hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vorlesungen über die Entwicklung der Mathematik im 19. Jahrhundert
Vorlesungen über die Entwicklung der Mathematik im 19. Jahrhundert (German for 'Lectures on the Development of Mathematics in the 19th Century') is a book by Felix Klein that was published posthumously in two volumes (volumes 24 and 25 of Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften) in 1926 and 1927.

Felix Klein had lectured on the development of mathematics in the 19th century and then on relativity during World War I. The books were created from the notes of these lectures and edited by Richard Courant and Otto Neugebauer for the first volume and Courant and Stefan Cohn-Vossen for the second. Some content that Klein had originally envisioned as part of the text is missing.

The book has been enthusiastically received and widely praised. The first volume has been translated into Russian in 1937 and into English in 1979; in 1989, a second Russian translation appeared, followed in 2003 by a translation of the second volume. Both volumes have also been translated into Chinese.

Bernhard Riemann
Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann (/ˈriːmɑːn/; German: [ˈɡeːɔʁk ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈbɛʁnhaʁt ˈʁiːman] ⓘ; 17 September 1826 – 20 July 1866) was a German mathematician who made profound contributions to analysis, number theory, and differential geometry. In the field of real analysis, he is mostly known for the first rigorous formulation of the integral, the Riemann integral, and his work on Fourier series. His contributions to complex analysis include most notably the introduction of Riemann surfaces, breaking new ground in a natural, geometric treatment of complex analysis. His 1859 paper on the prime-counting function, containing the original statement of the Riemann hypothesis, is regarded as a foundational paper of analytic number theory. Through his pioneering contributions to differential geometry, Riemann laid the foundations of the mathematics of general relativity. He is considered by many to be one of the greatest mathematicians of all time.
Gurpreet Singh Sandhu
Gurpreet Singh Sandhu (born 3 February 1992) is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Indian Super League club Bengaluru and captains the India national football team. He is widely regarded as one of the best goalkeepers in Indian football.

Sandhu was named captain of the India national team for the first time in a friendly match against Puerto Rico on 3 September 2016. He captained the team to a 4–1 victory.

He has achieved several distinctions: the inaugural Indian to play a competitive match for the first team of a top-division European club; fifth Indian to play professionally in Europe succeeding Mohammed Salim, Bhaichung Bhutia, Sunil Chhetri and Subrata Pal; and the first Indian to play in the UEFA Europa League.

2019–20 Indian Super League
The 2019–20 Indian Super League season was the sixth season of the Indian Super League, one of the top Indian professional football leagues. The regular season began on 20 October 2019 and concluded on 14 March 2020.

Hyderabad replaced the disbanded Pune City, whereas Delhi Dynamos moved to Bhubaneswar and rebranded as Odisha.

Bengaluru were the defending champions, having won their maiden Indian Super League title by defeating Goa 1–0 in the 2018–19 final. However, both teams were knocked out in the semi-finals, with Bengaluru losing 3–2 on aggregate to ATK and Goa losing 6–5 on aggregate to Chennaiyin. On 14 March 2020, ATK beat Chennaiyin 3–1 in the final, becoming the first club to win three ISL titles.

On 29 November 2019, the AFC association ranking confirmed India's group stage spot in the 2021 AFC Champions League. As winners of the regular season, FC Goa took that spot along with the inaugural League Winners Shield trophy.
Hong Kong Film Award for Best Sound Design
The Hong Kong Film Award for Best Sound Design is an award presented annually at the Hong Kong Film Awards for a film with the best sound design. As of 2016 the current winners are Kinson Tsang, George Yiu-Keung Lee and Chun Hin Yiu for The Taking of Tiger Mountain.

Hong Kong Film Awards
The Hong Kong Film Awards (HKFA; Chinese: 香港電影金像獎), founded in 1982, is an annual film awards ceremony in Hong Kong. The ceremonies typically take place in April, and have mostly been held at the Grand Theatre of the Hong Kong Cultural Centre since 1991. The awards recognise achievement in various aspects of filmmaking, such as directing, screenwriting, acting and cinematography. The awards are regarded as the Hong Kong equivalent of the Academy Awards.

The HKFA, incorporated into Hong Kong Film Awards Association Ltd. since December 1993, are currently managed by a board of directors, which consists of representatives from thirteen professional film bodies in Hong Kong. Voting on eligible films for the HKFA is conducted January through March every year and is open to all registered voters, which include local film workers as well as critics, and a selected group of adjudicators.
Onismor Bhasera
Onismor Bhasera (born 7 January 1986) is a Zimbabwean professional footballer who plays as a left-back for SuperSport United in the South African Premier Soccer League. He previously played in the South African Premier Division for Bidvest Wits, Maritzburg United and Kaizer Chiefs, and the Football League for Plymouth Argyle. Bhasera has won caps at full international level for Zimbabwe.

2008 MTN 8
The 2008 MTN 8 kicked off on the weekend of 9 August with the first two quarterfinals being played on Saturday and Sunday, and the next round of quarterfinals were played on the weekend of the 16 and 17 August. The first leg of the semifinals took place on 23 and 24 August and the second leg on the weekend of 30 August. The finals were scheduled for 21 September, but the pitch was waterlogged due to heavy rain over that week. The finals were rescheduled for two days later on 23 September at the ABSA Stadium (Kings Park) in Durban.
Military history of the Mali Empire
The military history of the Mali Empire is that of the armed forces of the Mali Empire, which dominated Western Africa from the mid 13th to the late 15th century.  The military culture of the empire's driving force, Mandinka people, influenced many later states in West Africa including break-away powers such as the Songhay and Jolof empires.  Institutions from the Mali Empire also survived in the 19th century army of Samory Ture who saw himself as the heir to Old Mali's legacy.

Samori Ture
Samori Ture (c. 1828 – June 2, 1900), also known as Samori Toure, Samory Touré, or Almamy Samore Lafiya Toure, was a Malinke Muslim cleric, military strategist, and founder of an empire that stretched across present-day north and eastern Guinea, north-eastern Sierra Leone, southern Mali, northern Côte d'Ivoire and part of southern Burkina Faso.

A deeply religious Muslim of the Maliki school of religious jurisprudence of Sunni Islam, he organized his empire and justified its expansion with Islamic principles. Ture resisted French colonial rule in West Africa from 1882 until his capture in 1898.

He was the great-grandfather of Guinea's first president, Ahmed Sékou Touré.
Ferret armoured car
The Ferret armoured car, also commonly called the Ferret scout car, is a British armoured fighting vehicle designed and built for reconnaissance purposes. The Ferret was produced between 1952 and 1971 by the UK company Daimler. It was widely used by regiments in the British Army, as well as the RAF Regiment and Commonwealth countries throughout the period.

FN MAG
The FN MAG (French: Mitrailleuse d'Appui Général, English: General Purpose Machine Gun, lit. 'Machine gun for general support') is a Belgian 7.62 mm general-purpose machine gun, designed in the early 1950s at Fabrique Nationale (FN) by Ernest Vervier. It has been used by more than 80 countries and it has been made under licence in several countries, including Argentina, Canada, Egypt, India, and the United Kingdom.

The MAG is available in three primary versions: the standard, infantry Model 60-20 machine gun, the Model 60-40 coaxial machine gun for armoured fighting vehicles, and the Model 60-30 aircraft variant.
Flaming Teeth
Flaming Teeth, from Fijian mythology, was a giant who was so large his teeth appeared as burning logs.

The colossal creature terrorized villages relentlessly, devouring people and causing widespread destruction. After enduring countless attacks and losses, a group of courageous villagers banded together. They devised a strategy to ambush the giant, enticing it beneath a massive rock and delivering a fatal blow to its skull. They succeeded killing the giant but its teeth still were aflame. The villagers took the teeth back to the village and that was the first time man acquired the use of fire.

Giant
In folklore, giants (from Ancient Greek: gigas, cognate giga-) are beings of humanoid appearance, but are at times prodigious in size and strength or bear an otherwise notable appearance. The word giant is first attested in 1297 from Robert of Gloucester's chronicle. It is derived from the Gigantes (Ancient Greek: Γίγαντες) of Greek mythology.

Fairy tales such as Jack the Giant Killer have formed the modern perception of giants as dimwitted and violent ogres, sometimes said to eat humans or livestock. In more recent portrayals, like those of Jonathan Swift and Roald Dahl, some giants are both intelligent and friendly.
Panola Township, Illinois
Panola Township is located in Woodford County, Illinois at T27N, R2E. As of the 2020 census, its population was 375, and it contained 144 housing units. Panola Township and Minonk Township (T28N, R2E) were originally the same township, but formed two new townships on an unknown date.

Woodford County, Illinois
Woodford County is a county located in the state of Illinois. The 2020 United States census listed its population at 38,467. Its county seat is Eureka. Woodford County is part of the Peoria metropolitan area. Its name comes from General William Woodford, an officer of the American Revolutionary War who served at the brutal military encampment at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.
Minions & Monsters
Minions & Monsters is an upcoming American animated comedy film directed by Pierre Coffin and written by Coffin and Brian Lynch. Produced by Illumination, it is the prequel to Despicable Me (2010), a sequel to Minions: The Rise of Gru (2022), and the seventh installment overall in the Despicable Me franchise.

Minions & Monsters is scheduled to be released in the United States on July 1, 2026, by Universal Pictures.

Despicable Me
Despicable Me is an American media franchise created by Sergio Pablos, Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio. It centers on a supervillain turned secret agent named Gru, his adoptive daughters, Margo, Edith, and Agnes, and his yellow-colored Minions. The franchise is produced by Illumination and distributed by its parent company Universal Pictures.

The franchise began with the 2010 film of the same name, which was followed by three sequels, Despicable Me 2 (2013), Despicable Me 3 (2017), and Despicable Me 4 (2024) and two spin-off prequels, Minions (2015) and Minions: The Rise of Gru (2022). The franchise also includes many short films, a television special, several video games, and a theme park attraction.
Sutlej Channel
Sutlej Channel is a channel or strait on the north sides of Broughton Island and North Broughton Island, or the Broughton Archipelago of the Queen Charlotte Strait region of the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada.  The channel separates those islands from the adjacent mainland and includes Greenway Sound.  It was named for HMS Sutlej.

Broughton Archipelago
Broughton Archipelago is a group of islands located at the eastern end of Queen Charlotte Strait in Mount Waddington Regional District, British Columbia. The archipelago is the traditional territory of the Musgamagw Dzawada'enuxw, Namgis, Ma'amtagila and Tlowitsis nations of the Kwakwaka'wakw peoples.
Algebraic quantum field theory
Algebraic quantum field theory (AQFT) is an application to local quantum physics of C*-algebra theory. Also referred to as the Haag–Kastler axiomatic framework for quantum field theory, because it was introduced by Rudolf Haag and Daniel Kastler (1964). The axioms are stated in terms of an algebra given for every open set in Minkowski space, and mappings between those.

Poincaré group
The Poincaré group, named after Henri Poincaré (1905), was first defined by Hermann Minkowski (1908) as the isometry group of Minkowski spacetime.  It is a ten-dimensional non-abelian Lie group that is of importance as a model in our understanding of the most basic fundamentals of physics.
The Other Canon Foundation
The Other Canon Foundation is a center and network for research of heterodox economics founded by Erik Reinert. The name refers to the founders' message of there being another economic canon, alternative to the ruling neoclassical economics. Their suggestions, they claim, are valid for and can be applicated in the first, second and third world.

Heterodox economics
Heterodox economics is a broad, relative term referring to schools of economic thought which are not commonly perceived as belonging to mainstream economics. There is no absolute definition of what constitutes heterodox economic thought, as it is defined in contrast to the most prominent, influential or popular schools of thought in a given time and place.

Groups typically classed as heterodox in current discourse include the Austrian, ecological, Marxist-historical, post-Keynesian, and modern monetary approaches.

Four frames of analysis have been highlighted for their importance to heterodox thought: history, natural systems, uncertainty, and power.

Economist Frederic S. Lee, in 2007 believed 5 to 10 percent of the American economists were heterodox, from both left and right-wing schools.
106 Sul Cine Brasília station
106 Sul Cine Brasília is a Federal District Metro station on both the Orange and Green lines. It was opened on 16 September 2020 and added to the already operating section of the line, from Central to Terminal Samambaia and Terminal Ceilândia. It is located between 102 Sul and 108 Sul near the Cine Brasília, where the annual Brasília Film Festival takes place.

On August 29, 2017, the Companhia do Metropolitano do Distrito Federal made public the bidding process for the completion of the station's works. The contract had an estimated value of R$21.282 million and initially had a deadline of 18 months for completion from the signing of the contract. The station was inaugurated on September 17, 2020, along with the 110 Sul station.

Terminal Samambaia station
Terminal Samambaia (Station code: SAS) is a Federal District Metro brazilian station on Orange line. It opened on 31 March 2001 on the inaugural section of the line, from Central to Terminal Samambaia, and remains the southern terminus of the line. The adjacent station is Samambaia Sul.
Xiaoba Subdistrict
Xiaoba Subdistrict (simplified Chinese: 肖坝街道; traditional Chinese: 肖垻街道; pinyin: Xiāobà Jiēdào) is a subdistrict in Shizhong District, Leshan, Sichuan, China. As of 2018, it has 6 residential communities under its administration.

Leshan
Leshan, formerly known as Jiading and Jiazhou, is a prefecture-level city located at the confluence of the Dadu and Min rivers, on the southwestern fringe of the Sichuan Basin, about 120 km (75 mi) from Chengdu, Sichuan, China. By the end of 2024, the registered population of the city is 3.45 million. A historical and cultural city, Leshan is famous for world heritage sites Emei Mountain and Leshan Buddha, as well as for its rich food culture. It is also a regional center in the southern part of the Chengdu Economic Zone, serving as a transportation hub and port city in southwestern China.
Bracieux
Bracieux (pronounced [bʁasjø]) is a French commune in the department of Loir-et-Cher, Centre-Val de Loire.

It is located about 20 km (12 mi) from Blois, and about 10 km (6.2 mi) from Chambord. The Max Vauché's chocolate factory was established in the commune, in 2005.

Chambord, Loir-et-Cher
Chambord (/ʃɒ̃ˈbɔːr/, US also /ʃæmˈbɔːrd/, French: [ʃɑ̃bɔʁ]) is a commune in the department of Loir-et-Cher, region of Centre-Val de Loire. It is best known for its Château de Chambord, part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Southport State High School Buildings
Southport State High School Buildings is a ground of heritage-listed state high school buildings at Southport State High School at 75 Smith Street, Southport, Gold Coast City, Queensland, Australia. It is also known as Southport State High School. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 October 2016.

Maryborough Central State School
Maryborough Central State School is a heritage-listed state school at 471 Kent Street, Maryborough, Fraser Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1875 to 1953. It is also known as Central State School for Boys, Central State School for Girls, and Central State School for Infants. It was the first state school in Maryborough and was established with separate girls and boys departments. It is the oldest public school in Queensland. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 31 October 1994.
1986 Family Circle Cup
The 1986 Family Circle Cup was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Sea Pines Plantation on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina in the United States and was part of the Category 4 tier of the 1986 WTA Tour. It was the 14th edition of the tournament and ran from April 7 through April 13, 1986. Third-seeded Steffi Graf won the singles title, the first WTA singles title of her career.

1986 Virginia Slims World Championship Series
The 1986 Virginia Slims World Championship Series  was the 14th season since the foundation of the Women's Tennis Association. It commenced on March 24, 1986, and concluded in December, 1986 after 41 events. The season was abbreviated in order to return the tour to a calendar year basis.

The Virginia Slims World Championship Series was the elite tour for professional women's tennis organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). It was held in place of the WTA Tour from 1983 until 1987 and featured tournaments that had previously been part of the Toyota Series and the Avon Series. It included the four Grand Slam tournaments and a series of other events. ITF tournaments were not part of the tour, although they awarded points for the WTA World Ranking. No Australian Open was held during 1986 due to the tournament start date being moved from November to January.
Search Bloc
The Search Bloc (Spanish: Bloque de Búsqueda) is the name of three different ad hoc special operation units of the National Police of Colombia. They were originally organized with a focus on capturing or killing highly dangerous individuals or groups of individuals.

National Police of Colombia
The National Police of Colombia (Spanish: Policía Nacional de Colombia) is the national police force of the Republic of Colombia. It is controlled by the Ministry of Defense, and is the only civilian police force in Colombia.

The force's official responsibilities are to protect the Colombian nation, enforce the law by constitutional mandate, maintain and guarantee the necessary conditions for public freedoms and rights and to ensure peaceful cohabitation among the population.
1999 International Raiffeisen Grand Prix – Singles
The 1999 International Raiffeisen Grand Prix was a men's tennis tournament played on Clay in St. Pölten, Austria that was part of the World Series of the 1999 ATP Tour. It was the nineteenth edition of the tournament and was held from 17–23 May 1999.

1999 ATP Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Tour is the elite professional tennis circuit organised by the ATP. The 1999 ATP Tour calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments, supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF), the ATP Super 9, the ATP Championship Series, the ATP World Series, the ATP World Team Cup, the ATP Tour World Championships and the Grand Slam Cup (organised by the ITF). Also included in the 1999 calendar are the Davis Cup and the Hopman Cup, which do not distribute ranking points, and are both organised by the ITF.

In April 1999 ATP signed a $1.2 billion 10-year-deal with the sports marketing agency ISL Worldwide to promote the sport. The deal gave ISL the commercial rights for the Super-9 tournaments as well as the ATP World Championship. The ATP also introduced a simplified ranking system and made participation in the Super-9 events mandatory for top players.
Countess of Strathmore
Countess of Strathmore is a title given to the wife of the Earl of Strathmore. Women who have held this title include:

Elizabeth Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne (1663 to 1723)

Susan Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne (c. 1709–1754)

Mary Bowes, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne (1749–1800)

Frances Bowes-Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne (1832–1922)

Cecilia Bowes-Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne (1862–1938)

Mary Bowes-Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne (1932–2025)

Mary Bowes, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne
Mary Eleanor Bowes, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne (24 February 1749 – 28 April 1800) was a notable member of the British aristocracy during the Georgian period in the 18th century.

Referred to by some as "The Unhappy Countess", she was a prominent heiress, who inherited a vast fortune. Her husbands were John Bowes, born John Lyon, the 9th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne and Anglo-Irishman Andrew Robinson Stoney, the latter of whom treated her very cruelly during their marriage. Amongst many other achievements in her life, including a significant expertise developed in the field of botany, Mary Eleanor Bowes was one of the early pioneers of women's rights in relation to divorce.
Jewish commentaries on the Bible
Jewish commentaries on the Bible are biblical commentaries of the Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh) from a Jewish perspective. Translations into Aramaic and English, and some universally accepted Jewish commentaries with notes on their method of approach and also some modern translations into English with notes are listed.

Nevi'im
The Nevi'im (/nəviˈiːm, nəˈviːɪm/; Biblical Hebrew: נְבִיאִים, romanized: Nəviʾim, lit. 'spokespersons, prophets') is the second major division of the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible), lying between the first division, the Torah (lit. 'instruction') and the third division, Ketuvim (lit. 'writings'). The Nevi'im are divided into two groups. The Former Prophets (Hebrew: נביאים ראשונים Nəviʾim Rishonim) consists of the narrative books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings; while the Latter Prophets (נביאים אחרונים Nəviʾim Aḥaronim) include the books of Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Twelve Minor Prophets.
Polya's shire theorem
Pólya's shire theorem, named after George Pólya, is a theorem in complex analysis that describes the asymptotic distribution of the zeros of successive derivatives of a meromorphic function on the complex plane. It has applications in Nevanlinna theory.: 55, 62

Meromorphic function
In the mathematical field of complex analysis, a meromorphic function on an open subset  of the complex plane is a function that is holomorphic on all of  except  for a set of isolated points, which are poles of the function. The term comes from the Greek meros (μέρος), meaning 'part'.

Every meromorphic function on  can be expressed as the ratio between two holomorphic functions (with the denominator not constant 0) defined on : any pole must coincide with a zero of the denominator.