hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mixture-space theorem
In microeconomic theory and decision theory, the Mixture-space theorem is a  utility-representation theorem for preferences defined over general mixture spaces.

The theorem generalizes the von Neumann–Morgenstern utility theorem and the usual utility-representation theorem for consumer preferences over . It was first proven by Israel Nathan Herstein and John Milnor in 1953, together with the introduction of the definition of a mixture space.

Decision theory
Decision theory or the theory of rational choice is a branch of probability, economics, and analytic philosophy that uses expected utility and probability to model how individuals would behave rationally under uncertainty. It differs from the cognitive and behavioral sciences in that it is mainly prescriptive and concerned with identifying optimal decisions for a rational agent, rather than describing how people actually make decisions. Despite this, the field is important to the study of real human behavior by social scientists, as it lays the foundations to mathematically model and analyze individuals in fields such as sociology, economics, criminology, cognitive science, moral philosophy and political science.
Nicolás Burdisso
Nicolás Andrés Burdisso (born 12 April 1981) is an Argentine football manager and former professional player who played as a centre-back.

Burdisso began his career with Boca Juniors. Here, he won Argentine Championships, three Copa Libertadores and two Intercontinental Cups. In 2004, he was sold to Italian club Inter Milan, winning four Serie A titles, a Coppa Italia and Supercoppa Italiana. In 2009, he moved to Roma, and later Genoa and Torino.

A former Argentina international, he made 49 appearances since his debut in 2003. He was selected for two FIFA World Cups and two Copa Americas and was part of the team which won gold at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Nicolás Burdisso was manager of Boca Juniors in 2019 and in 2021 became the Technical Director of Fiorentina.

2007 Copa América
The 2007 Campeonato Sudamericano Copa América, known simply as the 2007 Copa América or 2007 Copa América Venezuela, was the 42nd edition of the Copa América, the South-American championship for international association football teams. The competition was organized by CONMEBOL, South America's football governing body, and was held between 26 June and 15 July in Venezuela, which hosted the tournament for the first time.

The competition was won by Brazil (they were also the defending champions), who beat Argentina 3–0 in the final.
Mexico took third place by beating Uruguay 3–1 in the third-place match. Brazil thus won the right to represent CONMEBOL at the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup.
Proto-Inuit language
Proto-Inuit is the reconstructed proto-language of the Inuit languages, probably spoken about 1000 years BP by the Neo-Eskimo Thule people.  It evolved from Proto-Eskimo, from which the Yupik languages also evolved.

Proto-Eskimoan language
Proto-Eskimoan, Proto-Eskimo, or Proto-Inuit-Yupik, is the reconstructed ancestor of the Eskimo languages. It was spoken by the ancestors of the Yupik and Inuit peoples. It is linguistically related to the Aleut language, and both descend from the Proto-Eskaleut language.

Comparative studies of Eskimo and Aleut languages suggest that the Proto-Eskimoan and Proto-Aleut languages diverged between 4000 and 2000 BCE.
Ancient Egyptian mathematics
Ancient Egyptian mathematics is the mathematics that was developed and used in Ancient Egypt c. 3000 to c. 300 BCE, from the Old Kingdom of Egypt until roughly the beginning of Hellenistic Egypt. The ancient Egyptians utilized a numeral system for counting and solving written mathematical problems, often involving multiplication and fractions. Evidence for Egyptian mathematics is limited to a scarce amount of surviving sources written on papyrus. From these texts it is known that ancient Egyptians understood concepts of geometry, such as determining the surface area and volume of three-dimensional shapes useful for architectural engineering, and algebra, such as the false position method and quadratic equations.

Egyptian geometry
Egyptian geometry refers to geometry as it was developed and used in Ancient Egypt. Their geometry was a necessary outgrowth of surveying to preserve the layout and ownership of farmland, which was flooded annually by the Nile river.

We only have a limited number of problems from ancient Egypt that concern geometry. Geometric problems appear in both the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus (MMP) and in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (RMP). The examples demonstrate that the ancient Egyptians knew how to compute areas of several geometric shapes and the volumes of cylinders and pyramids.
Sailing at the 1908 Summer Olympics – 6 Metre
The 6 Metre was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 1908 Summer Olympics program in Ryde.  Three races were scheduled. Each nation could enter up to 2 boats. 15 sailors, on 5 boats, from 4 nation competed.

Sailing at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad (1896 Olympics in Athens, Greece). With the exception of the 1904 and the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics, sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule.
The Sailing program of 1908 was open for a total of five sailing classes (disciplines), but actually only four Sailing events were contested. The planned venue of all races, named matches, was Ryde, Isle of Wight.
Aquarium du Grand Lyon
The Aquarium de Lyon is a public aquarium located in the La Mulatière district of the city of Lyon, France, near the confluence of the Rhône and Saône rivers in the Rhône department. Like the Aqualand parks elsewhere in Europe, it belongs to the Spanish group Aspro-Ocio.

Created by Maurice Chichportiche and opened in October 2002, the aquarium has 39 tanks with a total of more than 1,000,000 litres (220,000 imp gal; 260,000 US gal) of water, showing visitors 3,000 fish and other aquatic animals representing 300 species.

The largest aquarium is called "Fosse Aux Requins". It contains a false shipwreck in polyurethane resin (the iron would have rusted and the rust is toxic to fishes). Its glass is 23 centimetres thick to resist the water pressure.

Aqualand
Aqualand is a chain of water-amusement parks operated by Spanish tourism group Aspro Ocio S.A. It is the largest such group operating in Europe.

Overall there are five Aqualands in Spain and one in Portugal, eight in France and one in the Netherlands. Aspro Ocio also owns a number of other differently branded properties including Las Águilas Jungle Park on Tenerife.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (often abbreviated PNAS or PNAS USA) is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal. It is the official journal of the National Academy of Sciences, published since 1915, and publishes original research, scientific reviews, commentaries, and letters. According to Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2024 impact factor of 8.9. PNAS is the second most cited scientific journal, with more than 1.9 million cumulative citations from 2008 to 2018. In the past, PNAS has been described by US local newspapers as "prestigious", "renowned" and "high impact".

PNAS is a delayed open-access journal, with an embargo period of six months that can be bypassed for an author fee (hybrid open access). Since September 2017, open access articles are published under a Creative Commons license. Since January 2019, PNAS has been online-only, although print issues are available on demand.

Hybrid open-access journal
A hybrid open-access journal is a subscription journal in which some of the articles are open access. This status typically requires the payment of a publication fee (also called an article processing charge or APC) to the publisher in order to publish an article open access, in addition to the continued payment of subscriptions to access all other content. Strictly speaking, the term "hybrid open-access journal" is incorrect, possibly misleading, as using the same logic such journals could also be called "hybrid subscription journals". Simply using the term "hybrid access journal" is accurate.

Publishers that offer a hybrid open access option often use different names for it. The SHERPA/RoMEO site provides a list of publishers and the names of their options. The Open Access Directory provides a list of funds that support open access journals, and provides information about which funds will pay fees of hybrid open access journals.
Göylər
Göylər is a village and the most populous municipality, except for the capital Şamaxı, in the Shamakhi Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 6,844.  The municipality consists of the villages of Göylər Dağ, Göylər Çöl, Acıdərə, and Yenikənd.

Shamakhi
Shamakhi (Azerbaijani: Şamaxı, pronounced [ʃɑmɑˈxɯ]) is a city in Azerbaijan and the administrative centre of the Shamakhi District. The city's estimated population as of 2010 was 31,704. It is famous for its traditional dancers, and also for perhaps giving its name to the Soumak rugs.

Eleven major earthquakes have rocked Shamakhi, but through multiple reconstructions it maintained its role as the economic and administrative capital of Shirvan and one of the key towns on the Silk Road. The only building to have survived eight of the eleven earthquakes is the landmark Juma Mosque of Shamakhi, built in the 8th century.
Canon EOS R8
The Canon EOS R8 is a mid-ranged full-frame mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera launched by Canon in April 2023. It inherits many key features of the Canon EOS R6 Mark II and uses a very similar chassis to the Canon EOS RP.

The Canon EOS R8 was announced on February 8, 2023 and launched on April 18, 2023, together with the Canon EOS R50, with a suggested retail price of US$1,499 (body only).

Canon RF lens mount
The Canon RF lens mount is an interchangeable-lens mount developed by Canon for its full-frame mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras, and featured first by the EOS R, followed by the EOS RP. The RF mount was announced in September 2018. In May 2022, Canon announced APS-C EOS R cameras (the EOS R10 and EOS R7) and RF-S lenses designed for these cameras.

The RF mount allows for the use of Canon EF and EF-S mount lenses using one of three Canon-made lens adapters. When an RF-S or EF-S lens is attached, however, the camera will only function as an APS-C camera, not a full-frame camera.

The "RF" retroactively stands for "Re-Imagined Focus".
Water of Ae
The Water of Ae is a tributary of the River Annan into which it flows west of Lockerbie in Dumfries and Galloway administrative county of South West Scotland in the United Kingdom. It rises on the eastern slopes of Queensberry.

River Annan
The River Annan (Scottish Gaelic: Anainn) is a river in south-west Scotland. It rises on Annanhead Hill and flows through the Devil's Beef Tub, Moffat and Lockerbie, reaching the sea at Annan, Dumfries and Galloway after about 40 miles.
Nerd
A nerd is a person seen as over-intellectual, obsessive, introverted, or lacking social skills. Such a person may spend inordinate amounts of time on unpopular, little-known, or non-mainstream activities, which are generally either highly technical, abstract, or relating to niche topics such as science fiction or fantasy, to the exclusion of more mainstream activities. Additionally, many so-called nerds are described as being shy, quirky, pedantic, and unattractive.

Originally derogatory, the term "nerd" was a stereotype, but as with other pejoratives, it has been reclaimed and redefined by some as a term of pride and group identity. The term may be considered a synonym for geek.

Reappropriation
In linguistics, reappropriation, reclamation, or resignification is the cultural process by which a group reclaims words or artifacts that were previously used in a way disparaging of that group. It is a specific form of a semantic change (i.e., change in a word's meaning). Linguistic reclamation can have wider implications in the fields of discourse and has been described in terms of personal or sociopolitical empowerment.
George Gollin
George D. Gollin (born May 6, 1953) is an American physics professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Besides his work on particle physics and the International Linear Collider, he has since 2003 made numerous efforts in fighting institutions which are considered to be diploma mills, which has caused him to receive significant public attention. Gollin placed second in the 2014 Democratic primary for Illinois's 13th congressional district.

Saint Regis University
Saint Regis University, sometimes styled as St. Regis University, was a diploma mill operation that was one of about 120 connected institutions operated by an American fraud ring from about 1999 until 2005, when it was shut down by U.S. government authorities. The operation was known as "Operation Gold Seal".

The Oregon State Office of Degree Authorization identified Saint Regis University as a diploma mill linked to 18 other front "schools". The school issued degrees based on "life experience" instead of requiring the taking of academic classes or a formal course of study. It sold both college degrees and high school diplomas.

In 2006 the Associated Press reported that "at least 135 federal employees" held bogus degrees from the Saint Regis operation. This included a White House staffer, a State Department employee in Kuwait, and a Department of Justice employee in Spokane, Washington.
Gmina Kamieniec Ząbkowicki
Gmina Kamieniec Ząbkowicki is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Ząbkowice Śląskie County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the village of Kamieniec Ząbkowicki, which lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-east of Ząbkowice Śląskie, and 68 kilometres (42 mi) south of the regional capital Wrocław.

The gmina covers an area of 96.24 square kilometres (37.2 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 8,137.

Ząbkowice Śląskie
Ząbkowice Śląskie (Zombkovitze [zɔmpkɔˈvit͡sɛ ˈɕlɔ̃skʲɛ]; German: Frankenstein in Schlesien) is a town in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of Ząbkowice Śląskie County and of a local municipality called Gmina Ząbkowice Śląskie. The town lies approximately 63 kilometres (39 miles) south of the regional capital Wrocław. As of 2019, it had a population of 15,004.
Puerto Rico Highway 303
Puerto Rico Highway 303 (PR-303) is a rural road stretching between the municipalities of Cabo Rojo and Lajas in Puerto Rico. It begins in PR-301, in southeastern Boquerón, Cabo Rojo, passing south of the Sierra Bermeja before leading northeast, where it passes PR-305 and ending at a junction with PR-101. The stretch of the road spanning the southern border of Sierra Bermeja is popularly known as the Puerto Rico Alien Route (Spanish: Ruta Extraterrestre) due to the number of UFO reports associated with the area it crosses.

Lajas, Puerto Rico
Lajas (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈlaxas], locally [ˈlahaʔ]) is a town and municipality located in the Lajas Valley in southwestern Puerto Rico, bordering the Caribbean Sea, south of San Germán and Sabana Grande; east of Cabo Rojo; and west of Guánica. Lajas is spread over 11 barrios plus Lajas Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city). It is part of the San Germán-Cabo Rojo Metropolitan Statistical Area.
3,3,4,4-Tetramethyltetrahydrofuran
In chemistry, 3,3,4,4-tetramethyltetrahydrofuran or 3,3,4,4-tetramethyloxolane is a heterocyclic compound with the formula C8H16O, or (CH3)2((CH2)C2(CH2)O)(CH3)2.  It can be seen as derivative of tetrahydrofuran (oxolane) with two methyl groups replacing two hydrogen atoms on each of the carbon atoms in the ring that are not adjacent to the oxygen.  It can be seen also as a cyclic ether of 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane, an isomer of octane.

Tetrahydrofuran
Tetrahydrofuran (THF), or oxolane, is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)4O. The compound is classified as heterocyclic compound, specifically a cyclic ether.  It is a colorless, water-miscible organic liquid with low viscosity.  It is mainly used as a precursor to polymers.  Being polar and having a wide liquid range, THF is a versatile solvent. It is an isomer of another solvent, butanone.
Edna Jackson (politician)
Edna Branch Jackson (born September 18, 1944) is an American politician from Georgia. Jackson is a Democratic member of the Georgia House of Representatives for District 165. She was previously the Mayor of Savannah from 2012 to 2015, the first female African-American to hold the office.

Savannah State University
Savannah State University (SSU) is a public historically black university in Savannah, Georgia, United States. It is the oldest historically black public university in the state. The university is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund.

Savannah State operates four colleges: College of Business Administration, College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, College of Sciences and Technology and the Savannah State University College of Education.
Capitella teleta
Capitella teleta is a small, cosmopolitan, segmented annelid worm. It is a well-studied invertebrate, which has been cultured for use in laboratories for over 30 years. C. teleta is the first marine polychaete to have its genome sequenced.

Spiralia
The Spiralia are a morphologically diverse clade of protostome animals, including within their number the molluscs, annelids, platyhelminths and other taxa. The term Spiralia is applied to those phyla that exhibit canonical spiral cleavage, a pattern of early development found in most members of the Lophotrochozoa.
Milwaukee Jaycee Open
The Milwaukee Jaycee Open was a golf tournament on the LPGA Tour from 1962 to 1967. It was played at two different courses in the Milwaukee, Wisconsin area: Tuckaway Country Club Franklin in 1962 and 1966 and North Shore Country Club, then located in Bayside, Wisconsin in 1963–1965, and 1967. Both courses would later host the Greater Milwaukee Open on the PGA Tour.

Greater Milwaukee Open
The Greater Milwaukee Open was a regular golf tournament in Wisconsin on the PGA Tour. For 42 years, it was played annually in the Milwaukee area, the final sixteen editions in the north suburb of Brown Deer at the Brown Deer Park Golf Course. U.S. Bancorp was the main sponsor of the tournament in its final years and the last purse in 2009 was $4 million, with a winner's share of $720,000. The event was run by Milwaukee Golf Charities, Inc., with proceeds going to a variety of Wisconsin charities.
Code page 915
Code page 915 (CCSID 915) (also known as CP 915, IBM 00915) is a code page used under IBM AIX and DOS to write the Bulgarian, Belarusian, Russian, Serbian and Macedonian languages, but was never widely used. It would also have been usable for Ukrainian in the Soviet Union from 1933 to 1990, but it is missing the Ukrainian letter ge, ґ, which is required in Ukrainian orthography before and since, and during that period outside Soviet Ukraine. As a result, IBM created Code page 1124. It is an extension of ISO/IEC 8859-5. Code page 915 matches ISO/IEC 8859-5 directly from 0xA0 through 0xFF.

Code page 1124
Code page 1124 (CCSID 1124), also known as CP1124, is a modified version of ISO 8859-5 that was designed to cover the Ukrainian language. It is identical to ISO 8859-5 except for replacing the Macedonian characters Ѓ and ѓ with the Ukrainian Ґ and ґ.
J. Elliott Burch
John Elliott Burch (March 3, 1924 – January 30, 2011) was an American Horse trainer who worked with Thoroughbred racehorses. He was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame, and four of his horses were also inducted by the same organization.

Fort Marcy (horse)
Fort Marcy (April 2, 1964 – August 14, 1991) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse. He was a bay gelding, by Amerigo out of Key Bridge, by Princequillo.  His grandsire was the important Italian horse Nearco.

In 1970 Fort Marcy earned three Champion titles. He was named Horse of the Year in a poll by the publishers of Daily Racing Form, receiving 21 of the 42 votes ahead of Personality (10 votes) and Ta Wee (9 votes). Personality won a rival poll conducted by the Thoroughbred Racing Association. Fort Marcy competed for six years until his retirement at the end of the 1971 racing season.

He died in 1991 at Rokeby Farm in Upperville, Virginia. In 1998, he was voted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame, in Saratoga Springs, New York.
Greenbottom, Cornwall
Greenbottom is a hamlet in the parish of Kenwyn in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. Greenbottom is located on the Penstraze Moor between Saveock Water and Threemilestone, near the A390. It is situated south east of Penstraze.

Saveock
Saveock is a hamlet in west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It lies just east of Chacewater.

Archaeologists have uncovered "witch pits" here dating from the 1640s up to the 1970s. These pits are shallow holes lined with the skins of animals turned inside out and other ritual items.
Awang Kasom
Awang Kasom is a village located north of Ukhrul in Ukhrul district, Manipur state, India. The village falls under Chingai sub division. National Highway 150 that connect Imphal-Kohima via Ukhrul and Jessami passes through the village. Awang Kasom is about 50 kilometers from Ukhrul; and is flanked by kuirei in the south, Peh in the west, Chingai in the north and poi in the east. Locally, the inhabitants speak Awang Kasom dialect that belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family.

Jessami
Jessami is a village in Ukhrul district, Manipur, India. Jessami is a border village in the extreme north of Manipur State and borders with Meluri, a border village of Nagaland State. Being nearer to Nagaland, the town used to get electricity from Nagaland until the government of Manipur installed a 33 KV Sub-Power station in 2011 to supply power from Manipur. The village came to national attention in 2015 when a fatal bus accident claimed the lives of 13 passengers.

The inhabitants of Jessami are Chakesang. As it is in the border of Manipur and Nagaland, various languages including Chakesang, Tangkhul, Manipuri and Nagamese are commonplace. About 85% of residents work in agriculture.
HD 182475
HD 182475 is a Delta Scuti variable star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. Its apparent magnitude is 6.5, making it barely visible to the naked eye under ideal observing conditions.

Gerald Hildebrandt discovered the star is a variable star in 1991, and reported the discovery in 1992. It was given its variable star designation, V1691 Aquarii, in 2006.

Variable-star designation
In astronomy, a variable-star designation is a unique identifier given to variable stars.  It extends the Bayer designation format, with an identifying label (as described below) preceding the Latin genitive of the name of the constellation in which the star lies. The identifying label can be one or two Latin letters or a V plus a number (e.g. V399). Examples are R Coronae Borealis, YZ Ceti, V603 Aquilae. (See List of constellations for a list of constellations and the genitive forms of their names.)