hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Alfred Eugene Bradley
Alfred Eugene Bradley (November 25, 1864 – December 17, 1922) was a career surgeon that served in the United States Army.  He commanded the Hospital ship USS Relief and served as Chief Surgeon at General Headquarters for the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I.

Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)
The Distinguished Service Medal (DSM) is a military decoration of the United States Army that is presented to soldiers who have distinguished themselves by exceptionally meritorious service to the government in a duty of great responsibility. The performance must be such as to merit recognition for service that is clearly exceptional. The exceptional performance of normal duty will not alone justify an award of this decoration.

The Army's Distinguished Service Medal is equivalent to the Naval Service's Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Air and Space Forces' Distinguished Service Medal, and the Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal. Prior to the creation of the Air Force's Distinguished Service Medal in 1960, United States Air Force airmen were awarded the Army's Distinguished Service Medal.
Beacon frame
A beacon frame is a type of management frame in IEEE 802.11 WLANs. It contains information about the network. Beacon frames are transmitted periodically; they serve to announce the presence of a wireless LAN and to provide a timing signal to synchronise communications with the devices using the network (the members of a service set). In an infrastructure basic service set (BSS), beacon frames are transmitted by the access point (AP). In ad hoc (IBSS) networks, beacon generation is distributed among the stations. For the 2.4 GHz spectrum, when having more than 15 SSIDs on non-overlapping channels (or more than 45 in total), beacon frames start to consume significant amount of air time and degrade performance even when most of the networks are idle.

Wireless access point
In computer networking, a wireless access point (WAP) (also just access point (AP)) is a networking hardware device that allows other Wi-Fi devices to connect to a wired network or wireless network. As a standalone device, the AP may have a wired or wireless connection to a switch or router, but in a wireless router it can also be an integral component of the networking device itself. A WAP and AP is differentiated from a hotspot, which can be a physical location or digital location where Wi-Fi or WAP access is available.
Colyell, Louisiana
Colyell is an unincorporated community in Livingston Parish, Louisiana, United States. It was named after Francisco Collell, who was the commandant of Galveztown in 1779.

Currently, the only school located in the Colyell area is Frost School, with grades pre-kindergarten through eighth. Colyell supports a community ball park, located on Perrilloux Road. It also has a volunteer fire department, part of the Livingston Parish Fire Protection District 7.

Residents use Livingston as their home mailing address. The area code for Colyell is 225; and the telephone prefix is 698, the same as for French Settlement.

Livingston, Louisiana
Livingston is the parish seat of Livingston Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 1,877 as of the 2020 census.

Livingston hosts one of the two LIGO gravitational wave detector sites, the other one being located in Hanford, Washington.
Jorge Valenzuela
Jorge Valenzuela Jr. is a retired American soccer goalkeeper who played professionally in the United States during the late 1980s and 1990s. He competed outdoors in the American Professional Soccer League (APSL) with the Fort Lauderdale Strikers and had an extensive indoor career in the AISA, NPSL, and CISL, playing for clubs such as the Memphis Storm, Canton Invaders, Harrisburg Heat, and Anaheim Splash.

Ricardo Valenzuela (referee)
Ricardo Andres Valenzuela (born February 7, 1964) is a United States former soccer referee from Richmond, California, who officiated for the U.S. Soccer Federation in various leagues and competitions, as assigned. He was also a FIFA referee. His other occupation is as a schoolteacher.
March to Modernity
The March to Modernity, coined by Kishore Mahbubani in his 2008 book, "The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East", refers to Asia's modernization using and adapting the seven pillars of Western ideology, causing Asia to rise and to become the new global power. Asia's modernity was first achieved by Japan and India. Japan's success was emulated by the four economic tigers: South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. China followed soon after by launching its "Four Modernizations" program. China's success of the past three decades in turn inspired the rise of India. Asians are marching to modernity.

David Hale (economist)
David D. Hale (United States, November 22, 1951 – October 19, 2015) was an American economist and author. He was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and a recipient of the William F Butler Award from the National Association for Business Economics. Hale held a B.Sc. degree in international economic affairs from the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service and a M.Sc. degree in economic history from the London School of Economics.
Tottenham Lane
Tottenham Lane is a street in Crouch End and Hornsey in the London Borough of Haringey. The street runs from the centre of Crouch End at the clock tower, north to the junction of the High Street and Turnpike Lane (A504).

Crouch End
Crouch End is an area of north London, England, five miles (8 km) from the City of London in the western half of the borough of Haringey. It is within the Hornsey postal district (N8). It has been described as one of "a new breed of urban villages" in London. In 2023, it was voted the best place to live in London.
Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception
The Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception (Latin: Congregatio Canonicorum Regularium Immaculatæ Conceptionis) are a Catholic religious order for men founded in France in 1871. They follow the Augustinian Rule and are part of the Order of Canons Regular of St. Augustine. They add the nominal initials of C.R.I.C. after their names to indicate their membership in the congregation.

Diocese of Saint-Claude
The Diocese of Saint-Claude (Latin: Dioecesis Sancti Claudii; French: Diocèse de Saint-Claude) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in France. The diocese corresponds in territory to the civil department of Jura. The city is 62 km (39 mi) north-northwest of Geneva, and 120 km (75 mi) south of Besançon. It was established in 1742.

The Diocese of Saint-Claude is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Besançon, and formerly a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Lyon. Its cathedra is Saint-Claude Cathedral, in the episcopal see of Saint-Claude, Jura.
Doublet (lens)
In optics, a doublet is a type of lens made up of two simple lenses paired together.  Such an arrangement allows more optical surfaces, thicknesses, and formulations, especially as the space between lenses may be considered an "element".  With additional degrees of freedom, optical designers have more latitude to correct more optical aberrations more thoroughly.

Lens
A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction. A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while a compound lens consists of several simple lenses (elements), usually arranged along a common axis. Lenses are made from materials such as glass or plastic and are ground, polished, or molded to the required shape. A lens can focus light to form an image, unlike a prism, which refracts light without focusing. Devices that similarly focus or disperse waves and radiation other than visible light are also called "lenses", such as microwave lenses, electron lenses, acoustic lenses, or explosive lenses.

Lenses are used in various imaging devices such as telescopes, binoculars, and cameras. They are also used as visual aids in glasses to correct defects of vision such as myopia and hypermetropia.
Gold Hill, British Columbia
Gold Hill or Goldhill is a ghost town in the West Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia. The former mining community is on the northeast side of the Lardeau River. The locality, on BC Highway 31, is about 32 kilometres (20 mi) northwest of Lardeau (head of Kootenay Lake) and 21 kilometres (13 mi) southeast of Gerrard.

Kootenay Lake
Kootenay Lake is a lake located in British Columbia, Canada.  It is part of the Kootenay River.  The lake has been raised by the Corra Linn Dam and has a dike system at the southern end, which, along with industry in the 1950s–70s, has changed the ecosystem in and around the water. The Kootenay Lake ferry is a year-round toll-free ferry that crosses between Kootenay Bay and Balfour. The lake is a popular summer tourist destination.
Weddell seal
The Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) is a relatively large and abundant true seal with a circumpolar distribution surrounding Antarctica. The Weddell seal was discovered and named in the 1820s during expeditions led by British sealing captain James Weddell to the area of the Southern Ocean now known as the Weddell Sea. The life history of this species is well documented since it occupies fast ice environments close to the Antarctic continent and often adjacent to Antarctic bases.  It is the only species in the genus Leptonychotes.

Summer
Summer or summertime is the hottest and brightest of the four temperate seasons, occurring after spring and before autumn. At or centred on the summer solstice, daylight hours are the longest and darkness hours are the shortest, with day length decreasing as the season progresses after the solstice. The earliest sunrises and latest sunsets also occur near the date of the solstice. The date of the beginning of summer varies according to definition, climate, tradition, and culture. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa.
Bent Rolstad
Bent Rolstad (13 March 1947 – 9 July 2015) was a Norwegian professor of medicine.

He took the cand.med. degree at the University of Oslo in 1975, the dr.med. degree in 1977, specializing in anatomy, and became a professor at the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences there. He was a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. He resided in Asker. He died while vacationing in Spain in the summer of 2015.

Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (Norwegian: Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi, DNVA) is a learned society based in Oslo, Norway. Its purpose is to support the advancement of science and scholarship in Norway.
Marseilles moraine
The Marseilles moraine is a terminal moraine that encircles the southern tip of Lake Michigan in North America. It begins near Elgin, Illinois, and extends south and west of Chicago metropolitan area, turning eastward 30 miles (48 km) to 40 miles (64 km) south of the lake in Kankakee and Iroqouis counties, entering Indiana. It formed during the Wisconsin glaciation. The glacier had been in retreat when it stopped for an extended period, depositing glacial till and sand creating the hills of the moraine.

Kendall County, Illinois
Kendall County is a county in the U.S. state of Illinois, within the Chicago metropolitan area. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 131,869. Its county seat is Yorkville, and its most populous municipality is Oswego.

Kendall County is part of the Chicago metropolitan area and was the fastest-growing county in the United States between 2000 and 2010.
Patrick D. Creamer
Patrick D. Creamer (July 9, 1892 – March 31, 1949) was an American politician and a trainman.

Creamer was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, and graduated from St. Michael's Parochial School. He went to University of St. Thomas and to Notre Dame Law School. He served in the United States Army during World War I. Creamer lived in Saint Paul with his wife, Edna (née Kopp, of Shakopee, Minnesota) and children, Mary Creamer Landy, Patricia Creamer Emerson, Patrick Creamer, George "Roman" Creamer, Robert Stanley Creamer, William Creamer and Kathleen Creamer Rezek. He had worked as a trainman for the Great Northern Railway. Creamer sat in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1945 until his death in 1949.

Great Northern Railway (U.S.)
The Great Northern Railway (reporting mark GN) was an American Class I railroad. Running from Saint Paul, Minnesota, to Seattle, Washington, it was the creation of 19th-century Canadian-American railroad entrepreneur James J. Hill and was developed from the Saint Paul & Pacific Railroad. The Great Northern's route made it the northernmost transcontinental railroad in the U.S.

In 1970, the Great Northern Railway merged with three other railroads to form the Burlington Northern Railroad, which merged in 1996 with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway to form the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway.
Eero Kolehmainen
Eero Johannes Kolehmainen (24 March 1918 – 7 December 2013) was a Finnish cross-country skier. He competed in the 50 km event at the 1952 and 1956 Olympics and won a silver medal in 1952, placing fourth in 1956. In 1957, aged 39, he won the 50 km races at the Holmenkollen ski festival and Lahti Ski Games. The same year, he was awarded the Holmenkollen medal. Kolehmainen's best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was fifth over 50 km in 1958. He was a farmer by occupation.

Holmenkollen Ski Festival
The Holmenkollen Ski Festival (Norwegian: Holmenkollen skifestival or Holmenkollrennene) is a traditional annual Nordic skiing event in Holmenkollen, Oslo, Norway. The full official name of the event is Holmenkollen FIS World Cup Nordic.
Valky Raion
Valky Raion (Ukrainian: Валківський район) was a raion (district) in Kharkiv Oblast of Ukraine. Its administrative center was the town of Valky. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kharkiv Oblast to seven. The area of Valky Raion was merged into Bohodukhiv Raion. The last estimate of the raion population was  30,791 (2020 est.)

In 1920 the raion was the centre of an anti-Bolshevik uprising. A peasant army, of according to various estimates, 1,500 to 3,500 people proclaimed a "Ukrainian People's Government" in April 1920, but was defeated early May 1920 after a failed attempt to capture Valky and its members were executed.

At the time of disestablishment, the raion consisted of one hromada, Valky urban hromada with the administration in Valky.

Bohodukhiv Raion
Bohodukhiv Raion (Ukrainian: Богодухівський район) is a raion (district) in Kharkiv Oblast of Ukraine. Its administrative center is the town of Bohodukhiv. Population: 122,287 (2022 estimate).

On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of raions of Kharkiv Oblast was reduced to seven, and the area of Bohodukhiv Raion was significantly expanded. The January 2020 estimate of the raion population was 37,563 (2020 est.).
Junction Triangle
Junction Triangle is a neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located in the city's west end, just west of Lansdowne Avenue. The area is a triangle surrounded on all three sides by railway lines: the CNR/CPR mainline to the west, Metrolinx GO Transit Barrie line to the east, and the CPR east-west railway lines to the north. Bloor Street cuts across the middle of the neighbourhood, Dupont Street runs close to the northern edge, and Dundas Street is close to the southern boundary. By some accounts, the recent residential developments of Davenport Village and Foundry Lofts, built on former factory lands north of the CP Rail line, west of Lansdowne, south of Davenport and east of the GO Transit Bradford/Newmarket/Barrie line, also belong in this neighbourhood, but they are actually in the old village of Davenport.

The Junction
The Junction is a neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that is near the West Toronto Diamond, a junction of four railway lines in the area.  The neighbourhood was previously an independent city called West Toronto, that was also its own federal electoral district until amalgamating with the city of Toronto in 1909.  The main intersection of the area is Dundas Street West and Keele Street. The Stockyards is the northeastern quadrant of the neighbourhood.
Swedair
Swedair AB was a Swedish regional airline that existed from 1935 to 1994. It was founded as Svensk Flygtjänst AB by Tor Eliasson, who was CEO until his death in 1971. The company's last managing director was Lars Svanstrom.

Saab 2000
The Saab 2000 is a twin-engined high-speed turboprop airliner built by Swedish aircraft manufacturer Saab. It is designed to carry 50–58 passengers and able to cruise at a maximum speed of 685 km/h (370 kn). Production took place in Linköping, Sweden. It first flew in March 1992 and was certified in 1994. The last aircraft was delivered in April 1999, a total of 63 aircraft were built. As of October 2024, a total of 31 Saab 2000s are either in airline or military service.
1984 NCAA Indoor Track and Field Championships
The 1984 NCAA Indoor Track and Field Championships were contested March 9−10, 1984 at the Carrier Dome at Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York to determine the individual and team national champions of men's and women's NCAA collegiate indoor track and field events in the United States. These were the 20th annual men's championships and the 2nd annual women's championships.

On the men's side, Arkansas claimed the team title, the Razorbacks' first. This would ultimately be the first of twelve straight titles for Arkansas. For the women's title, Nebraska prevailed for the second straight year, the Cornhuskers' second title.

This was the first year the championship event was not held Michigan and the last combined event before the establishment of separate Division II and Division III titles in 1985.

NCAA Division I Women's Indoor Track and Field Championships
The NCAA Women's Division I Indoor Track and Field Championship is an annual collegiate indoor track and field competition for women from Division I institutions organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association. It has been held every year since 1983, except for 2020.

Athletes' performances in individual championships earn points for their institutions and the team with the most points receives the NCAA team title in track and field. A separate NCAA Division I men's competition is also held at the same time and venue; both are entirely separate events from the NCAA Women's Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships and the NCAA Men's Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships held during the spring.

The current team champions are the Oregon Ducks.

The LSU Lady Tigers hold the record for most team titles with 11.
2016–17 Superliga de Voleibol Masculina
The 2016–17 Superliga de Voleibol Masculina is the 53rd season since its establishment in 1965. The 2016–17 regular season started in October 2016 and finished on 29 April 2017.

Championship playoffs began on 7 April. Starting with semifinals, the two semifinal winners will advance to the Final to fight for the championship title to the best of three matches.

Ca'n Ventura Palma won its first ever title in his first season in Superliga after defeating defending champion Unicaja Almería 3–0 in the Championship Finals.

Superliga de Voleibol Masculina
The Superliga de Voleibol Masculina, (SVM) is the top level of the Spanish volleyball. The championship was founded in 1983. Formerly known as Campeonato Nacional de División de Honor Masculina, and, since 1983 as the current name. The administration of the league is carried out by the Real Federación Española de Voleibol.
Silver hypochlorite
Silver hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the chemical formula AgOCl (also written as AgClO). It is an ionic compound of silver and the polyatomic ion hypochlorite. The compound is very unstable and rapidly decomposes. It is the silver(I) salt of hypochlorous acid. The salt consists of silver(I) cations (Ag+) and hypochlorite anions (−OCl).

Hypochlorite
In chemistry, hypochlorite, or chloroxide, is an oxyanion with the chemical formula ClO−. It combines with a number of cations to form hypochlorite salts. Common examples include sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) and calcium hypochlorite (a component of bleaching powder, swimming pool "chlorine").  The Cl–O distance in ClO− is 1.69 Å.

The name can also refer to esters of hypochlorous acid, namely organic compounds with a ClO– group covalently bound to the rest of the molecule.  The principal example is tert-butyl hypochlorite, which is a useful chlorinating agent.

Most hypochlorite salts are handled as aqueous solutions. Their primary applications are as bleaching, disinfection, and water treatment agents.  They are also used in chemistry for chlorination and oxidation reactions.
Zeran v. America Online, Inc.
Zeran v. America Online, Inc., 129 F.3d 327 (4th Cir. 1997), is a case in which the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit determined the immunity of Internet service providers for wrongs committed by their users under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act. The statute states that "No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider."

The Fourth Circuit held that plaintiff Kenneth Zeran's claims of malfeasance by America Online were barred by the statute, holding that Section 230 "creates a federal immunity to any cause of action that would make service providers liable for information originating with a third-party user of the service."

Negligence
Negligence (Latin: negligentia) is a failure to exercise appropriate care expected to be exercised in similar circumstances.

Within the scope of tort law, negligence pertains to harm caused by the violation of a duty of care through a negligent act or failure to act. The concept of negligence is linked to the obligation of individuals to exercise reasonable care in their actions and to consider foreseeable harm that their conduct might cause to other people or property. The elements of a negligence claim include the duty to act or refrain from action, breach of that duty, actual and proximate cause of harm, and damages. Someone who suffers loss caused by another's negligence may be able to sue for damages to compensate for their harm. Such loss may include physical injury, harm to property, psychiatric illness, or economic loss.
Isamaya Ffrench
Isamaya Ffrench (born 9 April 1989) is a British make-up artist and creator of wearable art. She has worked on fashion editorials for several major publications, including Vogue, Dazed, W magazine and Love. Her subjects have included musicians Björk and Rihanna, and models Kendall and Kylie Jenner. Her principal focus is on facial art and decoration that challenges beauty norms.

Body painting
Body painting is a form of body art where artwork is painted directly onto the human skin. Unlike tattoos and other forms of body art, body painting is temporary, lasting several hours or sometimes up to a few weeks (in the case of mehndi or "henna tattoos" about two weeks). Body painting that is limited to the face is known as face painting. Body painting is also referred to as (a form of) "temporary tattoo". Large scale or full-body painting is more commonly referred to as body painting, while smaller or more detailed work can sometimes be referred to as temporary tattoos.