hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Catalina affair
The Catalina affair (Swedish: Catalinaaffären) was a military confrontation and Cold War-era diplomatic crisis in June 1952, in which Soviet Air Force fighter jets shot down two Swedish aircraft over international waters in the Baltic Sea.

The first aircraft to be shot down was an unarmed Swedish Air Force Tp 79, a derivative of the Douglas DC-3, carrying out radio and radar signals intelligence-gathering for the National Defence Radio Establishment (Försvarets radioanstalt, FRA). None of the crew of eight survived.

The second aircraft to be shot down was a Swedish Air Force Tp 47, a Catalina flying boat, involved in the search and rescue operation for the missing DC-3. The Catalina's crew of seven were saved.

The Soviet Union publicly denied involvement until its dissolution in 1991. Both aircraft were located in 2003; the DC-3 was salvaged.

Signals intelligence
Signals intelligence (SIGINT) is the act and field of intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether communications between people (communications intelligence—abbreviated to COMINT) or from electronic signals not directly used in communication (electronic intelligence—abbreviated to ELINT). As classified and sensitive information is usually encrypted, signals intelligence may necessarily involve cryptanalysis (to decipher the messages). Traffic analysis—the study of who is signaling to whom and in what quantity—is also used to integrate information, and it may complement cryptanalysis.
Al-Qa'im (town)
Al-Qa'im (Arabic: القائم) is an Iraqi border town located nearly 400 km (248 mi) northwest of Baghdad near the Syrian border and situated along the Euphrates River, and located in the Al Anbar Governorate. It has a population of about 74,100 and it's the center of the Al-Qa'im District.

The Al-Qa'im border crossing connects Al-Qaim to close city Abu Kamal in Syria.

Al-Qa'im border crossing
Al-Qa'im border crossing (Arabic: معبر القائم الحدودي) between Syria and Iraq is one of the major supply routes across the Middle East. It connects the town of Abu Kamal in Syria's Deir ez-Zor Governorate to the city of Husaybah, in the Al-Qa'im District of Iraq's Anbar Governorate. The border crossing is about 450 km from Syria's capital Damascus and 340 km from the Iraqi capital Baghdad.
Leave One Day
Leave One Day (French: Partir un jour) is a 2025 French musical comedy-drama film co-written and directed by Amélie Bonnin in her feature directorial debut. It was based on her 2021 short film Partir un jour, which won the César Award for Best Fiction Short Film at the 48th ceremony. It stars Juliette Armanet, Bastien Bouillon, François Rollin, Tewfik Jallab, Dominique Blanc, Mhamed Arezki, Pierre-Antoine Billon, and Amandine Dewasmes.

The film had its world premiere as the Opening Film of the 2025 Cannes Film Festival on 13 May 2025 and was released theatrically in France on the same day by Pathé.

Dominique Blanc (actress)
Dominique Blanc (born 25 April 1956) is a French actress. She is known for her roles in the films May Fools (1990), Indochine (1992), La Reine Margot (1994), Those Who Love Me Can Take the Train (1998), and The Other One (2008). In a career spanning nearly four decades, Blanc has won four César Awards from nine nominations.
Poul Hübertz
Poul Hübertz (born 21 September 1976) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a forward. He previously played for a number of Danish clubs, including Farum BK, Herfølge BK, AaB, and FC Midtjylland in the Danish Superliga, and has also represented English football clubs Millwall and Northampton Town. With his long legs and unelegant style, he was known in Denmark as a somewhat atypical striker.

Danish Superliga
The Danish Superliga (Danish: Superligaen, pronounced [ˈsuˀpɐliːˌkɛˀn̩]) is a professional association football league in Denmark and the highest level of the Danish football league system. The league is currently contested by 12 teams each year, with 2 teams relegated. It is the current Danish football championship tournament, and administered by the Divisionsforeningen.
Talagang
Talagang (Punjabi / Urdu: تلہ گنگ) is a city and the administrative headquarters of Talagang District located in Punjab, Pakistan.

The city is located on the Potohar Plateau, north of the Salt Range and east of the Kala Chitta Range.

Talagang is known for its literary tradition and has produced notable writers and poets including Satyapal Anand. The local economy is largely based on arid agriculture. The region is especially known for peanut production, which is among the highest in the Potohar region.

The area is also known for hunting grounds and wildlife including black francolin, white-throated francolin, quail, and hare.

Talagang District
Talagang District (Urdu/Punjabi: ضلع تلہ گنگ) is an administrative district of Rawalpindi Division, Punjab province of Pakistan. Formerly it was Talagang Tehsil within the Chakwal District; its status was raised to District in October 2022 by the government.

It is part of the Potohar plateau and lies on the north of Salt Range and east of the Kala Chitta range. Talagang is 45 km from Chakwal. The motorway M2 is located 30 km from Talagang. It is bordered by Khushab to its South, Attock to its North, Chakwal to its East, and Mianwali to its West.
Kan Ma Pha La
Kan Ma Pha La (Burmese: ကမ္မဖလ) is a 2020 Burmese drama film, directed by Pan Gyi Soe Moe starring Min Maw Kun, Pyay Ti Oo, Moe Hay Ko, Soe Pyae Thazin, Aye Myat Thu and Zin Wine. The film, produced by Pwal Khin Film Production premiered Myanmar on January 2, 2020.

Min Maw Kun
Min Maw Kun (Burmese: မင်းမော်ကွန်း, born Kyaw Kyaw Htay Lwin, 26 February 1979) is a former Burmese actor, singer, and revolutionary. He received the Myanmar Academy Awards for Best Actor in 2001 for his performance in Good Hearted-Stupid Person.
 Throughout his career, he has acted in more than 150 films.

In the aftermath of the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, he retired from his acting career and became a vocal critic of Myanmar's ruling military junta. His active involvement in anti-coup protests resulted in an arrest warrant being issued against him, leading him to flee to the jungle. There, he joined the People's Defence Force and became a revolutionary.
Jason Hu
Hu Chih-chiang (Chinese: 胡志強; pinyin: Hú Zhìqiáng; Wade–Giles: Hú Chìh-chiáng; born 15 May 1948), also known by his English name Jason Hu, is a Taiwanese diplomat and politician who was the mayor of Taichung from 2001 to 2004 when the city was a provincial city (2001–2010) and then a special municipality (2010–2014). A member of the Kuomintang (KMT), he served as Vice Chairman of the Kuomintang for two terms.

Before entering politics, Hu was an international relations professor who graduated from National Chengchi University and was educated in England, where he earned his doctorate from Oxford University in 1984.

Special municipality (Taiwan)
A special municipality, historically known as a Yuan-controlled municipality, is a first-level administrative division unit in Taiwan. It is the highest level of the country's administrative structure and is equivalent to a province. After the suspension of the provincial governments of 2018, the special municipalities along with provincial cities and counties have all governed directly under the central government.

Currently total six cities are designated as special municipalities: Taipei, Taoyuan, New Taipei, Taichung, Tainan, and Kaohsiung, all located in the most densely populated regions in the western half of the island. These special municipalities encompass five most populous metropolitan areas in Taiwan, accounting for more than two-thirds of the national population.
Chabbie River
The Chabbie River is a tributary of the Turgeon River flowing through Canada, in:

Cochrane District, Northeastern Ontario;

Eeyou Istchee Baie-James (municipality), in Jamésie, in the administrative region of Nord-du-Québec in Québec.

Forestry is the main economic activity of the sector; recreational tourism activities, second.

The surface of the river is usually frozen from early November to mid-May, but safe circulation on the ice generally occurs from mid-November to the end of April.

Cochrane District
Cochrane District is a district and census division in Northeastern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario. It was created in 1921 from parts of Timiskaming and Thunder Bay districts.

In 2021, the district's population was 77,963, with a land area of 141,268.51 km2 (54,544.08 sq mi), making it slightly smaller than the US state of Michigan and the second largest district in Ontario after Kenora District. The district seat is Cochrane.

Bennet Lake Esker Kame Complex Conservation Reserve is located in Cochrane District.
Polygon covering
In geometry, a covering of a polygon is a set of primitive units (e.g. squares) whose union equals the polygon. A polygon covering problem is a problem of finding a covering with a smallest number of units for a given polygon. This is an important class of problems in computational geometry.

There are many different polygon covering problems, depending on the type of polygon being covered. An example polygon covering problem is: given a rectilinear polygon, find a smallest set of squares whose union equals the polygon.

In some scenarios, it is not required to cover the entire polygon but only its edges (this is called polygon edge covering) or its vertices (this is called polygon vertex covering).

A minimal covering is a covering that does not contain any other covering (i.e. it is a local minimum).
A minimum covering is a covering with a smallest number of units (i.e. a global minimum). Every minimum covering is minimal, but not vice versa.

Covering problems
In combinatorics and computer science, covering problems are computational problems that ask whether a certain combinatorial structure 'covers' another, or how large the structure has to be to do that. Covering problems are minimization problems and usually integer linear programs, whose dual problems are called packing problems.

The most prominent examples of covering problems are the set cover problem, which is equivalent to the hitting set problem, and its special cases, the vertex cover problem and the edge cover problem.

Covering problems allow the covering primitives to overlap; the process of covering something with non-overlapping primitives is called decomposition.
Spana Prosecution
The Spana Prosecution was a major criminal case which took place in Rome in the Papal States between January 1659 and March 1660.

The Papal authorities under the leadership of lieutenant governor Stefano Bracchi investigated a case involving a criminal net of poisoners, mainly women, for selling the famous poison Aqua Tofana to clients who wished to commit murder, in particular women who wished to become widows.  The process involved over forty people, including professional poisoners and clients, some of them members of the aristocracy, and resulted in punishment ranging from exile and lifetime house arrest to the execution of five main figures, among them the central figure Gironima Spana.

Aqua Tofana
Aqua Tofana (also known as Acqua Toffana and Aqua Tufania and Manna di San Nicola) was a strong, arsenic-based poison created in Sicily around 1630 that was reputedly widely used in Palermo, Naples, Perugia, and Rome, Italy, during the Renaissance. The name Aqua Tofana has evolved to refer to a category of slow poisons that are incredibly deadly but largely indetectable, just as Aqua Tofana was. These slow poisons may have been used frequently through the nineteenth century. It has been associated with Giulia Tofana, or Tofania, a woman from Palermo, purportedly the leader of a ring of six poisoners in Rome, who sold Aqua Tofana to Italian women who wanted to kill their husbands.
Neo – The Social-liberal Centre
Neo – The Social-liberal Centre (German: Neo – Die sozialliberale Mitte; French: NEO – Le Centre social-libéral), known before 2023 as the Christian-social People's Party of Upper Valais (German: Christlichsoziale Volkspartei Oberwallis CSPO) is a Christian-social political party in the German-speaking areas of the Swiss canton of Valais (Upper Valais), associated federally with The Centre.

The Centre (political party)
The Centre (German: Die Mitte; French: Le Centre; Italian: il Centro; Romansh: il Center) is a centre to centre-right political party in Switzerland. It was formed through the merger of the Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland (CVP/PDC) and the Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland (BDP/PBD). Following the formal merger of the parties on 1 January 2021, it has 29 of 200 seats in the National Council and 15 of 46 seats in the Council of States. Martin Pfister is the party's representative on the Federal Council.
Siege of the Hexamilion Wall (1446)
The Siege of Hexamilion Wall was a military engagement between the Ottoman army and the Byzantine forces in Morea. The Ottomans led by the Sultan Murad II, attacked and destroyed Hexamilion wall which was defended by the Byzantine Despots.

Morea
Morea (Greek: Μορέας or Μωριάς) was the name of the  Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. The name was used by the Principality of Achaea, the Byzantine province known as the Despotate of the Morea, by the Ottoman Empire for the Morea Eyalet, and later by the Republic of Venice for the short-lived Kingdom of the Morea.
Cinta Costera
The Cinta Costera (meaning Coastal Beltway) is a 26-hectare (64-acre) land reclamation project in Panama City, Panama, completed in 2009 at a cost of $189 million. It extends from Paitilla to El Chorrillo. Its most recent expansion was the Cinta Costera III, which opened in 2014, along with the Maracana Stadium.

The Cinta Costera Viaduct is part of Cinta Costera Phase III. Consisting of a roadway bridge and pedestrian bridge, the 2.5-kilometer-long marine viaduct encircles Panama City's historic and governmental district of the Casco Antiguo. The viaduct surrounds the World Heritage Site-Archaeological Site of Casco Viejo, Panama and Historic District of Panamá, as defined by the United Nations (UNESCO).

Casco Viejo, Panama
Casco Antiguo (Spanish for Old Quarter), also known as Casco Viejo or San Felipe, is the historic district of Panama City. Completed and settled in 1673, it was built following the near-total destruction of the original Panamá city, Panamá Viejo in 1671, when the latter was attacked by pirates. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997.
Special Tasks Department (Georgian police)
The Special Tasks Department is a structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia. Since February 2021, the Department has been headed by Zviad Kharazishvili. In 2024, the Department was involved in suspected electoral fraud in the 2024 Georgian parliamentary election and systematic violence against participants of the protests that followed the election and against journalists. Several members of the Department resigned in early December 2024 and international sanctions were invoked against Zviad Kharazishvili.

Zviad Kharazishvili
Zviad Kharazishvili (Georgian: ზვიად ხარაზიშვილი; born March 20, 1975), widely known by the nickname Khareba (Georgian: ხარება), is a Georgian security official and colonel of the police. Since September 2019 till 10th of June 2025, he has served as the director of the Special Tasks Department (STD) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia.

Kharazishvili has become a prominent and controversial figure due to his leadership role in the forceful suppression of anti-government protests and numerous allegations of excessive force and human rights abuses in Georgia. These actions led to him being sanctioned by the United States, United Kingdom, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the Czech Republic in 2024 and 2025 for serious human rights violations. His nickname "Khareba" (meaning "Annunciation" in Georgian) is reportedly an allusion to Khareba Jibuti, a character from the 1987 Soviet-Georgian film Khareba da Gogia about two outlaws who became folk heroes.
The Triumph of the Scarlet Pimpernel (film)
The Triumph of the Scarlet Pimpernel is a 1928 British silent costume drama film directed by T. Hayes Hunter and starring Matheson Lang, Juliette Compton and Nelson Keys. It was based on the 1922 novel The Triumph of the Scarlet Pimpernel by Baroness Emma Orczy. It was made at Cricklewood Studios, with art direction by Clifford Pember.

Madeleine Carroll was meant to play Lady Blakeney but filming was delayed and proved unavailable.

Nelson Keys
Nelson Keys (7 April 1886 in London, England – 26 April 1939 in London) was a British stage and film actor, a star in musical comedy and stage revue, including the 1924 Ziegfeld Follies.

He was the father of film producer Anthony Nelson Keys and director John Paddy Carstairs, who wrote his biography, Bunch in 1941.
David Ferdinand Koreff
David Ferdinand Koreff (1 February 1783 – 15 May 1851) was a German physician who was a personal doctor of Staatskanzler Karl August von Hardenberg and occupied one of the two chairs for animal magnetism created in 1817 at the University of Berlin. A personal friend of E.T.A. Hoffmann and a member of his literary club The Serapion Brethren (Serapionsbrüder), Koreff authored a treatise “Über die Erscheinungen des Lebens und über die Gesetze, nach denen es im menschlichen Organismus sich offenbart” and a volume of lyric poetry "Lyrische Gedichte" (published in Paris in 1815).

A year after Hoffmann's death in 1822, Koreff moved to Paris to become the most celebrated authority on animal magnetism for the French literary world.  His connections included Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, père, Musset, Mérimée, Chateaubriand, Balzac, Stendhal, Benjamin Constant and Heinrich Heine.

Animal magnetism
Animal magnetism, also known as mesmerism, is a pseudoscientific theory promoted by German physician Franz Mesmer in the 18th century. It posits the existence of an invisible natural force (Lebensmagnetismus) possessed by all living things, including humans, animals, and vegetables. He claimed that the force could have physical effects, including healing.

The vitalist theory attracted numerous followers in Europe and the United States and was popular into the 19th century. Practitioners were often known as magnetizers rather than mesmerists. It had an important influence in medicine for about 75 years from its beginnings in 1779, and continued to have some influence for another 50 years. Hundreds of books were written on the subject between 1766 and 1925, but it is no longer practiced today except as a form of alternative medicine in some places. This theory also had a strong influence on the development of Kardecism.
Crime Crackdown
Crime Crackdown (Chinese: 扫黑风暴) is a 2021 Chinese crime drama series written by Du Liang and directed by Wu Bai, and starring Sun Honglei, Lay Zhang and Liu Yijun. Based on several real-life cases that shook China in the 2010s, the series picks up a national anti-gang supervising group and local police officers as they take on gangs and the corrupt officials that offer these illegal groups a "protective umbrella". The series premiered on Dragon Television and Beijing TV on 9 August 2021.

Liu Yijun (actor)
Liu Yijun (Chinese: 刘奕君, born 12 June 1970) is a Chinese actor. He graduated from the Beijing Film Academy. Liu is known for his television roles in The Disguiser (2015), Nirvana in Fire (2015) and Surgeons (2017); and has been nominated for the Golden Eagle Awards and Magnolia Awards.
Pavel Korobkov
Pavel Valeryevich Korobkov (Russian: Павел Валерьевич Коробков; born October 18, 1990) is a Russian former professional basketball player who last played for CSKA Moscow of the VTB United League and the EuroLeague.

VTB United League
The VTB United League (Russian: Единая Лига ВТБ) is an international professional men's club basketball league that was founded in 2009. As of the 2025–26 season, it consists exclusively of Russian clubs. Since 2013, it is the first tier of Russian professional club basketball. Therefore, the highest placed Russian team in the league can also be named the Russian national champions. The league is sponsored by Russian state-owned VTB Bank. In 2009 CSKA Moscow won VTB United League Promo-Cup, but this competition does not count as official VTB title. CSKA has dominated the league, having won majority of titles its existence. The VTB United League also holds a youth competition, the VTB United Youth League.
Path space fibration
In algebraic topology, the path space fibration over a pointed space  is a fibration of the form

where

is the based path space of the pointed space ;  that is,  equipped with the compact-open topology.

is the fiber of  over the base point of ; thus it is the loop space of .

The free path space of X, that is, , consists of all maps from I to X that do not necessarily begin at a base point, and the fibration  given by, say, , is called the free path space fibration.

The path space fibration can be understood to be dual to the mapping cone. The fiber of the based fibration is called the mapping fiber or, equivalently, the homotopy fiber.

Homotopy
In topology, two continuous functions from one topological space to another are called homotopic (from Ancient Greek: ὁμός homós 'same, similar' and τόπος tópos 'place') if one can be "continuously deformed" into the other, such a deformation being called a homotopy (/həˈmɒtəpiː/ hə-MOT-ə-pee; /ˈhoʊmoʊˌtoʊpiː/ HOH-moh-toh-pee) between the two functions. A notable use of homotopy is the definition of homotopy groups and cohomotopy groups, important invariants in algebraic topology.

In practice, there are technical difficulties in using homotopies with certain spaces. Algebraic topologists work with compactly generated spaces, CW complexes, or spectra.
Mid and East Lothian Miners' Association
The Mid and East Lothian Miners' Association (MELMA) was a trade union representing coal miners in parts of the Lothian area of Scotland.

The union described itself as having been founded in 1873 under the leadership of David Moffat, but it was wound up the following year following an unsuccessful strike, Moffat having to relocate to Fife due to victimisation.

The union was re-established in 1887 by George Young and Robert Brown.  It registered in 1889, by which time it had a membership of about 2,000 workers.  In 1894, it was a founder constituent of the Scottish Miners' Federation, and it played a leading role in that year's strike of miners in Scotland.  Other major strikes took place in 1912 and 1921.

In 1945, the association was merged with other unions to form the Stirling and Lothians Area of the National Union of Mineworkers.

Robert Brown (trade unionist)
Robert Brown (1848–1917) was a Scottish trade unionist.

Born in Dalkeith, Brown left school at eleven and began working at the local colliery.  In 1870, he moved to the United States and worked as a coal miner there for two years before returning to Scotland.  He became an active trade unionist, and in 1890 was elected as secretary of the Mid and East Lothian Miners' Association.

In 1894, Brown was a key mover in creating the Scottish Miners' Federation (SMF), and was elected as its second secretary, soon after its formation.  The SMF affiliated to the Miners' Federation of Great Britain and Brown served on its executive on several occasions.

Brown was elected to Dalkeith Burgh Council as a member of the Liberal Party and served as provost on three occasions.  He followed his union in transferring his affiliation to the Labour Party, and stood unsuccessfully in the 1912 Midlothian by-election.