hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Group development
The goal of most research on group development is to learn why and how small groups change over time. To quality of the output produced by a group, the type and frequency of its activities, its cohesiveness, the existence of group conflict.

A number of theoretical models have been developed to explain how certain groups change over time. Listed below are some of the most common models. In some cases, the type of group being considered influenced the model of group development proposed as in the case of therapy groups.  In general, some of these models view group change as regular movement through a series of "stages", while others view them as "phases" that groups may or may not go through and which might occur at different points of a group's history.  Attention to group development over time has been one of the differentiating factors between the study of ad hoc groups and the study of teams such as those commonly used in the workplace, the military, sports and many other contexts.

Group cohesiveness
Group cohesiveness is the degree or strength of bonds linking members of a social group to one another and to the group as a whole. Although cohesion is a multi-faceted process, it can be broken down into four main components: social relations, task relations, perceived unity, and emotions. Members of strongly cohesive groups are more inclined to participate readily and to stay with the group.
Cross-fostering
Cross-fostering is a technique used in animal husbandry, animal science, genetic and nature versus nurture studies, and conservation, whereby offspring are removed from their biological parents at birth and raised by surrogates, typically of a different species, hence 'cross.' This can also occasionally occur in nature.

Animal science
Animal science is described as "studying the biology of animals that are under the control of humankind". It can also be described as the production and management of farm animals. Historically, the degree was called animal husbandry and the animals studied were livestock species, like ruminant animals such as; cattle, sheep and goat, non-ruminant such as; pigs, poultry, rabbit, snails and horses are studied. Today, courses available look at a broader area, including companion animals, like dogs and cats, and many exotic species. Degrees in Animal Science are offered at a number of colleges and universities. Animal science degrees are often offered at land-grant universities, which will often have on-campus farms to give students hands-on experience with livestock animals.
Kimbridge
Kimbridge is a small village in Mottisfont civil parish in the Test Valley district of Hampshire, England. Its nearest town is Romsey, which lies approximately 4 miles (6.3 km) south-east. Originally called "King's Bridge" in Civil War times. According to the 2011 census, the population was approximately 144. It consists mainly of a Cafe / Restaurant, a day ticket fishery and a private Trout fishing club. Most of the area is owned and managed by Kimbridge Estates, but there are a small number of private houses - including a large mansion on the water's edge. The bridge itself is on some of the best fishing waterway in the country. The Test Way long-distance footpath passes through the village, as does the Cardiff-Southampton railway; the nearest railway station is Mottisfont & Dunbridge to the north-west. Kimbridge Junction on the so-called Sprat and Winkle Line was located in Kimbridge.

Test Valley
Test Valley is a local government district with borough status in Hampshire, England, named after the valley of the River Test. The council is based in the borough's largest town of Andover. The borough also contains the town of Romsey and numerous villages and surrounding rural areas. A small part of the borough at its southern end lies within the New Forest National Park, and part of the borough north of Andover lies within the North Wessex Downs, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

The neighbouring districts are Basingstoke and Deane, Winchester, and Eastleigh to the east, Southampton and New Forest to the south, Wiltshire to the west and West Berkshire to the north.
HMCS Cap de la Madeleine
HMCS Cap de la Madeleine was a River-class frigate that served in the Royal Canadian Navy from 1944-1945 and as a Prestonian-class frigate from 1954-1965. She saw action in the Battle of the Atlantic as a convoy escort during the Second World War. She is named for Cap-de-la-Madeleine, Quebec, which is now a part of Trois-Rivières.

Cap de la Madeleine was ordered in October 1941 as part of the 1942-43 building program. She was laid down 5 November 1943 by Morton Engineering & Dry Dock Co., Quebec City and launched 13 May 1944. Cap de la Madeleine was commissioned into the RCN on 30 September 1944 at Quebec City with the pennant K663.

Prestonian-class frigate
The Prestonian-class ocean anti-submarine escort frigate was a class of 21 frigates that served with the Royal Canadian Navy from 1953 to 1967 and with the Royal Norwegian Navy from 1956 to 1977.

They were converted from mothballed River-class frigates of British design that had been placed in reserve following the end of the Second World War. The first vessel to be reactivated and undergo refit was Prestonian which was recommissioned on 28 August 1953. The class did not use sequential pennant numbers.
The Swans of Nepryadva
The Swans of Nepryadva (Russian: Лебеди Непрядвы) is a Soviet animated film about the medieval Battle of Kulikovo, released at its 600th anniversary. The film was directed by Roman Davydov at Soyuzmultfilm studio in 1980.

Alexander Peresvet
Alexander or Aleksandr Peresvet (Russian: Александр Пересвет; died 8 September 1380) was a Russian Orthodox monk who fought in single combat with the Tatar champion Temir-Mirza, known in most Russian sources as Chelubey, at the opening of the Battle of Kulikovo on 8 September 1380. The two men killed each other.
Future of Marine Animal Populations
The Future of Marine Animal Populations (FMAP) project was one of the core projects of the international Census of Marine Life (2000–2010). FMAP's mission was to describe and synthesize globally changing patterns of species abundance, distribution, and diversity, and to model the effects of fishing, climate change and other key variables on those patterns. This work was done across ocean realms and with an emphasis on understanding past changes and predicting future scenarios.

Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation is an American philanthropic nonprofit organization. It was established in 1934 by Alfred P. Sloan Jr., president and chief executive officer of General Motors.

The Sloan Foundation makes grants to support original research and broad-based education related to science, technology, and economics. The foundation is an independent entity and has no formal relationship with General Motors. As of 2024, the Sloan Foundation's assets totaled $2.2 billion.
Miami bass
Miami bass (also known as booty music or booty bass) is a subgenre of hip hop music that became popular in the 1980s and 1990s. The use of drums from the Roland TR-808, sustained kick drum, heavy bass, raised dance tempos, and frequently sexually explicit lyrical content differentiate it from other hip hop subgenres. Music author Richie Unterberger has characterized Miami bass as using rhythms with a "stop-start flavor" and "hissy" cymbals with lyrics that "reflected the language of the streets, particularly Miami's historically black neighborhoods such as Liberty City, Goulds, and Overtown".

Despite Miami bass never having consistent mainstream acceptance, early national media attention in the 1980s resulted in a profound impact on the development of hip hop, dance music, and pop.

Roland TR-909
The Roland TR-909 Rhythm Composer, commonly known as the 909, is a drum machine introduced by Roland Corporation in 1983, succeeding the TR-808. It was the first Roland drum machine to use samples for some sounds, and the first with MIDI functionality, allowing it to synchronize with other devices.

The 909 was a commercial failure, as users preferred the more realistic sounds of competing products such as the LinnDrum. Roland ceased production after one year, having built 10,000 units. The 909 influenced the development of electronic dance music genres such as techno, house and acid house.
Kálmán Kandó
Kálmán Kandó de Egerfarmos et Sztregova (egerfarmosi és sztregovai Kandó Kálmán; July 10, 1869 – January 13, 1931) was a Hungarian engineer, the inventor of phase converter and a pioneer in the development of AC electric railway traction.

Overhead line
An overhead line or overhead wire is an electrical cable that is used to transmit electrical energy to electric locomotives, electric multiple units, trolleybuses or trams. The generic term used by the International Union of Railways for the technology is overhead line. It is known variously as overhead catenary, overhead contact line (OCL), overhead contact system (OCS), overhead equipment (OHE), overhead line equipment (OLE or OHLE), overhead lines (OHL), overhead wiring (OHW), traction wire, and trolley wire.

An overhead line consists of one or more wires (or rails, particularly in tunnels) situated over rail tracks, raised to a high electrical potential by connection to feeder stations at regularly spaced intervals along the track. The feeder stations are usually fed from a high-voltage electrical grid.
The Best American Mystery and Suspense
The Best American Mystery and Suspense is an annual anthology of North American mystery and thriller stories. Prior to 2021, its title was The Best American Mystery Stories and it was published by Houghton Mifflin through the year 2017.  It has been part of The Best American Series since 1997, it is published by Mariner Books, an imprint of HarperCollins.

Works for each edition are selected like the other The Best American Series titles, whereby a series editor chooses about 50 candidates from which a guest editor picks about 20 for publication. Runners-up are listed in the appendix. The editor of the series during 1997–2020, Otto Penzler, defined eligible mystery stories as "any work of fiction in which a crime or the threat of a crime is central to the theme or plot" and only considered those that had been written by an American or Canadian and published for the first time during the previous calendar year in an American or Canadian publication.

Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company (HMH)
(/ˈhoʊtən/,
HOH-tən)
is an American publisher of textbooks, instructional technology materials, assessments, and reference works. The company is based in the Boston Financial District. It was formerly known as the Houghton Mifflin Company, but it changed its name following the 2007 acquisition of Harcourt Publishing. Before March 2010, it was a subsidiary of Education Media and Publishing Group Limited, an Irish-owned holding company registered in the Cayman Islands and formerly known as Riverdeep. In 2022, it was acquired by Veritas Capital, a New York–based private-equity firm.
2025 Little Rock Challenger
The 2025 UAMS Health Little Rock Open was a professional tennis tournament played on hardcourts. It was the sixth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2025 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States from May 26 to June 1, 2025.

Little Rock Challenger
The UAMS (University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences) Health Little Rock Open is a professional tennis tournament played on hardcourts. It is currently part of the ATP Challenger Tour. It is held annually in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States since 2019.
Cost analyst
In business, a cost analyst is a professional responsible for analyzing a company's costs, or the use of available resources, and reports such analysis to management for decision-making and control. 
Additional to cost analysis generally, specific work includes whole-life cost analysis and cost–volume–profit analysis.

This role usually sits within the company's financial management area in general; sometimes, specifically, in "FP&A" (Financial planning and analysis).

Cost analysts require a strong background in cost accounting methods, and typically hold a business degree majoring in accountancy, or sometimes, the more focused Bachelor of Accountancy.
Due to the specialized nature of the role, cost accountants often also hold a relevant professional certification:
Globally recognized, are the CMA through IMA, and the CGMA through CIMA. 
Other regional bodies include ICMAI in India, and ICMA in Australia.
See Financial analyst § Qualification.

Chartered Institute of Management Accountants
The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) is a global professional management accounting body, based in the United Kingdom. CIMA offers training and qualification in management accounting and related subjects. It is focused on accountants working in industry and provides ongoing support and training for members.

CIMA is one of the professional associations for accountants in the UK and Ireland. Its particular emphasis is on developing the management accounting profession. CIMA is the largest and the oldest management accounting body in the world, with over 229,000 members and students worldwide.

The Chartered Global Management Accountant (CGMA) qualification has the academic standing of a master's degree in the UK (recognised at Level 7 by NARIC).
Biathlon Junior World Championships 2011
The 2011 Biathlon Junior World Championships was held in Nové Město na Moravě, Czech Republic from January 27 to February 5 2011. There was to be a total of 16 competitions: sprint, pursuit, individual, mass start, and relay races for men and women.

Biathlon Junior World Championships
Biathlon Junior World Championships were first held in 1967 for men and in 1989 for women. According to the International Biathlon Union rules, biathletes qualify as Junior if they turn 20, 21 or 22 during the season from November to October, they qualify as Youth when they turn 17, 18 or 19 during the season.
Seven Sacraments Altarpiece
The Seven Sacraments Altarpiece is a fixed-wing triptych by the Early Netherlandish artist Rogier van der Weyden and his workshop. It was painted from 1445 to 1450, probably for a church in Poligny (Max J. Friedländer claimed that it was commissioned by the Bishop Jean Chevrot), and is now in the Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp. It depicts the seven sacraments of the Roman Catholic Church. On the left panel are baptism, confirmation and confession and on the right hand panel the ordination of a priest, marriage and the last rites.

Triptych
A triptych (/ˈtrɪptɪk/ TRIP-tik) is a work of art (usually a panel painting) that is divided into three sections, or three carved panels that are hinged together and can be folded shut or displayed open. It is therefore a type of polyptych, the term for all multi-panel works. The middle panel is typically the largest and flanked by two smaller related works, although there are triptychs of equal-sized panels. The form can also be used for pendant jewelry.

Beyond its usual meaning in the visual arts, the term is sometimes used as a title or descriptive term in other arts media such as music or the performing arts for works with three parts.
Foster Avenue
Foster Avenue (5200 N) is a major east-west street on the North Side of Chicago as well as the northwestern suburbs. Foster Avenue serves as the boundary line for the Chicago community areas of Edgewater to the north and Uptown to the south.

Foster Avenue runs westward from Lake Michigan to East River Road (8800 W.) and picks up again west of Des Plaines River Road to connect Chicago to O'Hare Airport. It carries U.S. Route 41 from Lake Shore Drive to Lincoln Avenue.

It is named for early Chicago settler John H. Foster.

U.S. Route 41 in Illinois
U.S. Route 41 (US 41) in the U.S. state of Illinois runs north from the Indiana border beneath the Chicago Skyway on Indianapolis Boulevard to the Wisconsin border north of the northern terminus of the Tri-State Tollway with Interstate 94. It is the only north–south U.S. Route to travel through a significant portion of the city of Chicago, carrying Lake Shore Drive through the central portion of the city along the lakefront. US 41 in Illinois is 64.81 miles (104.30 km) in length.
1975 Louisville Open
The 1975 Louisville Open, also known as the First National Tennis Classic, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Louisville Tennis Center in Louisville, Kentucky in the United States. It was the sixth edition of the tournament and was held from July 28 through August 5, 1975. The tournament was part of the Grand Prix tennis circuit and categorized in Group AA. The singles final was delayed by one day due to rain and was won by defending champion Guillermo Vilas who received the $16,000 first prize money. The doubles final was not played due to rain and the prize money was shared.

Louisville Open
The Louisville Open is a defunct Grand Prix and WCT affiliated men's tennis tournament played from 1970 to 1979. It was held in Louisville, Kentucky in the United States and played on outdoor hard courts in 1970 and on outdoor clay courts from 1971 to 1979.

Guillermo Vilas was the most successful player at the tournament, winning the singles competition three times and the doubles competition once with Pole Wojciech Fibak.
Pegas Island
Pegas Island (Bulgarian: остров Пегас, romanized: ostrov Pegas, IPA: [ˈɔstrof pɛˈgas]) is the partly ice-free island 987 m long in west-southwest to east-northeast direction and 703 m wide in the Dannebrog Islands group of Wilhelm Archipelago in the Antarctic Peninsula region. Its surface area is 29.21 ha.

The feature is named after Pegasus, the winged divine horse in Greek mythology, because of the island's shape supposedly resembling a winged horse, and in association with other descriptive names of islands in the area.

Dannebrog Islands
The Dannebrog Islands are a group of islands and rocks lying between the Wauwermans Islands and the Vedel Islands in the Wilhelm Archipelago.

The Wilhelm Archipelago was first sighted and named by a German expedition under Eduard Dallmann, 1873–74, and was resighted and the whole archipelago named the Dannebrog Islands by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1897–99, under Gerlache, in appreciation of support given to Gerlache by Denmark. Dallmann's original naming has been retained for the archipelago, and the name Dannebrog restricted to the smaller group here described.
Cecilia Clare Bocard
Sister Cecilia Clare Bocard, S.P., (April 13, 1899 – February 15, 1994) was an American musician and composer of works for organ, piano, and chorus.

Born Frances Ada Bocard in New Albany, Indiana, she began studying piano in first grade and organ in third grade. Bocard began as her parish's organist at the early age of nine. She entered the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods in 1916 at the age of 17, taking the religious name Sister Cecilia Clare. In addition to her composing work, Bocard taught piano, organ, composition and theory at Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College Conservatory of Music for 47 years. Beginning in 1970, she served as organist at the Church of the Immaculate Conception until her death in 1994. She is buried in the Sisters of Providence Convent Cemetery.

Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College
Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College (SMWC) is a private Catholic liberal arts college in Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana, United States. Originally a college exclusively for women, it is now coeducational. It is the oldest Catholic college in Indiana and is known for the Mari Hulman George School of Equine Studies.
Burden, Luxembourg
Burden (Luxembourgish: Bierden [ˈbiːɐ̯dən], German: Bürden [ˈbʏʁdn̩] ⓘ) is a village in the commune of Erpeldange, in northern Luxembourg. As of 2025, the village had a population of 527.

Burden is accessible by car via Warken and Bourscheid. It is connected for unmotorized traffic to the N27 road with a Bailey bridge.

Bourscheid, Luxembourg
Bourscheid (Luxembourgish: Buerschent [ˈbuːɐ̯ʃənt] ⓘ; German: Burscheid) is a commune and small town in north-eastern Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Diekirch, which is part of the district of Diekirch.

As of 2025, the town of Bourscheid, which lies in the centre of the commune, had a population of 442. Other settlements within the commune include Goebelsmuhle, Lipperscheid, Michelau, Schlindermanderscheid, and Welscheid.

Bourscheid Castle located close to the village is one of the most important medieval castles between the Meuse and the Rhine.
Sapphire & Steel
Sapphire & Steel is a British  fantasy television series starring David McCallum and Joanna Lumley. Produced by ATV, it ran from 1979 to 1982 on the ITV network. The series was created by Peter J. Hammond who conceived the programme under the working title The Time Menders, after a stay in an allegedly haunted castle. Hammond also wrote all the stories except for the fifth, which was co-written by Don Houghton and Anthony Read.

From 2005 to 2008, Sapphire & Steel returned in a series of audio dramas produced by Big Finish Productions, starring Susannah Harker and David Warner as the main characters.

Transuranium element
The transuranium (or transuranic) elements are the chemical elements with atomic number greater than 92, which is the atomic number of uranium. All of them are radioactively unstable and decay into other elements. They are synthetic and none occur naturally on Earth, except for neptunium and plutonium which have been found in trace amounts in naturally occurring uranium ore.
Hungry Music
Hungry Music was a French electronic music label created in 2013 in Aix-en-Provence, France It consisted of five artists: Worakls, NTO, Joachim Pastor, Stereoclip, and Joris Delacroix. Its  musical genre is a mix of techno and acoustic. As of 2025 all five artists are now signed to other labels, Worakls to Polydor, NTO to AllPoints, Joachim Pastor and Stereoclip to Armada Music and Joris Delacroix to Way of House.

Aix-en-Provence
Aix-en-Provence, often known as simply Aix, is a city and commune in southern France, about 30 km (20 mi) north of Marseille. A former capital of Provence, it is the subprefecture of the arrondissement of Aix-en-Provence, in the department of Bouches-du-Rhône, in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. The population of Aix-en-Provence is approximately 148,000. Its inhabitants are called Aixois or, less commonly, Aquisextains.
D.N. Ace
D.N. Ace is a Canadian animated television series created by Matthew Wexler and produced by Nelvana for Teletoon (now Cartoon Network). The series focuses on the life of Ace Ripley, a 12-year-old boy who gains the power to create DNA by using the Dscram to manipulate the Scrammers, alongside his lovable best friend Sloane Plunderman and an immortal squirrel named Mendel.

The show debuted on 6 July 2019, and ended its run on 11 April 2020. This was the final English-language Teletoon original series before the network rebranded as the new version of Cartoon Network Canada in 2023. 40 episodes were produced.

Robert Tinkler
Robert Tinkler is a Canadian voice actor who provides voices for a number of cartoons and anime shows. He voiced Max in The Adventures of Sam & Max: Freelance Police, Delete in the children's animated series Cyberchase, Pelswick Eggert in Pelswick, and Howie in Almost Naked Animals.

In anime, he provides the voice of Crimson Rubeus in the DIC Entertainment dub of Sailor Moon, Gingka Hagane, the main protagonist in the Beyblade: Metal Saga series and Brooklyn in Beyblade G-Revolution. In feature films, he voiced Buddy in The Nut Job.