hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Angular momentum of light
The angular momentum of light is a vector quantity that expresses the amount of dynamical rotation present in the electromagnetic field of the light. While traveling approximately in a straight line, a beam of light can also be rotating (or "spinning", or "twisting") around its own axis.  This rotation, while not visible to the naked eye, can be revealed by the interaction of the light beam with matter.

There are two distinct forms of rotation of a light beam, one involving its polarization and the other its wavefront shape. These two forms of rotation are therefore associated with two distinct forms of angular momentum, respectively named light spin angular momentum (SAM) and light orbital angular momentum (OAM).

The total angular momentum of light (or, more generally, of the electromagnetic field and the other force fields) and matter is conserved in time.

Light beam
A light beam or beam of light is a directional projection of light energy radiating from a light source. Sunlight forms a light beam (a sunbeam) when filtered through media such as clouds, foliage, or windows. To artificially produce a light beam, a lamp and a parabolic reflector is used in many lighting devices such as spotlights, car headlights, PAR Cans, and LED housings. Light from certain types of laser has the smallest possible beam divergence.
Julius Caesar (miniseries)
Julius Caesar is a 2002 miniseries about the life of Julius Caesar. It was directed by German director Uli Edel and written by Peter Pruce and Craig Warner. It is a dramatization of the life of Caesar from 82 BC to his death in 44 BC. It was one of the last two films starring Richard Harris, released in the year of his death. The series was originally broadcast on German TV in December 2002 before being broadcast on TNT in two parts, airing June 29 and 30, 2003, with the tagline His Time Has Come. The miniseries was nominated for two Emmys for Outstanding Makeup for a Miniseries and Outstanding Sound Editing. It also has a full movie video release, combining the two episodes into one movie.

Marcus Porcius Cato (son of Cato the Younger)
Marcus Porcius Cato (c. 73-42 BC), son of Cato the Younger by his first marriage to Atilia, was a Roman soldier and in his earlier years spent some time in politics with his father. Although he never achieved greatness, he was admired by close friends and relatives, and also served his father most loyally and shared his ideals. Marcus was renowned for being a man of gallantry and warm temperament.
1999 Seville municipal election
A municipal election was held in Seville on Sunday, 13 June 1999, to elect the 6th City Council of the municipality. All 33 seats in the City Council were up for election. It was held concurrently with regional elections in thirteen autonomous communities and local elections all across Spain, as well as the 1999 European Parliament election.

1999 Spanish local elections
The 1999 Spanish local elections were held on Sunday, 13 June 1999, to elect all 65,201 councillors in the 8,104 municipalities of Spain and all 1,034 seats in 38 provincial deputations. They were held concurrently with regional elections in thirteen autonomous communities, as well as local elections in the three foral deputations of the Basque Country, the ten island councils in the Balearic and Canary Islands and the 1999 European Parliament election.
Culture of Bangladesh
The culture of Bangladesh evolved over the centuries and encompasses the cultural diversity of several social groups of Bangladesh. The cultures of Bangladesh composite over the centuries have assimilated influences of Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity. It is manifested in various forms, including music, dance,  drama; art  craft; folklore  folktale; languages  literature; philosophy  religion; festivals  celebrations; as well as in a distinct cuisine  culinary tradition.

The culture of Bangladesh is largely intertwined with the culture of the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent. During the Bengal Renaissance of the 19th century, noted Bengali writers, saints, authors, scientists, researchers, thinkers, music composers and painters played a significant role in the development of the Bengali culture.

Pitha
Pitha (piṭhā; also called pithe) are a variety of food similar to pancakes, dumplings or fritters, originating from India and Bangladesh. Pitha can be sweet or savoury, and usually made from a dough or batter, which is then steamed, fried or griddled. Very few varieties are oven-baked or boiled, and most are unleavened and cooked on a stovetop (or equivalent). Some versions may have a filling, garnish, or sauce. Few may be set or shaped after cooking. They are typically eaten as a snack with chai, or as treats during special occasions (similar to mithai).

Pitha is especially popular in Bangladesh and the eastern Indian states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh (eastern parts), West Bengal, Odisha, Jharkhand, the South Indian state of Kerala, and the Northeast Indian states, especially Assam. Pithas are typically made of rice flour, although there are some types of pitha made of wheat flour. Less common types of pitha are made of palm or ol (a local root vegetable).
Nelson Point
Nelson Point is a former settlement originally created in the Quartz Township of Butte County, California, which later became Plumas County, California. It was a thriving Gold Rush era mining camp, and one of the largest and most important communities in the region.

Prospectors first reached Nelson Creek in early 1850. A miner called "Nelson" was credited with the discovery. The camp was established at the bottom of a rugged gorge located at 39°51′38″N 120°51′15″W﻿ / ﻿39.860449°N 120.8541172°W﻿ / 39.860449; -120.8541172. Later in 1850, two significant trails had been established and the population began to swell: one, from Marysville to Onion Valley via Nelson Point. The other was Bidwell's Bar to Buck's Ranch via Spanish Ranch.

Lode mines kept the area prosperous through the 1880s, but eventually the community dwindled. When the Pauly Hotel burned in 1924, mail delivery to the town ceased. Nelson Point eventually faded into a ghost town.

Plumas County, California
Plumas County (/ˈpluːməs/ ⓘ) is a county located in the Sierra Nevada of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 19,790. The county seat is Quincy, and the only incorporated city is Portola. The largest community in the county is East Quincy. The county was named for the Spanish Río de las Plumas (the Feather River), which flows through it. It is also the namesake of a native moth species, Hadena plumasata.
Cat B25
The Cat B25 is a mobile phone introduced in 2013 created by Bullitt Group with the license from Caterpillar Inc. as the first phone in the Cat phones line. The objective of the phone is to be a rugged and resilient option to be used with minimal damage.

It is a slight redesign of the JCB Sitemaster 2, another phone by Bullitt released in 2012 for their former licensee JCB, changing the color from yellow to grey, and modifying the rubber grip around the phone to the appearance to a continuous track.

CAT phones
Cat phones is a range of toughened and strengthened mobile phones that was developed and marketed from 2012 to 2024 by British company Bullitt Group, under license from Caterpillar Inc., carrying the CAT branding. In 2025, Caterpillar announced they had licensed the range internationally to the Japanese/American manufacturer Orbic.
1952 UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race
The men's road race at the 1952 UCI Road World Championships was the 19th edition of the event. The race took place on Sunday 24 August 1952 in Luxembourg. The race was won by Heinz Müller of West Germany.

UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race
The UCI Road World Championships Elite Men's Road Race is a one-day event for professional cyclists that takes place annually. The winner is considered the World Cycling Champion (or World Road Cycling Champion) and earns the right to wear the Rainbow Jersey for a full year in road race or stage events. The event is a single mass start road race with the winner being the first across the line at the completion of the full race distance. The road race is contested by riders organized by national cycling teams as opposed to commercially sponsored trade teams, which is the standard in professional cycling.
Uniform 8-polytope
In eight-dimensional geometry, an eight-dimensional polytope or 8-polytope is a polytope contained by 7-polytope facets. Each 6-polytope ridge being shared by exactly two 7-polytope facets.

A uniform 8-polytope is one which is vertex-transitive, and constructed from uniform 7-polytope facets.

Coxeter–Dynkin diagram
In geometry, a Coxeter–Dynkin diagram (or Coxeter diagram, Coxeter graph) is a graph with numerically labeled edges (called branches) representing a Coxeter group or sometimes a uniform polytope or uniform tiling constructed from the group.

A class of closely related objects is the Dynkin diagrams, which differ from Coxeter diagrams in two respects: firstly, branches labeled "4" or greater are directed, while Coxeter diagrams are undirected; secondly, Dynkin diagrams must satisfy an additional (crystallographic) restriction, namely that the only allowed branch labels are 2, 3, 4, and 6. Dynkin diagrams correspond to and are used to classify root systems and therefore semisimple Lie algebras.
Turiscai Administrative Post
Turiscai, officially Turiscai Administrative Post (Portuguese: Posto Administrativo de Turiscai, Tetum: Postu administrativu Turiskai), is an administrative post (and was formerly a subdistrict) in the Manufahi municipality of Timor-Leste. Its seat or administrative centre is Manumera.

Administrative posts of Timor-Leste
The municipalities of Timor-Leste are divided into 70 administrative posts (previously subdistricts until 2014) since 2024. On 1 January 2024, three new administrative posts were created, one in Liquiçá Municipality (Loes) and two in Baucau Municipality (Quelicai Antiga and Matebian)

Each administrative post is divided into several sucos. Sucos are divided into several aldeias, the smallest political division of Timor-Leste.
Fecal impaction
A fecal impaction or an impacted bowel is a solid, immobile bulk of feces that can develop in the rectum as a result of chronic constipation (a related term is fecal loading which refers to a large volume of stool in the rectum of any consistency). Fecal impaction is a common result of neurogenic bowel dysfunction and causes immense discomfort and pain. Commonly affected populations include the elderly and chronically ill, especially those with neuropsychiatric diseases. It is estimated that 50% of elderly patients in geriatric wards and nursing homes suffer from fecal impaction in the course of a year. Treatment includes laxatives, enemas, and pulsed irrigation evacuation (PIE) as well as digital removal.  It is not a condition that resolves without direct treatment.

Exercise
Exercise or working out is physical activity that enhances or maintains fitness and overall health. It is performed for various reasons, including weight loss or maintenance, to aid growth and improve strength, develop muscles and the cardiovascular system, hone athletic skills, improve health, or simply for enjoyment. Many people choose to exercise outdoors where they can congregate in groups, socialize, and improve well-being as well as mental health.

In terms of health benefits, usually, 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) of moderate-intensity exercise per week is recommended for reducing the risk of health problems. At the same time, even doing a small amount of exercise is healthier than doing none. For people who currently get the smallest amount of physical activity, adding just two or three minutes per day of moderate physical activity could reduce the risk of premature death by 10%.
Kim Kaesi
Kim Kaesi (Korean: 김개시; Hanja: 金介屎; 1584–1623) or formally called Court Lady Kim (상궁 김씨; 尙宮 金氏) was a Korean kungnyŏ (court lady) of the Joseon period. She became a concubine of King Seonjo and later of his son, King Gwanghae, after Seonjo’s death. During the latter's reign, she intervened in state affairs and wielded power, but was beheaded after Gwanghae's deposition from the throne.

Kungnyŏ
Kungnyŏ (Korean: 궁녀; Hanja: 宮女; RR: Gungnyeo; lit. palace women) is a Korean term referring to women waiting on the king and other royalty in traditional Korean society. It is short for "gungjung yeogwan", which translates as "a lady officer of the royal court". Kungnyŏ includes sanggung (palace matron) and nain (assistant court ladies), both of which hold rank as officers. The term is also used more broadly to encompass women in a lower class without a rank such as musuri (lowest maids in charge of odd chores), gaksimi, sonnim, uinyeo (female physicians) as well as nain and sanggung. The term spans those from courtiers to domestic workers.
The Corpses of the De Witt Brothers
The Corpses of the De Witt Brothers is a c. 1672–75 oil on canvas painting by the Dutch Golden Age painter Jan de Baen, now in the  Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.  It shows the dead and mutilated bodies of the brothers Johan and Cornelis de Witt hanging upside down on the Groene Zoodje, the place of execution in front of the Gevangenpoort in The Hague.

Gevangenpoort
The Gevangenpoort (Prisoner's Gate) is a former gate and medieval prison on the Buitenhof in The Hague, Netherlands. It is situated next to the 18th-century art gallery founded by William V, Prince of Orange in 1774 known as the Prince William V Gallery.
Nandalar River
Nandalar  (நண்டலாறு) is a branch river of Cauvery River and flowing between Tiruvarur district and Mayiladuthurai district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It act as a border line for Thiruvarur and Mayiladuthurai Districts.

Mayiladuthurai district
Mayiladuthurai district is an administrative district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was formed in 2020 by the division the Nagapattinam district. The district is named after its headquarters, Mayiladuthurai. It is situated in the Cauvery Delta region.
Gruyere Gold Mine
The Gruyere Gold Mine is a gold mine located 159 km (99 mi) east-northeast of Laverton. As of October 2025, it is owned by Gold Fields, who acquired the mine and the former Australian gold mining company, Gold Road Resources.

As of 2022, it is one of four mines Gold Fields operates in Australia, the others being the Agnew Gold Mine, the Granny Smith Gold Mine and the St Ives Gold Mine. Mining at Gruyere is carried out in an open pit operation.

The mine is located on the traditional land of the Yilka people. Its location east of Cosmo Newbery, along the Great Central Road, is considerably further east then the majority of gold mines in the Goldfields–Esperance regions, with the Tropicana Gold Mine being the only active gold mine east of Gruyere in the region.

Cosmo Newbery
Cosmo Newbery (also spelt Cosmo Newberry) is a small Aboriginal community in Western Australia, 1,036 km (644 mi) east of Perth between Laverton and Warburton in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia. In the 2021 census, Cosmo Newberry had a total population of 143, including 65 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
Art Gym
The Art Gym was a nonprofit, noncollecting contemporary arts gallery at Marylhurst University in Marylhurst, Oregon, United States. The gallery had been permanently moved to the Portland Art Museum in 2018, as Marylhurst University closed at the end of 2018.

The Art Gym was devoted to the artwork of the Pacific Northwest supporting retrospectives, mid-career surveys, experimental, and large-scale exhibitions. Since 1980, The Art Gym had shown the work of more than 300 artists, produced more than 80 exhibition catalogs, and sponsored numerous artist roundtables and public forums.

Portland Art Museum
The Portland Art Museum (PAM) is an art museum  in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States. The Portland Art Museum has 240,000 square feet (22,000 m2), with more than 112,000 square feet (10,400 m2) of gallery space.  The museum’s permanent collection has over 42,000 works of art. PAM features a center for Native American art, a center for Northwest art, a center for modern and contemporary art, permanent exhibitions of Asian art, and an outdoor public sculpture garden. The Northwest Film Center is also a component of Portland Art Museum.

The museum is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, with accreditation through 2024.
Gottfried von Droste
Gottfried Freiherr von Droste (1908–1992), a.k.a. Gottfried Freiherr von Droste zu Vischering-Padberg, was a German physical chemist. He worked at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry (KWIC). He independently predicted that nuclear fission would release a large amount of energy. During World War II, he participated in the German nuclear energy project, also known as the Uranverein (Uranium Society or Uranium Club). In the latter years of the war, he worked at the Reich's University of Strassburg. After the war, he worked at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (Federal Physical and Technical Institute and also held a position at the Technical University of Braunschweig.

He was a Freiherr of the Westphalian noble family Droste zu Vischering.

The Science of Nature
The Science of Nature, formerly Naturwissenschaften, is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media covering all aspects of the natural sciences relating to questions of biological significance. It was founded in 1913 and intended as a German-language equivalent of the English-language journal Nature, at a time when German was still a dominant language of the natural sciences. The journal is now published in English.
Bottidda
Bottidda (Sardinian: Bòtidda) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Sassari in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 130 kilometres (81 mi) north of Cagliari and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Sassari.

Bottidda borders the following municipalities: Bono, Bonorva, Burgos, Esporlatu, Illorai, Orotelli.

Bonorva
Bonorva (Sardinian: Bonòlva) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Sassari in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 140 kilometres (87 mi) north of Cagliari and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of Sassari.
Vevring Church
Vevring Church (Norwegian: Vevring kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Sunnfjord Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the village of Indrevevring. It is one of two churches for the Naustdal parish which is part of the Sunnfjord prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin. The white, wooden church was built in a long church style in 1846 by the architect Hans Linstow. The church seats about 225 people.

Sunnfjord Municipality
Sunnfjord is a municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Sunnfjord. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Førde. Other villages in the municipality include Naustdal, Sande, Vassenden, and Skei.

The 2,208-square-kilometre (853 sq mi) municipality is the 27th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Sunnfjord Municipality is the 56th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 22,662. The municipality's population density is 10.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (27/sq mi) and its population has increased by 4.6% over the previous 10-year period.
Kacchi Plain
The Kacchi Plains (Sindhi: ڪچي ميدان, Balochi: کَچِّ سَتَیْ زَمِیمْ), also known as Kach Gandava, is a low-lying flat region in Balochistan, Pakistan separating the Bugti hills from those of Kalat, covering an area of 8,000 km2 (3,100 sq mi). The addition of the latter "Gandava" is based on the name of the town of Gandava in the present-day Balochistan, Pakistan.

Kach Gandava is driven, like a wedge, into the frontier mountain system and extends for 150 miles from Jacobabad to Sibi, with nearly as great a breadth at its base on the Sindh frontier. The soil is fertile wherever it can be irrigated by the floods brought down from the surrounding hills; but much of the central portion is sandy waste.

Nasirabad District
Nasirabad or Naseerabad (Urdu: ضلع نصیر آباد) is a district of Nasirabad Division in Balochistan, Pakistan. The District was notified in 1974 by separating from Kalat District. For three years, it was called Tamboo District from July 1987 to December 1990, This district is named after Naseer Ahmad who served there Deputy Commissioner in mid 80's and later became Commissioner of the Naseerabad Division in eraly 90's.The district's headquarters are located at Dera Murad Jamali. According to 2023 Pakistani census population of Nasirabad District is 565,315.
EtherCAT
EtherCAT (Ethernet for Control Automation Technology) is an Ethernet-based fieldbus system developed by Beckhoff Automation. The protocol is standardized in IEC 61158 and is suitable for both hard and soft real-time computing requirements in automation technology.

The goal during development of EtherCAT was to apply Ethernet for automation applications requiring short data update times (also called cycle times; ≤ 100 μs) with low communication jitter (for precise synchronization purposes; ≤ 1 μs) and reduced hardware costs. Typical application fields for EtherCAT are machine controls. This includes semiconductor tools, metal forming, packaging, injection molding, assembly systems, printing machines, and robotics.

Alternative technologies for networking in the industrial environment include EtherNet/IP, Profinet and Profibus.

Profinet
Profinet (usually styled as PROFINET, as a portmanteau for Process Field Network) is an industry technical standard for data communication over Industrial Ethernet, designed for collecting data from, and controlling equipment in industrial systems, with a particular strength in delivering data under tight time constraints. The standard is maintained and supported by Profibus & Profinet International, an umbrella organization headquartered in Karlsruhe, Germany.
North East Zone cricket team
North East Zone cricket team is a cricket team that plays first-class and List A cricket in the Duleep Trophy and Deodhar Trophy. The team is geographically based in Northeast India. They are currently being captained by Hokaito Zhimomi. It is a composite team of players from six teams from north east India: Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Sikkim.

Deodhar Trophy
The Prof. D.B. Deodhar Trophy or simply Deodhar Trophy (also known as IDFC First Bank Deodhar Trophy due to sponsorship reasons), is a List A cricket domestic cricket tournament of India. It is named after D. B. Deodhar (known as the Grand Old Man of Indian cricket) and is a 50-over knockout competition played on an annual basis between zonal teams. For a few years this tournament was played amongst three national level teams – India A, India B and India C. It switched back to the zonal format in 2023-24.
Aore
Aore is an island in Sanma Province, Vanuatu. It is located opposite Luganville on Espiritu Santo and has an area of 58 square kilometres (22 sq mi). The estimated terrain elevation above sea level is some 89 metres (292 ft).

Aore's climate is humid tropical. The average annual rainfall is about 3,000 millimetres (120 in). The island is subject to frequent cyclones and earthquakes. Large colonies of bats occupy the island's many caves.

The Aore language is spoken on the island.

Sanma Province
15°20′S 166°45′E﻿ / ﻿15.333°S 166.750°E﻿ / -15.333; 166.750

Sanma is a province located in the Northern part of the nation of Vanuatu, occupying the nation's largest island, Espiritu Santo. The province spans an area of 4,248 square kilometres (1,640 sq mi) and has its capital in Luganville, Vanuatu's second-largest city. Named as a portmanteau of Santo and Malo, Sanma is geologically among the oldest parts of the archipelago and includes Mount Tabwemasana, the highest peak in the country. According to the national 2020 census, Sanma had a population of 61,458. The local economy is primarily based on subsistence agriculture and fishing, with cacao, copra, and kava as key cash crops.