hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles
A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles (MEG) is a seven-volume reference grammar of Modern English, largely written by Otto Jespersen. The first volume ("part"), Sounds and Spellings, was published in 1909; two through five were on syntax; six was on morphology; and seven returned to the topic of syntax. It took until 1949 for all seven to be completed.

Randolph Quirk
Charles Randolph Quirk, Baron Quirk (12 July 1920 – 20 December 2017) was a British linguist and politician. He was the Quain Professor of English language and literature at University College London from 1968 to 1981. He sat as a crossbencher in the House of Lords.
Richard Estes
Richard Estes (born May 14, 1932) is an American artist, best known for his photorealist paintings. The paintings generally consist of reflective, clean, and inanimate city and geometric landscapes. He is regarded as one of the founders of the international photo-realist movement of the late 1960s, with such painters as John Baeder, Chuck Close, Robert Cottingham, Audrey Flack, Ralph Goings, and Duane Hanson.  Author Graham Thompson writes "One demonstration of the way photography became assimilated into the art world is the success of photorealist painting in the late 1960s and early 1970s.  It is also called super-realism or hyper-realism and painters like Richard Estes, Denis Peterson, Audrey Flack, and Chuck Close often worked from photographic stills to create paintings that appeared to be photographs."

Duane Hanson
Duane Hanson (January 17, 1925 – January 6, 1996) was an American artist and sculptor born in Minnesota. He spent most of his career in South Florida. He was known for his life-sized realistic sculptures of people. He cast the works based on human models in various materials, including polyester resin, fiberglass, Bondo, and bronze. His sculptures often provided political-social commentary and satire.

Hanson's works are in the permanent collections of The Whitney Museum of American Art, The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and The Smithsonian.
Marienberg languages
The Marienberg or Marienberg Hills languages are a branch of the Torricelli language family. They are spoken in a mountainous stretch of region located between the towns of Wewak and Angoram in the Marienberg Hills of East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea.

Kamasau is the best documented Marienberg language.

William A. Foley
William A. Foley FAHA (William Auguste "Bill" Foley; born 1949) is an American linguist and professor at Columbia University. He previously worked at the University of Sydney. He specializes in Papuan and Austronesian languages. Foley developed Role and Reference Grammar in a partnership with Robert Van Valin.
Ventura (Phish album)
Ventura is a live album by the rock band Phish.  It contains two complete concerts on six CDs.  It was recorded on July 30, 1997, and July 20, 1998, at the Ventura County Fairgrounds in Ventura, California.  Packaged as a box set, it was released by JEMP Records on June 18, 2013.

Mike Gordon
Michael Eliot Gordon (born June 3, 1965) is an American bass guitarist and vocalist most recognized as a founding member of the band Phish. In addition to bass, Gordon plays banjo, piano, and guitar. He is a filmmaker (Rising Low, Outside Out) and author (Mike's Corner). He has released six solo studio albums and three studio albums with acoustic guitar pioneer Leo Kottke.
Puri district
Puri district is a coastal district of the Odisha state of India. It has one sub-division, 11 tahasils and 11 blocks and comprises 1722 revenue villages. Puri is the only municipality of the district. Konark, Nimapada, Pipili, Satyabadi and Kakatpur are the NACs in this district and Brahmagiri is a semi-urban town.

Alarnatha Mandira
Alarnatha Mandira or Alvarnaatha Mandira (Sanskrit: अल्वार् नाथ), (Odia: ଅଲାରନାଥ) is a Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu and located in Brahmagiri, Odisha, near Puri. The temple also houses a shrine for his consort Mahalakshmi.  During the krishnapaksha of Ashadha, the temple draws large crowds following the Snana Yatra, as devotees are not allowed to view the central icon of Jagannath (a form of Vishnu) in the Puri temple. During this period, popularly known as Anasara or 'Anavasara' (literally meaning no opportunity to see the Lord), devotees believe that Lord Jagannath manifests as Alarnath Dev at the Alarnath Mandira in Brahmagiri, about 23 km from Puri. Instead of having darshan in the Puri temple, pilgrims visit this shrine. It is considered one among the 108 Abhimana Kshethram of Vaishnavate tradition.
Mekong Review
Mekong Review is a quarterly English-language literary magazine on Southeast Asian literature, especially Cambodian literature, Burmese literature, Vietnamese literature, Laotian literature, and Thai literature. It was founded by Minh Bui Jones, a Vietnamese-born Australian-based journalist, in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and is based in Sydney, Australia.

Burmese literature
The literature of Myanmar (Burmese: မြန်မာစာပေ) spans over a millennium. The Burmese language, unlike other Southeast Asian languages (e.g. Thai, Khmer), adopted words primarily from Pāli rather than from Sanskrit. In addition, Burmese literature tends to reflect local folklore and culture.

Burmese literature has historically been a very important aspect of Burmese life steeped in the Pali Canon of Buddhism. Traditionally, Burmese children were educated by monks in monasteries in towns and villages. During British colonial rule, instruction was formalised and unified, and often bilingual, in both English and Burmese known as Anglo-Vernacular. Burmese literature played a key role in disseminating nationalism among the Burmese during the colonial era, with writers such as Thakin Kodaw Hmaing, an outspoken critic of British colonialism in Burma.

Beginning soon after self-rule, government censorship in Burma has been heavy, stifling literary expression.
Vintage Cellars (U.S.)
33°8′16.2″N 117°8′10.6″W﻿ / ﻿33.137833°N 117.136278°W﻿ / 33.137833; -117.136278

Vintage Cellars (U.S) is a wine storage design and retail company that specializes in custom wine cellars.  The company was founded in 1990 by Gene Walder.  Vintage Cellars, which is located in San Marcos, California, is also a retailer of wine storage cabinets, wine racks, and wine cooling systems.  The company has designed and constructed wine cellars throughout the nation and is one of the longest-standing wine storage specialty businesses in the country. Though it began as a traditional brick and mortar business, the company now also does much of its business through its website.

Storage of wine
Storage of wine is an important consideration for wine that is being kept for long-term aging. While most wine is consumed within 24 hours of purchase, fine wines are often set aside for long-term storage. Wine is one of the few commercial product that can improve in flavour and value with age, but it can also rapidly deteriorate if kept in inadequate conditions.

The three factors that have the most direct impact on a wine's condition are light, humidity, and temperature. Historically, the storage of wine was handled by wine merchants. Since the mid-20th century, however, consumers have been increasingly storing their own wine in home-based wine cellars.
Wolverine (train)
The Wolverine is a higher-speed passenger train service operated by Amtrak as part of its Michigan Services. The 304-mile (489 km) line provides three daily round-trips between Chicago and Pontiac, Michigan, via Ann Arbor and Detroit. It carries a heritage train name descended from the New York Central Railroad (Michigan Central).

During fiscal year 2023, the Wolverine carried 420,569 passengers, a 14.5% increase from FY2022's total of 367,254 passengers.

Porter, Indiana
Porter is a town in Westchester Township, Porter County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 5,210 as of the 2020 census.  Porter is in the Indiana Dunes ecosystem, which played a role in the creation of The Nature Conservancy, and inspired conservation efforts. It is home to Porter Beach, also known as Johnson's Beach, on Lake Michigan.

Porter is located near Indiana Dunes State Park and on the southern railroad terminus of the Chicago and West Michigan Railway.
Chryseobacterium reticulitermitis
Chryseobacterium reticulitermitis  is a Gram-negative, aerobic rod-shaped and non-motile bacteria from the genus Chryseobacterium which has been isolated from the gut of the termite Reticulitermes aculabialis.

Chryseobacterium
Chryseobacterium is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. Chryseobacterium species are chemoorganotrophic, rod shape gram-negative bacteria. Chryseobacterium form typical yellow-orange color colonies due to flexirubin-type pigment. The genus contains more than 100 described species from diverse habitats, including freshwater sources, soil, marine fish, and human hosts.
2014 Banja Luka Challenger
The 2014 Banja Luka Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the thirteenth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2014 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina from 8 to 14 September 2014.

Banja Luka Challenger
The Banja Luka Challenger was a tennis tournament held in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2002. The event is part of the ATP Challenger Tour and is played on outdoor clay courts. The 2024 edition was cancelled on the 2024 Challenger Tour.
Astor Court (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
The Astor Court, located in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, is a re-creation of a Ming dynasty-style, Chinese-garden courtyard. It is also known as the Ming Hall (明軒).

The first permanent cultural exchange between the U.S. and the People's Republic of China,
the installation was completed in 1981.  Conceived by museum trustee Brooke Astor, the courtyard was created and assembled by expert craftsmen from China using traditional methods, materials and hand tools.

Courtyard
A courtyard or court is a circumscribed area, often surrounded by a building or complex, that is open to the sky.

Courtyards are common elements in both Western and Eastern building patterns and have been used by both ancient and contemporary architects as a typical and traditional building feature. Such spaces in inns and public buildings were often the primary meeting places for some purposes, leading to the other meanings of court. Both of the words court and yard derive from the same root, meaning an enclosed space. See yard and garden for the relation of this set of words. In universities courtyards are often known as quadrangles.
James Audley (died 1272)
Sir James de Audley [Knight], Justiciar of Ireland (c. 1220-1272, sometimes known as Aldithel or Alditheley), was an English baron and magnate. He became Chief governor of Ireland, seated at Dublin Castle, and the son-in-law of crusader William Longespée the Younger.

Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (died 11 December 1282), also known as Llywelyn II and Llywelyn the Last (Welsh: Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf), was Prince of Gwynedd from 1255 to 1282. After successful campaigns across Wales in 1257, Llywelyn proclaimed himself Prince of Wales in 1258, and was recognised as such by Henry III of England in 1267 as part of the Treaty of Montgomery. He remained in this position even after his humbling by Edward I of England in the 1277 Treaty of Aberconwy, remaining Prince of Wales in name until his killing at Cilmeri in 1282, one of the final events in Edward's conquest of Wales.
Crioulo Lageano
Crioulo Lageano longhorn beef cattle (or "raça Crioula Lageana") originated from cattle originally brought to Brazil from Portugal by the Jesuits (Jesuit Reductions) 400 years ago. The breed was probably domesticated 4000 BC in Egypt, it came to the south of Spain from the North of Africa. The center of the rest population (just 700 individuals) is the plateau of Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

It is similar to the Franqueira breed (just 500 individuals, eight to ten farmers in Rio Grande do Sul), with the same origin, which coming from Franca, São Paulo, spread through the Brazilian territory.

Beef cattle
Beef cattle are cattle raised for meat production (as distinguished from dairy cattle, used for milk (production)). The meat of mature or almost mature cattle is mostly known as beef.
In beef production there are three main stages: cow-calf operations, backgrounding, and feedlot operations.  The production cycle of the animals starts at cow-calf operations; this operation is designed specifically to breed cows for their offspring. From here the calves are backgrounded for a feedlot. Animals grown specifically for the feedlot are known as feeder cattle, the goal of these animals is fattening. Animals not grown for a feedlot are typically female and are commonly known as replacement heifers.
While the principal use of beef cattle is meat production, other uses include leather, and beef by-products used in candy, shampoo, cosmetics, and insulin.
Virginia State Route 160
State Route 160 (SR 160) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. Known as the Trail of the Lonesome Pine, the state highway runs 8.02 miles (12.91 km) from the Kentucky state line on top of Black Mountain, where the highway continues north as Kentucky Route 160 (KY 160), east to SR 68 in Appalachia. Due to the mountainous terrain and numerous tight bends, Virginia State Route 160 and its Kentucky State Route 160 counterpart are signposted closed to tractor-trailers between Lynch, KY and Appalachia, VA.

U.S. Route 23 in Virginia
U.S. Route 23 (US 23) is a part of the United States Numbered Highway System that runs from Jacksonville, Florida, to Mackinaw City, Michigan. In Virginia, the U.S. Highway runs 60.80 miles (97.85 km) from the Tennessee state line near Weber City north to the Kentucky state line near Pound. US 23, which is known as Orby Cantrell Highway for most of its course, is a four-lane divided highway that follows Corridor B of the Appalachian Development Highway System through Southwest Virginia. The U.S. Highway serves as the main east–west highway of Scott County and the primary north–south highway of Wise County. US 23 runs concurrently with US 58 from Weber City to Duffield and with US 58 Alternate (US 58 Alt.) between Big Stone Gap and the independent city of Norton.
Control unit
In computer architecture, the control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs the operation of the processor. A CU typically uses a binary decoder to convert coded instructions into timing and control signals that direct the operation of the other units (memory, arithmetic logic unit and input and output devices, etc.).

Most computer resources are managed by the CU. It directs the flow of data between the CPU and the other devices. John von Neumann included the control unit as part of the von Neumann architecture. In modern computer designs, the control unit is typically an internal part of the CPU with its overall role and operation unchanged since its introduction.

Arithmetic logic unit
In computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a combinational digital circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise operations on integer binary numbers. This is in contrast to a floating-point unit (FPU), which operates on floating point numbers. It is a fundamental building block of many types of computing circuits, including the central processing unit (CPU) of computers, FPUs, and graphics processing units (GPUs).

The inputs to an ALU are the data to be operated on, called operands, and a code indicating the operation to be performed (opcode); the ALU's output is the result of the performed operation. In many designs, the ALU also has status inputs or outputs, or both, which convey information about a previous operation or the current operation, respectively, between the ALU and external status registers.
London Education Classification
The London Education Classification is a library classification and indexing thesaurus used at the UCL Institute of Education.  It was devised by D.J. Foskett and Joy Foskett.  It was devised to address deficiencies in general classification schemes in dealing with education.  It was originally devised in 1963, and revised in 1974.  It is a faceted classification, inspired by the work of S.R. Ranganathan and of the Classification Research Group.

Faceted classification
A faceted classification is a classification scheme used in organizing knowledge into a systematic order. A faceted classification uses semantic categories, either general or subject-specific, that are combined to create the full classification entry. Many library classification systems use a combination of a fixed, enumerative taxonomy of concepts with subordinate facets that further refine the topic.
History of the eastern steppe
This article summarizes the history of the eastern steppe, the eastern third of the Eurasian Steppe — that is, the grasslands of  Mongolia and of northern China. The content functions as a companion-article to the history of the central steppe and to the history of the western steppe. Most of the recorded history of the eastern steppe deals with conflicts between the Han Chinese and the steppe nomads. Most of the historical sources originate in China.

Eurasian Steppe
The Eurasian Steppe, also called the Great Steppe or The Steppe, is an area of grassland in Eurasia that is mostly located in the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome. It stretches some 8000 kilometres (5000 miles) from Manchuria in the east through Mongolia, Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, to Hungary and Slovakia in the west.

Since the Paleolithic age, the Steppe Route has been the main overland route between Eastern Europe, North Asia, Central Asia and East Asia economically, politically, and culturally. The Steppe route is a predecessor not only of the Silk Road, which developed during antiquity and the Middle Ages, but also of the Eurasian Land Bridge in the modern era. It has been home to nomadic empires and many large tribal confederations and ancient states throughout history, such as the Xiongnu, Scythia, Cimmeria, Sarmatia, Hunnic Empire, Sogdia, Xianbei, Mongol Empire, Magyar tribes, and Göktürk Khaganate.
Energijos skirstymo operatorius
Energijos Skirstymo Operatorius AB (ESO) is an electricity and gas distribution company in Lithuania. It was established on 1 January 2016 through merger of the Lithuanian electricity distribution network operator LESTO AB and a gas company Lietuvos dujos. ESO is controlled by a state-owned group of energy companies Ignitis Group which owns 94.98% of shares.  Its shares are traded on NASDAQ OMX Vilnius.

ESO is a member of National Lithuanian Electricity Association.

Nasdaq Vilnius
The Nasdaq Vilnius is a stock exchange established in 1993 (Vilnius Stock Exchange, VSE) and currently operated by Nasdaq, Inc. Shares are listed on a Nasdaq Baltic stock exchange together with stocks from Latvia and Estonia.

OMX Vilnius (OMXVGI) is a stock market index for the Nasdaq Vilnius Exchange.
John P. Roth
John P. Roth (born 1952 or 1953) is an American government official who served as the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Financial Management & Comptroller) from January 2, 2018 to January 20, 2021 and also served as the Acting United States Secretary of the Air Force from January 20, 2021 to July 28, 2021 and the Acting United States Under Secretary of the Air Force from June 1, 2019 to October 18, 2019. He served as the Acting Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) from January 20, 2017 to June 1, 2017.

Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)
The Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)/Chief Financial Officer, abbreviated USD(C)/CFO or C/CFO, is a high level civilian official in the United States Department of Defense. The Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)/CFO is the principal staff assistant and adviser to both the Secretary of Defense and the Deputy Secretary of Defense for all budgetary and fiscal matters, including the development and execution of the Defense Department's annual budget.

The Under Secretary is appointed by the president and confirmed by the United States Senate to serve at the pleasure of the president.

The position of Defense Department Comptroller/CFO was originally at the rank of Assistant Secretary until the National Defense Authorization Act of 1995 upgraded the position to its current rank of Under Secretary.
Dong Hua Sao National Park
Dong Hua Sao National Protected Area is a national park in Champasak Province in southern Laos. This forested park rises from the Mekong river lowlands eastwards into the Bolaven Plateau. It is an ecotourism destination.

Bolaven Plateau
15°N 106°E﻿ / ﻿15°N 106°E﻿ / 15; 106

The Bolaven Plateau is an elevated region in southern Laos. Most of the plateau is located within Champasak Province of Laos, though the edges of the plateau are also located in Salavan, Sekong and Attapeu Provinces. It is located between the Annamite Range, along which runs Laos' eastern border with Vietnam, and the Mekong River to the west, at about 15°N 106°E﻿ / ﻿15°N 106°E﻿ / 15; 106. The plateau's elevation ranges approximately from 1,000 to 1,350 metres (3,280 to 4,430 ft) above sea level.  The plateau is crossed by several rivers and has many scenic waterfalls. The name Bolaven makes reference to the Laven ethnic group which has historically dominated the region. However, domestic migrations by the Lao ethnic group (which comprises approximately 50 to 60 percent of the population of Laos) has resulted in widespread interethnic marriage, thus modifying the ethnic composition of the region.
Impact of culture on aviation safety
Culture can affect aviation safety through its effect on how the flight crew deals with difficult situations; cultures with lower power distances and higher levels of individuality can result in better aviation safety outcomes. In higher power cultures subordinates are less likely to question their superiors. The crash of Korean Air Flight 801 in 1997 was attributed to the pilot's decision to land despite the junior officer's disagreement, while the crash of Avianca Flight 052 was caused by the failure to communicate critical low-fuel data  between pilots and controllers, and by the failure of the controllers to ask the pilots if they were declaring an emergency and assist the pilots in landing the aircraft. The crashes have been blamed on aspects of the national cultures of the crews.

Social organization
In sociology, a social organization is a pattern of relationships between and among individuals and groups. Characteristics of social organization can include qualities such as sexual composition, spatiotemporal cohesion, leadership, structure, division of labor, communication systems, and so on.

Because of these characteristics of social organization, people can monitor their everyday work and involvement in other activities that are controlled forms of human interaction. These interactions include: affiliation, collective resources, substitutability of individuals and recorded control. These interactions come together to constitute common features in basic social units such as family, enterprises, clubs, states, etc. These are social organizations.

Common examples of modern social organizations are government agencies, NGOs, and corporations.