hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stochastic variance reduction
(Stochastic) variance reduction is an algorithmic approach to minimizing functions that can be decomposed into finite sums. By exploiting the finite sum structure, variance reduction techniques are able to achieve convergence rates that are impossible to achieve with methods that treat the objective as an infinite sum, as in the classical Stochastic approximation setting.

Variance reduction approaches are widely used for training machine learning models such as logistic regression and support vector machines as these problems have finite-sum structure and uniform conditioning that make them ideal candidates for variance reduction.

Coordinate descent
Coordinate descent is an optimization algorithm that successively minimizes along coordinate directions to find the minimum of a function. At each iteration, the algorithm determines a coordinate or coordinate block via a coordinate selection rule, then exactly or inexactly minimizes over the corresponding coordinate hyperplane while fixing all other coordinates or coordinate blocks. A line search along the coordinate direction can be performed at the current iterate to determine the appropriate step size. Coordinate descent is applicable in both differentiable and derivative-free contexts.
Peng Jianbing
Peng Jianbing (Chinese: 彭建兵; pinyin: Péng Jiànbīng; born April 1953) is a Chinese geologist currently serving as doctoral supervisor and dean of the School of Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University.

Chang'an University
Chang'an University (CHD; Chinese: 长安大学; pinyin: Cháng'ān Dàxué) is a public university located in Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education, and co-funded with the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, and the Shaanxi Provincial People's Government. The university is part of the Double First-Class Construction and Project 211.

On April 18, 2000, Xi'an Highway and Transportation University (西安公路交通大学), Xi'an Engineering College (西安工程学院), and Northwest Architectural Engineering College (西北建筑工程学院) merged to form Chang'an University.
Farrukhi Sistani
Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Julugh Farrukhi Sistani (Persian: ابوالحسن علی بن جولوغ فرخی سیستانی), better known as Farrukhi Sistani (فرخی سیستانی; c. 1000 – 1040) was one of the most prominent Persian court poets in the history of Persian literature. Initially serving a dehqan in Sistan and the Muhtajids in Chaghaniyan, Farrukhi entered the service of the Ghaznavids in 1017, where he became the panegyrist of its rulers, Mahmud (r. 999–1030) and Mas'ud I (r. 1030–1040), as well as numerous viziers and princes.

Masʽud I
Masʽud I of Ghazni (Persian: مسعود غزنوی), known as Amīr-i Shahīd (امیر شهید; "the martyr king") (b. 998 – d. 17 January 1040), was sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire from 1030 to 1040. The eldest son of Mahmud of Ghazni, he rose to power by seizing the Ghaznavid throne from his younger twin brother, Mohammad, who had been nominated as the heir upon the death of their father. Mohammad was shortly blinded and imprisoned. However, when much of Masʽud's western domains had been wrested from his control, his troops rebelled against him and reinstated his brother to the throne.
Andy Cooke
Andrew Roy Cooke (born 20 January 1974) is an English former footballer, who played as a striker for Newtown, Burnley, Stoke City, Busan I'Cons (South Korea), Bradford City, Darlington and Shrewsbury Town.

Busan IPark
Busan IPark FC (Korean: 부산 아이파크 FC) is a South Korean professional football club based in Busan that competes in K League 2, the second tier of the South Korean football pyramid. They play their home games at the Busan Gudeok Stadium.

Busan IPark was founded as a semi-professional team in November 1979 by Saehan Motors. The club was one of the original five founding members of the K League and continuously competed in the first division from 1983 to 2015, when they were relegated for the first time. Initially, the club was called Daewoo Royals, in reference to the motor company that originally owned and financed it. Since the early 2000s, Busan has received financial backing from the HDC Group and its apartment brand IPARK, rebranding as Pusan i.cons and later as Busan IPark.
Vusi Khoza
Abednigo Vusumuzi Khoza is a South African politician who served as a member of the National Assembly of South Africa from February until October 2023. He previously served in the KwaZulu-Natal Legislature from May 2014 to February 2023. Khoza was a member of the Economic Freedom Fighters party.

KwaZulu-Natal Legislature
The KwaZulu-Natal Legislature is the primary legislative body of the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal. It is unicameral in its composition and elects the premier and the provincial cabinet from among the leading party or coalition members in the parliament. Thami Ntuli of the Inkatha Freedom Party was elected Premier of KwaZulu-Natal at the first sitting of the provincial legislature on 14 June 2024.
Saab Granturismo
The Saab Granturismo (also Monte Carlo and Sport) was a series of up-powered sedans sold by Saab Automobile AB from 1958 to 1968. They were powered by three-cylinder, two-stroke engines until the 1967 model year. Most variants were distinguished from the standard model by twin metal stripes along the rocker panels.

Saab 96
The Saab 96 is an automobile manufactured and marketed by Swedish automaker Saab from 1960 to January 1980, replacing the Saab 93. The 96 featured aerodynamic two-door bodywork, four-passenger seating and at first a two-stroke, three-cylinder engine, later a four-stroke V4.
Deanery of Christianity (Exeter)
The Deanery of Christianity is a deanery in the Archdeaconry of Exeter, Diocese of Exeter.  The deanery covers most of the city of Exeter.  It takes the name "Christianity" because there is a tradition that a diocese and a deanery should not share the same name.

Diocese of Exeter
The Diocese of Exeter is a Church of England diocese covering the county of Devon. It is one of the largest dioceses in England.  The Cathedral Church of St Peter in Exeter is the seat of the diocesan Bishop of Exeter. It is part of the Province of Canterbury. The diocesan bishop (Mike Harrison) is assisted by two suffragan bishops, the Bishop of Crediton and the Bishop of Plymouth. The See of Crediton was created in 1897 and the See of Plymouth in 1923.
Francesco Carpenetti
Francesco Carpenetti (born 4 October 1942) is a retired Italian professional football player.

He played for 8 seasons (142 games, 3 goals) in the Serie A for A.S. Roma and ACF Fiorentina. During his time at the Capitoline club, the giallorossi won the Coppa Italia twice, also thanks to his contribution.

After his stint at Fiorentina (with whom he also played in the European Cup), he moved to Grosseto, where he ended his career as a player and started his career as a coach. He conquered the 1972–73 Serie D with Grosseto as a player, thus gaining promotion to the Serie C.

Serie C
The Serie C (Italian pronunciation: [ˈsɛːrje ˈtʃi]), officially known as Serie C Sky Wifi for sponsorship purposes, is the third-highest division in the Italian football league system after the Serie B and Serie A. The Lega Italiana Calcio Professionistico (Lega Pro) is the governing body that operates the Serie C.

The unification of the Lega Pro Prima Divisione and the Lega Pro Seconda Divisione as Lega Pro Divisione Unica (often also abbreviated as Lega Pro) in 2014 reintroduced the format of the original Serie C that existed between 1935 and 1978 (before the split into Serie C1 and Serie C2). In May 2017, the Lega Pro assembly unanimously approved renaming the competition to its original name, Serie C.
Ed Travis
James Edward "Brick" Travis II (September 17, 1897 – September 18, 1982) was an American football player. An All-Missouri Valley Conference member for the University of Missouri in 1919 and 1920, Travis was nicknamed "Brick" and played in twelve professional games over two seasons for the Rock Island Independents in 1921 and the St. Louis All-Stars in 1923. After his professional career, he opened the Travis Service Co. Buick Agency in St. Charles, Missouri and served in various civic roles in the state. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1974.

St. Louis All-Stars
St. Louis All-Stars was a professional football team that played in the National Football League during the  1923 season. The team played at St. Louis, Missouri's Sportsman's Park. Ollie Kraehe owned, managed, coached, and played guard for the team.
Saint-Ouen-la-Rouërie
Saint-Ouen-la-Rouërie (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃.t‿wɛ̃ la ʁwɛʁi]; Breton: Sant-Owen-Reoger) is a former commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Val-Couesnon.

Ille-et-Vilaine
Ille-et-Vilaine (French: [il e vilɛn] ⓘ; Gallo: Ill-e-Vilaenn; Breton: Il-ha-Gwilen) is a department of France, located in the region of Brittany in the northwest of the country. It is named after its two main rivers, the Ille and the Vilaine. It had a population of 1,079,498 in 2019.
Joan Milke Flores
Joan Milke Flores  (May 9, 1936 – December 19, 2020) was an American politician, who served as a member of the Los Angeles City Council for the 15th district from 1981 to 1993. A member of the Republican Party in a largely Democratic body, she also served as the first freshman president pro tem in half a century. Milke Flores ran for California Secretary of State in 1990 and for a U.S. House seat in 1992.

Secretary of State of California
The secretary of state of California is the chief clerk of the U.S. state of California, overseeing a department of 500 people. The secretary of state is elected for four year terms, like the state's other constitutional officers; the officeholder is restricted by term limits to two terms. The current secretary of state is Shirley Weber, who assumed the role in 2021 after Alex Padilla's appointment to the US Senate.
Bodies Bodies Bodies
Bodies Bodies Bodies is a 2022 American black comedy horror film directed by Halina Reijn and written by Sarah DeLappe from a story by Kristen Roupenian. It features an ensemble cast which includes Amandla Stenberg, Maria Bakalova, Myha'la, Chase Sui Wonders, Rachel Sennott, Lee Pace, and Pete Davidson as friends at a house party who play a murder in the dark–style game called Bodies Bodies Bodies, which quickly goes wrong.

Bodies Bodies Bodies premiered at South by Southwest on March 14, 2022, and was theatrically released in the United States on August 5, 2022, by A24. The film grossed $14 million at the box office and received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the humor and the cast's performances, particularly Sennott's.

Lee Pace
Lee Grinner Pace (born March 25, 1979) is an American actor. He starred as Thranduil the Elvenking in The Hobbit trilogy and as Joe MacMillan in the period drama television series Halt and Catch Fire. He has also appeared in the Marvel Cinematic Universe as Ronan the Accuser, a role he first played in Guardians of the Galaxy and reprised in Captain Marvel. Pace earned a 2008 Emmy nomination for his portrayal of Ned in the comedy drama television series Pushing Daisies. Since 2021, he has starred as the galactic emperor Brother Day in the science fiction television series Foundation, based on the stories of Isaac Asimov.
Gaja Hornby
Gaja Hornby is the fourth studio album and first Polish-language album by Polish singer Margaret. It was released digitally on 17 May 2019 and physically on 31 May 2019 by Artistars under exclusive license from Powerhouse, only in Poland. The album was named after Margaret's alter ego.

Gaja Hornby charted at number 13 in Poland. Its title track was released as the first single in April 2019, and was followed by "Serce Baila", "Chwile bez słów" (featuring Kacezet), and "Ej chłopaku". Margaret embarked on a concert tour in October 2019 to promote the record.

Alter ego
An alter ego (Latin for "other I") means an alternate self, which is believed to be distinct from a person's normal or true original personality. Finding one's alter ego will require finding one's other self, one with a different personality. Additionally, the altered states of the ego may themselves be referred to as alterations.

A distinct meaning of alter ego is found in the literary analysis used when referring to fictional literature and other narrative forms, describing a key character in a story who is perceived to be intentionally representative of the work's author (or creator), by oblique similarities, in terms of psychology, behaviour, speech, or thoughts, often used to convey the author's thoughts. The term is also sometimes, but less frequently, used to designate a hypothetical "twin" or "best friend" to a character in a story. Similarly, the term alter ego may be applied to the role or persona taken on by an actor or by other types of performers.
World Rock'n'Roll Confederation
World Rock'n'Roll Confederation (WRRC) was  registered in 1984, although its history traces to 1974. It is an umbrella organization for national professional and amateur Rock and Roll dancesport federations. Its statute that it "aims at promoting the physical training of its members by means of sporting activities in the form of Rock'n'Roll dance tournaments, including the acrobatic variations (acrobatic rock'n'roll) as well as Rock'n'Roll and Boogie Woogie, Lindy Hop, Formation and alternative styles in line with the rules and sporting presentations". The registered office is in Neuhausen am Rheinfall, canton of Schaffhausen, Switzerland.

The WRRC is an associated member of the World DanceSport
Federation WDSF and via WDSF connected to Sport Accord and the
International Olympic Committee IOC and sports forum of the European Union.

Dancesport
Dancesport (also stylized as DanceSport) is competitive dancing, as contrasted with social or exhibition dancing. The term dancesport encompasses many dance disciplines (e.g., Acrobatic Rock'n'Roll, Boogie Woogie, Breaking, Hip Hop, and Ballroom). Most dancesport disciplines are competed by couples, but there are solo styles (e.g., Breaking) and group styles (e.g., Formation dance). In the case of Para dancesport, at least one of the dancers is in a wheelchair.

Dancesport events are sanctioned and regulated by dancesport organizations at the national and international level, such as (for Ballroom dance) the World DanceSport Federation, the World Dance Council, and the World Dance Organization.

The name was invented to help competitive ballroom dancing gain Olympic recognition. The physical demand of dancesport has been the subject of scientific research.
R345 road (Ireland)
The R345 road is a regional road in north County Galway and southwest County Mayo in Ireland. It connects the R336 road at Maum to the R334 road at Neale, 26.4 kilometres (16.4 mi) to the east (map). It crosses the winding border between the two counties a number of times.

The government legislation that defines the R345, the Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2012 (Statutory Instrument 54 of 2012), provides the following official description:

R345: An Mám, County Galway — Neale, County Mayo

Between its junction with R336 at An Mám in the county of Galway and its junction with R334 at Lecarrowkilleen in the county of Mayo via Corr na Móna, Dúráithe and An Fhairche in the county of Galway: Ballykine Lower in the county of Mayo: Bréandroim in the county of Galway: Main Street (and via Abbey Street and Circular Road) at Cong; Gortaroe and Nymphsfield in the county of Mayo.

R334 road (Ireland)
The R334 road is a regional road in south County Mayo and north County Galway in Ireland. It connects the N84 road at Ballinrobe to the N84 road again at Headford, 20.8 kilometres (12.9 mi) to the south (map). It passes to the east of Lough Mask and Lough Corrib.

The government legislation that defines the R334, the Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2012 (Statutory Instrument 54 of 2012), provides the following official description:

R334: Ballinrobe — Neale, County Mayo — Headford, County Galway

Between its junction with N84 at Bowgate Street at Ballinrobe in the county of Mayo and its junction with N84 at Main Street Headford in the county of Galway via Neale, Lecarrowkilleen, Cross, Dowagh East and Glencorrib in the county of Mayo: and Moyne Bridge at the boundary between the county of Mayo and the county of Galway.
Metro A Line (Minnesota)
The Metro A Line is a bus rapid transit route in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul region of Minnesota, operated by Metro Transit as part of the Metro rapid transit network. The A Line operates a north-south route along Snelling Avenue, connecting 46th Street station in Minneapolis and Rosedale Center in Roseville, via Ford Parkway and the Intercity Bridge.

Metro Transit describes the A Line's service as "arterial bus rapid transit" (aBRT), which includes off-board fare collection, enhanced bus stops, and transit signal priority. The history of the Snelling Avenue transit corridor dates to 1905, when Twin City Rapid Transit streetcar service began. Streetcars were replaced by buses in 1952, and planning for upgraded bus service on the corridor began in the early 2000s. Construction cost approximately $27 million, and A Line service began in 2016.

Bus priority signal
Bus priority or transit signal priority (TSP) is a name for various techniques to improve service and reduce delay for mass transit vehicles at intersections (or junctions) controlled by  traffic signals. TSP techniques are most commonly associated with buses, but can also be used along tram/streetcar or light rail lines, especially those that mix with or conflict with general vehicular traffic.
Luchi
Luchi is a flatbread that is deep-fried, popular in Bengali cuisine. It is made of maida flour, water, and ghee. It is similar to puri, which is made with atta rather than maida. Luchi is eaten with dishes such as aloo dum or dal. Originating from a dish called shaskuli, luchi was first attested in 1660. It is commonly eaten during festivals. Variations of luchi include kachori and khasta luchi, and local variations exist across Bengal.

Kachori
Kachori, kachodi, katchuri, kachuri or kachauri (pronounced [kətʃɔːɽi]) is a deep-fried, spicy, stuffed pastry originating from the Marwar region of Rajasthan, India. It is made of maida filled with a baked mixture of moong dal or onions (usually, depending on the variation), besan, coriander, red chili powder, salt, and other Indian spices and deep-fried in vegetable oil until crispy golden brown. It is served potato curry and sometimes with hot with sweet and spicy tamarind chutney or occasionally with mint and green chilli chutney.

Originating in India, kachoris have become popular throughout South Asia, each region adding its own local variations.
Henry Cele
Henry Cele (Zulu pronunciation: [hɛnˈri ˈkǀɛːle]) (20 January 1941 – 2 December 2007) was a South African football player and actor. In the 1960s Cele became a goal keeper for the South African Soccer League and played the sport until 1978. In 1981, he was asked to audition for the role of the Zulu Warrior King Shaka kaSenzangakhona on stage for a production that played for a year. For the 1986  television miniseries Shaka Zulu, he reprised the role and gained significant fame worldwide.

Following this success, he appeared in roles in films and television. In 2001, he returned to the role of Shaka for the television movie Shaka Zulu: The Last Great Warrior 15 years after the original. In 2007, Cele died after spending two weeks in the hospital due to a chest infection.

South African Soccer League
The South African Soccer League (SASL) was an association football league based in South Africa. It was formed in 1961 and folded in 1967. It was established by the South African Soccer Federation which represented the black African, Coloured and Indian population. In South Africa under apartheid, integrated sport was banned, so white South Africans played in the National Football League. The SASL folded due to a lack of playing grounds but in 1969, the SASF launched a new league, the Federation Professional League.
Pacific Southwest Conference
The Pacific Southwest Conference was a junior college athletic conference with member schools located in Southern California that operated from 1964 to 1969. The conference was formed in 1963 with five initial members: Grossmont College, Palomar College, Southwestern College in Chula Vista, San Diego City College, and the newly founded San Diego Mesa College. The five schools officially joined the conference in 1964 for the fall season. Grossmont and Southwestern had been members of the Eastern Conference. Palomar was a member of the South Central Conference. Three more schools—the College of the Desert (COD), Imperial Valley College, and MiraCosta College—were admitted to the conference in 1965. COD left the conference in 1966 and joined the Central Conference. Imperial Valley and MiraCoast left in 1967 for the Desert Conference.

Desert Conference
The Desert Conference was a junior college athletic conference with member schools located in Southern California that operated from 1961 to 1981. It was formed in 1961 with four charter members: Barstow Community College, Imperial Valley College, Palo Verde College, and Victor Valley College. The College of the Desert joined the conference in 1962.

The Desert Conference was abolished by California's Commission on Athletics (COA) in 1981. In a releaguing process, the members of the conference moved to the newly-formed Foothill Conference.
Playas Lake
Playas Lake is a dry lake or playa in Hidalgo County, New Mexico, United States. It lies at an elevation of 4,278 feet (1,304 m). It consists of a long dry lake running north northwest south southeast within the Playas Valley between the Animas Mountains on the west and the Little Hatchet Mountains on the east.

Dry lake
A dry lake bed, also known as a playa (/ˈplaɪ-ə/), is a basin or depression that formerly contained a standing surface water body, which disappears when evaporation processes exceed recharge. If the floor of a dry lake is covered by deposits of alkaline compounds, it is known as an alkali flat. If covered with salt, it is known as a salt flat.
Edinburgh Island
Edinburgh Island is an island located within Coronation Gulf, south of Victoria Island, in the Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is approximately 103 m (338 ft) above sea level.

Other islands in the vicinity include Doak Island, Bate Islands, Outpost Islands, Richardson Islands, Sesqui Islands, and Sisters Islands.

Edinburgh Island, PIN-DA, is a former Distant Early Warning Line and a current North Warning System site.

Richardson Islands
The Richardson Islands are an island group located in the Coronation Gulf, south of Victoria Island, in the Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut, Canada. Other island groups in the vicinity include the Bate Islands, Outpost Islands, Sesqui Islands, and Sisters Islands.