hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bass–Serre theory
Bass–Serre theory is a part of the mathematical subject of group theory that deals with analyzing the algebraic structure of groups acting by automorphisms on simplicial trees. The theory relates group actions on trees with decomposing groups as iterated applications of the operations of free product with amalgamation and HNN extension, via the notion of the fundamental group of a graph of groups. Bass–Serre theory can be regarded as one-dimensional version of the orbifold theory.

Group isomorphism
In abstract algebra, a group isomorphism is a function between two groups that sets up a bijection between the elements of the groups in a way that respects the given group operations. If there exists an isomorphism between two groups, then the groups are called isomorphic. From the standpoint of group theory, isomorphic groups have the same properties and need not be distinguished.
Rita Moreno: Just a Girl Who Decided to Go for It
Rita Moreno: Just a Girl Who Decided to Go for It is a 2021 American documentary film, directed, produced, and edited by Mariem Pérez Riera. The film follows Rita Moreno, focusing on her early life and career.  Norman Lear, Lin-Manuel Miranda, and Michael Kantor serve as executive producers.

The film had its world premiere at the 2021 Sundance Film Festival on January 29, 2021. It was released on June 18, 2021, by Roadside Attractions.

Roadside Attractions
Roadside Attractions, LLC is an American independent film distributor and production company with a primary focus on acquisitions. Based in Los Angeles, California, the company was founded by Howard Cohen and Eric d'Arbeloff, who serve as the co-presidents.
Paul Mifka
Paul Mifka (born 8 June 1965) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for West Perth in the West Australian Football League (WAFL) and the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League (AFL).

West Perth Football Club
The West Perth Football Club, nicknamed the Falcons, is an Australian rules football club located in Joondalup, Western Australia. West Perth competes in the West Australian Football League (WAFL) and WAFL Women's (WAFLW) and is the oldest existing Australian rules football club in Western Australia. Originally located at Leederville Oval, the team was relocated in 1994 to Arena Joondalup, a sports complex in the northern suburbs of Perth. The team's club song is "It's a Grand Old Flag" and its traditional rivals are East Perth.
From a Whisper to a Scream (song)
"From a Whisper to a Scream" is a song written by new wave musician Elvis Costello and performed by Costello and the Attractions on their 1981 album, Trust. With lyrics referencing drinking, the song notably features a guest vocal from Squeeze frontman and songwriter Glenn Tilbrook as well as a guitar part from ex-Rumour guitarist Martin Belmont.

The song was released in the UK as the second single from Trust in February 1981. It under-performed as a single compared to the band's previous releases, failing to chart in Britain despite achieving some success on the rock charts in the US. Despite this, the song has seen positive critical reception.

The Rumour
The Rumour were an English pub rock band active in the late 1970s and early 1980s, formed with musicians from disbanded pub rock groups including Brinsley Schwarz and Ducks Deluxe. They are best known as the backup band for Graham Parker, whose early records (from 1976 to 1980) were credited to Graham Parker & the Rumour.  However, the Rumour also recorded on their own, releasing three albums: Max (1977), Frogs, Sprouts, Clogs and Krauts (1979), and Purity of Essence (1980).

The group broke up at the end of 1980, but reunited as Parker's backing band in 2011. The band undertook a short final UK tour in October 2015, finishing with a final concert at the London Forum on 17 October 2015. At this show, the surviving members of the horn section also reunited, for the first time in 33 years.
Ipili language
Ipili is an Engan language of the East New Guinea Highlands in Enga Province, Papua New Guinea. The name of the language means 'salt-people' in Huli language. There are 26,000 Ipili speakers.

There are two dialects, Porgera-Paiela and Tipinini. The latter is similar to Enga.
Missionary Terrance Borchard guided translation of the New Testament in the Paiela dialect.  Working with the Ipili tribe they developed an alphabet and written language, previously spoken. He began the work in 1969 until his death in Aug. 2014.
Literacy work resulted.

Enga language
Enga is a language of the East New Guinea Highlands spoken by a quarter-million people in Enga Province, Papua New Guinea. It has the largest number of speakers of any Trans–New Guinea language, as well as any native language in New Guinea, and is second overall after Papuan Malay.

An Enga-based pidgin is used by speakers of Arafundi languages.
Sieg der Schönheit
Gensericus oder Sieg der Schönheit TVWV 21:10 (Hamburg 1722 and Braunschweig) is a comic German-language opera in three acts by Georg Philipp Telemann. It was performed at the Oper am Gänsemarkt, while Keiser was director. Unlike Orpheus and Flavius Bertaridus, the opera contains no Italian-language set piece arias. The librettist was Christian Heinrich Postel.

The opera incurred the criticism of Johann Mattheson. Modern performances include a performance directed by Michael Schneider at the Theater Osnabrück in June 2012.

Orpheus (Telemann)
Orpheus (full title: Die wunderbare Beständigkeit der Liebe oder Orpheus, The Wonderful Constancy of Love, or Orpheus) is an opera in three acts by the German composer Georg Philipp Telemann. It was first performed in a concert version at the Oper am Gänsemarkt in Hamburg on 9 March 1726. The anonymous libretto is based on the 1690 opera Orphée by Michel Duboullay, originally set by the French composer Louis Lully. Most of the work is in German but it also contains passages in French and Italian drawn from famous operas by Handel and Jean-Baptiste Lully. The music to these words is Telemann's own, however. The manuscript score of Telemann's Orpheus was not rediscovered until the late 20th century.
Bo Ralph
Bo Rune Ingemar Ralph (born 4 October 1945) is a Swedish linguist, member of the Swedish Academy, and professor of Nordic Languages at the Department of Swedish Language at University of Gothenburg. He was elected to the Swedish Academy on 15 April 1999 and admitted on 20 December 1999. Bo Ralph succeeded the philosopher and sociologist Torgny T:son Segerstedt to Seat No.2.

He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.

Swedish Academy
The Swedish Academy (Swedish: Svenska Akademien), founded in 1786 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. Its 18 members, who are elected for life, comprise the highest Swedish language authority. Outside Scandinavia, it is best known as the body that chooses the laureates for the annual Nobel Prize in Literature, awarded in memory of the donor Alfred Nobel.
Japan International Cooperation Agency
The Japan International Cooperation Agency (Japanese: 独立行政法人国際協力機構, romanized: dokuritsu gyōseihōjin kokusai kyōryoku kikō), also known as JICA, is a governmental agency that delivers the bulk of Official Development Assistance (ODA) for the government of Japan. It is chartered with assisting economic and social growth in developing countries and promoting international cooperation. According to the OECD, Japan's total official development assistance (ODA) (US$17.5 billion, grant-equivalent methodology, preliminary data) increased in 2022 due to an increase in its bilateral lending, which included support to Ukraine. ODA represented 0.39% of gross national income (GNI). The OECD's Development Assistance Committee published a peer review of Japan's development cooperation in October 2020. JICA was led by Shinichi Kitaoka, the former President of the International University of Japan, from 2015 to 2022. On 1 April 2022, Professor Akihiko Tanaka assumed the presidency.

Official development assistance
Official development assistance (ODA) is a category used by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to measure foreign aid. The DAC first adopted the concept in 1969. It is widely used as an indicator of international aid flow. It refers to material resources given by the governments of richer countries to promote the economic development of poorer countries and the welfare of their people. The donor government agency may disburse such resources to the government of the recipient country or through other organizations. Most ODA is in the form of grants, but some is measured as the concessional value in soft (low-interest) loans.

In 2019, the annual amount of state donor aid counted as ODA was US$168 billion, of which US$152 billion came from DAC donors.
10th Anniversary Album (The Ventures album)
10th Anniversary Album is a studio album by the Ventures, which was released to commemorate the band's 10th anniversary in 1970.  It is a double LP that features covers of classic 1960s pop hits, including songs by The Beatles and Simon & Garfunkel. It also contains songs from the early 1970s, such as "Who'll Stop the Rain" and "Bridge Over Troubled Water."  The album peaked at #91 on the Billboard 200 chart.

Who'll Stop the Rain (song)
"Who'll Stop the Rain" is a song written by John Fogerty and originally recorded by Creedence Clearwater Revival (CCR) for their 1970 album Cosmo's Factory. Backed with "Travelin' Band", it was one of three double-sided singles from that album to reach the top five on the Billboard Pop Singles chart and the first of two to reach the No. 2 spots on the American charts, alongside "Lookin' Out My Back Door"/"Long As I Can See the Light". In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked it No. 188 on its "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" list.
Studebaker Gran Turismo Hawk
The Studebaker Gran Turismo Hawk (or GT Hawk) was a grand touring coupe sold by Studebaker motors between 1962 and 1964.  The top of the Studebaker line, it was the final development of the Hawk series that began with the Golden Hawk in 1956.

Ford Thunderbird
The Ford Thunderbird is a personal luxury car manufactured and marketed by Ford Motor Company for model years 1955 to 2005, with a hiatus from 1998 to 2001.

Ultimately gaining a broadly used colloquial nickname, the T-Bird, the model was introduced as a two-seat convertible, subsequently offered variously in a host of body styles including as a four-seat hardtop coupe, four-seat convertible, five-seat convertible and hardtop, four-door pillared hardtop sedan, six-passenger hardtop coupe, and five-passenger pillared coupe, before returning in its final generation, again as a two-seat convertible.

At its inception, Ford targeted the two-seat Thunderbird as an upscale model. The 1958 model year design introduced a rear seat and arguably marked the expansion of a market segment that came to be known as personal luxury cars, positioned to emphasize comfort and convenience over handling and high-speed performance.
Bulungu (mammal)
Bulungu is an extinct genus of bandicoot-like mammal from Oligo-Miocene deposits of Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland, and the Etadunna Formation, Australia. It was first named by Gurovich et al. (2013) and the type species is Bulungu palara.
Two additional species, Bulungu campbelli and Bulungu minkinaensis, were also described in 2013. Bulungu muirheadae is the oldest fossil bandicoot recovered to date.  An additional three species Bulungu minkinaensis, Bulungu pinpaensis, and Bulungu westermani were named by Travouillon, Beck & Case (2021) allowing for placement of the genus in the superfamily Yaraloidea.

Yarala
Yarala is a genus of fossil mammals that resemble contemporary bandicoots. The superfamily Yaraloidea and family Yaralidae were created following the discovery of the type species Yarala burchfieldi in 1995, on the basis that it lacks synapomorphies that unite all other peramelemorphian taxa.

A second species was described in 2006, which is suggested to be ancestral to Y. burchfieldi.
Parsons Beach
Parsons Beach is a locality on the western side of Yorke Peninsula and eastern side of Spencer Gulf in South Australia. There is a small town at the north end of the locality, set behind the sandhills from the beach.

Before 5 September 2017, the village of Parsons Beach was formally the northwestern corner of the locality of Minlaton. On that date, the Government of South Australia declared that Parsons Beach was a separate locality. The name "Parsons Beach" for the subdivision of the village was approved on 27 August 1982 by the Geographical Names Board.

Minlaton, South Australia
Minlaton is a town in central Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. It is known as the "Barley capital of the world", due to the rich Barley production in the region.

Minlaton was the hometown of Harry Butler, a World War I flying ace. His Bristol M1C monoplane has been restored and is preserved in pride of place in a building the centre of the town. When he flew an air mail run from Adelaide across Gulf St Vincent to Minlaton in 1919, it was the first over-water flight in the Southern Hemisphere.

Minlaton is in the District Council of Yorke Peninsula, the federal Division of Grey and the state electoral district of Narungga.
Spring Creek (Gasconade River tributary)
Spring Creek is a stream in Maries and Phelps counties of Missouri. It is a tributary of Gasconade River.

The stream headwaters arise in Phelps County just northeast of Rolla near the Missouri Route V interchange on I-44 (at 37°59′03″N 91°43′44″W﻿ / ﻿37.98417°N 91.72889°W﻿ / 37.98417; -91.72889) and stream flows to the north-northwest passing under Missouri Route 63 about three miles north of Rolla. The stream enters Maries County near its midpoint, crosses under Missouri Route A and flows parallel to and just south of Route 63 again to its confluence with the Gasconade (at 38°08′38″N 91°52′54″W﻿ / ﻿38.14389°N 91.88167°W﻿ / 38.14389; -91.88167) about four miles southeast of Vienna.

Spring Creek was named for the fact there are abundant springs along its course.

Missouri supplemental route
A supplemental route is a state secondary road in the U.S. state of Missouri, designated with letters. Supplemental routes were various roads within the state which the Missouri Department of Transportation was given in 1952 to maintain in addition to the regular routes, though lettered routes had been in use from at least 1932. The four types of roads designated as Routes are:

Farm to market roads

Roads to state parks

Former alignments of U.S. or state highways

Short routes connecting state highways from other states to routes in Missouri

Supplemental routes make up 19,064 miles (30,681 km) (59%) of the state highway system.
Bruce Thomas (musician)
Bruce Thomas (born 14 August 1948) is an English bass guitarist, best known as bassist for the Attractions; the band formed in 1977 to back Elvis Costello in concert and on record.

In addition to his work with the Attractions, Thomas has recorded with Billy Bragg, John Wesley Harding, Suzanne Vega, and Tasmin Archer.

Thomas has also been a nonfiction writer for several decades, and is the author of Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit (1994), a biography of the renowned martial artist and movie star, and The Body of Time (and the Energies of Being), ISBN 0-14-019301-4 (1991), a short book about metaphysics. Rough Notes, published in 2015, is both a memoir of his time with The Attractions and a documentary history of the British music scene of the 1970s. A Tall Story...That Won't Go Away, published in 2025, is his from-the-inside look at the Paul Is Dead conspiracy theory.

John Wesley Harding (singer)
Wesley Stace (born 22 October 1965) is an English folk/pop singer-songwriter and author who has used the stage name John Wesley Harding. Under his legal name, he has written four novels. He is also an occasional university teacher and the curator of Wesley Stace's Cabinet of Wonders.
Reflexmate
A reflexmate is a chess problem in which White, moving first, must force Black to deliver checkmate within a specified number of moves against their will – with the added condition that if either player can give checkmate, they must. If this condition applies only to Black, it is a semi-reflexmate. (Without this condition, the problem is just ordinary selfmate.)

Glossary of chess problems
This glossary of chess problems explains commonly used terms in chess problems, in alphabetical order.

For a list of:

unorthodox pieces used in chess problems, see Fairy chess piece;

terms used in chess is general, see Glossary of chess;

chess-related games, see List of chess variants.
Tocllayoc
Tocllayoc (possibly from Quechua tuqlla trap, -yuq a suffix to indicate ownership, "the one with a trap") is a 5,291-metre-high (17,359 ft) mountain in the Vilcanota mountain range in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Cusco Region, Quispicanchi Province, Marcapata District, and in the Puno Region, Carabaya Province, Corani District. Tocllayoc lies southeast of Llusca Ritti, southwest of Jori Pintay, west of Taruca Sayana, northwest of Huarisayana and Huarachani Tojo, northeast of Quello Cunca and east of Huaman Lipani.

Llusca Ritti (Cusco-Puno)
Llusca Ritti (possibly from Quechua llusk'a polished; slippery, rit'i snow, "polished snow" or "slippery snow") or Ayachincana (possibly from Quechua aya corpse, chinkana labyrinth, "corpse labyrinth") is a mountain in the Vilcanota mountain range in the Andes of Peru, approximately 5,200 metres (17,060 ft) high. It is located in the Cusco Region, Quispicanchi Province, Marcapata District, and in the Puno Region, Carabaya Province, Ollachea District. Llusca Ritti lies south of Sullulluni and northwest of Jori Pintay.
Sue Macartney-Snape
Sue Macartney-Snape (born 1957) is a Tanzanian-born caricaturist who emigrated to the United Kingdom via Australia. She is best known for her illustrations for The Telegraph's Social Stereotypes column, written by Victoria Mather, which ran for fourteen years. Macartney-Snape's works have been compared by Nicholas Foulkes to P G Wodehouse, Beryl Cook, Henry Mayo Bateman and Osbert Lancaster. She was the recipient of the Pont Award in 2004.

H. M. Bateman
Henry Mayo Bateman (15 February 1887 – 11 February 1970, Mgarr, Malta) was a British humorous artist and cartoonist.

H. M. Bateman was noted for his "The Man Who..." series of cartoons, featuring comically exaggerated reactions to minor and usually upper-class social gaffes, such as "The Man Who Lit His Cigar Before the Royal Toast", "The Man Who Threw a Snowball at St. Moritz" and "The Boy Who Breathed on the Glass at the British Museum" which appeared in the satirical magazine Punch.
Katagiri Takatoshi
Katagiri Takatoshi (片桐 孝利; 1601 – 1638) was a Japanese daimyō of the early Edo period. He was the eldest son of Katagiri Katsumoto. In 1615, he became the second head of the Katagiri clan and lord of the Tatsuta Domain in Yamato Province. He died in 1638 at the age of 38. His childhood name was Motokane, and his common name was Jirosuke.

Katagiri Katsumoto
Katagiri Katsumoto (片桐 且元; 1556 – June 24, 1615) was a Japanese warlord (daimyō) of Ibaraki, in the Azuchi–Momoyama period through early Edo period. 
In his youth he was famed as one of the Seven Spears of Shizugatake, during the Battle of Shizugatake in May 1583.
Charles C. Johnson
Charles Carlisle Johnson (born October 22, 1988) is an American political activist who was a public figure in the years 2013 to 2019. A self-described "investigative journalist", Johnson is often described as an internet troll and has been repeatedly involved in the proliferation and spread of multiple fake news stories. Johnson was owner of the alt-right websites GotNews.com, WeSearchr.com, and Freestartr.com, all of which were short-lived. He wrote two books, both published by Encounter Books in 2013.

Johnson, whose family served in the intelligence services and the U.S. Navy , indicated he was a federal informant, as reported by Business Insider, and through a federal lawsuit against Clearview AI.

In 2025, Johnson was found liable for civil racketeering and ordered to pay at least $40 million to the plaintiffs. They accused Johnson of falsely portraying himself as a U.S. intelligence asset with the aim of extorting them for large sums of money and equity.

Encounter Books
Encounter Books is a book publisher in the United States known for publishing conservative authors. It was named for Encounter, the now defunct literary magazine founded by Irving Kristol and Stephen Spender. Based in New York City since 2006, Encounter Books publishes non-fiction books in the areas of politics, history, religion, biography, education, public policy, current affairs and social sciences.
The Devil in the Convent
The Devil in the Convent (Italian: Il Diavolo in convento) is a 1950 Italian comedy film directed by Nunzio Malasomma and starring Gilberto Govi, Carlo Ninchi and Mariella Lotti.

It was shot at the Icet Studios in Milan and on location in Genoa and Gavi in Piedmont. The film took around 274 million lira at the Italian box office.

Gilberto Govi
Amerigo Armando Gilberto Govi (Italian pronunciation: [dʒilˈbɛrto ˈɡɔːvi]; 22 October 1885 – 28 April 1966) was an Italian film and stage actor and screenwriter. He was the founder of the Genoese Dialectal Theatre.

Among his greatest successes were I manezzi pe majâ na figgia (I maneggi per maritare una figlia, "How to marry off one's daughter"), Pignasecca e Pignaverde ("Dry Pinecone and Green Pinecone") and Colpi di Timone ("Rudder blows"). Also famous in Italy, especially Genoa and Liguria, are Quello bonanima ("The one who had a  good soul"), Gildo Peragallo, ingegnere ("Gildo Peragallo, engineer"), I Gustavino e i Passalacqua ("The Gustavinos and the Passalacquas") and Sotto a chi tocca ("Who's next?").
Protein structure reconstruction
Protein structure reconstruction refers to constructing an atomic-resolution model of a protein structure from incomplete coarse-grained representations like, for example, protein contact maps, positions of alpha carbon atoms only or backbone chain atoms only. There are many computational tools for protein structure reconstruction that are usually focused on specific reconstruction tasks which include: backbone reconstruction from alpha carbons, side-chains reconstruction from backbone chain atoms, hydrogen atoms reconstruction from heavy atoms positions and recovery of protein structure from contact maps.

Protein contact map
A protein contact map represents the distance between all possible amino acid residue pairs of a three-dimensional protein structure using a binary two-dimensional matrix. For two residues  and , the  element of the matrix is 1 if the two residues are closer than a predetermined threshold, and 0 otherwise. Various contact definitions have been proposed: The distance between the Cα-Cα atom with threshold 6-12 Å; distance between Cβ-Cβ atoms with threshold 6-12 Å (Cα is used for Glycine); and distance between the side-chain centers of mass.
Bilhana (film)
Bilhana is a 1948 Indian Tamil-language historical romance film directed by B. N. Rao and produced by Mubarak Pictures. Based on the life of the Kashmiri poet of the same name, the film stars K. R. Ramasamy and A. R. Sakunthala. It was released on 1 November 1948.

K. R. Ramasamy (actor)
Kumbakonam Ramabadran Ramasamy (14 April 1914 – 5 August 1971), also known by his initials KRR, was an Indian actor and playback singer who worked mainly in Tamil theatre and cinema. He was born in Kumbakonam and was active during the early days of Tamil cinema. He was also the first actor who also dwelled into politics mainly with Dravidar Kazhagam and later with DMK, thus setting a trend for many other to follow.