hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Essential infimum and essential supremum
In mathematics, the concepts of essential infimum and essential supremum are related to the notions of infimum and supremum, but adapted to measure theory and functional analysis, where one often deals with statements that are not valid for all elements in a set, but rather almost everywhere, that is, except on a set of measure zero.

While the exact definition is not immediately straightforward, intuitively the essential supremum of a function is the smallest value that is greater than or equal to the function values everywhere while ignoring what the function does at a set of points of measure zero. For example, if one takes the function  that is equal to zero everywhere except at  where  then the supremum of the function equals one. However, its essential supremum is zero since (under the Lebesgue measure) one can ignore what the function does at the single point where  is peculiar. The essential infimum is defined in a similar way.

Lebesgue measure
In measure theory, a branch of mathematics, the Lebesgue measure, named after French mathematician Henri Lebesgue, is the standard way of assigning a measure to subsets of higher dimensional Euclidean n-spaces. For lower dimensions , it coincides with the standard measure of length, area, or volume. In general, it is also called n-dimensional volume, n-volume, hypervolume, or simply volume. It is used throughout real analysis, in particular to define Lebesgue integration. Sets that can be assigned a Lebesgue measure are called Lebesgue-measurable; the measure of the Lebesgue-measurable set  is here denoted by .

Henri Lebesgue described this measure in the year 1901 which, a year after, was followed up by his description of the Lebesgue integral. Both were published as part of his dissertation Intégrale, Longueur, Aire in 1902.
New Laos National Stadium
The New Laos National Stadium (also known as Lao National Stadium KM16) is a multi-use stadium in Vientiane, Laos that was built in 2009. It is used mostly for football matches. It hosted the opening and closing ceremonies for the 2009 SEA Games.

Vientiane
Vientiane{{efn|/viˌɛntiˈɑːn/ vee-EN-tee-AHN; Lao: ວຽງຈັນ, Viangchan, pronounced [wíaŋ tɕàn] is the capital of Laos. Comprising the 5 urban districts of Vientiane Prefecture, the city is located on the banks of the Mekong, close to the border with Thailand. Vientiane was the administrative capital during French rule. The city had a population of 840,000 as of the 2023 census.

Vientiane is the home of Pha That Luang, an icon of Buddhism in Laos. Other Buddhist temples can be found there, such as Haw Phra Kaew, which formerly housed the Emerald Buddha.

The city is rated as 'suffiency' by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.
The Last Grenade
The Last Grenade is a 1970 British war film directed by Gordon Flemyng and starring Stanley Baker and Alex Cord as two soldiers of fortune, formerly comrades, who now find themselves on opposite sides. The cast also includes Richard Attenborough, Honor Blackman, Rafer Johnson, John Thaw, Andrew Keir, and Julian Glover. It was written by James Mitchell and Kenneth Ware based on John Sherlock's 1964 novel The Ordeal of Major Grigsby, and was the final feature film directed by Flemyng.

James Mitchell (writer)
James William Mitchell (12 March 1926, in South Shields – 15 September 2002, in Newcastle-upon-Tyne) was a British writer, principally of crime fiction and spy thrillers. He is best known for creating Callan (1967–1972) and When the Boat Comes In (1976–1981).
Guillermo del Pedregal
Guillermo del Pedregal Herrera (19 June 1898 – 1981) was a Chilean civil engineer and politician who served as Minister of State during the governments of Pedro Aguirre Cerda, Juan Antonio Ríos and Carlos Ibáñez del Campo.

Juan Antonio Ríos
Juan Antonio Ríos Morales (Latin American Spanish: [xwan anˈtonjo ˈri.os]; November 10, 1888 – June 27, 1946) was a Chilean political figure who served as president of Chile from 1942 to 1946, during the height of World War II. He died in office.
Zbraslav Chronicle
Zbraslav Chronicle (also Chronicle of Zbraslav or Chronicon Aulae Regiae) is the work of two abbots of the Cistercian monastery of Zbraslav (Aula Regia), Otto of Thuringia and Peter of Zittau. It was written in Latin in 1305–1338. It encompasses the rule of five Bohemian kings, Ottokar II, Wenceslaus II, Wenceslaus III, Henry of Bohemia and John of Bohemia. Only few manuscripts of the original chronicle exist to this day, with the most prominent being the Jihlava manuscript.

Wenceslaus II of Bohemia
Wenceslaus II Přemyslid (Czech: Václav II.; Polish: Wacław II Czeski; 27 September 1271 – 21 June 1305) was King of Bohemia (1278–1305), Duke of Cracow (1291–1305), and King of Poland (1296–1305).

He was the only surviving son of King Ottokar II of Bohemia and Ottokar's second wife Kunigunda. He was born in 1271, ten years after the marriage of his parents. Kunigunda was the daughter of Rostislav Mikhailovich, lord of Slavonia, son of a Grand Prince of Kiev, and Anna of Hungary, daughter of Béla IV of Hungary. His great-grandfather was the German king Philip of Swabia. Wenceslaus II was the grandfather of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles IV. He was a member of the Přemyslid dynasty.
Nobody's Born with a Broken Heart
Nobody's Born with a Broken Heart is the second studio album by Canadian country music artist MacKenzie Porter. It was released on April 26, 2024, on Big Loud Records. Porter wrote nine of the nineteen tracks on the album, and longtime collaborator Joey Moi produced every track. The album includes the singles "Pickup", "Chasing Tornadoes", "Bet You Break My Heart", "Easy to Miss", and "Have Your Beer".

Joey Moi
Joey Moi (born August 9, 1975) is a Canadian record producer, audio engineer, mixer, songwriter, and musician. He is known for his work with the rock groups Nickelback and My Darkest Days, and country music acts Chris Lane, Dallas Smith, Florida Georgia Line, Jake Owen, Morgan Wallen, and HARDY.
Rural Municipality of Saskatchewan
The Rural Municipality of Saskatchewan is a former rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It was originally incorporated as a rural municipality on December 22, 1883. It ceased on January 1, 2015 as a result of its provincially mandated amalgamation with the RM of Blanshard and the Town of Rapid City to form the Rural Municipality of Oakview.

Rapid City, Manitoba
Rapid City is an unincorporated community recognized as a local urban district that also once held town status in southwest Manitoba, Canada within the Rural Municipality of Oakview. It is located about 30 km north of Brandon. Rapid City is a farming community that is developed on the banks of the Little Saskatchewan River. The dam and reservoir in Rapid City were built by the province in 1961, the reservoir stores 200 acre-feet (250,000 m3) and provides a water supply and recreational facility for the community.
Stephen G. Skidmore
Stephen Griggs Skidmore was an American businessman and politician. He served on the Portland City Council from 1875 to 1878.

His will left funds for the creation of the Skidmore Fountain, which was named in his memory.

Portland City Council (Oregon)
The Portland City Council (formerly the Portland City Commission) is the legislative body of the City of Portland in Oregon and forms part of the government of the city.

In January 2025, the city of Portland switched to a mayor–council form of government from a commission form of government, with elections held the prior November. The half of the city council began full four-year terms, while the other half of the city council started initial two-year terms to establish a staggered election cycle.

There are no term-limits for city councilors and they are all officially nonpartisan, although all current members of the council are members of the Democratic Party, and four of the councilors are members of the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA). Six councilors, including the four DSA members, are part of a progressive caucus that often votes as a bloc.
Noor Muhammad Butt
Noor Muhammad Butt (Urdu: نور محمد بٹ); b. 3 June 1936),  SI, FPAS, also known as N. M. Butt, is a Pakistani nuclear physicist and professor of physics at the Preston University who is known for his research publications in understanding the gamma-rays burst, Mössbauer effect, diffraction, later the nanotechnology.

Besides teaching courses in topics involving the modern physics, his career has spent working in branches of physics at the national laboratory in Nilore and has authored several college textbooks in physics based on his research, and presently serving as the chairman of the Institute of Nano Science and Technology at the Preston University.

Mössbauer effect
The Mössbauer effect, or recoilless nuclear resonance fluorescence, is a physical phenomenon discovered by Rudolf Mössbauer in 1958. It involves the resonant and recoil-free emission and absorption of gamma radiation by atomic nuclei bound in a solid. Its main application is in Mössbauer spectroscopy.

In the Mössbauer effect, a narrow resonance for nuclear gamma emission and absorption results from the momentum of recoil being delivered to a surrounding crystal lattice rather than to the emitting or absorbing nucleus alone. When this occurs, no gamma energy is lost to the kinetic energy of recoiling nuclei at either the emitting or absorbing end of a gamma transition: emission and absorption occur at the same energy, resulting in strong, resonant absorption.
Madame Spy (1934 film)
Madame Spy is a 1934 American adventure film directed by Karl Freund and starring Fay Wray, Oscar Apfel, Edward Arnold and Nils Asther. The film was produced and distributed by Universal Pictures. It is a remake of the 1932 film Under False Flag which was produced by Deutsche Universal, the German subsidiary of the studio, and was itself based on a novel of the same title by Max W. Kimmich.

Nils Asther
Nils Anton Alfhild Asther (17 January 1897 – 19 October 1981) was a Swedish actor active in Hollywood from 1926 to the mid-1950s, known as "the male Greta Garbo". Between 1916 and 1963, he appeared in over seventy feature films, sixteen of which were produced in the silent era. He is mainly remembered today for two silent films, The Single Standard and Wild Orchids, which he made with fellow Swede Greta Garbo, and his portrayal of the title character in the controversial pre-Code Frank Capra film, The Bitter Tea of General Yen.
Hasta Mañana (Luv' song)
"Hasta Mañana" is the twenty first single by Dutch girl group Luv', released in 1990 by RCA Records/BMG. It appears on their 1991 album Sincerely Yours. It involved Luv's new member: Carina Lemoine (who replaced Michelle Gold).

Bertelsmann Music Group
Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) was a division of a German media company Bertelsmann before its relaunch and completion of sale of the majority of its assets to Sony Corporation of America on 1 October 2008.

Although it was established in 1987, the music company was formed as RCA/Ariola International in 1985 as a joint venture to combine the music label activities of RCA's RCA Records division and Bertelsmann's Ariola Records and its associated labels which include Arista Records. It consisted of the BMG Music Publishing company, the world's third largest music publisher and the world's largest independent music publisher and (since August 2004) the 50% share of the joint venture with Sony Music, which established the German American Sony BMG from 2004 to 2008.
Eastern Medical College
Eastern Medical College (Bengali: ইস্টার্ন মেডিকেল কলেজ) is a private medical school situated in Bangladesh, established in 2005. It is located beside the Dhaka-Chittagong Highway at Kabila in Burichang Upazila of Comilla District. It is affiliated with Chittagong Medical University.

It offers a five-year course of study leading to an MBBS degree. A one-year internship after graduation is compulsory for all graduates. The degree is recognised by the Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council.

The college has an attached 600-bed hospital. Eastern Medical College Journal is the official journal of the college.

Comilla District
Comilla District, officially known as Cumilla District, (Bengali: কুমিল্লা জেলা) is a district located in southeastern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Division. It lies about 100 kilometres (60 mi) southeast of Dhaka. Comilla is bordered by Brahmanbaria and Narayanganj districts to the north, Noakhali and Feni districts to the south, Tripura state of India to the east and Munshiganj and Chandpur districts to the west.
Ledóchowski
The Ledóchowski family (feminine form: Ledóchowska, plural: Ledóchowscy; Ukrainian: Ледуховські) is a Ruthenian, Polish and Austrian noble family of Ruthenian origin from Volhynia. Members of the  family have over the centuries distinguished themselves through services to the Catholic Church, the Austrian Crown as well as the Polish Crown.

Mieczysław Halka-Ledóchowski
Mieczysław Halka-Ledóchowski (IPA: /mʲɛˈtʂɨswaf ˈxalka lɛduˈxɔfski/; 29 October 1822 – 22 July 1902) was a Polish Roman Catholic cardinal-priest. He was born in Górki in Russian-controlled Congress Poland to Count Josef Ledóchowski and Maria Zakrzewska. He was uncle to Saint Ursula Ledóchowska, the Blessed Maria Teresia (Theresa) Ledóchowska and Father Włodzimierz Ledóchowski, General Superior of the Society of Jesus.
Destination Anywhere (Jon Bon Jovi album)
Destination Anywhere is the second solo studio album by Jon Bon Jovi, released on June 16, 1997 and features music from the film Destination Anywhere released in the same year. It follows his successful 1990 soundtrack Blaze of Glory, from the film Young Guns II.

The production and style for Destination Anywhere departs from the hard rock sound of his albums with the group Bon Jovi, such as featuring drum loops, female backing vocals and Jon Bon Jovi himself singing in a lower register in most of the tracks. Only one of his longtime bandmates, keyboardist David Bryan, contributed to the album; though Desmond Child, cowriter of hits such as "Livin' on a Prayer", plays the tuba in the song "Ugly" and is also one of the producers.

During the production of the album, the daughter of Bon Jovi's former personal manager Paul Korzilius, Katherine, died under mysterious circumstances. "August 7, 4:15," the date she was found dead, is dedicated to her. Her death remains unsolved.

Blaze of Glory (Jon Bon Jovi album)
Blaze of Glory is the debut solo studio album by Jon Bon Jovi, the frontman of Bon Jovi. The album was released on August 7, 1990, through Mercury Records. It includes songs from and inspired by the movie Young Guns II. Emilio Estevez originally approached Bon Jovi to ask him for permission to include the song "Wanted Dead or Alive" on the soundtrack.

Elton John, Little Richard, and Jeff Beck contributed to the album. It was awarded a Golden Globe and received Academy Award and Grammy nominations.
Britannia (1815 steamship)
Britannia of 1815 was a wood-hulled British paddle steamer built at Port Glasgow for services on the Firth of Clyde. Later she ran between Glasgow and Derry. Britannia was wrecked at Donaghadee on 12 October 1829.

Donaghadee
Donaghadee (/ˌdɒnəxəˈdiː/ DON-ə-khə-DEE, from Irish Domhnach Daoi) is a small town in County Down, Northern Ireland. It lies on the northeast coast of the Ards Peninsula, about 18 miles (29 km) east of Belfast and about six miles (10 km) south east of Bangor. It is in the civil parish of Donaghadee and the historic barony of Ards Lower. It had a population of 7,320 people in the 2021 Census.
Iype Thoma Kathanar
Kovoor Iype Thoma Kathanar (1842–1917) (Malayalam: കോവൂർ ഐപ്പ് തോമാ കത്തനാർ), popularly known as Kovoor Achen, was a renowned and pioneering clergyman of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church.

Together with Mathews Mar Athanasius Metropolitan, he led the reformation activities in the Malankara Church after the death of Abraham Malpan, including the establishment of prayer meetings, vernacular worship and Holy Communion in Malayalam as well as the publication of translated and revised Syriac Liturgy in Malayalam, all of which led to the eventual formation of the Mar Thoma Church.
He also played an important role during the first three decades of the church's independent existence as its first vicar general, after it separated from the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church following the Travancore Royal Court verdict in 1889.

Abraham Malpan
Palakunnathu Abraham Malpan (30 May 1796 – 9 September 1845) was an Indian cleric and theologian known for the Reformation movement within the Malankara Church during the 19th century. He was born in the ancient Syrian Christian Palakunnathu family which practiced West Syriac Rite Oriental Orthodoxy after the Coonan Cross Oath of 1653.

Abraham Malpan translated and revised the West Syriac liturgy, restoring the Church to what he considered to be its position before the Synod of Diamper in 1599. He therefore strove for the abolition of auricular confession, prayers for the dead, intercession of saints, and veneration of sacraments. Further he emphasized the reading and study of the Bible, family-worship and evangelistic work. He insisted on a high moral standard of conduct for laity and clergy. All this created a ferment in the Church and its effects are still discernible in the Malankara Church as a whole. This led to the formation of the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church in 1898.
Tuxedo (Lead song)
"Tuxedo" (タキシード) is the thirty-third single by the Japanese hip-hop group Lead. It was released on September 23, 2020, coinciding with member Shinya's 33rd birthday. It debuted at No. 5 on the Oricon chart, continuing their streak of top-ten singles, which began with "Hurricane" in 2011.

The single was released in four formats: a standard CD, two CD+DVD editions, and a CD+booklet edition.

Starting September 1, "Tuxedo" was used as the ending theme to the TBS show "Hiruobi!".

Hurricane (Lead song)
"Hurricane" is the eighteenth single released by the Japanese hip-hop group Lead. It was their first single of 2011, released a year after their previous single "Speed Star". The peaked at #8 on the Oricon chart, where it stayed for three weeks. The single became their first single to chart in the top ten on Oricon since their 2006 single "Virgin Blue".

The single was released in five formats, a standard CD, and four CD only editions that corresponded to each member. The four corresponding versions were also release as limited editions, which contained event tickets. Each member edition contained different B-sides on the CD portion, along with differing cover art.