hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Frederick of Liege
Frederick was Bishop of Liege.

Frederick was the son of Albert III, Count of Namur and his wife Ida. His older brother was Godfrey I, Count of Namur.

Godfrey I, Count of Louvain came into conflict with Otbert, Bishop of Liège, over the county of Brunengeruz that both claimed. In 1099, Emperor Henry IV allotted the county to his close supporter, the bishop, who entrusted it to Albert III, Count of Namur. Bishop Otbert died in 1119. Two separate candidates were elected to replace him and Godfrey sided with the loser.

Frederick became Bishop of Liege succeeding Bishop Alexander (who was forced to stand down after being charged with acts of simony, 1119). As a result, the newly appointed Bishop Frederick suffered open animosity from Alexander's supporters. It is believed that Frederick was poisoned by the count of Louvain, and suffered death in 1121.

Otbert of Liège
Otbert of Liège (died 1119) was bishop of Liège at the end of the eleventh century (in office 1091–1119). He was a major figure in the financing of the First Crusade, and an expansionist.

He was a close supporter of Emperor Henry IV, accompanying him on campaigns.

In 1096 he took the whole Duchy of Godfrey of Bouillon as a pledge, for a sum of 1300 marks. He also bought the château de Couvin from Baldwin II, Count of Hainaut. At the same time he prevailed in a conflict over the comté de Brugeron, with Godfrey I of Leuven
1989 Citizen Cup
The 1989 Citizen Cup was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Am Rothenbaum in Hamburg in West Germany that was part of the Category 3 tier of the 1989 WTA Tour. It was the 12th edition of the edition of the tournament and was held from 1 May until 7 May 1989. First-seeded Steffi Graf won the singles title, her third consecutive at the event. Both the singles and doubles finals were cancelled after Jana Novotná was forced to default as a result of an injury to her right ankle which she sustained during her singles semifinal match against Arantxa Sánchez Vicario.

1989 Virginia Slims World Championship Series
The 1989 Virginia Slims World Championship Series was the elite tour for professional women's tennis organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). The 1989 Virginia Slims World Championship Series included the four Grand Slam tournaments, the Virginia Slims Championships and the WTA Category 1-5 events. ITF World Circuit tournaments are not part of the WTA World Championship Series, although they award points for the WTA World Ranking.
Solar phenomena
Solar phenomena are natural phenomena which occur within the atmosphere of the Sun. They take many forms, including solar wind, radio wave flux, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, coronal heating and sunspots.

These phenomena are believed to be generated by a helical dynamo, located near the center of the Sun's mass, which generates strong magnetic fields, as well as a chaotic dynamo, located near the surface, which generates smaller magnetic field fluctuations. All solar fluctuations together are referred to as solar variation, producing space weather within the Sun's gravitational field.

Solar activity and related events have been recorded since the eighth century BCE. Throughout history, observation technology and methodology advanced, and in the 20th century, interest in astrophysics surged and many solar telescopes were constructed. The 1931 invention of the coronagraph allowed the corona to be studied in full daylight.

Ionosphere
The ionosphere (/aɪˈɒnəˌsfɪər/) is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about 48 km (30 mi) to 965 km (600 mi) above sea level, a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important role in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio propagation to distant places on Earth. Travel through this layer also impacts GPS signals, resulting in effects such as deflection in their path and delay in the arrival of the signal.
Yttrium(III) antimonide
Yttrium(III) antimonide (YSb) is an inorganic chemical compound.

Yttrium antimonide is an intermetallic compound with the chemical formula YSb. It has a NaCl-type structure and is stable in the air. Its thermal expansion coefficient (α, 10−6/°) is 11.1.

It can be produced by the high-temperature reaction of sodium antimonide and anhydrous yttrium chloride:

YCl3 + Na3Sb  →  YSb + 3 NaCl

Yttrium(III) chloride
Yttrium(III) chloride is an inorganic compound of yttrium and chloride. It exists in two forms, the hydrate (YCl3(H2O)6) and an anhydrous form (YCl3).  Both are colourless salts that are highly soluble in water and deliquescent.
Sucker Lake (Manitoulin)
Sucker Lake is an endorheic lake in the municipality of Assiginack, Manitoulin District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is on Manitoulin Island about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) southwest of the community of Manitowaning and about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) southeast of the much larger Lake Manitou. It has three islands, the largest of which is named Maple island, and there is a prevalent population of brown trout near a shoal off Bubs Island. The lake can be accessed from Sucker Lake Road, which connects to Ontario Highway 6.

Lake Manitou
Lake Manitou is the largest lake on Manitoulin Island in Ontario, Canada. With an area of 104 square kilometres (40 sq mi),
it is the largest lake on a lake island in the world.
Reaching depths of up to 162 ft (49.4 m.), it is also the deepest of the 108 lakes on Manitoulin Island. Lake Manitou's depth creates a natural habitat for lake trout and ling, making it a popular fishing destination. Other fish including bass, whitefish, pickerel, and pike are also seen throughout the deep, clear waters. It is drained by the Manitou River.

There are several small islands in Lake Manitou, such as Roper Island and Bear Island in the very south of the western lobe of the lake, and McCracken's Island in the neck connecting the two lobes, making them islands in a lake on an island in a lake. However, none of the islands are as large as Treasure Island in a neighbouring, smaller lake on Manitoulin Island.

Manitoulin Island location in the Great Lakes
Propaganda in World War II
Propaganda in World War II (WWII) had the goals of influencing morale, indoctrinating soldiers and other military personnel, and influencing civilians of enemy countries. Both the Allies and the Axis powers used propaganda during the war.

Homeland
A homeland is a place where a national or ethnic identity has formed. The definition can also mean simply one's country of birth. When used as a proper noun, the Homeland, as well as its equivalents in other languages, often has ethnic nationalist connotations. A homeland may also be referred to as a fatherland, a motherland, or a mother country, depending on the culture and language of the nationality in question.
Mission Hill Family Estate
Mission Hill Family Estate is a wine grower and producer based in West Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada, in the Okanagan Valley wine region. The winery is situated atop Mission Hill overlooking a 145 kilometre lake, mountains and vineyards.

West Kelowna
West Kelowna, formerly known as Westside and colloquially known as Westbank, is a city in British Columbia's Okanagan Valley on the west shore of Okanagan Lake. The city encompasses several neighbourhoods, including Casa Loma, Gellatly, Glenrosa, Lakeview Heights, Shannon Lake, Smith Creek, Rose Valley, Westbank, and West Kelowna Estates. As of 2021, West Kelowna had an estimated population of 36,078.

West Kelowna incorporated in 2007 as Westside District Municipality, reflecting the name of the former Central Okanagan Regional District rural electoral area. On January 30, 2009, the municipality was officially renamed West Kelowna. The municipality was re-classified as the City of West Kelowna on June 26, 2015.
Andaleeb (film)
Andaleeb is a 1969 Pakistani Urdu colour film starring Waheed Murad, Shabnam, Aliya, and Mustafa Qureshi, and Talish. It was a golden jubilee hit directed by Farid Ahmed, produced by Rashid Mukhtar, and music composed by Nisar Bazmi. Andaleeb received 4 Nigar Awards in different categories.

Noor Jehan
Noor Jehan (21 September 1926 – 23 December 2000) was a Pakistani playback singer and actress. Her six-decade career spanned both British Indian and Pakistani cinema. Jehan had proficiency in Hindustani classical music, as well as in other genres including ghazals. She made her directorial debut with the film Chann Wey in 1951, becoming the first female film director in Pakistan. She is recognized for her contributions to music in South Asia, particularly in Pakistan. She was given the title of Malika-e-Tarannum ("Queen of Melody") in Pakistan.

Along with Ahmed Rushdi, she holds the record for having given voice to the largest number of film songs in the history of Pakistani cinema. She recorded about 10,000 songs in various languages, including Urdu, Punjabi, and Sindhi. She sang a total of 2,422 songs in 1,148 Pakistani films during a career that lasted more than half a century. She is also considered to be the first female Pakistani film director.
Catalan basketball derby
The Catalan basketball derby (Catalan: Derbi català) is the name given to the basketball matches between Barcelona and Joventut, two major basketball clubs based in Catalonia. The arenas of both teams, Palau Blaugrana in Barcelona and Palau Olímpic in Badalona are separated by roughly 10 km.

Palau Municipal d'Esports de Badalona
Palau Municipal d'Esports de Badalona (also known as the Pavelló Olímpic de Badalona) is an arena in the Gorg neighborhood of Badalona, Catalonia, Spain. The arena holds 12,760 people, and it is primarily used for basketball. It is also used as the venue for music concerts and other municipal events.

It is also the home arena of Joventut de Badalona, one of the most successful professional basketball teams in Spain. Before the Pavelló Olímpic was built, the 3,300-seat Pavelló Club Joventut Badalona hosted the city basketball games and most of the other indoor sports.
Fencing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's sabre
The women's individual sabre competition in fencing at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was held on 1 August at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre.

South Korea's Kim Ji-yeon won the gold medal. Thirty-two fencers from 24 countries competed.

Fencing at the 2012 Summer Olympics
The fencing competitions at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were held from 28 July to 5 August at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre. Ten events (six individual, four team) were contested. The International Fencing Federation (FIE) had pushed for the inclusion of two more team events, but the International Olympic Committee voted to keep the format at ten events.

The women's individual épée semi final became a notable controversy at the 2012 Olympics when a time-keeping error by a games volunteer helped German Britta Heidemann beat South Korea's Shin A-lam. Despite there being two hundredths of a second remaining in the match, the timer could only be reset to a whole second after the mistake. The extra time was enough for the German to score a winning attack and proceed to the final.
Happy, Texas (film)
Happy, Texas is a 1999 American comedy film directed by Mark Illsley, and starring Steve Zahn, Jeremy Northam and William H. Macy. The film premiered at the 1999 Sundance Film Festival and was acquired by Miramax. It had a limited release in North American theaters on October 1, 1999.

Flaco Jiménez
Leonardo "Flaco" Jiménez (March 11, 1939 – July 31, 2025) was an American singer-songwriter and accordionist from San Antonio, Texas. The nickname 'Flaco' means 'skinny'. He is known for having played conjunto, norteño and tejano. Jiménez was a solo performer and session musician, as well as a member of the Texas Tornados and Los Super Seven.

Over the course of his seven-decade career, he received numerous awards and honors, including Lifetime Achievement Awards from the Grammys, Americana Music Awards, Tejano Music Awards, and Billboard magazine.
Nine Degree Channel
The Nine Degree Channel is a channel in the Indian Ocean between the Laccadive Islands of Kalpeni and Suheli Par, and Maliku Atoll (Minicoy Island). These two subgroups of islands, together with the Amindivi Subgroup, form the Indian Union Territory (UT) of Lakshadweep.

The Channel is approximately 200 km wide with a depth of 2597 metres. The Investigator Bank is located in the southern region of the channel.

It is so named as it lies on the 9-degree line of Latitude, north of the equator.

Laccadive Islands
The Laccadive Islands (/ˈlækədaɪv, -diːv/ LAK-ə-dyve, -⁠deev) or Kannur Islands (formerly spelled Cannanore, /ˈkænənɔːr/ KAN-ə-nor) are one of the three island subgroups in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep, India. It is the central subgroup of the Lakshadweep, separated from the Amindivi Islands subgroup roughly by the 11th parallel north and from the atoll of Minicoy (Maliku)—far to the south—by the 9 Degree or Mamala Channel.

Formerly the Union Territory of Lakshadweep was known as Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands, a name that was changed to Lakshadweep by an act of Parliament in 1973.

The Laccadive subgroup are also known as the "Kannur/Cannanore Islands" after the coastal town of Kannur. The name originated in the fact that while the northern group of Amindivi had stopped in 1784 being a vassal state of the Kannur Kingdom (Arakkal) in exchange for fealty to Tippu Sultan's Kingdom of Mysore, the southern group remained loyal to Kannur.
Ternovka (tributary of Karachan)
Ternovka  is a small river in Russia, flows through the Voronezh region.

The river takes its sources from dammed creek beam which forms Dubovitsky Prud (Dubovitsky Pond) and Dubovitsky Prud Vtoroy (2nd Dubovitsky Pond) located in balka Dolinnaya Vershina (Dubovitskoe Urochishche) near the village  Dubovitskoe (abandoned and disappeared). Near village Ternovka dammed beam forms  Novy Prud, Talyancev Prud ( Pyatnadsaty Prud or 15th Pond), Sadovsky Prud (Sadovsky Pond).

The mouth of the river is located on the right bank of the Karachan (Mokryy Karachan) river 58 km from the mouth, south of the village of Alyoshki. The length of the river is 24 km, the catchment area is 154 km², and the river dries up in the upper reaches.

The height of the source is 155 m above sea level.

Vorona (Khopyor)
The Vorona (Russian: Ворона) is a river in the Penza, Tambov, and Voronezh oblasts in Russia. It is a right tributary of the Khopyor, and is 454 kilometres (282 mi) long, with a drainage basin of 13,200 square kilometres (5,100 sq mi). The average discharge at the mouth is 41.5 cubic metres per second (1,470 cu ft/s). The river is frozen over from the beginning of December to the first half of April. Its main tributary is the Chembar.

The towns of Kirsanov, Uvarovo, and Borisoglebsk are along the Vorona.
William Ledyard Rodgers
William Ledyard Rodgers (February 4, 1860 – May 7, 1944) was a vice admiral of the United States Navy. His career included service in the Spanish–American War and World War I, and a tour as President of the Naval War College. Rodgers was also a noted historian on military and naval topics, particularly relating to ancient naval warfare.

He was the third generation in a well-known family of able naval officers. He was the son of Rear Admiral John Rodgers (1812–1882), who fought in the Second Seminole War (1839–1842) and the American Civil War (1861–1865), and the grandson of Commodore John Rodgers (1772–1838), who fought in the War of 1812 (1812–1814). Rodgers's nephew, John Rodgers, born in 1881, was a pioneering early aviator, reaching the rank of commander before dying in a plane crash in 1926.

Naval warfare
Naval warfare is combat in and on the sea, the ocean, or any other battlespace involving a major body of water such as a large lake or wide river.

The armed forces branch designated for naval warfare is a navy. Naval operations can be broadly divided into riverine/littoral applications (brown-water navy), open-ocean applications (blue-water navy), between riverine/littoral and open-ocean applications (green-water navy), although these distinctions are more about strategic scope than tactical or operational division. The strategic offensive purpose of naval warfare is projection of force by water, and its strategic defensive purpose is to challenge the similar projection of force by enemies.
Server Name Indication
Server Name Indication (SNI) is an extension to the Transport Layer Security (TLS) computer networking protocol by which a client indicates which hostname it is attempting to connect to at the start of the handshaking process. The extension allows a server to present one of multiple possible certificates on the same IP address and TCP port number and hence allows multiple secure (HTTPS) websites (or any other service over TLS) to be served by the same IP address without requiring all those sites to use the same certificate. It is the conceptual equivalent to HTTP/1.1 name-based virtual hosting, but for HTTPS. This also allows a proxy to forward client traffic to the right server during a TLS handshake. The desired hostname is not encrypted in the original SNI extension, so an eavesdropper can see which site is being requested. The SNI extension was specified in 2003 in RFC 3546

DNS over HTTPS
DNS over HTTPS (DoH) is a protocol for performing remote Domain Name System (DNS) resolution via the HTTPS protocol. A goal of the method is to increase user privacy and security by preventing eavesdropping and manipulation of DNS data by man-in-the-middle attacks by using the HTTPS protocol to encrypt the data between the DoH client and the DoH-based DNS resolver. By March 2018,  Google and the Mozilla Foundation had started testing versions of DNS over HTTPS. In February 2020, Firefox switched to DNS over HTTPS by default for users in the United States. In May 2020, Chrome switched to DNS over HTTPS by default.

An alternative to DoH is the DNS over TLS (DoT) protocol, a similar standard for encrypting DNS queries, differing only in the methods used for encryption and delivery. Based on privacy and security, whether either protocol is superior is a matter of debate, while others argue that the merits of either depend on the specific use case.
Shigaraki ware storage jar (Indianapolis Museum of Art)
The shigaraki ware storage jar is part of the Japanese collection of the Indianapolis Museum of Art, which is in Indianapolis, Indiana. Created in about 1550, during the Muromachi period, it was at some point broken, which would severely limit its utility. However, it was carefully preserved through the centuries as an art object.

Shigaraki ware
Shigaraki ware (信楽焼) is a type of stoneware pottery made in Shigaraki area, Japan.  The kiln is one of the Six Ancient Kilns in Japan. Although figures representing the tanuki are a popular product included as Shigaraki ware, the kiln and local pottery tradition has a long history.
Thomas E. Logan House
The Thomas E. Logan House in Boise, Idaho, is a 1-story adobe structure measuring 32 feet by 22 feet and constructed prior to 1868. The house is Boise's earliest surviving mud brick dwelling, with walls 14 inches thick, set in mud mortar. Mud plaster 3⁄4-inch thick was applied to the interior walls, and a top coat of lime plaster was applied sometime later; the first coat of oil base paint was applied before 1872.

The house was moved from its original location at 6th and Main Streets to Julia Davis Park and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.

Adobe
Adobe (/əˈdoʊbi/ ⓘ ə-DOH-bee; Spanish: [aˈðoβe]; via Spanish, from Arabic  الطّوب (at-tūb)) is a building material made from loam and organic materials. Adobe is Spanish for mudbrick. In some English-speaking regions of Spanish heritage, such as the Southwestern United States, the term is used to refer to any kind of earthen construction, or various architectural styles like Pueblo Revival or Territorial Revival. Most adobe buildings are similar in appearance to cob and rammed earth buildings. Adobe is among the earliest building materials, and is used throughout the world.

Adobe architecture has been dated to before 5,100 BP.
2010 Dunlop World Challenge
The 2010 Dunlop World Challenge was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the third edition of the tournament which was part of the 2010 ATP Challenger Tour and 2010 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place in Toyota, Japan between 22 and 28 November 2010.

Dunlop World Challenge
The Dunlop Srixon World Challenge was a tournament for professional tennis players played on indoor carpet courts. The event was classified as a Challenger tournament for men and an ITF Women's Circuit tournament for women. It was held annually in Toyota, Japan, from 2008 until the 2017 edition of the tournament being the final edition.
Lord Richard Cavendish (1871–1946)
Lt.-Col. Lord Richard Frederick Cavendish,  CB, CMG, DL, JP (31 January 1871 – 7 January 1946) was a British aristocrat, author, magistrate, and politician from the Cavendish family. He took a prominent role in public life in Lancashire, particularly in agricultural development.

Cavendish family
The Cavendish (or de Cavendish) family (/ˈkævəndɪʃ/ KAV-ən-dish; /ˈkændɪʃ/ KAN-dish) is a British noble family of Anglo-Norman origin, despite their Anglo-Saxon name. They rose to their highest prominence as Duke of Devonshire and Duke of Newcastle.

Leading branches have held high offices in English and later British politics, especially since the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the participation of William Cavendish (then Earl of Devonshire) in the Invitation to William, though the family appears to date to the Norman Conquest of England, with Cavendish being used, with various spellings, as a surname per se since the beginning of the 13th century. As a place-name, it is first recorded in 1086.: 31
South River, Ontario
South River is a village on Highway 124 near Algonquin Park in the Almaguin Highlands region of Parry Sound District of Ontario, Canada. It is about halfway between North Bay and Huntsville  or a 3-hour drive (300 km) north from Toronto. South River has access to the Algonquin Park for canoeists at Kawawaymog (Round Lake).  South River is home of Mikisew Provincial Park on the shores of Eagle Lake.

North Bay, Ontario
North Bay is a city in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is the seat of Nipissing District and takes its name from its position on the shore of Lake Nipissing. It developed as a railroad centre and its airport was an important military location during the Cold War.
Majhi dialect
Majhi (Shahmukhi: ماجھی; Gurmukhi: ਮਾਝੀ; Punjabi: [mä˩˥d̆.d͡ʒi]), also known as Central Punjabi, is the most widely-spoken dialect of the Punjabi language, natively spoken in the Majha region and surrounding areas of Punjab in present-day Pakistan and India.

The native speakers of the dialect are known by the demonym 'Majhail'.

Shahmukhi
Shahmukhi (Shahmukhi: شاہ مُکھی, pronounced [ʃäː(ɦ)˦.mʊ.kʰiː], lit. 'from the Shah's or King's mouth', Gurmukhī: ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁੱਖੀ) is the right-to-left abjad-based script developed from the Perso-Arabic alphabet used for the Punjabi language varieties, predominantly in Punjab, Pakistan. It is generally written in the Nastaʿlīq calligraphic hand, which is also used for Persian and Urdu. Shahmukhi is one of the two standard scripts used for Punjabi, the other being Gurmukhī used mainly in Punjab, India. Shahmukhi is written from right to left and has 36 primary letters with some other additional letters.