hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of geography
The history of geography includes many histories of geography which have differed over time and between different cultural and political groups. In more recent developments, geography has become a distinct academic discipline. 'Geography' derives from the Greek γεωγραφία – geographia, literally "Earth-writing", that is, description or writing about the Earth. The first person to use the word geography was Eratosthenes (276–194 BC). However, there is evidence for recognizable practices of geography, such as cartography, prior to the use of the term.

Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
Abu Zayd Ahmed ibn Sahl Balkhi (Persian: ابو زید احمد بن سهل بلخی) was a Persian Muslim polymath: a geographer, mathematician, physician, psychologist and scientist. Born in 850 CE in Shamistiyan, in the province of Balkh, Greater Khorasan, he was a disciple of al-Kindi. He also founded the "Balkhī school" of terrestrial mapping in Baghdad. Al-Balkhi is believed to have been one of the earliest to diagnose that mental illness can have psychological and physiological causes and he was the first to typify four types of emotional disorders: fear and anxiety; anger and aggression; sadness and depression; and obsessions.
Munger-Moss Motel
The Munger Moss Motel is a motel in Lebanon, Missouri. It was built in 1946 as an addition to a roadside restaurant and filling station, both of which are now gone. The site's Munger-Moss Sandwich Shop served travellers on U.S. Route 66 in Missouri, circa 1936. Located on the Big Piney River at Devil's Elbow, Missouri until 1945 (at what is now the Elbow Inn), it relocated to Lebanon, Missouri after World War II when construction of a four-lane bypass of U.S. Route 66 in Missouri to Fort Leonard Wood drew traffic away from the original Munger Moss BBQ site.

Holiday Inn
Holiday Inn by IHG is an American chain of hotels based in Atlanta, Georgia and a brand of IHG Hotels & Resorts. The chain was founded in 1952 by Kemmons Wilson (1913–2003), who opened the first location in Memphis, Tennessee. The chain was a division of Bass Brewery from 1988 to 2000, Six Continents from 2000 to 2003, and IHG Hotels & Resorts since 2003. It operates hotels under the names Holiday Inn, Holiday Inn Express, Holiday Inn Club Vacations, and Holiday Inn Resorts. As of 2018, Holiday Inn has hotels at over 1,100 locations.
Sidney M. Finger
Sidney Michael Finger (May 24, 1837 – December 26, 1896) was an American businessman, teacher, and politician. He served in the North Carolina House of Representatives, the North Carolina Senate and as North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction from 1885 to 1893.

Newton, North Carolina
Newton is a city in Catawba County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, Newton had a population of 13,148. It is the county seat of Catawba County. Newton is part of the Hickory–Lenoir–Morganton Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies
The Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies (BESA Center; Hebrew: מרכז בֶּגין-סַאדאת למחקרים אסטרטגיים, romanized: mirkaz began-sadt lemachakrim astrategi'im) is an Israeli right-leaning think tank affiliated with Bar-Ilan University and supported by the NATO Mediterranean Initiative, conducting policy-relevant research on Middle Eastern and global strategic affairs, particularly as they relate to the national security and foreign policy of Israel and regional peace and stability. The center's mission is to contribute to promoting peace and security in the Middle East, through policy-oriented researches on national security in the Middle East. It is located at the Social Sciences Faculty of Bar-Ilan University. The center was founded by Thomas Hecht, a Canadian-Jewish leader, and was dedicated to Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat, who signed the Egypt–Israel peace treaty, the first peace agreement ever signed between Israel and an Arab country.

Bar-Ilan University
Bar-Ilan University (BIU, Hebrew: אוניברסיטת בר-אילן, Universitat Bar-Ilan) is a public research university in the Tel Aviv District city of Ramat Gan, Israel. Established in 1955, Bar Ilan is Israel's second-largest academic university institution. It has 20,000 students and 1,350 faculty members.

Bar-Ilan's mission is to "blend Jewish tradition with modern technologies and scholarship and the university endeavors to ... teach the Jewish heritage to all its students while providing [an] academic education." The university is among the best in the Middle East in the fields of computer science, engineering, engineering physics and applied physics. In 2024, the university was donated $260 million, one of the biggest donations to a university in Israeli history, for investment in science. The donor wished to remain anonymous.
Welsh Football Trust
The FAW Trust (Welsh: Ymddiriedolaeth Bêl-droed Cymru) (formerly known as the Welsh Football Trust) (founded 1996) is recognised as a governing body of sport in Wales by Sport Wales. It was established by the Football Association of Wales (FAW) to encourage more children in Wales to play football, to develop player and coaching talent and to support the future success of Welsh national teams. In addition to the FAW, the FAW Trust is supported by the Welsh Government, Sport Wales and the Premier League.

The FAW Trust is based at the National Football Development Centre, Dragon Park, Newport International Sports Village, Newport.

Football Association of Wales
The Football Association of Wales (FAW; Welsh: Cymdeithas Bêl-droed Cymru) is the governing body of association football and futsal in Wales, and controls the Wales national football team, its corresponding women's team, as well as the Wales national futsal team. It is a member of FIFA, UEFA and the IFAB.

Established in 1876, it is the third-oldest national association in the world, and one of the four associations, along with the English Football Association, Scottish Football Association, and Irish Football Association that make up the International Football Association Board, responsible for the Laws of the Game.
Frontenac—Mégantic
Frontenac—Mégantic was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1997 to 2004.

It was created in 1996 from the Mégantic—Compton—Stanstead riding. It was abolished in 2003 when it was redistributed into Beauce, Compton—Stanstead and Mégantic—L'Érable ridings.

It consisted of:

the cities of Black Lake, Disraeli, Lac-Mégantic, Scotstown and Thetford Mines;

the County Regional Municipality of L'Amiante;

the County Regional Municipality of Le Granit, excepting: the municipalities of Risborough and Saint-Robert-Bellarmin; the Municipality of the United Townships of Risborough-et-partie-de-Marlow;

in the County Regional Municipality of Le Haut-Saint-François: the village municipalities of La Patrie, Saint-Gérard and Weedon Centre; the township municipalities of Ditton, Hampden, Lingwick and Weedon; the municipalities of Chartierville and Fontainebleau.

Thetford Mines
Thetford Mines (French pronunciation: [tɛtfɚd majnz, -fœʁd -]; Canada 2021 Census population 26,072) is a city in south-central Quebec, Canada. It is the seat of Les Appalaches Regional County Municipality.
The city is located in the Appalachian Mountains, 187 km east-northeast of Montreal and 79 km south of Quebec City.
It is known mostly as the asbestos capital of Canada.
Sam Hood Field
Sam Hood Field was a soccer-specific stadium located in Huntington, West Virginia on the campus of Marshall University next to Joan C. Edwards Stadium. The stadium was built by and named for Marshall University alumnus and former head men's soccer coach Stephen M. "Sam" Hood.

The 1,500-seat stadium was built in 1996 and was home to the men's and women's soccer programs from Marshall. Prior to 1996 the teams played at Edwards Stadium and Fairfield Stadium.

Hoops Family Field at the new Veterans Memorial Soccer Complex, located on the site of the Veterans Memorial Fieldhouse, opened in August 2013. The Chris Cline Athletic Complex, a $25 million indoor football practice facility, track, and physical therapy research center which opened in September 2014, sits on the former Sam Hood Field site.

Fairfield Stadium
Fairfield Stadium was a stadium in Huntington, West Virginia.  It was primarily used for football, and was the home field of the Marshall University football team between 1928 and 1990, prior to the opening of Joan C. Edwards Stadium.
Splint activator
The splint activator of Soulet-Besombes is a removable appliance for the treatment of dental and jaw anomalies. It is basically a stylized Activator appliance, which is however not fitted individually, but is mass-produced in various shapes and sizes. The device is also known as Position Trainer or Kaukraft-Kiefer-Former (bite-force jaw former, K3F).

Activator appliance
Activator Appliance is an Orthodontics appliance that was developed by Viggo Andresen in 1908. This was one of the first functional appliances that was developed to correct functional jaw in the early 1900s. Activator appliance became the universal appliance that was used widely throughout Europe in the earlier part of the 20th century.
Arirang F.C.
Arirang Football Club was an association football club based in the Philippines. Coached by Kim Chul-So and made out of entirely of Korean expatriates, they played in the Filipino Premier League, which is now defunct. The club played at Panaad Stadium.

Panaad Stadium
The Panaad Stadium (Tagalog: [pɐˈnaʔad]), also sometimes spelled as Pana-ad, named after the park where the stadium is situated in, is a multi-purpose stadium in Barangay Mansilingan, Bacolod, Philippines.

Panaad hosted various international sporting events particularly football when Bacolod co-hosted the 2005 Southeast Asian Games and the 2012 AFC Challenge Cup qualification against Mongolia. The stadium was a former home to Ceres-Negros F.C.
Iprazochrome
Iprazochrome is an antimigraine agent used for prophylaxis of the attacks. It is also indicated for diabetic retinopathy (both treatment and prevention in people with type-2 diabetes).

Chemically, it is a derivative of adrenochrome, which is a product of adrenaline oxidation. And it is a derivative of carbazochrome as well.

Antimigraine drug
Antimigraine drugs are medications intended to reduce the effects or intensity of migraine headache. They include drugs for the treatment of acute migraine symptoms as well as drugs for the prevention of migraine attacks.
Complex cobordism
In mathematics, complex cobordism is a generalized cohomology theory related to cobordism of manifolds. Its spectrum is denoted by MU. It is an exceptionally powerful cohomology theory, but can be quite hard to compute, so often instead of using it directly one uses some slightly weaker theories derived from it, such as Brown–Peterson cohomology or Morava K-theory, that are easier to compute.

The generalized homology and cohomology complex cobordism theories were introduced by Michael Atiyah (1961) using the Thom spectrum.

John Milnor
John Willard Milnor (born February 20, 1931) is an American mathematician known for his work in differential topology, algebraic K-theory and low-dimensional holomorphic dynamical systems. Milnor is a distinguished professor at Stony Brook University and the only mathematician to have won the Fields Medal, the Wolf Prize, the Abel Prize and all three Steele prizes.
Front-facing camera comedy
Front-facing camera comedy is a comedic genre filmed on the front-facing camera of smartphones in which performers deliver in-character monologues while directly facing the camera, sometimes playing multiple roles. Early iterations of front-facing camera comedy went viral on Vine in the early 2010s, and now frequently appear on TikTok, Twitter, and Instagram. Notable practitioners include Cole Escola, Chloe Fineman, and Megan Stalter, the latter of whom has referred to the genre as "solo improv". While it has become a defining form for some comedians, others use it to workshop material that will eventually be polished for use on more traditional platforms.

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the closure of live comedy venues and a subsequent "pivot" to front-facing camera comedy. In March 2020, New York Times critic Jason Zinoman declared it "the dominant comedy form" of the pandemic.

Viral phenomenon
Viral phenomena or viral sensations are objects or patterns that are able to replicate themselves or convert other objects into copies of themselves when these objects are exposed to them. Analogous to the way in which viruses propagate, the term viral pertains to a video, image, or written content spreading to numerous online users within a short time period. This concept has become a common way to describe how thoughts, information, and trends move into and through a human population.

The popularity of viral media has been fueled by the rapid rise of social network sites,: 17  wherein audiences—who are metaphorically described as experiencing "infection" and "contamination"—play as passive carriers rather than an active role to 'spread' content, making such content "go viral".: 21  The term viral media differs from spreadable media as the latter refers to the potential of content to become viral. Memes are one known example of informational viral patterns.
Love's Sweet Exile
"Love's Sweet Exile" is a song by Welsh alternative rock band Manic Street Preachers. It was released on 28 October 1991 by record label Columbia as the second single from their debut album, Generation Terrorists (1992). The B-side, "Repeat (UK)", appears on the same album.

James Dean Bradfield
James Dean Bradfield (born 21 February 1969) is a Welsh singer-songwriter, musician and record producer. He is known for being the lead vocalist and guitarist for the Welsh alternative rock band Manic Street Preachers. His cousin Sean Moore is also a member.
Tania Stene
Tania Stene (also Tanya Stene, Tanja Stene, Nacht, Nachthexe) is a Norwegian interdisciplinary artist. She works with different techniques such as oils/acrylics, photography, collage, video, sound and installation. Originally known as half of the ritual ambient duo Aghast (along with Andréa Nebel), her newer music is more experimental and noisy (collaboration with Alexei Borisov on Fabriksampler V2 - Pharmafabrik Recordings). She is known for cover art & photo shoots for some of the biggest Norwegian black metal bands in the '90s, including Darkthrone, Ulver, Thorns, Satyricon, Burzum, Emperor and Sunn O))) live album. Tania Stene used to be married to Fenriz (Darkthrone). She is also known for her cover art of Bergtatt, Nattens Madrigal and Hliðskjálf, and for official photo shoots of Isengard and Thorns.

Thorns (band)
Thorns, also known as Stigma Diabolicum, is a Norwegian black metal band that formed in 1989 and was part of the early Norwegian black metal scene. They made two highly influential demos in the early 1990s, Grymyrk and Trøndertun, but have only released one full-length album.
Registered state change notification
In Fibre Channel protocol, a registered state change notification (RSCN) is a Fibre Channel fabric's notification sent to all specified nodes in case of any major fabric changes. This allows nodes to immediately gain knowledge about the fabric and react accordingly.

Node (networking)
In networking, a node (Latin: nodus, 'knot') is either a redistribution point or a communication endpoint within telecommunication networks or computer networks.

A physical network node is an electronic device that is attached to a network, and is capable of creating, receiving, or transmitting information over a communication channel. In data communication, a physical network node may either be data communication equipment (such as a modem, hub, bridge or switch) or data terminal equipment (such as a digital telephone handset, a printer or a host computer).

A passive distribution point, such as a distribution frame or patch panel is not considered to be a node.
Albany Post Road
The Albany Post Road was a post road – a road used for mail delivery – in the U.S. state of New York. It connected New York City and Albany along the east side of the Hudson River, a service now performed by U.S. Route 9 (US 9).

Rensselaer, New York
Rensselaer /rɛnsəˈlɪər/ is a city in Rensselaer County, New York, United States, and is located on the east side of the Hudson River, opposite Albany and on the western border of Rensselaer County. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 9,210.

The area now known as the City of Rensselaer was settled by the Dutch in the 17th century, who called it t'Greyn Bos, which became Greenbush in English. Rensselaer was an early center of the U.S. dye industry in the United States and home to the country's first aspirin factory. The city became a railroad hub in the 19th century; in 2020, Albany-Rensselaer was the ninth-busiest Amtrak station in the country and the second-busiest in New York State.
Recreational vehicle terms
The term recreational vehicle (RV) is often used as a broad category of motor vehicles and trailers which include living quarters for designed temporary accommodation. Types of RVs include motorhomes, campervans, caravans (also known as travel trailers and camper trailers), fifth-wheel trailers, popup campers, truck campers and Park Model RVs.

A large number of terms are used when describing aspects of recreational vehicle usage. Some of these are self-explanatory while others may be unfamiliar to many readers. Some terms, arranged alphabetically, are shown below.

Dump station
A dump station is a place where raw sewage may be entered into a sanitary sewer system in a safe and responsible way.  Dump stations are often used by owners of motorhomes, campervans, recreational vehicles or boats that are equipped with toilet facilities and a sewage holding tank, also known as a blackwater holding tank.  The holding tank can be safely emptied at a dump station. Greywater holding tanks can also be emptied at a dump station.

Dump stations are often located at campgrounds, RV parks, truck stops, RV storage facilities, highway rest areas, recreation vehicle dealerships, marinas and other places that are frequented by recreational vehicles and boats.  Dump station owners may charge a fee for use, or offer them as a free public service.

A typical area for motorhome in Felletin, France

Point service of Valuejols, France

Dumping at an RV campground in Canada
Formiscurra indicus
Formiscurra indicus is a species of planthopper in the family Caliscelidae found in southern India. A related species, Formiscurra atlas occurs in southwestern Ethiopia. Like others of its family they have short wings, suck plant sap and escape by leaping. The species shows great sexual dimorphism. The male of this half centimeter-long insect has an enlarged lobe in front of its head, the frons or metope, giving it an ant-like appearance. Females do not have such an enlarged structure but have a slightly long snout and differ slightly in body shape. The species is found mainly on low vegetation in open scrub and grass habitats.

Caliscelidae
Caliscelidae is a family of planthoppers, sap-sucking insects that belong to the order Hemiptera, suborder Auchenorrhyncha and superfamily Fulgoroidea. They are somewhat anomalous and have often been included within the family Issidae. Studies made in 2013 of the phylogeny of the Issidae and other groups using molecular techniques support the treatment of the group as a separate family. Sexual dimorphism can be marked. Some members of the family are called piglet bugs due to the shape of their snout. A particularly aberrant genus described in 2011 from India, Formiscurra, has males that resemble ants.
Rectal examination
Digital rectal examination (DRE), also known as a prostate exam (Latin: palpatio per anum (PPA), lit. 'palpation through the anus'), is an internal examination of the rectum performed by a healthcare provider.

Prior to a 2018 report from the United States Preventive Services Task Force, a digital exam was a common component of annual medical examination for older men, as it was thought to be a reliable screening test for prostate cancer.

Physical examination
In a physical examination, medical examination, clinical examination, or medical checkup, a medical practitioner examines a patient for any possible medical signs or symptoms of a medical condition. It generally consists of a series of questions about the patient's medical history followed by an examination based on the reported symptoms. Together, the medical history and the physical examination help to determine a diagnosis and devise the treatment plan. These data then become part of the medical record.
Scremby
Scremby is a village in the civil parish of Ashby with Scremby, in the East Lindsey district of  Lincolnshire, England. It is situated about 4 miles (6.4 km) north-east from Spilsby. In 1971 the parish had a population of 57. On 1 April 1987 the parish was abolished and merged with Ashby by Partney to form "Ashby with Scremby".

Scremby's red-brick church was built in 1733, and is dedicated to Saint Peter and Saint Paul. It is a Grade II* listed building.

Scremby Hall was home to the Brackenbury family, although the last resident family member left to live in Wimbledon, Surrey in 1937. It was demolished in the 1970s.

Scremby Manor was a 16th-century building with alterations in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. It is Grade II listed.

Scremby's C of E school – known as Scremby and Ashby C of E School from 1903 to 1935 – closed in 1960.

East Lindsey
East Lindsey is a local government district in Lincolnshire, England. Its council is based in Horncastle and the largest town is Skegness. Other towns include Alford, Burgh le Marsh, Coningsby, Louth, Mablethorpe, Spilsby, Sutton on Sea, Wainfleet All Saints, Wragby and Woodhall Spa. The district also covers a large rural area, including many smaller settlements.

The district lies on the east coast, bordering the North Sea. The north-west of the district includes part of the Lincolnshire Wolds, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The neighbouring districts are Boston, North Kesteven, West Lindsey and North East Lincolnshire.
Denmark at the 2026 Winter Olympics
Denmark competed at the 2026 Winter Olympics in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, from 6 to 22 February 2026.

Hockey player Jesper Jensen Aabo and curler Denise Dupont were the country's flagbearer during the opening ceremony. Meanwhile, speed skater Viktor Hald Thorup and biathlete Anne de Besche were the country's flagbearer during the closing ceremony.

Viktor Hald Thorup won Denmark's first Winter Olympics medal since 1998, first Winter Olympics medal in an individual discipline, and only second ever Winter Olympics medal in the nation's history.

Denmark at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Denmark was represented at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan by the National Olympic Committee and Sports Confederation of Denmark.

In total, 12 athletes including five men and seven women represented Denmark in six different sports including alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, curling, figure skating, freestyle skiing and snowboarding.

Denmark won one medal at the games after Jane Bidstrup, Dorthe Holm, Helena Blach Lavrsen, Margit Pörtner and Trine Qvist jointly claimed silver in the women's curling competition. It was Denmark's first-ever Winter Olympic medal.
Weesperkarspel
Weesperkarspel is a former municipality in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. It existed from 1811 to 1966, when part of it was merged with Amsterdam as the location for development of the Bijlmermeer neighborhood in what was to eventually become the city's Zuidoost (southeastern) borough. Meanwhile, the parts east of the Amsterdam–Rhine Canal were merged with Weesp and Naarden. It has a population of 1,062 in 1811 and 1,693 in 1876.

Naarden
Naarden (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈnaːrdə(n)] ⓘ) is a city and former municipality in the Gooi region in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. It has been part of the new municipality of Gooise Meren since 2016.