hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Alan J. Altheimer
Alan J. Altheimer (September 2, 1903 – March 30, 1999) was an American lawyer with Altheimer & Gray and nonprofit leader who was the former president of the Chicago-based Jewish Council on Urban Affairs.

Jewish Council on Urban Affairs
Jewish Council on Urban Affairs (JCUA) is a nonprofit organization based in Chicago that mobilizes the Jewish community of the region to advance racial and economic justice. JCUA partners with diverse community groups across the city and state to combat racism, antisemitism, poverty and other forms of systemic oppression, through grassroots community organizing, youth education programs, and community development.
Neotermes
Neotermes is a genus of termites in the Kalotermitidae family. The genus was first described by Nils Holmgren in 1911 (as a subgenus), and the type species is Neotermes castaneus. All species are obligate nesters of wood.

Neotermes castaneus
Neotermes castaneus, known generally as the southern damp-wood termite or Florida dampwood termite, is a species of termite in the family Kalotermitidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, Central America, North America, and South America.
Brookesia lambertoni
Brookesia lambertoni, commonly known as the Fito leaf chameleon, is a species of chameleon, a lizard in the family Chamaeleonidae. The species is endemic to Fito in eastern Madagascar. It was first described in 1970 by Édouard-Raoul Brygoo and Charles Antoine Domergue. It is rated as Data Deficient (DD) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), as not enough data on the species have been collected to judge its conservation status.

Data deficient
A data deficient (DD) species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as offering insufficient information for a proper assessment of conservation.
History of horse-drawn transport
The history of horse-drawn transport has developed from antiquity to the present. For thousands of years, horse-drawn vehicles were the dominant means of overland travel, serving military, ceremonial, commercial, and everyday purposes before the invention of mechanized transport. Early examples include the chariots and carts of the ancient Near East and Mediterranean. By the medieval period, carriages with suspension systems and pivoting axles were used by royalty and aristocracy, while wagons and carts were essential for trade and agriculture. In the early modern period, with the spread of improved road surfaces such as macadam and tarmacadam, coaches and stagecoaches expanded long-distance travel, and horse-drawn trams and omnibuses transformed urban mobility in the 19th century. Although largely replaced by railways and automobiles in the 20th century, horse-drawn vehicles continue to be used today in rural areas, and for ceremonial and recreational purposes.

Cart
A cart is a two-wheeled vehicle designed for transport. It can be pulled by humans or draught animals such as horses, donkeys, mules and oxen, or smaller animals such as goats and large dogs.

The word cart is often used incorrectly to indicate four-wheeled horse-drawn vehicles. Over time, the word "cart" has expanded to mean nearly any small conveyance without regard to number of wheels, load carried, or means of propulsion. The word car has often been modified to cart through colloquialization. For example, several small sport and hobby cars carry "cart" in their name such as pedal carts (manually pedaled), soap-box carts (gravity run), and go-carts (gas engine). Similarly, golf cars are more commonly known as golf carts.

A cartwright is a builder of carts, and a carter is the person operating a horse and cart for haulage. The surname "Carter" derives from the occupation.
Yaakov Blau
Yaakov Yeshayah Blau (Hebrew: יעקב ישעיה בלאו; 1929–2013) was a rabbi and a dayan on the Badatz of the Edah HaChareidis in Jerusalem. He was known as an expert in the halakhot of Choshen Mishpat and served as halakhic decisor for over 50 years.

He was born in Jerusalem on 16 September 1929 and grew up in the home of Rabbi Yosef Tzvi Dushinsky, the first Dushinsky rebbe, who raised him after his father died when he was a young child.

In his youth, he studied at the Etz Chaim Yeshiva.

He authored various sefarim on the halakhot of loans and interest, as well as on the halakhot of  mikveh.

As per the request of Rabbi Yitzchok Yaakov Weiss, he was selected to serve as dayan on the Badatz of the Edah HaChareidis.

He died on January 14, 2013 (age 84). He had three sons, Talmidei Chachamim.

Yitzchok Yaakov Weiss
Rabbi Yitzchok Yaakov Weiss (Hebrew: יצחק יעקב וייס; 15 February 1902 – 14 June 1989), commonly known as the Minchas Yitzchak after the responsa he authored, was the rabbi of the Edah HaChareidis in Jerusalem at the time of his death, as well as a posek (decider on points of Jewish law), and Talmudic scholar. His rulings on Jewish law (halacha) are frequently cited and relied upon by rabbinic courts and scholars.
Hold On, We're Strummin'
Hold On, We're Strummin' is an album by American musicians David Grisman and Sam Bush.
It features Grisman and Bush on a number of different instruments. They are accompanied by Sam Grisman, members of the David Grisman Quintet, and other guests.

David Grisman
David Jay Grisman (born March 23, 1945) is an American mandolinist. His music combines bluegrass, folk, and jazz in a genre he calls "dawg music". He founded the record label Acoustic Disc, which releases his recordings and those of other acoustic musicians. He was inducted into the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame in Owensboro, Kentucky in 2023.
Aron Baynes
Aron John Baynes (born 9 December 1986) is an Australian former professional basketball player. He played college basketball for Washington State University before starting his professional career in Europe. In 2013, he joined the San Antonio Spurs, and a year later, won an NBA championship with the Spurs. He has also played with the Detroit Pistons, Boston Celtics, Phoenix Suns and Toronto Raptors. In the National Basketball League (NBL), he played for the Brisbane Bullets between 2022 and 2024. Baynes also played for the Australian national team.

National Basketball League (Australia)
The National Basketball League (NBL) is a men's professional basketball league in Australasia, currently composed of ten teams: nine in Australia and one in New Zealand. It is the premier professional men's basketball league in Australia and New Zealand. The league was played in the Australian winter until 1998 when it switched to summer seasons beginning with the 1998–99 season. The NBL's regular season runs from September to February, with each team playing 33 games. The league's finals extends into March to April, culminating with the Championship grand final series.
1982 Intercontinental Cup
The 1982 Intercontinental Cup was an association football match played on 12 December 1982 between Peñarol, winners of the 1982 Copa Libertadores, and Aston Villa, winners of the 1981–82 European Cup. The match was played at the National Stadium in Tokyo. It was Aston Villa's first appearance into the competition, whereas it was Peñarol's fourth appearance after the victories in 1961 and 1966, and the defeat in 1960.

Jair was named as man of the match.

1966 Intercontinental Cup
The 1966 Intercontinental Cup was the two-legged tie to define the champion of the Intercontinental Cup. It was contested by Uruguayan club Peñarol and Spanish Real Madrid, which met again after their first encounter in 1960.

In the first match, held in Estadio Centenario, Peñarol beat Real Madrid 2–0. The second leg, held at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, saw the Aurinegro team defeat the Spanish side again, by the same scoreline. Therefore, Peñarol won the series 4–0 on points, achieving their second Intercontinental Cup trophy.
Christopher Lennertz
Christopher Joseph Lennertz (born January 2, 1972) is an American composer, conductor, songwriter, and lyricist. He has composed the scores for films such as Alvin and the Chipmunks (2007), Hop, Horrible Bosses (both 2011), Think Like a Man (2012) and Smurfs: The Lost Village (2017), and the Medal of Honor video game series created by Steven Spielberg. He additionally composed the scores for Supernatural, Revolution, The Boys and Gen V, all created by Eric Kripke.

He composed the score for Sausage Party (2016) and Galavant with Alan Menken, and the television series Agent Carter, which included a first-ever Marvel musical number co-written by him and Glenn Slater. He later composed the scores for Lost in Space and Sausage Party: Foodtopia.

Sausage Party: Foodtopia
Sausage Party: Foodtopia is an adult animated television series that serves as a sequel to the film Sausage Party (2016) created by Seth Rogen, Evan Goldberg, Kyle Hunter, and Ariel Shaffir, and developed by the latter two for Amazon Prime Video.  It features the returning voices of Rogen, Kristen Wiig, Michael Cera, Edward Norton, David Krumholtz and Scott "Diggs" Underwood, with Will Forte, Sam Richardson, Stephanie Beard, Natasha Rothwell, and Yassir Lester voicing new characters. Season 2 adds Jillian Bell,
Martin Starr, Marion Cotillard, Patti Harrison, and Andre Braugher.

The first season premiered on Amazon Prime Video on July 11, 2024. The series received generally mixed reviews from critics, who praised its voice acting, animation, score, and humor, while others were divided about its controversial political themes, and criticized its writing and characters. The second season premiered on August 13, 2025.
Hissatsu Watashinin
Hissatsu Watashinin (必殺渡し人) is a Japanese television jidaigeki or period drama that was broadcast in 1983. It is the 20th in the Hissatsu series. Atsushi Watanabe appeared in the Hissatsu series twice in past but in the drama he played professional killer for the first time.

Hissatsu series
The Hissatsu series (必殺シリーズ, Hissatsu series) is a long-running prime-time popular television Jidaigeki series about assassins in Japan, produced by ABC Television and Shochiku. Hissatsu Shikakenin is based on Shōtarō Ikenami's novel Shikakenin Fujieda Baian, but its sequels are only inspired by it. The series still continues as an annual two-hour special drama.
Man, Woman and Child (film)
Man, Woman and Child is a 1983 American drama film directed by Dick Richards and written by Erich Segal and David Zelag Goodman. The film is based on Erich Segal's 1980 novel of the same name. The film stars Martin Sheen, Blythe Danner, Craig T. Nelson, David Hemmings, Nathalie Nell and Maureen Anderman. The film was released on April 1, 1983, by Paramount Pictures. The Bollywood film Masoom is an unauthorised remake of Man, Woman and Child.

Craig T. Nelson
Craig Theodore Nelson (born April 4, 1944) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Hayden Fox in the ABC sitcom Coach (for which he won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series), Deputy Warden Ward Wilson in Stir Crazy (1980), Steve Freeling in Poltergeist (1982), Burt Nickerson in All the Right Moves (1983), Peter Dellaplane in Action Jackson (1988), Chief Howard Hyde in Turner & Hooch (1989), Alex Cullen in The Devil's Advocate (1997), Chief Jack Mannion in the CBS drama The District (2000–2004), Coach Goddard in Blades of Glory (2007), The Warden in the NBC sitcom My Name Is Earl (2007), and the voice of Mr. Incredible in the 2004 film The Incredibles and its 2018 sequel.

He also starred as Zeek Braverman in the NBC drama series Parenthood (2010–2015) and recurred as Dale Ballard in the CBS sitcoms Young Sheldon (2019–2024) and its spin-off Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage (2024–present).
Keikyū Airport Line
The Keikyū Airport Line (Japanese: 京急空港線, Hepburn: Keikyū Kūkō-sen) is a 6.5-kilometre (4.0 mi) is a private railway line in Japan, operated by Keikyū. The line runs between Keikyu Kamata and Haneda Airport Terminal 1·2 at Tokyo International Airport in Tokyo. Most trains continue beyond the Airport Line onto the Keikyū Main Line, operating northbound to Shinagawa in central Tokyo, with some services through-running onto the Toei Asakusa Line, or southbound to Yokohama, with select services continuing onward to Zushi-Hayama.

Keikyū Main Line
The Keikyū Main Line (Japanese: 京急本線, Hepburn: Keikyū-honsen) is a private railway  line in Japan, operated by Keikyū. The line connects the Tokyo wards of Minato, Shinagawa, Ōta, and the Kanagawa municipalities of Kawasaki, Yokohama and Yokosuka. The Keikyu Main Line began as a short 2 km (1.2 mi) line in 1895. By 1905 it was extended from Shinagawa Station in Tokyo to central Yokohama, becoming a major interurban line between the two cities.
2 41 polytope
In 8-dimensional geometry, the 241 is a uniform 8-polytope, constructed within the symmetry of the E8 group.

Its Coxeter symbol is 241, describing its bifurcating Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, with a single ring on the end of the 2-node sequences.

The rectified 241 is constructed by points at the mid-edges of the 241. The birectified 241 is constructed by points at the triangle face centers of the 241, and is the same as the rectified 142.

These polytopes are part of a family of 255 (28 − 1) convex uniform polytopes in 8-dimensions, made of uniform polytope facets, defined by all permutations of rings in this Coxeter-Dynkin diagram: .

Coxeter–Dynkin diagram
In geometry, a Coxeter–Dynkin diagram (or Coxeter diagram, Coxeter graph) is a graph with numerically labeled edges (called branches) representing a Coxeter group or sometimes a uniform polytope or uniform tiling constructed from the group.

A class of closely related objects is the Dynkin diagrams, which differ from Coxeter diagrams in two respects: firstly, branches labeled "4" or greater are directed, while Coxeter diagrams are undirected; secondly, Dynkin diagrams must satisfy an additional (crystallographic) restriction, namely that the only allowed branch labels are 2, 3, 4, and 6. Dynkin diagrams correspond to and are used to classify root systems and therefore semisimple Lie algebras.
Joseph Tomlinson (civil engineer)
Joseph Tomlinson (June 22, 1816 – May 10, 1905) was an English-American engineer and architect who built bridges and lighthouses in Canada and the United States. In 1868, he co-designed and oversaw the construction of the Hannibal Bridge, the first permanent crossing of the Missouri River. He was the first person to hold the position of General Superintendent of Lighthouses for the new Dominion of Canada, holding that position beginning in January 1870. For eight years, he worked building railroad bridges for the Canadian government, and designed one of the most impressive bridges on the Canadian Pacific Railway where it crossed the Fraser River. He designed a railroad bridge over the Ashtabula River in Ohio, but was fired from the project after he refused to make supervisor-ordered changes to the design which he considered unsafe. The bridge failed on December 29, 1876, killing 92 people in a train derailment.

Fraser River
The Fraser River (/ˈfreɪzər/) is the longest river within British Columbia, Canada, rising at Fraser Pass near Blackrock Mountain in the Rocky Mountains and flowing for 1,375 kilometres (854 mi), into the Strait of Georgia just south of the City of Vancouver. The river's annual discharge at its mouth is 112 cubic kilometres (27 mi3) or 3,550 cubic metres per second (125,000 cu ft/s), and each year, it discharges about 20 million tons of sediment into the ocean.
Italian ironclad Formidabile
Formidabile was the lead ship of the Formidabile-class ironclad warships, the first ships of that type to be built for the newly formed Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy). Formidabile and her sister, Terribile, were both built in France; Formidabile was laid down in December 1860, was launched in October 1861, and was completed in May 1862. She was a broadside ironclad, equipped with four 203 mm (8 in) and sixteen 164 mm (6.5 in) guns.

The ship took part in the operation off Lissa in 1866 during the Third Italian War of Independence. There, she silenced the Austrian coastal batteries protecting the main port, but she was too badly damaged to take part in the ensuing Battle of Lissa. The ship's postwar career was limited due to a combination of drastically reduced naval budgets and the appearance of more modern ironclads. Formidabile was used as a training ship starting in 1887; she was discarded in 1903 and broken up for scrap.

Third Italian War of Independence
The Third Italian War of Independence (Italian: Terza guerra d'indipendenza italiana) was a war between the Kingdom of Italy and the Austrian Empire fought between June and August 1866. The conflict paralleled the Austro-Prussian War and resulted in Austria giving the region of Venetia (present-day Veneto, Friuli and the city of Mantua, the last remnant of the Quadrilatero) to the Second French Empire (acting as intermediary in negotiations), which formally gave it to Italy. Italy's acquisition of this wealthy and populous territory, annexed with a plebiscite, represented a major step in the Unification of Italy.
Monica Vernon
Monica Vernon (born October 19, 1957) is an American politician. She is a former two-term member of the Cedar Rapids City Council and the former Mayor Pro Tempore of Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Vernon was elected to the Cedar Rapids City Council in 2007 as a Republican to represent District 2. In 2009, she switched her party affiliation to the Democratic Party.

In 2014, Vernon was defeated in the Democratic primary election for Iowa's 1st congressional district. That same year, she was an unsuccessful nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Iowa, running alongside Jack Hatch. In 2016, she won the Democratic nomination in Iowa's 1st congressional district. She was defeated by incumbent Republican Rod Blum in the general election.

In 2017, she unsuccessfully ran for mayor of Cedar Rapids.

Iowa's 1st congressional district
Iowa's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Iowa that covers its southeastern part, bordering the states of Illinois and  Missouri, and the Mississippi River. The district includes the cities of Davenport, Iowa City, Burlington, and Indianola. Republican Mariannette Miller-Meeks is the current U.S. representative.
Mahmoud Hassan (wrestler)
Mahmoud Hassan (Egyptian Arabic: محمود حسن; December 15, 1918 – November 10, 1998) was an Egyptian Greco-Roman Bantamweight wrestler. He competed for Egypt in the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, earning a silver medal behind Kurt Pettersén of Sweden and Halil Kaya of Turkey. He also competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

Hassan was the flag bearer for Egypt in the London 1948 opening ceremony.

Kurt Pettersén
Kurt Arne Pettersén (21 June 1916 – 15 November 1957) was a bantamweight Greco-Roman wrestler from Sweden who won a gold medal at the 1948 Summer Olympics. He won silver medals at the European championships in 1938 and 1939 (Greco-Roman) and 1949 (freestyle).

Kurt was born in a family of 11 siblings with Norwegian roots. Between 1936 and 1951 he won 22 Swedish titles in wrestling. He died of cancer aged 41.
Cristina Narbona
María Cristina Narbona Ruiz (born 29 July 1951) is a Spanish politician who served as First Vice President of the Senate. She also presides over the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE).

From 18 April 2004 to April 2008, she served as Minister of Environment in the government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero. She is a trustee of the Fundación IDEAS, a think tank linked to the PSOE.

José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (Spanish: [xoseˈlwis roˈðɾiɣeθ θapaˈteɾo] ⓘ; born 4 August 1960) is a Spanish politician and member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). He was the Prime Minister of Spain being elected for two terms, in the 2004 and 2008 general elections. On 2 April 2011 he announced he would not stand for re-election in the 2011 general election and left office on 21 December 2011.

Among the main actions taken by the Zapatero administration were the withdrawal of Spanish troops from the Iraq war, the increase of Spanish troops in Afghanistan; the idea of an Alliance of Civilizations; the legalisation of same-sex marriage in Spain; reform of abortion law; a peace negotiation attempt with ETA; the end of ETA terrorism; increase of tobacco restrictions; and the reform of various autonomous statutes, particularly the Statute of Catalonia.
Cytometry
Cytometry is the measurement of number and characteristics of cells. Variables that can be measured by cytometric methods include cell size, cell count, cell morphology (shape and structure), cell cycle phase, DNA content, and the existence or absence of specific proteins on the cell surface or in the cytoplasm. Cytometry is used to characterize and count blood cells in common blood tests such as the complete blood count. In a similar fashion, cytometry is also used in cell biology research and in medical diagnostics to characterize cells in a wide range of applications associated with diseases such as cancer and AIDS.

Coulter counter
A Coulter counter is an apparatus for counting and sizing particles suspended in electrolytes. The Coulter counter is the commercial term for the technique known as resistive pulse sensing or electrical zone sensing. The apparatus is based on the Coulter principle named after its inventor, Wallace H. Coulter.

A typical Coulter counter has one or more microchannels that separate two chambers containing electrolyte solutions. As fluid that contains particles or cells is drawn through the microchannels, each particle causes a brief change to the electrical resistance of the liquid. The counter detects these changes in the electrical resistance.
Dental floss
Dental floss is a cord of thin filaments, typically made of nylon or silk, used in interdental cleaning to remove food and dental plaque from between teeth or places a toothbrush has difficulty reaching or is unable to reach. Its regular use as part of oral cleaning is intended to maintain oral health.

Use of floss is recommended to prevent gingivitis and the build-up of plaque. The American Dental Association claims that up to 80% of plaque can be removed by flossing, and it may confer a particular benefit in individuals with orthodontic devices. However, empirical scientific evidence demonstrating the clinical benefit of flossing as an adjunct to routine tooth brushing alone remains limited.

American Dental Association
The American Dental Association (ADA) is an American professional dental association. Established in 1859 and with over 159,000 current members, ADA is the world's largest and oldest national dental association. The organization lobbies on behalf of the American dental profession and provides dental accreditation.

The ADA publishes the Journal of the American Dental Association and JADA Foundational Science.

As part of its lobbying efforts, the ADA has sought to restrict non-dentists (such as dental hygienists and dental therapists) from providing basic dental care. The organization has played an important role in blocking the inclusion of dental coverage in Medicare. The ADA has expressed opposition to the opening of new dental schools or to increasing the number of dentists in the United States, even as the United States trains almost half as many dental students (relative to population) in the 2000s as it did in the 1980s.