hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Expenditure minimization problem
In microeconomics, the expenditure minimization problem is the dual of the utility maximization problem: "how much money do I need to reach a certain level of happiness?".  This question comes in two parts.  Given a consumer's utility function, prices, and a utility target,

how much money would the consumer need?  This is answered by the expenditure function.

what could the consumer buy to meet this utility target while minimizing expenditure?  This is answered by the Hicksian demand function.

Utility
In economics, utility is a measure of a certain person's satisfaction from a certain state of the world. Over time, the term has been used with at least two meanings.

In a normative context, utility refers to a goal or objective that we wish to maximize, i.e., an objective function. This kind of utility bears a closer resemblance to the original utilitarian concept, developed by moral philosophers such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

In a descriptive context, the term refers to an apparent objective function; such a function is revealed by a person's behavior, and specifically by their preferences over lotteries, which can be any quantified choice.

The relationship between these two kinds of utility functions has been a source of controversy among both economists and ethicists, with most maintaining that the two are distinct but generally related.
Todi Jónsson
Todi Adam Jónsson (born 2 February 1972) is a Faroese former professional footballer who played as a striker for Danish premier league clubs Lyngby FC and FC Copenhagen, Norwegian club Start and Danish club Fremad Amager. He started and ended his football career at Faroese side KÍ Klaksvík.

He has played 45 matches for Faroe Islands national football team and is currently (2018) number two on the top goal scorer's list with 9 goals. Jónsson is the highest scoring foreign football player in the Danish Superliga (Premier League) with 72 goals. He was previously the all-time top scorer for FC København together with Lars Højer Nielsen, they both scored 54 goals for FCK, but they have later been surpassed by Cesar Santin and Dame N'Doye.

César Santin
César Santin (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈsɛzɐʁ sɐ̃ˈtʃĩ]; born 24 February 1981) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a forward. He is currently working as an academy coach at Hillerød Fodbold.

He is a versatile player, being able to play most of the attacking positions in both midfield and attack. He is known for his ability to challenge opponents using dribbling techniques.
Shoot the Works (film)
Shoot the Works is a 1934 American pre-Code comedy film directed by Wesley Ruggles and written by Claude Binyon, Gene Fowler, Howard J. Green and Ben Hecht. It is based on the Gene Fowler and Harold Hecht 1932 play The Great Magoo (and not, despite the title, the 1931 musical revue Shoot the Works). The film stars Jack Oakie, Ben Bernie, Dorothy Dell, Alison Skipworth, Roscoe Karns, Arline Judge and William Frawley. It was released on June 29, 1934, by Paramount Pictures, just before rigorous enforcement of the Hollywood Production Code that began on July 1, 1934.

The final film for Dorothy Dell and Lew Cody, both of whom were deceased by the time of the film's release.

Jack Oakie
Jack Oakie (born Lewis Delaney Offield; November 12, 1903 – January 23, 1978) was an American actor, starring mostly in films, but also working on stage, radio and television. He portrayed Napaloni in Chaplin's The Great Dictator (1940), receiving a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.
Koritharicha Naal
Koritharicha Naal is a 1982 Indian Malayalam film, directed by J. Sasikumar and produced by T. K. K. Nambiar. The film stars M. G. Soman, Adoor Bhasi, Balan K. Nair, Jalaja and Kanakadurga in the lead roles. The film has musical score by M. K. Arjunan.

Adoor Bhasi
K. Bhaskaran Nair (1 March 1929 – 29 March 1990), professionally credited by his stage name Adoor Bhasi, was an Indian actor and film director. He was mostly cast as a sidekick to protagonists, particularly Prem Nazir. His comedic roles were widely appreciated in Malayalam films of the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. Bhasi has also done leading and character roles. He directed three Malayalam films in the late 1970s. Bhasi is also known for his eloquent speeches in fluent English. He has won Kerala State Film Awards, including two Best Actor and one Second Best Actor.
Bushwacker (dragster)
Bushwacker is a pioneering streamliner slingshot dragster.

Originally built by Pete Ogden as Goldfinger, the car had a 156 in (4,000 mm) wheelbase with dropped front axle and bicycle wheels, and an aluminum body (hammered by Arnie Roberts) which left the engine exposed but fendered the slicks.

The car was acquired by Don Honstein in 1965, repainted, and renamed Bushwacker. Driven by Ron Welty, who built the car's supercharged 392 cu in (6,420 cc) Chrysler hemi, Bushwacker competed at three NHRA March Meets (at Bakersfield, California) and at local races before being sold again.

In 2006, it was restored.

National Hot Rod Association
The National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) is a governing body which sets rules in drag racing and hosts events all over the United States and Canada. With over 40,000 drivers in its rosters, the NHRA claims to be the largest motorsport sanctioning body in the world.

The association was founded by Wally Parks in 1951 in California to provide a governing body to organize and promote the sport of drag racing. NHRA's first Nationals was held in 1955, in Great Bend, Kansas. The NHRA Mission Foods Drag Racing Series, the national event series which comprises 24 races each year, is the premier series in drag racing that brings together the best drag racers from across North America and the world. The NHRA U.S. Nationals are now held at Lucas Oil Raceway in Brownsburg, Indiana and are officially called the U.S. Nationals. Winners of national events are awarded a trophy statue in honor of founder Wally Parks. The trophy is commonly referred to by its nickname, "The Wally".
Hou Fengqi
Hou Fengqi (simplified Chinese: 侯凤岐; traditional Chinese: 侯鳳岐; pinyin: Hòu Fèngqí; born March 1962) is a former Chinese politician who spent most of his career in the cities of Bayannur and Wuhai, in north China's Inner Mongolia. He was investigated by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection in November 2015. Previously he served as Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary of Wuhai. In October 2017, he was sentenced to 17 years for accepting bribes and holding a huge amount of property from an unidentified source.

Bayannur
Bayannur (Bayan Nur) or Bayannao'er (Chinese: 巴彦淖尔市; pinyin: bāyànnàoěr; Mongolian:  Bayannaɣur qota, Mongolian Cyrillic Баяннуур хот) is a prefecture-level city in western Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. Until 1 December 2003, the area was called Bayannur League.

Bayannur has an administrative area of 65,788 km2 (25,401 sq mi). The name of the city in Mongolian means "Rich Lake". As of the 2010 census, the population of Bayannur was 1,669,915; while the city proper, Linhe District, had 520,300 inhabitants.

The city is served by the Bayannur Tianjitai Airport.
'Til Tomorrow
"'Til Tomorrow" is a 1982 R&B/soul quiet storm-styled song recorded by American singer Marvin Gaye. The song was the second US single from his Midnight Love album, and was released in February 1983. The release also served as a promotional song as Gaye prepared for a U.S. tour in the year of its release.

Midnight Love
Midnight Love (1982) is the sixteenth studio album by American soul singer and songwriter Marvin Gaye and the final album to be released during his lifetime, released on November 8, 1982. He signed with the label Columbia in March 1982 following his exit from Motown.

The disc was certified triple platinum in the United States. It was an immediate international success selling over six million records worldwide. It was nominated for a 1984 Grammy for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance, spawning the two-time Grammy Award-winning hit "Sexual Healing". It was ranked number 37 on the Rolling Stone list of the best albums of the 1980s decade and the NME named the album as its Album of the Year in 1982.
VK Prievidza
VK Prievidza (Slovak: Volejbalový klub Prievidza) is a Slovak volleyball club based in the city of Prievidza that currently plays in the Slovak Men's Volleyball League, the highest domestic level in the country.

They have been playing in Slovakia's top division since the 2013/2014 season. Prievidza have won the competition twice, in 2018 and in 2019. The club has also participated in the CEV Cup and the CEV Challenge Cup.

Prievidza
Prievidza (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈprɪeʋidza] ⓘ; Hungarian: Privigye, German: Priwitz) is a city in western Slovakia. With approximately 46,000 inhabitants it is the second biggest municipality in the Trenčín Region and 11th largest city in Slovakia generally.
Vaughan Thomas (rugby league)
Vaughan Thomas (birth registered second ¼ 1945) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s. He played at club level for Featherstone Rovers, and Bradford Northern, as a wing.

Featherstone Rovers
Featherstone Rovers is a professional rugby league club in Featherstone, West Yorkshire, England. The club last competed in the Championship, the second tier of British rugby league, but were not granted RFL membership for the 2026 season due to the club's financial difficulties.

Featherstone Rovers won the League Championship once and Challenge Cup three times.

The club played home games at Post Office Road. Their local rivals were Castleford and Wakefield Trinity, and in the Championship, Halifax. The club's traditional home colours were white with blue hoops.
The Final Comedown
The Final Comedown is a 1972 blaxploitation drama film written, produced and directed by Oscar Williams and starring Billy Dee Williams and D'Urville Martin. The film is an examination of racism in the United States and depicts a shootout between a radical black nationalist group and the police, with the backstory leading up to the shootout told through flashbacks.  The radical group is not identified by name in the film but closely resembles the Black Panther Party.

The film was recut and re-released in 1976 under the title Blast! The new version featured additional footage directed by Allan Arkush, credited under the pseudonym "Frank Arthur Wilson."

The original version has had several releases on DVD from various budget-line DVD manufacturers.

D'Urville Martin
D'Urville Martin (February 11, 1939 – May 28, 1984) was an American actor in both film and television. He appeared in numerous 1970s movies in the blaxploitation genre. He also appeared in two unaired pilots of what would become All in the Family as Lionel Jefferson. Born in New York City, Martin began his career in the mid-1960s and soon appeared in prominent films such as Black Like Me, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner, and Rosemary's Baby. Martin also directed films in his career, including Dolemite, starring Rudy Ray Moore.
Boissie Mbha
Boissie Henry Mbha (born 31 July 1952) is a retired South African judge who served in the Supreme Court of Appeal from June 2014 to August 2022. He was also the chairperson of the Electoral Court from 2018 to 2022, and he acted in the Constitutional Court for a term in 2016. A former attorney, he was appointed to the bench in October 2004 as a judge of the High Court's Gauteng Division.

Supreme Court of Appeal (South Africa)
The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA), formerly known as the Appellate Division, is the second-highest court of appeal in South Africa below the Constitutional Court. The country's apex court from 1910 to 1994, it no longer holds that position, having been displaced in constitutional matters by the Constitutional Court in 1994, and in all matters by 2013. It is located in Bloemfontein. Bloemfontein is often seen as, and has been traditionally referred to as, the "judicial capital" of South Africa because of the court, although the Constitutional Court is based in Johannesburg.
Bernard Dobson
Bernard Patrick Dobson (23 October 1873 — 17 May 1936) was an English first-class cricketer.

Dobson was born at Nottingham in October 1873 and was educated at Stonyhurst College. A keen amateur cricketer, Dobson was a prolific batsman for the Free Foresters, Incogniti and Cryptics. He scored 1,500 runs for Incogniti in 1908 and the following year he was selected to tour Egypt with the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). He toured the West Indies with an MCC side captained by A. F. Somerset in early 1913, playing seven first-class cricket matches on the tour against Barbados, British Guiana, Trinidad, and the West Indies cricket team. He scored 159 runs on the tour, with a highest score of 55 not out against Trinidad. He was the assistant honorary secretary of Incogniti for over twenty years. Dobson died in May 1936 at Crowborough, following a short illness.

Arthur Somerset Jr.
Arthur Plantagenet Francis Cecil Somerset (28 September 1889 – 13 October 1957) was an English cricketer active from 1911 to 1919 who played for Sussex. He was born and died in Worthing. He appeared in 29 first-class matches as a righthanded batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He scored 438 runs with a highest score of 39 not out and took 33 wickets with a best performance of five for 62.
Zhang Rongsuo
Zhang Rongsuo (born 1956, Huixian) is a Chinese Communist Party member. He was a deputy to the 10th National People's Congress (2003 - 2008). Zhang has received accolades for his development of rural infrastructure and for being a hero to Chinese workers. In 2002, Zhang received an inaugural Touching China Annual Person of the Year Award. In private life, Zhang was active in the coal mining and transport industries.

Huixian
Huixian (simplified Chinese: 辉县; traditional Chinese: 輝縣; pinyin: Huīxiàn) is a county-level city under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Xinxiang, in the northwest of Henan province, China, bordering Shanxi province to the northwest.
ITV at the Movies
ITV at the Movies is a weekly British television film review show broadcast on ITV2, originally presented by Giles Vickers-Jones. The final series was presented by James King and was produced and directed by Richard Leyland. The show was replaced in 2011 by The Movie Show on ITV2.

The show looked at the weeks movie releases, featured the latest movie news and reviews plus looked at the UK Box Office top 5 and previewed the latest DVD releases.

In March 2010 a ITV at the Movies special aired on ITV2, presented by James King, featuring a look at the Oscar nominations.

In December 2009 a ITV at the Movies special aired on ITV2, presented by James King, featuring an interview with Avatar director James Cameron.

The Movie Show on ITV2
The Movie Show on ITV2 is a weekly British television film review show on ITV2, presented by James King. The show is a new format produced by R 'n' R Limited and commissioned by ITV2.

The series looks at the latest weekly film releases in the UK and each programme includes a film premiere and red carpet interviews from the west end of London, movie features and movie previews including interviews with all the stars and directors of the latest releases.

Also included in the programmes are the latest DVD, Download and Blu-ray releases, UK top 5 box office chart and James King's review of the big film releases, movie gossip and news.
Carinha de Anjo
Carinha de Anjo (lit. Angel Face) is a Brazilian children's telenovela created by Leonor Corrêa and written by Íris Abravanel, originally broadcast by SBT from November 21, 2016 to June 6, 2018. It is a based on the 2000 Mexican telenovela Carita de ángel.

The plot features Lorena Queiroz, Bia Arantes, Carlo Porto, Priscila Sol, Dani Gondim, Karin Hils, Eliana Guttman and Lucero in the lead roles. Also in the other roles are Sienna Belle, Renata Randel, Maisa Silva and Jean Paulo Campos.

Jean Paulo Campos
Jean Paulo Campos (born 13 April 2003) is a Brazilian actor, singer and television host. He became known for playing Cirilo in the telenovela Carrossel. In 2014, he repeated the same role in the series Patrulha Salvadora.
Chibadera Station
Chibadera Station (千葉寺駅, Chibadera-eki) is a railway station operated by the Keisei Electric Railway located in Chūō-ku, Chiba Japan. It is 2.5 kilometers from the terminus of the Keisei Chihara Line at Chiba-Chūō Station.

Keisei Electric Railway
The Keisei Electric Railway Company, Ltd. (stylized as K'SEI since 2001) is a major private railway in Chiba Prefecture and Tokyo, Japan. The name Keisei is the combination of the kanji 京 from Tokyo (東京) and 成 from Narita (成田), which the railway's main line connects; the combination uses different readings than the ones used in the city names. The railway's main line runs from Tokyo to Narita and the eastern suburb cities of Funabashi, Narashino, Yachiyo, and Sakura. Keisei runs an airport limited express train called the Skyliner from Ueno and Nippori to Narita International Airport.

In addition to its railway business, the Keisei Electric Railway Company owns large bus and taxi services and some real estate holdings. It owns a controlling share of the Oriental Land Company which owns and manages the Tokyo Disney Resort. Keisei is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 index.
Honeymoon Deferred (1940 film)
Honeymoon Deferred is a 1940 American mystery film directed by Lew Landers and written by Roy Chanslor and Eliot Gibbons. The film stars Edmund Lowe, Margaret Lindsay, Elisabeth Risdon, Chick Chandler, Joyce Compton, Cliff Clark and Anne Gwynne. The film was released on February 16, 1940, by Universal Pictures.

Elisabeth Risdon
Elisabeth Risdon (born Daisy Cartwright Risdon; 26 April 1887 – 20 December 1958) was an English film actress. She appeared in more than 140 films from 1913 to 1952. A beauty in her youth, she usually played in society parts. In later years in films she switched to playing character parts.
Province of Alsace
The Province of Alsace (Province d'Alsace) was an administrative region of the Kingdom of France and one of the many provinces formed in the late 1600s.  In 1648, the Landgraviate of Upper-Alsace was absorbed into the Kingdom of France and subsequently became the Province of Alsace, which it remain an integral part of for almost 150 years.  In 1790, as a result of the decree dividing France into departments, the province was disestablished and split into three departments: Bas-Rhin (Lower Rhine), Haut-Rhin (Upper Rhine), and part of Moselle.

Haut-Rhin
Haut-Rhin (French pronunciation: [oʁɛ̃] ⓘ) is a department in the Grand Est region, France, bordering both Germany and Switzerland. It is named after the river Rhine. Its name means Upper Rhine. Haut-Rhin is the smaller and less populated of the two departments of the former administrative Alsace region, the other being Bas-Rhin (Lower Rhine), especially after the 1871 cession of the southern territory known since 1922 as the Territoire de Belfort, although it is still rather densely populated compared to the rest of metropolitan France. It had a population of 767,083 in 2021.

On 1 January 2021, the départemental collectivities of Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin were merged into the European Collectivity of Alsace.
2024 Delaware elections
A general election was held in the U.S. state of Delaware on November 5, 2024, concurrently with other nationwide elections, including for President of the United States. Half of Delaware's executive officers were up for election, including the Governorship. Additionally, federal elections for the state's Class 2 seat in the United States Senate seat and Delaware's at-large congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. Primary elections were held on September 10, 2024.

Democrats, who historically dominate the state politically, won all statewide elections and did well in down ballot races. With the exception of statewide races, most candidates ran unopposed, including around half running for Delaware House of Representatives and all but two running for the Delaware Senate. The election had a turnout rate of 65.74% of registered voters casting ballots across 533 precincts.

Delaware House of Representatives
The Delaware State House of Representatives is the lower house of the Delaware General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Delaware. It is composed of 41 Representatives from an equal number of constituencies, each of whom is elected to a two-year term. Its members are not subject to term limits, and their terms start the day after the election. The House meets at the Delaware Legislative Hall in Dover.
Sjees
A Sjees (from Dutch, meaning chaise) is a Dutch traditional two-wheeled carriage pulled by one or two horses, which originates from Friesland in the north of Netherlands. Also called a Friesian chaise, it resembles a chaise or gig carriage but with unique regional distinctions. The undercarriage, wooden axle, large wheels, and shafts are usually painted white. The body, which is supported on cee-springs and leather braces, has a curved dash and seats two people. Typically, the body is decorated with elaborate painting, gilding and carvings, and the upholstery is brightly colored velvet or leather.

The sjees is customarily driven by black Friesian horses, either one horse in shafts, or two on either side of a pole. The harness is a breast collar style, decorated with white trim, and white rope is used for the reins and traces.

Sjees

Sjees with pair of horses

c. 1825 print depicting a sjees

Elaborate decorations on this sjees

Glossary of equestrian terms
This is a basic glossary of equestrian terms that includes both technical terminology and jargon developed over the centuries for horses and other equidae, as well as various horse-related concepts. Where noted, some terms are used only in American English (US) or British English (UK), or are regional to a particular part of the world, such as Australia (AU).
Annab
Annab (Arabic: عناب) is a village in central Syria, administratively part of the al-Suqaylabiyah District of the Hama Governorate. The neighboring village of Nabe al-Tayeb was incorporated into Annab and later the combined village was incorporated into the municipality of Ayn al-Kurum. Annab is located 75 kilometers (47 mi) northwest of Hama and lies on the western edges of the Ghab plain and the eastern foothills of the Syrian coastal mountains.

The village is characterized by the dense oak, cypress and elm forests and vegetation which envelope it on all sides. It was named for the nearby spring of Annab, which itself is locally held to be named for either the jujube (annab) bushes or grape (anab) vines of the area. Agriculture, particularly grain cultivation, is the mainstay of Annab's economy. In 2018, it had an estimated population of 8,000. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites.

Ghab Plain
The Ghab Plain (Arabic: سَهْلُ ٱلْغَابِ, romanized: Sahl al-Ġāb, literally: Forest Plain) is a fertile depression lying mainly in the al-Suqaylabiyah District in western Syria. The Orontes River, flowing north, enters the Plain near Muhradah, around 25 km north-west of Hama.

The valley was flooded for centuries by the waters of the Orontes River, which rendered it a swamp. The "Ghab project", beginning in the 1950s, drained the valley to make it habitable, arable land, providing an extra 41,000 hectares (160 mi2) of irrigated farmland.

The valley separates the al-Ansariyah mountains in the west from the Zawiyah mountain range and the plateau region to the east. It is 63 kilometres (39 mi) long and 12.1 kilometres (7.5 mi) wide.