hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Colin Howson
Colin Howson (1945 – 5 January 2020) was a British philosopher. He was Professor of Philosophy at the University of Toronto, where he joined the faculty on 1 July 2008.  Previously, he was Professor of Logic at the London School of Economics. He completed a PhD on the philosophy of probability in 1981. In the late 1960s he had been a research assistant of Imre Lakatos at LSE. He died on Sunday 5 January 2020.

Imre Lakatos
Imre Lakatos (UK: /ˈlækətɒs/, US: /-toʊs/; Hungarian: Lakatos Imre [ˈlɒkɒtoʃ ˈimrɛ]; 9 November 1922 – 2 February 1974) was a Hungarian philosopher of mathematics and science, known for his thesis of the fallibility of mathematics and its "methodology of proofs and refutations" in its pre-axiomatic stages of development, and also for introducing the concept of the "research programme" in his methodology of scientific research programmes.
Andrew Fabinyi
Andrew Fabinyi (27 December 1908 – 25 July 1978) was a Hungarian-born Australian publisher and bookseller, working first with Frank Cheshire, Melbourne and then Pergamon Press, Sydney. He strove for an increased public interest in Australian society and civilisation and a broad internationalism in culture and politics. He became "extremely influential in the literary community of Australia" and was appointed to the Order of the British Empire "in recognition of his work for Australian literature".

Longman
Longman, also known as Pearson Longman, is a publishing company founded in 1724 in London, England, that is owned by Pearson PLC.

Since 1968, Longman has been used primarily as an imprint by Pearson's Schools business. The Longman brand is also used for the Longman Schools in China and the Longman Dictionary.
Portrait of Francesco Maria della Rovere (Giorgione)
Portrait of Francesco Maria della Rovere is an oil-on-panel, later transferred to canvas, painting attributed to the Italian Renaissance artist  Giorgione, executed c. 1502. It is now housed in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. It depicts Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino aged about 13.

Giorgione
Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco (Venetian: Zorzi; 1470s – 17 September 1510), known as Giorgione, was an Italian painter of the Venetian school during the High Renaissance, who died in his thirties. He is known for the elusive poetic quality of his work, though only about six surviving paintings are firmly attributed to him. The uncertainty surrounding the identity and meaning of his work has made Giorgione one of the most mysterious figures in European art.

Together with his younger contemporary Titian, he founded the Venetian school of Italian Renaissance painting, characterised by its use of colour and mood. The school is traditionally contrasted with Florentine painting, which relied on a more linear disegno-led style.
1996 Stockholm Open
The 1996 Stockholm Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Kungliga tennishallen in Stockholm, Sweden and was part of the World Series of the 1996 ATP Tour. It was the 28th edition of the tournament and was held from 4 November until 10 November 1996. Third-seeded Thomas Enqvist won his second consecutive singles title at the event.

1996 ATP Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organized by the ATP. The ATP Tour includes the Grand Slam tournaments (organized by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP Super 9, the ATP Championship Series, the ATP World Series, the ATP World Team Cup, the Davis Cup (organized by the ITF), the ATP Tour World Championships and the Grand Slam Cup (organized by the ITF).
2017 FIBA Women's AfroBasket
The 2017 FIBA Women's AfroBasket was the 23rd AfroBasket Women, played under the rules of FIBA, the world governing body for basketball, and FIBA Africa. The tournament was hosted by Mali from 18 to 27 August 2017, with games played in Bamako. The winners and runners-up qualified for the 2018 FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup.

Nigeria won their third title after defeating Senegal 65–48 in the final.

AfroBasket Women
The AfroBasket Women (alternatively known as the FIBA Africa Championship for Women, FIBA Women's African Championship, or FIBA Women's AfroBasket) is the women's basketball continental championship of Africa, played biennially under the auspices of FIBA, the world governing body for basketball, and the African zone thereof.

The tournament also serves as the first round of qualifiers for the quadrennial FIBA Women's World Cup and Olympic Games. As for the World Cup, the top two teams from Women's AfroBasket qualify for the World Cup Final Qualifying Tournament. As for the Olympic Games, the Women's AfroBasket champions qualify directly for the Olympics; the teams placed 2nd–4th qualify for the Olympic Qualifying Tournaments.
Yiyuan Subdistrict, Daqing
Yiyuan Subdistrict (simplified Chinese: 怡园街道; traditional Chinese: 怡園街道; pinyin: Yíyuán Jiēdào) is a subdistrict in Ranghulu District, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China. As of 2023, it administers five residential communities:

Yiyuan Community

Leyuan Community (乐园社区)

Longqing Community (龙庆社区)

Yueyuan Community (悦园社区)

Qiyuan Community (憩园社区)

Ranghulu District
Ranghulu District (simplified Chinese: 让胡路区; traditional Chinese: 讓胡路區; pinyin: Rànghúlù Qū) is a district of Daqing, Heilongjiang province, China.

Schools in the district include Daqing No.1 Middle School.
Good Copy Bad Copy
Good Copy Bad Copy (subtitled Good Copy Bad Copy: A documentary about the current state of copyright and culture) is a 2007 documentary film about copyright and culture in the context of Internet, peer-to-peer file sharing and other technological advances, directed by Andreas Johnsen, Ralf Christensen, and Henrik Moltke. It features interviews with many people with various perspectives on copyright, including copyright lawyers, producers, artists and filesharing service providers.

Mashup (music)
A mashup (also mesh, mash up, mash-up, blend, bastard pop or bootleg) is a creative work, usually a song, created by blending two or more pre-recorded songs, typically by superimposing the vocal track of one song seamlessly over the instrumental track of another and changing the tempo and key where necessary. Such works are considered "transformative" of original content and in the United States they may find protection from copyright claims under the "fair use" doctrine of copyright law.
2011 Stroud District Council election
The 2011 Stroud Council election was held on 6 May 2011, to elect 18 of the 51 members of the Stroud District Council in England.  The system at the time was for one third of the seats to be contested for three years, and one year with no elections, so normally only 17 seats would have been vacant.  Candidates from six parties, and two independents, campaigned for the seats, in individual races,  except in Nailsworth where two seats were vacant, as a result of Green councillor Fi MacMillan (elected 2008) stepping down a year early. The Labour Party won the most seats, seven.

2008 Stroud District Council election
The 2008 Stroud Council election took place on 1 May 2008 to elect members of Stroud District Council in Gloucestershire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative Party stayed in overall control of the council.

After the election, the composition of the council was:

Conservative 31

Labour 7

Green 6

Liberal Democrat 5

Independent 2
Post 70s Generation
Post 70s Generation is a literary critical term in Chinese contemporary literature, which refers to the new generation of writers who were born after 1970 in China. In some criticism these writers have also been described as the 'Post Cultural Revolution Generation', or 'Post Maoism Generation' as they grew up after Mao's death.

Wei Hui
Zhou Wei Hui (Chinese: 周卫慧; born 4 January 1973), known simply by her Chinese given name Wei Hui, is a Chinese novelist, living and working in Shanghai and New York City. Her novel Shanghai Baby (上海宝贝) (1999) was banned in the People's Republic of China as  "decadent". Her latest novel Marrying Buddha (我的禅) (2005) was censored, modified and published in China under a modified title. She is often associated with Mian Mian, another slightly older member of the "New Generation".
Unthank, Stanhope
Unthank is a collection of houses in the civil parish of Stanhope, in County Durham, England. Unthank can be found just over Stanhope Ford and at the bottom of Softley Bank. It consists of Unthank Mill, Unthank Hall, Unthank Farm and Unthank Cottage, now called the Railway Cottage. Unthank Mill backs onto Unthank Park which is a popular caravan park, and also host to Stanhope's agricultural shows and other local events.

Stanhope, County Durham
Stanhope /ˈstænəp/ is a market town and civil parish in the County Durham district, in the ceremonial county of Durham, England. It lies on the River Wear between Eastgate and Frosterley, in the north-east of Weardale. The main A689 road over the Pennines is crossed by the B6278 between Barnard Castle and Shotley Bridge. In 2001 Stanhope had a population of 1,633, in 2019 an estimate of 1,627, and a figure of 1,602 in the 2011 census for the ONS built-up-area which includes Crawleyside. In 2011 the parish population was 4,581.
Coptotriche arizonica
Coptotriche arizonica is a moth of the family Tischeriidae. It is found in North America, including California, Arizona and Texas.

The larvae feed on Quercus species, including Quercus arizonica and Quercus reticulata. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

Tischerioidea
Tischerioidea is the superfamily of "trumpet" leaf miner moths. The superfamily contains just one family, Tischeriidae, and traditionally one genus, Tischeria, but currently three genera are recognised, widespread around the world including South America (Davis, 1986), except for Australasia (Puplesis and Diskus, 2003). This is one candidate as the sister group (see also Palaephatoidea) of the bulk of Lepidoptera, the Ditrysia (Davis, 1999; Wiegmann et al., 2002), and they have a monotrysian type of female reproductive system. These small moths are leaf-miners in the caterpillar stage, feeding mainly on Fagaceae (Tischeria and Coptotriche), Asteraceae, and Malvaceae (Astrotischeria), and some also on Rhamnaceae, Tiliaceae, and Rosaceae.
Cloezia
Cloezia is a  genus of flowering plants in the family Myrtaceae first described as a genus in 1863. The entire genus is endemic to New Caledonia. It is related to Thaleropia, Tristania and Xanthomyrtus.

Xanthomyrtus
Xanthomyrtus is a group of shrubs and trees in the botanical family Myrtaceae described as a genus in 1922. It is found in Borneo, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Philippines, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago and New Caledonia.

They are mostly montane shrubs or trees, sometimes epiphytic. Flowers are yellow, usually 5-merous, in 3-flowered, axillary and terminal peduncles. The fruit is a reddish, dark blue or black berry.

species
Beaumont Avenue Residential District
Beaumont Avenue Residential District is a 5.7 acres (2.3 ha) historic district in Harrodsburg, Kentucky, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

It includes properties along Beaumont Avenue from number 338 to number 538.  It included 14 contributing buildings and two non-contributing buildings, all being residences.  The oldest house is the Magoffin-Gaither House, at 464 Beaumont Avenue, built in 1850.

Harrodsburg, Kentucky
Harrodsburg is a home rule-class city in and the county seat of Mercer County, Kentucky, United States.  The population was 9,064 at the 2020 census.

Although Harrodsburg was formally established by the Virginia House of Burgesses after Boonesborough and was not incorporated by the Kentucky legislature until 1836, President Franklin D. Roosevelt honored it as the oldest permanent American settlement west of the Appalachians.
Abby and Brittany Hensel
Abigail Loraine Hensel and Brittany Lee Hensel (born March 7, 1990) are American conjoined twins. They are dicephalic parapagus twins (having two heads joined to one torso), and are highly symmetric for conjoined twins. Each has a heart, stomach, spine, pair of lungs, and spinal cord. Each twin controls one arm and one leg. When they were infants, learning to crawl, walk, and clap required cooperation. They can eat and write separately and simultaneously. Activities such as running, swimming, hair-brushing, playing piano or volleyball, riding a bicycle, or driving a car require coordination.

The twins' lives have been covered in the popular media, including Life magazine and The Oprah Winfrey Show. They were interviewed on The Learning Channel in December 2006, discussing their daily lives and future plans. They starred in their own reality television series, Abby & Brittany, on TLC in 2012.

Since 2013, the two have been teachers in Minnesota.

Arden Hills, Minnesota
Arden Hills (/ˈɑːrdən/ AR-dən) is a city in Ramsey County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 9,939 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 9,490 in 2024. Bethel University and its seminary is located in the city. Also, the campus of University of Northwestern – St. Paul straddles the Arden Hills – Roseville border. The city contains the headquarters of Land O'Lakes and Catholic United Financial, a fraternal benefit society. Boston Scientific also has a large campus within Arden Hills as well.
Ballymun Flats
The Ballymun Flats referred to a number of flats—including the seven Ballymun tower blocks—in Ballymun, Dublin, Ireland. Built rapidly in the 1960s, there were 36 blocks in total, consisting of 7 fifteen-storey, 19 eight-storey, and 10 four-storey blocks. The complex was built in a Corbusian style known as towers in the park, which was popular in European and American cities in the mid-20th century.

The 15-storey blocks actually had 17 storeys, including the entrance floor and a plant room on their roofs. Joseph Plunkett tower, named after one of the signatories of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic, was typical of the taller tower blocks. It was a 42-metre, 8,500-tonne building that housed 90 families in 30 three-, two-, and one-bedroom units.

The entire complex was demolished in the early 21st century. By October 2013, there were just three remaining blocks, all of which were empty. The last block was demolished in September 2015.

Ballymun
Ballymun (Irish: Baile Munna) is a suburb of Dublin, Ireland, at the northern edge of the city's Northside. The population was 22,321 at the 2022 census. Ballymun is close to Dublin Airport and borders the suburbs of Finglas, Glasnevin and Santry.
What the Dub?
What the Dub? is a 2021 multiplayer party game developed and published by Wide Right Interactive. It was released on April 8, 2021, to positive reviews.

A follow-up, RiffTrax: The Game, based on and featuring cast members from RiffTrax, was released in May 2022.

Party game
Party games are games that are played at social gatherings to facilitate interaction and provide entertainment and recreation. Categories include (explicit) icebreaker, parlour (indoor), picnic (outdoor), and large group games. Other types include pairing off (partnered) games, and parlour races. Different games will generate different atmospheres so the party game may merely be intended as an icebreakers, or the sole purpose for or structure of the party. As such, party games aim to include players of various skill levels and player-elimination is rare. Party games are intended to be played socially, and are designed to be easy for new players to learn.
Acid-growth hypothesis
The acid-growth hypothesis is a theory that explains the expansion dynamics of cells and organs in plants. It was originally proposed by Achim Hager and Robert Cleland in 1971. They hypothesized that the naturally occurring plant hormone, auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA), induces H+ proton extrusion into the apoplast. Such derived apoplastic acidification then activates a range of enzymatic reactions which modifies the extensibility of plant cell walls. Since its formulation in 1971, the hypothesis has stimulated much research and debate. Most debates have concerned the signalling role of auxin and the molecular nature of cell wall modification. The current version holds that auxin activates small auxin-up RNA (SAUR) proteins, which in turn regulate protein phosphatases that modulate proton-pump activity. Acid growth is responsible for short-term (seconds to minutes) variation in growth rate, but many other mechanisms influence longer-term growth.

Expansin
Expansins are a family of closely related nonenzymatic proteins found in the plant cell wall, with important roles in plant cell growth, fruit softening, abscission, emergence of root hairs, pollen tube invasion of the stigma and style, meristem function, and other developmental processes where cell wall loosening occurs. Expansins were originally discovered  as mediators of acid growth, which refers to the widespread characteristic of growing plant cell walls to expand faster at low (acidic) pH than at neutral pH. Expansins are thus linked to auxin action. They are also linked to cell enlargement and cell wall changes induced by other plant hormones such as gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene and brassinosteroids.

A subset of the β-expansins are also the major group-1 allergens of grass pollens.
Collection of judgments in Virginia
The collection of judgments in Virginia may be accomplished under a number of routes provided under Virginia law, depending on the amount of the judgment and the particular assets that the judgment creditor wishes to pursue.

Government auction
A government auction or a public auction is an auction held on behalf of a government in which the property to be auctioned is either property owned by the government or property which is sold under the authority of a court of law or a government agency with similar authority.
Ulmus parvifolia 'True Green'
Ulmus parvifolia 'True Green' is a cultivar of Chinese elm. It features a graceful, rounded head of small deep-green glossy leaves. It is evergreen in the lower south of the United States. It is hardy to Zone 7.

Ulmus parvifolia
Ulmus parvifolia, commonly known as the Chinese elm or lacebark elm, is a species native to eastern Asia, including China, India, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Siberia, and Kazakhstan. It has been described as "one of the most splendid elms, having the poise of a graceful Nothofagus".
1935 Stanford Indians football team
The 1935 Stanford Indians football team represented Stanford University in the 1935 college football season. In head coach Tiny Thornhill's third season, the team was Pacific Coast Conference co-champions with one loss, allowing opponents to score just 13 points all season. This was the third season that the "Vow Boys" kept their vow and defeated USC.

Each of the three co-champions had one loss to one of the other co-champions: Stanford to UCLA, UCLA to California, and California to Stanford. With Stanford's shutout of California in the last game of the season, Stanford was selected to represent the conference in the Rose Bowl against undefeated and number-one ranked SMU. This marked Stanford's third consecutive Rose Bowl appearance, and the team had lost the previous two appearances. Against heavily favored SMU, Stanford pulled off a 7–0 upset, the team's second Rose Bowl victory.

1935 California Golden Bears football team
The 1935 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) during the 1935 college football season. In their first year under head coach Stub Allison, the team compiled a 9–1 record (4–1 against PCC opponents), finished in a tie for the PCC championship, and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 163 to 22.
The Von Bondies
The Von Bondies are an American rock band formed in 1997. The band's breakthrough album, Pawn Shoppe Heart, was released in 2004 and features the singles "C'mon C'mon" and "Tell Me What You See".

The Von Bondies have headlined tours of the United Kingdom/Europe, Australia, and the United States, taking along supporting bands like The Kills, Kasabian, Franz Ferdinand, Modey Lemon, SSM, The Subways, The Stills, Hot Panda and The Donnas. They have also appeared on Late Show with David Letterman, Last Call with Carson Daly and CD:UK.

The group disbanded in July 2011. They reformed in 2020 and planned a reunion tour, but those plans had to be abandoned due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The band's members have since become involved in other musical projects.

The Donnas
The Donnas were an American rock band formed in Palo Alto, California, in 1993. The band consisted of Brett Anderson (lead vocals), Allison Robertson (guitar, backing vocals), Maya Ford (bass guitar, backing vocals) and Torry Castellano (drums, percussion, backing vocals). Amy Cesari replaced Castellano, who left the band in 2009 due to tendonitis. They drew inspiration from the Ramones, the Runaways, Girlschool, AC/DC, Bachman–Turner Overdrive and Kiss. Rolling Stone has stated that "the Donnas offer a guileless take on adolescent alienation; they traffic in kicks, not catharsis, fun rather than rage". MTV has stated that the band offers "a good old-fashioned rock & roll party".

After gathering a cult following in the punk scene since their 1997 debut, the band achieved major label commercial success in the early 2000s and afterward as their music mixed punk, metal and classic rock sounds.
National Christian Union (Romania)
The National Christian Union (Romanian: Uniunea Națională Creștină, UNC) was a proto-fascist, nationalist and antisemitic political party in the Kingdom of Romania, founded on 24 January 1922, by A. C. Cuza along other intellectuals such as Nicolae Paulescu, Corneliu Șumuleanu and Ion Zelea Codreanu (father of Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, the founder of the Legionary Movement).

Nicolae Paulescu
Nicolae Constantin Paulescu (Romanian pronunciation: [nikoˈla.e pa.uˈlesku]; 30 October 1869 (O.S.) – 17 July 1931) was a Romanian physiologist, professor of medicine, and politician, most famous for his work on diabetes, including patenting pancreine (a pancreatic extract containing insulin). The "pancreine" was an extract of bovine pancreas in salted water, after which some impurites were removed with hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide.
Paulescu was also, with A. C. Cuza, co-founder of the National Christian Union and later, of the National-Christian Defense League, an early ultranationalist and anti-Semitic Romanian party. He was also a leading member of the militant religious fascist Iron Guard.
Phycomorpha metachrysa
Phycomorpha metachrysa, the milktree fruit moth, is a species of moth in the Copromorphidae family. It is endemic to New Zealand and has been found in the North and South Islands. The larvae feed on the fruit of species in the genus Streblus including Streblus heterophyllus. This adults of this species is on the wing from October to April.

Copromorphidae
Copromorphidae, the "tropical fruitworm moths", is a family of insects in the lepidopteran order. These moths have broad, rounded forewings, and well-camouflaged scale patterns. Unlike Carposinidae the mouthparts include "labial palps" with the second rather than third segment the longest. With other unusual structural characteristics of the caterpillar and adult, it could represent the sister lineage of all other extant members of this superfamily (Dugdale et al., 1999). The genus Sisyroxena from Madagascar is also notable for its unusual venation and wing scale sockets (Dugdale et al., 1999).