hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Offside (field hockey)
There is currently no offside rule in field hockey.  There were prior offside rules, rules that restricted the positioning of players from the attacking team in a way similar to the offside rule in association football.  The evolution of the field hockey offside rule culminated with its abolition in the mid-1990s.

Offside (association football)
Offside  is one of the laws in association football, codified in Law 11 of the Laws of the Game. The law states that a player is in an offside position if any of their body parts, except the hands and arms, are in the opponents' half of the pitch and closer to the opponents' goal line than both the ball and the second-last opponent (the last opponent is usually, but not necessarily, the goalkeeper).

Being in an offside position is not an offence in itself, but a player so positioned when the ball is played by a teammate can be judged guilty of an offside offence if they receive the ball or will otherwise become "involved in active play", will "interfere with an opponent", or will "gain an advantage" by being in that position. Offside is often considered one of the most difficult-to-understand aspects of the sport.
Paul Saladin Leonhardt
Paul Saladin Leonhardt (13 November 1877 – 14 December 1934) was a German chess master. He was born in Posen, Province of Posen, German Empire (now Poland), and died of a heart attack in Königsberg during a game of chess.

A player with a low profile and not many tournament wins, Leonhardt has been largely forgotten by the history books. However, at his best, he was able to defeat most of the elite players of the period. Tarrasch, Tartakower, Nimzowitsch, Maróczy and Réti all succumbed to his fierce attacking style between 1903 and 1920.  He won several brilliancy prizes.

Géza Maróczy
Géza Maróczy  (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈmɒroːt͡si ˈɡeːzɒ]; 3 March 1870 – 29 May 1951) was a Hungarian chess player, one of the leading players in the world in his time. He was one of the inaugural recipients of the International Grandmaster title from FIDE in 1950.
Gmina Turobin
Gmina Turobin is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Biłgoraj County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Turobin, which lies approximately 31 kilometres (19 mi) north of Biłgoraj and 49 km (30 mi) south of the regional capital Lublin.

The gmina covers an area of 162.19 square kilometres (62.6 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 6,949.

Biłgoraj
Biłgoraj [bʲiwˈɡɔraj] ⓘ (Yiddish: בילגאריי, Bilgoray) is a town in Lublin Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland with 25,838 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is located south of Lublin and it is also the capital of Biłgoraj County. Historically, the town belongs to Lesser Poland. Biłgoraj is surrounded by a forest, with three rivers flowing through it.
South Dakota Highway 48
South Dakota Highway 48 (SD 48) is a 12.462-mile (20.056 km) state highway in Union County, South Dakota, United States, that begins at Interstate 29, about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) west of Spink, and becomes Big Sioux River Road, formerly Iowa Highway 403, northwest of Akron, Iowa.

U.S. Route 77
U.S. Route 77 (US 77) is a major north–south United States Numbered Highway which extends for 1,305 miles (2,100 km) in the central United States. As of 2005, Its southern terminus is in Brownsville, Texas, at Veteran's International Bridge on the Mexican border, where it connects with both Mexican Federal Highway 101 and Mexican Federal Highway 180, and the highway's northern terminus is in Sioux City, Iowa, at an interchange with Interstate 29 (I-29), less than 1⁄2 mile (800 m) north of the Nebraska state line.

It is unsigned in and around Dallas, Texas. Its historic segment through South Dakota and Minnesota was decommissioned with the advent of I-29 but otherwise the route has been spared the decommissioning that has shortened other US Highways. The route has major freeway sections in Oklahoma City including the Broadway Extension connecting suburban Edmond to downtown Oklahoma City.
Pepe de Lucía
Pepe de Lucía (born José Sánchez Gomes; 25 September 1945 in Algeciras, Cádiz, Spain) is a Spanish flamenco singer and songwriter.

The son of flamenco guitarist Antonio Sánchez Pecino, and the brother of flamenco guitarists Paco de Lucía and Ramón de Algeciras, he adopted the stage name Pepe de Lucía in honor of his Portuguese mother, Lúcia Gomes. He is the father of Spanish pop singer Malú. He released his debut recording, Los Chiquitos de Algeciras, with his brother Paco de Lucía in 1961. He continued to sing on his brother's albums until 1988, when he was replaced by Duquende. His son, José de Lucía, is also a flamenco musician, like his uncles, father and grandfather.

He is noted to have written many of the lyrics performed by Camarón de la Isla on his albums with Paco de Lucía  and Tomatito. An example of one of these songs is Sentao en el Valle on the album Como el Agua.

Duquende
Juan Rafael Cortés Santiago, known as Duquende (born 1965 in Sabadell, Spain), is a Spanish Romani flamenco singer (cantaor). He is considered one of the successors to influential Flamenco singer Camarón de la Isla. Since 1997, Duquende has been a member of the Paco de Lucía Sextet in addition to working as a solo artist.

In 1995, Duquende was the first cantaor to be invited to perform at the Champs Elysées theatre in Paris.

In 2000, he performed with the Naumburg Orchestral Concerts, in the Naumburg Bandshell, Central Park, in the summer series.
Thirumalairajan River
Thirumalairajan  is a river flowing in the Thanjavur, Tiruvarur and Nagapattinam districts of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and Karaikal district of Puducherry. The river splits from Kudamurutti, a tributary of Kaveri river at Rajagiri near Papanasam, Thanjavur district. The river enters Bay of Bengal at Tirumalarajanpattinam near Karaikal.The river has a 150 years old bridge built by a king, who ruled the nearby places of the river.The bridge is also named after the river, the thirumalairajan river bridge.

Kudamurutti River
Kudamurutti River a distributary of the Kaveri, is one of the five sacred rivers that flows in Thiruvaiyaru in the Thanjavur District of the state of Tamil Nadu, in southeastern India. Kudamurutti River branches off from the Kaveri River at Tiruchirapalli. The ancient name of this river was Kaduvaai which was mentioned in Tevaram, Tamil Saivite devotional poetry. The river is related to the famous saint Sri Narayana Teertha who is believed to have attained enlightenment here. As it is believed to be a sacred river, River Kudamurutti is the Theertham of Tiruvalampozhil Temple. There are many Temples located beside the river namely, Vishahareswara Temple, Kalyana Varadharaja Perumal Temple.
At the end of the Kudamuruti river at Kaveri, there located a famous temple of goddess AYYALAMAN
Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddham
Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddham (transl. War between Rama and Hanuman) is a {1975} Indian Telugu-language Hindu mythological film, produced by Potluri Venkata Narayana and SBK Uma Maheswara Rao under the Lakshmi Narayana Pictures banner and directed by Bapu. It stars N. T. Rama Rao, B. Saroja Devi, Ramakrishna and music composed by  K. V. Mahadevan. The movie is a remake of 1963 Kannada movie Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha.

Bharata (Ramayana)
Bharata (Sanskrit: भरत IAST: Bharata) is the younger brother of Rama in Hindu epic Ramayana, and the regent of Ayodhya during Rama's exile. Bharata is considered as an incarnation of the Panchajanya of god Vishnu, and was married to Mandavi.

Bharata is regarded for his devotion towards his elder brother Rama. He went against his mother and refused the throne of Ayodhya while elder brother, Rama, was exiled. Bharata also lived a life in exile, in Nandigram, Ayodhya, till Rama, Sita and Lakshmana returned to Ayodhya. He is mostly worshipped in Kerala.
He ruled over Gandhara and Kamboj region.
Zaccheus Collins
Zaccheus Collins (1764–1831) was a botanist. He collected plants and owned a herbarium. He collected many plants from Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and was gifted specimens from southern statea including North Carolina and Georgia. The genus Collinsia is named after him.

He corresponded with botanists including Henry Muhlenberg, Frederick Augustus Hall Muhlenberg, Stephen Elliott, Jacob Bigelow, John Torrey and William Baldwin.

A Quaker, he was a philanthropist and belonged to the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Linnean Society, and the American Philosophical Society in which he served as a curator.

Jacob Bigelow
Jacob Bigelow (February 27, 1787 – January 10, 1879) was an American physician, botanist and botanical illustrator. He was architect of Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts (in which he is interred), husband to Mary Scollay, and the father of physician Henry Jacob Bigelow. The standard author abbreviation Bigelow is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
Anne Lévy-Morelle
Anne Lévy-Morelle (born 19 February 1961) is a Belgian film director and writer. After graduating from the Université libre de Bruxelles, she attended the INSAS in Brussels and began directing short films and collaborating with numerous Belgian directors.

She worked as assistant director with Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne and Jaco Van Dormael, among others. Lévy-Morelle wrote and directed the short films Les tentations d'Albert (1989) and Manfred (1993). She directed the documentary film Gabriel's Dream in 1997, which received the André Cavens Award for Best Film given by the Belgian Film Critics Association (UCC). Her follow-up, Through the Walls of the Heart (2002), premiered at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. In 2008, she wrote and directed The Cradle of the Little Pisser.

Jaco Van Dormael
Jaco Van Dormael (born 9 February 1957) is a Belgian film director, screenwriter and playwright. His films especially focus on a of people with mental and physical disabilities.

Van Dormael spent his childhood travelling around Europe, before going on to study filmmaking at the INSAS in Brussels, where he wrote and directed his first short film, Maedeli la brèche (1981), which received the Honorary Foreign Film Award at the Student Academy Awards. Van Dormael's feature debut, Toto le héros (1991), won the Caméra d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.

Five years later, Le huitième jour (1996) played at Cannes, where his two leading actors, Daniel Auteuil and Pascal Duquenne, were jointly awarded the prize for Best Actor. His third feature film, Mr. Nobody (2009), won six Magritte Awards, including Best Film and Best Director.
Arez (Nisa)
Arez is a former civil parish in the municipality of Nisa, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 256, in an area of 55.72 km2. On 28 January 2013, the parish merged with Amieira do Tejo to form the new parish of Arez e Amieira do Tejo.

Amieira do Tejo
Amieira do Tejo is a former civil parish in the municipality of Nisa, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Arez e Amieira do Tejo. It has an area of 102.44 km2 and a population of 309 (2001). The 14th century Castle of Amieira do Tejo is situated in the parish.
Saturn V ELV
The Saturn V-ELV (Earth Launch Vehicle) was to be an enlarged Saturn V with the addition of four UA1207 solid rocket boosters derived from the Titan IV launch vehicle and liquid propellant stages derived from the conceptual Saturn MLV-V-4(S)-A* and MLV-V-1A. Had it been built it would have been able to put a 200,000 kg payload into low Earth orbit or a 67,000 kg payload into a translunar trajectory. The ELV was intended to serve as part of a crewed NASA mission to Mars, though that idea eventually fell out of favor largely due to political and financial concerns. A Mars mission would have used a total of 10 ELV's - 6 for the space vehicle and 4 for the logistics vehicles. In addition to Mars, the ELV was intended to serve as a platform for unmanned exploratory missions to Venus.

At the time, it appears ELV was also a generic catch-all term for any large crewed rocket. There are references to both the Saturn I and Saturn V as an ELV.

Saturn MLV
The Saturn MLV was a proposed concept family of rockets, intended as a follow-on to the Saturn V. MLV stands for "Modified Launch Vehicle".

Vehicle configurations representative of several alternative uprating methods were specified by the Marshall Space Flight Center for initial studies.
Civil Authority for the New Sudan
Civil Authority for the New Sudan or (CANS) was an interim organization formed by the Sudan People's Liberation Movement during the Second Sudanese Civil War to administer the rebel-controlled areas. It is the most direct predecessor to the Government of Southern Sudan (GoSS).

The idea for the CANS originated in the SPLM's September 7–12, 1991 meeting in Torit. It was formally called into being by the "Vision and Programme of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement" published by the SPLM Political Secretariat in March 1998.

After the end of the war, the CANS was transformed into the GoSS, as outlined in the 2004 SPLM Strategic Framework for War-to-Peace Transition. Riek Machar was responsible for executing this transformation.

Second Sudanese Civil War
The Second Sudanese Civil War was a conflict from 1983 to 2005 between the central Sudanese government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army. It was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil War of 1955 to 1972. Although it originated in southern Sudan, the civil war spread to the Nuba Mountains and the Blue Nile. It lasted for almost 22 years and is one of the longest civil wars on record. The war resulted in the independence of South Sudan 6 years after the war ended.

Roughly two million people died as a result of war, famine and disease caused by the conflict. Four million people in southern Sudan were displaced at least once, normally repeatedly during the war. The civilian death toll is one of the highest of any war since World War II and was marked by numerous human rights violations, including slavery and mass killings.
Timeline of African and diasporic LGBTQ history
This is a timeline of notable events in the history of non-heterosexual conforming people of African ancestry, who may identify as LGBTIQGNC (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer, third gender, gender nonconforming), men who have sex with men, or related culturally specific identities. This timeline includes events both in Africa, the Americas and Europe and in the global African diaspora, as the histories are very deeply linked.

National Black Justice Coalition
The National Black Justice Coalition (NBJC) is an American civil rights organization serving primarily Black lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBTQ) people. Since 2003, NBJC has collaborated with national civil rights groups and LGBT organizations, advocating for the unique challenges and needs of the African American LGBT community in the United States.
Tenala
Tenala (Finnish: Tenhola) is a former municipality in Uusimaa, Finland. It was neighboured by Hanko, Kisko, Perniö, Pohja, Särkisalo and Ekenäs.

The municipality was established in 1329. The stone church of Tenala was built in late 15th century and the paintings on the piers are from the 17th century. The bell tower of the church was renovated in 1762. In 1988, Tenala had 2991 inhabitants living in an area of 443.6 km2 and 86.96% of the inhabitants spoke Swedish as their native language. In 1993, the municipality consolidated with Ekenäs. In 2009, Tenala became a part of the newly established city of Raseborg.

Kisko
Kisko (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈkisko]) is a former municipality of Finland. It was consolidated with Salo on 1 January 2009.

It is located in the province of Western Finland and is part of the Southwest Finland region. The municipality had a population of 1,869 (2004-12-31) and covered an area of 284.13 km² of which 30.98 km² is water. The population density was 7.38 inhabitants per km².

The municipality was unilingually Finnish.
Takla Landing
Takla Landing, also known as McLaing Landing, is an unincorporated locality and former steamboat landing on the east side of Takla Lake in the Omineca Country of the Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada.  In the days of the Omineca Gold Rush, Takla Landing was a port for steamboats connecting trails from Hazelton, British Columbia via Babine Lake to trails leading from Takla Landing eastwards to the area of the gold strikes in the lower Omineca River.

The locality is the site of North Tacla Lake Indian Reserve No. 7 and adjoining it is North Tacla Lake Indian Reserve 7A.  The reserves, 63.1 and 14.8 ha. respectively, are under the administration of the Takla Lake First Nation.

The community is served by the Takla Landing Water Aerodrome.

Babine Lake
Babine Lake borders the Skeena and Omineca regions of central British Columbia, Canada. Vehicle access to the lake, via BC Highway 16 and Nilkitkwa forestry service road, is by road about 105 kilometres (65 mi) northeast of Smithers; via BC Highway 16 and Central Babine Lake Highway, is about 132 kilometres (82 mi) east of Smithers; or via Babine Lake Road, is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Burns Lake.
Peter Berek
Peter Berek is a Professor of English and Shakespearean scholar at Amherst College.  He also served as the dean of faculty and provost of Mount Holyoke College from 1990 to 1998. He was the interim president of Mount Holyoke College in Fall 1995.

Mount Holyoke College
Mount Holyoke College is a private women's liberal arts college in South Hadley, Massachusetts, United States. It is the oldest member of the historic Seven Sisters colleges, a group of historically women’s colleges in the Northeastern United States. The college was founded in 1837 as the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary by Mary Lyon, a pioneer in education for women. Mount Holyoke is part of the Five College Consortium in Western Massachusetts.

Undergraduate admissions are restricted to female, transgender, and nonbinary students. In 2014, it became the first member of the Seven Sisters (not counting the coeducational Vassar College) to introduce an admissions policy that was inclusive of transgender students. Graduate programs are open to applicants regardless of gender.

The college's 800-acre (3.2 km2) campus includes the Mount Holyoke College Art Museum, the John Payson Williston Observatory, and a botanic garden. The college awards the Glascock Prize annually.
Vikaspedia
Vikaspedia is an Indian online encyclopaedia, launched by the Government of India. The website was implemented by C-DAC Hyderabad and is run by the Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology.  It is built as a portal for the social sectors, and offers information in 23 languages: English, Assamese, Telugu, Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, Bodo, Dogri, Sanskrit, Kashmiri, Konkani, Nepali, Odia, Urdu, Maithili, Meitei, Santali, Sindhi, Punjabi, and Marathi.

It was started on 18 February 2014 and has information in the domains of Agriculture, Health, Education, Social Welfare, Energy and e-Governance. The name of the portal is a portmanteau of the words Vikas (Sanskrit for "Development") and encyclopedia. The portal provides information in local languages in all six given sectors.

Minister of Communications (India)
The minister of communications (Hindi: संचार मंत्री) is the head of the Ministry of Communications and a senior member of the union council of ministers of the Government of India. The portfolio is usually held by a minister with cabinet rank who is a senior member of the council of ministers and is often assisted by one or two junior ministers or the ministers of state.

The current minister is Jyotiraditya Scindia who has been serving in office since 10 June 2024 and is currently assisted by Dr. Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani as the minister of state for communications.

One former president - Shankar Dayal Sharma served as minister in the ministry. Sharma was Cabinet minister for communications from 1974 until 1977. Two former prime ministers, Lal Bahadur Shastri and Inder Kumar Gujral also served as ministers in the ministry. Shastri was Cabinet minister for transport and communications from 1957 until 1958, while Gujral was minister of state for communications from 1967 until 1971.
Abraham of Montpellier
Abraham ben Yitzchak of Montpellier, also known as Avraham min haHar (lit. "Abraham from the mountain") (d. 1315) is known as a commentator on the greater part of the Talmud. He lived in mountain city of Montpellier, in the Provence section of France. Towards the end of his life he moved to Carpentras and became a member of the Beth Din of Rabbi Mordechai ben Josepha, (author of Shaarei Nedarim).

He was a contemporary and friend of Menachem Meiri. Both are known to have been followers to the Maimonidean approach to halacha, often explaining Talmudic passages according to the halachic conclusions codified by Maimonides.

Menachem HaMeiri
Menachem ben Solomon HaMeiri (Hebrew: מנחם בן שלמה המאירי; French: Don Vidal Solomon; 1249–1315), commonly referred to as HaMeiri, the Meiri, or just Meiri, was a famous medieval Catalan rabbi, and Talmudist. Though most of his expansive commentary, spanning 35 tractates of the Talmud, was not publicly available until the turn of the 19th century, it has since gained widespread renown and acceptance among Talmudic scholars.
History of Southampton F.C.
Southampton Football Club is a professional football club that was formed in 1885.

The roots of the club can be traced to members of St. Mary's Church Young Men's Association, who played their football at various venues in Southampton for 13 years, prior to the move to the club's former ground, The Dell in 1898, where it remained until 2001.

Clive Woodward
Sir Clive Ronald Woodward OBE (born 6 January 1956) is an English former rugby union player and coach. He was coach of the England team from 1997 to 2004, managing them to victory in the 2003 Rugby World Cup. He also coached the 2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand, losing the test series 3–0. He is currently a pundit for ITV Sport, working on their coverage of the Six Nations and Rugby World Cup.
Kaimanawa Range
The Kaimanawa Range, officially called the Kaimanawa Mountains since 16 July 2020, is a range of mountains in the central North Island of New Zealand. They extend for 50 kilometres in a northeast–southwest direction through largely uninhabited country to the south of Lake Taupō, east of the "Desert Road". Their slopes form part of the North Island Volcanic Plateau.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "breath for food" for Kaimanawa.

The lands around the mountains are scrubby. To the west, where the Rangipo Desert is located, the soils are poor quality. To the east, the soils are more fertile, but the land is very rough. A population of feral horses, the Kaimanawa horses, roam free on the ranges.

Unlike the majority of mountain ranges in New Zealand, the Kaimanawa Range is divided into private land. Considerable areas of the Rangipo Desert are used by the New Zealand Army for training.

Lake Taupō
Lake Taupō (also spelled Taupo; Māori: Taupō-nui-a-Tia or Taupōmoana) is a large crater lake in New Zealand's North Island, located in the caldera of Taupō Volcano.  The lake is the namesake of the town of Taupō, which sits on a bay in the lake's northeastern shore. With a surface area of 616 km2 (238 sq mi), it is the largest lake by surface area in New Zealand, and the second largest freshwater lake by surface area in geopolitical Oceania after Lake Murray in Papua New Guinea. Motutaiko Island lies in the southeastern area of the lake.