hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Entropy in thermodynamics and information theory
Because the mathematical expressions for information theory developed by Claude Shannon and Ralph Hartley in the 1940s are similar to the mathematics of statistical thermodynamics worked out by Ludwig Boltzmann and J. Willard Gibbs in the 1870s, in which the concept of entropy is central, Shannon was persuaded to employ the same term 'entropy' for his measure of uncertainty. Information entropy is often presumed to be equivalent to physical (thermodynamic) entropy.

Léon Brillouin
Léon Nicolas Brillouin (French: [leɔ̃ nikɔla bʁijwɛ̃]; August 7, 1889  – October 4, 1969) was a French physicist. He made contributions to quantum mechanics, radio wave propagation in the atmosphere, solid-state physics, and information theory.
Gerolzhofen
Gerolzhofen (German: [ˌɡeːʁɔltsˈhoːfn̩] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Schweinfurt, Bavaria, Germany. The town is the former center of the district of Gerolzhofen and has about 7,000 inhabitants. The mayor of Gerolzhofen is Thorsten Wozniak (CSU).

Gerolzhofen core city

Market place

Town hall

Schweinfurt (district)
Schweinfurt is a Landkreis (district) in the northwestern part of Bavaria, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Bad Kissingen, Rhön-Grabfeld, Haßberge, Bamberg, Kitzingen, Würzburg and Main-Spessart. The district-free city Schweinfurt is surrounded by the district.
2016 BRD Năstase Țiriac Trophy
The 2016 BRD Năstase Țiriac Trophy was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts and held at Arenele BNR in Bucharest, Romania, from 18 to 25 April 2016. It was the 24th edition of the BRD Năstase Țiriac Trophy tournament, and part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the 2016 ATP World Tour.

2016 ATP World Tour
The 2016 ATP World Tour was the global elite professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2016 tennis season. The 2016 ATP World Tour calendar comprised the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP World Tour Masters 1000s, the ATP World Tour 500 series, the ATP World Tour 250 series, the Davis Cup (organized by the ITF), and the ATP World Tour Finals. Also included in the 2016 calendar were the tennis events at the 2016 Summer Olympics and Hopman Cup, neither of which distributed ranking points.
2019 South and Central American Women's Club Handball Championship
The 2019 South and Central American Women's Club Handball Championship is the first edition of the South and Central American Women's Club Handball Championship, took place in Concórdia, Brazil from 12 to 16 March 2019. It acts as the South and Central American qualifying tournament for the 2019 IHF Women's Super Globe.

2019 IHF Women's Super Globe
The 2019 IHF Women's Super Globe was the first edition of the tournament. It was held in Wuxi, China from 1 to 4 August 2019.

1º de Agosto defeated China National Club in the final to win the inaugural event.
Home Grown Funnies
Home Grown Funnies is a single-issue underground comic book written and illustrated by Robert Crumb. Containing stories with staple Crumb characters Whiteman, the Snoid, and Angelfood McSpade, Home Grown Funnies went through sixteen printings by Kitchen Sink Press, selling at least 160,000 copies, and has been referred to as one of Crumb's longest-lived comics.

Angelfood McSpade
Angelfood McSpade is a comic book character created and drawn by the 1960s counter culture figure and underground comix artist Robert Crumb. The character first appeared in the Philadelphia-based underground newspaper Yarrowstalks #2 in July 1967, making her comics debut in the second issue of Zap Comix (June 1968).
Pyrex
Pyrex (trademarked as PYREX and pyrex) is a type of borosilicate glass developed by Corning Incorporated in 1908. Pyrex was first introduced to the public in 1915, as a brand of clear, low-thermal-expansion glassware products, whose resistance to chemicals, electricity, and heat made it ideal for laboratory glassware and kitchenware. In the 1930s, Corning expanded the brand to include kitchen products made of soda–lime glass and other materials.

In 1998, Corning Incorporated spun off its kitchenware division, including Pyrex cookware. Currently, Pyrex dishes are manufactured by Corelle Brands in the United States and International Cookware in Europe. Corning Incorporated continues to manufacture Pyrex scientific glassware.

Corning Museum of Glass
The Corning Museum of Glass is a museum in Corning, New York, United States, dedicated to the art, history, and science of glass. It was founded in 1951 by Corning Glass Works and currently has a collection of more than 50,000 glass objects, some over 3,500 years old.
Scutellinia subhirtella
Scutellinia subhirtella is a species of fungus belonging to the family Pyronemataceae. It was described as new to science in 1971 by the Czech mycologist Mirko Svrček from specimens collected in the former Czechoslovakia. The yellowish-red to red fruitbodies grow in damp locations or wetlands on bare soil or mossy ground, as well as on rotting wood.

Pyronemataceae
The Pyronemataceae are a family of fungi in the order Pezizales. It is the largest family of the Pezizales, encompassing 75 genera and approximately 500 species. Phylogenetic analyses does not support the prior classifications of this family,  and suggest that the family is not monophyletic as it is currently circumscribed.
Pencil test (South Africa)
The pencil test is a method of assessing whether a person has Afro-textured hair.  In the pencil test, a pencil is pushed through the person's hair.  How easily it comes out determines whether the person has "passed" or "failed" the test.

This test was used to determine racial identity in South Africa during the apartheid era, distinguishing whites from coloureds and blacks.  The test was partially responsible for splitting existing communities and families along perceived racial lines.  Its formal authority ended with the end of apartheid in 1994.

Kinky hair
Kinky hair is a human hair texture prevalent in the Indigenous peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa, Melanesia, Micronesia, Torres Strait Islands, and Tasmania, along with the Negrito populations of Southeast Asia and the Andaman Islands. Each strand of this hair type grows in a repeating pattern of small contiguous kinks which can be classified as tight twists and sharp folds. These numerous kinks make kinky hair appear denser than straight, wavy, and other curly hair types.
Finkia
Finkia is a genus of fungi within the family Lichinaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Finkia portoricensis. It is found in Puerto Rico.

The genus name of Finkia is in honour of Bruce Fink (1861 – 1927), who was a prominent American lichenologist.

The genus was circumscribed by Edvard August Vainio in Mycologia Vol.21 on page 34 in 1929.

Lichinaceae
The Lichinaceae are a family of ascomycete fungi in the order Lichinales. Most species are lichenized with cyanobacteria, and have a distribution largely in temperate regions. In a 2024 molecular phylogenetics-informed revision, the circumscription of Lichinaceae was narrowed and the class Lichinomycetes was re‑structured into four families (three emended and one new), with many genera moved to Porocyphaceae, Phylliscaceae, or the newly erected Lichinellaceae. The family contain about 125 species in roughly 25 genera.
Cole Tucker
Cole Bryson Tucker (born July 3, 1996) is an American former professional baseball shortstop and outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Colorado Rockies, and Los Angeles Angels.

Major League Baseball transactions
Major League Baseball transactions are changes made to the roster of a Major League Baseball team during or after the season. They may include waiving, releasing, and trading players, as well as assigning players to minor league teams.
Gmina Sitno
Gmina Sitno is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Sitno, which lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Zamość and 78 km (48 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

The gmina covers an area of 112.07 square kilometres (43.3 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 6,774 (6,855 in 2013).

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Skierbieszów Landscape Park.

Zamość County
Zamość County (Polish: powiat zamojski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Zamość, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains three towns: Szczebrzeszyn, which lies 21 km (13 mi) west of Zamość, Zwierzyniec, which lies 24 km (15 mi) south-west of Zamość, and Krasnobród, 22 km (14 mi) south of Zamość.

The county covers an area of 1,872.27 square kilometres (722.9 sq mi). As of 2019, its total population is 107,441, including a population of 4,991 in Szczebrzeszyn, 3,175 in Zwierzyniec, 3,091 in Krasnobród, and a rural population of 96,184.
Widescreen baroque
Widescreen baroque, sometimes stylized with a space or dash in "widescreen", is a style of science fiction writing "characterized by larger-than-life characters, violence, intrigue, extravagant settings or actions, and fast-paced plotting". It is closely aligned with, and an outgrowth of, space opera fiction. The term was coined by Brian Aldiss. It is most often applied by literary critics, rather than authors.

Mariko Ōhara
Mariko Ōhara (大原まり子, Ōhara Mariko; born March 20, 1959 in Osaka, Japan) is a Japanese science fiction writer. She won the 6th Hayakawa SF Contest in 1980, when she was still a student. Later she published various SF works and became the 10th president of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of Japan. Ōhara is the Winner of the Nihon SF Taisho Award in 1994.
Bridge of Ashes
Bridge of Ashes is an experimental science fiction novel by American writer Roger Zelazny. The paperback edition was published in 1976 and the hardcover in 1979. Zelazny describes the book as one of five books from which he learned things "that have borne me through thirty or so others". He states that he "felt that if I could pull it off I could achieve some powerful effects. What I learned from this book is something of the limits of puzzlement in that no man’s land between suspense and the weakening of communication".

Brian Stableford
Brian Michael Stableford (25 July 1948 – 24 February 2024) was a British academic, critic and science fiction writer who published a hundred novels and more than a hundred volumes of translations. His earlier books were published under the name Brian M. Stableford, but later ones dropped the middle initial and appeared under the name Brian Stableford. He also used the pseudonym Brian Craig for some of his very early and late works. The pseudonym derives from the first names of himself and of a school friend from the 1960s, Craig A. Mackintosh, with whom he jointly published some very early work.
2009 World Short Track Speed Skating Team Championships
The 2009 World Short Track Speed Skating Team Championships was the 19th edition of the World Short Track Speed Skating Team Championships, which took place on 14-15 March 2009 in Heerenveen, Netherlands.

Teams were divided into two brackets of four: the best team from each bracket qualified directly for the final, while the two next teams entered for the repechage round and the last was eliminated. The best two teams in the repechage round qualified for the final. Thus, the final consisted of four teams. Each team was represented by four athletes at both 500 m and 1000 m as well as by two athletes at 3000 m. There were four heats at both 500 m and 1000 m, whereby each heat consisted of athletes representing different countries. There was one heat at 3000 m.

World Short Track Speed Skating Team Championships
The World Short Track Speed Skating Team Championships were a professional team short track speed skating event. They were held once a year in a different country.

The top eight countries from the ISU Short Track Speed Skating World Cup qualified automatically. Four skaters from each country raced in the 500 meter, and 1000 meters, two skaters from each country race in the 3000 meters and there was a team effort in the 3000 meters relay, for women, and the 5000 meters relay for men. Eight countries are divided into two brackets, and do races. Countries with a first placed skater got 5 points, and 3 points, 2 points, 1 points respectively, the sum of each skater for the races determined the rank. The first placed countries qualified for Final A, last placed country qualified for Final B. Repechage were held for the remaining two qualified countries for Final A.

The Championships was first held in 1991 and was discontinued until further notice by ISU after the 2011 season.
Swedish Pentecostal Movement
The Swedish Pentecostal Movement (Swedish: Pingströrelsen i Sverige) is a Pentecostal movement in Sweden. Many, but not all, of these, are members of the Pentecostal Alliance of Independent Churches, which was founded in 2001. The Pentecostal movement spread to Sweden by 1907 from the 1904–1905 Welsh Revival and the Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles in 1906.

The Pentecostal Alliance of Independent Churches is made up of 439 churches and 87,392 members as of December 2017, making it one of Sweden's largest free church organizations. The Pentecostal movement is also part of the broader Charismatic Christianity (which includes both Pentecostals and the non-Pentecostal Charismatic movement).

Baptist Union of Sweden
The Baptist Union of Sweden (Swedish: Svenska Baptistsamfundet) was a Baptist union in Sweden. In 2011–2012, they merged to form a new denomination, Joint Future Church, now called Uniting Church in Sweden.

After breaking away from the Swedish Evangelical Mission, a group of committed believers established the first known Baptist church in Sweden, which was organized on September 21, 1848, in Vallersvik. The Conventicle Act was in effect at the time, outlawing all religious meetings other than those of the Lutheran Church of Sweden. The new movement's leader, F.O. Nilsson, was exiled. Others were fined or jailed. A few years later, in 1858, the law was abolished, and religious groups other than the official state church (free churches) were allowed to work.
Villasalto
Villasalto (Sardinian: Bidda de Sartu, Bidda de Saltu) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of Cagliari. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,282 and an area of 130.1 square kilometres (50.2 sq mi).

Villasalto/Biddesatu borders the following municipalities: Armungia, Burcei, Dolianova, San Nicolò Gerrei, San Vito, Sinnai, Villaputzu.

Villaputzu
Villaputzu (Campidanese: Bidda de Putzi or Biddeputzi) is a municipality in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in the Italian region and island of Sardinia, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northeast of the Sardinian capital Cagliari. It is located in a short plain at the mouth of the Flumendosa river, next to the Sarrabus hill.

The village of Villaputzu is a part of the historic region of Sarrabus, whose municipalities are Villaputzu, Muravera, San Vito and Castiadas.

Villaputzu was the birthplace of  launeddas instrumentist Efisio Melis.
Get Real!
Get Real! is a reality themed programming block on the Canadian television channel YTV. It premiered September 8, 2007, and broadcasts on Saturdays from 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. ET. Starting in 2008, the block also airs on Fridays, from the same time as the Saturday airing. Friday also became the night for premiere episodes of shows in the block, it now serves as a transition from YTV's The Zone block, into Bionix.

This block is no longer formally airing in a specific timeslot on YTV.

The shows that aired within the block are now grouped together and airing on different days throughout the schedule.

The Zone (YTV)
The Zone is the flagship weekday afternoon programming block on the Canadian television channel YTV. It airs between 4:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. ET and PT in Canada. On Saturday mornings, it is called The Zone Weekend (formerly Crunch), broadcasting between 7:00 a.m. and 12:00 p.m.

Occasionally, guests appear on The Zone; previous guests include children's author Robert Munsch and environmentalist David Suzuki.
Vosbučiai
Vosbučiai (formerly Russian: Возбуты) is a village in Kėdainiai district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the village had a population of 8 people. It is located 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Pajieslys, on the right bank of the Šušvė river, by its tributary the Pečupė mouth. There are the Vosbučiai hillfort and the Vosbučiai outcrop (nature heritage object) in the village. The Lapkalnys-Paliepiai Forest begins west from the village. The Vocbučiai Botanical Zoological Sanctuary is located in Vosbučiai.

Vosbučiai is known since 1593. There was a folwark before the Soviet era.

Šušvė
Šušvė (ˈʃuːʃvʲeː) is a river in central Lithuania, a right (the longest) tributary of the Nevėžis river. It begins in Kelmė district municipality, 6 km (4 mi) southeast from Tytuvėnai. The 134.6 km (83.6 mi) long river passes through Tytuvėnai and Sulinkiai Marshes and flows south through Radviliškis district municipality. Finally, Šušvė passes through Kėdainiai district municipality and flows into the Nevėžis near Graužiai village.

The width of the river valley is between 0.5 and 3 km. From December to March Šušvė is usually frozen. Dams were built at Vaitiekūnai and Angiriai (Angiriai Reservoir). The Šušvė Hydrological Sanctuary was established in 1992 to protect the lower courses of the river.

The main towns and villages by the Šušvė river are Šiaulėnai, Pašušvys (Radviliškis municipality), Grinkiškis, Vaitiekūnai, Pašušvys (Kėdainiai municipality), Angiriai, Josvainiai.
Ngāti Ākarana
Ngāti Ākarana is a Māori cultural club in Auckland, New Zealand. It is a pan-tribal group of urban Māori who have migrated to Auckland, similar to the groups Ngāti Poneke in Wellington and Ngāti Rānana in London. "Ākarana" is a Māori-language approximation of the name Auckland.

Ngāti Rānana
Ngāti Rānana is a Māori cultural group based in London, United Kingdom. It is open to the Māori community in the city, and hosts events attended by many non-Māori. The club aims to provide "an environment to teach, learn and participate in Māori culture and to promote New Zealand through Māori culture". Its performing arts group regularly performs throughout the UK and the rest of Europe.
Dhruv Sitwala
Dhruv Sitwala (born 15 October 1972) is an Indian player of English billiards. He has reached four world finals, and twice been Asian Billiards champion.

In 2007, Sitwala reached the final of the timed version of the IBSF World Billiards Championship, losing 1488–1946 to Pankaj Advani.

In the semi-final of the 2010 World Professional Billiards Championship, Sitwala won by a single point, 980-979 against Geet Sethi. Mike Russell won his 10th World Professional Billiards Championship title after beating Sitwala 1738–1204 in the final. Sitwala was also the losing finalist in the 2016 short format World Billiards Championship, losing 6–8 to David Causier in the final.

In 2016, Sitwala won 6–2 against Bhaskar Balachandra in the final to successfully defend the Asian Billiards Championship title that he had won the previous year.

At the 2019 Pan-Am Cup in Winnipeg, Peter Gilchrist beat Sitwala 1500-507 in the final.

Sitwala's highest break break in competition is 654.

Geet Sethi
Geet Siriram Sethi (born 17 April 1961) of India is a professional player of English billiards who dominated the sport throughout much of the 1990s. He is also a notable amateur (ex-pro) snooker player. He is a five-time winner of the professional-level and a three-time winner of the amateur world championships, and holder of two world records, in English billiards. Along with Prakash Padukone, Sethi has co-founded Olympic Gold Quest, a foundation for the promotion of sports in India.
Alberto Angela
Alberto Cesare Angela (Italian: [alˈbɛrto ˈandʒela]; born 8 April 1962) is an Italian paleontologist, television host, journalist, and writer. Angela is a famous history and science communicator in Italy.

Paleoanthropology
Paleoanthropology or paleo-anthropology is a branch of paleontology and anthropology which seeks to understand the early development of anatomically modern humans, a process known as hominization, through the reconstruction of evolutionary kinship lines within the family Hominidae, working from biological evidence (such as petrified skeletal remains, bone fragments, footprints) and cultural evidence (such as stone tools, artifacts, and settlement localities).

The field draws from and combines primatology, paleontology, biological anthropology, and cultural anthropology. As technologies and methods advance, genetics plays an ever-increasing role, in particular to examine and compare DNA structure as a vital tool of research of the evolutionary kinship lines of related species and genera.
New Zealand at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
New Zealand at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia was represented by 249 athletes competing in over 19 disciplines, with 119 officials. This was the largest team that New Zealand had ever sent to a Commonwealth Games.

New Zealand has competed in every Commonwealth Games since the first British Empire Games in 1930, and is one of only six teams to have done so. Selection is the responsibility of the New Zealand Olympic Committee.

New Zealand did not perform nearly as well as expected, recording their worst performance since 1982.  They had been expected to return with forty or fifty medals, but won only 31, finishing ninth.

The flag bearer for the opening ceremony was Hamish Carter — the reigning Olympic triathlon champion. At the closing ceremony Greg Yelavich who had competed since the 1986 Games and won the most Commonwealth Games medals (11) of any New Zealander was flagbearer.

Aquatics at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
The Aquatics events at the 2006 Commonwealth Games were held at the Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre (MSAC) and were divided into 3 separate disciplines, with medals awarded in 54 events:

Diving (10)

Swimming (42)

Synchronized swimming (2)

Announcing for the Diving, Swimming and Synchronized swimming was done by local swimmer and radio announcer Alex Cooke.
Biathlon European Championships 1999
The 6th Biathlon European Championships were held in Izhevsk, Russia, from February 1 to February 7, 1999.

8 competitions were held: sprint, individual and relays both for U26 men and women; individual for both junior men and women.

Biathlon European Championships
The Biathlon European Championships are the top-European competitions in biathlon. The first edition was held in 1994, with sprint, pursuit, individual and relay. The number of events has grown significantly over the years. Till 2015, the competitions included also junior events but since 2016 the Junior Championships are held separately.
National Guard (Nicaragua)
The Nicaraguan National Guard (Spanish: Guardia Nacional, otherwise known as la Guardia) was a militia and a gendarmerie created in 1925 during the occupation of Nicaragua by the United States. It became notorious for human rights abuses and corruption under the regime of the Somoza family (1936–1979). The National Guard was disbanded when the Sandinistas came to power in 1979.

Gun truck
A gun truck is an armored vehicle with 
one or more crew-served weapons, typically based on a military truck. Gun trucks often have improvised vehicle armor, such as scrap metal, concrete, gravel, or sandbags, which is added to a heavy truck.