hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pushback (migration)
In migration, pushback is "a set of state measures by which refugees and migrants are forced back over a border – generally immediately after they crossed it – without consideration of their individual circumstances and without any possibility to apply for asylum". Pushbacks violate the prohibition of collective expulsion of asylum seekers in Protocol 4 in countries party to the European Convention on Human Rights and often violate the international law prohibition on non-refoulement.

Pushback is contrasted with "pullback", a form of extraterritorial migration control the country seeking to repel asylum seekers arranges with a third country to prevent them from leaving.

Hybrid warfare
Hybrid warfare was defined by Frank Hoffman in 2007 as the emerging simultaneous use of multiple types of warfare by flexible and sophisticated adversaries who understand that successful conflict requires a variety of forms designed to fit the goals at the time. While there is no clear, accepted definition, methods include political warfare and blend conventional warfare, irregular warfare, and cyberwarfare with other influencing methods, such as fake news, diplomacy, lawfare, regime change, and foreign electoral intervention. By combining kinetic operations with subversive efforts, the aggressor intends to avoid attribution or retribution. The concept of hybrid warfare has been criticized by a number of academics and practitioners, who say that it is vague and has disputed constitutive elements and  historical distortions.
Land loss
Land loss is the term typically used to refer to the conversion of coastal land to open water by natural processes and human activities. The term land loss includes coastal erosion. It is a much broader term than coastal erosion because land loss also includes land converted to open water around the edges of estuaries and interior bays and lakes and by subsidence of coastal plain wetlands. The most important causes of land loss in coastal plains are erosion, inadequate sediment supply to beaches and wetlands, subsidence, and global sea level rise. The mixture of processes responsible for most of the land loss will vary according to the specific part of a coastal plain being examined. The definition of land loss does not include the loss of coastal lands to agricultural use, urbanization, or other development.

Ganges Delta
The Ganges Delta (also known the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta, the Sundarbans Delta or the Bengal Delta) is a river delta predominantly covering the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent, consisting of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the world's largest river delta and it empties into the Bay of Bengal with the combined waters of several river systems, mainly those of the Brahmaputra River and the Ganges River. It is also one of the most fertile regions in the world, thus earning the nickname the Green Delta. The delta stretches from the Hooghly River in the west to as far as the Meghna River in the east.
Menegazzia subsimilis
Menegazzia subsimilis is a species of lichen in the family Parmeliaceae It is found scattered across the world, including Oceania (Hawaii, Solomon Islands), Asia (Japan, Papua New Guinea, Russia), Europe (Austria, Germany, Portugal), South America (Ecuador, Peru), the Caribbean (Dominican Republic, Jamaica) and North America (Canada, USA). It has recently been recorded for the first times in Tibet (2005), in the British Isles, and in Malaysia and Indonesia (2007).

The lichen was originally described as Parmelia subsimilis by Swedish lichenologist Adolf Hugo Magnusson in 1941, based on specimens found in Hawaii. A year later, Rolf Santesson transferred the species to the genus Menegazzia. The species was not reported outside of Hawaii until a 1993 collection from southeast Asia.

Menegazzia
Menegazzia is a genus of lichenized fungi containing roughly 70 accepted species. The group is sometimes referred to as the tree flutes, honeycombed lichens, or hole-punch lichens.  The most obvious morphological feature of the genus is the distinctive perforations spread across the upper side of the thallus. This makes the group easy to recognise, even for those not particularly familiar with lichen identification.

The genus has a sub-cosmopolitan distribution (excluding Antarctica), but is concentrated in Australasia, Melanesia, and southern South America.  Most species grow exclusively on trees, but some grow on rocks, moss, and/or soil.
The Great Meadow
The Great Meadow is a 1931 American Pre-Code Western film, produced and distributed by MGM with direction by Charles Brabin. The film starred Eleanor Boardman and Johnny Mack Brown. It is based on the novel The Great Meadow by Elizabeth Madox Roberts, which is similar in theme to Drums Along the Mohawk by Walter D. Edmonds, which was later made into the 1939 film of the same name directed by John Ford. MGM filmed The Great Meadow in a widescreen format called "Realife". However, it is unclear whether it was released in that widescreen process due to declining interest of the movie-going public.

Cumberland Gap
The Cumberland Gap is a pass in the eastern United States through the long ridge of the Cumberland Mountains, within the Appalachian Mountains and near the tripoint of Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee. At an elevation of 1,631 feet (497 m) above sea level, it is famous in American colonial history for its role as a key passageway through the lower central Appalachians.

Long used by Native American nations, the Cumberland Gap was brought to the attention of settlers in 1750 by Thomas Walker, a Virginia physician and explorer. The path was used by a team of frontiersmen led by Daniel Boone, making it accessible to pioneers who used it to journey into the western frontiers of Kentucky and Tennessee. An important part of the Wilderness Road, it is now part of the Cumberland Gap National Historical Park.
Ryan Harrison
Ryan Harrison (born May 7, 1992) is an American former professional tennis player. Harrison won one career ATP title in singles at the 2017 Memphis Open to go along with four in doubles, including the 2017 French Open.

Before turning 16, Harrison was regarded as a prodigy after cracking the top 10 in the junior rankings and becoming one of the youngest players ever to win an ATP match. Although he broke through onto the ATP level by the age of 20, Harrison then fell out of the top 100 for several years. He would return to the top 100 in 2016 after a strong second half of the season that included multiple wins over opponents ranked in the top 20 and his first career appearance in the round of 32 at a Grand Slam. Harrison built on that momentum in 2017 to reach a top-40 career-high ranking in singles after winning his first career ATP title.

2008 French Open
The 2008 French Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 107th edition of the French Open, and the second Grand Slam event of the year. It took place at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France, from 25 May until 8 June 2008.

Justine Henin did not defend her trophy due to her retirement from the sport on May 14. Ana Ivanovic, the runner-up to Henin in 2007, won the Women's Singles. On the men's side, Rafael Nadal won the Men's Singles, and equalled Björn Borg's record of four consecutive French Open titles in the Open Era. Other competitions included men and women's doubles, junior singles and doubles as well as wheelchair and 'veteran' competitions.

The 2008 edition marked the first time in the Open Era no American man or woman reached the singles' quarterfinals at Roland Garros.
Noel McGrath (hurler)
Noel McGrath (born 17 December 1990) is an Irish hurler who plays for Tipperary Senior Championship club Loughmore-Castleiney and at inter-county level with the Tipperary senior hurling team. He usually lines out as at midfield.

2010 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship
The 2010 Bord Gáis Energy GAA Hurling All-Ireland Under-21 Championship was the 47th staging of Ireland's hurling knock-out competition for players aged between 18 and 21. The final was held at Semple Stadium, Thurles on 11 September 2010. Tipperary won the game by 5-22 to 0-12 against Galway to claim their ninth title.
Barbara Lewis King
Barbara Lewis King (August 26, 1930 – October 11, 2020) was the first bishop of the International New Thought Christian Movement of Churches. She was also the founder of Hillside International Chapel and Truth Center.

Clark Atlanta University
Clark Atlanta University (CAU or Clark Atlanta) is a private, Methodist, historically black research university in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It was founded on September 19, 1865, as Atlanta University, the first HBCU in the United States to confer graduate degrees to African Americans.   In 1988, the school consolidated with Clark College (established 1869) to form CAU. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".
ST-Ericsson
ST-Ericsson was a multinational manufacturer of wireless products and semiconductors, supplying to mobile device manufacturers. ST-Ericsson was a 50/50 joint venture of Ericsson and STMicroelectronics established on 3 February 2009 and dissolved 2 August 2013. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, it was a fabless company, outsourcing semiconductor manufacturing to foundry companies.

Both Ericsson and STMicroelectronics appointed four directors to the board with Hans Vestberg, President and CEO of Ericsson, serving as the chairman of the board and Carlo Bozotti, President and CEO  of STMicroelectronics, as the vice-chairman.

Fabless manufacturing
Fabless manufacturing is the design and sale of hardware devices and semiconductor chips while outsourcing their fabrication (or fab) to a specialized manufacturer called a semiconductor foundry. These foundries are typically, but not exclusively, located in mainland China and Taiwan. Fabless companies can benefit from lower capital costs while concentrating their research and development resources on the end market. Some fabless companies and pure play foundries (like TSMC) may offer integrated-circuit design services to third parties.
Pontifical Delegate
A Pontifical Delegate is a cleric who is delegated by the Pope.

Specifically, this title is used for the following ecclesiastical offices in the gift of the Pope (who is Pontifex Maximus, hence the adjective):

a prelate (usually an Archbishop or Cardinal) appointed to represent the Holy See in the administration of certain pontifical minor basilicas, notably:
Pontifical Delegation for the Basilica of St. Nicholas of Bari
Pontifical Delegation for the Shrine of the Holy House of Loreto
Pontifical Delegation for the Basilica of St. Anthony of Padua
Pontifical Delegation for the Shrine of Our Lady of the Rosary of Pompeii

a papal legate or papal diplomat, such as a Nuncio

an extraordinary papal representative to a religious congregation, e.g. the thirty-third General Congregation of the Jesuits

a papal representative appointed to exercise certain rights reserved, thus limiting the authority of a major archbishop, as in the case of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church

Major archbishop
In the Eastern Catholic Churches, major archbishop (sometimes also styled as major archeparch) is a title for the chief hierarch ("Father and Head") of an autonomous (sui juris) particular Church that has not been "endowed with the patriarchal title". Major archbishops generally have the same rights, privileges, and jurisdiction as Eastern Catholic patriarchs, except where expressly provided otherwise, and rank immediately after them in precedence of honor.

In addition to their role governing their particular Church, major archbishops, like Eastern Catholic patriarchs, are ex officio members of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches in the Roman Curia. They are required to attend the annual general meeting of this congregation, as well as other sessions if they are visiting Rome or are otherwise able.

There are currently four major archbishops each leading a major archiepiscopal autonomous Church.
1984 Southwest Conference baseball tournament
The 1984 Southwest Conference baseball tournament was the league's annual postseason tournament used to determine the Southwest Conference's (SWC) automatic bid to the 1984 NCAA Division I baseball tournament. The tournament was held from May 11 through 13 at Disch–Falk Field on the campus of The University of Texas in Austin, Texas.

The number 1 seed Texas Longhorns went 3–0 to win the team's 6th SWC tournament under head coach Cliff Gustafson.

1984 Texas Longhorns baseball team
The 1984 Texas Longhorns baseball team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1984 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Longhorns played their home games at Disch–Falk Field. The team was coached by Cliff Gustafson in his 17th season at Texas.

The Longhorns reached the College World Series final, but were eliminated by Cal State Fullerton.
North Wing Solairus
The North Wing Solairus is an American ultralight trike that was designed and produced by North Wing Design of Chelan, Washington, introduced about 2015. Now out of production, when it was available it was supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

By February 2018, the aircraft was no longer offered for sale on the company website, although a trike wing with the same name was still in production.

North Wing Design
North Wing Design is an American aircraft manufacturer, specializing in hang gliders, light-sport aircraft and ultralight trikes. The company was based in East Wenatchee, Washington and later moved to Chelan, Washington.

The company makes its own sails and wings, and supplies more wings to other North American trike manufacturers, such as Wettrike, than any other manufacturer.
Miar Peak
Miar Peak (Urdu: میار چوٹی) is a 6,824-meter high mountain of the Karakoram range in Hispar Valley in the Nagar Valley and Bagrot Valley of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. It lies southeast of Diran peak (7,257 m) and northwest of Malubiting peak (7,428 m).

Miar Peak has remained unclimbed, partly because it is in a location that is difficult to access.

A scientific-mountaineering expedition led by Dr. Franco Secchieri and assisted by Marino Lena failed to climb Miar Peak, because of the impossibility of ascending the Miar Glacier.

Malubiting
Malubiting (Urdu: مالوبیتنگ), also known as Malubiting West, ranks as the second highest peak between the Haramosh and Hispar valleys in the Karakoram range in Pakistan. It is situated  between Bilchar Dobani  and Haramosh Peak, in the Gilgit-Baltistan region.
Accion International
Accion is an international nonprofit. Founded as a community development initiative serving the poor in Venezuela, it works with local partners in different countries to develop and scale digital financial solutions for underserved people globally.

To date, it has more than 235 financial service providers operating across 75 countries.

Accion is headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and also has offices in Washington, D.C.; Bogotá, Colombia; Mumbai, India; and Beijing, China. Accion works across Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, the Middle East and Asia. In the U.S., Accion operates a nationwide nonprofit lending network.

Micro-enterprise
A micro-enterprise, or microenterprise, is generally defined as a small business employing nine people or fewer, and having a balance sheet or turnover less than a certain amount (e.g. €2 million or PhP 3 million). The terms microenterprise and microbusiness have the same meaning, though traditionally when referring to a small business financed by microcredit the term microenterprise is often used. Similarly, when referring to a small, usually legal business that is not financed by microcredit, the term microbusiness (or micro-business) is often used. Internationally, most microenterprises are family businesses employing one or two persons. Most microenterprise owners are primarily interested in earning a living to support themselves and their families. They only grow the business when something in their lives changes and they need to generate a larger income.
Jach'a Apachita (La Paz)
Jach'a Apachita (Aymara jach'a big, apachita the place of transit of an important pass in the principal routes of the Andes; name in the Andes for a stone cairn, a little pile of rocks built along the trail in the high mountains, also spelled Jacha Apacheta) is a mountain in the Andes of Bolivia, about 4,420 metres (14,501 ft) high. It is situated in the La Paz Department, Larecaja Province, Sorata Municipality. Jach'a Apachita lies northeast of the Janq'u Uma-Illampu massif of the Cordillera Real.

Cordillera Real (Bolivia)
The Cordillera Real is a mountain range in the South American Altiplano of Bolivia, forming part of the Andes. This range of fold mountains, largely composed of granite, is located southeast of Lake Titicaca, and east of the Bolivian capital of La Paz. The range stretches 125 km in length and 20 km in width. Even though it is only 17° south of the Equator, the Cordillera Real is relatively densely glaciated. This is due to its proximity to the Amazon lowlands with its associated moist air masses.
1922 Cork Junior Hurling Championship
The 1922 Cork Junior Hurling Championship was the 25th staging of the Cork Junior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1895. It was the first championship to be held since 1919, due to the impact of the War of Independence.

The final was played between Fr Mathew Hall and Cloughduv, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Fr Mathew Hall won the match by 3-01 to 2-02 to claim their first ever championship title.

1895 Cork Junior Hurling Championship
The 1895 Cork Junior Hurling Championship was the inaugural staging of the Cork Junior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board.

The final was played on 11 August 1895 at the Park in Cork, between Blackrock and Evergreen. Blackrock won the match by 1–04 to 1–01 to claim their first ever championship title in the grade.
Edible oil refining
Edible oil refining is a set of processes or treatments necessary to turn vegetable raw oil into edible oil.

Raw vegetable oil, obtained from seeds by pressing, solvent extraction, contains free fatty acids and other components such as phospholipids, waxes, peroxides, aldehydes, and ketones, which contribute to undesirable flavor, odor, and appearance; for these reasons, all the oil has to be refined.

Fuller's earth
Fuller's earth refers to various types of clay used as an absorbent, filter, or bleaching agent.  Products labeled Fuller's Earth typically consist of palygorskite (also known as attapulgite) or bentonite. Primary modern uses include as absorbents for oil, grease, and animal waste (cat litter), and as a carrier for pesticides and fertilizers. Minor uses include filtering, clarifying, and decolorizing; as an active and inactive ingredient in beauty products; and as a filler in paint, plaster, adhesives, and pharmaceuticals. It also has a number of uses in the film and theatre industries.
Tandernaken
Tandernaken, al op den Rijn (also spelled: T'Andernaken, al op den Rijn) was once a very popular Middle Dutch song about two girls who in Andernach, a city in Germany on the left Rhine bank, were spied on by the lover of one of the girls, who was listening to their conversation on love affairs from a distance.

Antwerp songbook
The Antwerp songbook (Dutch: Antwerps liedboek and on the cover Een schoon liedekens. Boeck inden welcken ghy in vinden sult. Veelderhande liedekens (A nice songbook in which you will find several songs)) was published in Antwerp in 1544 by printer Jan Roulans.
Never Mind 2022
Never Mind 2022 was a professional wrestling event promoted by CyberFight's sub-brand DDT Pro-Wrestling (DDT). It took place on December 29, 2022, in Tokyo, Japan, at the Tokyo Dome City Hall. The event aired on CyberAgent's AbemaTV online linear television service and CyberFight's streaming service Wrestle Universe. It was the nineteenth event in the Never Mind series.

CyberFight
CyberFight Co., Ltd. (Japanese: 株式会社CyberFight, Hepburn: Kabushiki gaisha Saibāfaito), operating simply as CyberFight (CF), is a Japanese professional wrestling parent company based in Tokyo. It is a subsidiary of the CyberAgent digital advertising company. CyberFight serves as an umbrella brand for three promotions: Pro Wrestling Noah, DDT Pro-Wrestling and Tokyo Joshi Pro Wrestling.
NKVD prisoner massacre in Sambir
The NKVD prisoner massacre in Sambir was a Soviet war crime conducted by the NKVD in the city of Sambir, then located in occupied Poland (now in Ukraine). In the last days of June 1941, following the German invasion of the USSR, the Soviets executed an estimated 500 to 700 prisoners held in the Sambir prison. The majority of those executed were Ukrainians and Poles. During the latter stage of the massacre, some prisoners actively resisted, which resulted in saving their lives. This atrocity was one of several prisoner massacres carried out by the Soviet secret police and army during the summer of 1941.

Bogdan Musiał
Bogdan Musiał (born 1960 in Poland) is a Polish-German historian. In 1985 he left Poland and became a political refugee in Germany, where he obtained German citizenship.  In 2010 he returned to Poland and became a professor at the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw.

Musiał specializes in World War II history.
Jim Miller (punter)
James Gordon Miller (born July 5, 1957) is an American former professional football punter in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers, Dallas Cowboys, and New York Giants. He played college football for the Ole Miss Rebels, earning consensus All-American honors in 1979.

Punter (gridiron football)
A punter in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts (kicks) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage. This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football. Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations, when they throw or run the football to get a first down instead of punting.
Valerio Lata
Valerio Lata (born 6 July 2005) is an Italian professional Motocross racer. Lata has raced full-time in the MX2 class of the Motocross World Championship for Honda HRC since the 2025 season, following several wildcard appearances over the preceding three seasons.

Prior to his world championship tenure, Lata had a successful junior career, becoming the 85cc FIM World Champion in 2019 and winning the EMX125 class of the 2021 European Motocross Championship.

Domestically, Lata is a two-time champion of the Italian Prestige Motocross Championship in the Elite MX2 class.

Lata was part of the winning Italian teams at the 2018 and 2019 at the Motocross of European Nations events.

2024 European Motocross Championship
The 2024 European Motocross Championship was the 36th European Motocross Championship season since it was revived in 1988. It included 14 events and 6 different classes. It started in Spain on 24 March, and ended at a different location in Spain on 29 September. All rounds acted as support classes at the European rounds of the 2024 MXGP.