hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Consumer Expenditure Survey
The Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE or CEX) is a  Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) household survey that collects information on the buying habits of U.S. consumers.  The program consists of two components — the Interview Survey and the Diary Survey — each with its own sample. The surveys collect data on expenditures, income, and consumer unit characteristics. In May 2020, the American Association for Public Opinion Research recognized the CE program with its 2020 Policy Impact Award, for joint work by the BLS -- including CE and the Division of Price and Index Number Research -- and the Census Bureau on the Supplemental Poverty thresholds and measure, and the essential contributions these data products have made to the understanding, discussion, and advancement of public policy related to the alleviation of poverty in the United States.

Consumer price index
A consumer price index (CPI) is a statistical estimate of the level of prices of goods and services bought for consumption purposes by households. It is calculated as the weighted average price of a market basket of consumer goods and services. Changes in CPI track changes in prices over time. The items in the basket are updated periodically to reflect changes in consumer spending habits. The prices of the goods and services in the basket are collected (often monthly) from a sample of retail and service establishments. The prices are then adjusted for changes in quality or features. Changes in the CPI can be used to track inflation over time and to compare inflation rates between different countries. While the CPI is not a perfect measure of inflation or the cost of living, it is a useful tool for tracking these economic indicators. It is one of several price indices calculated by many national statistical agencies.
Port of Salem
The Port of Salem is a shallow-draft (16 feet) port in the vicinity of the Salem River Cut-Off on the Salem River in Salem, New Jersey in the United States about 2 miles (3.2 km) east of the Delaware River and about 54 miles (87 km) from the Atlantic Ocean. It was re-designated a port of entry in 1984 and became a foreign trade zone (FTZ) in 1987. Transloading operations include the handling of a variety of bulk cargo, notably of construction aggregate, break bulk cargo, and containers for clothing, fishing apparel, agricultural produce, and other consumer goods, and has at times involved lighterage. It is operated under the auspices of the South Jersey Port Corporation. The port is envisioned as being a component of the supply chain for the development of windpower in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of New Jersey.

New Jersey Department of Transportation
The New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) is the agency responsible for transportation issues and policy in New Jersey, including maintaining and operating the state's highway and public road system, planning and developing transportation policy, and assisting with rail, freight, and intermodal transportation issues. It is headed by the Commissioner of Transportation. The present acting commissioner is Francis K. O'Connor.
How the Hippies Saved Physics
How the Hippies Saved Physics: Science, Counterculture, and the Quantum Revival is a 2011 book by physicist David Kaiser. The book received the Davis Prize from the History of Science Society in 2013 and was Physics World's 2012 Book of the Year.

The Tao of Physics
The Tao of Physics: An Exploration of the Parallels Between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism is a 1975 book by physicist Fritjof Capra. A bestseller in the United States, it has been translated into 23 languages. Capra summarized his motivation for writing the book: "Science does not need mysticism and mysticism does not need science. But man needs both."
Sobre la conveniencia de un Congreso General Americano
Sobre la conveniencia de un Congreso General Americano (Spanish: About the convenience of a General American Congress) is an 1844 book by Juan Bautista Alberdi. The book proposed Pan-Americanism based on a joint work in national customs.

Pan-Americanism
Pan-Americanism is a pan-nationalist movement that seeks to create, encourage, and organize relationships, an association (a Union), and cooperation among the states of the Americas, through diplomatic, political, economic, and social means. The term Pan-Americanism was first used by the New York Evening Post in 1882 when referring to James G. Blaine’s proposal for a conference of American states in Washington D.C., gaining more popularity after the first conference in 1889. Through international conferences, Pan-Americanism embodies the spirit of cooperation to create and ratify treaties for the betterment in the Americas. Since 1826, the Americas have evolved the international conferences from an idea of revolutionary Simon Bolivar to the creation of an inter-America organization with the founding of the Organization of American States.
Eulerian number
In combinatorics, the Eulerian number  is the number of permutations of the numbers 1 to  in which exactly  elements are greater than the previous element (permutations with  "ascents").

Leonhard Euler investigated them and associated polynomials in his 1755 book Institutiones calculi differentialis. He first studied them in 1749 (though first printed in 1768).

Other notations for  are  and .

On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS) is an online database of integer sequences. It was created and maintained by Neil Sloane while researching at AT&T Labs. He transferred the intellectual property and hosting of the OEIS to the OEIS Foundation in 2009, and is its chairman.

OEIS records information on integer sequences of interest to both professional and amateur mathematicians, and is widely cited. As of November 2025, it contains over 390,000 sequences, and is growing by approximately 30 entries per day.

Each entry contains the leading terms of the sequence, keywords, mathematical motivations, literature links, and more, including the option to generate a graph or play a musical representation of the sequence. The database is searchable by keyword, by subsequence, or by any of 16 fields. There is also an advanced search function called SuperSeeker which runs a large number of different algorithms to identify sequences related to the input.
Huot, Minnesota
Huot is an unincorporated community in Louisville Township, Red Lake County, Minnesota, United States.  The name of the community evokes the French-Canadian and Métis history of the Red River Trails and the Pembina settlements of Assiniboia.

Red River cart
The Red River cart is a large two-wheeled cart made entirely of non-metallic materials. Often drawn by oxen, though also by horses or mules, these carts were used throughout most of the 19th century in the fur trade and in westward expansion in Canada and the United States, in the area of the Red River and on the plains west of the Red River Colony.  The cart is a simple conveyance developed by Métis for use in their settlement on the Red River in what later became Manitoba. With carts, the Metis were not restricted to river travel to hunt bison. The Red River cart was largely responsible for commercializing the buffalo hunt.
Herby Stare railway station
Herby Stare is a Polish railway station, located north of the Upper Silesian Industrial Area, along the major Częstochowa - Lubliniec line, in the Lubliniec County of the Silesian Voivodeship. Less than 2 kilometres northeast lies its twin station Herby Nowe, located along the Polish Coal Trunk-Line line. Both stations are connected with each other by a line built in 1926.

Lubliniec County
Lubliniec County (Polish: powiat lubliniecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Lubliniec, which lies 54 kilometres (34 mi) north-west of the regional capital Katowice. The only other town in the county is Woźniki, lying 45 km (28 mi) north-east of Lubliniec.

The county covers an area of 822.13 square kilometres (317.4 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 76,470, out of which the population of Lubliniec is 23,784, that of Woźniki is 4,305, and the rural population is 48,381.
Vadym Tyshchenko
Vadym Mykolayovych Tyshchenko or Vadim Nikolayevich Tishchenko (Ukrainian: Вадим Миколайович Тищенко; 24 March 1963 – 14 December 2015) was a Soviet and Ukrainian association football player and Ukrainian coach.

UEFA Euro 1988
The 1988 UEFA European Football Championship final tournament was held in West Germany from 10 to 25 June 1988. It was the eighth UEFA European Championship, which is held every four years and supported by UEFA. France were the defending champions, but failed to qualify. The tournament crowned the Netherlands as European champions for the first time.

Euro 1988 was a rare instance of a major football tournament ending without a single sending-off or goalless draw, nor any knockout matches going to extra time or penalties. This was the final European Championship to feature teams from West Germany and the Soviet Union, as the West and East Germans reunified to become Germany in 1990, and the Soviet Union disintegrated into 15 countries in 1991.
Hitcham, Buckinghamshire
Hitcham was a village in Buckinghamshire, England. Today it is indistinguishable from the extended village of Burnham and is no longer marked on Ordnance Survey 1:50000 maps as a separate settlement. It is to the west of Burnham, close to the village of Taplow, and adjacent to the common on which Burnham Beeches stands.

The village name 'Hitcham' is Anglo Saxon in origin, and means 'Hycga's homestead'. In the Domesday Book of 1086 the village was recorded as Hucheham.

In 1931 the parish had a population of 886. The civil parish of Hitcham was abolished on 1 April 1934 under a County Review Order, with the urban part going to Burnham parish, a larger but less populous part going to Taplow, and a tiny sliver going to Dorney.

The road Hitcham Lane still exists, and features Hitcham House, a large Manor House, now subdivided into several private residential properties.

Taplow
Taplow is a village and civil parish in Buckinghamshire, England. It sits on the left bank of the River Thames, facing Maidenhead in the neighbouring county of Berkshire, with Cippenham and Burnham to the east. It is the south-westernmost settlement in Buckinghamshire.

The village features a Grade II listed mock-medieval church, the parish church of St Nicholas, as well as a school of the same name. Taplow railway station, on the Great Western Main Line and Elizabeth line, serves the village, with services to London Paddington, Heathrow, through Central London, Reading and Oxford. There are two conservation areas in the parish, the Taplow Village Conservation Area and the Taplow Riverside Conservation Area. Footpaths connect all parts of the parish to Maidenhead Bridge and to Burnham Beeches, a modest, hilly wood marking the start of the Chiltern Hills.
Balagarh railway station
Balagarh railway station is a railway station on Bandel–Katwa line connecting from Bandel to Katwa, and under the jurisdiction of Howrah railway division of Eastern Railway zone. It is situated at South Chandra, Balagarh, Hooghly district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Number of EMU local and passenger trains stop at Balagarh railway station.

Howrah railway division
Howrah Division is the oldest operational railway division under the Eastern Railway zone of Indian Railways. Serving as a major rail hub for Eastern India, its headquarters based in Howrah, West Bengal, and has historical and strategic importance for passenger and freight transport. It is one of the four railway divisions under the jurisdiction of Eastern Railway zone. In 2025, the Howrah Division marked its 100th anniversary since it was officially established as a division. It covers the area more than 400 km which includes parts of Bihar and Jharkhand also. The division manages nearly 200 stations ranging from major terminals to smaller halts.

Asansol railway division, Sealdah railway division and Malda railway division are the other railway divisions under ER Zone headquartered at Kolkata.
2025 Para Ice Hockey Paralympic Qualification Tournament
The 2025 Para Ice Hockey Paralympic Qualification Tournament was the final qualification tournament for the 2026 Winter Paralympics in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo. Held between 5 and 10 November 2025, the qualifier was played in Norwegian town of Jessheim, at the Jessheim Is- og Flerbrukshall. Six teams, from pools A and B of the world championships, took part. The top two teams in the qualifier secured the last two spots in the Paralympics.

Japan won the tournament and along with Slovakia, qualified for the 2026 Winter Paralympics.

Japan's Itsuki Ito was named best forward, and Wataru Horie was announced as the best goalkeeper in the tournament.

2025 World Para Ice Hockey Championships
The 2025 World Para Ice Hockey Championships was the 14th edition of World Para Ice Hockey Championships (originally named IPC Ice Sledge Hockey World Championships) held in 2025. The tournament was hosted in Buffalo, New York, in the United States from 24 to 31 May. The top five teams from the championship qualified for the 2026 Winter Paralympics.

The United States won their seventh title, defeating Canada 6–1 in the final.
Test double
A test double is software used in software test automation that satisfies a dependency so that the test need not depend on production code. A test double provides functionality via an interface that the software under test cannot distinguish from production code.

A programmer generally uses a test double to isolate the behavior of the consuming code from the rest of the codebase.

A test double is usually a simplified version of the production code and may include capabilities specific to testing.

Test doubles are used to build test harnesses.

Test automation
Test automation is the use of software (separate from the software being tested) for controlling the execution of tests and comparing actual outcome with predicted. Test automation supports testing the system under test (SUT) without manual interaction which can lead to faster test execution and testing more often. Test automation is a key aspect of continuous testing and often for continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD).
Spinnaker
A spinnaker is a  sail designed specifically for sailing off the wind on courses between a reach (wind at 90° to the course) to downwind (course in the same direction as the wind). Spinnakers are constructed of lightweight fabric, usually nylon, and are often brightly colored. They may be designed to perform best as either a reaching or a running spinnaker, by the shaping of the panels and seams. They are attached at only three points and said to be flown.

Windward and leeward
In geography and seamanship, windward (/ˈwɪndwərd/ WIND-wərd, /ˈwɪnərd/ WIN-ərd) and leeward (/ˈliːwərd/ LEE-wərd, /ˈljuːərd/ LEW-ərd) are directions relative to the wind. Windward is upwind from the point of reference, i.e., towards the direction from which the wind is coming; leeward is downwind from the point of reference, i.e., along the direction towards which the wind is going.

The side of a ship that is towards the leeward is its "lee side". If the vessel is heeling under the pressure of crosswind, the lee side will be the "lower side". During the Age of Sail, the term weather was used as a synonym for windward in some contexts, as in the weather gage.

Since it captures rainfall, the windward side of a mountain tends to be wetter than the leeward side it blocks. The drier leeward area is said to be in a rain shadow.
Kassia
Kassia, Cassia, Kassiane, or Kassiani (Greek: Κασσιανή, romanized: Kassianí, pronounced [kasia'ni]; c. 810 – c.865) was a Byzantine-Greek composer, hymnographer and poet. She holds a unique place in Byzantine music as the only known woman whose music appears in the Byzantine liturgy. Approximately fifty of her hymns are extant, most of which are stichera, though at least 26 have uncertain attribution. The authenticity issues are due to many hymns being anonymous, and others ascribed to different authors in different manuscripts. She was an abbess of a convent in the west of Constantinople.

Additionally, many epigrams and gnomic verses are attributed to her, at least 261. Kassia is notable as one of at least two women in the middle Byzantine period known to have written in their own names, the other being Anna Comnena. Like her predecessors Romanos the Melodist and Andrew of Crete, the earliest surviving manuscripts of her works are dated centuries after her lifetime.

Doxastikon
A Doxastikon (Greek: Δοξαστικόν "Glory sticheron")—plural: doxastika— is a type of hymn found in the Divine Services of the Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite.

Specifically, a doxastikon is a sticheron which is chanted after or between:

Δόξα

Δόξα Πατρὶ καὶ Υἱῷ καὶ Ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι·

"Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit."

and

Καὶ νῦν

καὶ νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.

"Both now and ever and unto the ages of ages. Amen."
Boletinellus merulioides
Boletinellus merulioides, commonly known as the ash-tree bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletinellaceae. Described as new to science in 1832, it is found in Asia and eastern North America, where it grows on the ground near ash trees due to a mutualistic relationship with a species of aphid.

Boletinellaceae
The Boletinellaceae are a small family of mushroom-forming fungi, primarily characterized by small pores on the underside of the cap rather than gills. Though in the order Boletales, research shows they and Gyroporaceae are more closely related to earthballs of Sclerodermataceae than Boletaceae.

Genera include Boletinellus and Phlebopus, the latter genus showing some Gondwanan distribution found in Australia, Sri Lanka and elsewhere. It contains the gigantic Phlebopus marginatus, the cap of which can reach 1 metre in diameter.
Login
In computer security, logging in (or logging on, signing in, or signing on) is the process by which an individual gains access to a computer system or program by identifying and authenticating themselves.

Typically, user credentials consist of a username and a password. These credentials themselves are sometimes referred to as a login. Modern secure systems often require a second factor, such as email or SMS confirmation for extra security. Social login allows a user to use an existing cell phone number or user credentials from another email or social networking service to sign in or create an account on a new website.

When access is no longer needed, the user can log out, log off, sign out or sign off.

Credential
A credential is a piece of any document that details a qualification, competence, or authority issued to an individual by a third party with a relevant or de facto authority or assumed competence to do so.

Examples of credentials include academic diplomas, academic degrees, certifications, security clearances, identification documents, badges, passwords, user names, keys, powers of attorney, and so on. Sometimes publications, such as scientific papers or books, may be viewed as similar to credentials by some people, especially if the publication was peer reviewed or made in a well-known journal or reputable publisher.
Dawlis Mill–Spring Mills Historic District
The Dawlis Mill–Spring Mills Historic District is a 134-acre (54 ha) historic district located at 525 and 530 NJ 31 in the townships of East Amwell and West Amwell in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 27, 2004, for its significance in architecture, commerce, industry, and settlement. The district includes six contributing buildings, two contributing sites, and one contributing object. The hamlet built around the Dawlis Mill was known as Spring Mills until around 1900.

East Amwell Township, New Jersey
East Amwell Township is a township in Hunterdon County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 3,917, a decrease of 96 (−2.4%) from the 2010 census count of 4,013, which in turn reflected a decline of 442 (−9.9%) from the 4,455 counted in the 2000 census.

East Amwell Township is located in the southeastern corner of Hunterdon County where it borders both Somerset and Mercer counties, within the heart of the Amwell Valley and Raritan Valley regions. It includes the unincorporated community of Ringoes, the oldest known settlement in Hunterdon County, as well as the communities of Larison's Corner, Weert's Corner and part of Reaville.
Pete Silver & Will McLean
Pete Silver & Will McLean are two British architectural practitioners, educators, writers, and technical theorists who work together as a duo. They have taught at the Architectural Association, The Bartlett (University College London), and The University of Westminster's School of Architecture and the Built environment, thus gaining a privileged position in the contemporary London architectural scene.

Will Alsop
William Allen Alsop OBE RA (12 December 1947 – 12 May 2018) was a British architect and Professor of Architecture at University for the Creative Arts's Canterbury School of Architecture.

He was responsible for several distinctive and controversial modernist buildings which are usually distinguished by their use of bright colours and unusual avant-garde forms. In 2000, Alsop won the Stirling Prize, the most prestigious architecture award in the United Kingdom, for the Peckham Library in London.
Song Reader: The Musical
Song Reader: The Musical is a stage production with music by Beck, and book and arrangements by Harvey Droke and Daniel Hornal, which premiered at the Capital Fringe Festival in Washington, D.C. in 2016. The music is arrangements from Song Reader, a 2012 Beck concept album released only in sheet music form.

Song Reader
Song Reader is a book of sheet music by the American alternative music artist Beck released on December 11, 2012. The book includes 20 songs worth of sheet music and more than 100 pages of art. The book's publisher, McSweeney's, also announced that versions of the songs performed by other musicians would be featured on its website. Links to YouTube and SoundCloud performances of the songs can be contributed to the official web site for the project.

Beck began working on the project in 2004. In 2013 Beck played three concerts with a variety of guests featuring the Song Reader material. He released a record of Song Reader with other musicians in 2014, and plans to release a compilation of fan versions.

Rolling Stone named it 50th on their list of 50 best albums of 2013. The official CD featuring various artists was released on July 29, 2014.
2015 Tour of Norway
The 2015 Tour of Norway was the fifth edition of the Tour of Norway cycle stage race. It was a part of the 2015 UCI Europe Tour as a 2.HC event. It was won by Denmark's Jesper Hansen, riding for the Tinkoff–Saxo team.

Tour of Norway
The Tour of Norway is a road bicycle race held annually in Norway. It is considered as a successor to the stage race Ringerike GP, which is now a one-day race. It was started in 2011 as a result of the heightened interest in cycling in Norway, mainly due to good results of professional cyclists Thor Hushovd and Edvald Boasson Hagen. The race is ranked 2.HC on the UCI Europe Tour, and is part of the new UCI ProSeries since 2020.

From the 2019 season the race merged with Tour des Fjords to form a new six day stage race that covers all of the southern counties of Norway; the race had previously only been held in Eastern Norway. The first edition of the new race was held from May 28 until June 2, 2019.