hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Maxine Greene
Sarah Maxine Greene (née Meyer; December 23, 1917 – May 29, 2014) was an American educational philosopher, author, social activist, and teacher. Described upon her death as "perhaps the most iconic and influential living figure associated with Teachers College, Columbia University", she was a pioneer for women in the field of philosophy of education, often being the sole woman presenter at educational philosophy conferences as well as the second woman elected as president of the Philosophy of Education Society in 1967. Additionally, she was the third woman to preside over the American Educational Research Association in 1981.

American philosophy
American philosophy is the activity, corpus, and tradition of philosophers affiliated with the United States. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes that while it lacks a "core of defining features, American Philosophy can nevertheless be seen as both reflecting and shaping collective American identity over the history of the nation". The philosophy of the Founding Fathers of the United States is largely seen as an extension of the European Enlightenment. A small number of philosophies are known as American in origin, namely pragmatism and transcendentalism, with their most prominent proponents being the philosophers William James and Ralph Waldo Emerson respectively.
Joinvillea
Joinvillea is a flowering plants genus in the family Joinvilleaceae. The family consists of one genus with species distributed from the Malay Peninsula to the Caroline Islands and high islands in the Pacific Ocean.  It is evolutionarily significant as a relictual group that is a close relative of grasses.  They closely resemble large grass plants, in both general appearance and microanatomy, but possess fleshy fruits.

Joinvilleaceae
The Joinvilleaceae are a family of flowering plants with a single genus including four species.  The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, 1998) assigns it to the order Poales in the clade commelinids in the monocots.  The family consists of one genus with four currently accepted species, distributed from the Malay Peninsula to the Caroline Islands and high islands in the Pacific Ocean.  It is evolutionarily significant as a relictual group closely related to grasses.  They closely resemble large grass plants, in both general appearance and microanatomy, but possess fleshy fruits.
Robert de Stretton
Robert de Stretton (died 1385) was Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield following the death of Roger Northburgh in 1358. A client of Edward, the Black Prince, he became a "notorious figure" because it was alleged that he was illiterate, although this is now largely discounted as unlikely, as he was a relatively efficient administrator.

Roger Northburgh
Roger Northburgh (died 1358) was a cleric, administrator and politician who was Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield from 1321 until his death. His was a stormy career as he was inevitably involved in many of the conflicts of his time: military, dynastic and ecclesiastical.
2017 Davis Cup World Group play-offs
The 2017 Davis Cup World Group play-offs were held from September 15 to 17. They were the main play-offs of the 2017 Davis Cup. The winners of the playoffs advanced to the 2018 Davis Cup World Group, and the losers were relegated to their respective Zonal Regions I.

2017 Davis Cup
The 2017 Davis Cup was the 106th edition of the Davis Cup, a tournament between national teams in men's tennis. It was sponsored by BNP Paribas. France won their tenth title (their first since 2001), with Lucas Pouille defeating Steve Darcis of Belgium on indoor hard in the final match held at Stade Pierre-Mauroy located in Villeneuve-d'Ascq on 26 November.
Peake-Jones Rock
Peake-Jones Rock is a low, bean-shaped rock lying just off the coast and 3.7 kilometres (2 nmi) northeast of Ring Rock in Holme Bay, Mac. Robertson Land. The rock was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37. It was named by Antarctic Names Committee of Australia (ANCA) for K. Peake-Jones, weather observer at Mawson Station in 1959.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Peake-Jones Rock". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Ring Rock
Ring Rock (67°39′S 62°43′E﻿ / ﻿67.650°S 62.717°E﻿ / -67.650; 62.717) is a rock lying 3.7 kilometres (2 nmi) southeast of Nost Island at the head of Holme Bay. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from aerial photographs taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37, and named Ringoya (ring island). First visited in 1956 by an ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) sledging party; they found that the term "rock" better describes this feature.
First Scutari-Ottoman War
The First Scutari-Ottoman War (Albanian: Lufta e Parë Shkodrane-OsmaneTurkish: Birinci İşkodra-Osmanlı SavaşıBirinci İşkodra-Osmanlı Savaşı) was a conflict between Kara Mahmud Pasha, the Pasha of the de facto independent Pashalik of Scutari, and the Ottoman Empire. The war was caused by the expansionist policies of Kara Mahmud, which threatened the central government of the Ottoman Empire.

Toptani family
The Toptani were a leading noble family in central Albania at the beginning of the 20th century. They belonged to a small number of noble families appointed by the Ottomans who used local chieftains to control Ottoman Albania more easily. Essad Pasha Toptani, a family patriarch, claimed that the family descended from the Thopia family. According to some sources, the name is derived from the word top, which means cannon, as the family owned a cannon at a time when artillery was rare.
Gardner (crater)
Gardner is a small lunar impact crater in the northeast part of the Moon. It was named after an American physicist Irvine Clifton Gardner in 1976. It lies due east of the crater Vitruvius, in a section of rough terrain north of the Mare Tranquillitatis. Gardner was previously designated Vitruvius A before being given its present name by the IAU. To the northeast of Gardner is the larger crater Maraldi.

It is a circular crater with sloping inner walls and an interior floor that occupies about half the total crater diameter. The southern half of the floor has a slight rise before reaching the inner wall. The crater is not significantly eroded, and the outer rim is relatively sharp and well-defined.  The most distinctive feature is a row of four rounded hills along the northern floor of the crater.

To the south is an elevated area unofficially known as the Gardner Megadome. In the vicinity of the dome are satellite craters including Vitruvius B, H, and T, and Maraldi D.

Ewen Whitaker
Ewen Adair Whitaker (22 June 1922 – 11 October 2016) was a British-born astronomer known for his work in selenography and lunar cartography. Together with Gerard Kuiper, Whitaker founded the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona. He co-authored multiple moon atlases, and helped NASA to select a landing site for Apollo 12 and several Surveyor and Ranger missions.
Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
This glossary of geography terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in geography and related fields, including Earth science, oceanography, cartography, and human geography, as well as those describing spatial dimension, topographical features, natural resources, and the collection, analysis, and visualization of geographic data. It is split across two articles:

Glossary of geography terms (A–M) lists terms beginning with the letters A through M.

This page, Glossary of geography terms (N–Z), lists terms beginning with the letters N through Z.

Related terms may be found in Glossary of geology, Glossary of agriculture, Glossary of environmental science, and Glossary of astronomy.

Glossary of environmental science
This is a glossary of environmental science.

Environmental science is the study of interactions among physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment. Environmental science provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems.
Habugra
Habugra is a term for "King" in Kokborok language of Tripura.

There were at least 184 kings that ruled Tripura before merging with the Republic of India on 15 November 1950. The last and most illustrious Habugra of all was Habugra Bir Bikram Manikya Debbarma. The college of Maharaja Bir Bikram College was established in his memory in 1947 in the state capital Agartala.

Kokborok
Kokborok (or Tripuri) is a Tibeto-Burman language of the Indian state of Tripura and neighbouring areas of Bangladesh. Its name comes from kók meaning "verbal" or "language" and borok meaning "people" or "human". It is one of the ancient languages of Northeast India.
Glutethimide
Glutethimide (brand names included Doriden, Elrodorm, and Noxyron) is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant drug of the piperidine chemical class, one of many non-barbiturate, "barbiturate-like" GABAergic medications exhibiting general calming, relaxing, or "tranquilizing" properties in addition to relieving anxiety and promoting sleep. As such, "nerve pills" or "sleeping pills" were common vernacular descriptions of these types of medications.

Methyprylon
Methyprylon, or Noludar, is a sedative/tranquilizer and hypnotic central nervous system depressant of the piperidinedione derivative chemical class, first developed in the 1940s by Hoffmann-La Roche.
This medicine was used for treating insomnia, but is now rarely used as it has been replaced by newer drugs with fewer side effects, such as benzodiazepines.

Methyprylon was withdrawn from the US market in June 1975 and the Canadian market in September 1990.
Some other trade names are Noctan and Dimerin.
Miss Panamá 2015
Miss Panamá 2015 was held at the Megapolis Convention Center on Monday, August 24, 2015. The event was broadcast on Telemetro.

Miss Panamá 2014, Yomatzy Hazlewood of Darién crowned her successor Gladys Brandao of Los Santos, as the Miss Panama. Nicole Pinto, Miss World Panama 2014 of Panamá Oeste, crowned her successor, Diana Jaen of Cocle, as the Miss World Panama winner and Marisel Franco of Veraguas crowned her successor Catherine Agrazal of Veraguas.

Brandao later competed in Miss Universe 2015, which was held on December 20 at Zappos Theater in Las Vegas, Nevada. Jaén represented Panama in Miss World 2015, which was held on December 19 at the Crown of Beauty Theatre in Sanya, Hainan.

Miss World 2015
Miss World 2015 was the 65th edition of the Miss World pageant, held at the Crown of Beauty Theatre in Sanya, Hainan, China, on 19 December 2015. Rolene Strauss of South Africa crowned Mireia Lalaguna of Spain as her successor at the end of the event. It was the first time in the history of Miss World that Spain won the pageant. Since this year, the swimsuit competition (Miss World Beach Beauty) has been officially removed from the pageant.
2009 Brașov Challenger
The 2009 Brașov Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. This was the 14th edition of the tournament which was part of the 2009 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Brașov, Romania between 31 August and 6 September 2009.

BRD Brașov Challenger
The BRD Brașov Challenger was a tennis tournament held in Braşov, Romania from 1996 until 2014. The event was part of the ATP Challenger Tour and was played on outdoor clay courts. After a 10-year break it was reinstated as the Ion Țiriac Challenger in 2024.
Pravaras
In Hindu culture, a Pravara (Sanskrit for "most excellent") refers to a system of identity, particularly a family line. The Pravar system is based on the descendants of a rishi (sage) after whom a "gotra" (clan) is named, and these descendants are considered eponyms by the members of the "gotra." It represents a secondary level of segmentation within the gotra system. The Pravara is a significant aspect of the exogamous system in ancient Brahmanical families.

Brihaspati
Brihaspati (Sanskrit: बृहस्पति, IAST: Bṛhaspati) is a Hindu god. In the ancient Vedic scriptures, Brihaspati is associated with fire, and the word also refers to a god who counsels the devas and devis (gods and goddesses). In some later texts, the word refers to the largest planet of the Solar System, Jupiter, and the deity is associated with the planet as a Navagraha.
Railway Preservation Society of Ireland
The Railway Preservation Society of Ireland (RPSI) is a railway preservation group founded in 1964 and operating throughout Ireland. Mainline steam train railtours are operated from Dublin, while short train rides are operated up and down the platform at Whitehead, County Antrim, and as of 2023, the group sometimes operates mainline trains in Northern Ireland using hired-in NIR diesel trains from Belfast. The RPSI has bases in Dublin and Whitehead, with the latter having a museum. The society owns heritage wagons, carriages, steam engines, diesel locomotives and metal-bodied carriages suitable for mainline use.

Tank locomotive
A tank locomotive is a steam locomotive which carries its water in one or more on-board water tanks, instead of a more traditional tender. Most tank engines also have bunkers (or fuel tanks) to hold fuel; in a tender-tank locomotive a tender holds some or all of the fuel, and may hold some water also.

There are several different types of tank locomotive, distinguished by the position and style of the water tanks and fuel bunkers. The most common type has tanks mounted either side of the boiler. This type originated about 1840 and quickly became popular for industrial tasks, and later for shunting and shorter-distance main line duties.

Tank locomotives have advantages and disadvantages compared to traditional locomotives that required a separate tender to carry needed water and fuel.
Ivisa Island
Ivisa Island is an uninhabited island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It is located in Baffin Island's Cumberland Sound. Imigen Island lies to its east, Saunik Island to its northeast. Aupaluktok Island, Ekallulik Island, Iglunga Island, the Kaigosuit Islands, and Kudjak Island are in the vicinity.

Baffin Island
Baffin Island (formerly Baffin Land and also James Island), in the Canadian territory of Nunavut, is the largest island in Canada, the second-largest island in the Americas (behind Greenland), and the fifth-largest island in the world. Its area is 507,451 km2 (195,928 sq mi) (slightly smaller than Thailand) with a population density of 0.026/km2 (0.067/sq mi); the population was 13,039 according to the 2021 Canadian census; and it is located at 68°N 70°W﻿ / ﻿68°N 70°W﻿ / 68; -70﻿ (Baffin Island). Iqaluit, the capital of Nunavut, is located on Frobisher Bay on the southern tip of the island.
Rossstock
The Rossstock (2,460 m [8,070 ft]) is a mountain of the Schwyzer Alps, located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Schwyz and Uri. It lies on the range between Muotathal and Unterschächen, east of Lake Lucerne.

Lake Lucerne
Lake Lucerne (German: Vierwaldstättersee, literally 'Lake of the four forested settlements' (in English usually translated as forest cantons); French: lac des Quatre-Cantons; Italian: lago dei Quattro Cantoni) is a lake in central Switzerland and the fourth largest in the country.
Jay Turser
Jay Turser Guitars is an American musical instruments manufacturer, currently a brand of Davitt & Hanser, a division of JAM Industries. Since its inception, Jay Turser has been producing electric and acoustic guitars.

In 2008, Jay Turser signed a deal with Graph Tech Guitar Labs (the world's leading guitar nut and saddle maker by then) to incorporate its technology to instruments manufactured. Graph Tech was also supplier for several guitar companies such as Taylor, Martin, Larrivée, Ovation, Carvin, Fender, Fernandes, Godin, Ibanez, Samick, Schecter, Gibson, Tacoma and Yamaha.

Jay Turser was a subsidiary of the U.S. Music Corporation (located in Buffalo Grove, Illinois) until it was acquired by Canadian corporate group Jam Industries in 2009.

Tacoma Guitars
Tacoma Guitars was an American manufacturing company of musical instruments. It was founded in 1991 as a division of South Korean company Young Chang. Instruments were manufactured in Tacoma, Washington. The company and brand name were later acquired by the Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. The Tacoma plant closed, and production ceased, in 2008.

Tacoma manufactured mainly acoustic guitars, although its product range extended to basses and mandolins.
Luis Antonio Robles
Luis Antonio Robles Suárez (24 October 1849 – 22 September 1899) also known as "El Negro Robles", was a Colombian lawyer and politician. He was the first Afro-Colombian to hold a cabinet-level ministry in Colombia serving as Secretary of the Treasury and Public Credit during the administration of President Aquileo Parra Gómez, as well as being the first Afro-Colombian Congressperson as Member of the Chamber of Representatives for Magdalena, and the first Afro-Colombian Governor of a Department, as the 16th President of the Sovereign State of Magdalena. He graduated a lawyer from Our Lady of the Rosary University in 1872, thus also becoming the first Afro-Colombian to ever serve as a lawyer in Colombia.

Aquileo Parra
José Bonifacio Aquileo Elias Parra y Gómez de la Vega (May 12, 1825 – December 4, 1900) was a Colombian soldier, businessman and political figure. He was the President of Colombia between 1876 and 1878.
Malliavin derivative
In mathematics, the Malliavin derivative is a notion of derivative in the Malliavin calculus. Intuitively, it is the notion of derivative appropriate to paths in classical Wiener space, which are "usually" not differentiable in the usual sense.

Fréchet derivative
In mathematics, the Fréchet derivative is a derivative defined on normed spaces. Named after Maurice Fréchet, it is commonly used to generalize the derivative of a real-valued function of a single real variable to the case of a vector-valued function of multiple real variables, and to define the functional derivative used widely in the calculus of variations.

Generally, it extends the idea of the derivative from real-valued functions of one real variable to functions on normed spaces. The Fréchet derivative should be contrasted to the more general Gateaux derivative which is a generalization of the classical directional derivative.

The Fréchet derivative has applications to nonlinear problems throughout mathematical analysis and physical sciences, particularly to the calculus of variations and much of nonlinear analysis and nonlinear functional analysis.
Rauma, Finland
Rauma (Finnish: [ˈrɑu̯mɑ]; Swedish: Raumo) is a town in Finland, on the western coast of the country. Rauma is in the Satakunta region, by the Gulf of Bothnia. The population of Rauma is approximately 39,000, while the sub-region has a population of approximately 65,000. It is the 29th most populous municipality in Finland.

Rauma lies 92 kilometres (57 mi) north of Turku and 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of Pori. Its neighbouring municipalities are Eura, Eurajoki, Laitila and Pyhäranta. Granted town privileges on 17 April 1442 (then under the rule of Sweden), Rauma is known for its paper and maritime industry, high quality lace (since the 18th century) and the old wooden architecture of the city centre (Old Rauma, Vanha Rauma), which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Laitila
Laitila (Finnish: [ˈlɑi̯tilɑ]; Swedish: Letala) is a town and a municipality of Finland. It is located in the Southwest Finland region, and it is 59 kilometres (37 mi) from Laitila to Turku. The municipality has a population of 8,492 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 545.32 square kilometres (210.55 sq mi) of which 13.65 km2 (5.27 sq mi) is water. The population density is 15.97 inhabitants per square kilometre (41.4/sq mi). The municipality is monolingually Finnish.

Laitila is renowned for its poultry farms and "egg festival" (Laitilan Munamarkkinat), which is why the subject of the municipal coat of arms of Laitila also refers to the parish's fame for chicken care. There is much demand for Laitila-based chicken eggs, as the local egg producer company Munax, among other things, has even planned to export eggs to South Korea. Laitila has also been called the "egg capital of Finland".
Dysphoria
Dysphoria (from Ancient Greek  δύσφορος (dúsphoros) 'grievous'; from  δυσ- (dus-) 'bad, difficult' and  φέρω (phérō) 'to bear') is a profound state of unease or dissatisfaction. It is the semantic opposite of euphoria. In a psychiatric context, dysphoria may accompany depression, anxiety, or agitation.

Mood swing
A mood swing is an extreme or sudden change of mood. Such changes can play a positive or a disruptive part in promoting problem solving and in producing flexible forward planning. When mood swings are severe, they may be categorized as part of a mental illness, such as bipolar disorder, where erratic and disruptive mood swings are a defining feature.

To determine mental health problems, people usually use charting with papers, interviews, or smartphone to track their mood/affect/emotion. Furthermore, mood swings do not just fluctuate between mania and depression, but in some conditions, involve anxiety.
2025 WTA Argentina Open
The 2025 WTA Argentina Open (also known as the IEB+ Argentina Open for sponsorship reasons) was a professional women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the fifth edition of the tournament and part of the 2025 WTA 125 tournaments. It took place at the Tenis Club Argentino in Buenos Aires, Argentina between 24 and 30 November 2025.

2025 WTA 125 tournaments
The WTA 125 tournaments were the secondary professional tennis circuit tournaments organised by the Women's Tennis Association. The 2025 calendar consisted of fifty three tournaments announced or confirmed through various sources.
2024–25 World Athletics Cross Country Tour
The 2024–25 World Athletics Cross Country Tour, also known as the 2025 Cross Country Tour, is the fourth season of the annual series of cross country running meetings organised by World Athletics. The Tour forms the highest level of international cross country.

The Cross Country Tour is divided into three levels – Gold, Silver, and Bronze – each of which has different levels of competition and different prize offerings.

The Gold-level meetings award extra World Athletics Rankings cross country placement points, which can be used to earn automatic qualification into the 10,000 metres track race at the 2025 World Athletics Championships.

The Tour is also seen by some as a way to prepare for the 2024 European Cross Country Championships.

World Athletics Cross Country Tour
The World Athletics Cross Country Tour is an annual series of cross country running competitions which are recognised by the World Athletics (formerly known as the IAAF). Athletes accumulate points in the series' cross country meets during the season, which typically begins in September and finishes in March, with top three performances counting towards the standings. The inaugural season was 2021–22. The Tour replaced the IAAF Cross Country Permit series, which was first held in 1999.

Starting with the 2023 World Athletics Championships, the Cross Country Tour and the cross country rankings form part of the qualification pathway for the 10,000 metres event at championships and Olympics. The top eight men and top eight women in the cross country rankings, who are not already qualified via entry standard or world 10,000 m ranking, are automatically qualified.

The Cross Country Tour is divided into three levels – Gold, Silver and Bronze.