hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
P. Craig Russell
Philip Craig Russell (born October 30, 1951) is an American comics artist, writer, and illustrator. His work has won multiple Harvey and Eisner Awards. Russell was the fourth mainstream comic book creator to come out as openly gay, following Andy Mangels in 1988, Craig Hamilton in 1989, and Eric Shanower in 1990.

Andy Mangels
Andy Mangels (born December 2, 1966) is an American science fiction author who has written novels, comic books, and magazine articles, and produced DVD collections, mostly focusing on media in popular culture. As an openly gay man, he has been a longtime advocate for greater visibility of gay and lesbian characters in various media, especially comics, including the coordination and moderation of the annual "Gays in Comics" panel for San Diego Comic-Con since it was begun in 1988. He is the founder of an annual "Women of Wonder Day" event, which raised over $136,000 in funds for domestic violence shelters and related programs during its seven-year run. As of 2011 he has had three books on the USA Today "best-selling books" list.
Federal Equity Rules
The Federal Equity Rules were rules that governed civil procedure in suits of equity in the federal judiciary of the United States from 1822 until superseded by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in 1938.

Equity (law)
In the field of jurisprudence, equity is the particular body of law, developed in the English Court of Chancery, with the general purpose of providing legal remedies for cases wherein the common law is inflexible and cannot fairly resolve the disputed legal matter. Conceptually, equity was part of the historical origins of the English common law system, yet is a field of law separate from common law because it has its own distinct rules and principles and was administered by courts of equity.

Equity exists in domestic law, both in civil law and in common law systems, as well as in international law. The tradition of equity begins in antiquity with the writings of Aristotle (epieikeia) and with Roman law (aequitas). Later, in civil law systems, equity was integrated in the legal rules, while in common law systems it became an independent body of law.
Union Block (Mayville, North Dakota)
The Union Block on Main St. W. in Mayville, North Dakota was built in 1900.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1985.

According to its NRHP nomination, the building "is significant for its distinctive commercial architecture which represents the work of an early North Dakota architect, William C. Albrant."  And it also "possesses integrity of location, design, setting, and craftsmanship."

Mayville, North Dakota
Mayville is a city in Traill County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 1,854 at the 2020 census. Mayville is the largest community in Traill County. It was founded in 1881. It is named for May Arnold, the first white child born in the immediate area.

Mayville is often grouped with the neighboring city of Portland and called "May-Port". It is home to Mayville State University.
Swiss Federal University for Vocational Education and Training
The Swiss Federal University for Vocational Education and Training (SFUVET), previously the Swiss Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training (SFIVET), is the central Swiss educational institution for vocational education and training. It functions under the auspices of the Confederation.

The SFUVET emerged from the Swiss Pedagogical Institute for Vocational Education (SPIVE), which was founded in 1972. Its tasks include the training and education of VET professionals, research into VET, the further development of professions, and support for international cooperation in VET. The institution has offices in Zollikofen, near Bern (headquarters), Lausanne, and Lugano, with additional sites in Olten and Zürich.

State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation
The State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) within the Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research is the Swiss federal government's specialised agency for national and international matters concerning education, research and innovation policy.

The SERI has 280 members of staff and controls an annual budget of around CHF 4.5 billion. The head of the SERI is State Secretary Martina Hirayama.
Polyunsaturated aldehyde
Polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) are a group of allelopathic chemicals typically associated with predator–prey interactions between diatoms (a type of single-celled alga) and small crustaceans known as copepods. These compounds are classified by an aldehyde group covalently bound to long carbon chains containing two or more carbon–carbon double bonds. Examples include isomers of heptadienal, octadienal, octatrienal, and decatrienal.

Aldehyde
In organic chemistry, an aldehyde (/ˈældɪhaɪd/) (lat. alcohol dehydrogenatum, dehydrogenated alcohol) is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure R−CH=O. The functional group itself (without the "R" side chain) can be referred to as an aldehyde but can also be classified as a formyl group. Aldehydes are a common motif in many chemicals important in technology and biology.
Bock (footballer)
Fernando Jorge Tavares de Oliveira (born 19 September 1975), commonly known as Bock, is a Portuguese retired footballer who played as a striker.

He never played in the Primeira Liga in his professional career, which spanned nearly two decades, but appeared in 234 matches in the second division while scoring 71 goals, mostly with Freamunde.

Segunda Divisão
For the current Portuguese second-tier league, see Liga Portugal 2.

For the third-tier league, see Liga 3 (Portugal).

The Segunda Divisão Portuguesa (English: Portuguese Second Division) was a football league situated at the third level of the Portuguese football league system. The division had previously been the second level of the Portuguese pyramid but, with the creation of the Liga Portugal 2 in 1990–91, it became the third level. The competition merged with the Terceira Divisão at the end of the 2012–13 to form a new enlarged third level league, the Campeonato Nacional de Seniores.
Macrosoma lamellifera
Macrosoma lamellifera is a moth-like butterfly in the family Hedylidae. It was described by Louis Beethoven Prout in 1916. It is hypothesized to be closely related to Macrosoma rubedinaria and Macrosoma ustrinaria, and though these groups fall within the same clade, they do not form a monophyletic group.

Louis Beethoven Prout
Louis Beethoven Prout (1864–1943) was an English entomologist and musicologist.

Prout specialised in the insect order of Lepidoptera, especially the Geometridae, or geometer moths, on which he was a foremost authority. He contributed the sections on geometer moths in Philogène Wytsman's Genera Insectorum and in The Macrolepidoptera of the World, the English-language version of Adalbert Seitz's Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Prout's notebooks and publications formed the basis of the Geometridae card indexes in the Natural History Museum, the then British Museum (Natural History). He was the secretary of the North London Natural History Society and worked in association with the Natural History Museum at Tring.

He is not to be confused with his sister Alice Ellen Prout who was a fellow of the Entomological Society of London. Prout was the son of composer Ebenezer Prout and a noted musicologist.
Liber feudorum maior
The Liber feudorum maior (or LFM, medieval Latin for "great book of fiefs"), originally called the Liber domini regis ("book of the lord king"), is a late twelfth-century illuminated cartulary of the Crown of Aragon. It was compiled by the royal archivist Ramon de Caldes with the help of Guillem de Bassa for Alfonso II, beginning in 1192. It contained 902 documents dating as far back as the tenth century. It is profusely illustrated in a Romanesque style, a rarity for utilitarian documents. The LFM is an indispensable source for the institutional history of the emerging Principality of Catalonia. It is preserved as a file in the Arxiu de la Corona d'Aragó (ACA), Cancelleria reial, Registres no. 1, in Barcelona.

Alfonso VIII of Castile
Alfonso VIII (11 November 1155 – 5 October 1214), called the Noble (El Noble) or the one of Las Navas (el de las Navas), was King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo. After having suffered a great defeat with his own army at Alarcos against the Almohads in 1195, he led the coalition of Christian princes and foreign crusaders who broke the power of the Almohads in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, an event which marked the arrival of a tide of Christian supremacy on the Iberian Peninsula.

His reign saw the domination of Castile over León and, by his alliance with Aragon, he drew those two spheres of Christian Iberia into close connection.
Donji Kraji
Donji Kraji or Donji Krajevi (Lower Regions or Lower Ends, Latin: Partes inferiores, Hungarian: Alföld), was a small medieval zemlja of medieval Bosnian state. Its territory was mostly laid within the boundaries of today's Bosanska Krajina in northwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Zemlja (feudal Bosnia)
Zemlja (plural: zemlje, anglicized: zemljas; Latin: terra; English: Land), was a term used in the Balkans during much of the Middle Ages as a unit in political-territorial state division, based on feudal social hierarchy, local administrative control and the feudal distribution of land. It was the largest unit of administration, which constituted a feudal state among South Slavic peoples of the Balkans at the time, Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro (Zeta) and Serbia. The same term is known to be used among other Slavic nations of medieval Europe, namely Poles and Russians, who called it Zemlya, Ziemlia, or Ziemia, and although it has a similar meaning and significance it is not the same.
Tiantishan Caves
The Tiantishan Caves (Chinese: 天梯山石窟; pinyin: Tiāntīshān shíkū) are a series of rock cut Buddhist cave temples in the Liangzhou District of Wuwei, Gansu, northwest China. Excavated from the eastern cliffs of the Huangyang River (黃羊河) in the Qilian Mountains from the time of the Northern Liang, carving, decoration and subsequent modification of the caves continued through the Northern Wei and Tang to the Qing dynasty. The complex is identified with the Liangzhou Caves opened during the time of Juqu Mengxun "one hundred li to the south of Liangzhou", as recorded in the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms and Fayuan Zhulin. The name Tiantishan consists of three Chinese characters (天梯山) that literally translate as "Ladder to Heaven Mountain".

Qilian Mountains
39°12′N 98°32′E﻿ / ﻿39.200°N 98.533°E﻿ / 39.200; 98.533

The Qilian Mountains, along with the Altyn-Tagh sometimes known as the Nan Shan as it is to the south of the Hexi Corridor, are northern outliers of the Kunlun Mountains, forming the border between the Qinghai and Gansu provinces of China.
Uhlenbeck's singularity theorem
In differential geometry and in particular Yang–Mills theory, Uhlenbeck's singularity theorem is a result allowing the removal of a singularity of a four-dimensional Yang–Mills field with finite energy using gauge. It states as a consequence that Yang–Mills fields with finite energy on flat euclidean space arise from Yang–Mills fields on the curved sphere, its one-point compactification. The theorem is named after Karen Uhlenbeck, who first described it in 1982. In 2019, Uhlenbeck became the first woman to be awarded the Abel Prize, in part for her contributions to partial differential equations and gauge theory. Uhlenbeck's singularity theorem was generalized to higher dimensions by Terence Tao and Gang Tian in 2002.

Yang–Mills theory
Yang–Mills theory is a quantum field theory for nuclear binding devised by Chen Ning Yang and Robert Mills in 1953, as well as a generic term for the class of similar theories. The Yang–Mills theory is a gauge theory based on a special unitary group SU(n), or more generally any compact Lie group. A Yang–Mills theory seeks to describe the behavior of elementary particles using these non-abelian Lie groups and is at the core of the unification of the electromagnetic force and weak forces (i.e. U(1) × SU(2)) as well as quantum chromodynamics, the theory of the strong force (based on SU(3)). Thus it forms the basis of the understanding of the Standard Model of particle physics.
Breath mark
A breath mark or luftpause is a symbol used in musical notation. It directs the performer of the music passage to take a breath (for wind instruments and vocalists) or to make a slight pause (for other instruments). This pause is normally intended to shorten the duration of the preceding note and not to alter the tempo; in this function it can be thought of as a grace rest.  It is usually placed above the staff and at the ends of phrases.

The breath mark is visually similar to a comma.

A common misconception is that breath marks indicate a bow lift to bowed string instruments; however, it actually represents that the musician gets a “breath” of time while they are playing.

Grace note
A grace note is a kind of music notation denoting several kinds of musical ornaments. It is usually printed smaller to indicate that it is melodically and harmonically nonessential. When occurring by itself, a single grace note indicates either an acciaccatura when notated with an oblique stroke through the stem, or an appoggiatura when notated without. When they occur in groups, grace notes can be interpreted to indicate any of several different classes of ornamentation, depending on interpretation. For percussion, such as drums, a related concept are ghost notes—supportive snare-hits at a lower volume.
1999 St. Petersburg Open
The 1999 St. Petersburg Open was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Petersburg Sports and Concert Complex in Saint Petersburg in Russia and was part of the World Series of the 1999 ATP Tour. The tournament ran from February 8 through February 14, 1999.

1999 ATP Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Tour is the elite professional tennis circuit organised by the ATP. The 1999 ATP Tour calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments, supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF), the ATP Super 9, the ATP Championship Series, the ATP World Series, the ATP World Team Cup, the ATP Tour World Championships and the Grand Slam Cup (organised by the ITF). Also included in the 1999 calendar are the Davis Cup and the Hopman Cup, which do not distribute ranking points, and are both organised by the ITF.

In April 1999 ATP signed a $1.2 billion 10-year-deal with the sports marketing agency ISL Worldwide to promote the sport. The deal gave ISL the commercial rights for the Super-9 tournaments as well as the ATP World Championship. The ATP also introduced a simplified ranking system and made participation in the Super-9 events mandatory for top players.
Lex familiae
In the Holy Roman Empire, the lex familiae or ius curiae (German Hofrecht) during the Middle Ages (11th to 15th centuries) was the legislation concerning the relation between the free owner of an estate with both his free workers and his unfree serfs, as well as the legal relations among those employed at an estate. 
The Hofrecht concerns the "private" affairs within an estate, as opposed to the Landrecht.

The nature of these laws was subject to evolution over the centuries. 
Their original scope is exemplified by the lex familiae of Burchard of Worms (early 11th century), which was likely based directly on older, early medieval, laws.
In the course of the High Middle Ages, the status of the ministeriales was detached from the scope of the lex familiae, and it was further weakened by the development of communal statutes, especially in the context of the development of free cities.

Free imperial city
In the Holy Roman Empire, the collective term free and imperial cities (German: Freie und Reichsstädte), briefly worded free imperial city (Freie Reichsstadt, Latin: urbs imperialis libera), was used from the 15th century to denote a self-ruling city that had a certain amount of autonomy and was represented in the Imperial Diet.

An imperial city held the status of imperial immediacy, and was subordinate only to the Holy Roman Emperor, as opposed to a territorial city or town (Landstadt), which was subordinate to a territorial prince – be it an ecclesiastical lord (prince-bishop, prince-abbot), or a secular prince (duke (Herzog), margrave, count (Graf), etc.).
1961–62 1re série season
The 1961–62 1re série season was the 41st season of the 1re série, the top level of ice hockey in France. Athletic Club de Boulogne-Billancourt won their 3rd league title. Chamonix Hockey Club automatically qualified for the final as last year's champion. The game between them and the regular season champion, Athletic Club de Boulogne-Billancourt, did not take place, and Boulogne-Billancourt was declared champions.

Chamonix HC
Chamonix Hockey Club was a French professional ice hockey team based in Chamonix that last played in the Ligue Magnus in 2015. The team is also known as Chamois de Chamonix (Chamonix Chamois).

With 30 championship titles, Chamonix was the most successful French club in ice hockey.

The team was founded in 1910. In 2010, the club celebrated its 100th birthday.

In 2016, the team merged with Pingouins de Morzine-Avoriaz to form the Pionniers De Chamonix-Morzine.
2023 Étoile de Bessèges
The 2023 Étoile de Bessèges – Tour du Gard (transl. Star of Bessèges – Tour of Gard) was a road cycling stage race that took place between 1 and 5 February 2023 almost entirely within the French department of Gard. The race was rated as a category 2.1 event on the 2023 UCI Europe Tour calendar, and was the 53rd edition of the Étoile de Bessèges.

Étoile de Bessèges
The Étoile de Bessèges (English: Star of Bessèges) is an early-season five-day road bicycle racing stage race held annually around Bessèges, in the Gard department of the Languedoc-Roussillon region of France. First organized in 1971 as a one-day race, it became a stage race run over five days in 1974. Since 2005, it is on the calendar of the UCI Europe Tour as a 2.1 event and features as the earliest stage races of the European season.

The Étoile de Bessèges is the first of several stage races held in the hilly South of France in February, preceding La Méditerranéenne, the Tour du Haut Var and the Tour La Provence. These early-season races are competed mainly by French teams and are considered preparations for Paris–Nice, the first European World Tour stage race in March.
Gainesville, Henrietta and Western Railway
The Gainesville, Henrietta and Western Railway Company (GH&W) was chartered on July 23, 1886, to build a rail line from Gainesville in Cooke County, Texas, to Seymour in Baylor County, Texas, a distance of 130 miles (210 km). The line was to cross Montague, Clay, and Wichita Counties.

Cooke County, Texas
Cooke County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. At the 2020 census, its population was 41,668. The county seat is Gainesville. The county was founded in 1848 and organized the next year. It is named for William Gordon Cooke, a soldier during the Texas Revolution. It is a part of the Texoma region.

Cooke County comprises the Gainesville, TX micropolitan statistical area, which is also included in the Dallas–Fort Worth, TX-OK combined statistical area.
Long-form journalism
Long-form journalism is a genre of journalism characterized by in-depth reporting and storytelling that has more substantial content than the average news report. These pieces often explore topics with greater detail, context and narrative techniques, blending factual reporting with literary elements such as character development, scene-setting and dialogue. Because long-form journalism usually employs stylistic and structural elements often used in fiction, it is sometimes referred to as literary journalism or narrative journalism. While traditionally associated with print newspaper articles, the digital revolution expanded the genre's reach to online magazines, newspapers and other digital platforms, which often use a blend of multimedia to create an immersive reader experience.

Snow Fall
"Snow Fall: The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek," is a New York Times multimedia feature by reporter John Branch about the 2012 Tunnel Creek avalanche, published on December 20, 2012. The article won the 2013 Pulitzer Prize in Feature Writing and a Peabody Award. Packaged together as a six-part story interwoven with interactive graphics, animated simulations and aerial video, "Snow Fall" became one of the most talked about online news articles in 2013 and garnered praise and debate over it being an example of "the future of online journalism." The article became highly influential among online journalism circles, with many other publications attempting similar multimedia features and even coined an industry term, "to snowfall."
Société pour l'aviation et ses dérivés
SPAD (Société Pour L'Aviation et ses Dérivés) was a French aircraft manufacturer active between 1911 and 1921. Its SPAD S.XIII biplane was the most produced French fighter airplane of the First World War.

Gordon Bennett Trophy (aeroplanes)
The Gordon Bennett Aviation Trophy is an international airplane racing trophy that was awarded by James Gordon Bennett Jr., the American owner and publisher of the New York Herald newspaper. The trophy is one of three Gordon Bennett awards: Bennett was also the sponsor of an automobile race and a ballooning competition.

The terms of the trophy competition were the same as those of the Schneider Trophy: each race was hosted by the nation which had won the preceding race, and the trophy would be won outright by the nation whose team won the race three times in succession. Accordingly, after Joseph Sadi-Lecointe's victory in 1920 the trophy became the permanent possession of the Aéro-Club de France.
Unemployment in China
Unemployment has been a serious social issue in the People's Republic of China in recent years, regarding both an increase in quantity and an unequal impact on different social regions. The influence of foreign investment in China has greatly increased since the reform and opening up  was implemented in the early 1980s. The relationship between foreign-funded enterprises and urban labor market development is dual. Opponents influence the shape of labor-market regulation; however, foreign-funded enterprises have also become a major source of demand for urban and rural areas migrant workers. Demographic factors also affect unemployment in China, such as age and sex. The position of women in the labor market has been deteriorating, with a decline in labor force participation rate, rising unemployment, increased work intensity and a widening gender pay gap.

Structural unemployment
Structural unemployment is a form of involuntary unemployment caused by a mismatch between the skills that workers in the economy can offer, and the skills demanded of workers by employers (also known as the skills gap). Structural unemployment is often brought about by technological changes that make the job skills of many workers obsolete.

Structural unemployment is one of three categories of unemployment distinguished by economists, the others being frictional unemployment and cyclical unemployment.

Because it requires either migration or re-training, structural unemployment can be long-term and slow to fix.