medals in 1981 and 1985 before taking gold at the 1987 IAAF World Race Walking Cup with a team including Vyacheslav Ivanenko, Andrey Perlov and Aleksandr Potashov.

Suntsov was ranked third among Europeans in the 1982 season, behind East German Ronald Weigel and fellow Soviet Viktor Dorovskikh. He was a one-time national champion taking the 50 km walk at the 1986 Soviet Athletics Championships.

Aleksandr Potashov
Aleksandr Potashov (Belarusian: Аляксандар Паташоў, Russian: Александр Поташёв; born 12 March 1962) is a retired race walker who represented the USSR and later Belarus. He won the gold medal over 50 kilometres at the 1991 World Championships. Potashov and his teammate Andrey Perlov attempted to cross the goal line simultaneously, resulting in a shared gold medal, but the officials declared Potashov the winner by 0.01 second.

Potashov finished fourth at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul and was disqualified at the 1992 Olympics. His personal best time is 3:40:02, achieved in May 1990.
Puntiagudo-Cordón Cenizos
Puntiagudo-Cordón Cenizos (Spanish pronunciation: [puntjaˈɣuðo koɾˈðon seˈnisos]) is a snow-capped volcanic chain located in the Andes, in Los Lagos Region of Chile, near Volcán Osorno. It lies between Rupanco Lake and Todos los Santos Lake. "Volcán Puntiagudo" (Spanish for "Sharp-pointed volcano") is a stratovolcano with a prominent 2,493 m high sharp-pointed summit that results from glacial dissection and gets its name from this feature. According to locals, the Puntiagudo volcano lost some of its sharp point in the earthquake of 1960 (9.4–9.6 Mw). So the volcano was more pointed than it is today. Puntiagudo is also given the name Cerro Cenizas.

Puntiagudo is partially contained within Vicente Pérez Rosales National Park.

Osorno (volcano)
Osorno Volcano is a 2,652-metre-tall (8,701 ft) conical stratovolcano lying between Osorno Province and Llanquihue Province in the Los Lagos Region of southern Chile. It stands on the southeastern shore of Llanquihue Lake, and also towers over Todos los Santos Lake. Osorno is considered a symbol of the local landscape and, as such, tends to be the referential element of the area in regards to tourism. By some definitions, it marks the northern boundary of Chilean Patagonia.
Piz Mingèr
Piz Mingèr (3,114 m) is a mountain in the Sesvenna Range of the Alps, located west of S-charl in the canton of Graubünden. It lies on the range north of Piz Foraz, between the Val Plavna and the Val S-charl.

The east side of the mountain is part of the Swiss National Park.

S-charl
S-charl is a village in the municipality of Scuol, located in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. The village lies in the Engadin region, at 1,810 metres in the Val S-charl south of Scuol, in the Sesvenna Range (Swiss Alps).

Häuser oberhalb von S-charl.

Wildfutterplatz.

Brücke über die Clemgia.

Zentrum
History of email spam
The history of email spam reaches back to the mid-1990s, when commercial use of the internet first became possible—and marketers and publicists began to test what was possible.

Very soon, email spam was ubiquitous, unavoidable, and repetitive. This article details significant events in the history of spam, and the efforts made to limit it.

Email marketing
Email marketing is the act of sending a commercial message, typically to a group of people, using email. In its broadest sense, every email sent to a potential or current customer could be considered email marketing. It involves using email to send advertisements, request business, or solicit sales or donations. The term usually refers to sending email messages with the purpose of enhancing a merchant's relationship with current or previous customers, encouraging customer loyalty and repeat business, acquiring new customers or convincing current customers to purchase something immediately, and sharing third-party ads.
SS Brick Quinto
Brick Quinto was a 2,066 GRT collier that was built in 1943 as Empire Daughter by Grangemouth Dockyard Co Ltd, Grangemouth, Stirlingshire, United Kingdom for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). In 1946, she was sold into merchant service and renamed Glanrhyd. Further sales in 1948 and 1949 saw her renamed Noeldale and Kinnaird Head respectively. In 1961, she was sold to Italy and renamed Brick Quinto. She served until 1976, when she was scrapped.

Stirlingshire
Stirlingshire or the County of Stirling (Scottish Gaelic: Siorrachd Sruighlea [ˈʃirˠəxk ˈs̪t̪ɾuʝlə]) is a historic county and registration county of Scotland. Its county town is Stirling.

It borders Perthshire to the north, Clackmannanshire to the east, West Lothian to the south-east, Lanarkshire to the south, and Dunbartonshire to the south and south-west (this latter boundary is split in two owing to Dunbartonshire's Cumbernauld exclave).
Rowan County Regiment
The Rowan County Regiment was originally established in about August 1, 1775 as a local militia in Rowan County in the Province of North Carolina.  When the North Carolina Provincial Congress authorized thirty-five existing county militias to be organized on September 9, 1775, the Rowan County Regiment was included and all officers were appointed with commissions from the Provincial Congress.  The members of the Rowan County Regiment were mostly from what was Rowan County at the time.  Prior to establishment of the Rowan County Regiment, many of its officers were active in the Rowan County Committee of Safety.  The regiment included 160 known companies and one or more of these companies were engaged in 36 known battles or skirmishes during the American Revolution.  After the establishment of the Rowan County Regiment, several other counties were created from Rowan County, including Burke County in 1777, Iredell County in 1788, Davidson County in 1822 and Davie County in 1836.

Province of North Carolina
The Province of North Carolina, originally known as the Albemarle Settlements, was a proprietary colony and later royal colony of Great Britain that existed in North America from 1712 to 1776.(p. 80) It was one of the five Southern colonies and one of the thirteen American colonies. The monarch of Great Britain was represented by the Governor of North Carolina, until the colonies declared independence on July 4, 1776.