hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Outline of Niger
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Niger:

Niger – landlocked sovereign country located in West Africa.  It was named for the Niger River.  It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. The capital city is Niamey.

Azawagh
The Azawagh (alias Azaouagh or Azawak) is a dry basin covering what is today the northwestern Niger, as well as parts of northeastern Mali and southern Algeria. The Azawagh is mainly made up of Sahelian and Saharan flatlands and has a population that is predominantly Tuareg, with some Arabic-speaking and Wodaabe minorities and a recent influx of Hausa and Zarma.
Nationalization of history
Nationalization of history is the term used in historiography to describe the process of separation of "one's own" history from the common universal history, by way of perceiving, understanding and treating the past that results with construction of history as history of a nation. If national labeling of the past is not treated with great care, it can result in the retrospective nationalization of history and even assigning nonexistent or exaggerated existing national attributes to historical events and persons. Nationalization of history, which began after a period of globalization of history, was not only one of the causes, but also the result of the process of establishment of modern nations (national revival).

Professionalization and institutionalization of history
Professionalization and institutionalization of history is a term used in historiography to describe the process of professionalization of the historical discipline with historians becoming professionals through process of special education, and genesis of historical institutions they founded.
Velgast station
Velgast (German: Bahnhof Velgast) is a railway station in the town of Velgast, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The station lies on the Rostock-Stralsund railway and Velgast–Prerow railway line and the train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn and Ostdeutsche Eisenbahn.

Stralsund–Rostock railway
The Stralsund–Rostock railway connects the two Hanseatic cities in the north of the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The single-track electrified main line is part of the German Unity Transport Project (German: Verkehrsprojektes Deutsche Einheit) No. 1 (Lübeck–Rostock–Stralsund).
Karen Jobes
Karen H. Jobes (born 1952) is an American biblical scholar who is Gerald F. Hawthorne Professor Emerita of New Testament Greek and Exegesis at Wheaton College. She has written a number of books and biblical commentaries. In 2015, she received the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association's Christian Book of the Year Award for "Bible Reference" books. Jobes served as the first female president of the Evangelical Theological Society in 2024.

Gerald F. Hawthorne
Gerald F. Hawthorne (August 16, 1925 – August 4, 2010) was an American New Testament scholar. He taught Greek at Wheaton College from 1953 until his retirement in 1995.

Hawthorne was born on August 16, 1925, and studied at Visalia Junior College, the Bible Institute of Los Angeles, and Wheaton College, before obtaining a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago under the supervision of Allen Wikgren.

Hawthorne co-founded the Institute for Biblical Research in 1973 and served as its president from 1989 to 1993. He wrote the Philippians volume in the Word Biblical Commentary series (1983) and was co-editor of IVP's Dictionary of Paul and His Letters (1993). He died on August 4, 2010.

In 2003, a Festschrift was published in his honor. New Testament Greek and Exegesis: Essays in Honor of Gerald F. Hawthorne included contributions by David Aune and Bart Ehrman.
1999 All-SEC football team
The 1999 All-SEC football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) chosen by the Associated Press (AP) and the conference coaches for the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season.

The Alabama Crimson Tide won the conference, beating the Florida Gators 34 to 7 in the SEC Championship game.

Alabama running back Shaun Alexander was unanimously voted the coaches SEC Player of the Year and was selected as the AP SEC Offensive Player of the Year. Tennessee safety Deon Grant was voted the AP SEC Defensive Player of the Year.

Deon Grant
Deon D'Marquis Grant (born March 14, 1979) is an American former professional football player who was a safety for 12 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Tennessee Volunteers football, was a member of Tennessee's national championship team and earned All-American honors.  He was selected by the Carolina Panthers in the second round of the 2000 NFL draft, and also played professionally for the Jacksonville Jaguars, Seattle Seahawks and New York Giants of the NFL. He won a Super Bowl ring with the Giants against the New England Patriots.
Warmesberg railway station
Warmesberg railway station (German: Bahnhof Warmesberg) is a railway station in Altstätten, in the Swiss canton of St. Gallen. It is an intermediate stop on the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge Altstätten–Gais line and is served by local trains only.

Altstätten
Altstätten is a small historic rural town and a municipality in the district Rhine Valley, in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It is located with some secure distance of about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) west from the Alpine Rhine in the flat and wide St. Gall Rhine Valley, which also designates the border with Austria. It further gives access to the higher situated Appenzell to the west.

The official language of Altstätten is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.
Zagorica, Mirna
Zagorica (pronounced [ˈzaːɡɔɾitsa]) is a small settlement in the Municipality of Mirna in southeastern Slovenia. It lies in the hills west of Mirna. The municipality is included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. The entire area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola.

Mirna, Mirna
Mirna (pronounced [ˈmìːɾna, ˈmíːɾna]; German: Neydeck or Neudegg) is a nucleated village and a minor economic centre in central Lower Carniola, Slovenia. It is the largest settlement of the Mirna Valley and the seat of the Municipality of Mirna. It is situated at the crossing of regional roads and a confluence of several creeks with the Mirna River, along the railway line linking Sevnica and Trebnje.
Lidoflazine
Lidoflazine is a piperazine calcium channel blocker. It is a coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic action. Lidoflazine was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1964. In 2025 Lidoflazine has also been reported to interact with tubulin and inhibit its polymerization.

Janssen Pharmaceuticals
Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine (formerly Janssen Pharmaceuticals) is a Belgian pharmaceutical company headquartered in Beerse, Belgium, and wholly owned by Johnson & Johnson. It was founded in 1953 by Paul Janssen.

In 1961, Janssen Pharmaceuticals was purchased by New Jersey–based American corporation Johnson & Johnson, and became part of Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development (J&J PRD), later renamed to Janssen Research and Development, LLC (JRD), which conducts research and development activities related to a wide range of human medical disorders, including mental illness, neurological disorders, anesthesia and analgesia, gastrointestinal disorders, fungal infection, HIV/AIDS, allergies and cancer. Janssen and Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical have been placed in the Ortho-McNeil-Janssen group within Johnson & Johnson Company.
Asmaka
Aśmaka or Assaka was a Mahajanapada in ancient South Asia which existed between 700 BCE and 425 or 345 BCE according to the Buddhist texts and Puranas. It included areas in present day Telangana and Maharashtra in south-central India. In Gautama Buddha's time, many of the Assakas were located on the banks of the Godavari River (south of the Vindhya mountains).The capital of Aśmaka was the city variously named Podana, Potali, Paudanyapura, and Potana. Most scholars identify it with present-day Bodhan in Telangana.

In ancient India, during the 6th century BCE, there were sixteen Mahajanapadas. Among them, Ashmaka (or Assaka) was the only Mahajanapada located in South India.

Sutta Nipata
The Sutta Nipāta (lit. 'Section of the Suttas') is a Buddhist scripture, a sutta collection in the Khuddaka Nikaya, part of the Sutta Pitaka of  the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism. Sutta Nipata  is a collection of discourses of Buddha. It is part of an early corpus of Buddhist literature. Robert Chalmers explains that sutta means a consecutive thread of teaching and Hermann Oldenberg explained that nipata denotes a small collection.
Sarcogyne parviascifera
Sarcogyne parviascifera is a species of rock-dwelling, crustose lichen-forming fungus in the family Acarosporaceae. Found in China, it was formally described as a new species in 2016. The lichen is endolithic, growing embedded within rock rather than on its surface, with only its small, black fruiting bodies visible at the surface. It is named for its unusually small asci (spore-bearing structures), which help distinguish it from the otherwise similar Sarcogyne regularis.

Acarosporaceae
The Acarosporaceae are a family of fungi in the order Acarosporales. Members of this family have a widespread distribution, and are mostly lichenized with green algae. According to a 2021 estimate, the family contains 11 genera and about 260 species. The family is characterised by a hamathecium formed of paraphysoids (hyphal structures similar in function to true paraphyses, but often branched and forming a network).
Committee for National Revolution
The Committee for National Revolution (Chinese: 民族革命委員會) was a Turkic nationalist Uyghur-centered party which existed in 1932–1934. It helped found the First East Turkestan Republic. It was anti-Chinese, anti-Chinese Muslim, and anti-Communist. The leader of Karakash gold miners Ismail Khan Khoja, the Khotan Emir Muhammad Amin Bughra, his brothers Abdullah Bughra, Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra, and Sabit Damulla Abdulbaki joined the committee. It had originally 300 members and 50 rifles. On February 20, 1933, it set up a provisional Khotan government with Sabit as prime minister and Muhammad Amin Bughra as head of the armed forces. It favored the establishment of an Islamic theocracy.

Sabit Damolla
Sabit Damolla (Uyghur: سابىت داموللا; Chinese: 沙比提大毛拉·阿不都爾巴克; June 1883 – 1934) was an East Turkestan independence leader who led the Hotan rebellion against the Xinjiang Province government of Jin Shuren and later the Uyghur leader Khoja Niyaz. He is widely known as the first and only prime minister of the short-lived Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan from November 12, 1933, until the republic's defeat in April 16, 1934.
Narciso Clavería y de Palacios
Narciso Clavería y de Palacios, 3rd Count of Manila (1869–1935) was a Spanish architect, notable as an exponent of the Moorish revival style known as Neo-Mudéjar.  He was the grandson of Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa, a nineteenth-century Governor General of the Philippines from whom he inherited the title of Count of Manila.

Count of Manila
Count of Manila (Spanish: Conde de Manila) is a Spanish hereditary title created in 1848 for Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa, Governor-General of the Philippines.

The Philippines were at the time a Spanish colonial possession. The title was a reward for the success of a military campaign, the expedition to Balanguingui.
Farley, Staffordshire
Farley is a hamlet and civil parish in the Staffordshire Moorlands district, in the county of Staffordshire, England. It is near to the villages of Alton and Oakamoor. In 2021 the parish had a population of 139.

Alton Towers; the UK's largest theme park, is within the parish boundary.

To the west of the hamlet stands the privately owned 17th century Farley Hall, which has been both a youth hostel and the residence of Anthony Bamford, Managing Director of JCB.

Staffordshire Moorlands
Staffordshire Moorlands is a local government district in Staffordshire, England. Its council is based in Leek, the district's largest town. The district also contains the towns of Biddulph and Cheadle, along with a large rural area containing many villages. North-eastern parts of the district lie within the Peak District National Park.

The area's principal industries are agriculture, fashion and tourism. Visitor attractions include the National Trust property Biddulph Grange, the Churnet Valley Railway, the UK's largest theme park Alton Towers Resort, and the annual Leek Arts Festival. There are also a variety of outdoor pursuits such as rock climbing (The Roaches), sailing (Rudyard Lake) and cycling (Waterhouses).

The neighbouring districts are East Staffordshire, Stafford, Stoke-on-Trent, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Cheshire East, High Peak and Derbyshire Dales.
Arkansas Highway 104
Highway 104 (AR 104, Ark. 104, and Hwy. 104) is an east–west state highway in Jefferson County, Arkansas. The route of 4.66 miles (7.50 km) is located west of Pine Bluff and serves as a connection to Interstate 530 (I-530) for US Highway 270 (US 270) to the south and Highway 365 to the north.

Interstate 530
Interstate 530 (I-530) in Arkansas is a spur route of the Interstate highway system, traveling 46.65 miles (75.08 km) from Pine Bluff north-northwest to Little Rock at an interchange of I-30 and I-440. The highway, which is also completely concurrent with US 65 for its entire length, also travels through the cities of Redfield and White Hall. In the future, I-530 will be extended south to I-69 west of Monticello. A short section near the future I-69 alignment has been signed as Highway 530.
Naćmierz, Sławno County
Naćmierz (Polish pronunciation: [ˈnat͡ɕmjɛʂ]; German: Natzmershagen) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Postomino, within Sławno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 11 km (7 mi) west of Postomino, 18 km (11 mi) north-west of Sławno, and 178 km (111 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 363.

Postomino
Postomino (Polish pronunciation: [pɔstɔˈminɔ]; German: Pustamin) is a village in Sławno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Postomino. It lies approximately 15 km (9 mi) north of Sławno and 184 km (114 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 625.
Radville
Radville is a town in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan, in the RM of Laurier No. 38. It was incorporated in 1911 after being settled in 1895. Highway 28 and Highway 377 pass through the town. Nearby communities include the village of Ceylon, 23 km to the west, and the city of Weyburn, 51 km to the north-east. Major nearby urban centres include Regina, which is 148 km to the north, and Moose Jaw, which is 143 km north-west.

Long Creek runs along the northern and eastern side of the town, providing fishing and recreation to the locals. To the south of town, a second dam is located for the water supply pumphouse.

Weyburn
Weyburn is the tenth-largest city in Saskatchewan, Canada. The city has a population of 11,019. It is on the Souris River 110 kilometres (68 mi) southeast of the provincial capital of Regina and is  70 kilometres (43 mi) north from the North Dakota border in the United States. The name is reputedly a corruption of the Scottish "wee burn," referring to a small creek. The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Weyburn No. 67.
Erval Seco
Erval Seco is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It was raised to municipality status in 1963, the area being taken out of the municipalities of Seberi, Palmeira das Missões, and Tenente Portela.  As of 2020, the estimated population was 6,802.

Tenente Portela
Tenente Portela is a city in the north-west region of Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil, with an estimated population of 13,434 inhabitants. The city's geographical coordinates are 27°22′16″S 53°45′30″W﻿ / ﻿27.37111°S 53.75833°W﻿ / -27.37111; -53.75833, and its elevation is 390 m. Area: 337.5 km².
Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali
Abu Abd Allah Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali al-Adadi (Arabic: محمد بن عبدون الجبلي العذري) (died after 976) was a physician and mathematician from Al-Andalus. He is the author of Risala fi al-Taksir (Treatise on Measurements), the oldest remaining mathematical text from Al-Andalus. He travelled to the learning centers in the East in the years after 958 C.E. He stayed in Basra and visited al-Fustat (Old Cairo), Egypt where he was put in charge of the hospital. Ibn Abdun studied the ideas of Abu Sulayman Sijistani (d. 990) and according to one source he met him personally in Basra. He returned to Cordoba in 971 C.E.. He entered the service of the Caliph al-Mustansir (died 976) and his son Hisham II al-Mu'ayad. Ibn Abdun was the teacher of Ibn al-Kattani.

Ibn al-Kattani
Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn al-Husayn Ibn al-Kattani al-Madhiji (Arabic: ابن الكتاني) (951–1029), sometimes nicknamed "al-Mutatabbib" (المتطبب the physician), was a well-known Arab scholar, philosopher, physician, astrologer, man of letters, and poet.

Born in Córdoba in the Caliphate of Cordoba, he wrote books on logic, inference and deduction.

For some time he was the personal physician of Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, sultan of al-Andalus, and wrote The Treatment of Dangerous Diseases Appearing Superficially on the Body (Mu`alajat al-amrad al-khatirah al-badiyah `ala al-badan min kharij). It was cited by later writers, but thought to be now lost, until a copy of it was discovered among the manuscripts now at the National Library of Medicine. Much of the treatise is on the subject of poisonous bites.

Al-Kattani also wrote an anthology of Andalusian poetry, and became especially famous by his book on metaphor in Andalusian poetry.

He died in Saragossa in 1029.
Dovecote, Angle
Dovecote  is a Grade II*–listed dovecote in the community of Angle, Pembrokeshire, Wales, which dates back to the 15th century. It was listed on 14 May 1970 by Cadw. It is additionally designated as a scheduled monument.

It has a circular plan with open eye at the apex of the dome, and most probably built to serve the Old Rectory. It is made of sandstone. Inside it has 14 rows of 30 nesting boxes and a large number of flight holes horizontally within the walls, though some are blocked. This type is often found in Cornwall but is rare in Wales.

Dovecote
A dovecote or dovecot /ˈdʌvkɒt/, doocot (Scots) or columbarium is a structure intended to house pigeons or doves. Dovecotes may be free-standing structures in a variety of shapes, or built into the end of a house or barn. They generally contain pigeonholes for the birds to nest. Pigeons and doves were an important food source historically in the Middle East and Europe and were kept for their eggs and dung.
Groß Glienicke
Groß Glienicke (German pronunciation: [ɡʁoːs ˈɡliːnɪkə], lit. 'Big Glienicke') is a village located both in Berlin and Potsdam, the capital of the German state of Brandenburg. Until 2003, when it was merged into Potsdam, the Brandenburg—and main—side, was an autonomous municipality. The Berlin side is part of Kladow in the Spandau district.

Spandau
Spandau (German: [ˈʃpandaʊ] ⓘ) is the westernmost of the 12 boroughs (Bezirke) of Berlin, situated at the confluence of the Havel and Spree rivers and extending along the western bank of the Havel. It is the smallest borough by population, but the fourth largest by land area.
Jacob Markell
Jacob Markell (May 8, 1770 – November 26, 1852) was a U.S. Representative from New York, father of Henry Markell.

Born in Schenectady County, New York, Markell attended the common schools.
He moved to Manheim in 1790 and engaged in agricultural pursuits.
He was the Justice of the Peace.
Supervisor of the town of Manheim 1797–1819 and 1824–1829.
He served as judge of the court of common pleas of Montgomery County.

Markell was elected as a Federalist to the Thirteenth Congress (March 4, 1813 – March 3, 1815).
He served as member of the State assembly from Herkimer County in 1820.
He died in Manheim, New York, November 26, 1852.
He was interred in Snells Bush Cemetery, Manheim, New York.

Manheim, New York
Manheim is a town in Herkimer County, New York, United States. The population was 3,334 at the 2010 census. The town name is derived from Mannheim in Baden, Germany.

The town is in the southeastern part of the Herkimer County and is bordered to the southwest by the city of Little Falls. The village of Dolgeville is in the northeastern corner of the town. Manheim is east of Utica.

The Mohawk River forms the southern border of the town.
John Hutton (died 1596)
John Hutton (died 9 November 1596), of Dry Drayton, Cambridgeshire, was an English politician.

He was the son of Thomas Hutton of Dry Drayton.

He was a Justice of the Peace for Cambridgeshire from c. 1559 and appointed High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire for 1559–60 and 1574–75.

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Cambridgeshire in 1563, 1571 and 1572.

He married twice: firstly Sybil, the daughter of Sir John Hynde and widow of Sir John Cutts; and secondly Elizabeth (daughter of William Laurence of St. Ives, Huntingdonshire). He had no children. His widow subsequently married William Hynde, nephew of Hutton's first wife.

Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire
This is an incomplete list of sheriffs of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire in England from 1154 until the abolition of the office in 1965.

Exceptionally, the two counties shared a single sheriff. Sheriffs had a one-year term of office, being appointed at a meeting of the privy council generally held in February or March and holding office until the similar meeting in the next year. In 1648 it became the practice to rotate the office between inhabitants of Cambridgeshire proper, the Isle of Ely and Huntingdonshire. This was done in a three-year cycle, with an inhabitant of each area occupying the office in turn.

Note: the years shown are the date of commencement of the sheriff's year of office. For example, the high sheriff appointed in March 1892 "for the year 1892" held office until March 1893.
Daraina
Daraina is a town and commune (Malagasy: kaominina) in northern Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Vohemar, which is a part of Sava Region. The city is located at the unpaved part of the Route Nationale 5a between Vohemar and Ambilobe.

The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 10,000 in 2001 commune census.

Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 98% of the population of the commune are farmers.  The most important crop is rice, while other important products are banana, maize, cassava and sweet potato.  Services provide employment for 2% of the population.

There are also artisanal gold mining activities on the rivers nearby.

Vohemar
Vohemar (Malagasy: Vohimarina [vuiˈmarʲnə̥] or Iharana [iaˈraŋə̥]) is a coastal city and a municipality in northern Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Iharana, which is a part of Sava Region. It had a population of 22047 in 2018.

In addition to primary schooling the town offers secondary education at both junior and senior levels. The town provides access to hospital services to its citizens.

From the late medieval period, Northern Madagascar had a number of small and large trading towns ruled by Swahili merchants. Vohemar, one such town, was likely founded around the 13th Century as a Swahili trading port.

Farming and raising livestock provides employment for 20% and 5% of the working population. The most important crop is cassava, while other important products are peanut, maize and rice. Industry and services provide employment for 20% and 45% of the population, respectively. Additionally fishing employs 10% of the population.