hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Alarm photosynthesis
Alarm photosynthesis is a variation of photosynthesis where calcium oxalate crystals function as dynamic carbon pools, supplying carbon dioxide (CO2) to photosynthetic cells when stomata are partially or totally closed. This biochemical appendance of the photosynthetic machinery is a means to alleviate the perpetual plant dilemma of using atmospheric CO2 for photosynthesis and losing water vapor, or saving water and reducing photosynthesis. The function of alarm photosynthesis seems to be rather auxiliary to the overall photosynthetic performance. It supports a low photosynthetic rate, aiming at the maintenance and photoprotection of the photosynthetic apparatus rather than a substantial carbon gain.

Crassulacean acid metabolism
Crassulacean acid metabolism, also known as CAM photosynthesis, is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions that allows a plant to photosynthesize during the day, but only exchange gases at night. In a plant using full CAM, the stomata in the leaves remain shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but they open at night to collect carbon dioxide (CO2) and allow it to diffuse into the mesophyll cells. The CO2 is stored as four-carbon malic acid in vacuoles at night, and then in the daytime, the malate is transported to chloroplasts where it is converted back to CO2, which is then used during photosynthesis. The pre-collected CO2 is concentrated around the enzyme RuBisCO, increasing photosynthetic efficiency. This mechanism of acid metabolism was first discovered in plants of the family Crassulaceae.
Rudolf Haag
Rudolf Haag (17 August 1922 – 5 January 2016) was a German theoretical physicist, who mainly dealt with fundamental questions of quantum field theory. He was one of the founders of the modern formulation of quantum field theory and he identified the formal structure in terms of the principle of locality and local observables. He also made important advances in the foundations of quantum statistical mechanics.

Quantum statistical mechanics
Quantum statistical mechanics is statistical mechanics applied to quantum mechanical systems. It relies on constructing density matrices that describe quantum systems in thermal equilibrium. Its applications include the study of collections of identical particles, which provides a theory that explains phenomena including superconductivity and superfluidity.
Isle of the Dead (video game)
Isle of the Dead is a point-and-click first-person shooter horror video game developed by Rainmaker Software and published by Merit Software in 1993 for MS-DOS compatible operating systems.. The game centers around Jake Dunbar, the sole survivor of a plane crash, on a mysterious tropical island inhabited by zombies under the control of a mad scientist. Dunbar can interact with non-player characters to acquire weapons and obtain items through adventure game commands.

Originally planned to be a hack-and-slash game, Isle of the Dead was made to have the feel of horror pulp comics. A minicomic was included with the game on release. Reception to the game was negative, both on release and in retrospectives, with criticism given to its graphics, in-game map, and structure. Publications, such as Computer Gaming World, have called it one of the worst video games of all time.

Non-player character
A non-player character  (NPC) is a character in a game that is not controlled by a player. The term originated in traditional tabletop role-playing games where it applies to characters controlled by the gamemaster, or referee, rather than by another player. In video games, this usually means a computer-controlled character that has a predetermined set of behaviors that potentially will impact gameplay, but will not necessarily be the product of true artificial intelligence.
Raven Award
The Raven Award is an award given annually by the Mystery Writers of America (MWA) as part of the Edgar Awards. The Raven Award is given from time to time to non-writers and institutions who have made significant professional contributions to the mystery genre or to MWA. The Board may choose not to award a Raven in any given year.

The first one was presented in 1953. It's not always bestowed every year like the Best Novel or Best Short Story category. Some years feature multiple honorees, while others have none. Though, there was a winner since 1995 up to and including 2022.

Edgar Awards
The Edgar Allan Poe Awards, popularly called the Edgars, are presented every year by the Mystery Writers of America which is based in New York City. Named after American writer Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849), a pioneer in the genre, the awards honor the best in mystery fiction, non-fiction, television, film, and theater published or produced in the previous year.
Cecil Pugh
Herbert Cecil Pugh, GC  (2 November 1898 – 5 July 1941), usually called Cecil Pugh, was a Congregational Church minister and is the only clergyman to have received the George Cross. He was a South African who served in the First World War as a South African Army medical orderly and in the Second World War as a Royal Air Force chaplain. Pugh died in 1941 by remaining aboard a sinking troop ship to minister to trapped and wounded military personnel.

Orderly
In healthcare, an orderly (also known as a ward assistant, nurse assistant or healthcare assistant) is a hospital attendant whose job consists of assisting medical and nursing staff with various nursing and medical interventions. These duties are classified as routine tasks involving no risk for the patient.
Religion in Oregon
Religion in the state of Oregon is remarkable in the United States, with its population ranking among the highest of religiously unaffiliated adults in the entire nation. According to a 2014 report by the Pew Research Center, 31% of Oregon's population was religiously unaffiliated, making it the second-highest percentage after that of Vermont.

Of the Oregon residents identifying as religiously-affiliated, the largest denomination is Roman Catholicism, which makes up approximately 14% of the state's overall population.

Pew Research Center
The Pew Research Center (also simply known as Pew) is a nonpartisan American think tank based in Washington, D.C. It provides information on social issues, public opinion, and demographic trends shaping the United States and the world. It also conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, random sample survey research, and panel based surveys,  media content analysis, and other empirical social science research.

The Pew Research Center states it does not take policy stances. It is a subsidiary of the Pew Charitable Trusts and a charter member of the American Association of Public Opinion Research's Transparency Initiative.
Rest and Relaxation
Rest and Relaxation is an upcoming American coming-of-age drama film written and directed by Rebecca Rajadnya. It stars Sunita Mani, Christine Taylor, Scott Cohen, Nicholas Podany, Christopher Egan, and Zenobia Shroff.

Scott Cohen (actor)
Scott Cohen (born December 19, 1961) is an American actor best known for his supporting role as Max Medina on the first three seasons of The WB comedy drama series Gilmore Girls (2000–03), as well as his lead roles as Detective Chris Ravell on the NBC legal drama series Law & Order: Trial by Jury (2005–06), Dominic Eugene "Nico" Careles on the USA Network comedy drama series Necessary Roughness (2011–13), Ezra Wolf on the ABC legal drama series The Fix (2019), and Luca Falcone on the HBO crime drama miniseries The Penguin (2024).

He is also known for his roles in films such as The Mambo Kings (1992), Kissing Jessica Stein (2001), Love & Other Drugs, Please Give (both 2010), Anesthesia, James White (both 2015), As You Are (2016), Who We Are Now (2017), Braid, and Write When You Get Work (both 2018).
Bochum–Gelsenkirchen railway
The Bochum–Gelsenkirchen railway, also known as the Glückauf-Bahn (referring to Glück auf, the traditional German miners greeting), is a passenger railway from Bochum Central Station (Hauptbahnhof) to Gelsenkirchen Central Station in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is served by Regionalbahn passenger service RB 46). It is also used by freight traffic from Bochum freight yard at the former Bochum Süd station and Bochum-Präsident to Gelsenkirchen-Schalke Nord. The line was built in sections between 1867 and 1876 of the Bergisch-Märkische Railway Company. The curve connecting to Bochum Central Station was opened in 1979.

Bochum Hauptbahnhof
Bochum Hauptbahnhof is a railway station for the city of Bochum in western Germany. In its current incarnation, it was built from 1955 to 1957 and is one of the most notable 1950s railway stations in Germany.
The station underwent extensive remodeling and modernisation from 2004 to 2006 and was officially reopened on 29 May 2006.
Kawanabe District, Kagoshima
Kawanabe (川辺郡, Kawanabe-gun) was a district located in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 28,788 and a total area of 247.54 km2.

The day before the dissolution on November 30, 2007, the district had two towns:

Chiran (知覧町, Chiran-chō)

Kawanabe (川辺町, Kawanabe-chō)

On December 1, 2007, the towns of Chiran and Kawanabe, along with the town of Ei (from Ibusuki District), were merged to create the city of Minamikyūshū. Kawanabe District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

Minamikyūshū
Minamikyūshū (南九州市, Minamikyūshū-shi; lit. "South Kyushu City") is a city in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. As of 30 June 2024, the city had an estimated population of 31,666 in 16189 households, and a  population density of 180 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 357.91 km2 (138.19 sq mi).
National Committee of Azerbaijan
National Committee of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Milli Komitəsi, German: Nationales Komitee von Aserbaidschan) was an organization created in Berlin by Azerbaijani political immigrants. Established in late 1941, the committee's main goal was to make Nazi Germany recognize an independent Azerbaijan, and stop the German annexation of the Caucasus as a whole. In that period, German forces had a great success on Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union, thus the state officials were convinced that the Wehrmacht could win the war without the need of additional local assistance. Not being able to come to any substiantal agreement with the Nazi German government, the committee was disbanded in August 1943.

Mahammad Amin Rasulzade
Mahammad Amin Akhund Haji Molla Alakbar oghlu Rasulzade (31 January 1884 – 6 March 1955) was an Azerbaijani politician, journalist and the head of the Azerbaijani National Council. He is mainly considered the founder of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918 and the father of its statehood. His expression "Bir kərə yüksələn bayraq, bir daha enməz!" ("The flag once raised shall never fall!") became the motto of the independence movement in Azerbaijan in the early 20th century. He faced numerous exiles from both Turkey and Iran. During World War II, Rasulzade attempted to form a strategic alliance with Nazi Germany in order to garner support for an independent Azerbaijan.
Russian destroyer Pogranichnik
Pogranichnik (Russian: Пограничник) was a Okhotnik-class destroyer built for the Imperial Russian Navy during the first decade of the 20th century. The ship was paid for by public donations raised during the Russo-Japanese War and built by Wm. Crichton & Co. in Abo Finland and was completed in 1906. Pogranichnik was initially classed as a Torpedo Cruiser but was redesignated a destroyer in 1907. The ship served in the Baltic Fleet and participated in the First World War.

Baltic Fleet
The Baltic Fleet (Russian: Балтийский флот, romanized: Baltiyskiy flot) is the fleet of the Russian Navy in the Baltic Sea.

Established 18 May 1703, under Tsar Peter the Great as part of the Imperial Russian Navy, the Baltic Fleet is the oldest Russian fleet. In 1918, the fleet was inherited by the Russian SFSR which then founded the Soviet Union in 1922, where it was eventually known as the Twice Red Banner Baltic Fleet as part of the Soviet Navy, as during this period it gained the two awards of the Order of the Red Banner. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Baltic Fleet was inherited by the Russian Federation and reverted to its original name as part of the Russian Navy.

The Baltic Fleet is headquartered in Kaliningrad and its main base is in Baltiysk (Pillau), both in Kaliningrad Oblast, while another base is in Kronstadt, Saint Petersburg, in the Gulf of Finland.
Who We Love
Who We Love is an Irish coming-of-age drama film directed by Graham Cantwell and written by Cantwell and Katie McNeice. It is a feature-length adaptation of Cantwell's 2016 short film Lily. It premiered at the 2021 Galway Film Fleadh.

Galway Film Fleadh
The Galway Film Fleadh (pronounced [fʲlʲaː]; Irish for "festival") is an international film festival founded in 1989 as part of the Galway Arts Festival. Describing itself as Ireland’s leading film festival, the event is held every July in Galway, Ireland.

In 2022, a MovieMaker magazine panel of U.S. filmmakers, critics and industry executives included the festival on its list of the "50 Film Festivals Worth the Entry Fee".
Scarus festivus
Scarus festivus, the festive parrotfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish in the family Scaridae. This species has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution and is found from the coast of East Africa east as far as the Tuamotu islands and north to the Ryukyu Islands of Japan and south to Lord Howe Island, Australia. This is an uncommon species which is found in clear lagoons and off seaward reefs where it grazes on benthic algae.

Parrotfish
Parrotfish (named because their mouths resemble a parrot's beak) are a clade (a fundamental grouping in evolutionary biology consisting of a single common ancestor and all of its descendants) of fish placed in the subfamily Scarinae of the wrasse family (Labridae). Formerly treated as their own family (Scaridae), genetic studies found them to be deeply nested within the wrasses, and they are now treated as a subfamily (Scarinae). With roughly 95 species, the group's largest species richness is in the Indo-Pacific. They are found in coral reefs, rocky coasts, and seagrass beds, and can play a significant role in bioerosion  because they eat away at the corals. This activity is also often attributed to enriching the sand content on the surrounding ocean floor.
Saint Veronica
Saint Veronica, also known as Berenike, was a widow from Jerusalem who lived in the 1st century AD, according to extra-biblical Christian traditions. Apocryphal texts relate how Veronica was moved with sympathy seeing Jesus carrying the cross to Calvary and gave him her veil so that he could wipe his forehead. Jesus accepted the offer, and when he returned the veil the image of his face was miraculously captured on it. The resulting relic  became known as the Veil of Veronica.

The story of Veronica is celebrated in the sixth Station of the Cross in Anglican, Catholic, and Western Orthodox churches. A celebrated saint in many pious  Christian countries, the 17th-century Acta Sanctorum published by the Bollandists listed her feast under July 12, but the German Jesuit scholar Joseph Braun cited her commemoration in Festi Marianni on January 13.

Bollandist
The Society of Bollandists (Latin: Societas Bollandistarum; French: Société des Bollandistes) is an association of scholars, philologists, and historians (originally all Jesuits, but now including non-Jesuits) who since the early seventeenth century have studied hagiography and the cult of the saints in Christianity. Their most important publication has been the Acta Sanctorum (The Acts of the Saints). They are named after the Flemish Jesuit Jean Bolland (1596–1665).
Ram Chandra (Babuji)
Shri Ram Chandra of Shahjahanpur (1899-1983), also known as Babuji, was a yogi from Uttar Pradesh in northern India. He spent most of his life developing a method of Raja Yoga meditation called Sahaj Marg. He founded an organization called Shri Ram Chandra Mission in 1945, dedicated and named after his teacher, who was also called Ram Chandra.

Rāja yoga
In Sanskrit texts, Raja yoga (/ˈrɑːdʒə ˈjoʊɡə/) was both the goal of yoga and a method to attain it. The term was later adopted as a modern label for the practice of yoga when  Swami Vivekananda gave his interpretation of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali in his 1896 book Raja Yoga. Since then, Rāja yoga has variously been called ashtanga yoga,  royal yoga, royal union, sahaja marg, and classical yoga.
Amnon Rubinstein
Amnon Rubinstein (Hebrew: אמנון רובינשטיין; 5 September 1931 – 18 January 2024) was an Israeli legal scholar, politician and recipient of the Israel Prize. A member of the Knesset between 1977 and 2002, he served in several ministerial positions. He is referred to as the “founding father of Israeli Constitutional Law” In later life he was dean of the Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) in Herzliya and a patron of Liberal International.

Liberal International
Liberal International (LI) is a worldwide organisation of liberal political parties. The political international was formed in November 1946, and constituted with the Oxford Manifesto in April 1947. It has become the pre-eminent network for liberal and progressive democratic parties aiming to strengthen liberalism and democratic values around the world. Its headquarters are within the National Liberal Club, in London. The Oxford Manifesto describes the basic political principles of the Liberal International, which is currently made up of 111 parties and organisations.
Duke Thomas (character)
Duke Thomas is a fictional character appearing in comics published by DC Comics. He was created by Scott Snyder and Greg Capullo. He was introduced as a supporting character of Batman, his first appearance being in 2013 in Batman (vol. 2) #21, before later leading a youth vigilante movement inspired by Robin, in the comic book We Are... Robin, in May 2015. He officially became Batman's newest partner and joined the Batman family in 2016.

The character would be a staple in Batman comics and Detective Comics, and went on in a new role as Gotham's daylight protector, The Signal.

Duke made his animated debut as Robin in the animated series Batwheels, voiced by AJ Hudson.

The Batman Who Laughs
The Batman Who Laughs (Bruce Wayne) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by writer Scott Snyder and artist Greg Capullo, he is an evil counterpart and alternate version of Batman within the Dark Multiverse.

He is depicted as a hybrid of both Batman (Bruce Wayne) and Batman's archenemy Joker, and is a member of the Dark Knights and the overarching antagonist of the Dark Multiverse Saga, alongside cosmic deities Perpetua and Barbatos, from 2017 to 2021, following DC Rebirth. His first appearance was in the crossover storyline Dark Nights: Metal, before receiving his own series and serving as the main antagonist of Batman/Superman in 2019 and DC Comics' Year of the Villain alongside Lex Luthor.

His name is an allusion to the original Batman's seriousness and to the 1928 film The Man Who Laughs, which served as inspiration for the Joker.
German submarine U-2531
German submarine U-2531 was a Type XXI U-boat (one of the "Elektroboote") of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, built for service in World War II. She was ordered on 6 November 1943, and was laid down on 3 October 1944 at the Blohm & Voss yard at Hamburg, as yard number 2531. She was launched on 5 December 1944, and commissioned under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Hellmut Niss on 10 January 1945.

Elektroboot
An Elektroboot ("electric boat" in German) was a submarine designed to operate entirely submerged, rather than as submersibles that could submerge as a temporary means to escape detection or launch an attack.
Philippine Children's Medical Center
The Philippine Children's Medical Center is a government-run children's hospital in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines. The hospital as a government-owned and controlled corporation is attached to the Department of Health.

Department of Health (Philippines)
The Department of Health (DOH; Filipino: Kagawaran ng Kalusugan) is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for ensuring access to basic public health services by all Filipinos through the provision of quality health care, the regulation of all health services and products. It is the government's over-all technical authority on health. It has its headquarters at the San Lazaro Compound, along Rizal Avenue in Manila.

The current head of the department is Sec. Ted Herbosa. The health secretary is also a member of the Cabinet.
John F. Campbell (politician)
John F. Campbell (born March 3, 1954) is an American politician from Vermont. Campbell, a Democrat, was a member of the Vermont Senate, representing the Windsor Vermont Senate District since 2001. He was the Senate Majority Leader of the Vermont Senate from 2003 to January 5, 2011, when he was elected President pro tempore of the Vermont Senate for the legislative session. He was succeeded by Tim Ashe of the Vermont Progressive Party in 2017.

Tim Ashe
Timothy R. Ashe (born December 10, 1976) is an American politician who ran for a wide range of political offices in Vermont and served as a Democrat/Progressive in the Vermont Senate from Chittenden County from 2009 to 2021 and as President pro tempore of the Vermont Senate from 2017 until 2021.

On January 2, 2026, Ashe announced that he would run for Vermont State Auditor.
Tonito Willett
Tonito Akanni Willett (born 6 February 1983) is a West Indian cricketer who played for the Leeward Islands. He is the son of Elquemedo Willett, brother of Akito Willett and the cousin of Stuart Williams. He is a right handed batsman and bowls at a right-arm medium pace.

Stuart Williams (cricketer)
Stuart Clayton Williams (born August 12, 1969) is a former West Indian cricketer. One of the opening batsmen tried after the retirement of Gordon Greenidge and Desmond Haynes, Williams was a batsman who may have not demonstrated his true potential as an opening batsman, may have been better suited to lower down the order.
Raid on Dartmouth (1749)
The Raid on Dartmouth (1749) occurred during Father Le Loutre's War on September 30, 1749 when a Mi'kmaw militia from Chignecto raided Major Ezekiel Gilman's sawmill at present-day Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, killing four workers and wounding two. This raid was one of seven the Wabanaki Confederacy and Acadians would conduct against the settlement during the war.

Northeast Coast campaign (1703)
The Northeast Coast campaign  (also known as the Six Terrible Days) (10 August – 6 October 1703) was the first major campaign by the French of Queen Anne's War in New England.  Alexandre Leneuf de La Vallière de Beaubassin led 500 troops made up of French colonial forces and the Wabanaki Confederacy of Acadia (200 Mi'kmaq and others from Norridgewock). They attacked English settlements on the coast of present-day Maine between Wells and Casco Bay (now the Portland, Maine area), burning more than 15 leagues of New England country and killing or capturing more than 150 people. The English colonists protected some of their settlements, but a number of others were destroyed and abandoned. Historian Samuel Drake reported that, "Maine had nearly received her death-blow" as a result of the campaign.
Matanhy Saldanha
José Matanhy de Saldanha (Konkani: Juze Matani de Saldanea; 24 October 1948 – 21 March 2012) was an Indian social activist, journalist, school teacher and former two-term member of the Goa Legislative Assembly, representing the Cortalim Assembly constituency. He campaigned for Goan identity, values, and culture. Saldanha also served as a Cabinet Minister in the Government of Goa with portfolios of Tourism as well as Science and Environment.

Government of Goa
The Government of Goa is a state government created by the Constitution of India and has executive, legislative and judicial authority of the state of Goa. It is headquartered in Panaji, the capital city of Goa.