hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Quenching (scrubber)
Quenching, in the context of pollution scrubbers, is the cooling of hot exhaust gas by water sprays before it enters the scrubber proper. Hot gases (those above ambient temperature) are often cooled to near the saturation level. If not cooled, the hot gas stream can evaporate a large portion of the scrubbing liquor, adversely affecting collection efficiency and damaging scrubber internal parts. If the gases entering the scrubber are too hot, some liquid droplets may evaporate before they have a chance to contact pollutants in the exhaust stream, and others may evaporate after contact, causing captured particles to become reentrained. In some cases, quenching can actually save money. Cooling the gases reduces the temperature and, therefore, the volume of gases, permitting the use of less expensive construction materials and a smaller scrubber vessel and fan.

Scrubber
Scrubber systems (e.g. chemical scrubbers, gas scrubbers) are a diverse group of air pollution control devices that can be used to remove some particulates and/or gases from industrial exhaust streams. An early application of a carbon dioxide scrubber was in the submarine the Ictíneo I, in 1859; a role for which they continue to be used today. Traditionally, the term "scrubber" has referred to pollution control devices that use liquid to wash unwanted pollutants from a gas stream. Recently, the term has also been used to describe systems that inject a dry reagent or slurry into a dirty exhaust stream to "wash out" acid gases. Scrubbers are one of the primary devices that control gaseous emissions, especially acid gases. Scrubbers can also be used for heat recovery from hot gases by flue-gas condensation.  They are also used for the high flows in solar, PV, or LED processes.

There are several methods to remove toxic or corrosive compounds from exhaust gas and neutralize it.
Nathaniel Massie
Nathaniel Massie (December 28, 1763 – November 13, 1813) was a frontier surveyor in the Ohio Country (including the Virginia Military District) who became a prominent land owner, politician, and soldier. He founded fourteen early towns in what became the State of Ohio, including its first capital, Chillicothe. In 1807, the Ohio General Assembly declared him the winner of the election for governor, but he refused the office.

Ross County, Ohio
Ross County is a county in the Appalachian region of the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 77,093. Its county seat is Chillicothe, the first and third capital of Ohio. Established on August 20, 1798, the county is named for Federalist Senator James Ross of Pennsylvania.
Ross County comprises the Chillicothe, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Columbus-Marion-Zanesville, OH Combined Statistical Area.
Red Lodge Museum, Bristol
The Red Lodge Museum is a historic house museum in Bristol, England. The original building was Tudor/Elizabethan, and construction began in 1579–1580, possibly to the design of Sebastiano Serlio. The main additional building phases are from the 1730s and the early 19th century.

The Red Lodge is a free museum but welcomes donations, and is managed as a branch of Bristol City Council.

The artworks on display at the Red Lodge are listed on the Art UK website.

Reform school
A reform school was a penal institution, generally for teenagers, mainly operating between 1830 and 1900. In the United Kingdom and its colonies, reformatories (commonly called reform schools) were set up from 1854 onward for children who were convicted of a crime, as an alternative to an adult prison. In parallel, industrial schools were set up for vagrants and children needing protection. Both were 'certified' by the government from 1857 onward, and in 1932, the systems merged and both were 'approved' and became approved schools.

Both in the United Kingdom and the United States, they came out of social concerns about cities, poverty, immigration and vagrancy following industrialization, as well as from a shift in society's attitude from retribution (punishing the miscreant) to reforming.

They were distinct from borstals (UK; 1902–1982), which were enclosed juvenile prisons.
Oasby
Oasby is a hamlet in the civil parish of Heydour, in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It lies 7 miles (11 km) north-east of Grantham.

Oasby, Heydour, Aisby, Culverthorpe and Kelby are the five hamlets within Heydour parish.

Oasby Manor House is a Grade II* listed building dating from the 17th century with reused 15th-century stonework and 19th-century alterations. There is a 15th-century Oriel window on the first floor.

Manor House Farm is a 17th-century single story Grade II listed farmhouse.

Oasby Mill is a tower windmill, built about 1810 of black bitumen painted ashlar. It is Grade II listed, and all machinery has been removed.

The village public house, the Houblon Arms, was built about 1700 and is Grade II listed.

The parish holds community events, usually in Aisby village hall, with a book club, art club, cricket club, annual art exhibition and January pantomime.

Culverthorpe
Culverthorpe is a hamlet in the civil parish of Culverthorpe and Kelby, in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It lies  5 miles (8 km) south-west from Sleaford, 9 miles (14 km) north-east from Grantham and 3 miles (5 km) south-east from Ancaster.
General Treasury Building
The General Treasury Building (also known as the Treasury or the Treasury Building) is the building that houses the Treasury of Sri Lanka and the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development along with several of its departments. It was formerly known as the Secretariat Building therefore it is still officially called The Secretariat. It is situated in the Colombo fort precinct next to the old Parliament Building, which is now the Presidential Secretariat.

Presidential Secretariat (Sri Lanka)
The Presidential Secretariat (Sinhala: ජනාධිපති ලේකම් කාර්යාලය, romanized: janādhipati lēkam kāryālaya) is the office of the President of Sri Lanka. It provides the administrative and institutional framework for exercising the duties, responsibilities and powers vested in the President by the Constitution. The Presidential Secretariat is located in the Old Parliament Building in Colombo.

The head of the Presidential Secretariat is the Secretary to the President (also known as the President's Secretary), who is ex officio the most senior civil servant and head of the Sri Lanka Administrative Service. The current President's Secretary is Nandika Sanath Kumanayake. The post has its roots from the post of Secretary to the Governors of Ceylon and thereafter the Secretary to the Governor-General of Ceylon.
32nd United States Congress
The 32nd United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1851, to March 4, 1853, during the last two years of Millard Fillmore's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1840 United States census. Both chambers had a Democratic majority.

It was one of the least active Congresses, forwarding only 74 bills that were signed by the president.

United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
The United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation is a standing committee of the United States Senate. Besides having broad jurisdiction over all matters concerning interstate commerce, science and technology policy, and transportation, the Senate Commerce Committee is one of the largest of the Senate's standing committees, with 28 members in the 117th Congress. The Commerce Committee has six subcommittees. It is chaired by Sen. Ted Cruz (R-TX) with Sen. Maria Cantwell (D-WA) as ranking member. The majority office is housed in the Dirksen Senate Office Building, and the minority office is located in the Hart Senate Office Building.
2018 U.S. Classic
The 2018 U.S. Classic, known as the 2018 GK U.S. Classic for sponsorship reasons, is the 35th edition of the U.S. Classic gymnastics tournament. The competition was held on July 28, 2018, at the Schottenstein Center in Columbus, Ohio.

U.S. Classic
The U.S. Classic is an annual summer gymnastics meet for elite artistic gymnasts of the United States. The meet occurs before Nationals and is a qualifier for it. In Olympic years, the aforementioned meets along with the U.S. Olympic Trials are used for selection to the team.
Citizen Action
Citizen Action was a national liberal consumer and public activist group that was active in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s. State-level affiliates have continued on in Connecticut, New York, Ohio, and Wisconsin. The affiliates of Citizen Action are part of the People's Action national network.

People's Action
People's Action is a national progressive advocacy and political organization in the United States made up of 40 organizations in 30 states. The group's stated goal is to "build the power of poor and working people, in rural, suburban, and urban areas to win change through issue campaigns and elections."

People's Action and the associated tax-exempt 501(c)(3) organization, People's Action Institute, were established in 2016 through a merger of three national networks of community organizing groups, National People's Action, the Alliance for a Just Society and USAction, as well as of organizations like the Campaign for America's Future and the Center for Health, Environment and Justice.
Torun Dewan
Torun Dewan is professor of political science at the London School of Economics. Dewan is a specialist in political parties and coalitions, ministerial turnover and legislative and executive behaviour.

American Journal of Political Science
The American Journal of Political Science is an academic journal published by the Midwest Political Science Association. It was formerly known as the Midwest Journal of Political Science. According to the Journal Citation Reports, it has a 2016 impact factor of 5.044, ranking it 1st out of 165 journals in the category "Political Science". According to SCImago Journal & Country Rank, it ranks 3rd best in the field of Political Science and Sociology. Also by other authors it is ranked among 5 best journals in political science.
Bolkhovsky Uyezd
Bolkhovsky Uyezd (Бо́лховский уе́зд) was one of the subdivisions of the Oryol Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the northern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Bolkhov.

Bolkhov
Bolkhov (Russian: Бо́лхов) is a town and the administrative center of Bolkhovsky District in Oryol Oblast, Russia, located on the Nugr River (Oka's tributary), 56 kilometers (35 mi) from Oryol, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 11,421 (2010 Census); 12,148 (2002 Census); 13,071 (1989 Soviet census); 12,800 (1969); 20,703 (1897).
Zabrodzie, Łódź Voivodeship
Zabrodzie [zaˈbrɔd͡ʑɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gidle, within Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) south-east of Gidle, 17 km (11 mi) south of Radomsko, and 96 km (60 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

Gidle
Gidle [ˈɡidlɛ] is a village in Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Gidle. It lies approximately 13 km (8 mi) south of Radomsko and 93 km (58 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź. In 2007 the village had a population of 1,540.

The previous names of the village included Gidzielice and Gidżle.

Gidle is the site of a Dominican monastery with a chapel of the miraculous figure of Mary, mother of Jesus. The sanctuary is a destination of religious pilgrimages from all over Poland.

Mary Magdalene Church, built in 1659

Carthusian Monastery

The stone figure at the main church

A roadside chapel

17th-century painted testimonies of miraculous healings

17th-century painted testimonies of miraculous healings

Main altar in the church

Details of the altar

Stained-glass window showing St. Dominic
Wilton, Ryedale
Wilton is a small village and civil parish near Pickering in North Yorkshire, England. The village is 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Pickering, 12 miles (19 km) west of Scarborough, and 10 miles (16 km) north-east of Malton.

Pickering, North Yorkshire
Pickering is a market town and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England, on the border of the North York Moors National Park. Historically part of the North Riding of Yorkshire, it is at the foot of the moors, overlooking the Vale of Pickering to the south.

Pickering Parish Church, with its medieval wall paintings, Pickering Castle, the North Yorkshire Moors Railway and Beck Isle Museum have made Pickering popular with visitors. Nearby places include Malton, Norton-on-Derwent and Scarborough.
Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny
Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny (Arabic: إبراهيم الشربيني) is an Egyptian Professor of Nanomaterials and Nanomedicine at the University of Science and Technology Zewail City, Egypt. He is the Director of Nanoscience Program and the Center for Materials Science of the institution.  He is a member Biomedical Engineering Society and a Fellow of Royal Society of Chemistry.

Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation
Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation is a nonprofit, independent institution of learning, research and innovation. The concept of the City was proposed in 1999 and its cornerstone laid on January 1, 2000. It's named after its founder the late Dr. Ahmed Zewail, the Nobel laureate in chemistry 1999. After numerous delays, the project was revived by the Egyptian cabinet's decree on May 11, 2011 following the January 25 Revolution.

The Cabinet labeled it a National Project for Scientific Renaissance and named it Zewail City of Science and Technology. Zewail City of Science and Technology with its three constituents – the university, research institutes, and technology park.
Duli Yang Maha Mulia
Duli Yang Maha Mulia (pronounced [du.li jaŋ ma.ha mu.li.a]) is the title of the state anthem of Selangor, Malaysia. It was adopted in 1967. The writer of the lyrics is unknown. The music was written by Saiful Bahri, who also wrote and composed the Malaccan state anthem, Melaka Maju Jaya.

The phrase is a royal title, equivalent to "His Royal Highness". It is used to refer to state rulers in Malaysia. This royal title is used especially on the heads of states of Negeri Sembilan, Selangor, Perlis, Terengganu, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Johor, and Perak.

Title
A title is one or more words used before or after a person's name, in certain contexts. It may signify their generation, official position, military rank, professional or academic qualification, or nobility. In some languages, titles may be inserted between the first and last name (for example, Graf in German or clerical titles such as Cardinal in Catholic usage – Richard Cardinal Cushing). Some titles are hereditary.
Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine forest
The Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine forest is a plant community at an elevation of 2,000–2,700 metres (6,600–8,900 ft) in the Rocky Mountains.: 89   It is an important temperate coniferous forest ecoregion, including some endemic wildlife and grass species that are only found in this ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum) habitat.

Pinus contorta
Pinus contorta, with the common names lodgepole pine, shore pine, twisted pine, and contorta pine, is an evergreen species of conifer tree. It is a common pine in western North America, found near the ocean shore and in dry montane forests to the subalpine, but is rare in lowland rain forests.
Five Moons
The Five Moons were five Native American ballerinas from the U.S. state of Oklahoma who achieved international recognition during the 20th century. The five women were Myra Yvonne Chouteau, Rosella Hightower, Moscelyne Larkin, and sisters Maria Tallchief and Marjorie Tallchief. With their great success in the dance industry, there are several artistic tributes across the Oklahoma area. The most well-known and significant tribute is the Five Moons (2007), a bronze sculpture installation in Tulsa, Oklahoma, that portrays the five ballerinas. Other tributes include the Flight of Spirit mural in the Oklahoma State Capital and dance festivals in their honor. These five women defied racial barriers and opened a door for women of color in the ballet industry.

Original Ballet Russe
The Original Ballet Russe (originally named Ballets Russes de Monte-Carlo) was a ballet company established in 1931 by René Blum and Colonel Wassily de Basil as a successor to the Ballets Russes, founded in 1909 by Sergei Diaghilev. The company assumed the new name Original Ballet Russe after a split between de Basil and Blum. De Basil led the renamed company, while Blum and others founded a new company under the name Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo. It was a large scale professional ballet company which toured extensively in Europe, Australia and New Zealand, the United States, and Central and South America. It closed down operations in 1947.
Thomas Fletcher (rugby, born 1874)
Thomas Fletcher (11 April 1874 – 28 August 1950) was an English rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1890s and 1900s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for England, and at club level for Seaton RFC (in Seaton, Workington), as a centre, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Cumberland, and at club level for Seaton ARLFC (three spells) (in Seaton, Workington), and Oldham (two spells), as a centre. Prior to the 1898–99 season, Seaton was a rugby union club.

Workington
Workington /ˈwɜːrkɪŋtən/ is a coastal port town and civil parish in the Cumberland district of Cumbria, England. The town is at the mouth of the River Derwent on the west coast, 32 miles (51 km) south-west of Carlisle and 8 miles (13 km) north-east of Whitehaven. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 25,448 and the built up area had a population of 21,275.
Ohiki
The Ohiki (尾曳, Obiki) is a breed of long-tailed true bantam, originating on Shikoku Island, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan, during the Edo period. Its name means "tail drag" or "small dragging". They were not introduced to the United Kingdom until 1990. They are closely related to (and possibly derived from) the Japanese bantam and Onagadori.

Onagadori
The Onagadori (Japanese: 尾長鶏, "long-tailed chicken") is a historic Japanese breed of chicken, characterised by an exceptionally long tail. It was bred in the seventeenth century in Kōchi Prefecture, on Shikoku island in southern Japan, and was designated a Japanese National Natural Treasure in 1952. It is one of the ancestors of the German Phoenix breed.
2015 MLS Homegrown Game
The 2015 MLS Homegrown Game (also known as the 2015 Chipotle MLS Homegrown Game for sponsorship reasons) was the second version of the Major League Soccer Homegrown Game. The match took place between the best selected homegrown players from Major League Soccer at the Club América U-20 on July 28, a day before the 2015 MLS All-Star Game. The venue for the game was Dick's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City, Colorado.

Landon Donovan served as coach of the MLS squad.

MLS Next All-Star Game
The MLS Next All-Star Game, formerly known as the MLS Homegrown Game, is an exhibition match between selected players in MLS Next Pro. Similar to events such as Major League Baseball's All-Star Futures Game, the National Hockey League's NHL All-Star Skills Competition and the National Basketball Association's Rising Stars Challenge, the event serves as a supporting event to the league's all-star game.

The inaugural game, held on August 4, 2014 against the Portland Timbers U23s at Providence Park, ended in a scoreless draw. The competition was held every season until 2020 when it was disrupted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The competition resumed under its current name and format.
2009 Home Depot Center USTA Challenger
The 2009 Home Depot Center USTA Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was part of the 2009 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Carson, California, United States between January 26 – February 2, 2009.

Carson Challenger
The Carson Challenger (also known as the USTA Player Development Classic and the USTA LA Tennis Open) was a tournament for professional female and male tennis players. The event on outdoor hardcourts was classified as a $50,000 ITF Women's Circuit tournament and was held in Carson, California in the United States from 2007 to 2011. In 2014, the tournament was a replacement for the Yakima Regional Hospital Challenger, as their clubhouse was destroyed by a fire earlier in the year. The event was also previously part of the ATP Challenger Tour, from 2005 to 2010, with the exception of 2006.
Bnei Ayish
Bnei Ayish (Hebrew: בְּנֵי עַיִ"שׁ) is a town and local council in the Central District of Israel. Located around ten kilometers from Ashdod and adjacent to Gedera, it had a population of 6,881 in 2022.

Gedera
Gedera, less commonly known as Gdera (Hebrew: גְּדֵרָה), is a town in the southern part of the Shfela region in the Central District of Israel founded in 1884. It is 13 kilometres (8 miles) south of Rehovot. In 2023 it had a population of 30,685.
Il diluvio universale
Il diluvio universale (The great flood) is an azione tragico-sacra, or opera, by Gaetano Donizetti.  The Italian libretto was written by Domenico Gilardoni after Lord Byron's Heaven and Earth and Francesco Ringhieri's tragedy Il diluvio (1788).

Stanley Sadie
Stanley John Sadie CBE (/ˈseɪdi/; 30 October 1930 – 21 March 2005) was a British musicologist, music critic, and editor. He was editor of the sixth edition of the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (1980), which was published as the first edition of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Along with Thurston Dart, Nigel Fortune and Oliver Neighbour he was one of Britain's leading musicologists of the post-World War II generation.
Trams in Halberstadt
The Halberstadt tramway (German: Straßenbahn Halberstadt) is a network of tramways forming part of the public transport system in Halberstadt, a city in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

Opened in 1887, the network has been operated since 1992 by Halberstädter Verkehrs-GmbH (HVG), which also operates the city's bus network.

Halberstadt Hauptbahnhof
Halberstadt Hauptbahnhof is the main station on the Magdeburg–Thale railway in Halberstadt in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. A terminal station was opened in the town in 1843. A new through station was opened in another part of the town in 1868. The first service from Halberstadt ran to Magdeburg. Two more lines were added during the next few decades. In the Second World War, the station suffered heavy damage. Extensive modernisation work took place between 2008 and 2010. The entrance building and the locomotive depot are listed buildings. It received the moniker of "Hauptbahnhof" since 15 December 2024.
Martuni, Armenia
40°08′24″N 45°18′23″E﻿ / ﻿40.14000°N 45.30639°E﻿ / 40.14000; 45.30639

Martuni (Armenian: Մարտունի), is a town in the Martuni Municipality of the Gegharkunik Province of Armenia, located on the southern shores of Lake Sevan. As of the 2011 census, the town had a population of 12,894. As per the 2016 official estimate the population of Martuni is around 11,200. As of the 2022 census, the town had a population of 11,287.

Eleşkirt
Eleşkirt (Kurdish: Zêdikan) is a town of Ağrı Province in Turkey. It is the seat of Eleşkirt District. Its population is 10,191 (2021). Its name is a transference from Alashkert (Armenian: Ալաշկերտ, romanized: Alaškert), the valley's former administrative centre but now a village known as Toprakkale. It was known as Vagharshakert in medieval sources. At the time of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 approximately half of the population consisted of Armenians and the rest of Kurds and Turks.

The mayor is Ramazan Yakut (Felicity Party).