hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
David Bowens
David Walter Bowens (born July 3, 1977) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker for 12 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Denver Broncos in the fifth round of the 1999 NFL draft. He played college football for the Michigan Wolverines. He now is Archbishop Carroll High School’s Defensive Coordinator in Riverside Ohio.

Bowens was also a member of the Green Bay Packers, Buffalo Bills, Washington Redskins, Miami Dolphins, New York Jets, and Cleveland Browns.

Western Illinois University
Western Illinois University (WIU) is a public university in Macomb, Illinois, United States. It was founded in 1899 as Western Illinois State Normal School. As the normal school grew, it became Western Illinois State Teachers College. Once Western Illinois started offering graduate degrees, it again changed its name to Western Illinois State College. Western Illinois has an additional campus in Moline.
Army of India Medal
The Army of India Medal (AIM) was a campaign medal approved in 1851 for issue to officers and men of the British Army and the Army of the Honourable East India Company.  A retrospective award following the precedent set by the Naval General Service Medal and the Military General Service Medal, it served to reward service in various actions from 1803 to 1826.

Naval General Service Medal (1847)
The Naval General Service Medal (NGSM) was a campaign medal approved in 1847, and issued to officers and men of the Royal Navy in 1849. The final date for submitting claims was 1 May 1851. Admiral Thomas Bladen Capel was one of the members of the board that authorised the medal.

The NGSM was awarded retrospectively for various naval actions during the period 1793–1840, a period that included the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars and the Anglo-American War of 1812. Each battle or campaign covered by the medal was represented by a clasp on the ribbon. The medal was never issued without a clasp, 231 of which were sanctioned. The clasps covered a variety of actions, from boat service, ship to ship skirmishes, to major fleet actions such as the Battle of Trafalgar.

This medal and its army counterpart, the Military General Service Medal, were amongst the first real British campaign medals, issued to all ranks for serving in combat actions.
Persian Gulf Basin
The Persian Gulf Basin (Persian: آبخیز شاخاب پارس), also known as the Arabian Gulf Basin (Arabic: حوض الخليج العربي), is found between the Eurasian and the Arabian plate. The Persian Gulf is described as a shallow marginal sea of the Indian Ocean that is located between the south western side of Zagros Mountains and the Arabian Peninsula and south and southeastern side of Oman and the United Arab Emirates. Other countries that border the Persian Gulf basin include; Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain and Iraq. The Persian Gulf extends a distance of 1,000 km (620 mi) with an area of 240,000 km2 (93,000 sq mi). The Arabian Plate basin a wedge-shaped foreland basin which lies beneath the western Zagros thrust and was created as a result of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian plates.

Arabian plate
The Arabian plate is a minor tectonic plate in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres.

It is one of the three continental plates (along with the African and Indian plates) that have been moving northward in geological history and colliding with the Eurasian plate. This collision is resulting in a mingling of plate pieces and mountain ranges extending in the west from the Pyrenees, crossing Southern Europe to Iranian plateau, forming the Alborz and the Zagros Mountains, to the Himalayas and ranges of Southeast Asia.
Sugar Run (Marsh Creek tributary)
Sugar Run is a tributary of Marsh Creek in Wyoming County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 1.3 miles (2.1 km) long and flows through Monroe Township, Northmoreland Township, and Eaton Township. The watershed of the creek has an area of 1.36 square miles (3.5 km2). The creek is not designated as an impaired body and it contains wild trout. The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of Wisconsinan Till, alluvium, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and wetlands.

Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission
The Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission is an independent state agency responsible for the regulation of all fishing and boating in the state of Pennsylvania within the United States of America.  Unlike many U.S. states, Pennsylvania has a separate Game Commission.

Its mission is: to protect, conserve, and enhance the Commonwealth's aquatic resources and provide fishing and boating opportunities.
Cologne City Hall
The City Hall (German: Kölner Rathaus) is a historical building in Cologne, western Germany. It is located off Hohe Straße in the district of Innenstadt, and set between the two squares of Rathausplatz and Alter Markt. It houses part of the city government, including the city council and offices of the Lord Mayor. It is Germany's oldest city hall with a documented history spanning some 900 years. The history of its council during the 11th century is a prominent example for self-gained municipal autonomy of Medieval cities.

Today's building complex consists of several structures, added successively in varying architectural styles: they include the 14th century historic town hall, the 15th century Gothic style tower, the 16th century Renaissance style loggia and cloister (the Löwenhof), and the 20th century Modern Movement atrium (the Piazzetta). The so-called Spanischer Bau is an extension on Rathausplatz but not directly connected with the main building.

Bombing of Cologne in World War II
The German city of Cologne was bombed in 262 separate air raids by the Allies during World War II, all by the Royal Air Force (RAF).  A total of 34,711 long tons (35,268 t) of bombs were dropped on the city causing 20,000 civilian casualties.

While air raid alarms had gone off in the winter and spring of 1940 as British bombers passed overhead, the first bombing took place on 12 May 1940. The attack on Cologne during the night from 30 to 31 May 1942 was the first thousand-bomber raid.
Epoline
epoline is a set of web-based computer programs and services enabling applicants, patentees and their representatives to file patent applications online before the European Patent Office (EPO), as well as to monitor the status of patent applications during their prosecution and patents during an opposition. The epoline products and services have been implemented and are maintained by the EPO, according to the Decision of the President of the EPO dated 29 October 2002.

Appeal procedure before the European Patent Office
The European Patent Convention (EPC), the multilateral treaty instituting the legal system according to which European patents are granted, contains provisions allowing a party to appeal a decision issued by a first instance department of the European Patent Office (EPO). For instance, a decision of an Examining Division refusing to grant a European patent application may be appealed by the applicant. The appeal procedure before the European Patent Office is under the responsibility of its Boards of Appeal, which are institutionally independent within the EPO.
2013 Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain
The 2013 Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain, also known as the 2013 FIM Fogo British Speedway Grand Prix for sponsorship reasons, was the fifth race of the 2013 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on 1 June at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom. The Grand Prix was won by Emil Sayfutdinov who beat Niels Kristian Iversen, Krzysztof Kasprzak and Fredrik Lindgren in the final.

2013 Speedway Grand Prix
The 2013 Speedway Grand Prix season was the 68th edition of the official World Championship and the 19th season of the Speedway Grand Prix era, deciding the FIM Speedway World Championship. It was the thirteenth series under the promotion of Benfield Sports International, an IMG company.

The British rider Tai Woffinden became world champion, making him the first British rider to win the gold medal since Mark Loram in the 2000 Speedway Grand Prix. Jarosław Hampel won his third world championship medal, while Danish rider Niels Kristian Iversen won his first medal finishing third in the series.
Notochampsa
Notochampsa is an extinct genus of protosuchian crocodyliform. Fossils have been found from the lower Clarens Formation of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa, dating back to the Pliensbachian stage of the Early Jurassic. Notochampsa comes from a period of relative fossil scarcity, and is the youngest known occurrence of a crocodylomorph (and vertebrate body fossil) from the Karoo Basin of South Africa.

Protosuchia
Protosuchia is a group of extinct Mesozoic crocodyliforms. They were small in size (~1 meter in length) and terrestrial. In phylogenetic terms, Protosuchia is considered an informal group because it is a grade of basal crocodyliforms, not a true clade.
Punk 45: Sick on You! One Way Spit!
Punk 45: Sick on You! One Way Spit! (subtitled: After the Love & Before the Revolution, Vol. 3: Proto-Punk 1970-77) is a 2014 compilation album released by Soul Jazz Records. The album was released to positive reviews from publications such as AllMusic and Record Collector as well as Rolling Stone who included it on their list of top reissues of 2014.

The 101ers
The 101ers were a pub rock band from the 1970s playing mostly in a rockabilly style, notable as being the band that Joe Strummer left to join the Clash. Formed in London in May 1974, the 101ers made their performing debut on 7 September at the Telegraph pub in Brixton, under the name 'El Huaso and the 101 All Stars'. The name would later be shortened to the '101 All Stars' and finally just the '101ers'. The group played at free festivals such as Stonehenge, and established themselves on the London pub rock circuit prior to the advent of punk.
Stonehurst, Nova Scotia
Stonehurst is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Lunenburg Municipal District in Lunenburg County.

44°21′21.65″N 64°13′53.64″W﻿ / ﻿44.3560139°N 64.2315667°W﻿ / 44.3560139; -64.2315667﻿ (Stonehurst, Nova Scotia)

Municipality of the District of Lunenburg
The Municipality of the District of Lunenburg, is a district municipality in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia, Canada. Statistics Canada classifies the district municipality as a municipal district.

Lunenburg surrounds the towns of Bridgewater, Lunenburg, and Mahone Bay, which are incorporated separately and not part of the district municipality.
Sayville station
Sayville (signed as Sayville Fire Island Ferries) is a station on the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road in the hamlet of Sayville, New York, on Depot Street between Greeley Avenue and Railroad Avenue. Ferries to Fire Island board from a nearby port located to the station's south.

Patchogue station
Patchogue (signed as Patchogue Fire Island Ferries) is a station of the Montauk Branch of the Long Island Rail Road in the Village of Patchogue, Suffolk County, New York. It is on Division Street between West Avenue (CR 19) and South Ocean Avenue. The station is the eastern terminus for some trains on the branch.

Ferries to Fire Island board from a port near the station.
Sibylle Christine of Anhalt-Dessau
Sibylle Christine of Anhalt-Dessau (11 July 1603 in Dessau – 21 February 1686 in Hanau), was by birth a member of the House of Ascania and princess of Anhalt-Dessau. Through her two marriages she became Countess of Hanau-Münzenberg and Hanau-Lichtenberg.

Sibylle Christine was the sixth daughter of John George I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, but third-born daughter of his second wife Dorothea, daughter of John Casimir of Simmern.

John George I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau
John George I of Anhalt-Dessau (9 May 1567 – 24 May 1618) was a German prince of the House of Ascania. From 1586 to 1603 he ruled the unified principality of Anhalt jointly with his brothers. After the partition of the principality in 1603, he ruled the principality of Anhalt-Dessau from 1603 to 1618.

John George was much appreciated by his subjects and considered learned abroad, particularly in the subjects of astrology and alchemy. He possessed a remarkable library with over 3000 volumes.
Aspergillus pseudocaelatus
Aspergillus pseudocaelatus is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It was first isolated from an Arachis burkartii leaf in Argentina. It is most related to the non-aflatoxin producing Aspergillus caelatus, producing aflatoxins B and G, as well as cyclopiazonic acid and kojic acid.

Aspergillus
Aspergillus (/ˌæspərˈdʒɪləs/) is a genus consisting of several hundred mold species found in various climates worldwide.

Aspergillus was first catalogued in 1729 by the Italian priest and biologist Pier Antonio Micheli. Viewing the fungi under a microscope, Micheli was reminded of the shape of an aspergillum (holy water sprinkler), from Latin spargere (to sprinkle), and named the genus accordingly. Aspergillum is an asexual spore-forming structure common to all Aspergillus species; around one-third of species are also known to have a sexual stage. While some species of Aspergillus are known to cause fungal infections, others are of commercial importance.
Sanskritisation
Sanskritisation (or Sanskritization) is a process through which individuals or communities belonging to certain castes and tribal groups adopt the culture, values, lifestyles, and ritual practices of the dominant upper castes, with the aim of attaining upward social mobility and an elevated social status within the hierarchical structure of caste system of India. The phenomenon bears resemblance to the sociological concept of "passing". The term Sanskritisation was popularised in the 1950s by Indian sociologist and anthropologist M. N. Srinivas.

Sanskritisation has in particular been observed among mid-ranked members within caste hierarchy. It is considered an aspect of the wider historical and cultural process of Brahmanisation, which is the assimilation or alignment of local and regional Indian religious traditions with Brahmanism, leading to the Hindu synthesis and the formation of Hinduism, through a syncretic blending of diverse beliefs and customs into the Brahmanical fold.

Dvija
Dvija (Sanskrit: द्विज) means "twice-born". The concept is premised on the belief that a person is first born physically and at a later date is born for a second time spiritually, usually when he undergoes the rite of passage that initiates him into a school for Vedic studies. The term also refers to members of the three varnas in the traditional Hindu social system, or social classes — the Brahmins (priests and teachers), Kshatriyas (rulers and warriors ), and Vaishyas (farmers, herders and merchants) — whose samskara of the Upanayana initiation was regarded as a second or spiritual birth.

The word Dvija is neither found in any Vedas and Upanishads, nor is it found in any Vedanga literature such as the Shrauta-sutras or Grihya-sutras. The word scarcely appears in Dharmasutras literature. Increasing mentions of it appear in Dharmasastras text of mid to late 1st-millennium CE texts. The presence of the word Dvija is a marker that the text is likely a medieval era Indian text.
Lanitra
Lanitra is a monotypic moth genus in the subfamily Lymantriinae erected by Paul Griveaud in 1976. Its only species, Lanitra hexamitobalia, was first described by Cyril Leslie Collenette in 1936. It is found on Madagascar.

Lymantriinae
The Lymantriinae (formerly called the Lymantriidae) are a subfamily of moths of the family Erebidae. The taxon was erected by George Hampson in 1893.

Many of its component species are referred to as "tussock moths" of one sort or another. The caterpillar, or larval, stage of these species often has a distinctive appearance of alternating bristles and haired projections. Many tussock moth caterpillars have urticating hairs (often hidden among longer, softer hairs), which can cause painful reactions if they come into contact with skin.

The subfamily Lymantriinae includes about 350 known genera and over 2,500 known species found in every continent except Antarctica. They are particularly concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and South America. One estimate lists 258 species in Madagascar alone. Apart from oceanic islands, notable places that do not host lymantriines include the Antilles and New Caledonia.
Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future
The Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future (IBHF) is an affiliate of the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) and is housed at IIT's Chicago-Kent College of Law. The IBHF was founded in 2004 by Lori Andrews, J.D., and Nigel M. de S. Cameron, Ph.D., to discuss and analyze the ethical, legal, and social implications of biotechnologies.

Illinois Institute of Technology
The Illinois Institute of Technology (Illinois Tech or IIT) is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Tracing its history to 1890, the present name was adopted upon the merger of the Armour Institute and Lewis Institute in 1940. The university has programs in architecture, business, communications, design, engineering, industrial technology, information technology, law, psychology, and science. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".

The university's historic roots are in several 19th-century engineering and professional education institutions in the United States. In the mid 20th century, it became closely associated with trends in modernist architecture through the work of its Dean of Architecture Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who designed its campus. The Institute of Design, Chicago-Kent College of Law, and Midwest College of Engineering were also merged into Illinois Tech.
Trash (New York Dolls song)
"Trash" is the debut single by the American rock band New York Dolls. It was recorded for their 1973 self-titled album and released as a double A-side with the song "Personality Crisis" in July 1973. "Trash" did not chart upon its release, but has since been hailed by music critics as an anthemic glam rock and proto-punk song. In 2009, the band recorded a reggae-styled remake of the song for their album Cause I Sez So.

Jon Savage
Jon Savage (born Jonathan Malcolm Sage, 2 September 1953) is an English writer, broadcaster and music journalist, best known for his book about the Sex Pistols and punk music, England's Dreaming (1991). He contributed an editorial to Sounds magazine's 1977 series on "New Musick", which was later credited as the starting point for "post-punk".
Nauru v Australia
Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru, commonly known as Nauru v Australia or the Phosphate Case, was an International Court of Justice case regarding damages for the exploitation of mineral reserves in the island nation of Nauru.

Phosphate mining in Banaba and Nauru
The economies of Banaba and Nauru have been almost wholly dependent on phosphate, which has led to environmental disaster on these islands, with 80% of the islands' surfaces having been strip-mined. The phosphate deposits were virtually exhausted by 2000, although some small-scale mining is still in progress on Nauru. Mining ended on Banaba in 1979.
Rádio Expres
Rádio Expres is the most listened-to commercial radio station in Slovakia. Since 2013, it has been operated by the Bauer Media Group, which also owns the stations Melody, Europa 2, and Rock. The radio began broadcasting on December 31, 1999, as it was legally required to start broadcasting by that date. Full-scale broadcasting began on January 1, 2000.

Bauer Media Group
Heinrich Bauer Publishing (German: Heinrich Bauer Verlag KG), trading as Bauer Media Group, is a German multimedia conglomerate headquartered in Hamburg. It operates worldwide and owns more than 600 magazines, over 400 digital products and 50 radio and TV stations, as well as print shops, postal, distribution and marketing services. It also operates out-of-home advertising across Europe, following its takeover of Clear Channel Europe in April 2025. Bauer has a workforce of approximately 11,000 in 17 countries.

Bauer Verlagsgruppe has been managed by five generations of the Bauer family. In November 2010, Heinz Heinrich's daughter Yvonne Bauer became CEO and 85% owner of the Bauer Media Group after joining the family business in 2005.

In February 2021, Bauer Media Group announced it was to acquire Ireland's Communicorp Group, subject to regulatory approval. The acquisition was completed on 1 June 2021.
Bronisław Kurzętkowski
Bronisław Wenancjusz Kurzętkowski (Polish pronunciation: [brɔˈɲiswav vɛˈnant͡sjuʂ kuʐɛntˈkɔfskʲi] ⓘ; 21 May 1880 – 16 February 1939) was a Polish politician, lawyer, and social activist who served as Mayor of Chełmża from 1920 to 1934 and Mayor of Mogilno from 1938 to 1939.

Nowe Miasto Lubawskie
Nowe Miasto Lubawskie (Polish: [ˈnɔvɛ ˈmjastɔ luˈbafskʲɛ]; German: Neumark in Westpreußen) is a town in northern Poland, situated on the River Drwęca. The total population in January 2024 was 10,089. Nowe Miasto Lubawskie is the capital of Nowe Miasto County in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship.
1992 Indian stock market scam
The 1992 Indian stock market scam was a market manipulation carried out by Harshad Mehta with other bankers and politicians on the Bombay Stock Exchange. The scam caused significant disruption to the stock market of India, defrauding investors of over $15 million.

The techniques used by Mehta involved having corrupt officials sign fake cheques, abusing market loopholes, and using fabrication to drive stock prices up to 40 times their original value. Stock traders making good returns as a result of the scam were able to fraudulently obtain unsecured loans from banks. When the scam was discovered in April 1992, India's stock market crashed, and the same banks suddenly found themselves holding millions of Indian rupees (INR) in useless debt.

Cheque fraud
Cheque fraud or check fraud (American English) is a category of criminal acts that involve making the unlawful use of cheques to illegally acquire or borrow funds that do not exist within the account balance or account-holder's legal ownership. Most methods involve taking advantage of the float (the time between the negotiation of the cheque and its clearance at the cheque writer's financial institution) to draw out these funds. Specific kinds of cheque fraud include cheque kiting, where funds are deposited before the end of the float period to cover the fraud, and paper hanging, where the float offers the opportunity to write fraudulent cheques but the account is never replenished.
The 3tards
The 3tards was a Canadian hardcore punk rock band that was formed in Brampton, Ontario, in 2001.  The 3tards released three full-length albums – Greatest Hits Vol. 2, Crystal Balls, and 333: Halfway to Hell.

They were known for their provocative, vulgar and sexual lyrics, and political satire. Their shows featured live births, circumcisions and a mock gay wedding. They have been self described as "Canada's most politically incorrect punk band."

Dayglo Abortions
The Dayglo Abortions (sometimes abbreviated to DGA) are a Canadian hardcore punk and metal band from Victoria, British Columbia. Their lyrics reflect a genre-typical disregard for societal norms. The band was formed in 1979 and released their first album in 1981. The band's biography, Argh Fuck Kill: The Story of the Dayglo Abortions, by the author Chris Walter, was published in 2010 by Gofuckyerself Press. Gymbo Jak, the lead singer from 1994 to 2007, also sang for the Toronto-based Maximum RNR.