hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Light Fantastic (TV series)
Light Fantastic is the title of a television documentary series that explores the phenomenon of light and aired in December 2004 on BBC Four. The series comprised four programmes respectively titled: "Let There Be Light"; "The Light of Reason"; "The Stuff of Light"; and "Light, the Universe and Everything." The material was presented by Cambridge academic Simon Schaffer.

Empedocles
Empedocles (/ɛmˈpɛdəkliːz/; Ancient Greek: Ἐμπεδοκλῆς; c. 494 – c. 434 BC, fl. 444–443 BC) was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a native citizen of Akragas, a Greek city in Sicily. Empedocles' philosophy is known best for originating the cosmogonic theory of the four classical elements. He also proposed forces he called Love and Strife which would mix and separate the elements, respectively.

Empedocles challenged the practice of animal sacrifice and killing animals for food. He developed a distinctive doctrine of reincarnation. He is generally considered the last Greek philosopher to have recorded his ideas in verse. Some of his work survives, more than is the case for any other pre-Socratic philosopher. Empedocles' death was mythologized by ancient writers, and has been the subject of a number of literary treatments.
Myrciaria pilosa
Myrciaria pilosa, commonly known as cambucá do sertão (interior cambucá) is a species of plant in the family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to the state of Ceará in the north-east of Brazil. The plant is a small tree that grows to between 1.5 and 2 metres tall, and produces edible, red, spherical fruit round 20mm in diameter.

Research has shown that the essential oil from the leaves of this plant has potential as an antimicrobial drug to control infection by multi-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus.

Plinia edulis
Plinia edulis (formerly Marlierea edulis) is a tree that grows wild in Brazil in the coastal rainforest regions around the Brazilian cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The fruit's local name is cambucá while the tree is cambucazeiro.

The name is derived from an indigenous word for jar, cambuci, due to the tree's fruit resembling a type of water container, which some would say is "flying saucer"-shaped.

The fruit's coloration is yellowy-green, size is 6 cm in diameter and taste is sweet-sour. Cambuca fruit taste resemble light combination of mango and papaya. A member of the myrtle and eucalyptus family, the tree can grow to a height of thirty feet, and propagation is by seed.
Bread roll
A bread roll is a small, oblong (or round, triangular or rhomboid) individual loaf of bread served as a meal accompaniment (eaten plain or with butter). Rolls can be served and eaten whole or are also commonly cut and filled – the result of doing so is considered a sandwich in English.

Bread
Bread is a baked food product made from water, flour, and often yeast. It is a staple food across the world, particularly in Europe and the Middle East. Throughout recorded history and around the world, it has been an important part of many cultures' diets. It is one of the oldest human-made foods, having been of significance since the dawn of agriculture, and plays an essential role in both religious rituals and secular culture.

Bread may be leavened by naturally occurring microbes (e.g. sourdough), chemicals (e.g. baking soda), industrially produced yeast, or high-pressure aeration, which creates the gas bubbles that fluff up bread. Bread may also be unleavened. In many countries, mass-produced bread often contains additives to improve flavor, texture, color, shelf life, nutrition, and ease of production.
Ron Mathewson
Rognvald Andrew Mathewson (19 February 1944 – 3 December 2020) was a British jazz double bassist and bass guitarist.

During his career, Mathewson performed with Ronnie Scott, but also recorded with Stan Getz, Joe Henderson, Joan Armatrading, Ben Webster, Philly Joe Jones, Roy Eldridge, Oscar Peterson and Bill Evans.

Tubby Hayes
Edward Brian "Tubby" Hayes (30 January 1935 – 8 June 1973) was a British jazz multi-instrumentalist, best known for his virtuosic musicianship on tenor saxophone and for performing in jazz groups with fellow sax player Ronnie Scott and trumpeter Jimmy Deuchar. He is widely considered to be one of the finest jazz saxophonists to have emerged from Britain.
Westby, Lincolnshire
Westby is a hamlet in the civil parish of Bitchfield and Bassingthorpe, in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) south-east from the town of Grantham.

Westby is considered a shrunken medieval village  and at the time of Domesday Book of 1086 it consisted of eleven households.

South Kesteven
South Kesteven is a local government district in Lincolnshire, England, forming part of the traditional Kesteven division of the county. Its council is based in Grantham. The district also includes the towns of Bourne, Market Deeping and Stamford, along with numerous villages and surrounding rural areas.

South Kesteven borders North Kesteven to the north, South Holland to the east, the City of Peterborough and North Northamptonshire to the south, Rutland to the south-west, the Melton district of Leicestershire to the west, and the Newark and Sherwood district of Nottinghamshire to the north-west.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1992
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1992, adopted unanimously on June 29, 2011, after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), including resolutions 1933 (2010), 1942 (2010), 1951 (2010), 1962 (2010), 1967 (2011), 1968 (2011), 1975 (2011), 1980 (2011) and 1981 (2011), the Council extended the temporary re-deployment of United Nations troops and equipment from the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) to the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) until September 30, 2011.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1933
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1933, adopted unanimously on June 30, 2010, after reaffirming resolutions 1893 (2009), 1911 (2010) and 1924 (2010) on the situation in Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) and Resolution 1885 (2009) on the situation in Liberia, the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) and supporting French forces until December 31, 2010, and expanded UNOCI's mandate with provisions to strengthen its capacity to consolidate stability in the country.
Exchequer of the Jews
The Exchequer of the Jews (Latin: Scaccarium Judaeorum) was a division of the Court of Exchequer at Westminster which recorded and regulated the taxes and the law-cases of the Jews in England and Wales. It operated from the late 1190s until the eventual expulsion of the Jews in 1290.

Jewish Historical Society of England
The Jewish Historical Society of England (JHSE) was founded in 1893 by several Anglo-Jewish scholars, including Lucien Wolf, who became the society's first president. Early presidents of the JHSE included Hermann Adler, Michael Adler, Joseph Jacobs, Frederick David Mocatta, and Sir Isidore Spielmann.

The current President (as of 2020) is Miri Rubin. The society continues to promote research and education about the history of Judaism and Jewish life in England. Since 1982 it has published a journal entitled Jewish Historical Studies: A Journal of English-Speaking Jewry (originally entitled Transactions and Miscellanies which began in 1893).
A Better World (organization)
A Better World (ABW) is an organization that is based in Lacombe, Alberta, Canada. It is a charitable organization, founded in 1990. Eric Rajah is one of the co-founders of ABW. More than 1800 people had volunteered on ABW projects by 2010.

Lacombe, Alberta
Lacombe (/ləˈkoʊm/ lə-KOHM) is a city in central Alberta, Canada. It is located approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of Red Deer, the nearest major city, and 125 kilometres (78 mi) south of Edmonton, the nearest metropolitan area. The city is set in the rolling parkland of central Alberta, between the Rocky Mountains foothills to the west and the flatter Alberta prairie to the east.

Lacombe became Alberta's 17th city on September 5, 2010.
Peter Golding
Peter Golding is an English fashion designer who created the first "designer jean" in 1970, opened his clothing store ACE on London's King's Road Chelsea in 1974 and created the first stretch denim jean in 1978. He was the first fashion designer to be invited to join what is now known as the Chartered Society of Designers, and in 2004 was invited by The Queen to Buckingham Palace in recognition of his contribution to British design. He was described by Fashion Weekly as "the Eric Clapton of denim".

Ritz Newspaper
Ritz Newspaper, colloquially Ritz Magazine, sometimes simply Ritz, was a British magazine focusing on gossip, celebrity and fashion. It was launched in 1976 by David Bailey and David Litchfield, who acted as co-editors. The magazine folded in 1997.
Schur decomposition
In linear algebra, the Schur decomposition or Schur triangulation, named after Issai Schur, is a matrix decomposition. It allows one to write an arbitrary complex square matrix as unitarily similar to an upper triangular matrix whose diagonal elements are the eigenvalues of the original matrix.

Flag (linear algebra)
In mathematics, particularly in linear algebra, a flag is an increasing sequence of subspaces of a finite-dimensional vector space V. Here "increasing" means each is a proper subspace of the next (see filtration):

The term flag is motivated by a particular example resembling a flag: the zero point, a line, and a plane correspond to a nail, a staff, and a sheet of fabric.

If we write that dimVi = di then we have

where n is the dimension of V (assumed to be finite). Hence, we must have k ≤ n. A flag is called a complete flag if di = i for all i, otherwise it is called a partial flag.

A partial flag can be obtained from a complete flag by deleting some of the subspaces. Conversely, any partial flag can be completed (in many different ways) by inserting suitable subspaces.

The signature of the flag is the sequence (d1, ..., dk).
Endless Mountains
The Endless Mountains is a geographical, geological, and cultural region in Northeastern Pennsylvania. The Endless Mountains region includes Bradford, Sullivan, Susquehanna, and Wyoming counties. The highest peak in the region is the North Knob of Elk Mountain at 2,693 feet (821 meters). The dissected plateau is a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains.

Elk Hill (Pennsylvania)
Elk Hill, also known as North Knob  or Elk Mountain, is a mountain in Herrick Township, Pennsylvania. It is the highest mountain peak in Pennsylvania east of the Susquehanna River and the highest peak on the Allegheny Plateau.

Elk Hill rises conspicuously above the surrounding landscape. The mountain actually has two peaks. The main summit of North Knob is 2,693 feet (821 m), and the lower summit known as South Knob is 2,602 feet (793 m). It is home to Elk Mountain Ski Area which has a 1,000 feet (305 m) vertical drop and 27 ski trails.
Lunel-Viel
Lunel-Viel (French pronunciation: [lynɛl vjɛl]; Occitan: Lunèl Vièlh, literally: "old Lunel") is a commune in the Hérault department in southern France. Lunel-Viel station has rail connections to Narbonne, Montpellier and Avignon.

Lunel, Hérault
Lunel (French pronunciation: [lynɛl]; Provençal: Lunèl) is a commune in the Hérault department in southern France. Lunel is located 21 km (13 mi) east of Montpellier and 28 km (17 mi) southwest of Nîmes (Gard). Lunel station has rail connections to Narbonne, Montpellier, Nîmes and Avignon.
Parkhurst (crater)
Parkhurst is a heavily degraded lunar impact crater to the northeast of the Mare Australe on the far side of the Moon. To the north-northeast of Parkhurst is the crater Scaliger and to the southwest lies the dark-floored Gernsback. The small lunar mare named Lacus Solitudinis lies due north of Parkhurst.

Little remains of this crater formation other than the uneven outline of the outer rim. Several satellite craters lie along the rim edge, with Parkhust D along the northeast, B to the north, and X along the northwest. The satellite crater Parkhurst Q pushes into the southwestern rim, distorting the edge shape. The interior floor of Parkhurst is pock-marked by small craterlets.

Scaliger (crater)
Scaliger is a prominent lunar impact crater in the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. It is attached to the northwest rim of the walled plain Milne, and the shared perimeter has reshaped the outer wall of Scaliger slightly, producing a straightened section along the southeast. To the west of Scaliger is the Lacus Solitudinis.

The outer wall of Scaliger is somewhat polygonal in shape, especially in the southern half. The rim has not been heavily eroded by subsequent impacts, in contrast to the heavily worn Milne to the southeast. The inner wall of Scaliger's rim displays terraces, and a notable outer rampart overlaying the floor of Milne. The interior floor of Scaliger is relatively flat, with a rough surface near the inner wall. Near the midpoint is a central peak, offset slightly to the east.
History of São Paulo
The history of the city of São Paulo runs parallel to the history of Brazil, throughout approximately 470 years of its existence, in relation to the country's more than five hundred years. During the first three centuries since its foundation, São Paulo stood out in several moments as the scenario of important events of rupture in the country's history.

São Paulo emerged as a Jesuit mission, on January 25, 1554, gathering in its first territories inhabitants of both European and indigenous origin. Over time, the settlement became a commercial and service center of relative regional importance. This characteristic of a commercial city with a heterogeneous composition would accompany the city throughout its history, and would reach its apex after the vast demographic and economic growth resulting from the coffee cycle and industrialization that would raise São Paulo to the position of largest city in the country.

Tietê River
The  Tietê River (Portuguese: Rio Tietê [tʃi.eˈte]) is a Brazilian river in the state of São Paulo.

The first known use of the name Tietê was on a map published in 1748 by d’Anville. The name means "truthful  river", or "truthful waters”, in Tupi.

The Tietê River is a historically significant and economically important river, which stretches 450 kilometers and allows for navigation of barges carrying various goods.

Pollution of the Tietê River began subtly in the 1920s, but it has worsened significantly over time. In September 2010, National Geographic identified the river as the most polluted in Brazil. Despite efforts to clean up the river, it still suffers from pollution and environmental degradation, and some species are threatened, or possibly extinct.
When I Grow Up (Garbage song)
"When I Grow Up" is a 1998 song written, recorded and produced by alternative rock band Garbage. The song was released as the fourth international single to be taken from the band's multi-platinum second album Version 2.0 over the course of the following year.

"When I Grow Up" was the first split-single release in Europe for Garbage, in some countries, "The Trick Is to Keep Breathing" was released in its place. "When I Grow Up" proved to be a charting hit in both United Kingdom and Spain, before going on to become Garbage's most successful single release in Australia and New Zealand at that point in their career.

In North America, "When I Grow Up" served as one of two singles (along with Sheryl Crow's cover version of "Sweet Child o' Mine") released from the soundtrack of the Adam Sandler comedy film Big Daddy.

The song is featured extensively in (and plot-important to) the fifth and final season of Warehouse 13.

Sweet Child o' Mine
"Sweet Child o' Mine" is a song by American rock band Guns N' Roses, released on their debut studio album, Appetite for Destruction (1987). In the United States, the song was released in June 1988, topping the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and becoming the band's only US number-one single. In the United Kingdom, the song was released in August 1988, reaching number 24 on the UK Singles Chart the same month. In May 1989, it was re-released there in a slightly remixed form and peaked at number six.
Bristol Engineer Volunteers
The Bristol Engineer Volunteer Corps was a part-time unit of Britain's Royal Engineers, first raised in 1861. It went on to provide the Sappers for the 48th (South Midland) Division of the Territorial Force, serving in both World Wars and postwar until 1967.

Volunteer Force
The Volunteer Force was a citizen army of part-time rifle, artillery and engineer corps, created as a popular movement throughout the British Empire in 1859. Originally highly autonomous, the units of volunteers became increasingly integrated with the British Army after the Childers Reforms in 1881, before forming part of the Territorial Force in 1908. Most of the regiments of the present Army Reserves  Infantry, Artillery, Engineers and Signals units are directly descended from Volunteer Force units.
Moolort railway line
The Moolort Line was a cross-country railway line which connected Maryborough and Castlemaine in Victoria, Australia. The line, now defunct, starts in Castlemaine, passes through Campbells Creek, Yapeen, Guildford, Strangways, Newstead, Moolort, and Carisbrook, before joining the Mildura line at Maryborough.

Mildura railway line
The Mildura railway line is a heavy rail line in northwestern Victoria, Australia. The line runs from Yelta station to Ballarat station via the settlements of Mildura, Ouyen and Maryborough in an approximate south-southeasterly direction. Initial sections of the line opened from Ballarat in 1874 and the line reached Mildura in 1903.

The line is primarily utilised by freight services. V/Line passenger services also operate on the line between Maryborough and Ballarat.
Saumalkol, N Karkaraly District
Saumalkol (Kazakh: Саумалкөл; Russian: Саумалколь) is a salt lake located in northern part of Karkaraly District, Karaganda Region, Kazakhstan.

The lake is partly surrounded by agricultural fields, with the nearest inhabited location being the town of Terekty, situated 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) to the east-southeast.

Karkaraly District
Karkaraly District (Kazakh: Қарқаралы ауданы, Qarqaraly audany) is a district of Karaganda Region in central Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the town of Karkaraly. As of 2019, the district is home to a population of 36,025 people.
Bapudham Motihari railway station
Bapudham Motihari  Railway Station (previously Motihari Railway Station) is a major railway station in Motihari through which 2 lines pass one towards Muzaffarpur and other towards Gorakhpur, it lies in the headquarter city of  East Champaran district of Bihar. Its station code is BMKI. The station mainly consists of 2 platforms and acts as the main station in the city of Motihari, which is being developed under 'The Amrit Bharat Station Scheme' and to celebrate 150 years of Mahatama Gandhi.

Jay Prakash Narayan Airport
Jay Prakash Narayan Airport (IATA: PAT, ICAO: VEPT) is a domestic airport serving Patna, the capital of Bihar, India. Named after the independence activist and political leader Jayprakash Narayan, it is the 20th-busiest airport in India. To cater to burgeoning demand that far outstripped capacity, the Airports Authority of India (AAI) initiated an ambitious project to expand and modernise the airport infrastructure. The airport subsequently underwent an expansion project that included the construction of a new two-level passenger terminal, which was inaugurated on 29 May 2025.
Kishiwada Castle
Kishiwada Castle (岸和田城, Kishiwada-jō) is a Japanese castle located in the city of Kishiwada, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. At the end of the Edo period, Kishiwada Castle was home to the Okabe clan, daimyō of Kishiwada Domain. The Honmaru Garden of the castle is designated as a National Place of Scenic Beauty. The castle is also known as Chikiri Castle (千亀利城, Chikiri-jō).

Kansai region
The Kansai region (関西地方, Kansai Chihō; [kaꜜɰ̃.sai, kaɰ̃.sai tɕiꜜ.hoː] ⓘ) (also known as the Kinki region (近畿地方, Kinki Chihō; Japanese pronunciation: [kʲiꜜŋ.ki, kʲiŋ.ki̥ tɕiꜜ.hoː])) is a region of Japan that lies in the southern-central portion of Japan's main island, Honshū. The region consists of the prefectures of Hyōgo, Kyoto, Mie, Nara, Osaka, Shiga, and Wakayama.  Additionally, the prefectures of Fukui, Tokushima and Tottori are sometimes associated with Kansai.

Kansai is the second-most populated region of Japan (after Kantō), and contains the metropolitan region of Osaka, Kobe and Kyoto (Keihanshin region), which is the second-most populated metropolitan region in Japan (after the Greater Tokyo Area).
Robilante
Robilante is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) south of Turin and about 10 kilometres (6 mi) southwest of Cuneo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,362 and an area of 24.9 square kilometres (9.6 sq mi).

The municipality of Robilante contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Tetto Pettavino, Malandre, Montasso and Tetto Chiappello.

Robilante borders the following municipalities: Boves, Roaschia, Roccavione, and Vernante.

Roccavione
Roccavione is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) south of Turin and about 9 kilometres (6 mi) southwest of Cuneo.

Located in the Valle Vermenagna, it is also known as "the Alps' gate".
Center for Public Integrity
The Center for Public Integrity (CPI) was an American nonprofit investigative journalism organization. CPI's stated mission was "to counter the corrosive effects of inequality by holding powerful interests accountable and equipping the public with knowledge to drive change." It won the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting, and in 2023, the Edward R. Murrow Award for General Excellence.

Mass layoffs in 2024 saw almost the entirety of CPI's workforce dismissed. In March 2025, CPI announced that it had officially ceased operations and was seeking to turn its archives over to the Project on Government Oversight.

Investigative Reporters and Editors
Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc. (IRE) is an American nonprofit organization that focuses on improving the quality of journalism, in particular investigative journalism. Formed in 1975, it presents the IRE Awards and holds conferences and training classes for journalists. Its headquarters is in Columbia, Missouri, at the Missouri School of Journalism. It is the largest and oldest association of investigative journalists in the world.

Programs of IRE include the National Institute for Computer-Assisted Reporting, which aims to foster excellence in data journalism.
Grey's Spring
27°42′46″S 114°10′00″E﻿ / ﻿27.71278°S 114.16667°E﻿ / -27.71278; 114.16667
Grey's Spring, sometimes called Grey's Well, is a historical site in Kalbarri, Western Australia. It is a stone-lined well dating from after 1848, named after George Grey whose boats were wrecked in the surf of Gantheaume Bay on 1 April 1839, during his second disastrous exploration expedition along the Western Australian coast.

It has a grid cover installed for safety reasons, and a commemorative plaque. It is located in Kalbarri Lions Park, Walker Street, Kalbarri.

Kalbarri, Western Australia
Kalbarri is a coastal town in the Mid West region located 592 km (368 mi) north of Perth, Western Australia. The town is located at the mouth of the Murchison River, which has an elevation of 6 metres (20 ft). It is connected by public transport to Perth via Transwa coach services N1 and N2.