hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Collocation
In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a series of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, a collocation is a type of compositional phraseme, meaning that it can be understood from the words that make it up. This contrasts with an idiom, where the meaning of the whole cannot be inferred from its parts, and may be completely unrelated.

There are about seven main types of collocations: adjective + noun, noun + noun (such as collective nouns), noun + verb, verb + noun, adverb + adjective, verbs + prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs), and verb + adverb.

Collocation extraction is a computational technique that finds collocations in a document or corpus, using various computational linguistics elements resembling data mining.

Student's t-test
Student's t-test is a statistical test used to test whether the difference between the response of two groups is statistically significant or not. It is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic follows a Student's t-distribution under the null hypothesis. It is most commonly applied when the test statistic would follow a normal distribution if the value of a scaling term in the test statistic were known (typically, the scaling term is unknown and is therefore a nuisance parameter). When the scaling term is estimated based on the data, the test statistic—under certain conditions—follows a Student's t distribution. The t-test's most common application is to test whether the means of two populations are significantly different. In many cases, a Z-test will yield very similar results to a t-test because the latter converges to the former as the size of the dataset increases.
Bob Sicinski
Bob Sicinski (born November 13, 1946, in Brampton, Ontario) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 353 games in the World Hockey Association.  He played with the Chicago Cougars and Indianapolis Racers. While playing for the Indianapolis Racers, he wore jersey number 17.

Indianapolis Racers
The Indianapolis Racers were a major league ice hockey team that played in the World Hockey Association (WHA) from 1974 to 1978. They competed in four full seasons before folding 25 games into the 1978–79 season. They played at Market Square Arena. They were the first major league professional team to secure Wayne Gretzky and Mark Messier.
Niekłonice
Niekłonice [ɲɛkwɔˈnit͡sɛ] (formerly German Neuklenz) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Świeszyno, within Koszalin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) north of Świeszyno, 4 km (2 mi) south-west of Koszalin, and 132 km (82 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 361.

Świeszyno, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Świeszyno (Polish: [ɕfjɛˈʂɨnɔ]; German: Schwessin) is a village in Koszalin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Świeszyno. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) south of Koszalin and 131 km (81 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

The village has a population of 497.
Micheál Mac Liammóir
Micheál Mac Liammóir (born Alfred Lee Willmore; 25 October 1899 – 6 March 1978) was an actor, designer, dramatist, writer, and impresario in 20th-century Ireland. Though born in London to an English family with no Irish connections, he emigrated to Ireland in early adulthood, changed his name, invented an Irish ancestry, and remained based there for the rest of his life, successfully maintaining a fabricated identity as a native Irishman born in Cork.

With his partner, Hilton Edwards, and two others, Mac Liammóir founded the Gate Theatre in Dublin, and became one of the most recognisable figures in the arts in twentieth-century Ireland. As well as acting at the Gate and internationally, he designed numerous productions, wrote eleven plays, and published stories, verse and travel books in Irish and English. He wrote and appeared in three one-man shows, of which The Importance of Being Oscar (1960) was the most celebrated, achieving more than 1,300 performances.

Impresario
An impresario (from Italian impresa 'an enterprise or undertaking') is a person who organizes and often finances concerts, plays, or operas, performing a role in stage arts that is similar to that of a film or television producer.
Miel I Dam
The Miel I Dam, officially known as the Patángoras Dam, is a gravity dam on La Miel River just south of Norcasia in Caldas Department, Colombia. The dam was constructed between 1997 and 2002 for the primary purpose of hydroelectric power generation. At the time of its completion, the dam was the tallest roller-compacted concrete (RCC) dam in the world but was surpassed by the Longtan Dam in 2009.

Gravity dam
A gravity dam is a dam constructed from concrete or stone masonry and designed to hold back water by using only the weight of the material and its resistance against the foundation. Gravity dams are designed so that each section of the dam is stable and independent of any other dam section. (In contrast, sections of an arch dam are not independently stable, and instead rely on transmitting force through neighboring sections to the abutments, often anchored into canyon walls.)
Julian Thomas
Julian Stewart Thomas FSA (born 1959) is a British archaeologist, publishing on the Neolithic and Bronze Age prehistory of Britain and north-west Europe. Thomas has been vice president of the Royal Anthropological Institute since 2007. He has been Professor of Archaeology at the University of Manchester since 2000, and is former secretary of the World Archaeological Congress. Thomas is perhaps best known as the author of the academic publication Understanding the Neolithic in particular, and for his work with the Stonehenge Riverside Project.

University of Wales, Lampeter
University of Wales, Lampeter (Welsh: Prifysgol Cymru, Llanbedr Pont Steffan) was a university in Lampeter, Wales. Founded in 1822, and incorporated by royal charter in 1828, it was the oldest degree awarding institution in Wales, with limited degree awarding powers since 1852. It was a self-governing college of the University of Wales from 1972 until its merger  (under its 1828 charter) with Trinity University College in 2010 to form the University of Wales Trinity Saint David.

The university was founded as St David's College (Coleg Dewi Sant), becoming St David's University College (Coleg Prifysgol Dewi Sant) in 1971, when it became part of the federal University of Wales. With fewer than 2,000 students on campus, it was often claimed to be one of the smallest public universities in Europe.
1998 South Carolina Amendment 4
1998 South Carolina Amendment 4 was a proposed amendment to the Constitution of South Carolina to repeal the state's defunct constitutional ban on interracial marriage. The amendment was symbolic, as interracial marriage had already been legal nationwide since the United States Supreme Court case of Loving v. Virginia in 1967, which found all bans on such marriages to be in violation of two clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. Placed on the ballot by Bill 4303, the ballot measure succeeded with just under 62% of the vote, and with only six counties of the state's forty-six having a majority vote against. Supporters of the change included Governor David Beasley and State House Speaker Pro-Tempore Terry Haskins, while opposition was limited and prominently came from state representative John Graham Altman. Following approval by voters in November 1998, the state legislature ratified the change in February 1999.

Beaufort County, South Carolina
Beaufort County (/ˈbjuːfərt/ BEW-fərt) is a county in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, its population was 187,117. Its county seat is Beaufort and its largest community is Hilton Head Island.

Beaufort County is part of the Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Port Royal metropolitan statistical area. It is one of the South's fastest-growing counties, primarily because of development south of the Broad River clustered along the U.S. Highway 278 corridor. The county's northern portions also have grown steadily, due in part to the strong federal military presence around the city of Beaufort. The county's two portions are connected by the Broad River Bridge, which carries South Carolina Highway 170. Beaufort County has been identified as the most at-risk county in the contiguous United States for combined damage from climate change in the medium term, largely due to high wet-bulb temperatures, economic and farm crop damages, and sea-level rise.
Backnang – Schwäbisch Gmünd
Backnang – Schwäbisch Gmünd is an electoral constituency (German: Wahlkreis) represented in the Bundestag if it elects one member via first-past-the-post voting, which is not automatic anymore since 2023. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 269. It is located in northeastern Baden-Württemberg, comprising the western part of the Ostalbkreis district and the northern part of the Rems-Murr-Kreis district.

Backnang – Schwäbisch Gmünd was created for the 1965 federal election. Since 2021, it has been represented by Ingeborg Gräßle of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). In addition, 5th place Ricarda Lang was elected via her high rank on the state-wide party list of Alliance 90/The Greens, and in 2025, also Ruben Rupp (AfD).

Rems-Murr-Kreis
Rems-Murr is a Landkreis (district) in the middle of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from north clockwise) Heilbronn, Schwäbisch Hall, Ostalbkreis, Göppingen, Esslingen, the district-free city Stuttgart and the district Ludwigsburg.
Tread Softly in This Place
Tread Softly in this Place is a novel set in the town of Ross, located in a remote part of rural Ireland, and written over the course of 1970/71 by the Irish-based author, Brian Cleeve. The narrative takes place over four days and charts the interconnecting lives and loves of a disparate collection of characters. Tread Softly in this Place is a further exploration of Irish themes following Cleeve's successful Cry of Morning, although it did not sell as well as the latter.

Cry of Morning
Cry of Morning is a novel by the English-born author, Brian Cleeve. It deals with the economic and cultural transformation that overtook Ireland during the 1960s. It marked a significant shift away from the murder mysteries and spy thrillers for which Cleeve had previously been noted.
Fractional ideal
In mathematics, in particular commutative algebra, the concept of fractional ideal is introduced in the context of integral domains and is particularly fruitful in the study of Dedekind domains. In some sense, fractional ideals of an integral domain are like ideals where denominators are allowed. In contexts where fractional ideals and ordinary ring ideals are both under discussion, the latter are sometimes termed integral ideals for clarity.

Algebraic number field
In mathematics, an algebraic number field (or simply number field) is an extension field  of the field of rational numbers  such that the field extension  has finite degree (and hence is an algebraic field extension).
Thus  is a field that contains  and has finite dimension when considered as a vector space over .

The study of algebraic number fields, that is, of algebraic extensions of the field of rational numbers, is the central topic of algebraic number theory. This study reveals hidden structures behind the rational numbers, by using algebraic methods.
Sherman Smalls
Sherman Smalls (c. 1843 - ?) was a carpenter and state legislator in South Carolina. He represented Colleton County, South Carolina in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1870 to 1874.

He was born in South Carolina. He was a witness for Robert Smalls in his contesting of G. D. Tillman's election to the U.S. Congress.

He admitted to being paid $300 by John J. Patterson to vote to pass the Blue Ridge Scrip bill over the Governors veto.

George D. Tillman
George Dionysius Tillman (August 21, 1826 – February 2, 1902) was a Democratic politician from South Carolina. He was a state representative, state senator, and U.S. Representative. He was the brother of Governor Benjamin Ryan Tillman, and father of James H. Tillman, who was Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina from 1901 to 1903 and in the latter year shot newspaper editor Narciso Gener Gonzales and was acquitted.
Chorus Systèmes SA
Chorus Systèmes SA was a French software company that existed from 1986 to 1997, that was created to commercialise research work done at the Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique (INRIA).  Its primary product was the Chorus distributed microkernel operating system, created at a time when microkernel technology was thought to have great promise for the future of operating systems.  As such Chorus was in the middle of many strategic partnerships regarding Unix and related systems.  The firm was acquired by Sun Microsystems in 1997.

UNIX System V
UNIX System V (pronounced: "System Five") is one of the first commercial versions of the Unix operating system. It was originally developed by AT&T and first released in 1983. Four major versions of System V were released, numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. System V Release 4 (SVR4) was commercially the most successful version, being the result of an effort, marketed as Unix System Unification, which solicited the collaboration of the major Unix vendors. It was the source of several common commercial Unix features. System V is sometimes abbreviated to SysV.

As of 2026, the AT&T-derived Unix market is divided between three System V variants: IBM's AIX, Oracle's Solaris, and the free-software illumos forked from OpenSolaris.
William Hendricks Jr.
William Hendricks Jr. (1809–1850) was born in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, January 7, 1809. He was the son of future Governor William Hendricks.

Hendricks was a member of Indiana House of Representatives, 1846 through 1847 and a member of Indiana Senate from 1848 to 1850. He died in Madison, Indiana on July 19, 1850.

Indiana House of Representatives
The Indiana House of Representatives is the lower house of the Indiana General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Indiana. The House is composed of 100 members representing an equal number of constituent districts. House members serve two-year terms without term limits. According to the 2010 U.S. census, each State House district contains an average of 64,838 people.

The House convenes at the Indiana Statehouse in Indianapolis.
Melamine foam
Melamine foam is a foam-like material consisting of a melamine-formaldehyde condensate. It is the active component of a number of abrasive cleaner sponges, notably the Magic Eraser.

In 1984, BASF launched the first commercially produced melamine resin foam, Basotect, which was originally marketed as a flame-retardant solution for soundproofing and thermal insulation in construction.

Foam
Foams are two-phase material systems where a gas is dispersed in a second, non-gaseous material, specifically, in which gas cells are enclosed by a distinct liquid or solid material.: 6 : 4  Foam "may contain more or less liquid [or solid] according to circumstances",: 6  although in the case of gas-liquid foams, the gas occupies most of the volume.: 4

In most foams, the volume of gas is large, with thin films of liquid or solid separating the regions of gas.
Mount Adams, Cincinnati
Mount Adams is one of the 52 neighborhoods of Cincinnati, Ohio. Located on a hill immediately east of downtown Cincinnati, it is south of Walnut Hills, southwest of East Walnut Hills, and west of the East End. The population was 1,578 at the 2020 census.

Mount Adams is home to multiple local cultural institutions. Eden Park is located immediately north of the neighborhood. Located within the park is the Krohn Conservatory, Cincinnati Art Museum, and Playhouse in the Park.

Walnut Hills, Cincinnati
Walnut Hills is one of the 52 neighborhoods of Cincinnati, Ohio. One of the city's oldest hilltop neighborhoods, it is a large diverse area on the near east side of Cincinnati. The population was 6,344 in the 2020 census.
HD 127726
HD 127726 is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Boötes. The pair consist of a rapidly-rotating A-type main-sequence star and a fainter F-type companion, orbiting each other with a period of 29.93 years and an orbital eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.16. They have a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.88, which is bright enough to be dimly visible to the naked eye. The system is located at a distance of approximately 240 light years from the Sun.

A third star, 4.26" from HD 127726 and magnitude 6.0, shares a common proper motion although any orbit would be thousands of years long.

A-type main-sequence star
An A-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence (core hydrogen burning) star of spectral type A. The spectral luminosity class is V. These stars have spectra defined by strong hydrogen Balmer absorption lines. They measure between 1.7 and 2.1 solar masses (M☉), have surface temperatures between 7,600 and 10,000 K, and live for about a quarter of the lifetime of the Sun. Bright and nearby examples are Altair (A7), Sirius A (A1), and Vega (A0). A-type stars do not have convective zones and thus are not expected to harbor magnetic dynamos. As a consequence, because they do not have strong stellar winds; they lack a means to generate X-ray emission.
St. Luke's Hospital, Rathgar
St. Luke's Hospital (Irish: Ospidéal Naomh Lúcás), is a hospital in Rathgar, Dublin, Ireland which has specialised in treating cancer patients from throughout Ireland for over half a century. It is primary national centre for radiotherapy treatment.

Minister for Health (Ireland)
The Minister for Health (Irish: An tAire Sláinte) is a senior minister in the Government of Ireland and leads the Department of Health. The Minister for Health is responsible for healthcare in Ireland and related services.

The current Minister for Health is Jennifer Carroll MacNeill, TD. She is assisted by:

Mary Butler, TD – Minister of State for mental health

Jennifer Murnane O'Connor, TD – Minister of State for public health, well-being and drugs; and

Kieran O'Donnell, TD – Minister of State for older people
Theodore Fyfe
David Theodore Fyfe (3 November 1875 – 1 January 1945), known simply as Theodore Fyfe, was a Scottish architect. He is widely known as Arthur Evans’s architect during the first five excavations at the Palace of Knossos from 1900 to 1904.

Throne Room, Knossos
The Throne Room  was a chamber built for ceremonial purposes during the 15th century BC inside the palatial complex of Knossos, Crete, in Greece. It is found at the heart of the Bronze Age palace of Knossos, one of the main centers of the Minoan civilization and is considered the oldest throne room in Europe.
Povolný
Povolný (feminine: Povolná) is a Czech surname, meaning 'compliant'. Notable people with the surname include:

César Povolny (1914–?), French footballer

Mojmír Povolný (1921–2012), Czech lawyer and politician

Czech name
Czech names are composed of a given name and a family name (surname). Czechs typically get one given name – additional names may be chosen by themselves upon baptism but they generally use one. With marriage, the bride typically adopts the bridegroom's surname.
Krasny Profintern
Krasny Profintern (Russian: Кра́сный Профинте́рн) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Nekrasovsky District of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia. Population:  1,256 (2010 Census); 1,499 (2002 Census); 1,922 (1989 Soviet census).

Nekrasovsky District
Nekrasovsky District (Russian: Некра́совский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,380 square kilometers (530 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Nekrasovskoye. Population: 21,573 (2010 Census);  24,487 (2002 Census); 28,238 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Nekrasovskoye accounts for 28.5% of the district's total population.
Solar generator
A solar generator is a portable system that captures energy from sunlight using photovoltaic (PV) panels and stores it in a battery for later use. These systems are typically used as alternative or backup power sources in off-grid settings, emergency situations, and outdoor activities. Unlike fuel-based generators, solar generators operate silently and without emissions, making them an environmentally friendly energy solution.

Engine–generator
An engine–generator is the combination of an electrical generator and an engine (prime mover) mounted together to form a single piece of equipment. This combination is also called an engine–generator set or a gen-set. In many contexts, the engine is taken for granted and the combined unit is simply called a generator. An engine–generator may be a fixed installation, part of a vehicle, or made small enough to be portable.
Badal, Uttar Pradesh
Badal is a village in Salarpur block, Budaun district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Its village code is 128313. As per the report of 2011 Census of India, The total population of the village is 1121, where 627 are males and 494 are females. The village is administrated by Gram Panchayat.

Salarpur, Budaun
Salarpur is a Block and village panchayat in Budaun district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Its block code is 0180. 67 panchayat of Budaun district comes under Salarpur block. According to 2011 Census of India, the total houses in Salarpur is 27,767 and total population is 1,68,197 out of 90,637 are males and 77,560 are females.
Johnny Murphy (coach)
John David Murphy (October 8, 1891 – September 13, 1961) was an American basketball player-coach for the Rochester Centrals from 1925 to 1931. Murphy played for the Centrals until 1927 and co-held the positions of head coach and general manager. Outside of the American Basketball League, Murphy was the head coach of the Rochester Jeffersons during the 1924 NFL season.

1924 NFL season
The 1924 NFL season was the fifth regular season of the National Football League. The league had 18 teams play during the season, including the new clubs Frankford Yellow Jackets, Kansas City Blues, and Kenosha Maroons. The Louisville Brecks, Oorang Indians, and Toledo Maroons folded.

Before the season, the owner of the now-defunct Cleveland Indians bought the Canton Bulldogs and "mothballed" it, taking the team's nickname and players to Cleveland for the season. Amidst controversy, the new team, the Cleveland Bulldogs, won the 1924 NFL title with a 7–1–1 record.
Wilson River (Queensland)
The Wilson River, part of the Lake Eyre Basin, is an ephemeral river in the Channel Country in western Queensland, Australia.

The Wilson River rises on the slopes of the Grey Range and flows generally northwest through the Nockanoora (or Noccundra) waterhole and is joined by two minor tributaries before reaching its confluence with the Cooper Creek at what was known as Depot Camp (Camp 63). The river descends 8 metres (26 ft) over its 28-kilometre (17 mi) course.

It is believed that Burke and Wills first found water on the Macleay Plains and crossed Cooper Creek near its junction with the Wilson River, on 11 November 1860.

Channel Country
The Channel Country is a region of outback Australia mostly in the state of Queensland but also in parts of South Australia, Northern Territory and New South Wales. The name comes from the numerous intertwined rivulets that cross the region, which cover 150,000 km². The Channel Country is over the Cooper and Eromanga geological basins and the Lake Eyre Basin drainage basin. Further to the east is the less arid Maranoa district.