hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Crack epidemic in the United States
The crack epidemic was a surge of crack cocaine use in major cities across the United States throughout the entirety of the 1980s and the early 1990s. This resulted in several social consequences, such as increasing crime and violence in American inner city neighborhoods, a resulting backlash in the form of tough on crime policies, and a massive spike in incarceration rates.

Inner city
The term inner city (also called the hood) has been used, especially in the United States, as a euphemism for majority-minority lower-income residential districts that often refer to rundown neighborhoods, in a downtown or city centre area. Sociologists sometimes turn the euphemism into a formal designation by applying the term inner city to such residential areas, rather than to more geographically central commercial districts, often referred to by terms such as downtown, city centre, or central business district.
S. Apoorva
Saikumar Apoorva  (born 1981) also popularly known by her short name S. Apoorva also spelt as either S. Apoorwa or S. Appoorwa is an Indian carrom player and a defending carrom world champion in women's singles. She also currently works as a senior administrative officer in Life Insurance Corporation of India. She is also the first world champion in any sport to have emerged from the city of Hyderabad.

Kajal Kumari
Kajal Kumari (born 1999) is an Indian female carrom player who represents India internationally and also works as an officer at the Indian Oil. During the 2018 Carrom World Cup, she created history by becoming the first ever woman to clinch the overall combined Swiss League title after defeating defending Swiss League champion Chamil Cooray of Sri Lanka in the combined Swiss League final.
Colin Marston
Colin James Marston (born September 13, 1982) is an American record producer and musician residing in New York City. He graduated from New York University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in music technology in 2004, and owns Menegroth The Thousand Caves Recording Studios in Woodhaven, Queens, while not on tour with one of a number of bands. He is also known for his performances in Behold... The Arctopus, Dysrhythmia, Krallice, and the reunion lineup of Gorguts. Marston has produced, mastered, and mixed music for artists such as Imperial Triumphant, Cleric, Genghis Tron, Kayo Dot, Jarboe, Capillary Action, Origin, Panopticon, Altar of Plagues, Liturgy, Pyrrhon, and Orthrelm, as well as for his own bands. Marston is multi-instrumentalist; he plays guitar, bass, and keyboards.

Jarboe
Jarboe Devereaux, (born January 30) known mononymously as Jarboe (/dʒɑːrˈboʊ/), is an American singer and musician who came to prominence as a member of the New York City experimental rock band Swans in 1985. Jarboe and Michael Gira, the founder of Swans, were the two constant members of the group until it broke up in 1997.

Although absent from the group's lineup when the band reformed in 2010, Jarboe contributed background vocals and voice collage for the band's 2012 album, The Seer. She has released numerous solo albums and collaborations, many of which have been self-published. She also co-composed the soundtrack of the 2009 psychological horror game The Path.
Rich Girl Caretaker
Rich Girl Caretaker: I'm Secretly the Caregiver of the Most Popular Girl in This Rich Kid School (Japanese: 才女のお世話 高嶺の花だらけな名門校で、学院一のお嬢様（生活能力皆無）を陰ながらお世話することになりました, Hepburn: Saijo no Osewa: Takane no Hana-darake na Meimonkō de, Gakuin-ichi no Ojō-sama (Seikatsu Nōryoku Kai Mu) o Kage nagara Osewa suru Koto ni Narimashita) is a Japanese light novel series written by Yusaku Sakaishi and illustrated by Sakura Miwabe. The series began as a web novel posted on the Shōsetsuka ni Narō website between April 2020 and October 2021, before Hobby Japan began publishing it in print under their HJ Bunko imprint in May 2021. Eleven volumes have been released as of October 2025. A manga adaptation illustrated by Sorahiko Mizushima began serialization on Hobby Japan's Comic Fire website in July 2021, with the manga being compiled into five volumes as of December 2025. An anime television series adaptation produced by Brain's Base is set to premiere in July 2026.

Hobby Japan
Hobby Japan Co., Ltd. (株式会社ホビージャパン, Kabushiki gaisha Hobī Japan) is a Japanese publishing company known for publishing and releasing books, magazines, light novels, games, and collectibles. Founded in 1969, the company owns and distributes such publications as the eponymous Hobby Japan EX magazine, as well as Uchusen. The company has also released a number of role-playing and tabletop games, action figures related to anime and manga franchises, as well as diecast cars and related models.
Wangi-wangi white-eye
The Wangi-wangi white-eye (Zosterops paruhbesar), locally known as sui, is a species of songbird in the white-eye family. It is endemic to a single island, Wangi-wangi Island, in the Wakatobi Islands, Indonesia.

Zosterops paruhbesar has a yellowish head, throat, vent and mid ventral stripe. The flanks are greyish and the flight feathers and tail feathers are brown. Like many other white-eyes, it has a ring of white feathers around the eye. The Wangi-wangi white-eye's bright yellow bill sets it apart from the Wakatobi white-eye, the only other white-eye on Wangi-wangi, as well as other white-eye species in the broader region.

Wakatobi white-eye
The Wakatobi white-eye (Zosterops flavissimus) is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It is endemic to Indonesia, where it is known only from the Wakatobi Islands off south-eastern Sulawesi. It can be distinguished from most other Indonesian white-eyes by its bright yellow belly. It was formerly considered a subspecies of the lemon-bellied white-eye (Z. chloris), but it was long known to be reproductively isolated from the rest of the species, and a 2019 genetic study found it to be a distinct species.
Alex Giltrow
Alex Giltrow (born 5 July 1991) is an English rugby union player who plays for Clifton RFC.

Giltrow has represented England students, after impressing for his university side. University of Western England. Whilst playing for Clevedon Rugby Club, Giltrow was apparently spotted by Clifton RFC Director of Rugby in a chip shop. Once the conversation turned to rugby he was invited to Clifton's pre-season training. Joining Clifton in National League 2 South for the 2015-2016 campaign. In the next season he became a first team regular. Appearing 24 times and as a tighthead prop he managed to score an impressive 6 tries. Giltrow was awarded by Clifton Rugby management, the Coach's Player of the season title.

On 13 September 2017, he was signed by Bristol ahead of the 2017-18 RFU Championship season, having come through a successful trial.

He was released by Bristol in April 2018. Soon re-joining his former side Clifton RFC ahead of the 2018-19 Rugby Union season.

Clifton Rugby
Clifton Rugby Football Club is an English rugby union club founded in Clifton, Bristol. Over the years the club's home games have been played in a variety of locations in northern Bristol, though never in Clifton itself; since 1976 they have been based at the southern end of Cribbs Causeway. Clifton RFC currently play in National League 1 in the third tier of the English rugby union system following their promotion from the 2024–25 National League 2 West.
Todd Snitchler
Todd A. Snitchler is an American politician, attorney, and energy industry lobbyist who served as a member of the Ohio House of Representatives for the 50th district from 2009 to 2011. After resigning from the House, he served as chair of the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio.

Public Utilities Commission of Ohio
The Public Utilities Commission of Ohio (PUCO) is the public utilities commission of the U.S. state of Ohio, charged with the regulation of utility service providers such as those of electricity, natural gas, and telecommunications as well as railroad safety and intrastate hazardous materials transport.
Matt Barrie (businessman)
Robert Matthew "Matt" Barrie (born 16 August 1973) is an Australian technology entrepreneur. He is the chief executive officer of Freelancer.com, an online freelancing and crowdsourcing marketplace. Barrie is also an adjunct associate professor at the University of Sydney, where he has taught classes in computer and network security since 2001 and technology venture creation since 2010.

Freelancer.com
Freelancer is an Australian freelance marketplace website, which allows potential employers to post jobs that freelancers can then bid to complete. Founded in 2009, its headquarters is located in Sydney, Australia, though it also has offices in Vancouver, London, Buenos Aires, Manila, and Jakarta.
Georges Bontemps
Georges Bontemps was a director of an eminent French glass manufacturer in the 19th century, moved to England to work and is accredited with the re-invention of a technique for making ruby-coloured glass that was first used by the Venetians in the 16th century. He was a jury member at the 1862 International Exhibition in London and the Exposition Universelle (1867) in Paris.

1862 International Exhibition
The International Exhibition of 1862, officially the London International Exhibition of Industry and Art, also known as the Great London Exposition, was a world's fair held from 1 May to 1 November 1862 in South Kensington, London, England. The site now houses museums including the Natural History Museum and the Science Museum.
Brandenburg stone
The Brandenburg stone is an inscribed stone slab found in Brandenburg, Kentucky, United States in 1912, on the farm of Craig Crecelius. The stone contains a strip of linear markings that resemble letters of a script. Crecelius exhibited the stone several times, but was unable to find anyone who could identify the markings.

Jon Whitfield, who acquired the stone in 1965, claims that they are Coelbren, a pseudo-archaic Welsh-language alphabet invented by Iolo Morganwg c. 1791 for use in the ceremonies he similarly created for both the Gorsedd and the Eisteddfod. Other writers have alleged that the stone is evidence of pre-Columbian contact between the legendary Welsh prince Madoc and Native Americans. The consensus of Welsh scholars is that "Coelbren" is a fake script invented in the late eighteenth century by a literary forger, Iolo Morganwg, in his book Barddas.

Iolo Morganwg
Edward Williams, better known by his bardic name Iolo Morganwg (Welsh: [ˈjɔlɔ mɔrˈɡanʊɡ]; 10 March 1747 – 18 December 1826), was a Welsh antiquarian, poet and collector. He was seen as an expert collector of Medieval Welsh literature, but it emerged after his death that he had forged several manuscripts, notably some of the Third Series of Welsh Triads. Even so, he had a lasting impact on Welsh culture, notably in founding the secret society known as the Gorsedd, through which Iolo Morganwg successfully co-opted the 18th-century Eisteddfod revival. The philosophy he spread in his forgeries has had an enormous impact upon neo-Druidism. His bardic name is Welsh for "Iolo of Glamorgan".
Family of Philip V (1738)
The Family of Philip V is an oil on canvas by the French artist Louis-Michel van Loo completed in 1738. It depicts the royal family in a fictional room, and is in the style of French, baroque and rococo art. The painting is one of a trio of paintings which bear the same name and are dated 1723 by Jean Ranc, a smaller 1738 version and the 1743 rendition.

Jean Ranc
Jean Ranc (28 January 1674 – 1 July 1735) was a French painter, mainly active in portraiture. He trained under his father Antoine Ranc and his father's former student Hyacinthe Rigaud and served in the courts of Louis XV of France, Philip V of Spain, and John V of Portugal.
Yukio Okamoto
Yukio Okamoto (Japanese: 岡本 行夫, Okamoto Yukio; 23 November 1945 – 24 April 2020) was a Japanese diplomat, diplomatic analyst, and proponent of strong economic and political Japan–United States relations. Okamoto guided Japanese and American diplomatic relations throughout the 1980s, during an era when both countries simultaneously competed for economic influence on the global stage. He served as a diplomatic advisor and analyst for several Japanese prime ministers, including Ryutaro Hashimoto from 1996 to 1998 and Junichiro Koizumi from 2003 until 2004.

Ryutaro Hashimoto
Ryutaro Hashimoto (橋本 龍太郎, Hashimoto Ryūtarō; 29 July 1937 – 1 July 2006) was a Japanese politician who served as prime minister of Japan from 1996 to 1998.

Born in Okayama Prefecture, Hashimoto graduated from Keio University in 1960 and entered the National Diet in 1963. He rose through the ranks of the Liberal Democratic Party and became major figure in the Tanaka/Takeshita faction, and served as health and welfare minister under Masayoshi Ōhira, transport minister under Yasuhiro Nakasone, and finance minister under Toshiki Kaifu. In 1994, he became minister of international trade and industry, then became prime minister in 1996 as the head of a coalition with the Social Democratic Party and New Party Sakigake. During his tenure, Hashimoto sought currency reform and tried to revive the Japanese economy. He resigned after the LDP lost its majority in the 1998 upper house election, but remained leader of his faction until a scandal in 2004. He retired from politics in 2005.
Colerne
Colerne is a village and civil parish in north Wiltshire, England. The village is about 3.5 miles (6 km) west of the town of Corsham and 7 miles (11 km) northeast of the city of Bath. It has an elevated and exposed position, 545 feet (166 m) above sea level, and overlooks the Box valley to the south (where Brunel's Box Tunnel is).

The parish includes the hamlets of Eastrip and Thickwood. It is bounded to the west by a stretch of the Fosse Way Roman road, which forms the county boundary with Gloucestershire, and to the east by the Bybrook River. Part of the northern boundary is the Doncombe Brook, a tributary of the Bybrook, and part of the southern boundary is the Lid Brook, another tributary.

Box Tunnel
Box Tunnel passes through Box Hill on the Great Western Main Line (GWML) between Bath and Chippenham. The 1.83-mile (2.95 km) tunnel was the world's longest railway tunnel when it was completed in 1841.

Built between December 1838 and June 1841 for the Great Western Railway (GWR) under the direction of Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the straight tunnel descends on a 1 in 100 gradient from its eastern end. At the time the tunnel's construction was considered dangerous due to its length and the composition of the underlying strata. The west portal is Grade II* listed and the east portal is Grade II listed.

Ammunition was stored near the tunnel during World War II, reusing mine workings. During the 2010s, the tunnel was modified and the track lowered to prepare it for electrification, although in 2016, this plan was suspended.
Camilo Vera
Keynher Camilo Vera Carrascal (born February 28, 2007) is a Colombian artistic gymnast. He is the 2025 Junior World Champion on parallel bars and horizontal bar.  Additionally he was a three-time gold medalist at the 2025 Junior Pan American Games.

Ángel Barajas
Ángel Gabriel Barajas Vivas (born 12 August 2006) is a Colombian artistic gymnast. He is the first Colombian gymnast to win an Olympic medal, earning a silver medal on the horizontal bar at the 2024 Olympic Games. Barajas is also the 2022 South American Youth Games champion and the 2023 Junior World all-around silver medalist.
Vimala Rangachar
Vimala Rangachar (1929 – 25 February 2025) was an Indian educationist who was associated with the fine arts and performing arts conservation movement of Karnataka. She was one of the founding members of the Mysore Education Society and was a recipient of the Karnataka government's Rajyotsava Award for her contributions to the fields of education, arts and culture.

Mysore Education Society Kishora Kendra School
MES Kishora Kendra is a school and college located in the city of Bangalore in the state of Karnataka, India. The school was founded in 1979. It has Pre-primary, Primary and High school sections and the Junior college, recognized by the government of Karnataka.
2011 FA Community Shield
The 2011 FA Community Shield (also known as The FA Community Shield sponsored by McDonald's for sponsorship reasons) was the 89th FA Community Shield, an annual football match contested by the winners of the previous season's Premier League and FA Cup competitions. The match was the 160th Manchester derby between Manchester United and Manchester City and played at Wembley Stadium, London, on 7 August 2011. Manchester United won the game 3–2, with goals from Chris Smalling and Nani (2), after Joleon Lescott and Edin Džeko had put City 2–0 up at half-time.

Manchester United qualified to take part for the fifth consecutive year by winning the 2010–11 Premier League title and Manchester City qualified by winning the 2010–11 FA Cup. United successfully defended the shield to win it for the fourth time in five years, having beaten Chelsea 3–1 in the 2010 match.

2010–11 Premier League
The 2010–11 Premier League (known as the Barclays Premier League for sponsorship reasons) was the 19th season of the Premier League since its establishment in 1992. The 2010–11 fixtures were released on 17 June 2010 at 09:00 BST. The season began on 14 August 2010, and ended on 22 May 2011. Chelsea were the defending champions.

Manchester United secured the title with a 1–1 draw away to Blackburn Rovers on 14 May 2011.
This was their nineteenth English league title, breaking a tie with Liverpool which had stood since Manchester United won their eighteenth title in 2009. Manchester United, Chelsea, Manchester City and Arsenal all secured a berth for the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League, while Tottenham Hotspur qualified for the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League via league position.
Diego Ibáñez
Diego Eduardo Ibáñez Cotroneo (born 25 January 1989) is a Chilean politician, lawyer, and environmental activist. He is a law graduate from the Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso. He is a member of the Chamber of Deputies for District 6, corresponding to the Valparaíso Region. Since October 2022, he has served as president of Social Convergence.

Valparaíso Region
The Valparaíso Region (Spanish: Región de Valparaíso, pronounced [valpaɾaˈiso]) is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. With the country's second-highest population of 1,896,053 as of 2024, and fourth-smallest area of 16,396.1 km2 (6,331 sq mi), the region is Chile's second most densely populated after the Santiago Metropolitan Region to the southeast. The region also includes Chile's remote islands of the Pacific Ocean, including Rapa Nui and the Juan Fernandez Islands.

Its capital is the port city of Valparaíso; other important cities include Viña del Mar, Quillota, San Felipe, Quilpué, Villa Alemana, and San Antonio.
1968 Swedish Open
The 1968 Swedish Open was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts held in Båstad, Sweden. It was the 21st edition of the tournament and was held in July 1968. Martin Mulligan won the singles title.

Martin Mulligan
Martin "Marty" Mulligan (born 18 October 1940) is a former tennis player from Australia. He is best known for reaching the men's singles final at Wimbledon in 1962, where he was defeated by fellow Australian Rod Laver.
1983 USSR Chess Championship
The 1983 Soviet Chess Championship was the 50th edition of USSR Chess Championship. Held from 2–28 April 1983 in Moscow. The title was won by  Anatoly Karpov. Semifinals took place in Ivano-Frankivsk, Pavlodar, Sievierodonetsk and Yaroslavl; The First League (also qualifying to the final) was held at Telavi. There was no final in 1982, the year of the Soviet Zonal (Interzonal qualifying).

Pavlodar
52°18′N 76°57′E﻿ / ﻿52.300°N 76.950°E﻿ / 52.300; 76.950

Pavlodar (/ˌpɑːvləˈdɑːr/; Kazakh: Павлодар [pɑvɫəˈdɑr] (listenⓘ); Russian: Павлодар [pəvɫɐˈdar]) is a city in northeastern Kazakhstan and the capital of Pavlodar Region. It is located 450 kilometres (280 mi) northeast of the national capital Astana and 405 kilometres (252 mi) southeast of the Russian city of Omsk along the Irtysh River. In 2010, the city had a population of 331,710. The population of Pavlodar is composed predominantly of ethnic Kazakhs and Russians, with significant Ukrainian, German, Tatar and North Caucasian minorities. The city is served by Pavlodar Airport.
Leila Mackinlay
Leila Antoinette Sterling Mackinlay (5 September 1910 – 13 April 1996) was a British writer of romance novels from 1930 to 1979 as Leila S. Mackinlay or Leila Mackinlay and also under the pseudonym Brenda Grey. Some of her novels are based on real people like Madame Vestris, Lola Montez or Jane Elizabeth Digby; she also wrote Musical Productions, a musical book. She was the daughter of the musician and writer Malcolm Sterling Mackinlay and granddaughter of the vocalist Antoinette Sterling.

She was the seventh elected chairman (1973–1975) of the Romantic Novelists' Association.

Lucia Elizabeth Vestris
Lucia Elizabeth Vestris (née Elizabetta Lucia Bartolozzi; 3 March 1797 – 8 August 1856) was a British actress and a contralto opera singer, appearing in works by Mozart and Rossini, among others. While popular in her time, she was more notable as a theatre producer and manager. After accumulating a fortune from her performances, she leased the Olympic Theatre in London and produced a series of burlesques and extravaganzas, especially popular works by James Planché, for which the house became famous. She also produced his work at other theatres she managed.
Bounty Lady
Bounty Lady (Chinese: My盛Lady; Cantonese Yale: My Sìng Lady) is a 2013 Hong Kong modern comedy-drama produced by TVB and starring Dayo Wong and Kate Tsui, with Sharon Chan, Louis Yuen, Benz Hui, Elena Kong, Grace Wong, Toby Leung, Sammy Sum, Samantha Ko and Lam Tsz-sin as the major supporting cast.

Dayo Wong
Dayo Wong Tze Wah (born 5 September 1960) is a Hong Kong actor and standup comedian. Known as a pioneer of stand-up comedy in Hong Kong, he is known for his stadium shows integrating political satire and social commentary. He has performed at the Hong Kong Coliseum, including 26 sold-out shows at his farewell stand-up performance. Wong is also a successful TV and film actor, having starred in the two highest grossing domestic films in Hong Kong history.
Lewis Peachey
Lewis Peachey (born 25 March 2001) is an English professional rugby league footballer who plays as a second-row forward or prop for Midlands Hurricanes in the RFL League 1 on loan from Sheffield Eagles in the RFL Championship.

Midlands Hurricanes
The Midlands Hurricanes are a semi-professional rugby league club based in Birmingham, West Midlands, England. They were founded in 2021 and took over the professional franchise owned by Coventry Bears previously entering the third tier of the British rugby league system, currently known as League One in 2015.
Michele Knobel
Michele Knobel (21 March 1966 – 15 October 2021) was a Professor of Education in the Department of Teaching and Learning at Montclair State University and an internationally recognized researcher and scholar in the area of literacy education, new literacies and digital technologies.

Montclair State University
Montclair State University (Montclair) is a public research university in Montclair, New Jersey, United States. Parts of the campus extend into Clifton and into Little Falls. As of June 2024, there were 22,570 total enrolled students: 18,062 undergraduate students and 4,508 graduate students. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". The campus covers approximately 252 acres (1.02 km2). The university offers more than 300 majors, minors, and concentrations.