hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Phrase structure rules
Phrase structure rules are a type of rewrite rule used to describe a given language's syntax and are closely associated with the early stages of transformational grammar, proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1957. They are used to break down a natural language sentence into its constituent parts, also known as syntactic categories, including both lexical categories (parts of speech) and phrasal categories. A grammar that uses phrase structure rules is a type of phrase structure grammar. Phrase structure rules as they are commonly employed operate according to the constituency relation, and a grammar that employs phrase structure rules is therefore a constituency grammar; as such, it stands in contrast to dependency grammars, which are based on the dependency relation.

Government (linguistics)
In grammar and theoretical linguistics, government or rection refers to the relationship between a word and its dependents. One can discern between at least three concepts of government: the traditional notion of case government, the highly-specialized definition of government in some generative models of syntax, and a much broader notion in dependency grammars.
Sierra Leone at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Sierra Leone competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, from 13 to 29 August 2004. This was the nation's eighth appearance at the Summer Olympics since its debut in the 1968 Summer Olympics. The Sierra Leone delegation included two track and field athletes; Lamin Tucker and Hawanatu Bangura, both of whom were sprinters that were selected via winning an event in Freetown, as the nation had no athletes that met the "A" or "B" standards in any event. Bangura was selected as flag bearer for the opening ceremony. Neither of the two athletes progressed beyond the heats.

Lamin Tucker
Lamin Tucker (born September 15, 1982) is a sprinter from Sierra Leone. He competed in the 100 metres at the 2004 Olympic Games, failing to reach the second round.

His personal best in the 100 metres is 10.52 from 2004.
Gottfried Wilhelm Sacer
Gottfried Wilhelm Sacer (11 July 1635 – 8 September 1699) was a German jurist, poet, satirist and Protestant hymn writer. He worked as an advocate at the court of Wolfenbüttel. Johann Sebastian Bach used a stanza from his hymn "Gott fähret auf gen Himmel" to conclude his Ascension Oratorio. Another hymn, Jesu, meines Glaubens Zier, appears in the 1736 Schemelli Gesangbuch in a setting attributed to Bach.

Wolfenbüttel
Wolfenbüttel (German pronunciation: [ˌvɔlfn̩ˈbʏtl̩] ⓘ; Low German: Wulfenbüddel) is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, the administrative capital of Wolfenbüttel District. It is best known as the location of the internationally renowned Herzog August Library and for having the largest concentration of timber-framed buildings in Germany, around 1,000. It is an episcopal see of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Brunswick. It is also home to the Jägermeister distillery, houses a campus of the Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, and the Landesmusikakademie of Lower Saxony.
Sheriff of Bute
The Sheriff of Bute was historically the office responsible for enforcing law and order on the Isle of Bute, Scotland and bringing criminals to justice.

Before the Jacobite uprising of 1745 and the abolition of hereditary jurisdictions in 1746, the office was hereditary until shifting to salaried sheriffs by 1748. The office was mostly held by the Stewarts of Bute. The most historically prominent Sheriff was John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute.

The sheriffdom was combined with Dumbarton in 1854 to form the sheriffdom of Dumbarton & Bute. In 1871 it was split and Bute was combined with Renfrew to form the sheriffdom of Renfrew & Bute. The sheriffdom was split again in 1946, when Bute was combined with Ayr to form the sheriffdom of Ayr & Bute.

John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute
John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute (/bjuːt/; 25 May 1713 – 10 March 1792), styled Lord Mount Stuart between 1713 and 1723, was a British Tory statesman who served as the Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1762 to 1763 under George III. He became the first Tory to hold the position and was arguably the last important royal favourite in British politics. He was the first prime minister from Scotland following the Acts of Union in 1707. He was also elected as the first president of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland when it was founded in 1780.
Jan (bishop of Wrocław)
Jan (Latin: Johannes) was the first bishop of Wrocław. He took power over the diocese of Wrocław at the time of its establishment in the year 1000. All numbering of the bishops dates from this time which is why he is not known as Jan I.

He  had a brick cathedral built to replace an older wooden church, but this was destroyed in a pagan revolt in 1031, and the diocese ceased to function. The diocese was re-established in 1050 with Hieronim as Bishop.

Hieronymus (bishop of Wrocław)
Jerome or Hieronymos was the early medieval Bishop of Wrocław, Poland from 1046–1062.

Little is known about his origins, career or his episcopal work. What is known is that following the establishment of the diocese around 1000 AD, it was aborted by a pagan revolt in around 1031.

There were plans to incorporate the area into Czech dioceses but at the Synod of Mainz in 1049 Pope Leo IX agreed to reactivate the diocese in Silesia and he appointed Jerome as Bishop. It is possible that he could only take his bishopric in Wrocław as late as 1050. At this time Silesia was still mission territory, there were few churches and the connection to the wider church was limited. 
The site of Wrocław Cathedral at this time had a simple wooden church known as Hieronymusdom built from 1051 to 1069. Jerome's true base of operation at this time was probably Ryczyn rather than Wrocław.

In 1057 he participated in the Synod of Pöhlde. and he died in 1062.
Imamshah Bawa Dargah
Imamshah Bawa Dargah (Urdu: امام شاہ باوا درگاہ) is a famous Shia Ismaili Dargah, in Pirana near the city of Ahmedabad in India. Pir Sadardin Imamshah Bawa, a Shia Ismaili Da'i founded the Satpanth Tariqa around 600 years ago, and taught tolerance, perennialism and syncretism of all religions, putting a particular emphasis on the syncretism of Islam and Hinduism. The Dargah consisted of a vast complex that contained the grave of Pir Sadardin, as well as several other graves, and a Mosque also existed in the complex. Until 1931, the complex was the private property belonging to the direct descendants of Pir Sadardin. The complex attracted devotees from religions other than Islam, such as Hinduism, and all 18 communities living in village of Pirana, belonging to various different castes and religions, all contain devotees of Pir Sadardin. The complex was demolished in the month of May, 2024 by the Hindu-right wing Bharatiya Janata Party led state government of Gujarat.

Pir Sadardin
Pir Sadardin, also known as Pir Sadrudin or Pīr Ṣadr al-Dīn, was a fourteenth-century Shia Ismaili Da'i who founded the Satpanth Tariqa and taught tolerance, perennialism and syncretism of all religions, putting a particular emphasis on the syncretism of Islam and Hinduism.
Grimersum
Grimersum is a village in the region of East Frisia, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is part of the municipality of Krummhörn. The village is located between Eilsum and Wirdum, about 12.5 kilometers north of Emden.

The village, like the nearby village of Groothusen, is one of the elongated warft villages that were built in the early 8th century on estuaries and bends as trading places for the expanding overseas trade of the Frisian peasant merchants. The village is dominated by an old church, which was built in the 13th century.

Krummhörn
Krummhörn is a municipality in the district of Aurich, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated near the Ems estuary, approximately 15 km southwest of Norden, and 10 km northwest of Emden.

The municipality of Krummhörn comprises 19 villages (Ortsteile), and their official population as of 31 December 2008 is as follows:
Carla Moreno
Carla Priscile Moreno (born September 19, 1976) is Brazilian athlete who competes in triathlons. She won the silver medal at the 1999 Pan American Games, won the International Triathlon Union Mazatlan World Cup in 2004 and competed in the 2000 and 2004 Olympic Games.

1999 Pan American Games
The 1999 Pan American Games, officially the XIII Pan American Games (French: XIII Jeux panaméricains) or the 13th Pan American Games and commonly known as Winnipeg 1999, were a major international multi-sport event that was held from July 23 to August 8, 1999, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada and surrounding towns and cities. Canoeing competitions started the day before the games officially began. Approximately 5,000 athletes from 42 nations participated in the games to vie for a total of 330 medal events in 34 sports and 42 disciplines.

Financially, the 1999 games were a success, generating a surplus of $8.9 million through a combination of fiscal restraint and the contribution of nearly 20,000 volunteers.

The 1999 Pan American Games were the second Pan American Games hosted by Canada and Winnipeg. Previously, Winnipeg hosted the 1967 Pan American Games.
Lille, Alberta
Lille is a ghost town and former village in the Crowsnest Pass area of southwest Alberta, Canada. It was a company-built coal mining community that, between 1901 and 1912, hosted a population that grew to over 400. The mines at Lille closed in 1912, due primarily to weak coal prices, increasing production costs, and the increasingly poor quality (high ash content) of the coal. The community was then dismantled and most of its structures were moved elsewhere. Today the site is an Alberta Provincial Historic Resource and is known for the elegant ruins of a set of Bernard-style coke ovens that was imported from Belgium.

Coke (fuel)
Coke is a grey, hard, and porous coal-based fuel with a high carbon content. It is made by heating coal or petroleum in the absence of air. Coke is an important industrial product, used mainly in the smelting of iron ore, but also as a fuel in stoves and forges.

The unqualified term "coke" usually refers to the product derived from low-ash and low-sulphur bituminous coal by a process called coking. A similar product called petroleum coke, or pet coke, is obtained from crude petroleum in petroleum refineries. Coke may also be formed naturally by geologic processes. It is the residue of a destructive distillation process.
Freek van de Graaff
Frederik Robbert "Freek" van de Graaff (20 February 1944 – 24 June 2009) was a Dutch rower who won a bronze medal in the coxed fours at the 1964 Summer Olympics. His team mates were Marius Klumperbeek (cox), Lex Mullink, Bobbie van de Graaf and Jan van de Graaff. The three "van de Graaf(f)s" were all born in 1944.

Marius Klumperbeek
Marius Pieter Louis Klumperbeek (born 7 August 1938) is a retired Dutch coxswain who competed in the 1960 and 1964 Summer Olympics. In 1960 his coxed four team was eliminated in the semi-finals; he won a bronze medal in the same event four years later.
Palacio del Marqués de Palomares
The Palacio del Marqués de Palomares (Spanish for Palace of the Marquis of Palomares) was part of a spectacular complex of buildings in Seville, Spain. It was located on the site of the current-day El Corte Inglés store Del Duque.

It was acquired in 1879 by Juan Antonio Fernandez de la Arriba, a successful merchant, as part of the Plaza del Duque complex belonging to the Marquis of Palomares. He used the building as part of his fabric business. A unique blend of architectural styles, it proved to be too difficult to maintain and was demolished in 1965.

El Corte Inglés
El Corte Inglés S.A. is a Spanish department store chain founded in 1940 by Ramón Areces and César Rodríguez. It is the last such remaining in Spain and Portugal, and has been a member of the International Association of Department Stores since 1998. It is the largest department store group in Europe, and the third-largest in the world.
Ooh La La in L.A.
"Ooh La La in L.A." is a song by English rock band Slade, released in 1987 as the third single from their fourteenth studio album, You Boyz Make Big Noize. The song was written by lead vocalist Noddy Holder and bassist Jim Lea, and was produced by John Punter.

Run Runaway
"Run Runaway" is a song by British rock band Slade, released in 1984 as the third single from the band's 11th studio album, The Amazing Kamikaze Syndrome, and as the lead single from the album's US counterpart, Keep Your Hands Off My Power Supply. The song was written by lead vocalist Noddy Holder and bassist Jim Lea and produced by John Punter. It reached No. 7 in the United Kingdom and was the band's first (and only) top-20 hit in the United States, where it reached No. 20.
Klaus Bodenmüller
Klaus Bodenmüller (born 6 September 1962) is an Austrian former track and field athlete who competed in the shot put. He is Austria's best ever performer in the event and holds the Austrian records at 20.79 m (68 ft 2+1⁄2 in) outdoors and 21.03 m (68 ft 11+3⁄4 in) indoors.

A silver medal at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships made him the first Austrian to win a medal at the competition. His victory at the 1990 European Athletics Indoor Championships was the first time an Austrian had won a European shot put medal of any colour. He won a further bronze medal at the 1992 European Athletics Indoor Championships. He was a two-time Olympian, having competed in 1988 and 1992 – he placed sixth in the latter year.

At national level, he won six indoor shot put titles and five outdoors between 1992 and 1993. He ranked within the top twenty in the world by performance in the 1987 and 1993 seasons.

1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships
The 3rd IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics were held at the Palacio Municipal de Deportes San Pablo in Seville, Spain from March 8 to March 10, 1991. It was the first Indoor Championships to include relay races as well as women's triple jump, albeit as a non-championship event. There were a total number of 518 athletes participated from 80 countries.
Hierodoris stellata
Hierodoris stellata is a species of moth in the family Plutellidae. It is endemic to New Zealand and is found in Fiordland and Dunedin. This species has been found in coastal native forest. Larvae feed on Astelia flower-spikes and adults are on the wing in late December and January. It has been stated that this species belongs to the genus Charixena however this placement has yet to be published. As such this species is currently known as Hierodoris (s.l.) stellata or 'Hierodoris' stellata.

Astelia
Astelia is a genus of flowering plants  in the recently named family Asteliaceae. They are rhizomatous tufted perennials native to various islands in the Pacific, Indian, and South Atlantic Oceans, as well as to Australia and to the southernmost tip of South America. A significant number of the known species are endemic to New Zealand.   The species generally grow in forests, swamps and amongst low alpine vegetation; occasionally they are epiphytic.
Syed Mohamed bin Ahmad Alsagoff
Syed Mohamed bin Ahmad Alsagoff (Arabic: سيد محمد بن سيد أحمد السقاف Sayyid Muḥammad binAḥmad as-saqqāf) was an Hadhrami Muslim born in Singapore and grandson of Nong Chik.

Alsagoff was the commander of the Malaysian Armed Forces based in Singapore from 1963 to 1965. After Singapore's separation from Malaysia, fears arose that Alsagoff might stage a coup, causing Lee and his family to move to a guarded residence. Alsagoff, known for his sense of humor, was a respected figure who enjoyed instilling fear in his subordinates. He retired in the 1970s.

Malaysian Armed Forces
The Malaysian Armed Forces (Abbr.: MAF; Malay: Angkatan Tentera Malaysia; Jawi: اڠكتن تنترا مليسيا‎) are the armed forces of Malaysia, consists of three branches; the Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy and the Royal Malaysian Air Force. The number of MAF active personnel is 113,000 along with reserve forces at 51,600.

The Supreme Commander of the Malaysian Armed Forces is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong; the King of Malaysia.
Anuk Arudpragasam
Anuk Arudpragasam (Tamil: அனுக் அருட்பிரகாசம்) (born 1988) is a Sri Lankan Tamil novelist writing in English and Tamil. His debut novel The Story of a Brief Marriage was published in 2016 by Flatiron Books/Granta Books and was subsequently translated into French, German, Czech, Mandarin, Dutch and Italian. The novel, which takes place in 2009 during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War, won the DSC Prize for South Asian Literature, and was shortlisted for the Dylan Thomas Prize and the German Internationaler Literaturpreis. His second novel, A Passage North, was published in 2021 and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize.

Granta
Granta is a literary magazine and publisher in the United Kingdom whose mission centres on its "belief in the power and urgency of the story, both in fiction and non-fiction, and the story's supreme ability to describe, illuminate and make real." In 2007, The Observer stated: "In its blend of memoirs and photojournalism, and in its championing of contemporary realist fiction, Granta has its face pressed firmly against the window, determined to witness the world."

Granta has published twenty-seven laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature. Literature published by Granta has regularly won such prizes as the Forward Prize, T. S. Eliot Prize, Pushcart Prize and more.
Content (Upper Marlboro, Maryland)
Content, also known as the Bowling House, is a historic home located in Upper Marlboro, Prince George's County, Maryland, United States, across the street from the county courthouse. The home is a 2+1⁄2-story, two-part frame structure built in three stages. The first section, built in 1787, consisted of the present main block, with a stair hall and porch added ca. 1800. A north wing was added before 1844. Content is one of the oldest buildings remaining in the county seat of Upper Marlboro, along with Kingston and the Buck (James Waldrop) House. Content has always been owned by prominent families in the civic, economic, and social affairs of town, county, and state including the Magruder, Beanes, and Lee families; and the Bowling and Smith families of the 20th century.

Content was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.  It is located in the Upper Marlboro Residential Historic District.

Kingston (Upper Marlboro, Maryland)
Kingston, or Sasscer's House, is a 1+1⁄2-story historic home located at Upper Marlboro, Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. It is believed to be the oldest building remaining in the town of Upper Marlboro and may have been built, at least in part, before 1730. Many alterations and additions were made to it in the Victorian era, including "gingerbread" details typical of this era. The Craufurd family cemetery is located in the woods northwest of the house.

Kingston was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.  It is located in the Upper Marlboro Residential Historic District.
Mark Durnan
Mark Durnan (born 28 November 1992) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a defender for  Scottish League Two club Dumbarton. He has previously played for St Johnstone, Queen of the South, Dundee United, Dunfermline Athletic, Falkirk and Alloa Athletic, as well as Arbroath, Stranraer and Elgin City on loan.

Arbroath F.C.
Arbroath Football Club is a semi-professional Scottish football club based in the town of Arbroath, Angus. They currently play in the Scottish Championship. The club was founded in 1878 and plays home matches at Gayfield Park. They play in maroon strips and are nicknamed "The Red Lichties" due to the red light that used to guide fishing boats back from the North Sea to the Burgh's harbour. The Red Lichties share a long-standing and fierce rivalry with local neighbours Montrose, as well as with fellow local sides Forfar Athletic and Brechin City.
The Pleiades (volcano group)
The Pleiades are a volcanic group in northern Victoria Land of Antarctica. It consists of youthful cones and domes with Mount Atlas/Mount Pleiones, a small stratovolcano formed by three overlapping cones, being the dominant volcano and rising 500 m (1,600 ft) above the Evans Névé plateau. Two other named cones are Alcyone Cone and Taygete Cone, the latter of which has been radiometrically dated to have erupted during the Holocene. A number of tephra layers across Antarctica have been attributed to eruptions of this volcanic group, including several that may have occurred within the last few hundred years.

Victoria Land
Victoria Land is a region in eastern Antarctica which fronts the western side of the Ross Sea and the Ross Ice Shelf, extending southward from about 70°30'S to 78°00'S, and westward from the Ross Sea to the edge of the Antarctic Plateau. It was discovered by Captain James Clark Ross in January 1841 and named after Queen Victoria. The rocky promontory of Minna Bluff is often regarded as the southernmost point of Victoria Land, and separates the Scott Coast to the north from the Hillary Coast of the Ross Dependency to the south.
Trifluoromescaline
Trifluoromescaline (TFM), also known as 4-(trifluoromethoxy)-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine, is a derivative of the phenethylamine psychedelic mescaline, which has a 4-trifluoromethoxy group replacing the 4-methoxy group of mescaline. It was found to be one of the most potent compounds in the scaline series, with a reported dose of 15 to 40 mg (and 60 mg being described as a "strong overdose"), and a slow onset of action and long duration of effects, lasting 14 to 24 hours or more. The drug showed about 36-fold greater activational potency at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor compared to mescaline in vitro. In addition, it appears to be much more lipophilic than mescaline (predicted log P = 1.9 vs. 0.7, respectively). TFM was first described in the scientific literature by Daniel Trachsel by 2012. Many other related compounds have also been described by Trachsel and colleagues. It is not a controlled substance in Canada as of 2025.

Potency (pharmacology)
In pharmacology, potency or biological potency is a measure of a drug's biological activity expressed in terms of the dose required to produce a pharmacological effect of given intensity. A highly potent drug (e.g., fentanyl, clonazepam, risperidone, benperidol, bumetanide) evokes a given response at low concentrations, while a drug of lower potency (e.g. morphine, diazepam, ziprasidone, haloperidol, furosemide) evokes the same response only at higher concentrations. Higher potency does not necessarily mean greater effectiveness nor more side effects nor less side effects.
Punta Ramiere
The Punta Ramiere (in Italian) or Bric Froid (in French) is a mountain in the Cottian Alps belonging to the department of Hautes-Alpes (FR) and the province of Turin (IT). It's the highest peak of the long stretch of the Po/Rhone water divide starting from the Aiguille de Scolette (north) and ending with the Monviso group (south).

Aiguille de Scolette
Aiguille de Scolette (in French) or Pierre Menue (in Italian) is a mountain of Savoie, France, and of the province of Turin, Italy. It lies in the Cottian Alps and has an elevation of 3,506 metres (11,503 ft) above sea level.
Kavita Devi (journalist)
Kavita Devi, alternatively Kavita Bundelkhandi, is an Indian journalist and news presenter. She is the editor-in-chief and co-founder of the grassroots feminist news network Khabar Lahariya. Devi was notably the first Dalit ("untouchable") to become a member of the Editor's Guild of India.

Khabar Lahariya
Khabar Lahariya (translation: News Wave) is an Indian newspaper, published in various rural dialects of Hindi, including Bundeli, Avadhi and Bajjika dialects. The newspaper was started by Nirantar, a New Delhi–based non-government organisation which focuses on gender and education. Initially seen as a women-only publication, it now covers local political news, local crime reports, social issues and entertainment, all reported from a feminist perspective. As of September 2012, its total print-run, all editions included, was around 6000 copies; the management claimed an estimated readership of 80,000. Since its digitalisation its outreach has massively extended.