hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Farid Ahmad Khan
Farid Ahmad Khan (born 12 February 1963) is a Pakistani physician and plastic surgeon. He served as chairman, dean and principal at Sheikh Zayed Medical Institute Lahore from 2015 to 2018. He is a former Head of Plastic Surgery department at Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore. He is currently a Member Higher Educucation Commission (HEC) of Pakistan. He is also a former registrar at King Edward Medical University. Khan is the founding president of the Pakistan Burn Association, from 2016 to 2018. He established the largest burn center in Punjab for poor patients in Mayo Hospital Lahore. He is also the first Pakistani surgeon to start Microvascular free flap Surgery, at Mayo hospital in 2000. During his tenure as Chairman of Shaikh Zayed hospital, Shaikh Zayed Hospital was the only public sector hospital in the province which had successfully completed more than 100 liver transplants and more than 800 kidney transplants.

Mayo Hospital
Mayo Hospital (Punjabi, Urdu: میو اسپتال) is the Largest Hospital of Pakistan located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. King Edward Medical University, one of the oldest medical institutions in South Asia, is attached to Mayo Hospital. Mayo Hospital is located in the heart of Old Lahore, and provides free treatment to almost all admitted patients as part of a government policy. The hospital  stretches over a land of 54.6 acres (0.22 km2; 0.085 sq mi).

It underwent a major overhaul recently, during which many of its departments were renovated to give the hospital a modern look. It includes the Accident and Emergency Department Building, the Paediatrics Department Building, and the Eye Department Building.
FC Struga
FC Struga Trim-Lum (Macedonian: ФК Струга Трим-Лум, Latin: KF Struga Trim-Lum) is a professional football club based in Struga, North Macedonia. They are currently competing in the Macedonian First League.

2022–23 Macedonian First Football League
The 2022–23 Macedonian First League was the 31st season of the Macedonian First Football League, the highest football league of North Macedonia. It began on 6 August 2022 and ended on 14 May 2023. Shkupi were the defending champions, having won their first title in 2021–22.
Everybody's Golf 2
Everybody's Golf 2, known in Japan as Minna no Golf 2 and in North America as Hot Shots Golf 2, is a golf video game developed by Clap Hanz and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation. It is the second game in the Everybody's Golf series, the first in the series to not be developed by Camelot Software Planning and the debut game of Clap Hanz.

Clap Hanz
Clap Hanz, Ltd. is a Japanese video game developer located in Yokohama. It is a second party company with publishing ties with Sony Interactive Entertainment. The company is best known for developing the Everybody's Golf series (formerly known as Hot Shots Golf in North America) for several PlayStation consoles. The company was established in 1998 and is headed by Masashi Muramori.
Siege of Toulouse (1211)
The Siege of Toulouse was a military engagement which took place from June 17 to June 29, 1211 during the Albigensian Crusade. It took place in the Occitania region of southern France against the city of Toulouse. The siege was led by Simon de Montfort and was the first of three sieges against Toulouse during the conflict. The siege lasted for almost two weeks before the crusaders were forced to lift the siege due to lack of manpower and supplies.

Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse
Raymond VI (Occitan: Ramon; 27 October 1156 – 2 August 1222) was Count of Toulouse and Marquis of Provence from 1194 to 1222. He was also  Count of Melgueil (as Raymond IV) from 1173 to 1190. Raymond's conflicts with Pope Innocent III over his tolerance of the Cathars led into his excommunication and the beginning of the Albigensian Crusade.
Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation
The Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation (UPMRC) is a 50:50 joint venture company between Government of India and Government of Uttar Pradesh that operates the Lucknow Metro, Kanpur Metro and Agra Metro. The Varanasi Metro, Prayagraj Metro, Gorakhpur Metro, and Bareilly Metro are proposed by UPMRC. The company's headquarters is at Vipin Khand, Gomti Nagar in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

The Noida Metro, although located in Uttar Pradesh, is not operated by UPMRC and is instead operated by the Noida Metro Rail Corporation (NMRC), a separate company.

Similarly, Meerut Metro and Delhi Meerut RRTS also located in Uttar Pradesh are not operated by UPMRC and are instead operated by National Capital Region Transport Corporation (NCRTC).

National Capital Region Transport Corporation
The National Capital Region Transport Corporation (NCRTC) is a joint venture company of the Government of India and the states of Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Delhi. The NCRTC is the owner of RapidX, the Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) project across the National Capital Region (NCR), inaugurated on 20 October 2023. It is operated by Deutsche Bahn. The managing director of NCRTC is Shalabh Goel.
HD 23089
HD 23089 is a spectroscopic binary star in the northern constellation of Camelopardalis. Based on stellar parallax measurements made by Hipparcos, the system is about 800 ly (250 pc) away from the Sun.

The system consists of a cooler giant star and hotter main sequence companion. The pair orbit each other every 6,124 days, on an orbit that is relatively eccentric, at 0.678. Unpublished speckle observations suggest that the orbit is tilted towards the Earth's line of sight, and it has a relatively high inclination of about 87 degrees.

Camelopardalis
Camelopardalis is a large but faint constellation of the northern sky representing a giraffe. The constellation was introduced in 1612 or 1613 by Petrus Plancius. Some older astronomy books give Camelopardalus or Camelopardus as alternative forms of the name, but the version recognized by the International Astronomical Union matches the genitive form, seen suffixed to most of its brighter stars.
Old Great Bulgaria
Old Great Bulgaria (Medieval Greek: Παλαιά Μεγάλη Βουλγαρία, Palaiá Megálē Voulgaría), also often known by the Latin names Magna Bulgaria and Patria Onoguria ("Onogur land"), was a 7th-century Turkic nomadic empire formed by the Onogur-Bulgars on the western Pontic–Caspian steppe (modern southern Ukraine and southwest Russia). Great Bulgaria was originally centered between the Dniester and lower Volga.

The original capital was Phanagoria on the Taman Peninsula between the Black and Azov seas. In the mid-7th century, Great Bulgaria expanded west to include Avar territory and was centered on Poltava. During the late 7th century, however, an Avar-Slavic alliance in the west, and Khazars in the east, defeated the Bulgars, and Great Bulgaria disintegrated. Successor states are the First Bulgarian Empire and Volga Bulgaria.

Pannonian Basin
The Pannonian Basin, with the term Carpathian Basin being sometimes preferred in Hungarian literature, is a large, mainly lowland area in southeastern Central Europe, briefly described as a sedimentary basin. Under the geopolitically changed conditions created by World War I and the ensuing Treaty of Trianon, the geomorphological term Pannonian Plain was also used for roughly the same region, referring to the lowlands in the area occupied by the Pannonian Sea during the Pliocene. However, Hungarian geographers consider the term "Pannonian Plain" not only unhistorical but also topographically highly erroneous. Regarding the name as such, they are arguing in terms of ancient history, namely that the northern and eastern boundary line of the namesake Roman province of Pannonia was formed by the River Danube, thus the Great Hungarian Plain was not  part of the original Pannonia province.
Rhode Island Avenue Trolley Trail
38°59′35.7″N 76°55′37.5″W﻿ / ﻿38.993250°N 76.927083°W﻿ / 38.993250; -76.927083

The Rhode Island Avenue Trolley Trail (formerly known as the College Park Trolley Trail) is a 3.9-mile-long (6.3 km) rail trail within the cities of College Park, Riverdale Park, and Hyattsville, Maryland. It connects to the Anacostia Tributary Trail System and is located within the Anacostia Trails Heritage Area.

Anacostia Trails Heritage Area
Anacostia Trails Heritage Area is one of the thirteen heritage area sites certified by the state of Maryland and is located in Northern Prince George's County, Maryland. It is administered by the Maryland Historical Trust through the Maryland Heritage Areas Program.
Bayden Barber
Bayden Bernard Barber (born 1973 or 1974) is a New Zealand politician and Māori leader. He is currently the chair of Ngāti Kahungunu Iwi Incorporated, the legal entity representing the people and hapū of Ngāti Kahungunu iwi. From 2016 until 2022 he was a Hastings district councillor.

Waimārama
Waimārama is a seaside village in Hastings District, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand.

Waimārama is a popular surf beach, known as a beach break on a sandy beach, with a rocky point. It offers both left and right handers and conditions are often suitable for surfers of all levels. The beach has strong rip currents, and is patrolled by surf lifeguards at weekends from November to March.

Motu-o-Kura or Bare Island is located just off the coast and is a popular spot for fishing and diving. The beach town attracts people from across the region, with a restaurant, bar and shop. It also has about 240 permanent residents, with many former holiday baches becoming homes.

On 28 April 2011, heavy rain hit the village, causing floods and mudslides.
St. John's Regional Medical Center (California)
St. John's Regional Medical Center is a hospital located in Oxnard, California in the United States, and is operated by Dignity Health, along with its sister hospital, St. John's Hospital Camarillo in Camarillo. The hospital was founded in 1912.

Barry Wolfman serves as president and CEO of both St. John's Pleasant Valley and St. John's Regional Medical Center.

Dignity Health
Dignity Health (formerly Catholic Healthcare West) is a California-based not-for-profit public-benefit corporation. Formerly a Catholic institution, the organization went independent in 2012 and adopted its new name. In February 2019, Dignity Health merged with Catholic Health Initiatives, becoming part of CommonSpirit Health.
Bird's Opening
Bird's Opening (or Bird Opening, Stein Opening, or the Dutch Attack) is a chess opening beginning with the move:

1. f4

Named after 19th-century English player Henry Bird, Bird's Opening is a standard flank opening. White's strategic ideas involve control of the e5-square, offering good attacking chances at the expense of slightly weakening their own kingside. Black's most common response is 1...d5, but Black may also challenge White's plan to control e5 immediately by playing the risky From Gambit (1...e5).

The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings assigns two codes for Bird's Opening: A02 (1.f4) and A03 (1.f4 d5).

Chess annotation symbols
When annotating chess games, commentators frequently use widely recognized annotation symbols. Question marks and exclamation points that denote a move as bad or good are ubiquitous in chess literature. Some publications intended for an international audience, such as the Chess Informant, have a wide range of additional symbols that transcend language barriers.

The common symbols for evaluating the merits of a move are "??", "?", "?!", "!?", "!", and "!!". The chosen symbol is appended to the text describing the move (e.g. Re7? or Kh1!?); see Algebraic chess notation.

Use of these annotation symbols is subjective, as different annotators use the same symbols differently or for a different reason.
Action Party for the Independence of Kurdistan
The Action Party for the Independence of Kurdistan (Kurdish: Parti Kari Sarbakhoy Kurdistan / Party Khabat bo Serbogoy Kurdistan) is a political party in Kurdistan Region. It is part of the Kurdistan Regional Government.

The party split from the Iraqi Communist Party and became affiliated with the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan. Its founder, Mohammed Hussein Halleq, was murdered in 1995. His successor, Yousif Hanna Yousif, or Abu Hikmat, joined the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq-led government as a minister.

Government of the Kurdistan Region
The Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) is the official executive body of the semi-autonomous Kurdistan Region in northern Iraq.

The cabinet is selected by the majority party or list who also select the prime minister of the Iraqi Kurdish polity. The president is directly elected by the electorate of the region and is the head of the cabinet and chief of state who delegates executive powers to the cabinet. The prime minister is traditionally the head of the legislative body but also shares executive powers with the president. The President of Kurdistan Region is also the commander-in-chief of the Peshmerga.
Haymarket Memorial Clock Tower
The Haymarket Memorial Clock Tower is a major landmark and popular meeting point in Leicester, England. It is located roughly in the middle of the area inside the ring-road, and is at the point where five major streets meet; Gallowtree Gate, Humberstone Gate (A47), Haymarket (A607), Church Gate (A6) and Eastgates (A47).

Leicester City Council
Leicester City Council is the local authority for the city of Leicester, in the ceremonial county of Leicestershire, England. Leicester has had a council from medieval times, which has been reformed on numerous occasions. Since 1997 the council has been a unitary authority, being a district council which also performs the functions of a county council; it is independent from Leicestershire County Council.

The council consists of 54 councillors, overseen by a directly elected mayor. The council also appoints a ceremonial Lord Mayor who chairs council meetings; the directly elected mayor is termed the City Mayor to distinguish the post from the Lord Mayor. The council has been under Labour majority control since 2007, and the City Mayor has been Sir Peter Soulsby since 2011.

The council meets at Leicester Town Hall and has its main offices at City Hall on Charles Street.
14th Horse (Scinde Horse)
The Scinde Horse is an armoured regiment in the Armoured Corps of the Indian Army. The regiment, known before independence as the 14th Prince of Wales's Own Scinde Horse was a regular cavalry regiment of the Bombay Army, and later the British Indian Army.

Scinde Horse is the only regiment known to honour its enemy till date (the Baluchi warrior on its badge) and has not changed its badge since its raising.  At one point, the regiment carried nine Standards while on parade (regiments normally hold one), a unique privilege given to it for its valour.  The regiment was the first cavalry unit of the British Indian Army to be mechanized (at Rawalpindi, in 1938). It was also the first cavalry regiment to get the President of India's Standard after independence.

Sena Medal
The Sena Medal (lit. 'Army Medal') is awarded to members of the Indian army, of all ranks, "for such individual acts of exceptional devotion to duty or courage as have special significance for the Army." Awards may be made posthumously and a bar is authorized for subsequent awards of the Sena Medal.

It can be awarded for gallantry or it can also be for distinguished service carried out by any soldier, not in the face of the enemy. Therefore, the Sena Medal also serves as a sort of general commendation medal for the Indian Army. From 1 February 1999, the central government set a monthly stipend of Rs. 250 for recipients of the award when it is awarded for bravery. It has since been revised to Rs. 2000. It is preceded by the Vir Chakra, Shaurya Chakra & Yudh Seva Medal.
Gossen's second law
Gossen's Second Law, named for Hermann Heinrich Gossen (1810–1858), asserts that an economic agent will allocate their expenditures so that the ratio of the marginal utility of each good or service to its price (the marginal expenditure necessary for its acquisition) is equal to that for every other good or service.  Formally,

where

is utility

is quantity of the -th good or service

is the price of the -th good or service

Goods
In economics, goods are anything that is good, usually in the sense that it provides welfare or utility to someone. Goods can be contrasted with bads, i.e. things that provide negative value for users, like chores or waste. A bad lowers a consumer's overall welfare.

Economics focuses on the study of economic goods, i.e. goods that are scarce; in other words, producing the good requires expending effort or resources. Economic goods contrast with free goods such as air, for which there is an unlimited supply.

Goods are the result of the secondary sector of the economy which involves the transformation of raw materials or intermediate goods into goods.
Oneiric (film theory)
In film theory, the term oneiric (/oʊˈnaɪrɪk/ oh-NY-rik, adjective; "pertaining to dreams") refers to the depiction of dream-like states or to the use of the metaphor of a dream or the dream-state in the analysis of a film.: 3–4  The term comes from the Greek Óneiros, the personification of dreams.

André Breton
André Robert Breton (/brəˈtɔːn/; French: [ɑ̃dʁe ʁɔbɛʁ bʁətɔ̃]; 19 February 1896 – 28 September 1966) was a French writer and poet, known as a principal theorist and co-founder of surrealism. His writings include the first Surrealist Manifesto (Manifeste du surréalisme) of 1924, in which he defined surrealism as "pure psychic automatism".

Along with his role as leader of the surrealist movement he is the author of celebrated books such as Nadja and L'Amour fou. Those activities, combined with his critical and theoretical work on writing and the plastic arts, made André Breton a major figure in 20th-century French art and literature.
Complement component 1s
Complement component 1s (EC 3.4.21.42, C1 esterase, activated complement C1s, complement C overbar 1r, C1s) is a protein involved in the complement system. C1s is part of the C1 complex. In humans, it is encoded by the C1S gene.

C1s cleaves C4 and C2, which eventually leads to the production of the classical pathway C3-convertase.

C1-inhibitor
C1-inhibitor (C1-inh, C1 esterase inhibitor) is a protease inhibitor belonging to the serpin superfamily. Its main function is the inhibition of the complement system (C1r, C1s) to prevent spontaneous activation but also as the major regulator of the contact system (PK, FXIIa, and FXIa).
Áed Ua Crimthainn
Áed Ua Crimthainn (fl. 12th century), also called Áed mac Crimthainn, was abbot and coarb of Terryglass (Tir dá Glas), near Lough Derg in County Tipperary, Ireland. He was the principal scribe of the Book of Leinster (Middle Irish: Lebar na Núachongbhála), the Book of Oughaval, an important Middle Irish medieval illuminated manuscript, and is also believed to have been its sole compiler.

Áed signed himself Áed Ua Crimthainn.

Middle Irish
Middle Irish, also called Middle Gaelic (Irish: An Mheán-Ghaeilge, Scottish Gaelic: Meadhan-Ghàidhlig, Manx: Mean Ghaelg), is the Goidelic language which was spoken in Ireland, most of Scotland and the Isle of Man from c. 900–1200 AD; it is therefore a contemporary of Late Old English and Early Middle English. The modern Goidelic languages—Modern Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx Gaelic—are all descendants of Middle Irish.
June 1868 Stamford by-election
The June 1868 Stamford by-election was held on 24 June 1868, when the incumbent Conservative MP Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, Viscount Ingestre became ineligible, having acceded to the Earldom of Shrewsbury, upon the death of his father. The by-election was won by the Conservative Party candidate William Unwin Heygate, who stood unopposed.

Stamford (UK Parliament constituency)
Stamford was a constituency in the county of Lincolnshire of the House of Commons for the Parliament of England to 1706 then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918. It was represented by two Members of Parliament until 1868 when this was reduced to one.
Kontrrazvedka
The Kontrrazvedka (Ukrainian: Контррозвідка, romanized: Kontrrozvidka) was the counterintelligence division of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine. Its main functions were to carry out military reconnaissance, the prosecution of captured enemies and counter-insurgency operations.

Southern Ukraine
Southern Ukraine (Ukrainian: Південна Україна, romanized: Pivdenna Ukraina, IPA: [piu̯ˈdɛnːɐ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]) refers, generally, to the territories in the South of Ukraine.

The territory usually corresponds with the Soviet economical district, the Southern Economical District of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The region is completely integrated with a marine and shipbuilding industry.

Southern Ukraine was invaded by the Russian military on February 24, 2022, turning parts of the region into a major theatre of the Russo-Ukrainian War.
Forestry in Scotland
Scotland is ideal for tree growth, thanks to its mild winters, plentiful rainfall, fertile soil and hill-sheltered topography. As of 2019 about 18.5% of the country was wooded. Although this figure is well below the European Union (EU) average of 43%, it represents a significant increase compared to the figure of 100 years previously: in 1919 (at the end of the Great War) it was estimated that only 5% of the country's total land area was covered in forest. The Scottish Government's Draft Climate Change Plan has set an aim of increasing coverage to 21% of Scotland by 2032, with the rate of afforestation rising to 15,000 hectares per year by 2024.

Approximately 4,700 km2 of Scotland's forests and woodlands are publicly owned by the Scottish Government via Forestry and Land Scotland, and these are termed the National Forest Estate. As of 2015, forestry contributed almost £1 billion to the Scottish economy, and the industry employed over 25,000 people.

Pinus sylvestris
Pinus sylvestris, the Scots pine (UK), Scotch pine (US), Baltic pine, or European red pine is a species of tree in the pine family Pinaceae that is native to Eurasia. It can readily be identified by its combination of fairly short, blue-green leaves and orange-red bark.
February 1853 Danish Folketing election
Folketing elections were held in Denmark on 26 February 1853. Christian Albrecht Bluhme of the Højre party remained Prime Minister after the elections, but after the government failed to win a vote on who would succeed King Frederick VII on 18 April by the three-quarters majority necessary, the legislature was dissolved and early elections were held in May.

Højre
Højre (Danish: [ˈhʌjʁɐ], Right) was the name of two Danish political parties of Conservative persuasion.

The first Højre party existed from 1848 to 1866.

The second Højre party, centred on Prime Minister J.B.S. Estrup, was founded in 1881. The party was succeeded by the Conservative People's Party, founded in 1916.
Ronald R. Van Stockum
Ronald Reginald Van Stockum (July 8, 1916 – April 24, 2022) was a decorated officer of the United States Marine Corps with the rank of brigadier general. A veteran of Bougainville, Guam and Iwo Jima campaigns, Van Stockum was most noted for his service as director of the Marine Corps Reserve and later as commanding general of the Fleet Marine Force, Pacific (Forward) on Okinawa during the Vietnam War.

Naval Amphibious Base Coronado
Naval Amphibious Base Coronado (NAB Coronado) is a US naval installation in Coronado, California. The base, situated on Silver Strand between San Diego Bay and the Pacific Ocean, is a major United States Navy shore command, supporting over 30 tenant commands, and is the West Coast focal point for special and expeditionary warfare training and operations. The on‑base population is 5,000 military personnel and 7,000 students and reservists. The base is one of the eight components of Naval Base Coronado (NBC).