hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2021 in climate change
This article documents events, research findings, scientific and technological advances, and human actions to measure, predict, mitigate, and adapt to the effects of global warming and climate change—during the year 2021.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (often abbreviated PNAS or PNAS USA) is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal. It is the official journal of the National Academy of Sciences, published since 1915, and publishes original research, scientific reviews, commentaries, and letters. According to Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2024 impact factor of 8.9. PNAS is the second most cited scientific journal, with more than 1.9 million cumulative citations from 2008 to 2018. In the past, PNAS has been described by US local newspapers as "prestigious", "renowned" and "high impact".

PNAS is a delayed open-access journal, with an embargo period of six months that can be bypassed for an author fee (hybrid open access). Since September 2017, open access articles are published under a Creative Commons license. Since January 2019, PNAS has been online-only, although print issues are available on demand.
Puster Valley Railway
The Puster Valley Railway (German: Pustertalbahn; Italian: Ferrovia della Val Pusteria) is a standard gauge, single-track railway line in the Puster Valley between Franzensfeste (Italian: Fortezza) and Innichen (San Candido), South Tyrol, Italy. The line branches off the Brenner Railway in Franzensfeste and runs via Bruneck and Toblach to Innichen, where it continues as the Drava Valley Railway (Drautalbahn).

Historically, there was no separation between the Puster Valley Railway and the Drava Valley Railway, as the granting of the concession, the construction and the commissioning of the line from Villach to Franzensfeste covered the whole line. However, since the transition between the Italian and Austrian electrification systems is now located in Innichen station, this is usually considered the terminus of the two lines. Alternatively, the national border east of Innichen or the Toblach saddle west of Innichen may be seen as the border between the two lines.

Brenner Railway
The Brenner Railway (German: Brennerbahn; Italian: Ferrovia del Brennero) is a major line connecting the Austrian and Italian railways from  Innsbruck to Verona, climbing up the Wipptal (German for "Wipp Valley"), passing over the Brenner Pass, descending down the Eisacktal (German for "Eisack Valley") to Bolzano, then further down the Adige Valley to Trento and Rovereto, and along the section of the Adige Valley, called in Italian the "Vallagarina", to Verona. This railway line is part of the Line 1 of Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T). It is considered a "fundamental" line by the state railways Ferrovie dello Stato (FS).
Kotozuka Kofun
The Kotozuka  Kofun (琴塚古墳) is akofun burial mound located in the Kotozuka neighborhood of the city of Gifu, Gifu Prefecture, in the Chūbu region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1934. It is the third largest in Gifu Prefecture.

Kofun
Kofun (古墳; from Sino-Japanese "ancient burial mound") are megalithic tombs or tumuli in Northeast Asia. Kofun were mainly constructed in the Japanese archipelago between the middle of the 3rd century to the early 7th century AD.

The term is the origin of the name of the Kofun period, which indicates the middle 3rd century to early–middle 6th century. Many kofun have distinctive keyhole-shaped mounds (zempō-kōen fun (前方後円墳)). The Mozu-Furuichi kofungun or tumulus clusters were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2019, while Ishibutai Kofun is one of a number in Asuka-Fujiwara residing on the Tentative List.
Marine engineering
Marine engineering is the engineering of watercrafts, ocean systems, and ocean structures. After completing this degree, one can join a ship as an officer in the engine department and eventually rise to the rank of chief engineer. This rank is one of the top ranks onboard and is equal to the rank of a ship's captain. Marine engineering is the highly preferred course to join the merchant Navy as an officer, as it provides ample opportunities in terms of both afloat and ashore jobs.

Marine engineering applies a number of engineering sciences, including mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and computer Engineering, to the development, design, operation and maintenance of watercraft propulsion and ocean systems. It includes but is not limited to power and propulsion plants, machinery, piping, automation and control systems for marine vehicles of any kind, as well as coastal and offshore structures.

Earth science
Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to the planet Earth. This is a branch of science dealing with the physical, chemical, and biological complex constitutions and synergistic linkages of Earth's four spheres: the biosphere, hydrosphere/cryosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere (or lithosphere). Earth science can be considered to be a branch of planetary science but with a much older history.
Robert Samuel Maclay
Robert Samuel Maclay, D.D. (simplified Chinese: 麦利和; traditional Chinese: 麥利和; Pinyin: Mài Lìhé; Foochow Romanized: Măh Lé-huò; February 7, 1824 - August 18, 1907) was an American missionary who made pioneer contributions to the Methodist Episcopal missions in China, Japan and Korea. He served as the first president of Aoyama Gakuin University.

American Methodist Episcopal Mission
American Methodist Episcopal Mission (AMEM; also known as Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church [MEFB]) was the missionary society of the Methodist Episcopal Church that was involved in sending workers to countries such as Africa, South America, India, Australia and China during the late Qing dynasty.
Siri Fort Sports Complex
The DDA Siri Fort Sport Complex is a sports stadium in New Delhi, India. It was built for the 1982 Asian Games, next to the Asian Games village by the Delhi Development Authority (DDA), which also runs the facility now. Also close by is the Siri Fort Auditorium complex.

1982 Asian Games
The 9th Asian Games (Hindi: नौवें एशियाई खेल), also known as Delhi 1982 (Hindi: दिल्ली 1982), were held from 19 November to 4 December 1982, in Delhi, India. 74 Asian and Asian Games records were broken at the event. This was also the first Asiad to be held under the aegis of the Olympic Council of Asia. Delhi joined Bangkok as the cities to host multiple editions of the Asian Games up to this point. Later, Jakarta and Doha would enter this group.

A total of 3,411 athletes from 33 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated in these games, competing in 196 events in 21 sports and 23 disciplines. The number of participating countries was the highest in Asian Games history. Handball, equestrian, rowing and golf were included for the first time; fencing and bowling were excluded.
Order of Kim Jong Il
The Order of Kim Jong Il (Korean: 김정일 훈장) is a North Korean order named after Kim Jong Il, the former leader of North Korea. It is the highest order of North Korea, along with the Order of Kim Il Sung, and only second to one honorary title, the Hero of Labour.

The order can be awarded to individuals as well as organizations for service to the cause of the Juche ideology and socialism. Recipients include people who have contributed to the space and nuclear programs of the country.

The history of the order dates back to 2012, when it was instituted on 3 February, the 70th birthday of Kim Jong Il. It is decorated with a picture of his face, the emblem of the Workers' Party of Korea, and the flag of North Korea.

Hero of Labour (North Korea)
Hero of Labour (Korean: 로력영웅; MR: Roryŏk Yŏngung) is one of the highest titles of honour of North Korea and the highest decoration of the country overall. The award was probably scheduled for establishment in the summer of 1950, but the Korean War postponed these plans. When the war had entered a phase of stalemate along the 38th parallel, the government had time to officially launch the decoration, originally under the name Korea Hero of Labour. 16 people were decorated Labour Heroes during the war and more since then. The decoration is based on its Soviet equivalent, Hero of Socialist Labour.
Anshul Gupta
Anshul Gupta (born 20 September 1989) is an Indian first-class cricketer who plays for Services.
He made his List A debut for Services in the 2012–13 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 13 February 2013. He made his Twenty20 debut for Services in the 2010–11 Inter State Twenty-20 Tournament on 22 October 2011. He made his first-class debut on 2 November 2012 for Services in the 2012–13 Ranji Trophy.

Services cricket team
The Services cricket team plays in the Ranji Trophy, the main domestic first-class cricket competition in India. Under the auspices of the Services Sports Control Board, they represent the Indian Armed Forces. Their home ground is the Palam A Stadium, Palam Air Force Base, New Delhi.
Furnace Hill Brook Historic and Archeological District
The Furnace Hill Brook Historic and Archeological District in a historic district in Cranston, Rhode Island.

The site features archaeological industrial remains dating from the early 19th century, as well as a series of prehistoric Native American settlements, dating from the Late Archaic to the Early Woodland periods.  One major locus of the Native settlements, a knoll at the confluence of Furnace Hill Brook, Church Brook, and Meshanticut Brook, was destroyed in 1967 by the construction of a highway cloverleaf (the interchange between I-295 and Rhode Island Route 37), although salvage archaeology was successful in obtaining some artifacts.  Further up Furnace Hill Brook are the remains of an iron foundry established in 1812.

The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 6, 1980.

Cranston, Rhode Island
Cranston, formerly known as Pawtuxet, is a city in Providence County, Rhode Island, United States. The official population of the city in the 2020 United States Census was 82,934, making it the second-largest city in the state. The center of population of Rhode Island is located in Cranston. Cranston is a part of the Providence metropolitan area.

The Town of Cranston was created in 1754 from a portion of Providence north of the Pawtuxet River. After losing much of its territory to neighboring towns and the city of Providence, Cranston itself became a city on March 10, 1910.
Ōmāpere
Ōmāpere is a settlement on the south shore of Hokianga Harbour in Northland, New Zealand. State Highway 12 runs through Ōmāpere. Opononi is on the shore to the north of Ōmāpere.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "place of cutty grass" for Ōmāpere.

Ngāpuhi
Ngāpuhi (also known as Ngāpuhi-Nui-Tonu or Ngā Puhi) is a Māori iwi associated with the Northland regions of New Zealand centred in the Hokianga, the Bay of Islands, and Whangārei.

According to the 2023 New Zealand census, the estimated population of Ngāpuhi is 184,470. This compares to 125,601 in 2001, 102,981 in 2006, 122,214  in 2013. and 165,201 in 2018. It is formed from 150 hapū or subtribes, with 55 marae.

Despite such diversity, the people of Ngāpuhi maintain their shared history and self-identity. Te Rūnanga ā Iwi o Ngāpuhi, based in Kaikohe, administers the iwi. The Rūnanga acts on behalf of the iwi in consultations with the New Zealand government. It also ensures the equitable distribution of benefits from the 1992 fisheries settlement with the government, and undertakes resource management and education initiatives.
The Captain's House
The Captain's House is a large detached house located at the bottom of Mallams, near the villages of Chiswell and Fortuneswell, on the Isle of Portland, Dorset, England. The house, together with the attached wall to the south east, has been a Grade II listed building since September 1978. It is not to be confused with another Captain's House on Portland, in Castletown, a large detached house, adjoining Portland Castle.

The earliest parts of the Captain's House have been dated to the 17th century. It was formerly one of the grandest in the Underhill area, but later became a ruin in the late 19th century following the death of the last occupant John Comben Lano in 1866. It remained in the same state for over one hundred years until work began in 1995 on the restoration of the house, which was completed in 1998.

Castletown, Dorset
Castletown is a small village in Underhill on the Isle of Portland in Dorset. It is located close to Fortuneswell, on the shores of Portland Harbour, and includes a sandy beach, as well as one of Portland's notable highlights; Portland Castle, while the Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy is also located nearby.

As with the rest of Portland's villages and settlements, Castletown has been designated as a conservation area, as it is a place of special architectural and historic interest. Underhill, incorporating Castletown and other settlements became designated in 1976 with boundary extensions in 1997 and 2000.
2022 Waratah Cup
The 2022 Waratah Cup was the 20th season of Football NSW's knockout competition. The preliminary rounds are now a part of the Australia Cup competition. 
The 4 winners from the Australia Cup preliminary Seventh round qualified for the Waratah Cup.

The Cup was won by NWS Spirit, their first title.

Waratah Cup
The Waratah Cup is a knockout cup competition in New South Wales, run by the governing body of football in NSW, Football NSW. Teams competing in the Waratah Cup come from the National Premier Leagues NSW, NSW League One, NSW League Two, and numerous other semi professional & amateur association clubs within New South Wales. The Cup is held during the NPL NSW seasons.  Since 2014 preliminary rounds of the Waratah Cup have been used to determine the NSW entrants to the national FFA Cup competition, now known as the Australia Cup.
Kaga Domain Maeda Clan Graves
Kaga Domain Maeda clan Graves (加賀藩主前田家墓所, Kaga-hanshu Maeda-ke Byōsho) is a National Historic Site covering the monumental mausoleum of the Sengoku samurai and early Edo period daimyō of Kaga Domain, Maeda Toshinaga located in the city of Takaoka, Toyama Prefecture and the large Nodayama cemetery containing 80 graves of the Maeda clan, located in the city of Kanazawa, Ishikawa Prefecture.

Maeda Toshiie
Maeda Toshiie (前田 利家; January 15, 1538 – April 27, 1599) was one of the leading generals of Oda Nobunaga following the Sengoku period of the 16th century extending to the Azuchi–Momoyama period. His preferred weapon was a yari, and Matazaemon (又左衛門) was his common name; he was therefore known as Yari no Mataza (槍の又左). He was a member of the so-called Echizen Sanninshu (Echizen Triumvir) along with Sassa Narimasa and Fuwa Mitsuharu. The highest rank from the court that he received is the Great Counselor Dainagon (大納言).
2024 Tennessee Senate election
The 2024 Tennessee State Senate elections were held on November 5, 2024, to elect 16 of the 33 seats in the Tennessee State Senate. The elections coincided with the Presidential, U.S. Senate, U.S. House, and State House elections. The primary elections were held on August 1, 2024, with the exception of presidential primaries being held on March 5. Tennessee has open primaries, meaning that any voter can choose to vote on either a Republican or Democratic ballot during primary elections.

Following the 2024 elections, no seats changed hands, leaving Tennessee's State Senate delegation at a 27–6 Republican supermajority.

Blount County, Tennessee
Blount County is a county located in the East Tennessee Grand Division of the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2020 census, its population was 135,280. The county seat is Maryville, which is also the county's largest city. Blount County is included in the Knoxville metropolitan area.
Sedona Prince
Sedona Prince (born May 12, 2000) is an American basketball player who plays for the Greek women's basketball team Panathinaikos of the Greek Women's Basketball League. She played college basketball for the Oregon Ducks of the Pac-12 Conference, and the Texas Longhorns and TCU Horned Frogs of the Big 12 Conference. At 6 ft 7 in (201 cm), she was one of the tallest players to ever play for Oregon . Prince generated national attention in 2021 after highlighting the disparity in facilities between the men's and women's NCAA tournaments. She was not allowed to compete during the 2019–2020 NCAA season due to then-current NCAA transfer rules requiring her to sit out a season. Prince was also one of the lead plaintiffs in the House v. NCAA legal case, whose settlement, reached in 2024 and approved in 2025, led to the establishment of a formal revenue-sharing model in NCAA Division I sports.

2018 FIBA Under-18 Women's Americas Championship
The 2018 FIBA Under-18 Women's Americas Championship is an international basketball competition that currently takes place from August 1–7, 2018 in Mexico City, Mexico. This is the twelfth edition of the championship, and is the FIBA Americas qualifying tournament for the 2019 FIBA Under-19 Women's Basketball World Cup in Thailand. Eight national teams from across the Americas, composed of women aged 19 and under, will compete in the tournament.
John Fitch (inventor)
John Fitch (January 21, 1743 – July 2, 1798) was an American inventor, clockmaker, entrepreneur, and engineer. He was most famous for operating the first steamboat service in the United States. The first boat, 45 feet long, was tested on the Delaware River by Fitch and his design assistant Steven Pagano.

East Windsor, Connecticut
East Windsor is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the Capitol Planning Region. The population was 11,190 at the 2020 census. The town has five villages: Broad Brook, Melrose, Scantic, Warehouse Point and Windsorville.
Ingersleben
Ingersleben is a municipality in the Börde district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It was formed on 1 January 2010 by the merger of the former municipalities Alleringersleben, Eimersleben, Morsleben and Ostingersleben.

Börde (district)
Börde (German: Landkreis Börde) is a district in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. Its seat is the town Haldensleben. It takes its name from the natural region Magdeburg Börde. It is the site of the Morsleben radioactive waste repository. The disposal of waste into the facility ended in 1998.
Radiopostaja Čapljina
Radiopostaja Čapljina  or Radio Čapljina is a Herzegovinan local public radio station, broadcasting from Čapljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Estimated number of potential listeners is around 95,246.

Radio Čapljina was launched on 26 October 1976 by the municipal council of Čapljina. In Yugoslavia and in SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, it was part of the local/municipal Radio Sarajevo network affiliate. The radio station broadcasts a variety of programs such as music, local news and talk shows. The programs are mainly produced in Croatian. Due to the favorable geographical position in Herzegovina region, this radio station is also available in neighboring Croatia.

Radio Sarajevo
Radio Sarajevo is a radio station and magazine that began airing 10 April 1945, four days after the liberation of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina near the end of World War II. It was Bosnia and Herzegovina's first radio station. The first words spoken by announcer Đorđe Lukić were "This is Radio Sarajevo... Death to fascism, freedom to the people!"

Today, its legal successor is national public broadcasting service, BHRT via BH Radio 1.
Grantchester knot
The Grantchester knot is a self-releasing, asymmetric way of tying a necktie.
Using the notation presented in The 85 Ways to Tie a Tie, it is a Lo Ri Lo Ri Co Li, finishing with Ro Li Co T.

Grantchester knot instructions

Lo beginning

Ri

Lo

Ri

Co, Li

Ro Li Co T end.

The 85 Ways to Tie a Tie
The 85 Ways to Tie a Tie is a book by Thomas Fink and Yong Mao about the history of the knotted neckcloth, the modern necktie, and how to tie each. It is based on two mathematics papers published by the authors in Nature and Physica A while they were research fellows at Cambridge University’s Cavendish Laboratory. The authors prove that, assuming both the tie and the wearer to be of typical size, there are exactly 85 ways of tying a necktie using the conventional method of wrapping the wide end of the tie around the narrow end. They describe each and highlight those that they determine to be historically notable or aesthetically pleasing.

It was published by Fourth Estate on November 4, 1999, and subsequently published in nine other languages.
Huntshaw
Huntshaw is a village and civil parish in the Torridge district, in the county of Devon, England. It is 2.5 north north east of Great Torrington.

In 2011 the population of the civil parish of Huntshaw was 134, although it was 143 in 1901 and 212 in 1801.

The parish church of St Mary Magdalene  is Grade II* Listed. There is a mast in Huntshaw called Huntshaw Cross transmitting station.

Other features in Huntshaw include Huntshaw Barton, Berry Castle and Huntshaw Mill Bridge which is Grade II listed, although some of it is in Weare Giffard CP.

Torridge District
50°53′35″N 4°15′54″W﻿ / ﻿50.893°N 4.265°W﻿ / 50.893; -4.265

Torridge is a local government district in north-west Devon, England. Its council is based in the town of Bideford. The district also includes the towns of Great Torrington, Holsworthy and Northam, along with numerous villages and surrounding rural areas. The island of Lundy forms part of the district. The district is named after the River Torridge.

The district's coast is recognised for its natural beauty, forming part of the North Devon Coast, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The South West Coast Path runs through the area.

The neighbouring districts are North Devon, Mid Devon, West Devon and Cornwall.
Trabutina
Trabutina is a genus of "blue-green" mealybugs, containing five species: T. crassispinosa, T. elastica, T. mannipara, T. serpentina, and T. tenax. This genus of scale insects feeds solely on plants of the genus Tamarix. Its type species is  T. mannipara.

Trabutina insects produce a sweet excretion which is used as a food in Israel and Iraq. Polyrhachis simplex, a species of weaver ants, also feeds on the sugary secretions.

Mealybug
Mealybugs are insects in the family Pseudococcidae, unarmored scale insects found in moist, warm habitats. Of the more than 2,000 described species, many are considered pests as they feed on plant juices of greenhouse plants, house plants and subtropical trees and also act as a vector for several plant diseases. Some ants live in symbiotic relationships with them, protecting them from predators and feeding off the honeydew which they excrete.